diff --git a/checking/level3-approval/01.md b/checking/level3-approval/01.md
index 49cee90..52faf20 100644
--- a/checking/level3-approval/01.md
+++ b/checking/level3-approval/01.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
### Validation Approval
-I, as a representative of the * fill in name of church network or Bible translation organization * Church Network or Bible translation organization serving the * fill in the name of the language community * language community, approve of the translation, and affirm the following:
+I, as a representative of the *fill in name of church network or Bible translation organization * Church Network or Bible translation organization serving the *fill in the name of the language community * language community, approve of the translation, and affirm the following:
1. The translation conforms to the Statement of Faith and Translation Guidelines.
1. The translation is accurate and clear in the target language.
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ I, as a representative of the * fill in name of church network or Bible trans
If any problems remain unresolved after meeting with the translation team a second time, please make note of them here.
-Signed: * sign here *
+Signed: *sign here *
-Position: * fill in your position here *
+Position: *fill in your position here *
For Gateway Languages, you will need to follow the [Source Text Process](../../process/source-text-process/01.md) so that your translation can become a source text.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/intro/open-license/01.md b/intro/open-license/01.md
index 01f034d..f20e7df 100644
--- a/intro/open-license/01.md
+++ b/intro/open-license/01.md
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Suggested attribution statement for derivative works: “Original work created b
When importing a resource into Door43, the original work must be attributed as specified by the open license under which it is available. For example, the artwork used in Open Bible Stories is clearly attributed on the project’s [main page](http://openbiblestories.com).
-Contributors to projects on Door43 agree that **the attribution that occurs automatically in the revision history of every page is sufficient attribution for their work.** That is, every contributor on Door43 may be listed as “the Door43 World Missions Community” or something to that effect. The contributions of each contributor are preserved in the revision history for that work.
+Contributors to projects on Door43 agree that **the attribution that occurs automatically in the revision history of every page is sufficient attribution for their work.** That is, every contributor on Door43 may be listed as “the Door43 World Missions Community” or something to that effect. The contributions of each contributor are preserved in the revision history for that work.
### Source Texts
diff --git a/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md b/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md
index e25ab5f..76e679d 100644
--- a/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md
+++ b/intro/translation-guidelines/01.md
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
*The following statement on the principles and procedures used in translation is subscribed to by unfoldingWord and its contributors. All translation activities are carried out according to these common guidelines.*
1. **Accurate** — Translate accurately, without detracting from, changing, or adding to the meaning of the original text. Translated content should faithfully communicate as precisely as possible the meaning of the original text as it would have been understood by the original audience. (see [Create Accurate Translations](../../translate/guidelines-accurate/01.md))
-1. **Clear** — Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes rearranging the form of a text and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible. (see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md))
-1. **Natural** — Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. (see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md))
-1. **Faithful** — Avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources. (see [Create Faithful Translations](../../translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md))
-1. **Authoritative** — Use the original language biblical texts as the highest authority for translation of biblical content. Reliable biblical content in other languages may be used for clarification and as intermediary source texts. (see [Create Authoritative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md))
-1. **Historical** — Communicate historical events and facts accurately, providing additional information as needed in order to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the original recipients of the original content. (see [Create Historical Translations](../../translate/guidelines-historical/01.md)
+1. **Clear** — Use whatever language structures are necessary to achieve the highest level of comprehension. This includes rearranging the form of a text and using as many or as few terms as necessary to communicate the original meaning as clearly as possible. (see [Create Clear Translations](../../translate/guidelines-clear/01.md))
+1. **Natural** — Use language forms that are effective and that reflect the way your language is used in corresponding contexts. (see [Create Natural Translations](../../translate/guidelines-natural/01.md))
+1. **Faithful** — Avoid any political, denominational, ideological, social, cultural, or theological bias in your translation. Use key terms that are faithful to the vocabulary of the original biblical languages. Use equivalent common language terms for the biblical words that describe the relationship between God the Father and God the Son. These may be clarified, as needed, in footnotes or other supplemental resources. (see [Create Faithful Translations](../../translate/guidelines-faithful/01.md))
+1. **Authoritative** — Use the original language biblical texts as the highest authority for translation of biblical content. Reliable biblical content in other languages may be used for clarification and as intermediary source texts. (see [Create Authoritative Translations](../../translate/guidelines-authoritative/01.md))
+1. **Historical** — Communicate historical events and facts accurately, providing additional information as needed in order to accurately communicate the intended message to people who do not share the same context and culture as the original recipients of the original content. (see [Create Historical Translations](../../translate/guidelines-historical/01.md)
1. **Equal** — Communicate the same intent as the source text, including expressions of feeling and attitudes. As much as possible, maintain the different kinds of literature in the original text, including narrative, poetry, exhortation, and prophecy, representing them with corresponding forms that communicate in a similar way in your language. (see [Create Equal Translations](../../translate/guidelines-equal/01.md))
### Identifying and Managing Translation Quality
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ The quality of a translation generally refers to the fidelity of the translation
The specific steps involved may vary significantly, depending on the language and context of the translation project. Generally, we consider a good translation to be one that has been reviewed by the speakers of the language community and also by the leadership of the church in the language group so that it is:
1. **Accurate, Clear, Natural, and Equal** — Faithful to the intended meaning of the original, as determined by the Church in that people group and in alignment with the Church global and historical, and consequently:
-1. **Affirmed by the Church** - Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md))
+1. **Affirmed by the Church** - Endorsed and used by the Church. (see [Create Church-Approved Translations](../../translate/guidelines-church-approved/01.md))
We also recommend that the translation work be:
diff --git a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md
index 79f383b..7f54b01 100644
--- a/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md
+++ b/translate/biblicalimageryta/01.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The patterns of pairings found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and G
A **metaphor** occurs when someone speaks of one thing as if it were a different thing. The speaker does this in order to effectively describe the first thing. For example, in “My love is a red, red rose,” the speaker is describing the woman he loves as beautiful and delicate, as though she were a flower.
-A **simile** is like a metaphor, except that it uses words such as “like” or “as” as a signal to the audience that it is a figure of speech. A simile using the image above would say, “My love is like a red, red rose.”
+A **simile** is like a metaphor, except that it uses words such as “like” or “as” as a signal to the audience that it is a figure of speech. A simile using the image above would say, “My love is like a red, red rose.”
“see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md) for links to pages showing common patterns of pairings between ideas in metaphors and similes.”
diff --git a/translate/bita-hq/01.md b/translate/bita-hq/01.md
index 48fe03f..633bd95 100644
--- a/translate/bita-hq/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-hq/01.md
@@ -14,133 +14,133 @@ In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Ch
#### The FACE represents someone’s presence
-> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble before my face ? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
+> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble before my face? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
To be before someone’s face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them.
#### The FACE represents someone’s attention
-> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity before his face , and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
+> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity before his face, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
-> Many seek the face of the ruler, (Proverbs 29:26 ULT)
+> Many seek the face of the ruler, (Proverbs 29:26 ULT)
If someone seeks another person’s face, he hopes that the person will pay attention to him.
-> Why do you hide your face and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULT)
+> Why do you hide your face and forget our affliction and our oppression? (Psalm 44:24 ULT)
To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
#### The FACE represents surface
-> The famine was over all the face of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULT)
+> The famine was over all the face of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULT)
- He encloses the face of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
+ He encloses the face of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
#### The HAND represents a person’s agency or power
-> Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULT)
+> Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand like a bursting flood of water. (1 Chronicles 14:11 ULT)
“Yahweh has burst through my enemies by my hand” means “Yahweh has used me to burst through my enemies.”
-> Your hand will seize all your enemies; your right hand will seize those who hate you. (Psalm 21:8 ULT)
+> Your hand will seize all your enemies; your right hand will seize those who hate you. (Psalm 21:8 ULT)
“Your hand will seize all your enemies” means “By your power you will seize all your enemies.”
-> Look, Yahweh’s hand is not so short that it cannot save. (Isaiah 59:1 ULT)
+> Look, Yahweh’s hand is not so short that it cannot save. (Isaiah 59:1 ULT)
“His hand is not short” means that he is not weak.
#### The HEAD represents the ruler, the one who has authority over others
-> God has subjected all things under Christ’s feet and has made him the head over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULT)
+> God has subjected all things under Christ’s feet and has made him the head over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULT)
- Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULT)
+ Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, as Christ also is the head of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULT)
#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
-> No one can serve two masters , for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
+> No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
#### A NAME represents the person who has that name
-> May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” 1 Kings 1:47 (ULT)
+> May your God make the name of Solomon better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” 1 Kings 1:47 (ULT)
- See, I have sworn by my great name —says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)
+ See, I have sworn by my great name—says Yahweh. My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)
If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great.
-> Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to honor your name …. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT)
+> Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to honor your name…. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT)
To honor someone’s name is to honor him.
#### A NAME represents the fame or reputation of a person
-> You must no longer profane my holy name with your gifts and your idols. Ezekiel 20:39 (ULT)
+> You must no longer profane my holy name with your gifts and your idols. Ezekiel 20:39 (ULT)
To profane God’s name is to profane his reputation, that is, to profane how people think about him.
-> For I will make my great name holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. Ezekiel 36:23 (ULT)
+> For I will make my great name holy, which you have profaned among the nations…. Ezekiel 36:23 (ULT)
To make God’s name holy is to cause people to to see that God is holy.
-> Your servants have come here from a land very far away, because of the name of Yahweh your God. We have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
+> Your servants have come here from a land very far away, because of the name of Yahweh your God. We have heard a report about him and about everything that he did in Egypt (Joshua 9:9 ULT)
The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “because of the name of Yahweh” means because of Yahweh’s reputation.
#### The NOSE represents anger
-> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of your nostrils . (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
+> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of your nostrils. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
- By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)
+ By the blast of your nostrils the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)
-> Smoke went up from out of his nostrils , and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
+> Smoke went up from out of his nostrils, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
- …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in my nostrils !’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)
+ …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in my nostrils!’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)
A blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nose shows his great anger.
#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
-> but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes ! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
+> but you bring down those with proud, uplifted eyes! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
-> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with lowered eyes . (Job 22:29 ULT)
+> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with lowered eyes. (Job 22:29 ULT)
Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
#### The SON OF SOMETHING shares its qualities
-> no son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
+> no son of wickedness will oppress him. (Psalm 89:22b ULT)
A son of wickedness is a wicked person.
> May the groans of the prisoners come before you;
-> with the greatness of your power keep the children of death alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULT)
+> with the greatness of your power keep the children of death alive. (Psalm 79:11 ULT)
Children of death here are people that others plan to kill.
-> We all were once among these unbelievers and acted according to the evil desires of our flesh, doing the will of the flesh and of the mind, and we were by nature children of wrath like the others. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
+> We all were once among these unbelievers and acted according to the evil desires of our flesh, doing the will of the flesh and of the mind, and we were by nature children of wrath like the others. (Ephesians 2:3 ULT)
Children of wrath here are people with whom God is very angry.
diff --git a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md
index dbcbd2c..c0411c2 100644
--- a/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-humanbehavior/01.md
@@ -4,21 +4,21 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i
#### BEING BENT OVER represents being discouraged
-> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are bent over . (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
+> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are bent over. (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
#### BIRTH PAINS represent the suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
-> Be in pain and labor to give birth , daughter of Zion, like a woman in labor .
+> Be in pain and labor to give birth, daughter of Zion, like a woman in labor.
> For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
> There you will be rescued.
> There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
- For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of birth pains . (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)
+ For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of birth pains. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)
-> My little children, I am suffering labor pains for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULT)
+> My little children, I am suffering labor pains for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULT)
#### BEING CALLED SOMETHING represents being that thing
@@ -46,54 +46,54 @@ This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
#### CLEANLINESS represents being acceptable for God’s purposes
-Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some of the clean birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma…(Genesis 8:20 ULT)
+Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the clean animals and some of the clean birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma…(Genesis 8:20 ULT)
-> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him clean . It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is clean . (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
+> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him clean. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is clean. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING represents making something acceptable for God’s Purposes
-> He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to cleanse it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the unclean actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
+> He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to cleanse it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the unclean actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
- This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins so you will be clean before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)
+ This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to cleanse you from all your sins so you will be clean before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)
#### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God’s purposes
-> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and you must not eat them , animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is unclean for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
+> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and you must not eat them, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is unclean for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
- And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be unclean , whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be unclean until evening. Then it will be clean . (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
+ And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be unclean, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be unclean until evening. Then it will be clean. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
#### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God’s purposes.
-> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean , whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is unclean and guilty . (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
+> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as unclean, whether it be the carcass of an unclean wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is unclean and guilty. (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
#### BEING CUT OFF FROM SOMETHING represents being separated from it
-> Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was cut off from the house of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULT)
+> Uzziah, the king, was a leper to the day of his death, and lived in a separate house, since he was a leper; for he was cut off from the house of Yahweh. (2 Chronicles 26:21 ULT)
#### BEING CUT OFF represents being killed
-> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely be put to death . Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely be cut off from his people . (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
+> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely be put to death. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely be cut off from his people. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
- Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be cut off from his people . Whoever does any work on that day, I, Yahweh, will destroy him from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT)
+ Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be cut off from his people. Whoever does any work on that day, I, Yahweh, will destroy him from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT)
-> But he was cut off from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
+> But he was cut off from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
#### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him
- How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you , because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
+ How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly stand before you, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
-> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you . (Psalm 89:14 ULT)
+> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you. (Psalm 89:14 ULT)
Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
@@ -103,177 +103,177 @@ Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Perso
Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
> You have shown your people severe things;
-> you have made us drink the wine of staggering . (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
+> you have made us drink the wine of staggering. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
Another example from Psalm.
> But God is the judge;
> he brings one down and raises up another.
-> For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of foaming wine ,
+> For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of foaming wine,
> which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
-> Surely all the wicked of the earth will drink it to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULT)
+> Surely all the wicked of the earth will drink it to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULT)
An example from Revelation.
-> he also will drink the wine of God’s wrath, the wine that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULT)
+> he also will drink the wine of God’s wrath, the wine that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULT)
#### EATING UP represents destroying
> God brings [Israel] out of Egypt.
> He has strength like a wild ox.
-> He will eat up the nations who fight against him .
+> He will eat up the nations who fight against him.
> He will break their bones to pieces.
> He will shoot them with his arrows. Numbers 24:8 ULT)
Another word for “eat up” is devour.
-> Therefore as the tongue of fire devours stubble , and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
+> Therefore as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
> so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust, (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
Another example from Isaiah.
> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him, Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies,
> the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
-> They will devour Israel with open mouth . (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
+> They will devour Israel with open mouth. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
An example from Deuteronomy.
> I will make my arrows drunk with blood,
-> and my sword will devour flesh
+> and my sword will devour flesh
> with the blood of the killed and the captives,
> and from the heads of the leaders of the enemy. (Deuteronomy 32:42 ULT)
#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting
- Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULT)
+ Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULT)
> Would not his majesty make you afraid?
-> Would not his dread fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
+> Would not his dread fall upon you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
- Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULT)
+ Then the Spirit of Yahweh fell on me and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULT)
-> Now look, the hand of the Lord is upon you , and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
+> Now look, the hand of the Lord is upon you, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him
-> They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. They went after other gods , the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
+> They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. They went after other gods, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
- For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)
+ For Solomon followed Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and he followed Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)
-> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. He has followed me fully ; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
+> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. He has followed me fully; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, OR FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS represents serving him
-> See, his reward is with him , and his recompense is going before him . (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
+> See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him. (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
- Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)
+ Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)
#### INHERITING is permanently possessing something
-> Then the King will say to those on his right hand, “Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world.” (Matthew 25:34)
+> Then the King will say to those on his right hand, “Come, you who have been blessed by my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world.” (Matthew 25:34)
The blessing of God’s complete rule is given as the permanent possession to those to whom the King is speaking.
-> Now this I say, brothers and sisters, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable inherit what is imperishable. (1 Corinthians 15:50 ULT)
+> Now this I say, brothers and sisters, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God. Neither does what is perishable inherit what is imperishable. (1 Corinthians 15:50 ULT)
People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent possession while they are still in their mortal bodies.
An **INHERITANCE** is something that someone permanently possesses
-> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your inheritance . (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
+> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your inheritance. (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
-> Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your inheritance . (Exodus 34:9 ULT)
+> Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your inheritance. (Exodus 34:9 ULT)
Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
-> the richness of the glory of his inheritance among those who are set apart for him. (Ephesians 1:18 ULT)
+> the richness of the glory of his inheritance among those who are set apart for him. (Ephesians 1:18 ULT)
The wonderful things that God will give all who are set apart for him is viewed as their permanent possession.
An **HEIR** is someone who permanently possesses something
-> For it was not through the law that the promise was given to Abraham and to his descendants, this promise that they would be heirs of the world. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
+> For it was not through the law that the promise was given to Abraham and to his descendants, this promise that they would be heirs of the world. (Romans 4:13 ULT)
The promise was that Abraham and his descendants would permanently possess the entire world.
-> God has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULT)
+> God has spoken to us by a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. (Hebrews 1:2 ULT)
God’s Son will receive all things as a permanent possession.
-> It was by faith that Noah…condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that comes through faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
+> It was by faith that Noah…condemned the world and became an heir of the righteousness that comes through faith. (Hebrews 11:7 ULT)
Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
#### LYING DOWN represents DYING
- When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your fathers , I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)
+ When your days are fulfilled and you lie down with your fathers, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)
-> Ask them, ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and lie with the uncircumcised!’
+> Ask them, ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? Go down and lie with the uncircumcised!’
> They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
#### REIGNING OR RULING represents controlling
-> This happened so that, as sin ruled in death, even so grace might rule through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
+> This happened so that, as sin ruled in death, even so grace might rule through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
- Therefore do not let sin rule in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)
+ Therefore do not let sin rule in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)
#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE represents a permanent beneficial situation
-> Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest , so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
+> Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to rest, so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
- Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my resting place . (Psalm 95:11 ULT)
+ Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my resting place. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)
-> This is my resting place forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
+> This is my resting place forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
- The nations will seek him out, and his resting place will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULT)
+ The nations will seek him out, and his resting place will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULT)
#### RISING, STANDING UP represents acting
-> Rise up for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT)
+> Rise up for our help and redeem us for the sake of your covenant faithfulness. (Psalm 44:26 ULT)
#### SEEING SOMETHING represents being there
-> You will not let the one who has covenant faithfulness see the pit. (Psalm 16:10 ULT)
+> You will not let the one who has covenant faithfulness see the pit. (Psalm 16:10 ULT)
#### SELLING represents handing over to someone’s control. BUYING represents removing from someone’s control
-> [Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
+> [Yahweh] sold [the Israelites] into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim king of Aram Naharaim. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
#### SITTING IS RULING
-> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there. ( Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
+> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there. ( Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
#### STANDING represents successfully resisting
-> So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:2 ULT)
+> So the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:2 ULT)
#### WALKING represents behaving and PATH (WAY) represents behavior
-> Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. Psalm 1:1 ULT)
+> Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked. Psalm 1:1 ULT)
- For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)
+ For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)
-> Turn from me the path of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
+> Turn from me the path of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
- I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+ I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md
index c9047f4..d0901b4 100644
--- a/translate/bita-manmade/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-manmade/01.md
@@ -4,46 +4,46 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab
#### BRONZE represents strength
-> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of bronze . Psalm 18:34 ULT)
+> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of bronze. Psalm 18:34 ULT)
#### CHAINS represent control
-> Let us tear off the shackles they put on us and throw off their chains . Psalm 2:3
+> Let us tear off the shackles they put on us and throw off their chains. Psalm 2:3
#### CLOTHING represents moral qualities (emotions, attitudes, spirit, life)
-> It is God who puts strength on me like a belt . (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
+> It is God who puts strength on me like a belt. (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
- Righteousness will be the belt of his waist , and faithfulness the belt around his hips . (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)
+ Righteousness will be the belt of his waist, and faithfulness the belt around his hips. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)
-> May my adversaries be clothed with shame ; may they wear their shame like a robe . (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
+> May my adversaries be clothed with shame; may they wear their shame like a robe. (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
- I will clothe his enemies with shame . (Psalm 132:18 ULT)
+ I will clothe his enemies with shame. (Psalm 132:18 ULT)
#### A SNARE (A LIGHT TRAP FOR BIRDS WORKED BY CORDS) represents death
-> For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULT)
+> For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULT)
- The cords of death surrounded me, and the snares of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULT)
+ The cords of death surrounded me, and the snares of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULT)
-> The cords of the wicked have ensnared me. (Psalm 119:61 ULT)
+> The cords of the wicked have ensnared me. (Psalm 119:61 ULT)
- The wicked have set a snare for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULT)
+ The wicked have set a snare for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULT)
-> The wicked is ensnared by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULT)
+> The wicked is ensnared by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULT)
-> They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became a snare to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
+> They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became a snare to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
diff --git a/translate/bita-part1/01.md b/translate/bita-part1/01.md
index 4d79efe..55b0ec9 100644
--- a/translate/bita-part1/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-part1/01.md
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ In all languages, most **metaphors** come from broad patterns of pairings of ide
The patterns found in the Bible are often unique to the Hebrew and Greek languages. It is useful to recognize these patterns because they repeatedly present translators with the same problems on how to translate them. Once translators think through how they will handle these translation challenges, they will be ready to meet them anywhere.
-For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of walking with “behaving” and a path with a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1 the walking in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do.
+For example, one pattern of pairings in the Bible is of walking with “behaving” and a path with a kind of behavior. In Psalm 1:1 the walking in the advice of the wicked represents doing what wicked people say to do.
-> Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked (Psalm 1:1 ULT)
+> Blessed is the man who does not walk in the advice of the wicked (Psalm 1:1 ULT)
This pattern is also seen in Psalm 119:32 where running in the path of God’s commands represents doing what God commands. Since running is more intense than walking, the idea of running here might give the idea of doing this whole-heartedly.
-> I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
+> I will run in the path of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
#### Reasons this is a translation Issue
@@ -28,17 +28,17 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David’s life. When his men were concerned that he might “put out the lamp of Israel” they were concerned that he might be killed.
- The cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULT)
+ The cups, lamp trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULT)
-> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
+> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
1. Expressions that are based on these pairings of ideas frequently combine together in complex ways. Moreover, they frequently combine with—and in some cases are based on—common metonymies and cultural models. (see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md) and [Biblical Imagery - Cultural Models](../bita-part3/01.md))
For example, in 2 Samuel 14:7 below, “the burning coal” is an image for the life of the son, who represents what will cause people to remember his father. So there are two patterns of pairings here: the pairing of the burning coal with the life of the son, and the pairing of the son with the memory of his father.
-> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
+> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. (2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
#### Links to Lists of Images in the Bible
diff --git a/translate/bita-part2/01.md b/translate/bita-part2/01.md
index 2954e71..ab198ef 100644
--- a/translate/bita-part2/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-part2/01.md
@@ -4,22 +4,22 @@ Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. Th
#### A CUP or bowl represents what is in it
-> my cup runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULT)
+> my cup runs over. (Psalm 23:5 ULT)
There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
-> For every time you eat this bread and drink this cup , you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
+> For every time you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
#### The MOUTH represents speech or words
-> A fool’s mouth is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
+> A fool’s mouth is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
- Oh, how I would encourage you with my mouth ! (Job 16:5 ULT)
+ Oh, how I would encourage you with my mouth! (Job 16:5 ULT)
-> I heard you when you boasted against me with your mouth ; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
+> I heard you when you boasted against me with your mouth; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
@@ -30,20 +30,20 @@ The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who
> You terrified the nations with your battle cry;
> you have destroyed the wicked;
-> you have blotted out their memory forever.
+> you have blotted out their memory forever.
> The enemy crumbled like ruins
> when you overthrew their cities.
-> All remembrance of them has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULT)
+> All remembrance of them has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULT)
- His memory will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULT)
+ His memory will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULT)
> Yahweh is against evildoers,
-> in order to wipe out their memory from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
+> in order to wipe out their memory from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
#### ONE PERSON represents a group of people
-> For the wicked person boasts of his deepest desires;
+> For the wicked person boasts of his deepest desires;
> he blesses the greedy and insults Yahweh. (Psalm 10:3 ULT)
This does not refer to a particular wicked person, but to wicked people in general.
@@ -65,16 +65,16 @@ Here when it says “Abram” it represents Abram and all the people traveling w
#### PIERCING represents killing
-> His hand pierced the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULT)
+> His hand pierced the fleeing serpent. (Job 26:13 ULT)
This means that he killed the serpent.
-> Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who pierced him. (Revelation 1:7 ULT)
+> Look, he is coming with the clouds; every eye will see him, including those who pierced him. (Revelation 1:7 ULT)
“Those who pierced him” refers to those who killed Jesus.
#### SINS (INIQUITY) represent punishment for those sins
-> Yahweh has placed on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULT)
+> Yahweh has placed on him the iniquity of us all (Isaiah 53:6 ULT)
This means that Yahweh placed on him the punishment that should have gone to all of us.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/bita-part3/01.md b/translate/bita-part3/01.md
index 8df89bb..25d73fc 100644
--- a/translate/bita-part3/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-part3/01.md
@@ -10,130 +10,130 @@ Some cultural models, or mental pictures, found in the Bible are listed below. F
Although the Bible explicitly denies that God is a human being, he is often spoken of as doing things that humans do. But God is not human, so when the Bible says that God speaks, we should not think that he has vocal chords that vibrate. And when it says something about him doing something with his hand, we should not think that he has a physical hand.
-> If we hear the voice of Yahweh our God any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25 ULT)
+> If we hear the voice of Yahweh our God any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25 ULT)
- I have been strengthened by the hand of Yahweh my God (Ezra 7:28 ULT)
+ I have been strengthened by the hand of Yahweh my God (Ezra 7:28 ULT)
-> The hand of God also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULT)
+> The hand of God also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULT)
The word “hand” here is a metonym that refers to God’s power. (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md))
#### God is modeled as a KING
-> For God is the King over all the earth; (Psalm 47:7 ULT)
+> For God is the King over all the earth; (Psalm 47:7 ULT)
-> For the kingdom is Yahweh’s;
-> he is the ruler over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
+> For the kingdom is Yahweh’s;
+> he is the ruler over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
-> Your throne , God, is forever and ever;
-> a scepter of justice is the scepter of your kingdom . (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
+> Your throne, God, is forever and ever;
+> a scepter of justice is the scepter of your kingdom. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
> This is what Yahweh says,
-> “Heaven is my throne , and the earth is my footstool . (Isaiah 66:1 ULT)
+> “Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool. (Isaiah 66:1 ULT)
-> God reigns over the nations;
-> God sits on his holy throne .
-> The princes of the peoples have gathered together
+> God reigns over the nations;
+> God sits on his holy throne.
+> The princes of the peoples have gathered together
> to the people of the God of Abraham;
-> for the shields of the earth belong to God;
+> for the shields of the earth belong to God;
> he is greatly exalted. (Psalm 47:8-9 ULT)
#### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP
-> Yahweh is my shepherd ; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
+> Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
His people are sheep.
-> For he is our God, and we are the people of his pasture and the sheep of his hand . (Psalm 95:7 ULT)
+> For he is our God, and we are the people of his pasture and the sheep of his hand. (Psalm 95:7 ULT)
He leads his people like sheep.
-> He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock . (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
+> He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
-> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and I lay down my life for the sheep . I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULT)
+> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and I lay down my life for the sheep. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULT)
#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
-> Yahweh is a warrior ; (Exodus 15:3 ULT)
+> Yahweh is a warrior; (Exodus 15:3 ULT)
-> Yahweh will go out as a warrior ; he will proceed as a man of war . He will stir up his zeal.
-> He will shout, yes, he will roar his battle cries ; he will show his enemies his power . (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
+> Yahweh will go out as a warrior; he will proceed as a man of war. He will stir up his zeal.
+> He will shout, yes, he will roar his battle cries; he will show his enemies his power. (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
-> Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power ;
-> your right hand, Yahweh, has shattered the enemy . (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
+> Your right hand, Yahweh, is glorious in power;
+> your right hand, Yahweh, has shattered the enemy. (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
-> But God will shoot them ;
-> suddenly they will be wounded with his arrows . (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
+> But God will shoot them;
+> suddenly they will be wounded with his arrows. (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
- For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
+ For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
#### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
-> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will shepherd my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’ “ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
+> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will shepherd my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’ “ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
- “Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture —this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
+ “Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
-> Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the flock . I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
+> Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the flock of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to shepherd the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the flock. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
#### The eye is modeled as a LAMP
Variations of this model and the model of the EVIL EYE are found in many parts of the world. In most of the cultures represented in the Bible, these models included the following elements:
People see objects, not because of light around the object, but because of light that shines from their eyes onto those objects.
-> The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is filled with light . (Matthew 6:22 ULT)
+> The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is filled with light. (Matthew 6:22 ULT)
This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer’s character.
-> The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no kindness in his eyes . (Proverbs 21:10 ULT)
+> The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no kindness in his eyes. (Proverbs 21:10 ULT)
#### Envy and cursing are modeled as looking with an EVIL EYE at someone, and favor is modeled as looking with a GOOD EYE at someone
The primary emotion of a person with the evil eye is envy. The Greek word translated as “envy” in Mark 7 is “eye,” which refers here to an evil eye.
-> He said, “It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, envy …. (Mark 7:20-22 ULT)
+> He said, “It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, envy…. (Mark 7:20-22 ULT)
The context for Matthew 20:15 includes the emotion of envy. “Is your eye evil?” means “Are you envious?”
-> Is it not legitimate for me to do what I wish with my own possessions? Or is your eye evil because I am good? (Matthew 20:15 ULT)
+> Is it not legitimate for me to do what I wish with my own possessions? Or is your eye evil because I am good? (Matthew 20:15 ULT)
If a person’s eye is evil, that person is envious of other people’s money.
-> The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good , the whole body is filled with light. But if your eye is bad , your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth . (Matthew 6:22-24 ULT)
+> The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is filled with light. But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:22-24 ULT)
A person who is envious might put a curse or enchantment on someone by looking at him with an evil eye.
-> Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? (Galatians 3:1 ULT)
+> Foolish Galatians, whose evil eye has harmed you? (Galatians 3:1 ULT)
A person with a good eye can put a blessing on someone by looking at him.
-> If I have found favor in your eyes …(1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
+> If I have found favor in your eyes…(1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
In this model, the blood of a person or an animal represents its life.
-> But you must not eat meat with its life—that is its blood —in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
+> But you must not eat meat with its life—that is its blood—in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
-> Whoever sheds man’s blood , by man will his blood be shed , (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
+> Whoever sheds man’s blood, by man will his blood be shed, (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
- In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge the blood that was shed , until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)
+ In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge the blood that was shed, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)
If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
-> Yahweh said, “What have you done? Your brother’s blood is calling out to me from the ground. (Genesis 4:10 ULT)
+> Yahweh said, “What have you done? Your brother’s blood is calling out to me from the ground. (Genesis 4:10 ULT)
#### A country is modeled as a WOMAN, and its gods are modeled as HER HUSBAND
-> It came about, as soon as Gideon was dead, the people of Israel turned again and prostituted themselves by worshiping the Baals. They made Baal Berith their god. (Judges 8:33 ULT)
+> It came about, as soon as Gideon was dead, the people of Israel turned again and prostituted themselves by worshiping the Baals. They made Baal Berith their god. (Judges 8:33 ULT)
#### The nation of Israel is modeled as GOD’S SON
-> When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called my son out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULT)
+> When Israel was a young man I loved him, and I called my son out of Egypt. (Hosea 11:1 ULT)
#### The sun is modeled as BEING IN A CONTAINER AT NIGHT
-> Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched a tent for the sun among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULT)
+> Yet their words go out over all the earth and their speech to the end of the world. He has pitched a tent for the sun among them. The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber and like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race. (Psalm 19:4-5 ULT)
Psalm 110 pictures the sun as being in the womb before it comes out in the morning.
-> from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULT)
+> from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew. (Psalm 110:3 ULT)
#### Things that can move fast are modeled as having WINGS
@@ -142,17 +142,17 @@ This is especially true of things that move in the air or the sky.
The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to “fly” through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, “the wings of the morning” refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the “sun of righteousness” and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
-> If I fly away on the wings of the morning and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea…(Psalm 139:9 ULT)
+> If I fly away on the wings of the morning and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea…(Psalm 139:9 ULT)
- But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings . (Malachi 4:2 ULT)
+ But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)
The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
-> He was seen flying on the wings of the wind . (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
+> He was seen flying on the wings of the wind. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
- He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind . (Psalm 18:10 ULT)
+ He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the wings of the wind. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)
-> you walk on the wings of the wind (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
+> you walk on the wings of the wind (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
#### Futility is modeled as something that the WIND can blow away
@@ -161,49 +161,49 @@ In this model, the wind blows away things that are worthless, and they are gone.
Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
> The wicked are not so,
-> but are instead like the chaff that the wind drives away . (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
+> but are instead like the chaff that the wind drives away. (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
-> The east wind carries him away , and he leaves;
-> it sweeps him out of his place . (Job 27:21 ULT)
+> The east wind carries him away, and he leaves;
+> it sweeps him out of his place. (Job 27:21 ULT)
The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
-> Like a vapor of mist ,
-> like a breeze in the wind ,
+> Like a vapor of mist,
+> like a breeze in the wind,
> everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
> Terrors are turned upon me;
-> my honor is driven away as if by the wind ;
-> my prosperity passes away as a cloud . (Job 30:15 ULT)
+> my honor is driven away as if by the wind;
+> my prosperity passes away as a cloud. (Job 30:15 ULT)
#### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE
When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nations were also at war.
-> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for he also inflicted punishment on their gods . (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
+> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for he also inflicted punishment on their gods. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
- And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations and their gods from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)
+ And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations and their gods from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)
-> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “ Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were . But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
+> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
#### Constraints in life are modeled as PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties or the lack of difficulties in life.
-> He has built a wall around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
+> He has built a wall around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
- He has blocked my path with walls of hewn stone ; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)
+ He has blocked my path with walls of hewn stone; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)
-> Measuring lines have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULT)
+> Measuring lines have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULT)
#### Dangerous places are modeled as NARROW PLACES
In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him.
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
-> give me room when I am hemmed in .
+> give me room when I am hemmed in.
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
@@ -214,13 +214,13 @@ When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he s
> days of affliction have come on me.
> I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun;
> I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
-> I am a brother to jackals ,
-> a companion of ostriches . (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
+> I am a brother to jackals,
+> a companion of ostriches. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
#### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS
Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
-> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean .” Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
+> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.” Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
An “unclean spirit” is an evil spirit.
-> When an unclean spirit has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)
+> When an unclean spirit has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md
index 8c5440f..2fe3677 100644
--- a/translate/bita-phenom/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-phenom/01.md
@@ -4,19 +4,19 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### LIGHT represents someone’s face (This often combines with FACE represents someone’s presence)
- Yahweh, lift up the light of your face on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT)
+ Yahweh, lift up the light of your face on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT)
> For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
> neither did their own arm save them;
-> but your right hand, your arm, and the light of your face ,
+> but your right hand, your arm, and the light of your face,
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
- they did not reject the light of my face . (Job 29:24 ULT)
+ they did not reject the light of my face. (Job 29:24 ULT)
-> Yahweh, they walk in the light of your face . (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
+> Yahweh, they walk in the light of your face. (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
@@ -28,44 +28,44 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### SHADOW or DARKNESS represents death
-> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the shadow of death . (Psalm 44:19)
+> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the shadow of death. (Psalm 44:19)
#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
-> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will be extinguished . (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
+> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will be extinguished. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
- Surging waters cannot quench love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)
+ Surging waters cannot quench love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)
-> For a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
+> For a fire is kindled by my anger and is burning to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
- Therefore the anger of Yahweh was set on fire against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
+ Therefore the anger of Yahweh was set on fire against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
-> When Yahweh heard this, he was angry ; so his fire burned against Jacob, and his anger attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
+> When Yahweh heard this, he was angry; so his fire burned against Jacob, and his anger attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
#### FIRE OR A LAMP represents life
-> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
+> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the burning coal that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
- You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel . (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT)
+ You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the lamp of Israel. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT)
-> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have a lamp before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULT)
+> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have a lamp before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULT)
- Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him a lamp in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)
+ Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him a lamp in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)
-> Indeed, the light of the wicked person will be put out; the spark of his fire will not shine. The light will be dark in his tent; his lamp above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
+> Indeed, the light of the wicked person will be put out; the spark of his fire will not shine. The light will be dark in his tent; his lamp above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
- For you give light to my lamp ; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness . (Psalm 18:28 ULT)
+ For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)
> A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULT)
@@ -74,76 +74,76 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease
> They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support!
-> He set me free in a wide open place ; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
+> He set me free in a wide open place; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
-> You have made a wide place for my feet beneath me,
+> You have made a wide place for my feet beneath me,
> so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULT)
> You made people ride over our heads;
> we went through fire and water,
-> but you brought us out into a spacious place . (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
+> but you brought us out into a spacious place. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
#### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
-> give me room when I am hemmed in .
+> give me room when I am hemmed in.
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. Psalm 4:1 ULT)
> For a prostitute is a deep pit,
-> and an immoral woman is a narrow well . (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
+> and an immoral woman is a narrow well. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
#### LIQUID represents a moral quality (emotion, attitude, spirit, life)
-> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting flood of water . (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
+> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting flood of water. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
- He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming flood . (Nahum 1:8 ULT)
+ He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming flood. (Nahum 1:8 ULT)
-> My heart drips because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
+> My heart drips because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
- I am being poured out like water . (Psalm 22:14 ULT)
+ I am being poured out like water. (Psalm 22:14 ULT)
-> It will come about afterward that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULT)
+> It will come about afterward that I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULT)
- My God, my soul has melted within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULT)
+ My God, my soul has melted within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULT)
-> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been poured out on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULT)
+> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been poured out on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULT)
#### WATER represents what someone says
-> A quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water . (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
+> A quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water. (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
- His lips are lilies, dripping myrrh . (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT)
+ His lips are lilies, dripping myrrh. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT)
-> My groaning is poured out like water . (Job 3:24 ULT)
+> My groaning is poured out like water. (Job 3:24 ULT)
- The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters ; the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)
+ The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters; the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)
#### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
-> I have come into deep waters , where the floods flow over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
+> I have come into deep waters, where the floods flow over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
- Do not let the floods of water overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)
+ Do not let the floods of water overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)
-> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
+> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
#### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something
-> The fear of Yahweh is a fountain of life . (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
+> The fear of Yahweh is a fountain of life. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
#### A ROCK represents protection
diff --git a/translate/bita-plants/01.md b/translate/bita-plants/01.md
index 5ed776b..a522c0e 100644
--- a/translate/bita-plants/01.md
+++ b/translate/bita-plants/01.md
@@ -6,25 +6,25 @@ Some images from the Bible involving plants are listed below in alphabetical ord
#### A BRANCH represents a person’s descendant
In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse’s descendants and Jeremiah wrote about one of David’s descendants.
-> A shoot will sprout from the root of Jesse, and a branch out of his root will bear fruit.
+> A shoot will sprout from the root of Jesse, and a branch out of his root will bear fruit.
> The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1 ULT)
-> See, days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David a righteous branch .
+> See, days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David a righteous branch.
> He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULT)
In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not have any descendants.
> His roots will be dried up beneath;
-> above will his branch be cut off .
+> above will his branch be cut off.
> His memory will perish from the earth;
> he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:17 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents a person
-> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will… root you out of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
+> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will…root you out of the land of the living. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
#### A PLANT represents an emotion or attitude
@@ -32,27 +32,27 @@ In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not
Just as planting one kind of seeds results in that kind of plant growing, behaving in one way results in that kind of consequence.
The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
-> Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness . (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
+> Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
- Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity and sow trouble , reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)
+ Based on what I have observed, those who plow iniquity and sow trouble, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)
-> For the people sow the wind and reap the whirlwind . (Hosea 8:7 ULT)
+> For the people sow the wind and reap the whirlwind. (Hosea 8:7 ULT)
- You have turned…the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULT)
+ You have turned…the fruit of righteousness into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULT)
-> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed ? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
+> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now ashamed? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
#### A TREE represents a person
-> He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water that produces its fruit in its season , whose leaves do not wither ; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
+> He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water that produces its fruit in its season, whose leaves do not wither; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
- I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out like a green tree in its native soil . (Psalm 37:35 ULT)
+ I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out like a green tree in its native soil. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)
-> I am like a green olive tree in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> I am like a green olive tree in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/figs-123person/01.md b/translate/figs-123person/01.md
index c429e52..5787a95 100644
--- a/translate/figs-123person/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-123person/01.md
@@ -14,20 +14,20 @@ Sometimes in the Bible a speaker used the third person to refer to himself or to
### Examples from the Bible
Sometimes people used the third person instead of “I” or “me” to refer to themselves.
-> But David said to Saul, “ Your servant used to keep his father’s sheep.” (1 Samuel 17:34 ULT)
+> But David said to Saul, “Your servant used to keep his father’s sheep.” (1 Samuel 17:34 ULT)
David referred to himself in the third person as “your servant” and “his.” He was calling himself Saul’s servant in order to show his humility before Saul.
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said,
-> “… Do you have an arm like God’s ? Can you thunder with a voice like him ? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
+> “… Do you have an arm like God’s? Can you thunder with a voice like him? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
God referred to himself in the third person with the words “God’s” and “him.” He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful.
Sometimes people use the third person instead of “you” or “your” to refer to the person or people they are speaking to.
-> Abraham answered and said, “Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to my Lord , even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
+> Abraham answered and said, “Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to my Lord, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
Abraham was speaking to the Lord, and referred to the Lord as “My Lord” rather than as “you.” He did this to show his humility before God.
-> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
+> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
After saying “each of you,” Jesus used the third person “his” instead of “your.”
@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
-> **But David said to Saul, “ Your servant used to keep his father’s sheep.”** (1 Samuel 17:34)
+> **But David said to Saul, “Your servant used to keep his father’s sheep.”** (1 Samuel 17:34)
->> But David said to Saul, “ I, your servant , used to keep my father’s sheep.”
+>> But David said to Saul, “I, your servant, used to keep my father’s sheep.”
(2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
-> **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like God’s ? Can you thunder with a voice like him ?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
+> **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like God’s? Can you thunder with a voice like him?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
->> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like mine ? Can you thunder with a voice like me ?”
+>> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like mine? Can you thunder with a voice like me?”
-> **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
+> **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive his brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
->> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive your brother from your heart.
+>> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if each of you does not forgive your brother from your heart.
diff --git a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
index b9e3954..24eaff0 100644
--- a/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-abstractnouns/01.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even to relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, injury, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it. For example, “What is its weight ?” could be expressed as “How much does it weigh ?” or “How heavy is it?”
+Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even to relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, injury, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it. For example, “What is its weight?” could be expressed as “How much does it weigh?” or “How heavy is it?”
### Description
@@ -13,24 +13,24 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea
### Examples from the Bible
-> …_from childhood you have known the sacred writings…_ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
+> …_from childhood you have known the sacred writings…_ (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
The abstract noun “childhood” refers to when someone is a child.
-> But godliness with contentment is great gain . (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
+> But godliness with contentment is great gain. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
The abstract nouns “godliness” and “contentment” refer to being godly and content.
The abstract noun “gain” refers to something that benefits or helps someone.
-> Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
+> Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham. (Luke 19:9 ULT)
The abstract noun “salvation” here refers to being saved.
-> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
+> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
The abstract noun “slowness” refers how slowly something is done.
-> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
+> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the heart. (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
The abstract noun “purposes” refers to the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them.
@@ -44,21 +44,21 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
-> **…from childhood you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
->> Ever since you were a child you have known the sacred writings.
+> **…from childhood you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
+>> Ever since you were a child you have known the sacred writings.
-> **But godliness with contentment is great gain .** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
->> But being godly and content is very beneficial .
->> But we benefit greatly when we are godly and content .
->> But we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have .
+> **But godliness with contentment is great gain.** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
+>> But being godly and content is very beneficial.
+>> But we benefit greatly when we are godly and content.
+>> But we benefit greatly when we honor and obey God and when we are happy with what we have.
-> Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
->> Today the people in this house have been saved …
->> Today God has saved the people in this house…
+> Today salvation has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
+>> Today the people in this house have been saved…
+>> Today God has saved the people in this house…
-> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
->> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider moving slowly to be.
+> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider slowness to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
+>> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider moving slowly to be.
-> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
->> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them .
+> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the purposes of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
+>> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them.
diff --git a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
index 8af56bb..1b21f78 100644
--- a/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-activepassive/01.md
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
Some languages have both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects underlined:
-* ACTIVE: My father built the house in 2010.
-* PASSIVE: The house was built in 2010.
+* ACTIVE: My father built the house in 2010.
+* PASSIVE: The house was built in 2010.
Translators whose languages do not have passive sentences will need to know how they can translate passive sentences that they find in the Bible. Other translators will need to decide when to use a passive sentence and when to use the active form.
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ Some languages have both active and passive forms of sentences.
In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have underlined the subject.
-* **ACTIVE**: My father built the house in 2010.
-* **PASSIVE**: The house was built by my father in 2010.
-* **PASSIVE**: The house was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
+* **ACTIVE**: My father built the house in 2010.
+* **PASSIVE**: The house was built by my father in 2010.
+* **PASSIVE**: The house was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that
### Examples from the Bible
-> And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants were killed , and your servant Uriah the Hittite was killed too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
+> And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants were killed, and your servant Uriah the Hittite was killed too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
This means that the enemy’s shooters shot and killed some of the king’s servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king’s servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king’s servants and Uriah.
-> In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal was broken down … (Judges 6:28 ULT)
+> In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal was broken down… (Judges 6:28 ULT)
The men of the town saw what had happened to the altar of Baal, but they did not know who broke it down. The purpose of the passive form here is to communicate this event from the perspective of the men of the town.
-> It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea (Luke 17:2 ULT)
+> It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea (Luke 17:2 ULT)
This describes a situation in which a person ends up in the sea with a millstone around his neck. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on what happens to this person. Who does these things to the person is not important.
@@ -61,17 +61,17 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so
(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
-> **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
->> The king’s servants gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
+> **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
+>> The king’s servants gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or ”people” or ”someone.”
-> **It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
->> It would be better for him if they were to put a millstone around his neck and throw him into the sea.
->> It would be better for him if someone were to put a heavy stone around his neck and throw him into the sea.
+> **It would be better for him if a millstone were put around his neck and he were thrown into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
+>> It would be better for him if they were to put a millstone around his neck and throw him into the sea.
+>> It would be better for him if someone were to put a heavy stone around his neck and throw him into the sea.
(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence.
-> **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
->> He received a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
+> **A loaf of bread was given him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
+>> He received a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
diff --git a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
index 98d8e10..f53cad7 100644
--- a/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-apostrophe/01.md
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By tel
Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them.
-> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: “Altar , altar ! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
+> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: “Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him.
@@ -29,15 +29,15 @@ The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the ki
If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consider using it. If not, here is another option.
-1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells them his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
+1. If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells them his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
-(1) If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells them his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
+(1) If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells them his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
-> **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: “Altar , altar ! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
->> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says about this altar. ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on it .’ “
+> **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: “Altar, altar! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
+>> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says about this altar. ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on it.’ “
-> **Mountains of Gilboa , let there not be dew or rain on you** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
->> As for these mountains of Gilboa , let there not be dew or rain on them
+> **Mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on you** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
+>> As for these mountains of Gilboa, let there not be dew or rain on them
diff --git a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md
index 9c8b0ed..fe43282 100644
--- a/translate/figs-declarative/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-declarative/01.md
@@ -43,19 +43,19 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man’s sins.
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a sentence type that would express that function.
- * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus , for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT) The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
- * She will give birth to a son. Name him Jesus , because he will save his people from their sins.
+ * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT) The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
+ * She will give birth to a son. Name him Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins.
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
- * **Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean .** (Matthew 8:2 ULT) The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
- * Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean. Please do so.
- * Lord, if you are willing, please make me clean. I know you can do so.
+ * **Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.** (Matthew 8:2 ULT) The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
+ * Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean. Please do so.
+ * Lord, if you are willing, please make me clean. I know you can do so.
1. If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
- * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus , for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
- * She will give birth to a son, and you must call his name Jesus , for he will save his people from their sins.
+ * **She will give birth to a son, and you will call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
+ * She will give birth to a son, and you must call his name Jesus, for he will save his people from their sins.
* **Son, your sins are forgiven.** Luke 2:5 ULT)
* Son, I forgive your sins.
diff --git a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
index 9af58a5..c7f29ff 100644
--- a/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-distinguish/01.md
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ In some languages, phrases that modify a noun can be used with the noun for two
Some languages use a comma to mark the difference between making a distinction between similar items and gving more information about an item. Without the comma, the sentence below communicates that it is making a distinction:
-* Mary gave some of the food to her sister who was very thankful .
+* Mary gave some of the food to her sister who was very thankful.
* If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could **distinguish this sister** of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
-* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, who was very thankful .
+* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, who was very thankful.
* This same phrase can be used give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about **how Mary’s sister responded** when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
### Reasons this is a translation issue
@@ -22,25 +22,25 @@ With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause a problem in translation.
-> … The curtain is to separate the holy place from the most holy place . (Exodus 26:33 ULT)
+> … The curtain is to separate the holy place from the most holy place. (Exodus 26:33 ULT)
The words “holy” and “most holy” distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place.
-> A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to the woman who bore him . (Proverbs 17:25 ULT)
+> A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to the woman who bore him. (Proverbs 17:25 ULT)
The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother.
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to give added information or a reminder about an item**: These are a translation issue for languages that do not use these.
-> …for your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
+> …for your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
The word “righteous” simply reminds us that God’s judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous.
-> Can Sarah, who is ninety years old , bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
+> Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
The phrase “who is ninety years old” is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
-> I will wipe away mankind whom I have created from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
+> I will wipe away mankind whom I have created from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind. There is not another mankind that God did not create.
@@ -55,21 +55,21 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
1. Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
- * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
- * Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
+ * **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
+ * Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
- * **…for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
- *…for your judgments are good because they are righteous.
+ * **…for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
+ *…for your judgments are good because they are righteous.
- * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old , bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
- * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old?
+ * **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
+ * Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old?
- * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised ** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
- * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised
+ * **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
+ * I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised
1. Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
- * **You are my Son, whom I love . I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULT)
- * You are my Son. I love you and I am pleased with you.
- * Receiving my love , you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
+ * **You are my Son, whom I love. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULT)
+ * You are my Son. I love you and I am pleased with you.
+ * Receiving my love, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
diff --git a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
index c30bc7c..f1856ec 100644
--- a/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-doublenegatives/01.md
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani
### Description
-Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples are “no,” “not,” “none,” “no one,” “nothing,” “nowhere,” “never,” “nor,” “neither,” and “without.” Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean “not” such as the underlined parts of these words: “ un happy,” “ im possible,” and “use less .”
+Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples are “no,” “not,” “none,” “no one,” “nothing,” “nowhere,” “never,” “nor,” “neither,” and “without.” Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean “not” such as the underlined parts of these words: “un happy,” “im possible,” and “useless.”
A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of “not.”
-> It is not that we do not have authority…(2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULT)
+> It is not that we do not have authority…(2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULT)
- And this better confidence did not happen without the taking of an oath,…(Hebrews 7:20 ULT.)
+ And this better confidence did not happen without the taking of an oath,…(Hebrews 7:20 ULT.)
-> Be sure of this—wicked people will not go un punished (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
+> Be sure of this—wicked people will not go un punished (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
#### Reason this is a translation issue
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ To translate sentences with double negatives accurately and clearly in your lang
### Examples from the Bible
-> …so that they may not be un fruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULT)
+> …so that they may not be un fruitful. (Titus 3:14 ULT)
This means “so that they will be fruitful.”
-> All things were made through him and without him there was not one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
+> All things were made through him and without him there was not one thing made that has been made. (John 1:3 ULT)
By using a double negative, John emphasized that the Son of God created absolutely everything.
@@ -43,17 +43,17 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
- * **For we do not have a high priest who can not feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
+ * **For we do not have a high priest who cannot feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
* “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
- * **…so that they may not be un fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
+ * **…so that they may not be un fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
* “…so that they may be fruitful.”
1. If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely.”
- * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go un punished…** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
- * “Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished…”
+ * **Be sure of this—wicked people will not go un punished…** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
+ * “Be sure of this—wicked people will certainly be punished…”
- * **All things were made through him and without him there was not one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULT)
- * “All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made.”
+ * **All things were made through him and without him there was not one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULT)
+ * “All things were made through him. He made absolutely everything that has been made.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md
index 3f9703e..f959463 100644
--- a/translate/figs-doublet/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-doublet/01.md
@@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only
### Examples from the Bible
-> King David was old and advanced in years . (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
+> King David was old and advanced in years. (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was “very old.”
- > …he attacked two men more righteous and better than himself…(1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
+ > …he attacked two men more righteous and better than himself… (1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
This means that they were “much more righteous” than he was.
-> You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
+> You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
This means that they had prepared “many false things to say.”
-> …as of a lamb without blemish and without spot . (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
+> …as of a lamb without blemish and without spot. (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any blemish--not even one.
@@ -38,16 +38,16 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
1. Translate only one of the words.
- * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words** (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
- * “You have decided to prepare false things to say.”
+ * **You have decided to prepare false and deceptive words** (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
+ * “You have decided to prepare false things to say.”
1. If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
- * **King David was old and advanced in years .** (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
- * “King David was very old .”
+ * **King David was old and advanced in years.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
+ * “King David was very old.”
1. If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
- * **…a lamb without blemish and without spot …** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
- * “…a lamb without any blemish at all …”
+ * **…a lamb without blemish and without spot…** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
+ * “…a lamb without any blemish at all…”
diff --git a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
index c1c8c90..25c86b1 100644
--- a/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-ellipsis/01.md
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
Ellipsis is what happens when a speaker or writer leaves out one or more words from a sentence that it normally should have to be a complete sentence. The speaker or writer does this because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and fill in the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. For example:
-> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous . (Psalm 1:5)
+> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous. (Psalm 1:5)
There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. With the action filled in, the complete sentence would be:
-> …nor will sinners stand in the assembly of the righteous.
+> …nor will sinners stand in the assembly of the righteous.
#### There are two types of ellipsis.
@@ -23,31 +23,31 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what information is
#### Relative Ellipsis
-> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox . (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
+> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox. (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. The full sentence with the information filled in would be:
-> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and he makes Sirion skip like a young ox.
+> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and he makes Sirion skip like a young ox.
-> But if we are afflicted, for your comfort and salvation ; if we are comforted, for your comfort ,… (2 Corinthians 1:6)
+> But if we are afflicted, for your comfort and salvation; if we are comforted, for your comfort,… (2 Corinthians 1:6)
The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sentences can be filled in from the first parts:
-> But if we are afflicted, we are afflicted for your comfort and salvation; if we are comforted, we are comforted for your comfort,…
+> But if we are afflicted, we are afflicted for your comfort and salvation; if we are comforted, we are comforted for your comfort,…
#### Absolute Ellipsis
-> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, that I might receive my sight .” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
+> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, that I might receive my sight.” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
It seems that the man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. The complete sentence would be:
->> “Lord, I want you to heal me so that I might receive my sight.”
+>> “Lord, I want you to heal me so that I might receive my sight.”
-> To Titus… Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior . (Titus 1:4 ULT)
+> To Titus…Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
The writer assumes that the reader will recognize this common form of a blessing or wish, so he does not need to include the full sentence, which would be:
->> To Titus… May you receive grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior.
+>> To Titus…May you receive grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior.
### Translation Strategies
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid
(1) Add the missing words to the incomplete phrase or sentence.
-> **…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5)
->> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous
+> **…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5)
+>> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous
-> **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, that I might receive my sight .”** (Luke 18:40-41)
->> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, I want you to heal me that I might receive my sight.”
+> **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, that I might receive my sight.”** (Luke 18:40-41)
+>> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, I want you to heal me that I might receive my sight.”
-> **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox .** (Psalm 29:6)
->> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and he makes Sirion skip like a young ox.
+> **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and Sirion like a young ox.** (Psalm 29:6)
+>> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and he makes Sirion skip like a young ox.
diff --git a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
index 6a7bb95..a541169 100644
--- a/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-euphemism/01.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ A euphemism is a mild or polite way of referring to something that is unpleasant
### Definition
-> …they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
+> …they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa. (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
This means that Saul and his sons “were dead”. It is a euphemism because the important thing was not that Saul and his sons had fallen but that they were dead. Sometimes people do not like to speak directly about death because it is unpleasant.
@@ -34,15 +34,15 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
-> **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to relieve himself .** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
->> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole “
->> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone “
+> **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to relieve himself.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
+>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to dig a hole “
+>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave to have some time alone “
-> **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man ?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
->> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I do not know a man ?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
+> **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not slept with any man?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
+>> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I do not know a man?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
(2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
-> **they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
->> “they found Saul and his sons dead on Mount Gilboa.”
+> **they found Saul and his sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.** (1 Chronicles 10:8 ULT)
+>> “they found Saul and his sons dead on Mount Gilboa.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-events/01.md b/translate/figs-events/01.md
index 0f530f5..5af8464 100644
--- a/translate/figs-events/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-events/01.md
@@ -31,19 +31,19 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
(1) If your language uses phrases, time words or tenses to show that an event happened before the one just mentioned, consider using one of them.
> ** 20 But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. 21 Now it came about, while all the people were being baptized by John, that Jesus also was baptized.** (Luke 3:20-21 ULT)
->> 20 But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. 21 Before John was put in prison, while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
+>> 20 But then Herod…had John locked up in prison. 21 Before John was put in prison, while all the people were being baptized by John, Jesus also was baptized.
> **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
->> Who is worthy to open the scroll after breaking its seals?
+>> Who is worthy to open the scroll after breaking its seals?
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
-> ** 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… 10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
->> 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… 10 But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
+> ** 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… 10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
+>> 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… 10 But Joshua had commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
-> ** 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… 10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
+> ** 8 Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets… 10 But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
>> 8-10 Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.” Then just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…
> **Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?** (Revelation 5:2 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
index 8db74bf..310d3af 100644
--- a/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-exclamations/01.md
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emo
Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have “Oh” and “Ah.” The word “oh” here shows the speaker’s amazement.
-> Oh , the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
+> Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
The word “Ah” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
-> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “ Ah , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
+> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why,” even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
-> How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
+> How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below shows that the speaker is disgusted with the person he is speaking to.
@@ -42,32 +42,32 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
(1) If an exclamation in your language needs a verb, add one. Often a good verb is “is” or “are.”
> **You worthless person!** (Matthew 5:22 ULT)
->> “You are such a worthless person!”
+>> “You are such a worthless person!”
> **Oh, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
->> “Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God are so deep!”
+>> “Oh, the riches of the wisdom and the knowledge of God are so deep!”
(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word “wow” below shows that they were astonished. The expression “Oh no” shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
> **They were absolutely astonished, saying, “He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.”** (Mark 7:36 ULT)
->> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, “ Wow ! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” “
+>> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, “Wow! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” “
> **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
>> “__Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
-> ** Ah , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
->> Lord Yahweh, what will happen to me ? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
->> Help , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
+> **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
+>> Lord Yahweh, what will happen to me? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
+>> Help, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
> **How unsearchable are his judgments, and his ways beyond discovering!** (Romans 11:33 ULT)
->> “His judgements are so unsearchable and his ways are far beyond discovering!”
+>> “His judgements are so unsearchable and his ways are far beyond discovering!”
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
-> **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “ Ah , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
->> “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. He was terrified and said, “ Ah , Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
+> **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
+>> “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. He was terrified and said, “Ah, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
index ec6da2e..7a345ea 100644
--- a/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-exclusive/01.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
### Description
-Some languages have more than one form of “we:” an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but not you .” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
+Some languages have more than one form of “we:” an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but not you.” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive “we” and the exclusive “we” refer to.
@@ -16,18 +16,18 @@ The Bible was first written in the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek languages. Like En
### Examples from the Bible
-> They said, “ We have no more than five loaves of bread and two fish, unless we went and bought food for all this crowd of people.” (Luke 9:13 ULT)
+> They said, “We have no more than five loaves of bread and two fish, unless we went and bought food for all this crowd of people.” (Luke 9:13 ULT)
In the first clause, the disciples are telling Jesus how much food they have among them, so this “we” could be the inclusive form or the exclusive form. In the second clause, the disciples are talking about some of them going to buy food, so that “we” would be the exclusive form, since Jesus would not go to buy food.
-> we have seen, and bear witness, and declare to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested to us (1 John 1:2 ULT)
+> we have seen, and bear witness, and declare to you the eternal life, which was with the Father, and was manifested to us (1 John 1:2 ULT)
John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the exclusive forms in this verse.
-> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us .” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
+> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
-The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were including the people they were speaking to - one another.
+The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were including the people they were speaking to - one another.
-> Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, “Let us go over to the other side of the lake.” Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
+> Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, “Let us go over to the other side of the lake.” Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to, so this would be the inclusive form.
diff --git a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
index 329b2c9..e25eda2 100644
--- a/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-exmetaphor/01.md
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ An extended metaphor occurs when someone speaks of a situation as if it were a d
In Psalm 23:1-4, the writer says that God’s concern and care for his people can be pictured as the care that a shepherd has for his flock of sheep. Shepherds give sheep what they need, take them to safe places, rescue them, guide them, and protect them. What God does for his people is like these actions.
> 1 Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.
-> 2 He makes me to lie down in green pastures;
-> he leads me beside tranquil water.
-> 3 He brings back my life;
-> he guides me along right paths for his name’s sake.
+> 2 He makes me to lie down in green pastures;
+> he leads me beside tranquil water.
+> 3 He brings back my life;
+> he guides me along right paths for his name’s sake.
> 4 Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow,
> I will not fear harm since you are with me;
> your rod and your staff comfort me. (ULT)
@@ -62,53 +62,53 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example:
-> **Yahweh is my shepherd ; I will lack nothing.**
-> **He makes me to lie down in green pastures;**
-> ** he leads me beside tranquil water.** (ULT)
+> **Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.**
+> **He makes me to lie down in green pastures;**
+> **he leads me beside tranquil water.** (ULT)
Can be translated as:
-> “Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
-> Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters,
+> “Yahweh is like a shepherd to me, so I will lack nothing.
+> Like a shepherd who makes his sheep lie down in green pastures and leads them by peaceful waters,
> Yahweh helps me to rest peacefully.”
(2) If the target audience would not know the image, find a way of translating it so they can understand what the image is.
-> **My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.**
-> **He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine.**
-> **He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress .**
-> **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes .**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
+> **My well beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill.**
+> **He spaded it and removed the stones, and planted it with the choicest vine.**
+> **He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.**
+> **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
May be translated as:
-> “My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill.
-> He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines .
-> He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes .
-> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine .”
+> “My well beloved had a grapevine garden on a very fertile hill.
+> He dug up the ground and removed the stones, and planted it with the best grapevines.
+> He built a watchtower in the middle of it, and also built a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes.
+> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes that were not good for making wine.”
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
-> Yahweh is my shepherd ; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
+> Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
->> “Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.”
+>> “Yahweh cares for me like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.”
-> **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel,**
+> **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel,**
> **and the men of Judah his pleasant planting;**
> **he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;**
> **for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.** (Isaiah 5:7 ULT)
Can be translated as:
->> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel,
->> and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting;
+>> For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel,
+>> and the men of Judah are like his pleasant planting;
>> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
>> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
or as:
->> So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit ,
->> Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah,
->> because they do not do what is right .
+>> So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit,
+>> Yahweh will stop protecting Israel and Judah,
+>> because they do not do what is right.
>> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
>> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
diff --git a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md
index 05d5228..b49ce30 100644
--- a/translate/figs-explicit/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-explicit/01.md
@@ -19,19 +19,19 @@ All three kinds of information are part of the speaker’s message. If one of th
### Examples from the Bible
-> Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes , and the birds of the sky have nests , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
+> Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assumed that the scribe would have known that foxes sleep in holes in the ground and birds sleep in their nests. This is **assumed knowledge**.
Jesus did not directly say here “I am the Son of Man” but, if the scribe did not already know it, then that fact would be **implicit information** that he could learn because Jesus referred to himself that way. Also, Jesus did not state explicitly that he travelled a lot and did not have a house that he slept in every night. That is **implicit information** that the scribe could learn when Jesus said that he had nowhere to lay his head.
-> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULT)
+> Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes. But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you. (Matthew 11:21, 22 ULT)
Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were very wicked, and that the day of judgment is a time when God will judge every person. Jesus also knew that the people he was talking to believed that they were good and did not need to repent. Jesus did not need to tell them these things. This is all **assumed knowledge**.
An important piece of **implicit information** here is that because the people he was speaking to did not repent, they would be judged more severely than the people of Tyre and Sidon would be judged.
-> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat . (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
+> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat. (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
One of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating. People thought that in order to be righteous, they had to follow all the traditions of the elders. This was **assumed knowledge** that the Pharisees who were speaking to Jesus expected him to know. By saying this, they were accusing his disciples of not following the traditions, and thus not being righteous. This is **implicit information** that they wanted him to understand from what they said.
@@ -46,30 +46,30 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
-> **Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes , and the birds of the sky have nests , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
->> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes to live in , and the birds of the sky have nests to live in , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
+> **Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
+>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes to live in, and the birds of the sky have nests to live in, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
-> **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
+> **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
->> …it will be more tolerable for those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked , at the day of judgment than for you
+>> …it will be more tolerable for those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked, at the day of judgment than for you
or:
->> …it will be more tolerable for those wicked cities Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you
+>> …it will be more tolerable for those wicked cities Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you
-> **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
+> **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
->> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat.
+>> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness when they eat.
(2) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not know certain implicit information, then state that information clearly, but try to do it in a way that does not imply that the information was new to the original audience.
> **Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULT) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house.
->> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but I, the Son of Man , have no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live .”
+>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but I, the Son of Man, have no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live.”
-> **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
+> **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
->> At the day of judgment, God will punish Tyre and Sidon , cities whose people were very wicked, less severely than he will punish you
->> At the day of judgment, God will punish you more severely than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
+>> At the day of judgment, God will punish Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked, less severely than he will punish you
+>> At the day of judgment, God will punish you more severely than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.
diff --git a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
index 9d93f02..aadd6d4 100644
--- a/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-explicitinfo/01.md
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into t
### Examples from the Bible
-> And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire . (Judges 9:52 ESV)
+> And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire. (Judges 9:52 ESV)
In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to start most sentences with a conjunction such as “and” to show the connection between sentences. In English, it is ungrammatical to do so, is quite tiresome for the English reader, and gives the impression that the author was uneducated. In English, it is best to leave the idea of connection between sentences implicit in most cases and not translate the conjunction explicitly.
In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to say that something was burned with fire. In English, the idea of fire is included in the action of burning, and so it is unnatural to state both ideas explicitly. It is enough to say that something was burned and leave the idea of fire implicit.
-> The centurion answered and said , “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
+> The centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two verbs of speaking. One verb indicated the mode of address, and the other introduced the words of the speaker. English speakers do not do this, so it is very unnatural and confusing to use two verbs. For the English speaker, the idea of speaking is included in the idea of answering. Using two verbs in English implies two separate speeches, rather than just one. So in English, it is better to use only one verb of speaking.
@@ -34,18 +34,18 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
(2) If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
-> **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
->> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it . (Or) …to set it on fire .
+> **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
+>> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it. (Or) …to set it on fire.
In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information.
> **The centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”** (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
->> The centurion answered , “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
+>> The centurion answered, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb “answered,” so the verb “said” can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How did the centurion answer?” If they knew it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information.
> **And he opened his mouth and taught them, saying,** (Matthew 5:2 ULT)
->> He began to teach them, saying, (Or) He taught them, saying,
+>> He began to teach them, saying, (Or) He taught them, saying,
In English, it would be very strange to include the information that Jesus opened his mouth when he spoke. That information is included in the verbs "taught" and "saying," so that phrase can be omitted and that information left implicit. However, "he opened his mouth" is an idiom that indicates the beginning of a speech, so that information may be included, or it may also be left implicit.
diff --git a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
index 3ce6e31..d330eb1 100644
--- a/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-gendernotations/01.md
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ In some parts of the Bible, the words “men”, “brothers” and “sons” r
### Description
-In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says ‘ brothers ‘ when it refers to both brothers and sisters.
+In some languages a word that normally refers to men can also be used in a more general way to refer to both men and women. For example, the Bible sometimes says ‘brothers ‘ when it refers to both brothers and sisters.
Also in some languages, the masculine pronouns “he” and “him” can be used in a more general way for any person if it is not important whether the person is a man or a woman. In the example below, the pronoun is “his”, but it is not limited to males.
-> A wise child makes his father rejoice
-> but a foolish child brings grief to his mother. (Proverbs 10:1 ULT)
+> A wise child makes his father rejoice
+> but a foolish child brings grief to his mother. (Proverbs 10:1 ULT)
#### Reason this is a translation issue
@@ -20,17 +20,17 @@ When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that
### Examples from the Bible
-> We want you to know, brothers , about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULT)
+> We want you to know, brothers, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULT)
This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**.
-> Then said Jesus to his disciples, “If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself , take up his cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24-26 ULT)
+> Then said Jesus to his disciples, “If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24-26 ULT)
Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**.
**Caution**: Sometimes masculine words are used specifically to refer to men. Do not use words that would lead people to think that they include women. The underlined words below are specifically about men.
-> Moses said, ‘If a man dies, having no children, his brother must marry his wife and have a child for his brother .’ (Mark 22:24 ULT)
+> Moses said, ‘If a man dies, having no children, his brother must marry his wife and have a child for his brother.’ (Mark 22:24 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@@ -44,17 +44,17 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,
(1) Use nouns that can be used for both men and women.
-> **The wise man dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULT)
->> “The wise person dies just like the fool dies.”
->> “Wise people die just like fools die.”
+> **The wise man dies just like the fool dies.** (Ecclesiastes 2:16 ULT)
+>> “The wise person dies just like the fool dies.”
+>> “Wise people die just like fools die.”
(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
-> **For we do not want you to be ignorant, brothers , about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
->> “For we do not want you to be ignorant, brothers and sisters , about the troubles we had in Asia.” (2 Corinthians 1:8)
+> **For we do not want you to be ignorant, brothers, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
+>> “For we do not want you to be ignorant, brothers and sisters, about the troubles we had in Asia.” (2 Corinthians 1:8)
(3) Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
> **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.”** (Matthew 16:24 ULT) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
->> “If people want to follow me, they must deny themselves , take up their cross, and follow me.”
+>> “If people want to follow me, they must deny themselves, take up their cross, and follow me.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
index ff392b3..a024d4f 100644
--- a/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-genericnoun/01.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This happens frequently in proverbs, because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general.
-> Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet?
-> So is the man who goes into his neighbor’s wife ;
-> the one who has relations with her will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULT)
+> Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet?
+> So is the man who goes into his neighbor’s wife;
+> the one who has relations with her will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULT)
The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things.
@@ -16,14 +16,14 @@ Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to so
### Examples from the Bible
-> The one who does what is right is kept away from trouble and it comes upon the wicked instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULT)
+> The one who does what is right is kept away from trouble and it comes upon the wicked instead. (Proverbs 11:8 ULT)
The underlined phrases above do not refer to any specific people but to anyone who does what is right or anyone who is wicked.
-> People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain . (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
+> People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
This does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who refuses to sell grain.
-> Yahweh gives favor to a good man , but he condemns a man who makes evil plans . (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
+> Yahweh gives favor to a good man, but he condemns a man who makes evil plans. (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
The phrase “a good man” does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who is good. The phrase “a man who makes evil plans” does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who makes evil plans.
@@ -41,27 +41,27 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or th
(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.
-> **Yahweh gives favor to a good man , but he condemns a man who makes evil plans .** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
->> “Yahweh gives favor to the good man , but he condemns the man who makes evil plans .” (Proverbs 12:2)
+> **Yahweh gives favor to a good man, but he condemns a man who makes evil plans.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
+>> “Yahweh gives favor to the good man, but he condemns the man who makes evil plans.” (Proverbs 12:2)
(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.
-> **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
->> “People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain”
+> **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
+>> “People curse a man who refuses to sell them grain”
(3) Use the word “any, as in “any person” or “anyone.”
-> **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
->> “People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain.”
+> **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
+>> “People curse any man who refuses to sell them grain.”
(4) Use the plural form, as in “people” (or in this sentence, “men”).
-> **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
->> “People curse men who refuse to sell them grain”
+> **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
+>> “People curse men who refuse to sell them grain”
(5) Use any other way that is natural in your language.
-> **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
->> “People curse whoever refuses to sell them grain.”
+> **People curse the man who refuses to sell them grain.** (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
+>> “People curse whoever refuses to sell them grain.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-go/01.md b/translate/figs-go/01.md
index 2f3828e..ed88350 100644
--- a/translate/figs-go/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-go/01.md
@@ -10,29 +10,29 @@ Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical la
### Examples from the Bible
-> Yahweh said to Noah, “ Come , you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
+> Yahweh said to Noah, “Come, you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark.
-> But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath. (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
+> But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you. Then you will be free from my oath. (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
-Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham’s relatives lived far away, from where he and his servant were standing and he wanted his servant to go to them, not come toward Abraham.
+Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham’s relatives lived far away, from where he and his servant were standing and he wanted his servant to go to them, not come toward Abraham.
-> When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…(Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
+> When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…(Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
-Moses is speaking to the people in the wilderness. They had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, “When you have gone into the land…”
+Moses is speaking to the people in the wilderness. They had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, “When you have gone into the land…”
-> Joseph and Mary brought him up to the temple in Jerusalem to present him to the Lord. (Luke 1:22 ULT)
+> Joseph and Mary brought him up to the temple in Jerusalem to present him to the Lord. (Luke 1:22 ULT)
-In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Joseph and Mary took or carried Jesus to the temple.
+In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Joseph and Mary took or carried Jesus to the temple.
-> Behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was one of the leaders of the synagogue. Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet and implored him to come to his house, (Luke 8:41 ULT)
+> Behold, there came a man named Jairus, and he was one of the leaders of the synagogue. Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet and implored him to come to his house, (Luke 8:41 ULT)
-The man was not at his house when he spoke to Jesus. He wanted Jesus to go with him to his house.
+The man was not at his house when he spoke to Jesus. He wanted Jesus to go with him to his house.
-> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months. (Luke 1:24 UST)
+> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months. (Luke 1:24 UST)
-In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Elizabeth did not come out in public.
+In some languages, it might make more sense to say that Elizabeth did not come out in public.
### Translation Strategies
@@ -45,20 +45,20 @@ If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your
(1) Use the word “go,” “come,” “take,” or “bring” that would be natural in your language.
-> **But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
->> But you will be free from my oath if you go to my relatives and they will not give her to you.
+> **But you will be free from my oath if you come to my relatives and they will not give her to you.** (Genesis 24:41 ULT)
+>> But you will be free from my oath if you go to my relatives and they will not give her to you.
-> **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
->> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not come out in public for five months.
+> **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
+>> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not come out in public for five months.
(2) Use another word that expresses the right meaning.
-> **When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
->> “When you have arrived in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…”
+> **When you have come to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
+>> “When you have arrived in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…”
-> **Yahweh said to Noah, “ Come , you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
->> “Yahweh said to Noah, “ Enter , you and all your household, into the ark…”
+> **Yahweh said to Noah, “Come, you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
+>> “Yahweh said to Noah, “Enter, you and all your household, into the ark…”
-> **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
->> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not appear in public for five months.
+> **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not go out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
+>> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not appear in public for five months.
diff --git a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
index db0213e..b9aada3 100644
--- a/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-hendiadys/01.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
When a speaker expresses a single idea by using two words that are connected with “and,” it is called “hendiadys.” In hendiadys, the two words work together. Usually one of the words is the primary idea and the other word further describes the primary one.
-> …his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
+> …his own kingdom and glory. (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
Though “kingdom” and “glory” are both nouns, “glory” actually tells what kind of kingdom it is: it is a **kingdom of glory** or **a glorious kingdom**.
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Though “kingdom” and “glory” are both nouns, “glory” actually tells
### Examples from the Bible
-> …for I will give you words and wisdom… (Luke 21:15 ULT)
+> …for I will give you words and wisdom… (Luke 21:15 ULT)
“Words” and “wisdom” are nouns, but in this figure of speech “wisdom” describes “words.”
@@ -36,30 +36,30 @@ If the hendiadys would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, c
(1) Substitute the describing noun with an adjective that means the same thing.
-> **for I will give you words and wisdom** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
->> for I will give you wise words
+> **for I will give you words and wisdom** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
+>> for I will give you wise words
-> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
->> that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own glorious kingdom.
+> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
+>> that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own glorious kingdom.
(2) Substitute the describing noun with a phrase that means the same thing.
-> **for I will give you words and wisdom .** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
->> for I will give you words of wisdom.
+> **for I will give you words and wisdom.** (Luke 21:15 ULT)
+>> for I will give you words of wisdom.
-> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
->> that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom of glory.
+> **that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom and glory.** (1 Thessalonians 2:12 ULT)
+>> that you should walk in a manner that is worthy of God, who calls you to his own kingdom of glory.
(3) Substitute the describing adjective with an adverb that means the same thing.
-> **if you are willing and obedient ** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
->> if you are willingly obedient
+> **if you are willing and obedient** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
+>> if you are willingly obedient
(4) Substitute other parts of speech that mean the same thing and show that one word describes the other.
-> **if you are, willing and obedient ** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
+> **if you are, willing and obedient** (Isaiah 1:19 ULT)
The adjective “obedient” can be substituted with the verb “obey.”
->> if you obey willingly
+>> if you obey willingly
diff --git a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
index af2e622..f2407de 100644
--- a/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-hyperbole/01.md
@@ -12,24 +12,24 @@ A speaker or writer can use exactly the same words to say something he means as
**Hyperbole**: This is a figure of speech that uses **exaggeration**. A speaker deliberately describes something by an extreme or even unreal statement, usually to show his strong feeling or opinion about it. He expects people to understand that he is exaggerating.
-> They will not leave one stone upon another (Luke 19:44 ULT)
+> They will not leave one stone upon another (Luke 19:44 ULT)
* This is an exaggeration. It means that the enemies will completely destroy Jerusalem.
**Generalization:** This is a statement that is true most of the time or in most situations that it could apply to.
-> The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame,
-> but honor will come to him who learns from correction. (Proverbs 13:18)
+> The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame,
+> but honor will come to him who learns from correction. (Proverbs 13:18)
* These generalizations tell about what normally happens to people who ignore instruction and what normally happens to people who learn from correction.
-> And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7)
+> And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words. (Matthew 6:7)
* This generalization tells about what Gentiles were known for doing. Many Gentiles may have done this.
Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like “all,” “always,” “none,” or “never,” it does not necessarliy mean **exactly** “all,” “always,” “none,” or “never.” It simply means “most, “most of the time,” “hardly any” or “rarely.”
-> Moses was educated in all the learning of the Egyptians (Acts 7:22 ULT)
+> Moses was educated in all the learning of the Egyptians (Acts 7:22 ULT)
* This generalization means that he had learned much of what the Egyptians knew and taught.
@@ -43,28 +43,28 @@ Even though a generalization may have a strong-sounding word like “all,” “
#### Examples of Exaggeration
-> If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off . It is better for you to enter into life maimed… (Mark 9:43 ULT)
+> If your hand causes you to stumble, cut it off. It is better for you to enter into life maimed… (Mark 9:43 ULT)
-When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should do whatever extreme things we need to do in order not to sin. He used this hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to try to stop sinning.
+When Jesus said to cut off your hand, he meant that we should do whatever extreme things we need to do in order not to sin. He used this hyperbole to show how extremely important it is to try to stop sinning.
-> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore . (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
+> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore. (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
-The underlined phrase is an exaggeration. It means that there were many, many soldiers in the Philistine army.
+The underlined phrase is an exaggeration. It means that there were many, many soldiers in the Philistine army.
#### Examples of Generalization
-> They found him, and they said to him, “ Everyone is looking for you.” (Mark 1:37 ULT)
+> They found him, and they said to him, “Everyone is looking for you.” (Mark 1:37 ULT)
-The disciples told Jesus that everyone was looking looking for him. They probably did not mean that everyone in the city was looking for him, but that many people were looking for him, or that all of Jesus’ closest friends there were looking for him.
+The disciples told Jesus that everyone was looking looking for him. They probably did not mean that everyone in the city was looking for him, but that many people were looking for him, or that all of Jesus’ closest friends there were looking for him.
-> But as his anointing teaches you about all things and is true and is not a lie, and even as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27 ULT)
+> But as his anointing teaches you about all things and is true and is not a lie, and even as it has taught you, remain in him. (1 John 2:27 ULT)
- This is a generalization. God’s Spirit teaches us about all things that we need to know , not about everything that is possible to know.
+ This is a generalization. God’s Spirit teaches us about all things that we need to know, not about everything that is possible to know.
#### Caution
Do not assume that something is an exaggeration just because it seems to be impossible. God does miraculous things.
-> … they saw Jesus walking on the sea and coming near the boat … (John 6:19 ULT)
+> … they saw Jesus walking on the sea and coming near the boat … (John 6:19 ULT)
This is not hyperbole. Jesus really walked on the water. It is a literal statement.
@@ -89,24 +89,24 @@ If the exaggeration or generalization would be natural and people would understa
(1) Express the meaning without the exaggeration.
-> **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore .** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
->> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and a great number of troops .
+> **The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and troops as numerous as the sand on the seashore.** (1 Samuel 13:5 ULT)
+>> The Philistines gathered together to fight against Israel: thirty thousand chariots, six thousand men to drive the chariots, and a great number of troops.
(2) For a generalization, show that it is a generalization by using a phrase like “in general” or “in most cases.”
> **The one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame…** (Proverbs 13:18 ULT)
->> In general, the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame
+>> In general, the one who ignores instruction will have poverty and shame
> **And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.** (Matthew 6:7)
->> “And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.”
+>> “And when you pray, do not make useless repetitions as the Gentiles generally do, for they think that they will be heard because of their many words.”
(3) For a generalization, add a word like “most” or “almost” to show that the generalization is not exact.
-> **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
->> Almost all the country of Judea and almost all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
->> Most of the country of Judea and most of the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
+> **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
+>> Almost all the country of Judea and almost all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
+>> Most of the country of Judea and most of the people of Jerusalem went out to him.”
(4) For a generalization that has a word like “all,” always,” “none,” or “never,” consider deleting that word.
-> **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
+> **The whole country of Judea and all the people of Jerusalem went out to him.** (Mark 1:5 ULT)
>> The country of Judea and the people of Jerusalem went out to him.
diff --git a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md
index 5aa99e2..0aa0958 100644
--- a/translate/figs-hypo/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-hypo/01.md
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ People sometimes express regrets about things that have not happened or that are
> “Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! If the mighty deeds had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago in sackcloth and ashes.” (Matthew 11:21 ULT)
-Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon had been able to see the miracles that he performed, they would have repented long ago. The people of Tyre and Sidon did not actually see his miracles and repent. He said this to rebuke the people of Chorazin and Bethsaida who had seen his miracles yet did not repent.
+Here in Matthew 11:21 Jesus said that if the people living in the ancient cities of Tyre and Sidon had been able to see the miracles that he performed, they would have repented long ago. The people of Tyre and Sidon did not actually see his miracles and repent. He said this to rebuke the people of Chorazin and Bethsaida who had seen his miracles yet did not repent.
> Martha then said to Jesus, “Lord, if you had been here, my brother would not have died.” (John 11:21 ULT)
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ Martha said this to express her wish that Jesus had come sooner. But Jesus did n
Jesus told about what would happen if a person were to put new wine into old wineskins. But no one would do that. He used this imaginary situation as an example to show that there are times when it is unwise to mix new things with old things. He did this so that people could understand why his disciples were not fasting as people traditionally did.
-> Jesus said to them, “What man would there be among you, who, if he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULT)
+> Jesus said to them, “What man would there be among you, who, if he had just one sheep, and if this sheep fell into a deep hole on the Sabbath, would not grasp hold of it and lift it out? (Matthew 12:11 ULT)
Jesus asked the religious leaders what they would do on the Sabbath if one of their sheep fell into a hole. He was not saying that their sheep would fall into a hole. He used this imaginary situation to show them that they were wrong to judge him for healing people on the Sabbath.
1. Hypothetical situation in the future
-> Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved ; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULT)
+> Unless those days are shortened, no flesh would be saved; but for the sake of the elect, those days will be shortened. (Matthew 24:22 ULT)
Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told what would happen if those days of trouble were to last a long time. He did this to show about how bad those days will be - so bad that if they lasted a long time, no one would be saved. But then he clarified that God will shorten those days of trouble, so that the elect (those he has chosen) will be saved.
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ Jesus was talking about a future time when very bad things would happen. He told
1. Expressing emotion about a hypothetical situation
Regrets and wishes are very similar.
-> The Israelites said to them, “ If only we had died by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger.” (Exodus 16:3 ULT)
+> The Israelites said to them, “If only we had died by Yahweh’s hand in the land of Egypt when we were sitting by the pots of meat and were eating bread to the full. For you have brought us out into this wilderness to kill our whole community with hunger.” (Exodus 16:3 ULT)
Here the Israelites were afraid they would have to suffer and die of hunger in the wilderness, and so they wished that they had stayed in Egypt and died there with full stomachs. They were complaining, expressing regret that this had not happened.
-> I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish that you were either cold or hot! (Revelation 3:15 ULT)
+> I know what you have done, and that you are neither cold nor hot. I wish that you were either cold or hot! (Revelation 3:15 ULT)
Jesus wished that the people were either hot or cold, but they are neither. He was rebuking them, expressing anger at this.
diff --git a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md
index 25a9ce3..a7caa8b 100644
--- a/translate/figs-idiom/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-idiom/01.md
@@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ An idiom is a figure of speech made up of a group of words that, as a whole, has
An idiom is a phrase that has a special meaning to the people of the language or culture who use it. Its meaning is different than what a person would understand from the meanings of the individual words that form the phrase.
-> he resolutely set his face to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51 ULT)
+> he resolutely set his face to go to Jerusalem. (Luke 9:51 ULT)
The words “set his face” is an idiom that means “decided.”
Sometimes people may be able to understand an idiom from another culture, but it might sound like a strange way to express the meaning.
-> I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof . (Luke 7:6 ULT)
+> I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof. (Luke 7:6 ULT)
The phrase “enter under my roof” is an idiom that means “enter my house.”
-> Let these words go deeply into your ears . (Luke 9:44 ULT)
+> Let these words go deeply into your ears. (Luke 9:44 ULT)
This idiom means “Listen carefully and remember what I say.”
@@ -34,15 +34,15 @@ This idiom means “Listen carefully and remember what I say.”
### Examples from the Bible
-> Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your flesh and bone .” (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
+> Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your flesh and bone.” (1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
This means, “We and you belong to the same race, the same family.”
-> the children of Israel went out with a high hand. (Exodus 14:8 ASV)
+> the children of Israel went out with a high hand. (Exodus 14:8 ASV)
This means, “The Israelites went out defiantly.”
-> the one who lifts up my head (Psalm 3:3 ULT)
+> the one who lifts up my head (Psalm 3:3 ULT)
This means, “the one who helps me.”
@@ -57,20 +57,20 @@ If the idiom would be clearly understood in your language, consider using it. If
(1) Translate the meaning plainly without using an idiom.
-> **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your flesh and bone .”** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
- *…Look, we all belong to the same nation.
+> **Then all Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look, we are your flesh and bone.”** ( 1 Chronicles 11:1 ULT)
+ *…Look, we all belong to the same nation.
-> **he resolutely set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULT)
->> He started to travel to Jerusalem, determined to reach it.
+> **he resolutely set his face to go to Jerusalem.** (Luke 9:51 ULT)
+>> He started to travel to Jerusalem, determined to reach it.
-> **I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
->> I am not worthy that you should enter my house .
+> **I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof.** (Luke 7:6 ULT)
+>> I am not worthy that you should enter my house.
(2) Use an idiom that people use in your own language that has the same meaning.
-> **Let these words go deeply into your ears** (Luke 9:44 ULT)
->> Be all ears when I say these words to you.
+> **Let these words go deeply into your ears** (Luke 9:44 ULT)
+>> Be all ears when I say these words to you.
-> **”My eyes grow dim from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULT)
->> I am crying my eyes out
+> **”My eyes grow dim from grief** (Psalm 6:7 ULT)
+>> I am crying my eyes out
diff --git a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md
index b6650b0..b99a914 100644
--- a/translate/figs-imperative/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-imperative/01.md
@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ Some languages would not use an imperative sentence for some of the functions th
Speakers often use imperative sentences to tell or ask their listeners to do something. In Genesis 2, God spoke to Isaac and told him not to go to Egypt but to live where God would tell him to live.
-> Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, “ Do not go down to Egypt; live in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULT)
+> Now Yahweh appeared to him and said, “Do not go down to Egypt; live in the land that I tell you to live in. (Genesis 26:2 ULT)
Sometimes imperative sentences in the Bible have other uses.
#### Imperatives that make things happen
God can make things happen by commanding that they happen. Jesus healed a man by commanding that the man be healed. The man could not do anything to obey the command, but Jesus caused him to be healed by commanding it. (“Be clean” means “Be healed.”)
-> “I am willing. Be clean .” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
+> “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was cleansed of his leprosy. (Matthew 8:3 ULT)
In Genesis 1, God commanded that there should be light, and by commanding it, he caused it to exist. Some languages, such as the Hebrew of the Bible, have commands that are in the third person. English does not do that, and so it must turn the third-person command into a general second-person command, as in the ULT:
-> God said, “ Let there be light,” and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
+> God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which translates into English as something like, “light must be.”
@@ -30,18 +30,18 @@ Languages that have third-person commands can follow the original Hebrew, which
In the Bible, God blesses people by using imperatives. This indicates what his will is for them.
-> God blessed them and said to them, “ Be fruitful , and multiply . Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
+> God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
#### Imperatives that function as conditions
An imperative sentence can also be used to tell the **condition** under which something will happen. The proverbs mainly tell about life and things that often happen. The purpose of Proverbs 4:6 below is not primarily to give a command, but to teach what people can expect to happen **if** they love wisdom.
-> … do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you;
-> love her and she will keep you safe. (Proverbs 4:6 ULT)
+> …do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you;
+> love her and she will keep you safe. (Proverbs 4:6 ULT)
The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if they teach their children the way they should go.
-> Teach a child the way he should go,
+> Teach a child the way he should go,
> and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction. (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@@ -58,17 +58,17 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if
>> “You are now clean.”
>> “I now cleanse you.”
-> **God said, “ Let there be light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
->> God said, “ There is now light “ and there was light.
+> **God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
+>> God said, “There is now light “ and there was light.
-> **God blessed them and said to them, “ Be fruitful , and multiply . Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”** (Genesis 1:28 ULT)
->> God blessed them and said to them, “ My will for you is that you be fruitful , and multiply . Fill the earth, and subdue it. I want you to have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
+> **God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”** (Genesis 1:28 ULT)
+>> God blessed them and said to them, “My will for you is that you be fruitful, and multiply. Fill the earth, and subdue it. I want you to have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves upon the earth.”
(2) If people would not understand that a sentence is used to cause something to happen, add a connecting word like “so” to show that what happened was a result of what was said.
-> **God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
->> God said, ‘Let there be light,’ so there was light.
->> God said, “Light must be;” as a result , there was light.
+> **God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light.** (Genesis 1:3 ULT)
+>> God said, ‘Let there be light,’ so there was light.
+>> God said, “Light must be;” as a result, there was light.
(3) If people would not use a command as a condition, translate it as a statement with the words “if” and “then.”
@@ -76,5 +76,5 @@ The purpose of Proverbs 22:6 below is teach what people can expect to happen if
> **and when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.** (Proverbs 22:6 ULT)
Translated as:
-> “ If you teach a child the way he should go,
-> then when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.”
+> “If you teach a child the way he should go,
+> then when he is old he will not turn away from that instruction.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md b/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md
index d1c902e..b7c8012 100644
--- a/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-inclusive/01.md
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is tal
### Examples from the Bible
-> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us .” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
+> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let us now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were including the people they were speaking to - one another.
-> Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, “Let us go over to the other side of the lake.” Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
+> Now it happened on one of those days that Jesus and his disciples entered into a boat, and he said to them, “Let us go over to the other side of the lake.” Then they set sail. (Luke 8:22 ULT)
When Jesus said “us,” he was referring to himself and to the disciples he was speaking to.
diff --git a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md
index c08055a..2575593 100644
--- a/translate/figs-informremind/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-informremind/01.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
-* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, who was very thankful .
+* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, who was very thankful.
The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister” and informs us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have. It simply gives added information about that sister.
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister”
Some languages can use a word or phrase with a noun to give information about that noun or to remind people of something about it.
-* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, who was very thankful .
+* Mary gave some of the food to her sister, who was very thankful.
The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister” and informs us about how Mary’s sister responded when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish this sister from another sister that Mary might have.
@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@ The phrase “who was very thankful” immediately follows the word “sister”
### Examples from the Bible
-> The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur . (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
+> The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
There is only one Tigris River. The phrase “which flows east of Asshur” gives more information about where the Tigris River was. This would have been helpful to the original audience, because they knew were Asshur was.
-> I will wipe away mankind whom I have created from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
+> I will wipe away mankind whom I have created from the surface of the earth. (Genesis 6:7 ULT)
The phrase “whom I have created” is a reminder of the relationship between God and mankind. It is the reason God had the right to wipe away mankind.
-> I will bring an end to the worthless idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULT)
+> I will bring an end to the worthless idols of Memphis. (Ezekiel 30:13 ULT)
All idols are worthless. This is why God said he would destroy them.
-> …for your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
+> …for your righteous judgments are good. (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
All of God’s judgments are righteous. This is why the person who wrote this psalm said that they are good.
@@ -54,21 +54,21 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
-> **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
->> “ Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
+> **I hate those who serve worthless idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
+>> “Because idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.”
-> **…for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
- *…for your judgments are good because they are righteous.
+> **…for your righteous judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
+ *…for your judgments are good because they are righteous.
-> **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old , bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
->> “Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old?”
+> **Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
+>> “Can Sarah bear a son even when she is ninety years old?”
-> **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised …** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
->> “I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised”
+> **I will call on Yahweh, who is worthy to be praised…** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
+>> “I will call on Yahweh, because he is worthy to be praised”
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing information in a weak way.
-> **The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur .** (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
->> “The name of the third river is Tigris. It flows east of Asshur .
+> **The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur.** (Genesis 2:14 ULT)
+>> “The name of the third river is Tigris. It flows east of Asshur.
diff --git a/translate/figs-irony/01.md b/translate/figs-irony/01.md
index ee33a3f..d9c7335 100644
--- a/translate/figs-irony/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-irony/01.md
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@ When Jesus spoke of “righteous people,” he was not referring to people who w
### Examples from the Bible
-> How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9 ULT)
+> How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition! (Mark 7:9 ULT)
Here Jesus praises the Pharisees for doing something that is obviously wrong. Through irony, he communicates the opposite of praise: He communicates that the Pharisees, who take great pride in keeping the commandments, are so far from God that they do not even recognize that their traditions are breaking God’s commandments. The use of irony makes the Pharisee’s sin more obvious and startling.
-> “Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled .” (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
+> “Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.” (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
People worshiped idols as if their idols had knowledge or power, and Yahweh was angry at them for doing that. So he used irony and challenged their idols to tell what would happen in the future. He knew that the idols could not do this, but by speaking as if they could, he mocked the idols, making their inability more obvious, and rebuked the people for worshiping them.
> Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?
> Can you find the way back to their houses for them?
-> Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;
-> “ the number of your days is so large! “ (Job 38:20, 21 ULT)
+> Undoubtedly you know, for you were born then;
+> “the number of your days is so large! “ (Job 38:20, 21 ULT)
Job thought that he was wise. Yahweh used irony to show Job that he was not so wise. The two underlined phrases above are irony. They emphasize the opposite of what they say, because they are so obviously false. They emphasize that Job could not possibly answer God’s questions about the creation of light because Job was not born until many, many years later.
@@ -37,30 +37,30 @@ The Corinthians considered themselves to be very wise, self-sufficient, and not
If the irony would be understood correctly in your language, translate it as it is stated. If not, here are some other strategies.
1. Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.
-1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. The actual meaning of the irony is not found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker’s words.
+1. Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony. The actual meaning of the irony is not found in the literal words of the speaker, but instead the true meaning is found in the opposite of the literal meaning of the speaker’s words.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
(1) Translate it in a way that shows that the speaker is saying what someone else believes.
-> ** How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
+> **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
->> You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment so you may keep your tradition!
->> You act like it is good to reject God’s commandment so you may keep your tradition!
+>> You think that you are doing well when you reject God’s commandment so you may keep your tradition!
+>> You act like it is good to reject God’s commandment so you may keep your tradition!
-> **I did not come to call righteous people to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32 ULT)
+> **I did not come to call righteous people to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.** (Luke 5:32 ULT)
->> I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.
+>> I did not come to call people who think that they are righteous to repentance, but to call sinners to repentance.
(2) Translate the actual, intended meaning of the statement of irony.
-> ** How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
+> **How well you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!** (Mark 7:9 ULT)
->> You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!
+>> You are doing a terrible thing when you reject the commandment of God so you may keep your tradition!
-> **”Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “ Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen , so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.”** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
+> **”Present your case,” says Yahweh; “present your best arguments for your idols,” says the King of Jacob. “Let them bring us their own arguments; have them come forward and declare to us what will happen, so we may know these things well. Have them tell us of earlier predictive declarations, so we can reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.”** (Isaiah 41:21-22 ULT)
->> ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. Your idols cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because they cannot speak to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
+>> ‘Present your case,’ says Yahweh; ‘present your best arguments for your idols,’ says the King of Jacob. Your idols cannot bring us their own arguments or come forward to declare to us what will happen so we may know these things well. We cannot hear them because they cannot speak to tell us their earlier predictive declarations, so we cannot reflect on them and know how they were fulfilled.
> **Can you lead light and darkness to their places of work?**
> **Can you find the way back to their houses for them?**
diff --git a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md
index bca9e31..f28c475 100644
--- a/translate/figs-litotes/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-litotes/01.md
@@ -10,37 +10,37 @@ Some languages do not use litotes. People who speak those languages might not un
### Examples from the Bible
-> For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was not useless , (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
+> For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was not useless, (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
-By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was very useful.
+By using litotes, Paul emphasized that his visit with them was very useful.
-> Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULT)
+> Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter. (Acts 12:18 ULT)
-By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a lot of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.)
+By using litotes, Luke emphasized that there was a lot of excitement or anxiety among the soldiers about what happened to Peter. (Peter had been in prison, and even though there were soldiers guarding him, he escaped when an angel let him out. So they were very agitated.)
> And you, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah,
-> are not the least among the leaders of Judah,
+> are not the least among the leaders of Judah,
> for from you will come a ruler
> who will shepherd my people Israel. (Matthew 2:6 ULT)
-By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a very important city .
+By using litotes, the prophet emphasized that Bethlehem would be a very important city.
### Translation Strategies
If the litotes would be understood correctly, consider using it.
-1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way.
+1. If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way.
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
-(1) If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way.
+(1) If the meaning with the negative would not be clear, give the positive meaning in a strong way.
-> **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was not useless .** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
+> **For you yourselves know, brothers, our coming to you was not useless.** (1 Thessalonians 2:1 ULT)
->> “For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you did much good .”
+>> “For you yourselves know, brothers, our visit to you did much good.”
-> **Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULT)
+> **Now when it became day, there was no small excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.** (Acts 12:18 ULT)
->> “Now when it became day, there was great excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.”
->> “Now when it became day, the soldiers were very concerned because of what had happened to Peter.”
+>> “Now when it became day, there was great excitement among the soldiers, regarding what had happened to Peter.”
+>> “Now when it became day, the soldiers were very concerned because of what had happened to Peter.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-merism/01.md b/translate/figs-merism/01.md
index 0bd0a6f..2ba8480 100644
--- a/translate/figs-merism/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-merism/01.md
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ Merism is a figure of speech in which a person refers to something by speaking o
> “I am the Alpha and the Omega,” says the Lord God, “the one who is, and who was, and who is to come, the Almighty.” (Revelation 1:8, ULT)
-> I am the Alpha and the Omega , the First and the Last , the Beginning and the End . (Revelation 22:13, ULT)
+> I am the Alpha and the Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End. (Revelation 22:13, ULT)
- Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
-> I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth… , (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
+Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. This is a merism that includes everything from the beginning to the end. It means eternal.
+> I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth…, (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
- Heaven and earth is a merism that includes everything that exists.
+Heaven and earth is a merism that includes everything that exists.
#### Reason this is a translation issue
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ Some languages do not use merism. The readers of those languages may think that
### Examples from the Bible
-> From the rising of the sun to its setting , Yahweh’s name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
+> From the rising of the sun to its setting, Yahweh’s name should be praised. (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
This underlined phrase is a merism because it speaks of the east and the west and everywhere in between. It means “everywhere.”
-> He will bless those who honor him, both young and old . (Psalm 115:13)
+> He will bless those who honor him, both young and old. (Psalm 115:13)
The underlined phrase is merism because it speaks of, old people and young people and everyone in between. It means “everyone.”
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@ If the merism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
(1) Identify what the merism refers to without mentioning the parts.
-> **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth …** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
->> I praise you, Father, Lord of everything …
+> **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth…** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
+>> I praise you, Father, Lord of everything…
-> ** From the rising of the sun to its setting , Yahweh’s name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
->> In all places , people should praise Yahweh’s name.
+> **From the rising of the sun to its setting, Yahweh’s name should be praised.** (Psalm 113:3 ULT)
+>> In all places, people should praise Yahweh’s name.
(2) Identify what the merism refers to and include the parts.
-> **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth .** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
->> I praise you, Father, Lord of everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth .
+> **I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth.** (Matthew 11:25 ULT)
+>> I praise you, Father, Lord of everything, including both what is in heaven and what is on earth.
-> **He will bless those who honor him, both young and old .** (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
->> He will bless all those who honor him, regardless of whether they are young or old .
+> **He will bless those who honor him, both young and old.** (Psalm 115:13 ULT)
+>> He will bless all those who honor him, regardless of whether they are young or old.
diff --git a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
index 1882699..571c1bc 100644
--- a/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-metaphor/01.md
@@ -93,17 +93,17 @@ In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **topic** is “I,
### Examples from the Bible
-> Listen to this word, you cows of Bashan , (Amos 4:1 ULT)
+> Listen to this word, you cows of Bashan, (Amos 4:1 ULT)
In this metaphor Amos speaks to the upper-class women of Samaria (the topic is “you”) as if they were cows (the image). Amos does not say what points of comparison he intends between these women and cows. He wants the reader to think of them, and fully expects that readers from his culture will easily do so. From the context, we can see that he means that the women are like cows in that they are fat and interested only in feeding themselves. If we were to apply points of comparison from a different culture, such as that cows are sacred and should be worshipped, we would get the wrong meaning from this verse.
Note, also, that Amos does not actually mean that the women are cows. He speaks to them as human beings.
-> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay . You are our potter ; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
+> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
The example above has two related metaphors. The topics are “we” and “you,” and the images are “clay and “potter.” The intended point of comparison between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material: the potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The point of comparison between the potter’s clay and “us” is that neither the clay nor God’s people have a right to complain about what they are becoming.
-> Jesus said to them, “Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees .” The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, “It is because we took no bread.” (Matthew 16:6-7 ULT)
+> Jesus said to them, “Take heed and beware of the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees.” The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, “It is because we took no bread.” (Matthew 16:6-7 ULT)
Jesus used a metaphor here, but his disciples did not realize it. When he said “yeast,” they thought he was talking about bread, but “yeast” was the image in his metaphor, and the topic was the teaching of the Pharisees and Sadducees. Since the disciples (the original audience) did not understand what Jesus meant, it would not be good to state clearly here what Jesus meant.
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ If people would understand the metaphor in the same way that the original reader
If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a “dead” metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
-1. If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible . If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
+1. If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
1. If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
1. If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
@@ -128,50 +128,50 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
(1) If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (a “dead” metaphor), then express the main idea in the simplest way preferred by your language.
-> **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet .** (Mark 5:22 ULT)
->> Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him .
+> **Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, fell at his feet.** (Mark 5:22 ULT)
+>> Then one of the leaders of the synagogue, named Jairus, came, and when he saw him, immediately bowed down in front of him.
-(2) If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible . If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
+(2) If the metaphor seems to be a “live” metaphor, you can translate it literally if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
-> **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
->> It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,
+> **It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,** (Mark 10:5 ULT)
+>> It was because of your hard hearts that he wrote you this law,
There is no change to this one - but it must be tested to make sure that the target audience correctly understands this metaphor.
(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.”
-> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay . You are our potter ; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
->> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
+> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
+>> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are like clay. You are like a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.
(4) If the target audience would not know the **image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
-> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad .** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
->> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick .
+> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
+>> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick against a pointed stick.
(5) If the target audience would not use that **image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
-> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay . You are our potter ; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
->> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood . You are our carver ; and we all are the work of your hand.”
->> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string . You are the weaver ; and we all are the work of your hand.”
+> **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
+>> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the wood. You are our carver; and we all are the work of your hand.”
+>> “And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the string. You are the weaver; and we all are the work of your hand.”
(6) If the target audience would not know what the **topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the topic was.)
-> **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
->> Yahweh lives; He is my rock . May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
+> **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
+>> Yahweh lives; He is my rock. May he be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
(7) If the target audience would not know the intended **point of comparison** between the topic and the image, then state it clearly.
-> **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
->> Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies . May the God of my salvation be exalted.
+> **Yahweh lives; may my rock be praised. May the God of my salvation be exalted.** (Psalm 18:46 ULT)
+>> Yahweh lives; may he be praised because he is the rock under which I can hide from my enemies. May the God of my salvation be exalted.
-> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad .** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
->> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner’s pointed stick .
+> **Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? It is hard for you to kick a goad.** (Acts 26:14 ULT)
+>> Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? You fight against me and hurt yourself like an ox that kicks against its owner’s pointed stick.
(8) If none of these strategies are satisfactory, then simply state the idea plainly without using a metaphor.
-> **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULT)
->> I will make you become people who gather men.
->> Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people.
+> **I will make you become fishers of men.** (Mark 1:17 ULT)
+>> I will make you become people who gather men.
+>> Now you gather fish. I will make you gather people.
To learn more about specific metaphors, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Patterns](../bita-part1/01.md).
diff --git a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
index 7ce3a62..a62ac94 100644
--- a/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-metonymy/01.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
### Description
**Metonymy** is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. A **metonym** is a word or phrase used as a substitute for something it is associated with.
-> and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULT)
+> and the blood of Jesus his Son cleanses us from all sin. (1 John 1:7 ULT)
The blood represents Christ’s death.
-> He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “ This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULT)
+> He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. (Luke 22:20 ULT)
The cup represents the wine that is in the cup.
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ The Bible uses metonymy very often. Speakers of some languages are not used to m
### Examples from the Bible
-> The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
+> The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David. (Luke 1:32 ULT)
A throne represents the authority of a king. “Throne” is a metonym for “kingly authority,” “kingship” or “reign.” This means that God would make him become the king that would follow King David.
-> Immediately his mouth was opened (Luke 1:64 ULT)
+> Immediately his mouth was opened (Luke 1:64 ULT)
The mouth here represents the power to speak. This means that he was able to talk again.
-> …who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
+> …who warned you to flee from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
The word “wrath” or “anger” is a metonym for “punishment.” God was extremely angry with the people, and as a result, he would punish them.
@@ -42,17 +42,17 @@ If people would easily understand the metonym, consider using it. Otherwise, her
(1) Use the metonym along with the name of the thing it represents.
-> **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “ This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULT)
->> “He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “ The wine in this cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”
+> **He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.** (Luke 22:20 ULT)
+>> “He took the cup in the same way after supper, saying, “The wine in this cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you.”
(2) Use the name of the thing the metonym represents.
-> **The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULT)
->> “The Lord God will give him the kingly authority of his father, David.”
->> “The Lord God will make him king like his ancestor, King David.”
+> **The Lord God will give him the throne of his father, David.** (Luke 1:32 ULT)
+>> “The Lord God will give him the kingly authority of his father, David.”
+>> “The Lord God will make him king like his ancestor, King David.”
-> **who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULT)
->> “who warned you to flee from God’s coming punishment ?”
+> **who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?** (Luke 3:7 ULT)
+>> “who warned you to flee from God’s coming punishment?”
To learn about some common metonymies, see [Biblical Imagery - Common Metonymies](../bita-part2/01.md).
diff --git a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
index d3d0d4b..61f2416 100644
--- a/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-nominaladj/01.md
@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@
### Description
In some languages an adjective can be used to refer to a class of things that the adjective describes. When it does, it acts like a noun. For example, the word “rich” is an adjective. Here are two sentences that show that “rich” is an adjective.
-> … The rich man had huge numbers of flocks and herds…(2 Samuel 12:2 ULT)
+> …The rich man had huge numbers of flocks and herds…(2 Samuel 12:2 ULT)
The adjective “rich” comes before the word “man” and describes “man.”
-> He will not be rich ; his wealth will not last…(Job 15:29 ULT)
+> He will not be rich; his wealth will not last…(Job 15:29 ULT)
The adjective “rich” comes after the verb “be” and describes “He.”
Here is a sentence that shows that “rich” can also function as a noun.
-> … the rich must not give more than the half shekel, and the poor must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULT)
+> …the rich must not give more than the half shekel, and the poor must not give less. (Exodus 30:15 ULT)
In Exodus 30:15, the word “rich” acts as a noun in the phrase “the rich,” and it refers to rich people. The word “poor” also acts as a noun and refers to poor people.
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ In Exodus 30:15, the word “rich” acts as a noun in the phrase “the rich,
### Examples from the Bible
-> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous . (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
+> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous. (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
“The righteous” here are people who are righteous, not one particular righteous person.
-> Blessed are the meek (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
+> Blessed are the meek (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
“The meek” here are all people who are meek, not one particular meek person.
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ If your language uses adjectives as nouns to refer to a class of people, conside
(1) Use the adjective with a plural form of the noun that the adjective describes.
-> **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous.** (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
->> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of righteous people.
+> **The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of the righteous.** (Psalms 125:3 ULT)
+>> The scepter of wickedness must not rule in the land of righteous people.
-> **Blessed are the meek…** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
->> Blessed are people who are meek…
+> **Blessed are the meek…** (Matthew 5:5 ULT)
+>> Blessed are people who are meek…
diff --git a/translate/figs-order/01.md b/translate/figs-order/01.md
index 47f6265..21aeda0 100644
--- a/translate/figs-order/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-order/01.md
@@ -12,33 +12,33 @@ Most sentences have three basic important parts: subject, object, and verb. Subj
The subject is usually what the sentence is about. It usually performs some action or is being described.
A subject may be **active**; it does something, such as sing, or work, or teach.
-* Peter sings the song well.
+* Peter sings the song well.
A subject may have something done to it.
-* Peter was fed good food.
+* Peter was fed good food.
A subject can be described or it can be in a **state**, such as being happy, sad, or angry.
-* He is tall.
-* The boy is happy.
+* He is tall.
+* The boy is happy.
#### Object
The **object** is often the thing that the subject does something to.
-* Peter hit the ball .
-* Peter read a book .
-* Peter sang the song well.
-* Peter ate good food .
+* Peter hit the ball.
+* Peter read a book.
+* Peter sang the song well.
+* Peter ate good food.
#### Verb
The verb shows an action or a state of being.
-* Peter sings the song well.
-* Peter is singing .
-* Peter is tall.
+* Peter sings the song well.
+* Peter is singing.
+* Peter is tall.
#### Preferred Word Order
diff --git a/translate/figs-parables/01.md b/translate/figs-parables/01.md
index 65cedc8..4a07663 100644
--- a/translate/figs-parables/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-parables/01.md
@@ -26,17 +26,17 @@ This parable teaches that the kingdom of God may seem small at first, but it wil
(1) If a parable is hard to understand because it has unknown things in it, you can replace the unknown things with things that people in your culture know. However, be careful to keep the teaching the same.
-> **Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand “**. (Mark 4:21 ULT) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
->> Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a high shelf .
+> **Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand “**. (Mark 4:21 ULT) - If people do not know what a lampstand is, you could substitute something else that people put a light on so it can give light to the house.
+>> Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a high shelf.
-> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
->> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and planted in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
+> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT) - To sow seeds means to toss them so that they scatter on the ground. If people are not familiar with sowing, you can substitute planting.
+>> Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and planted in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
(2) If the teaching of the parable is unclear, consider telling a little about what it teaches in the introduction, such as “Jesus told this story about being generous.”
-> ** Jesus said to them , “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand”**. (Mark 4:21 ULT)
->> Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly. “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand.” (Mark 4:21 ULT)
+> **Jesus said to them, “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand”**. (Mark 4:21 ULT)
+>> Jesus told them a parable about why they should witness openly. “Do you bring a lamp inside the house to put it under a basket, or under the bed? You bring it in and you put it on a lampstand.” (Mark 4:21 ULT)
-> ** Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
->> Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows . He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
+> **Then Jesus presented another parable to them. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”** (Matthew 13:31-32 ULT)
+>> Then Jesus presented another parable to them about how the Kingdom of God grows. He said, “The kingdom of heaven is like a mustard seed which a man took and sowed in his field. This seed is indeed the smallest of all other seeds. But when it has grown, it is greater than the garden plants and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and nest in its branches.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md b/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md
index 14ec540..5c830a3 100644
--- a/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-partsofspeech/01.md
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ Parts of speech are categories of words. The different categories of words have
**CONJUNCTIONS** are words that join phrases or sentences. Examples include and, or, but, for, yet, nor. Some conjunctions are used in pairs: both/and; either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also. More information about these can be found on [Connecting Words](../writing-connectingwords/01.md)
-**PREPOSITIONS** are words that begin phrases which connect a noun or verb with more detail about that noun or verb. For example, “The girl ran to her father .” Here the phrase with the preposition “to” tells the direction of the girl’s running (the action) in relation to her father. Another example is, “The crowd around Jesus grew in numbers.” The phrase with the preposition around tells the location of the crowd in relation to Jesus. Some examples of prepositions are to, from, in, out, on, off, with, without, above, below, before, after, behind, in front of, among, through, beyond, among.
+**PREPOSITIONS** are words that begin phrases which connect a noun or verb with more detail about that noun or verb. For example, “The girl ran to her father.” Here the phrase with the preposition “to” tells the direction of the girl’s running (the action) in relation to her father. Another example is, “The crowd around Jesus grew in numbers.” The phrase with the preposition around tells the location of the crowd in relation to Jesus. Some examples of prepositions are to, from, in, out, on, off, with, without, above, below, before, after, behind, in front of, among, through, beyond, among.
-**ARTICLES** are words that are used with nouns to show whether or not the speaker is referring to something that his listener should be able to identify. In English these words are: “a”, an, the. The words a and an mean the same thing. If a speaker says “ a dog, he does not expect his listener to know which dog he is talking about; this might be the first time he says anything about a dog. If a speaker says the dog, he is usually referring to a specific dog, and he expects his listener to know which dog he is talking about. English speakers also use the to show that they are talking about something in general. For example, they can say “ The elephant is a large animal” and refer to elephants in general, not a specific elephant. More information about this can be found on [Generic Noun Phrases](../figs-genericnoun/01.md).
+**ARTICLES** are words that are used with nouns to show whether or not the speaker is referring to something that his listener should be able to identify. In English these words are: “a”, an, the. The words a and an mean the same thing. If a speaker says “a dog, he does not expect his listener to know which dog he is talking about; this might be the first time he says anything about a dog. If a speaker says the dog, he is usually referring to a specific dog, and he expects his listener to know which dog he is talking about. English speakers also use the to show that they are talking about something in general. For example, they can say “The elephant is a large animal” and refer to elephants in general, not a specific elephant. More information about this can be found on [Generic Noun Phrases](../figs-genericnoun/01.md).
-**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: many, big, blue, old, smart, tired. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in my elderly father the adjective elderly simply tells something about my father. But in my eldest sister the word eldest distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).
+**ADJECTIVES** are words that describe nouns and express such things as quantity, size, color, and age. Some examples are: many, big, blue, old, smart, tired. Sometimes people use adjectives to give some information about something, and sometimes people use them to distinguish one item from another. For example, in my elderly father the adjective elderly simply tells something about my father. But in my eldest sister the word eldest distinguishes that sister from any other older sisters I might have. More information about this can be found on [Distinguishing versus Informing or Reminding](../figs-distinguish/01.md).
-**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in ly . Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very.
\ No newline at end of file
+**ADVERBS** are words that describe verbs or adjectives and tell such things as how, when, where, why, and to what extent. Many English adverbs end in ly. Some examples of adverbs: slowly, later, far, intentionally, very.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md
index c71d8e9..92fbf00 100644
--- a/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-pastforfuture/01.md
@@ -42,16 +42,16 @@ If the past tense would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
(1) Use the future tense to refer to future events.
-> **For to us a child has been born , to us a son has been given ;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
->> “For to us a child will be born , to us a son will be given ;
+> **For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given;** (Isaiah 9:6a ULT)
+>> “For to us a child will be born, to us a son will be given;
(2) If it refers to something that would happen very soon, use a form that shows that.
-> **Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
->> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I am about to hand over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
+> **Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
+>> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I am about to hand over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
(3) Some languages may use the present tense to show that something will happen very soon.
-> **Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
->> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I am handing over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
+> **Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I have handed over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”** (Joshua 6:2 ULT)
+>> Yahweh said to Joshua, “See, I am handing over to you Jericho, its king, and its trained soldiers.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-personification/01.md b/translate/figs-personification/01.md
index ca3f3d0..ae8e483 100644
--- a/translate/figs-personification/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-personification/01.md
@@ -42,18 +42,18 @@ If the personification would be understood clearly, consider using it. If it wou
(1) Add words or phrases to make it clear.
-> **… sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
- *… sin is at your door, waiting to attack you
+> **…sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - God speaks of sin as a wild animal that is waiting for the chance to attack. This shows how dangerous sin is. An additional phrase can be added to make this danger clear.
+ *…sin is at your door, waiting to attack you
(2) Use words such as “like” or “as” to show that the sentences is not to be understood literally.
> **…sin crouches at the door** (Genesis 4:7 ULT) - This can be translated with the word “as.”
- *…sin is crouching at the door, just as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person .
+ *…sin is crouching at the door, just as a wild animal does waiting to attack a person.
(3) Find a way to translate it without the personification.
-> **…even the winds and the sea obey him** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea as if they are able to hear” and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
->> He even controls the winds and the sea .
+> **…even the winds and the sea obey him** (Matthew 8:27 ULT) - The men speak of the “wind and the sea as if they are able to hear” and obey Jesus as people can. This could also be translated without the idea of obedience by speaking of Jesus controlling them.
+>> He even controls the winds and the sea.
**Note**: We have broadened our definition of “personification” to include “zoomorphism” (speaking of other things as if they had animal characteristics) and “anthropomorphism” (speaking of non-human things as if they had human characteristics.)
diff --git a/translate/figs-possession/01.md b/translate/figs-possession/01.md
index bfc7d8b..a7821a2 100644
--- a/translate/figs-possession/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-possession/01.md
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
### Description
-In common English, “possession” refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English that grammatical relationship is shown with of , or an apostrophe and the letter s , or a possessive pronoun.
+In common English, “possession” refers to having something, or to something that a person has. In English that grammatical relationship is shown with of, or an apostrophe and the letter s, or a possessive pronoun.
-* the house of my grandfather
-* my grandfather ‘s house
-* his house
+* the house of my grandfather
+* my grandfather‘s house
+* his house
Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. Here are a few common situations that it is used for.
@@ -28,41 +28,41 @@ Possession is used in Hebrew, Greek, and English for a variety of situations. He
### Examples from the Bible
**Ownership** - In the example below, the son owned the money.
-> … the younger son … wasted his money with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13)
+> … the younger son … wasted his money with wildly extravagant living. (Luke 15:13)
**Social Relationship** - In the example below, the disciples were people who learned from John.
-> Then the disciples of John came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULT)
+> Then the disciples of John came to him …, (Matthew 9:14 ULT)
**Material** - In the example below, the material used for making the crowns was gold.
-> On their heads were something like crowns of gold (Revelation 9:7)
+> On their heads were something like crowns of gold (Revelation 9:7)
**Contents** - In the example below, the cup has water in it.
-> Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
+> Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink … will not lose his reward. (Mark 9:41 ULT)
**Part of a whole** - In the example below, the door was a part of the palace.
-> But Uriah slept at the door of the king’s palace (2 Samuel 11:9 ULT)
+> But Uriah slept at the door of the king’s palace (2 Samuel 11:9 ULT)
**Part of a group** - In the example below, “us” refers to the whole group and “each one” refers to the individual members.
-> To each one of us has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULT)
+> To each one of us has been given a gift (Ephesians 4:7 ULT)
#### Events and Possession
Sometimes one or both of the nouns is an abstract noun that refers to an event or action. In the examples below, the abstract nouns are in **bold** print. These are just some of the relationships that are possible between two nouns when one of them refers to an event.
-**Subject** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who would do the action named by the first noun. In the example below, John baptized people .
-> The **baptism** of John , was it from heaven or from men? Answer me.” (Mark 11:30)
+**Subject** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who would do the action named by the first noun. In the example below, John baptized people.
+> The **baptism** of John, was it from heaven or from men? Answer me.” (Mark 11:30)
-In the example below, Christ loves us .
-> Who will separate us from the **love** of Christ ? (Romans 3:35)
+In the example below, Christ loves us.
+> Who will separate us from the **love** of Christ? (Romans 3:35)
-**Object** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who or what something would happen to. In the example below, people love money .
-> For the **love** of money is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULT)
+**Object** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells who or what something would happen to. In the example below, people love money.
+> For the **love** of money is a root of all kinds of evil. (1 Timothy 6:10 ULT)
-**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords .
-> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings the **punishment** of the sword (Job 19:29 ULT)
+**Instrument** - Sometimes the word after “of” tells how something would happen. In the example below, God would punish people by sending enemies to attack them with swords.
+> then be afraid of the sword, because wrath brings the **punishment** of the sword (Job 19:29 ULT)
-**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their baptism represented their repentance .
-> As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching a **baptism** of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
+**Representation** - In the example below, John was baptizing people who were repenting of their sins. They were being baptized to show that they were repenting. Their baptism represented their repentance.
+> As John came, he was baptizing in the wilderness and was preaching a **baptism** of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. (Mark 1:4 ULT)
### Strategies for learning what the relationship is between the two nouns
@@ -82,26 +82,26 @@ If possession would be a natural way to show a particular relationship between t
(1) Use an adjective to show that one describes the other. The adjective below is in **bold** print.
-> **On their heads were something like crowns of gold** (Revelation 9:7)
->> “On their heads were **gold** crowns “
+> **On their heads were something like crowns of gold** (Revelation 9:7)
+>> “On their heads were **gold** crowns “
(2) Use a verb to show how the two are related. In the example below, the added verb is in bold.
-> **…Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink…will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
->> …Whoever gives you a cup that **has** water in it to drink…will not lose his reward.
+> **…Whoever gives you a cup of water to drink…will not lose his reward.** (Mark 9:41 ULT)
+>> …Whoever gives you a cup that **has** water in it to drink…will not lose his reward.
-> **Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4 ULT)
->> Wealth is worthless on the day when God **shows** his wrath.
->> Wealth is worthless on the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath .
+> **Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath** (Proverbs 11:4 ULT)
+>> Wealth is worthless on the day when God **shows** his wrath.
+>> Wealth is worthless on the day when God **punishes** people because of his wrath.
(3) If one of the nouns refers to an event, translate it as a verb. In the example below, that verb is in bold.
-> **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen the punishment of Yahweh your God,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULT)
->> Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt.
+> **Notice that I am not speaking to your children, who have not known or seen the punishment of Yahweh your God,** (Deuteronomy 11:2 ULT)
+>> Notice that I am not speaking to your children who have not known or seen how Yahweh your God **punished** the people of Egypt.
-> **You will only observe and see the punishment of the wicked.** (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
->> You will only observe and see how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked.
+> **You will only observe and see the punishment of the wicked.** (Psalms 91:8 ULT)
+>> You will only observe and see how Yahweh **punishes** the wicked.
-> **…you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.** (Acts 2:38 ULT)
->> …you will receive the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you.
+> **…you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.** (Acts 2:38 ULT)
+>> …you will receive the Holy Spirit, whom God will **give** to you.
diff --git a/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md
index 1c086b1..388c0ce 100644
--- a/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-pronouns/01.md
@@ -40,26 +40,26 @@ Personal pronouns refer to people or things and show if the speaker is referring
**[Reflexive Pronouns](../figs-rpronouns/01.md)** refer to another noun or pronoun in the same sentence: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.
-* **John saw himself in the mirror.** - The word “himself” refers to John.
+* **John saw himself in the mirror.** - The word “himself” refers to John.
**Interrogative Pronouns** are used to make a question that needs more than just a yes or no for an answer: who, whom, whose, what, where, when, why, how
-* ** Who built the house?**
+* **Who built the house?**
**Relative Pronouns** mark a relative clause. They tell more about a noun in the main part of the sentence: that, which, who, whom, where, when
-* **I saw the house that John built.** The clause “that John built” tells which house I saw.
-* **I saw the man who built the house.** The clause “who built the house” tells which man I saw.
+* **I saw the house that John built.** The clause “that John built” tells which house I saw.
+* **I saw the man who built the house.** The clause “who built the house” tells which man I saw.
**Demonstrative Pronouns** are used to draw attention to someone or something and to show distance from the speaker or something else: this, these, that, those.
-* **Have you seen this here?**
-* **Who is that over there?**
+* **Have you seen this here?**
+* **Who is that over there?**
**Indefinite pronouns** are used when no particular noun is being referred to: any, anyone, someone, anything, something, some. Sometimes a personal pronoun is used in a generic way to do this: you, they, he or it.
-* **He does not want to talk to anyone .**
-* ** Someone fixed it, but I do not know who.**
-* ** They say that you should not wake a sleeping dog.**
+* **He does not want to talk to anyone.**
+* **Someone fixed it, but I do not know who.**
+* **They say that you should not wake a sleeping dog.**
In the last example, “they” and “you” just refer to people in general.
diff --git a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md
index e30adb2..350462b 100644
--- a/translate/figs-quotations/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-quotations/01.md
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ There are two kinds of quotations: direct quotation and indirect quotation.
A **direct quotation** occurs when someone reports what another person said from the viewpoint of that original speaker. People usually expect that this kind of quotation will represent the original speaker’s exact words. In the example below, John would have said “I” when referring to himself, so the narrator, who is reporting John’s words, uses the word “I” in the quotation to refer to John. To show that these are John’s exact words, many languages put the words between quotation marks:””.
-* John said, “ I do not know at what time I will arrive.”
+* John said, “I do not know at what time I will arrive.”
An **indirect quotation** occurs when a speaker reports what someone else said, but in this case, the speaker is reporting it from his own point of view instead of from the original person’s point of view. This kind of quotation usually features changes in pronouns, and it often features changes in time, in word choices, and in length. In the example below, the narrator refers to John as “he” in the quotation and uses the word “would,” to replace the future tense indicated by “will.”
-* John said that he did not know at what time he would arrive.
+* John said that he did not know at what time he would arrive.
### Why this is a translation issue
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ In some languages, reported speech can be expressed by either direct or indirect
The verses in the examples below contain both direct and indirect quotations. In the explanation below the verse, we have underlined the quotations.
> He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.” (Luke 5:14 ULT)
-* Indirect quote: He instructed him to tell no one ,
-* Direct quote: but told him, “ Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest… “
+* Indirect quote: He instructed him to tell no one,
+* Direct quote: but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest… “
> Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come, Jesus answered them and said, “The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, ‘Look here!’ or, ‘Look there!’ because the kingdom of God is among you.” (Luke 17:20-21 ULT)
-* Indirect quote: Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come,
-* Direct quote: Jesus answered them and said, “ The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, ‘Look here!’ or, ‘Look there!’ because the kingdom of God is among you. “
-* Direct quotes: Neither will they say, ‘ Look here! ‘ or, ‘ Look there! ‘
+* Indirect quote: Being asked by the Pharisees when the kingdom of God would come,
+* Direct quote: Jesus answered them and said, “The kingdom of God is not something that can be observed. Neither will they say, ‘Look here!’ or, ‘Look there!’ because the kingdom of God is among you. “
+* Direct quotes: Neither will they say, ‘Look here! ‘ or, ‘Look there! ‘
### Translation Strategies
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ If the kind of quote used in the source text would work well in your language, c
(1) If a direct quote would not work well in your language, change it to an indirect quote.
-> **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “ Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them. “** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
->> He instructed him to tell no one, but to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them .”
+> **He instructed him to tell no one, but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them. “** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
+>> He instructed him to tell no one, but to go on his way, and to show himself to the priest and to offer a sacrifice for his cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
(2) If an indirect quote would not work well in your language, change it to a direct quote.
-> **He instructed him, to tell no one , but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
->> He instructed him, “ Tell no one . Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
+> **He instructed him, to tell no one, but told him, “Go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”** (Luke 5:14 ULT)
+>> He instructed him, “Tell no one. Just go on your way, and show yourself to the priest and offer a sacrifice for your cleansing, according to what Moses commanded, for a testimony to them.”
You may also want to watch the video at http://ufw.io/figs_quotations.
diff --git a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md
index 75ffbc8..7857a1d 100644
--- a/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-quotemarks/01.md
@@ -29,20 +29,20 @@ A first layer direct quote has double quote marks around it.
#### Quotations with two layers
A second layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it and the phrase for you to see it clearly.
-> They asked him, “Who is the man that said to you, ‘Pick up your bed and walk’ ?” (John 5:12 ULT)
+> They asked him, “Who is the man that said to you, ‘Pick up your bed and walk’?” (John 5:12 ULT)
-> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, “Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, ‘Why are you untying it?’ say, ‘The Lord has need of it.’ “ (Luke 19:29-31 ULT)
+> … he sent two of the disciples, saying, “Go into the next village. As you enter, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. If any one asks you, ‘Why are you untying it?’ say, ‘The Lord has need of it.’ “ (Luke 19:29-31 ULT)
#### A quotation with three layers
A third layer direct quote has double quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
-> Abraham said, “Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’ Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father’s house and travel from place to place, I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “He is my brother.” ‘ “ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
+> Abraham said, “Because I thought, ‘Surely there is no fear of God in this place, and they will kill me because of my wife.’ Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife. When God caused me to leave my father’s house and travel from place to place, I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “He is my brother.” ‘ “ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
#### A quotation with four layers
A fourth layer direct quote has single quote marks around it. We have underlined it for you to see it clearly.
-> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “ (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULT)
+> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “ (2 Kings 1:5-6 ULT)
### Quote Marking Strategies
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ Here are some ways you may be able to help readers see where each quote starts a
> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
-* They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.” ‘ “
+* They told him that a man came to meet them who said to them, “Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, ‘Yahweh says this: “Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.” ‘ “
1. If a quotation is very long and has many layers of quotation in it, indent the main overall quote, and use quote marks only for the direct quotes inside of it.
diff --git a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md
index 6ccd306..9e35334 100644
--- a/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-quotesinquotes/01.md
@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ The outermost layer is what Jesus said to Pilate. The second layer is what Pilat
#### A quotation with three layers
-> Abraham said, “…I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “He is my brother.” ‘ “ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
+> Abraham said, “…I said to her, ‘You must show me this faithfulness as my wife: At every place where we go, say about me, “He is my brother.” ‘ “ (Genesis 20:10-13 ULT)
The outermost layer is what Abraham said to Abimelech. The second layer is what Abraham had told his wife. The third layer is what he wanted his wife to say. (We have underlined the third layer.)
#### A quotation with four layers
-> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
+> They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “ (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
The outermost layer is what the messengers said to the king. The second layer is what the man who had met the messengers told them. The third is what that man wanted the messengers to say to the king. The fourth is what Yahweh said. (We have underlined the fourth layer.)
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ Some languages use only direct quotes. Other languages use a combination of dire
(1) Translate all of the quotes as direct quotes. In the example below we have underlined the indirect quotes in the ULT and the quotes that we have changed to direct quotes below it.
-> **Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things . But when Paul called to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision , I ordered him to be kept until I send him to Caesar .”** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
->> Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, ‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?’ But when Paul said, ‘I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision,’ I told the guard, ‘Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.’ “
+> **Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him if he would go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things. But when Paul called to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision, I ordered him to be kept until I send him to Caesar.”** (Acts 25:14-21 ULT)
+>> Festus presented Paul’s case to the king; he said, “A certain man was left behind here by Felix as a prisoner.…I was puzzled about how to investigate this matter, and I asked him, ‘Will you go to Jerusalem to be judged there about these things?’ But when Paul said, ‘I want to be kept under guard for the Emperor’s decision,’ I told the guard, ‘Keep him under guard until I send him to Caesar.’ “
(2) Translate one or some of the quotes as indirect quotes. In English the word “that” can come before indirect quotes. It is underlined in the examples below. The pronouns that changed because of the indirect quote are also underlined.
-> **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’ “** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
->> Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them that at twilight they will eat meat, and in the morning they will be filled with bread. Then they will know that I am Yahweh their God.”
+> **Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them, ‘At twilight you will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled with bread. Then you will know that I am Yahweh your God.’ “** (Exodus 16:11-12 ULT)
+>> Then Yahweh spoke to Moses and said, “I have heard the grumbling of the Israelites. Tell them that at twilight they will eat meat, and in the morning they will be filled with bread. Then they will know that I am Yahweh their God.”
-> **They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “** (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
->> They told him that a man had come to meet them who said to them , “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him that Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “
+> **They said to him, “A man came to meet us who said to us, ‘Go back to the king who sent you, and say to him, “Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “ ‘ “** (2 Kings 1:6 ULT)
+>> They told him that a man had come to meet them who said to them, “Go back to the king who sent you, and tell him that Yahweh says this: ‘Is it because there is no God in Israel that you sent men to consult with Baal Zebub, the god of Ekron? Therefore you will not come down from the bed to which you have gone up; instead, you will certainly die.’ “
diff --git a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md
index b974531..6be4884 100644
--- a/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-rpronouns/01.md
@@ -19,20 +19,20 @@ All languages have ways of showing that the same person fills two different role
### Examples from the Bible
Reflexive pronouns are used to show the same person or thing fills two different roles in a sentence.
- If I should testify about myself alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULT)
+ If I should testify about myself alone, my testimony would not be true. (John 5:31 ULT)
-> Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves . (John 11:55 ULT)
+> Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves. (John 11:55 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize a person or thing in the sentence.
- Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULT)
+ Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were (John 4:2 ULT)
-> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULT)
+> So they left the crowd, taking Jesus with them, since he was already in the boat. Other boats were also with him. And a violent windstorm arose and the waves were breaking into the boat so that the boat was already full. But Jesus himself was in the stern, asleep on a cushion. (Mark 4:36-38 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone did something alone.
-> When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself . (John 6:15 ULT)
+> When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself. (John 6:15 ULT)
Reflexive pronouns are used to show that someone or something was alone.
-> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself . (John 20:6-7 ULT)
+> He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself. (John 20:6-7 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@@ -48,31 +48,31 @@ If a reflexive pronoun would have the same function in your language, consider u
(1) In some languages people put something on the verb to show that the object of the verb is the same as the subject.
-> **If I should testify about myself alone, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31)
->> “If I should self-testify alone, my testimony would not be true.”
+> **If I should testify about myself alone, my testimony would not be true.** (John 5:31)
+>> “If I should self-testify alone, my testimony would not be true.”
-> **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves .** (John 11:55)
->> “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify .”
+> **Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to purify themselves.** (John 11:55)
+>> “Now the Passover of the Jews was near, and many went up to Jerusalem out of the country before the Passover in order to self-purify.”
(2) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by referring to it in a special place in the sentence.
-> ** He himself took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULT)
->> “ It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases.”
+> **He himself took our sickness and bore our diseases.** (Matthew 8:17 ULT)
+>> “It was he who took our sickness and bore our diseases.”
-> ** Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2)
->> “ It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were.”
+> **Jesus himself was not baptizing, but his disciples were.** (John 4:2)
+>> “It was not Jesus who was baptizing, but his disciples were.”
(3) In some languages people emphasize a certain person or thing by adding something to that word or putting another word with it. English adds the reflexive pronoun.
-> **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6)
+> **Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.** (John 6:6)
(4) In some languages people show that someone did something alone by using a word like “alone.”
-> **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself .** (John 6:15)
->> “When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again alone up the mountain.”
+> **When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again up the mountain by himself.** (John 6:15)
+>> “When Jesus realized that they were about to come and seize him by force to make him king, he withdrew again alone up the mountain.”
(5) In some languages people show that something was alone by using a phrase that tells about where it was.
-> **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself .** (John 20:6-7 ULT)
->> “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying in it’s own place .”
+> **He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up in its place by itself.** (John 20:6-7 ULT)
+>> “He saw the linen cloths lying there and the cloth that had been on his head. It was not lying with the linen cloths but was rolled up and lying in it’s own place.”
diff --git a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
index 3fbe018..eb5f565 100644
--- a/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-rquestion/01.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ A rhetorical question is a question that a speaker asks when he is more interest
A rhetorical question is a question that strongly expresses the speaker’s attitude toward something. Often the speaker is not looking for information at all, but if he is asking for information, it is not usually the information that the question appears to ask for. The speaker is more interested in expressing his attitude than in getting information.
-> Those who stood by said, “ Is this how you insult God’s high priest? “ (Acts 23:4 ULT)
+> Those who stood by said, “Is this how you insult God’s high priest? “ (Acts 23:4 ULT)
The people who asked Paul this question were not asking about his way of insulting God’s high priest. Rather they used theis question to accuse Paul of insulting the high priest.
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ The Bible contains many rhetorical questions. Some of the purposes of these rhet
Jezebel used the question above to remind King Ahab of something he already knew: he still ruled the kingdom of Israel. The rhetorical question made her point more strongly than if she had merely stated it, because it forced Ahab to admit the point himself. She did this in order to rebuke him for being unwilling to take over a poor man’s property. She was implying that since he was the king of Israel, he had the power to take the man’s property.
-> Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
+> Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number! (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
God used the question above to remind his people of something they already knew: a young woman would never forget her jewelry or a bride forget her veils. He then rebuked his people for forgetting him, who is so much greater than those things.
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ Jesus used the question above to remind the people of something they already kne
Jesus used this question to teach the people in an emphatic way that God gives good things to those who ask him.
-> What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden…(Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
+> What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed that a man took and threw into his garden…(Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
Jesus used the question above to introduce what he was going to talk about. He was going to compare the kingdom of God to something.
@@ -75,36 +75,36 @@ If using the rhetorical question would be natural and give the right meaning in
(1) Add the answer after the question.
-> ** Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
->> Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Of course not! Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
+> **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
+>> Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Of course not! Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!
> **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
->> Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? None of you would do that!
+>> Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone? None of you would do that!
(2) Change the rhetorical question to a statement or exclamation.
-> ** What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed…** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
->> This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed…”
+> **What is the kingdom of God like, and what can I compare it to? It is like a mustard seed…** (Luke 13:18-19 ULT)
+>> This is what the kingdom of God is like. It is like a mustard seed…”
-> ** Is this how you insult God’s high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULT)
->> You should not insult God’s high priest!
+> **Is this how you insult God’s high priest?** (Acts 23:4 ULT)
+>> You should not insult God’s high priest!
-> ** Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11 ULT)
->> I wish I had died when I came out from the womb!
+> **Why did I not die when I came out from the womb?** (Job 3:11 ULT)
+>> I wish I had died when I came out from the womb!
-> ** And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULT)
->> How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!
+> **And why has it happened to me that the mother of my Lord should come to me?** (Luke 1:43 ULT)
+>> How wonderful it is that the mother of my Lord has come to me!
(3) Change the rhetorical question to a statement, and then follow it with a short question.
-> ** Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
->> You still rule the kingdom of Israel, do you not?
+> **Do you not still rule the kingdom of Israel?** (1 Kings 21:7 ULT)
+>> You still rule the kingdom of Israel, do you not?
(4) Change the form of the question so that it communicates in your langauge what the orignal speaker communicated in his.
-> **Or what man among you is there who , if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
->> If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, would you give him a stone ?
+> **Or what man among you is there who, if his son asks him for a loaf of bread, will give him a stone?** (Matthew 7:9 ULT)
+>> If your son asks you for a loaf of bread, would you give him a stone?
-> ** Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils ? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
->> What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils ? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number
+> **Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? Yet my people have forgotten me for days without number!** (Jeremiah 2:32 ULT)
+>> What virgin would forget her jewelry, and what bride would forget her veils? Yet my poeple have forgotten me for days without number
diff --git a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md
index e728fb9..03cb46c 100644
--- a/translate/figs-sentences/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-sentences/01.md
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ The simplest sentence structure in English includes a **subject** and an **actio
The ***subject*** is who or what the sentence is about. In these examples, the subject is underlined:
-* The boy is running.
-* He is running.
+* The boy is running.
+* He is running.
Subjects are typically noun phrases or pronouns. (see [Parts of Speach](../figs-partsofspeech/01.md)) In the examples above, “the boy” is a noun phrase that has the noun “boy,” and “he” is a pronoun.
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ When the sentence is a command, in many languages it does not have a subject pro
The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. It usually has a verb. (See: [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md)) In the sentences below, the subjects are “the man” and “he.” The predicates are underlined and the verbs are in bold.
-* The man **is** strong .
-* He **worked** hard .
-* He **made** a garden .
+* The man **is** strong.
+* He **worked** hard.
+* He **made** a garden.
#### Compound Sentences
@@ -37,21 +37,21 @@ A sentence can be made up of more than one sentence. Each of the two lines below
The compound sentence below contains the two sentences above. In English, compound sentences are joined with a conjunction such as “and,” “but,” or “or.”
-* He planted the yams and his wife planted the corn.
+* He planted the yams and his wife planted the corn.
#### Clauses
Sentences can also have clauses and other phrases. Clauses are like sentences because they have a subject and a predicate, but they do not normally occur by themselves. Here are some examples of clauses. The subjects are in bold, and the predicates are underlined.
-* when **the corn** was ready
-* after **she** picked it
-* because **it** tasted so good
+* when **the corn** was ready
+* after **she** picked it
+* because **it** tasted so good
Sentences can have many clauses, and so they can become long and complex. But each sentence has to have at least one **independent clause**, that is, a clause that can be a sentence all by itself. The other clauses that cannot be sentences by themselves are called the **dependent clauses**. Dependent clauses depend on the independent clause to complete their meaning. The dependent clauses are underlined in the sentences below.
-* When the corn was ready , she picked it.
-* After she picked it , she carried it home and cooked it.
-* Then she and her husband ate it all, because it tasted so good .
+* When the corn was ready, she picked it.
+* After she picked it, she carried it home and cooked it.
+* Then she and her husband ate it all, because it tasted so good.
The following phrases can each be a whole sentence. They are the independent clauses from the sentences above.
@@ -65,11 +65,11 @@ In some languages, clauses can be used with a noun that is part of a sentence. T
In the sentence below, “the corn that was ready” is part of the predicate of the whole sentence. The relative clause “that was ready” is used with the noun “corn” to tell which corn she picked.
-* His wife picked **the corn** that was ready .
+* His wife picked **the corn** that was ready.
In the sentence below “her mother, who was very annoyed” is part of the predicate of the whole sentence. The relative clause “who was very annoyed” is used with the noun “mother” to tell how her mother felt when she did not get any corn.
-* She did not give any corn to **her mother**, who was very annoyed .
+* She did not give any corn to **her mother**, who was very annoyed.
#### Translation Issues
diff --git a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
index 7b3584b..6f3e8ef 100644
--- a/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-sentencetypes/01.md
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@
A **sentence** is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The basic types of sentences are listed below with the functions they are mainly used for.
-* **Statements** - These are mainly used to give information. ‘_This is a fact._’
-* **Questions** - These are mainly used to ask for information. ‘_Do you know him?_’
-* **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. ‘_Pick that up._’
-* **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. ‘_Ouch, that hurt!_’
+* **Statements** - These are mainly used to give information. ‘_This is a fact._’
+* **Questions** - These are mainly used to ask for information. ‘_Do you know him?_’
+* **Imperative Sentences** - These are mainly used to express a desire or requirement that someone do something. ‘_Pick that up._’
+* **Exclamations** - These are mainly used to express a strong feeling. ‘_Ouch, that hurt!_’
#### Reasons this is a translation Issue
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ Statements can also have other functions. (see [Statements - Other Uses](../figs
The speakers below used these questions to get information, and the people they were speaking to answered their questions.
- Jesus said to them, “ Do you believe that I can do this? “ They said to him, “Yes, Lord.” (Matthew 9:28 ULT)
+ Jesus said to them, “Do you believe that I can do this? “ They said to him, “Yes, Lord.” (Matthew 9:28 ULT)
- The jailer…said, “Sirs, what must I do to be saved? “ They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house.” (Acts 16:29-31 ULT)
+ The jailer…said, “Sirs, what must I do to be saved? “ They said, “Believe in the Lord Jesus, and you will be saved, you and your house.” (Acts 16:29-31 ULT)
Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rquestion/01.md))
@@ -41,36 +41,36 @@ Questions can also have other functions. (see [Rhetorical Question](../figs-rque
There are different kinds of imperative sentences: commands, instructions, suggestions, invitations, requests, and wishes.
With a **command**, the speaker uses his authority and tells someone to do something.
-> Rise up , Balak, and hear . Listen to me, you son of Zippor. (Numbers 23:18 ULT)
+> Rise up, Balak, and hear. Listen to me, you son of Zippor. (Numbers 23:18 ULT)
With an **instruction**, the speaker tells someone how to do something.
-> …but if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments .…If you wish to be perfect, go , sell what you have, and give it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULT)
+> …but if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments.…If you wish to be perfect, go, sell what you have, and give it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven. (Matthew 19:17, 21 ULT)
With a **suggestion**, the speaker tells someone something to do or not do that he thinks might help that person. In the example below, it is best for both blind men if they do not try to lead each other.
-> A blind man should not try to lead another blind man. If he did, they both would fall into a hole! ( Luke 6:39 UST)
+> A blind man should not try to lead another blind man. If he did, they both would fall into a hole! ( Luke 6:39 UST)
Speakers may intend to be part of the group that does what is suggested. In Genesis 11, the people were saying that it would be good for them all to make bricks together.
-> They said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” (Genesis 11:3 ULT)
+> They said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” (Genesis 11:3 ULT)
With an **invitation**, the speaker uses politeness or friendliness to suggest that someone do something if he wants. This is usually something that the speaker thinks the listener will enjoy.
-> Come with us and we will do you good. (Numbers 10:29)
+> Come with us and we will do you good. (Numbers 10:29)
With a **request**, the speaker uses politeness to say that he wants someone to do something. This may include the word ‘please’ to make it clear that it is a request and not a command. This is usually something that would benefit the speaker.
- Give us today our daily bread. (Matthew 6:11 ULT)
+ Give us today our daily bread. (Matthew 6:11 ULT)
- Please excuse me. (Luke 14:18 ULT)
+ Please excuse me. (Luke 14:18 ULT)
With a **wish** a person expresses what they want to happen. In English they often start with the word “may” or “let.”
In Genesis 28, Isaac told Jacob what he wanted God to do for him.
-> May God Almighty bless you, make you fruitful and multiply you. (Genesis 28:3 ULT)
+> May God Almighty bless you, make you fruitful and multiply you. (Genesis 28:3 ULT)
In Genesis 9, Noah said what he wanted to happen to Canaan.
-> Cursed be Canaan. May he be a servant to his brothers’ servants. (Genesis 9:25 ULT)
+> Cursed be Canaan. May he be a servant to his brothers’ servants. (Genesis 9:25 ULT)
In Genesis 21, Hagar expressed her strong desire not to see her son die, and then she moved away so that she would not see him die.
-> Let me not look upon the death of the child. (Genesis 21:16 ULT)
+> Let me not look upon the death of the child. (Genesis 21:16 ULT)
Imperative sentences also have other functions. (see [Imperatives - Other Uses](../figs-imperative/01.md))
diff --git a/translate/figs-simile/01.md b/translate/figs-simile/01.md
index 64da960..58098e9 100644
--- a/translate/figs-simile/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-simile/01.md
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be simil
### Description
A simile is a comparison of two things that are not normally thought to be similar. It focuses on a particular trait the two items have in common, and it includes the words “like,” “as” or “than.”
-> When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were worried and confused, because they were like sheep without a shepherd . (Matthew 9:36)
+> When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were worried and confused, because they were like sheep without a shepherd. (Matthew 9:36)
Jesus compared the crowds of people to sheep without a shepherd. Sheep grow frightened when they do not have a good shepherd to lead them in safe places. The crowds were like that because they did not have good religious leaders.
-> See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves , so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves . (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
+> See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
Jesus compared his disciples to sheep and their enemies to wolves. Wolves attack sheep. Jesus’ enemies would attack his disciples.
-> For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword . (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
+> For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword. (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
God’s word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon that can easily cut through a person’s flesh. God’s word is very effective in showing what is in a person’s heart and thoughts.
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ God’s word is compared to a two-edged sword. A two-edged sword is a weapon tha
### Examples from the Bible
-> Suffer hardship with me, as a good soldier of Christ Jesus . (2 Timothy 2:3 ULT)
+> Suffer hardship with me, as a good soldier of Christ Jesus. (2 Timothy 2:3 ULT)
In this simile, Paul compares suffering with what soldiers endure, and he encourages Timothy to follow their example.
-> for as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky , so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULT)
+> for as the lightning appears when it flashes from one part of the sky to another part of the sky, so will the Son of Man be in his day. (Luke 17:24 ULT)
This verse does not tell how the Son of Man will be like the lightning. But from the context we can understand from the verses before it that just as lighting flashes suddenly and everyone can see it, the Son of Man will come suddenly and everyone will be able to see him. No one will have to be told about it.
@@ -46,28 +46,28 @@ If people would understand the correct meaning of a simile, consider using it. I
(1) If people do not know how the two items are alike, tell how they are alike. However, do not do this if the meaning was not clear to the original audience.
-> **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - This compares the danger that Jesus’ disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
->> See, I send you out among wicked people and you will be in danger from them as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves .
+> **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - This compares the danger that Jesus’ disciples would be in with the danger that sheep are in when they are surrounded by wolves.
+>> See, I send you out among wicked people and you will be in danger from them as sheep are in danger when they are among wolves.
-> **For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword .** (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
->> For the word of God is living and active and more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword
+> **For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword.** (Hebrews 4:12 ULT)
+>> For the word of God is living and active and more powerful than a very sharp two-edged sword
(2) If people are not familiar with the item that something is compared to, use an item from your own culture. Be sure that it is one that could have been used in the cultures of the Bible.
-> **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves ,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
->> See, I send you out as chickens in the midst of wild dogs ,
+> **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT) - If people do not know what sheep and wolves are, or that wolves kill and eat sheep, you could use some other animal that kills another.
+>> See, I send you out as chickens in the midst of wild dogs,
-> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings , but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
->> How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a mother closely watches over her infants , but you refused!
+> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
+>> How often I wanted to gather your children together, as a mother closely watches over her infants, but you refused!
-> **If you have faith even as small as a grain of mustard ,** (Matthew 17:20)
->> If you have faith even as small as a tiny seed ,
+> **If you have faith even as small as a grain of mustard,** (Matthew 17:20)
+>> If you have faith even as small as a tiny seed,
(3) Simply describe the item without comparing it to another.
-> **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves ,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
->> See, I send you out and people will want to harm you .
+> **See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves,** (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
+>> See, I send you out and people will want to harm you.
-> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings , but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
->> How often I wanted to protect you , but you refused!
+> **How often did I long to gather your children together, just as a hen gathers her chickens under her wings, but you did not agree!** (Matthew 23:37 ULT)
+>> How often I wanted to protect you, but you refused!
diff --git a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md
index 0a43523..457410e 100644
--- a/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-synecdoche/01.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
### Description
Synecdoche is when a speaker uses a part of something to refer to the whole or uses the whole to refer to a part.
-> My soul exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULT)
+> My soul exalts the Lord. (Luke 1:46 ULT)
Mary was was very happy about what the Lord was doing, so she said “my soul,” which means the inner, emotional part of herself, to refer to her whole self.
-> the Pharisees said to him, “Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful…?” (Mark 2:24 ULT)
+> the Pharisees said to him, “Look, why are they doing something that is not lawful…?” (Mark 2:24 ULT)
The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same time. Instead, it is more likely that one man representing the group said those words.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The Pharisees who were standing there did not all say the same words at the same
### Example from the Bible
-> I looked on all the deeds that my hands had accomplished (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
+> I looked on all the deeds that my hands had accomplished (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
“My hands” is a synecdoche for the whole person, because clearly the arms and the rest of the body and the mind were also involved in the person’s accomplishments.
@@ -31,12 +31,12 @@ If the synecdoche would be natural and give the right meaning in your language,
(1) State specifically what the synecdoche refers to.
-> **” My soul exalts the Lord.”** (Luke 1:46 ULT)
->> “ I exalt the Lord.”
+> **”My soul exalts the Lord.”** (Luke 1:46 ULT)
+>> “I exalt the Lord.”
-> **… the Pharisees said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULT)
->> … a representative of the Pharisees said to him…
+> **…the Pharisees said to him** (Mark 2:24 ULT)
+>> …a representative of the Pharisees said to him…
-> **…I looked on all the deeds that my hands had accomplished…** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
->> I looked on all the deeds that I had accomplished
+> **…I looked on all the deeds that my hands had accomplished…** (Ecclesiastes 2:11 ULT)
+>> I looked on all the deeds that I had accomplished
diff --git a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
index 85503bb..301cda2 100644
--- a/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-synonparallelism/01.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
**Parallelism with the same meaning** is a poetic device in which one complex idea is expressed in two or more different ways. Speakers may do this in order to emphasize the idea that is the same in the two phrases. This is also called “synonymous parallelism.”
Note: We use the term “parallelism with the same meaning” for long phrases or clauses that have the same meaning. We use the term [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md) for words or very short phrases that mean basically the same thing and are used together.
-> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes . (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
+> Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes. (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
The first underlined phrase and the second underlined phrase mean the same thing. There are three ideas that are the same between these two phrases. “Sees” corresponds to “watches,” “everything…does” corresponds to “all the paths…takes,” and “a person” corresponds to “he.”
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ In some languages people do not expect someone to say the same thing twice, even
> Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path. (Psalm 119:105 ULT)
Both parts of the sentences are metaphors saying that God’s word teaches people how to live. The words “lamp” and “light” are similar in meaning because they refer to light, and the words “my feet” and “my path” are related, because they refer to a person walking.
-> Praise Yahweh , all you nations; exalt him , all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULT)
+> Praise Yahweh, all you nations; exalt him, all you peoples! (Psalm 117:1 ULT)
Both parts of this verse tell people everywhere to praise Yahweh. The words ‘Praise’ and ‘exalt’ mean the same thing, ‘Yahweh’ and ‘him’ refer to the same person, and ‘all you nations’ and ‘all you peoples’ refer to the same people.
-> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people , and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT)
+> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel. (Micah 6:2 ULT)
The two parts of this verse say that Yahweh has a serious disagreement with his people, Israel. These are not two different disagreements or two different groups of people.
@@ -42,25 +42,25 @@ If your language uses parallelism in the same way as the biblical languages, tha
(1) Combine the ideas of both clauses into one.
-> **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies .** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
->> Until now you have deceived me with your lies .
+> **Until now you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13, ULT) - Delilah expressed this idea twice to emphasize that she was very upset.
+>> Until now you have deceived me with your lies.
-> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
->> Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.
+> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT) - The phrase “all the paths he takes” is a metaphor for “all he does.”
+>> Yahweh pays attention to everything a person does.
-> **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people , and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
->> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people , Israel.
+> **For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, and he will fight in court against Israel.** (Micah 6:2 ULT) - This parallelism describes one serious disagreement that Yahweh had with one group of people. If this is unclear, the phrases can be combined:
+>> For Yahweh has a lawsuit with his people, Israel.
(2) If it appears that the clauses are used together to show that what they say is really true, you could include words that emphasize the truth such as “truly” or “certainly.”
-> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
->> Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.
+> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
+>> Yahweh truly sees everything a person does.
(3) If it appears that the clauses are used together to intensify an idea in them, you could use words like “very,” “completely” or “all.”
-> **…you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
->> All you have done is lie to me.
+> **…you have deceived me and told me lies.** (Judges 16:13 ULT)
+>> All you have done is lie to me.
-> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
->> Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.
+> **Yahweh sees everything a person does and watches all the paths he takes.** (Proverbs 5:21 ULT)
+>> Yahweh sees absolutely everything that a person does.
diff --git a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md b/translate/figs-verbs/01.md
index 0439622..47fe92d 100644
--- a/translate/figs-verbs/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-verbs/01.md
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ Verbs are words that refer to an action or event or that is used in describing o
**Examples** The verbs in the examples below are underlined.
-* John ran . (“Run” is an action.)
-* John ate a banana. (“Eat” is an action.)
-* John saw Mark. (“See” is an event.)
-* John died. (“Die” is an event.)
-* John is tall. (The phrase “is tall” describes John. The word “is” is a verb that links “John” with “tall.”)
-* John looks handsome. (The phrase “is handsome” describes John. The word “looks” here is a verb that links “John” with “handsome.”)
-* John is my brother. (The phrase “is my brother” identifies John.)
+* John ran. (“Run” is an action.)
+* John ate a banana. (“Eat” is an action.)
+* John saw Mark. (“See” is an event.)
+* John died. (“Die” is an event.)
+* John is tall. (The phrase “is tall” describes John. The word “is” is a verb that links “John” with “tall.”)
+* John looks handsome. (The phrase “is handsome” describes John. The word “looks” here is a verb that links “John” with “handsome.”)
+* John is my brother. (The phrase “is my brother” identifies John.)
### People or Things Associated with a Verb
@@ -19,30 +19,30 @@ A verb usually says something about someone or something. All of the example sen
Sometimes there is another person or thing associated with the verb. In the examples below, the underlined word is the verb, and the phrase in bold print is the **object**. In English the object usually comes after the verb.
-* He ate **lunch**.
-* He sang **a song**.
-* He read **a book**.
-* He saw **the book**.
+* He ate **lunch**.
+* He sang **a song**.
+* He read **a book**.
+* He saw **the book**.
Some verbs never have an object.
-* The sun rose at six o’clock.
-* John slept well.
-* John fell yesterday.
+* The sun rose at six o’clock.
+* John slept well.
+* John fell yesterday.
For many verbs in English, it is alright to leave out the object when the object is not important in the sentence.
-* He never eats at night.
-* He sings all the time.
-* He reads well.
-* He cannot see .
+* He never eats at night.
+* He sings all the time.
+* He reads well.
+* He cannot see.
In some languages, a verb that needs an object must always take one, even if the object is not very important. People who speak those languages might say the sentences above like this.
-* He never eats **food** at night.
-* He sings **songs** all the time.
-* He reads **words** well.
-* He cannot see **anything**.
+* He never eats **food** at night.
+* He sings **songs** all the time.
+* He reads **words** well.
+* He cannot see **anything**.
### Subject and Object Marking on Verbs
@@ -57,21 +57,21 @@ When we tell about an event, we usually tell whether it is in the past, the pres
In some languages the verb may be a little bit different depending on the time associated with it. This kind of marking on a verb is called **tense**. English speakers sometimes put “ed” at the end of the verb when the event happened in the past.
-* Sometimes Mary cooks meat.
-* Yesterday Mary cooked meat. (She did this in the past.)
+* Sometimes Mary cooks meat.
+* Yesterday Mary cooked meat. (She did this in the past.)
In some languages speakers might add a word to tell something about the time. English speakers use the word “will” when the verb refers to something in the future.
-* Tomorrow Mary will cook meat.
+* Tomorrow Mary will cook meat.
### Aspect
When we tell about an event, sometimes we want to show how the event progressed over a period of time, or how the event relates to another event. This is **aspect**. English speakers sometimes use the verbs “is” or “has” and add “s,” “ing,” or “ed” to the end of the verb in order to show how the event relates to another event or to the present time.
-* Mary cooks meat every day. (This tell about something Mary often does.)
-* Mary is cooking the meat. (This tells about something Mary is in the process of doing right now.)
-* Mary cooked the meat, and John came home. (This simply tells about things that Mary and John did.)
-* While Mary was cooking the meat, John came home. (This tells about something Mary was in the process of doing when John came home)
-* Mary has cooked the meat, and she wants us to come eat it. (This tells about something Mary did that is still relevant now.)
-* Mary had cooked the meat by the time Mark came home. (This tells about something that Mary completed in the past before something else happened.)
+* Mary cooks meat every day. (This tell about something Mary often does.)
+* Mary is cooking the meat. (This tells about something Mary is in the process of doing right now.)
+* Mary cooked the meat, and John came home. (This simply tells about things that Mary and John did.)
+* While Mary was cooking the meat, John came home. (This tells about something Mary was in the process of doing when John came home)
+* Mary has cooked the meat, and she wants us to come eat it. (This tells about something Mary did that is still relevant now.)
+* Mary had cooked the meat by the time Mark came home. (This tells about something that Mary completed in the past before something else happened.)
diff --git a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
index 1150e8b..9ff3dd1 100644
--- a/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-youcrowd/01.md
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ Also, speakers and writers of the Old Testament often referred to groups of peop
### Examples from the Bible
-> 1 Take heed that you do not do your acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, or else you will have no reward from your Father who is in heaven. 2 So when you give alms, do not sound a trumpet before yourself as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to you , they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1,2 ULT)
+> 1 Take heed that you do not do your acts of righteousness before people to be seen by them, or else you will have no reward from your Father who is in heaven. 2 So when you give alms, do not sound a trumpet before yourself as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may have the praise of people. Truly I say to you, they have received their reward. (Matthew 6:1,2 ULT)
Jesus said this to a crowd. He used “you” plural in verse 1, and “you” singular in the first sentence of verse 2. Then in the last sentence he used the plural again.
-> God spoke all these words: “I am Yahweh, your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. You must have no other gods before me.” (Exodus 20:1-3 ULT)
+> God spoke all these words: “I am Yahweh, your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. You must have no other gods before me.” (Exodus 20:1-3 ULT)
God said this to all the people of Israel. He had taken them all out of Egypt and he wanted them all to obey him, but he used the singular form of you here when speaking to them.
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ God said this to all the people of Israel. He had taken them all out of Egypt an
> “For three sins of Edom,
> even for four,
> I will not turn away punishment,
-> because he pursued his brother with the sword
+> because he pursued his brother with the sword
> and cast off all pity.
-> His anger raged continually,
-> and his wrath lasted forever.” (Amos 1:11 ULT)
+> His anger raged continually,
+> and his wrath lasted forever.” (Amos 1:11 ULT)
Yahweh said these things about the nation of Edom, not about only one person.
@@ -49,16 +49,16 @@ If the singular form of the pronoun would be natural when referring to a group o
> “For three sins of Edom,
> even for four,
> I will not turn away punishment,
-> because he pursued his brother with the sword
+> because he pursued his brother with the sword
> and cast off all pity.
-> His anger raged continually,
-> and his wrath lasted forever.” (Amos 1:11 ULT)
+> His anger raged continually,
+> and his wrath lasted forever.” (Amos 1:11 ULT)
This is what Yahweh says,
“For three sins of Edom,
even for four,
I will not turn away punishment,
-because they pursued their brothers with the sword
+because they pursued their brothers with the sword
and cast off all pity.
- Their anger raged continually,
-and their wrath lasted forever.”
\ No newline at end of file
+Their anger raged continually,
+and their wrath lasted forever.”
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md
index 12ce46f..a56d43b 100644
--- a/translate/figs-youdual/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-youdual/01.md
@@ -15,15 +15,15 @@ Often the context will make it clear whether the word “you” refers to one pe
### Examples from the Bible
-> James and John , the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said, “Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask you.” He [Jesus] said to them, “What do you want me to do for you ?” (Mark 10:35-36 ULT)
+> James and John, the sons of Zebedee, came up to him and said, “Teacher, we want you to do for us whatever we ask you.” He [Jesus] said to them, “What do you want me to do for you?” (Mark 10:35-36 ULT)
Jesus is asking the **two**, James and John, what they want him to do for them. If the target language has a **dual** form of “you,” use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate.
-> … and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, “Go into the village opposite us. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULT)
+> … and Jesus sent out two of his disciples and said to them, “Go into the village opposite us. As soon as you enter it, you will find a colt that has never been ridden. Untie it and bring it to me. (Mark 11:1-2 ULT)
The context makes it clear that Jesus is addressing **two** people. If the target language has a **dual** form of “you,” use that. If the target language does not have a dual form, then the plural form would be appropriate.
-> James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of your faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULT)
+> James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ, to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion, greetings. Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles, knowing that the testing of your faith works endurance. (James 1:1-3 ULT)
James wrote this letter to many people, so the word “you” refers to many people. If the target language has a **plural** form of “you,” it would be best to use it here.
diff --git a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md
index 7be3694..de25896 100644
--- a/translate/figs-youformal/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-youformal/01.md
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ In some cultures people use the formal “you” when speaking to someone who is
### Examples from the Bible
-> Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, “Where are you ?” (Genesis 3:9 ULT)
+> Yahweh God called to the man and said to him, “Where are you?” (Genesis 3:9 ULT)
God is in authority over the man, so languages that have formal and informal forms of “you” would probably use the informal form here.
-> So, it seemed good to me also, having investigated everything accurately from the beginning, to write it down for you in order, most excellent Theophilus. I want you to know the certainty of the things that you were taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULT)
+> So, it seemed good to me also, having investigated everything accurately from the beginning, to write it down for you in order, most excellent Theophilus. I want you to know the certainty of the things that you were taught. (Luke 1:3-4 ULT)
Luke called Theophilus “most excellent.” This shows us that Theophilus was probably a high official to whom Luke was showing great respect. Speakers of languages that have a formal form of “you” would probably use that form here.
-> Heavenly Father, sanctify your name. (Matthew 6:9 ULT)
+> Heavenly Father, sanctify your name. (Matthew 6:9 ULT)
This is part of a prayer that Jesus taught his disciples. Some cultures would use the formal “you” because God is in authority. Other cultures would use the informal “you” because God is our Father.
diff --git a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
index 8454c6d..b9a3efc 100644
--- a/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
+++ b/translate/figs-yousingular/01.md
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ Sometimes Greek and Hebrew speakers used “you” singular even though they wer
### Examples from the Bible
-> The ruler said, “All these things I have obeyed from the time I was a youth.” When Jesus heard that, he said to him, “One thing you still lack. You must sell all that you have and distribute it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven—and come, follow me.” (Luke 18:21, 22 ULT)
+> The ruler said, “All these things I have obeyed from the time I was a youth.” When Jesus heard that, he said to him, “One thing you still lack. You must sell all that you have and distribute it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven—and come, follow me.” (Luke 18:21, 22 ULT)
The ruler was speaking about just himself when he said “I.” This shows us that when Jesus said “you” he was referring only to the ruler. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” would have the singular form here.
-> The angel said to him, “Dress yourself and put on your sandals.” Peter did so. The angel said to him, “Put on your outer garment and follow me.” So Peter followed the angel and went out. (Acts 12:8, ULT)
+> The angel said to him, “Dress yourself and put on your sandals.” Peter did so. The angel said to him, “Put on your outer garment and follow me.” So Peter followed the angel and went out. (Acts 12:8, ULT)
The context makes it clear that the angel was speaking to one person and that only one person did what the the angel commanded. So languages that have singular and plural forms of “you” would have the singular form here for “yourself” and “your”. Also, if verbs have different forms for singular and plural subjects, the verbs “dress” and “put on” will need the form for “you” singular.
-> To Titus, a true son in our common faith.…For this purpose I left you in Crete, that you might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed you . … But you , say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULT)
+> To Titus, a true son in our common faith.…For this purpose I left you in Crete, that you might set in order things not yet complete, and ordain elders in every city as I directed you. … But you, say what agrees with healthy doctrine. (Titus 1:4,5; 2:1 ULT)
Paul wrote this letter to one person, Titus. Most of the time the word “you” in this letter refers only to Titus.
diff --git a/translate/first-draft/01.md b/translate/first-draft/01.md
index 7b63fca..e7c251e 100644
--- a/translate/first-draft/01.md
+++ b/translate/first-draft/01.md
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
Follow these steps in order to get started:
1. **Organize.** Talk with the pastors and other believers from your language group and form a committee of people who can work together as a translation team.
-1. **Contact.** Make contact with at least one element of the unfoldingWord network, notifying unfoldingWord that you intend to begin translation. To get information about how to do that, see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)
-1. **Review.** Review the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md).
-1. **Agree.** Agree that the Statement of Faith is an accurate reflection of your own beliefs and that you intend to translate the content in harmony with it and also in accordance with the Translation Guidelines by signing the form. (see http://ufw.io/forms/)
+1. **Contact.** Make contact with at least one element of the unfoldingWord network, notifying unfoldingWord that you intend to begin translation. To get information about how to do that, see [Finding Answers](../../intro/finding-answers/01.md)
+1. **Review.** Review the [Translation Guidelines](../../intro/translation-guidelines/01.md).
+1. **Agree.** Agree that the Statement of Faith is an accurate reflection of your own beliefs and that you intend to translate the content in harmony with it and also in accordance with the Translation Guidelines by signing the form. (see http://ufw.io/forms/)
1. **Pray.** Pray that God would help you to understand the passage that you are translating and that he would help you to find the best way to communicate that passage in your language.
1. **Read.**
* If you are translating Open Bible Stories, read the entire story before starting to translate it. If you are translating the Bible, read the entire chapter before you start to translate any part of it. This way you will understand how the part you are translating fits into the larger context, and you will translate it better.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md
index 29e86e1..3e821b6 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-exceptions/01.md
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ Exceptional relationship connectors exclude one or more items or people from a g
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
-> God told Adam that he could eat from any tree in the garden except from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (OBS Story 1 Frame 11)
+> God told Adam that he could eat from any tree in the garden except from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (OBS Story 1 Frame 11)
-> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is no one to redeem it besides you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
+> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is no one to redeem it besides you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
-> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. Not a man escaped except for four hundred young men, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
+> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. Not a man escaped except for four hundred young men, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
-> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will not let you go unless you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
+> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will not let you go unless you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
#### Translation Strategies
@@ -30,23 +30,23 @@ If the way that Exceptional Clauses are marked in the source language is also cl
(1) Very often, the exception in Part 2 contradicts something that was negated in Part 1. In this case, the translator can phrase the same idea without the contradiction by deleting the negative and using a word like “**only**.”
-> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Not a man escaped except for four hundred young men**, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
+> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Not a man escaped except for four hundred young men**, who rode on camels and fled. (1 Samuel 30:17 ULT)
-* Part 1: ( Not a man escaped)
-* Part 2: ( except for four hundred young men)
+* Part 1: (Not a man escaped)
+* Part 2: (except for four hundred young men)
->> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. ** Only four hundred young men escaped**, who rode on camels and fled.
+>> David attacked them from the twilight to the evening of the next day. **Only four hundred young men escaped**, who rode on camels and fled.
-> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is no one to redeem it besides you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
+> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for there is no one to redeem it besides you, and I am after you." (Ruth 4:4 ULT)
->> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for you are first in line to redeem it [only you can redeem it] , and I am after you."
+>> But if you will not redeem it, then tell me, so that I may know, for you are first in line to redeem it [only you can redeem it], and I am after you."
-> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will not let you go unless you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
+> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will not let you go unless you bless me." (Genesis 32:26 ULT)
->> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will let you go only if you bless me."
+>> The man said, "Let me go, for the dawn is breaking." Jacob said, "I will let you go only if you bless me."
(2) Reverse the order of the clauses, so that the exception is stated first, and then the larger group is named second.
-> God told Adam that he could eat from any tree in the garden except from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (OBS Story 1 Frame 11)
+> God told Adam that he could eat from any tree in the garden except from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (OBS Story 1 Frame 11)
->> God told Adam that he could not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, but he could eat from any other tree in the garden.
+>> God told Adam that he could not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, but he could eat from any other tree in the garden.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md
index 765f3cd..f0932e2 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast/01.md
@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ In Scripture, many events do not happen as the people involved intend or expect
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
-> You tried to do evil when you sold me as a slave, but God used the evil for good! (Story 8 Frame 12 OBS)
+> You tried to do evil when you sold me as a slave, but God used the evil for good! (Story 8 Frame 12 OBS)
Joseph’s brothers’ evil plan to sell Joseph is contrasted with God’s good plan to save many people. The word "but" marks the contrast.
-> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? Yet I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
+> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? Yet I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
Jesus contrasts the proud way that human leaders behave and the humble way that he behaves, marked by the word "yet."
-> …and though he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
+> …and though he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
It is unexpected that someone who is bound with chains will be able to break them. The word “though” marks the contrast of an unexpected event.
-> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. However , Solomon built the house for God. However , the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
+> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. However, Solomon built the house for God. However, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
There are two contrasts here, both marked with “however.” The first contrast shows that even though David asked to find a place for God’s house, it was Solomon who built it. But then there is another contrast. Even though Solomon built a house for God, God does not live in houses that people build.
@@ -40,18 +40,18 @@ If your language uses Contrast Relationships in the same way as in the text, the
1.If the Contrast Relationship between the clauses is not clear, then use a more clear or specific connecting word or phrase.
-> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? Yet I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
+> For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? Yet I am among you as one who serves. (Luke 22:27 ULT)
-For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? Unlike that person , I am among you as one who serves.
+For who is greater, the one who reclines at table, or the one who serves? Is it not the one who reclines at table? Unlike that person, I am among you as one who serves.
2.If it is more clear in your language to mark the other clause of the Contrast Relationship, then use a connecting word on the other clause.
-> …and though he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
+> …and though he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness. (Luke 8:29 ULT)
-…and he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, but even so , he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness.
+…and he was bound with chains and shackles and kept under guard, but even so, he had broken his chains and he would be driven by the demon into the wilderness.
3.If your language shows a Contrast Relationship in a different way, then use that way.
-> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. However , Solomon built the house for God. However , the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
+> [David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. However, Solomon built the house for God. However, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands, (Acts 7:46-48 ULT)
-[David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. But it was, Solomon, not David , who built the house for God. But even though Solomon built him a house , the Most High does not live in houses made with hands,
+[David] found favor in the sight of God, and he asked if he might find a dwelling place for the God of Jacob. But it was, Solomon, not David, who built the house for God. But even though Solomon built him a house, the Most High does not live in houses made with hands,
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
index d124aa5..9137a43 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal/01.md
@@ -14,35 +14,35 @@ In Scripture, the goal or purpose may be stated first or second. In some languag
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
-> She became angry and falsely accused Joseph so that he was arrested and sent to prison . (Story 8 Frame 5 OBS)
+> She became angry and falsely accused Joseph so that he was arrested and sent to prison. (Story 8 Frame 5 OBS)
The Goal or Purpose of the master’s wife’s false accusation was to get Joseph arrested and sent to prison.
-> Gideon, Joash's son, was separating out the wheat by beating it on the floor, in the winepress— to hide it from the Midianites . (Judges 6:11b ULT)
+> Gideon, Joash's son, was separating out the wheat by beating it on the floor, in the winepress—to hide it from the Midianites. (Judges 6:11b ULT)
Here the prepositional phrase begins with only the word “to” but “in order to” is understood.
-> Now if I have found favor in your eyes, show me your ways so that I may know you and continue to find favor in your eyes . Remember that this nation is your people."(Exodus 33:13 ULT)
+> Now if I have found favor in your eyes, show me your ways so that I may know you and continue to find favor in your eyes. Remember that this nation is your people."(Exodus 33:13 ULT)
Moses wants God to show him God’s ways for the Goal or Purpose of Moses knowing God and continuing to find favor with God.
-> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it for her to glean , and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
+> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it for her to glean, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
The Goal or Purpose of Boaz instructing the men to pull out the grain from their bundles and leave it was for Ruth to gather (glean) it.
-> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened , which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
+> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
The Purpose of going to Bethlehem was to see the thing that had happened. Here the Purpose is not marked and might be misunderstood.
-> “…if you want to enter into life , keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
+> “…if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
The Goal of keeping the commandments is to enter into life.
-> Do not turn from it to the right or to the left so that you may be successful wherever you go. (Joshua 1:7 ULT)
+> Do not turn from it to the right or to the left so that you may be successful wherever you go. (Joshua 1:7 ULT)
The purpose of not turning away from the instructions that Moses gave to the Israelites was so that they would be successful.
-> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and take over his inheritance .’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
+> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and take over his inheritance.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
The Purpose of the vine growers killing the heir was so they could take over his inheritance. They state both events to each other as a plan, joining them only with “and.” Then the word “so” marks the reporting of the first event, but the second event (the Goal or Purpose) is not stated.
@@ -57,24 +57,24 @@ If your language uses purpose or goal relationships in the same way as in the te
(1) If the construction of the goal statement is unclear, change it to one that is more clear.
-> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it for her to glean , and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
+> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it for her to glean, and do not rebuke her.” (Ruth 2:16 ULT)
->> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it so that she can glean it , and do not rebuke her.”
+>> “Also pull out for her some grain from the bundles, and leave it so that she can glean it, and do not rebuke her.”
-> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened , which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
+> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
->> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, so that we can see this thing that has happened , which the Lord has made known to us.”
+>> …the shepherds said to each other, “Let us indeed go to Bethlehem, so that we can see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to us.”
(2) If the order of the statements makes the goal statement unclear or confusing for the reader, then change the order.
-> “…if you want to enter into life , keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
+> “…if you want to enter into life, keep the commandments.” (Matthew 19:17 ULT)
->> “…keep the commandments if you want to enter into life .” or: “…keep the commandments so that you can enter into life .”
+>> “…keep the commandments if you want to enter into life.” or: “…keep the commandments so that you can enter into life.”
-> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and take over his inheritance .’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
+> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and take over his inheritance.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
(1) and (2)
-> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and take over his inheritance .’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
+> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him and take over his inheritance.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him. (Matt 21:38-39 ULT)
->> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him so that we can take over his inheritance .’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him so that they could take over his inheritance .
+>> But when the vine growers saw the son, they said among themselves, ‘This is the heir. Come, let us kill him so that we can take over his inheritance.’ So they took him, threw him out of the vineyard and killed him so that they could take over his inheritance.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md
index 2db5b99..7c40c04 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result/01.md
@@ -12,23 +12,23 @@ A Reason and Result Relationship can look forward - "I did Y because I wanted X
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
-> The Jews were amazed, because Saul had tried to kill believers, and now he believed in Jesus! (Story 46 Frame 6 OBS)
+> The Jews were amazed, because Saul had tried to kill believers, and now he believed in Jesus! (Story 46 Frame 6 OBS)
The **Reason** is the change in Saul - that he had tried to kill people who believed in Jesus, and now he himself believed in Jesus. The **Result** is that the Jews were amazed. “Because” connects the two ideas and indicates that what follows it is a Reason.
-> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, so that the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
+> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, so that the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
The **Reason** is the great storm, and the **Result** is that the boat was covered with the waves. The two events are connected by “so that.” Notice that “so that” often indicates a Goal relationship, but here the relationship is Reason-Result, because the sea cannot think and therefore does not have a Goal.
-> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
+> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
The **Result** is that God blessed and sanctified the seventh day. The **Reason** is because he rested on the seventh day from his work.
-> “Blessed are the poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
+> “Blessed are the poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
The **Result** is that the poor are blessed. The **Reason** is that the kingdom of God is theirs.
-> It was their children that Yahweh raised up in their place that Joshua circumcised, because they had not been circumcised on the way (Joshua 5:7 ULT)
+> It was their children that Yahweh raised up in their place that Joshua circumcised, because they had not been circumcised on the way (Joshua 5:7 ULT)
The **Result** is that Joshua circumcised the boys and men who had been born in the wilderness. The **Reason** was that they had not been circumcised while they were journeying.
@@ -42,24 +42,24 @@ If your language uses Reason-Result relationships in the same way as in the text
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
-> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
+> God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it, because in it he rested from all his work which he had done in his creation. (Genesis 2:3 ULT)
- (1) God rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done in his creation. That is why he blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.
+ (1) God rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done in his creation. That is why he blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.
-> Blessed are the poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
+> Blessed are the poor, for yours is the kingdom of God. (Luke 6:20 ULT)
- (1) The kingdom of God belongs to you who are poor. Therefore , the poor are blessed.
- (2) Blessed are the poor, because yours is the kingdom of God.
- (3) The reason that the poor are blessed is because yours is the kingdom of God.
+ (1) The kingdom of God belongs to you who are poor. Therefore, the poor are blessed.
+ (2) Blessed are the poor, because yours is the kingdom of God.
+ (3) The reason that the poor are blessed is because yours is the kingdom of God.
-> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, so that the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
+> Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, so that the boat was covered with the waves. (Matthew 8:24 ULT)
- (1) Behold, the boat was covered with the waves because a great storm arose on the sea.
- (2) Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, with the result that the boat was covered with the waves.
- (3) Behold, because a great storm arose on the sea, the boat was covered with the waves.
+ (1) Behold, the boat was covered with the waves because a great storm arose on the sea.
+ (2) Behold, a great storm arose on the sea, with the result that the boat was covered with the waves.
+ (3) Behold, because a great storm arose on the sea, the boat was covered with the waves.
-> Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. (Acts 21:34 ULT)
+> Since the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress. (Acts 21:34 ULT)
- (1) The captain ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress, because he could not tell anything because of all the noise.
- (2) Because the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
- (3) The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, so he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
\ No newline at end of file
+ (1) The captain ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress, because he could not tell anything because of all the noise.
+ (2) Because the captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
+ (3) The captain could not tell anything because of all the noise, so he ordered that Paul be brought into the fortress.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md
index c365e3a..d9c56e5 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-time-background/01.md
@@ -12,19 +12,19 @@ Languages indicate a shift in time in different ways. The translators need to un
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
-> When Solomon was old, he also worshiped their gods. (OBS Story 18 Frame 3)
+> When Solomon was old, he also worshiped their gods. (OBS Story 18 Frame 3)
Solomon began to worship foreign gods at a time when he was old. Being old is the background to the main event, which is worshipping other gods.
-> Now his parents went every year to Jerusalem for the Festival of the Passover. When he was twelve years old, they again went up at the customary time for the feast. (Luke 2:41-42 ULT)
+> Now his parents went every year to Jerusalem for the Festival of the Passover. When he was twelve years old, they again went up at the customary time for the feast. (Luke 2:41-42 ULT)
The first event is ongoing and started long ago. We know this because of the words “every year.” That is the background event. Then an event begins that started during that time - “when he was twelve years old.” That is the main event.
-> Now it came about that while they were there, the time came for the birth of her baby. (Luke 2:6 ULT)
+> Now it came about that while they were there, the time came for the birth of her baby. (Luke 2:6 ULT)
Being there (in Bethlehem) is the background for the main event, the birth of the baby.
-> … while Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
+> …while Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
This example begins with five background clauses (marked off by commas), signalled as background by “while” and “during.” Then the main event happens - the word of God came to John.
@@ -37,15 +37,15 @@ If the way that the Background Clauses are marked also is clear in your language
#### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
-> … while Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
+> …while Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, during the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness. (Luke 3:1-2 ULT)
1. If the connecting word does not make it clear that what follows is a Background Clause, use a connecting word that communicates this more clearly.
-> … It happened during the time that Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and during the time that Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and during the time that his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and during the time that Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, and also during the time that Annas and Caiaphas were high priests— that the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
+> …It happened during the time that Pontius Pilate was governor of Judea, and during the time that Herod was tetrarch of Galilee, and during the time that his brother Philip was tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and during the time that Lysanias was tetrarch of Abilene, and also during the time that Annas and Caiaphas were high priests—that the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
2. If your language marks Background Clauses in a different way than using connecting words, such as with different verb forms, then use that way.
-> …Pontius Pilate was governing Judea, and Herod was ruling over Galilee, and his brother Philip was ruling over the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was ruling over Abilene, and Annas and Caiaphas were being high priests—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
+> …Pontius Pilate was governing Judea, and Herod was ruling over Galilee, and his brother Philip was ruling over the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias was ruling over Abilene, and Annas and Caiaphas were being high priests—the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.
#### Example of differences in Time Relationship Connecting Words:
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md
index 38e5781..35fb629 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential/01.md
@@ -12,21 +12,21 @@ Languages indicate sequences of events in different ways; some use ordering and
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
-> When Joseph came to his brothers, they kidnapped him and sold him to some slave traders. (OBS Story 8 Frame 2)
+> When Joseph came to his brothers, they kidnapped him and sold him to some slave traders. (OBS Story 8 Frame 2)
-First Joseph came to his brothers and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word, when . The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+First Joseph came to his brothers and then they kidnapped and sold him. We know this because of the connecting word, when. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
-> It was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but after I ate it, my stomach became bitter. (Revelation 10:10 ULT)
+> It was as sweet as honey in my mouth, but after I ate it, my stomach became bitter. (Revelation 10:10 ULT)
-The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occurs later. We know this because of the connecting word, after . The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+The event of the first clause occurs first, and the event of the last clause occurs later. We know this because of the connecting word, after. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
-> For before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
+> For before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
-The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word, before . However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so the clauses come in the order that they will happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
+The event of the first clause occurs after the event of the second clause. First the land they dread will be desolate and then the child will know to refuse evil and choose good. We know this because of the connecting word, before. However, stating the clauses in this order may communicate the wrong order of events in your language. The translator may have to change the order so the clauses come in the order that they will happen. Or it may be possible to keep the order of the original language text and mark the ordering of sequence so that it is clear to the readers. The translator needs to decide the best way to communicate this sequence clearly and correctly.
-> Then Mary arose in those days and quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, and she entered into the house of Zechariah and greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
+> Then Mary arose in those days and quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, and she entered into the house of Zechariah and greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
-Here the general connector “ and ” connects four events. These are sequential events - each happens after the one before it. We know this because that is the only way that these events would happen. So in English, the general connector, “and,” is enough to make the sequence clear for events such as these. You will need to decide if this also communicates this sequence clearly and correctly in your language.
+Here the general connector “and ” connects four events. These are sequential events - each happens after the one before it. We know this because that is the only way that these events would happen. So in English, the general connector, “and,” is enough to make the sequence clear for events such as these. You will need to decide if this also communicates this sequence clearly and correctly in your language.
#### Translation Strategies
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ If the sequence of events is clear in your language, then translate the sequence
1. If the connecting word is not clear, use a connecting word that communicates the sequence more clearly.
-> Then Mary arose in those days and quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, and she entered into the house of Zechariah and greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
+> Then Mary arose in those days and quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah, and she entered into the house of Zechariah and greeted Elizabeth. (Luke 1:39-40 ULT)
->> Then Mary arose in those days. Then she quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah. Then she entered into the house of Zechariah and then she greeted Elizabeth.
+>> Then Mary arose in those days. Then she quickly went into the hill country, to a city of Judah. Then she entered into the house of Zechariah and then she greeted Elizabeth.
-> For before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
+> For before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate (Isaiah 7:16 ULT)
->> For the time will come when the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, but even before that time , the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate.
+>> For the time will come when the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good, but even before that time, the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate.
2. If the clauses are in an order that makes the sequence unclear, put the clauses in an order that is more clear.
-> For the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good.
+> For the land whose two kings you dread will be desolate before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good.
For more about sequences of events, see: [Sequence of Events](../figs-events/01.md).
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md
index e135458..d438a62 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous/01.md
@@ -12,21 +12,21 @@ Languages indicate that events occur simultaneously in many different ways. Thes
#### Examples from OBS and the Bible
-> Joseph served his master well, and God blessed Joseph. (OBS Story 8 Frame 4)
+> Joseph served his master well, and God blessed Joseph. (OBS Story 8 Frame 4)
Two events happened while Joseph was a slave to a wealthy government official: Joseph served well and God blessed Joseph. There is no indication of a Reason-Result (cause and effect) relationship between the two, or that the first event happened, and then the second event happened.
-> But in truth I tell you that there were many widows in Israel during the time of Elijah… (Luke 4:25 ULT)
+> But in truth I tell you that there were many widows in Israel during the time of Elijah… (Luke 4:25 ULT)
-This tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, because of the connecting word, during . But one event did not cause the other.
+This tells us clearly that two things happened at the same time, because of the connecting word, during. But one event did not cause the other.
-> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, and they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
+> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, and they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
-The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector, and , indicates this.
+The people were both waiting and wondering at the same time. The general connector, and, indicates this.
-> And while they were looking intently into heaven as he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
+> And while they were looking intently into heaven as he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
-Three events happened at the same time - the disciples looking, Jesus going up, and two men standing. The connector words " while " and " as " tell us this.
+Three events happened at the same time - the disciples looking, Jesus going up, and two men standing. The connector words "while " and "as " tell us this.
#### Translation Strategies
@@ -40,18 +40,18 @@ If the way that the Simultaneous Clauses are marked also is clear in your langua
Below, each Bible verse will be restated in three different ways, according to the Translation Strategies in the list above. Each restatement will have the same number as the Translation Strategy that it is using.
-> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, and they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
+> Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, and they were wondering at his delay in the temple. (Luke 1:21 ULT)
->> (1) Now while the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were wondering at his delay in the temple.
+>> (1) Now while the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were wondering at his delay in the temple.
->> (2) Now while the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were also wondering at his delay in the temple.
+>> (2) Now while the people were waiting for Zechariah, they were also wondering at his delay in the temple.
>> (3) Now the people were waiting for Zechariah, wondering at his delay in the temple.
-> And while they were looking intently into heaven as he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
+> And while they were looking intently into heaven as he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing. (Acts 1:10 ULT)
->> (1) And during the time they were looking intently into heaven while he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing.
+>> (1) And during the time they were looking intently into heaven while he was going up, behold, two men stood by them in white clothing.
->> (2) And while they were looking intently into heaven as he was going up, behold, at that same time two men stood by them in white clothing.
+>> (2) And while they were looking intently into heaven as he was going up, behold, at that same time two men stood by them in white clothing.
->> (3) They were looking intently into heaven, he was going up, when they saw two men standing by them in white clothing.
+>> (3) They were looking intently into heaven, he was going up, when they saw two men standing by them in white clothing.
diff --git a/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md b/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md
index 1bffbc7..57e1ca9 100644
--- a/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md
+++ b/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases/01.md
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
We write our thoughts in phrases and sentences. Usually, we want to communicate a series of thoughts that are connected to each other in different ways. **Connecting Words and Phrases** show how these thoughts are related to each other. For example, we can show how the following thoughts are related by using the underlined Connecting Words:
-* It was raining, so I opened my umbrella.
-* It was raining, but I did not have an umbrella. So I got very wet.
+* It was raining, so I opened my umbrella.
+* It was raining, but I did not have an umbrella. So I got very wet.
Sometimes people might not use a Connecting Word because they expect the readers to understand the relationship between the thoughts because of the context. Some languages do not use Connecting Words as much as other languages do. They might say:
@@ -40,15 +40,15 @@ Listed below are different types of connections between ideas or events. These d
### Examples from the Bible
-> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
+> I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days. (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
The word “but” introduces something that **contrasts** with what was said before. The **contrast** here is between what Paul did not do with what he did do. The word “then” introduces a **sequence** of events. It introduces something that Paul did after he returned to Damascus.
-> Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
+> Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven. (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
The word “Therefore” links this section with the section before it, signalling that the section that came before gave the **reason** for this section. “Therefore” usually links sections larger than one sentence. The word “and” links only two actions within the same sentence, that of breaking commandments and teaching others. In this verse the word “But” **contrasts** what one group of people will be called in God’s kingdom with what another group of people will be called.
-> We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone, for we do not wish our ministry to be brought into disrepute. Instead , we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God’s servants. (2 Corinthians 6:3-4 ULT)
+> We do not place a stumbling block in front of anyone, for we do not wish our ministry to be brought into disrepute. Instead, we prove ourselves by all our actions, that we are God’s servants. (2 Corinthians 6:3-4 ULT)
Here the word “for” connects what follows as the **reason** for what came before; the reason that Paul does not place stumbling blocks is that he does not want his ministry brought into disrepute. “Instead” **contrasts** what Paul does (proving by his actions that he is God’s servant) with what he said he does not do (placing stumbling blocks).
@@ -66,21 +66,21 @@ If the way the relationship between thoughts is shown in the ULT would be natura
(1) Use a connecting word (even if the ULT does not use one).
-> **Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULT)
+> **Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” Immediately they left the nets and went after him.** (Mark 1:17-18 ULT)
->> They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with “so:”
+>> They followed Jesus because he told them to. Some translators may want to mark this with “so:”
->> Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” So immediately they left the nets and went after him.
+>> Jesus said to them, “Come after me, and I will make you become fishers of men.” So immediately they left the nets and went after him.
(2) Do not use a connecting word if it would be odd to use one and people would understand the right relationship between the thoughts without it.
-> **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
+> **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
Some languages would prefer not to use connecting words here, because the meaning is clear without them and using them would be unnatural. They might translate like this:
>> Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments, teaching others to do so as well, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. Whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
-> **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
+> **I did not immediately consult with flesh and blood, nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who had become apostles before me, but instead I went to Arabia and then returned to Damascus. Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and I stayed with him fifteen days.** (Galatians 1:16-18 ULT)
Some languages might not need the words “but” or “then” here. They might translate like this:
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ Some languages might not need the words “but” or “then” here. They might
(3) Use a different connecting word.
-> ** Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
+> **Therefore whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. But whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.** (Matthew 5:19 ULT)
Instead of a word like “therefore,” a language might need a phrase to indicate that there was a section before it that gave the reason for the section that follows. Also, the word “but” is used here because of the contrast between the two groups of people. But in some languages, the word “but” would show that what comes after it is surprising because of what came before it. So “and” might be clearer for those languages. They might translate like this:
->> Because of that , whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
+>> Because of that, whoever breaks the least one of these commandments and teaches others to do so, will be called least in the kingdom of heaven. And whoever keeps them and teaches them will be called great in the kingdom of heaven.
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md
index e64fa34..afab9cc 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-equal/01.md
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ These are all accusations of guilt. Some are using idioms with the word “blood
Here are some examples:
-* I was shattered ! The speaker was not literally broken, but he felt very bad.
-* He closed his ears to what I was saying. Meaning, “he chose to not listen to what I was saying.”
-* The wind moaned in the trees . This means that the wind blowing through the trees sounded like a person moaning.
-* The whole world came to the meeting . Everyone in the world did not attend the meeting. Most likely there were many people at the meeting.
+* I was shattered! The speaker was not literally broken, but he felt very bad.
+* He closed his ears to what I was saying. Meaning, “he chose to not listen to what I was saying.”
+* The wind moaned in the trees. This means that the wind blowing through the trees sounded like a person moaning.
+* The whole world came to the meeting. Everyone in the world did not attend the meeting. Most likely there were many people at the meeting.
Each language uses different figures of speech. Make sure you can:
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md
index 12ccbcc..5d6478d 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgod/01.md
@@ -4,34 +4,34 @@
#### The Bible teaches that there is only one God.
In the Old Testament:
-> Yahweh, he is God; there is no other God ! (I Kings 8:60 ULT)
+> Yahweh, he is God; there is no other God! (I Kings 8:60 ULT)
In the New Testament:
-> Jesus said,…“This is everlasting life: that they should know you, the only true God” . (John 17:3 ULT)
+> Jesus said,…“This is everlasting life: that they should know you, the only true God”. (John 17:3 ULT)
(See also: Deuteronomy 4:35, Ephesians 4:5-6, 1 Timothy 2:5, James 2:19)
#### The Old Testament begins to reveal God’s three persons.
-> God created the heavens… The Spirit of God was moving…“Let us make man in our image.” (Genesis 1:1-2 ULT)
+> God created the heavens…The Spirit of God was moving…“Let us make man in our image.” (Genesis 1:1-2 ULT)
- God has spoken to us by a Son …through whom he also made the universe. His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence…about the Son he says,…“In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULT quoting Psalm 102:25)
+ God has spoken to us by a Son…through whom he also made the universe. His Son is the radiance of his glory, the very character of his essence…about the Son he says,…“In the beginning, Lord, you laid earth’s foundation; the heavens are the work of your hands.” (Hebrews 1:2-3, and 8-10 ULT quoting Psalm 102:25)
#### The Church has always found it necessary to state what the New Testament says about God by affirming that he exists in three distinct persons: The Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
-> Jesus said, “…Baptize them into the name of the Father , of the Son , and of the Holy Spirit .” (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
+> Jesus said, “…Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.” (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
- God sent his Son , born of a woman,…God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls, “Abba, Father .” (Galatians 4:4-6 ULT)
+ God sent his Son, born of a woman,…God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls, “Abba, Father.” (Galatians 4:4-6 ULT)
See also: John 14:16-17, 1 Peter 1:2
Each person of God is fully God and is called “God” in the Bible.
-> Yet for us there is only one God the Father… (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULT)
+> Yet for us there is only one God the Father… (1 Corinthians 8:6 ULT)
- Thomas answered and said to him, “My Lord and my God .” Jesus said to him, “Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed.” (John 20:28-29 ULT)
+ Thomas answered and said to him, “My Lord and my God.” Jesus said to him, “Because you have seen me, you have believed. Blessed are those who have not seen, and yet have believed.” (John 20:28-29 ULT)
- But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the price of the land?…You have not lied to men, but to God .” (Acts 5:3-4 ULT)
+ But Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back part of the price of the land?…You have not lied to men, but to God.” (Acts 5:3-4 ULT)
Each person is also distinct from the other two persons. All three persons can appear separately at the same time. In the verses below, God the Son is baptized while God the Spirit comes down and God the Father speaks from heaven.
-> After he was baptized, Jesus came up…from the water…He saw the Spirit of God coming down…, and a voice [the Father’s] came out of the heavens saying, “This is my Beloved Son …” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> After he was baptized, Jesus came up…from the water…He saw the Spirit of God coming down…, and a voice [the Father’s] came out of the heavens saying, “This is my Beloved Son…” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md
index 4c2dc35..3bf435d 100644
--- a/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md
+++ b/translate/guidelines-sonofgodprinciples/01.md
@@ -6,36 +6,36 @@ Door43 supports Bible translations that represent these concepts when they refer
**”Father” and “Son” are names that God calls himself in the Bible.**
The Bible shows that God called Jesus his Son:
-> After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and…a voice came out of the heavens saying, “ This is my beloved Son . I am very pleased with him.” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
+> After he was baptized, Jesus came up immediately from the water, and…a voice came out of the heavens saying, “This is my beloved Son. I am very pleased with him.” (Matthew 3:16-17 ULT)
The Bible shows that Jesus called God his Father:
-> Jesus said, “I praise you Father , Lord of heaven and earth,…no one knows the Son except the Father , and no one knows the Father except the Son “ (Matthew 11:25-27 ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
+> Jesus said, “I praise you Father, Lord of heaven and earth,…no one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son “ (Matthew 11:25-27 ULT) (See also: John 6:26-57)
Christians have found that “Father” and “Son” are the ideas that most essentially describe the eternal relationship of the First and Second Persons of the Trinity to each other. The Bible indeed refers to them in various ways, but no other terms reflect the eternal love and intimacy between these Persons, nor the interdependent eternal relationship between them.
Jesus referred to God in the following terms:
-> Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit . (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
+> Baptize them into the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 28:19 ULT)
The intimate, loving relationship between the Father and the Son is eternal, just as they are eternal.
-> The Father loves the Son. (John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULT)
+> The Father loves the Son. (John 3:35-36; 5:19-20 ULT)
- I love the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULT)
+ I love the Father, I do what the Father commands me, just as he gave me the commandment. (John 14:31 ULT)
- …no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son . (Luke 10:22 ULT)
+ …no one knows who the Son is except the Father, and no one knows who the Father is except the Son. (Luke 10:22 ULT)
The terms “Father” and “Son” also communicate that the Father and the Son are of the same essence; they are both eternal God.
-> Jesus said, “Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you…I glorified you on the earth,…Now Father, glorify me…with the glory that I had with you before the world was created .” (John 17:1-5 ULT)
+> Jesus said, “Father, glorify your Son so that the Son may glorify you…I glorified you on the earth,…Now Father, glorify me…with the glory that I had with you before the world was created.” (John 17:1-5 ULT)
- But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory, the very character of his essence . He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULT)
+ But in these last days, he [God the Father] has spoken to us through a Son, whom he appointed to be the heir of all things. It is through him that God also made the universe. He is the brightness of God’s glory, the very character of his essence. He even holds everything together by the word of his power. (Hebrews 1:2-3 ULT)
-> Jesus said to him, “I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father . How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? (John 14:9 ULT)
+> Jesus said to him, “I have been with you for so long and you still do not know me, Philip? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? (John 14:9 ULT)
### Human Relationships
-**Human fathers and sons are not perfect, but the Bible still uses those terms for the Father and Son , who are perfect.**
+**Human fathers and sons are not perfect, but the Bible still uses those terms for the Father and Son, who are perfect.**
Just as today, human father-son relationships during Bible times were never as loving or perfect as the relationship between Jesus and his Father. But this does not mean that the translator should avoid the concepts of father and son. The scriptures use these terms to refer to God, the perfect Father and Son, as well as to sinful human fathers and sons. In referring to God as Father and Son, choose words in your language that are widely used to refer to a human “father” and “son.” In this way you will communicate that God the Father and God the Son are essentially the same (they are both God), just as a human father and son are essentially the same, both human and sharing the same characteristics.
diff --git a/translate/resources-alter/01.md b/translate/resources-alter/01.md
index 1d099a4..8b8989d 100644
--- a/translate/resources-alter/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-alter/01.md
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ The “AT:” indicates that this is an alternate translation. Some examples are
**Making Implicit Information Clear**
-> it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed . (Daniel 6:15 ULT)
+> it is the law of the Medes and Persians, that no decree or statute that the king issues can be changed. (Daniel 6:15 ULT)
* **no decree…can be changed** - An additional sentence may be added here to aid in understanding. AT: “no decree…can be changed. So they must throw Daniel into the pit of lions.” (See: *Explicit*)
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The additional sentence shows what the speaker wanted the king to understand fro
**Passive to Active**
-> to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven . (Luke 12:10 ULT)
+> to him who blasphemes against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven. (Luke 12:10 ULT)
* **it will not be forgiven** - This can be expressed with an active verb. AT: God will not forgive him. This can also be expressed in a positive way using a verb that means the opposite of “forgive.” AT: “God will consider him guilty forever” (See: *Active Passive*)
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ This Note provides an example of how translators can translate this passive sent
**Rhetorical Question**
-> Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? (Acts 9:4 ULT)
+> Saul, Saul, why are you persecuting me? (Acts 9:4 ULT)
* **why are you persecuting me?** - This rhetorical question communicates a rebuke to Saul. In some languages, a statement would be more natural (AT): “You are persecuting me!” or a command (AT): “Stop persecuting me!” (See: *Rhetorical Questions*)
diff --git a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md
index b4dab85..041e335 100644
--- a/translate/resources-alterm/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-alterm/01.md
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ The translator needs to decide which meaning to translate. Translators may choos
### Translation Notes Examples
-> But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into the folds of your robe . (Ezekiel 5:3 ULT)
+> But take a small number of hairs from them and tie them into the folds of your robe. (Ezekiel 5:3 ULT)
* **the folds of your robe** -- Possible meanings are 1) “the cloth on your arms” (“your sleeves”) (UST) or 2) “the end of the cloth on your robe” (“your hem”) or 3) the fold in the garment where it is tucked into the belt.
This note has the ULT text followed by three possible meanings. The word translated by “the folds of your robe” refers to the loose parts of the robe. Most scholars believe it refers here to the sleeves, but it could also refer to the loose part at the bottom or also to the folds in the middle, around the belt.
-> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus’ knees (Luke 5:8 ULT)
+> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus’ knees (Luke 5:8 ULT)
* **fell down at Jesus’ knees** - Possible meanings are 1) “knelt down before Jesus” or 2) “bowed down at Jesus’ feet” or 3) “lay down on the ground at Jesus’ feet.” Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.
diff --git a/translate/resources-clarify/01.md b/translate/resources-clarify/01.md
index 7916723..71896e5 100644
--- a/translate/resources-clarify/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-clarify/01.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ Sometimes a Note suggests a translation from the UST. In that case the text from
### Translation Notes Examples
-> He who sits in the heavens will sneer at them (Psalms 2:4 **ULT**)
+> He who sits in the heavens will sneer at them (Psalms 2:4 **ULT**)
-> But the one who sits on his throne in heaven laughs at them (Psalms 2:4 **UST**)
+> But the one who sits on his throne in heaven laughs at them (Psalms 2:4 **UST**)
The Note for this verse says:
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ The Note for this verse says:
Here there are two suggested translations for the phrase ‘sits in the heavens.’ The first expresses clearly what “sits in the heavens” represents. The second gives a hint about the idea of ruling by stated clearly that he sits on his “throne.” This suggestion is from the UST.
-> When he saw Jesus, he fell on his face . (Luke 5:12 **ULT**)
+> When he saw Jesus, he fell on his face. (Luke 5:12 **ULT**)
-> When he saw Jesus, he bowed down to the ground . (Luke 5:12 **UST**)
+> When he saw Jesus, he bowed down to the ground. (Luke 5:12 **UST**)
The Note for this verse says:
diff --git a/translate/resources-def/01.md b/translate/resources-def/01.md
index 02895ab..8f6de3b 100644
--- a/translate/resources-def/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-def/01.md
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ Sometimes you may not know what a word in the ULT means. The notes may have a de
### Translation Notes Examples
Simple definitions of words or phrases are added without quotes or sentence format. Here are examples:
-> It is like children playing in the marketplace, who sit and call to one another and say, “We played a flute for you.” (Matthew 11:16-17 ULT)
+> It is like children playing in the marketplace, who sit and call to one another and say, “We played a flute for you.” (Matthew 11:16-17 ULT)
* **marketplace** - a large, open-air area where people would come to sell their goods
* **flute** - a long, hollow musical instrument which is played by blowing air in or over one end
-> people who dress in splendid clothing and live in luxury are in kings’ palaces (Luke 7:25 ULT)
+> people who dress in splendid clothing and live in luxury are in kings’ palaces (Luke 7:25 ULT)
-* **kings’ palaces** - a large, expensive house that a king lives in
+* **kings’ palaces** - a large, expensive house that a king lives in
### Translation Principles
diff --git a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md
index 5a0c744..9e75258 100644
--- a/translate/resources-eplain/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-eplain/01.md
@@ -6,19 +6,19 @@ Sometimes you may not know what a word or phrase means in the ULT, and it may al
### Translation Notes Examples
Simple explanations about words or phrases are written as full sentences. They begin with a capital letter and end with a period (“.”).
-> The fishermen had gotten out of them and were washing their nets .(Luke 5:2 ULT)
+> The fishermen had gotten out of them and were washing their nets.(Luke 5:2 ULT)
* **washing their nets** - They were cleaning their fishing nets in order to use them again to catch fish.
If you did not know that fishermen used nets to catch fish, you might wonder why the fishermen were cleaning their nets. This explanation can help you choose good words for “were washing” and “nets.”
-> they motioned to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULT)
+> they motioned to their partners in the other boat (Luke 5:7 ULT)
-* **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms.
+* **motioned** - They were too far from shore to call so they made gestures, probably waving their arms.
This note can help you understand what kind of motion the people made. It was a motion that people would be able to see from a distance. This will help you choose a good word or phrase for “motioned.”
-> He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even while in his mother’s womb . (Luke 1:14 ULT)
+> He will be filled with the Holy Spirit, even while in his mother’s womb. (Luke 1:14 ULT)
* **even while in his mother’s womb** - The word “even” here indicates that this is especially surprising news. People had been filled with the Holy Spirit before, but no one had heard of an unborn baby being filled with the Holy Spirit.
diff --git a/translate/resources-fofs/01.md b/translate/resources-fofs/01.md
index 0812ef8..ead2cdc 100644
--- a/translate/resources-fofs/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-fofs/01.md
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ In order to translate the meaning, you need to be able to recognize the figure o
### Translation Notes Examples
-> Many will come in my name and say, ‘I am he,’ and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULT)
+> Many will come in my name and say, ‘I am he,’ and they will lead many astray. (Mark 13:6 ULT)
* **in my name** - Possible meanings are 1) AT: “claiming my authority” or 2) “claiming that God sent them.” (See: [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md) and [Idiom](../figs-idiom/01.md))
The figure of speech in this Note is called a metonymy. The phrase “in my name” does not refer to the speaker’s name (Jesus), but to his person and authority. The Note explains the metonymy in this passage by giving two alternate translations. After that, there is a link to the UTA page about metonymy. Click on the link to learn about metonymy and general strategies for translating metonymys. Because this phrase is also a common idiom, the Note includes a link to the UTA page that explains idioms.
-> “ You offspring of vipers ! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
+> “You offspring of vipers! Who warned you to run away from the wrath that is coming? (Luke 3:7 ULT)
* **You offspring of vipers** - In this metaphor, John compares the crowd to vipers, which were deadly or dangerous snakes and represent evil. AT: “You evil poisonous snakes” or “People should stay away from you just like they avoid poisonous snakes” (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md))
diff --git a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md
index 879fd7d..50ac5fe 100644
--- a/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-iordquote/01.md
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ There may be a note about direct and indirect quotes when a quote has another qu
### Translation Notes Examples
-> He instructed him to tell no one (Luke 5:14 ULT)
+> He instructed him to tell no one (Luke 5:14 ULT)
-* **to tell no one** - This can be translated as a direct quote: “Do not tell anyone” There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): “do not tell anyone that you have been healed” (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md) and [Ellipsis](../figs-ellipsis/01.md))
+* **to tell no one** - This can be translated as a direct quote: “Do not tell anyone” There is implied information that can also be stated explicitly (AT): “do not tell anyone that you have been healed” (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md) and [Ellipsis](../figs-ellipsis/01.md))
Here the translationNote shows how to change the indirect quote to a direct quote, in case that would be clearer or more natural in the target language.
-> At the time of the harvest I will say to the reapers, “First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn .” (Matthew 13:30 ULT)
+> At the time of the harvest I will say to the reapers, “First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn.” (Matthew 13:30 ULT)
* **I will say to the reapers, “First pull out the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, but gather the wheat into my barn”** - You can translate this as an indirect quote: “I will tell the reapers to first gather up the weeds and tie them in bundles to burn them, then gather the wheat into my barn.” (See: [Direct and Indirect Quotations](../figs-quotations/01.md))
diff --git a/translate/resources-long/01.md b/translate/resources-long/01.md
index e165327..34f2518 100644
--- a/translate/resources-long/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-long/01.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Sometimes there are notes for a phrase and separate notes for portions of that p
### Translation Notes Examples
-> But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULT)
+> But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart that you are storing up for yourself wrath in the day of wrath (Romans 2:5 ULT)
* **But it is to the extent of your hardness and unrepentant heart** - Paul uses a metaphor to compare a person who refuses to obey God to something hard, like a stone. He also uses the metonym “heart” to represent the whole person. AT: “It is because you refuse to listen and repent” (See: [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md) and [Metonymy](../figs-metonymy/01.md))
* **hardness and unrepentant heart** - The phrase “unrepentant heart” explains the word “hardness” (See: [Doublet](../figs-doublet/01.md))
diff --git a/translate/resources-porp/01.md b/translate/resources-porp/01.md
index 55638a3..1185106 100644
--- a/translate/resources-porp/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-porp/01.md
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Sometimes Bible scholars do not know for sure, or do not agree on, what a partic
### Translation Notes Examples
When many scholars say that a word or phrase means one thing, and many others say that it means other things, we show the most common meanings that they give. Our notes for these situations begin with “Possible meanings are” and then give a **numbered list**. We recommend that you use the first meaning given. However, if people in your community have access to another Bible that uses one of the other possible meanings, you may decide that it is better to use that meaning.
-> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus’ knees , saying, “Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord.” (Luke 5:8 ULT)
+> But Simon Peter, when he saw it, fell down at Jesus’ knees, saying, “Depart from me, for I am a sinful man, Lord.” (Luke 5:8 ULT)
* **fell down at Jesus’ knees** - Possible meanings are 1) “knelt down before Jesus” or 2) “bowed down at Jesus feet” or 3) “lay down on the ground at Jesus feet.” Peter did not fall accidentally. He did this as a sign of humility and respect for Jesus.
diff --git a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md
index 2c4b053..9d699d7 100644
--- a/translate/resources-synequi/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-synequi/01.md
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@ Some Notes provide a translation suggestion that can replace the word or phrase
### Translation Notes Examples
-> Make ready the way of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULT)
+> Make ready the way of the Lord, (Luke 3:4 ULT)
-* **the way** - “the path” or “the road”
+* **the way** - “the path” or “the road”
In this example, the words “the path” or the words “the road” can replace the words “the way” in the ULT. You can decide whether it is natural to say “way,” “path,” or “road” in your language.
-> Deacons, likewise , should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULT)
+> Deacons, likewise, should be dignified, not double-talkers. (1 Timothy 3:8 ULT)
-* **Deacons, likewise** - “In the same way, deacons” or “Deacons, like overseers”
+* **Deacons, likewise** - “In the same way, deacons” or “Deacons, like overseers”
In this example, the words “In the same way, deacons” or “Deacons, like overseers” can replace the words “Deacons, likewise” in the ULT. You, as the translator, can decide what is natural for your language.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/resources-types/01.md b/translate/resources-types/01.md
index 083c4e1..9bdc364 100644
--- a/translate/resources-types/01.md
+++ b/translate/resources-types/01.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
TranslationNotes are words or phrases copied from the ULT and then explained. In English, every Note that explains the ULT starts the same. There is a bullet point, the ULT text is in bold followed by a dash, and then there are translation suggestions or information for the translator. The Notes follow this format:
-* **copied ULT text** - translation suggestion or information for the translator.
+* **copied ULT text** - translation suggestion or information for the translator.
### Types of Notes
diff --git a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md
index d65c9ef..5dd7c1d 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bdistance/01.md
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ The following terms are the most common measures for distance or length that wer
* The **handbreadth** was the width of the palm of a man’s hand.
* The **span** or handspan was the width of a man’s hand with the fingers spread out.
-* The **cubit** was the length of a man’s forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger.
-* The **”long” cubit** is used only in Ezekiel 40-48. It is the length of a normal cubit plus a span.
-* The **stadium** (plural, **stadia**) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as “furlong”, which referred to the average length of a plowed field.
+* The **cubit** was the length of a man’s forearm, from the elbow to the tip of the longest finger.
+* The **”long” cubit** is used only in Ezekiel 40-48. It is the length of a normal cubit plus a span.
+* The **stadium** (plural, **stadia**) referred to a certain footrace that was about 185 meters in length. Some older English versions translated this word as “furlong”, which referred to the average length of a plowed field.
The metric values in the table below are close but not exactly equal to the biblical measures. The biblical measures probably differed in exact length from time to time and place to place. The equivalents below are an attempt to give an average measurement.
@@ -45,23 +45,23 @@ The strategies are all applied to Exodus 25:10 below.
1. Use the measurements given in the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
- * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits ; its width will be one kubit and a half ; and its height will be one kubit and a half .”
+ * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half kubits; its width will be one kubit and a half; and its height will be one kubit and a half.”
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
- * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter ; its width will be two thirds of a meter ; and its height will be two thirds of a meter .”
+ * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter; its width will be two thirds of a meter; and its height will be two thirds of a meter.”
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement. For example, if you measure things using the standard foot length, you could translate it as below.
- * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be 3 3/4 feet ; its width will be 2 1/4 feet ; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet .”
+ * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be3 3/4 feet; its width will be 2 1/4 feet; and its height will be 2 1/4 feet.”
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
- * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one meter) ; its width will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter) ; and its height will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter) .”
+ * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits (one meter); its width will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter); and its height will be one cubit and a half (two thirds of a meter).”
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULT measurements in notes.
- * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter 1 ; its width will be two thirds of a meter 2 ; and its height will be two thirds of a meter .” The footnotes would look like:
+ * “They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be one meter 1 ; its width will be two thirds of a meter 2 ; and its height will be two thirds of a meter.” The footnotes would look like:
* [1] two and a half cubits
* [2] one cubit and a half
diff --git a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md
index a5ac794..52ef569 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bmoney/01.md
@@ -43,24 +43,24 @@ The translations strategies are all applied to Luke 7:41 below.
1. Use the Bible term and spell it in a way that is similar to the way it sounds. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
- * “The one owed five hundred denali , and the other owed fifty denali .” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
+ * “The one owed five hundred denali, and the other owed fifty denali.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what kind of metal it was made of and how many pieces or coins were used.
- * “The one owed five hundred silver coins , and the other owed fifty silver coins .” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
+ * “The one owed five hundred silver coins, and the other owed fifty silver coins.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
1. Describe the value of the money in terms of what people in Bible times could earn in one day of work.
- * “The one owed five hundred days’ wages , and the other owed fifty days’ wages .”
+ * “The one owed five hundred days’ wages, and the other owed fifty days’ wages.”
1. Use the Bible term and give the equivalent amount in the text or a footnote.
- * “The one owed five hundred denarii 1 , and the other owed fifty denarii . 2 “ (Luke 7:41 ULT) The footnotes would look like:
+ * “The one owed five hundred denarii 1 , and the other owed fifty denarii. 2 “ (Luke 7:41 ULT) The footnotes would look like:
* [1] five hundred days’s wages
* [2] fifty day’s wages
1. Use the Bible term and explain it in a footnote.
- * “The one owed five hundred denarii 1 , and the other owed fifty denarii .” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
+ * “The one owed five hundred denarii 1 , and the other owed fifty denarii.” (Luke 7:41 ULT)
* [1] A denarius was the amount of silver that people could earn in one day of work.
diff --git a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md
index a389704..2c4c979 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bvolume/01.md
@@ -43,20 +43,20 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below.
1. Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
- * “For four hektares of vineyard will yield only one bat , and one homer of seed will yield only an efa .”
+ * “For four hektares of vineyard will yield only one bat, and one homer of seed will yield only an efa.”
1. Use the measurements given in the UST. Usually they are metric measurements. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
- * “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters , and ten baskets of seed will yield only one basket .”
- * “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters .”
+ * “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters, and ten baskets of seed will yield only one basket.”
+ * “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only twenty-two liters and 220 liters of seed will yield only twenty-two liters.”
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
- * “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts.”
+ * “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only six gallons, and six and a half bushels of seed will yield only twenty quarts.”
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a note. The following shows both measurements in the text.
- * “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons) , and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts) .”
+ * “For four hectares of vineyard will yield only one bath (six gallons), and one homer (six and a half bushels) of seed will yield only an ephah (twenty quarts).”
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a note. The following shows the ULT measurements in footnotes.
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The strategies are all applied to Isaiah 5:10 below.
Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses a number. In these cases, many English versions, including the ULT and UST, add the word “measure.”
-* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty measures of grain, there were only ten , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures of wine, there were only twenty .** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
+* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty measures of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures of wine, there were only twenty.** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
#### Translation Strategies
@@ -82,21 +82,21 @@ Sometimes the Hebrew does not specify a particular unit of volume but only uses
The strategies are all applied to Haggai 2:16 below.
-* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty measures of grain, there were only ten , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures of wine, there were only twenty .** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
+* **whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty measures of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty measures of wine, there were only twenty.** (Haggai 2:16 ULT)
1. Translate literally by using the number without a unit.
- * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty of grain, there were only ten , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty of wine, there were only twenty .
+ * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty of wine, there were only twenty.
1. Use a generic word like “measure” or “quantity” or “amount.”
- * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts of wine, there were only twenty .
+ * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty amounts of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty amounts of wine, there were only twenty.
1. Use the name of an appropriate container, such as “basket” for grain or “jar” for wine.
- * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty baskets of grain, there were only ten , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty jars of wine, there were only twenty .
+ * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty baskets of grain, there were only ten, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty jars of wine, there were only twenty.
1. Use a unit of measure that you are already using in your translation.
- * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty liters of grain, there were only ten liters , and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty liters of wine, there were only twenty liters .
+ * whenever anyone came to the grainery for twenty liters of grain, there were only ten liters, and whenever someone came to the wine vat to draw out fifty liters of wine, there were only twenty liters.
diff --git a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md
index ce6475e..7d7eb9b 100644
--- a/translate/translate-bweight/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-bweight/01.md
@@ -33,27 +33,27 @@ The following terms are the most common units of weight in the Bible. The term
The strategies are all applied to Exodus 38:29 below.
-* **The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels .** (Exodus 38:29 ULT)
+* **The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels.** (Exodus 38:29 ULT)
1. Use the measurements from the ULT. These are the same kinds of measurements that the original writers used. Spell them in a way that is similar to the way they sound or are spelled in the ULT. (see [Copy or Borrow Words](../translate-transliterate/01.md))
- * “The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles .”
+ * “The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talentes and 2,400 sekeles.”
1. Use the metric measurements given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
- * “The bronze from the offering weighed 2,400 kilograms .”
+ * “The bronze from the offering weighed 2,400 kilograms.”
1. Use measurements that are already used in your language. In order to do this you would need to know how your measurements relate to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
- * “The bronze from the offering weighed 5,300 pounds .”
+ * “The bronze from the offering weighed 5,300 pounds.”
1. Use the measurements from the ULT and include measurements that your people know in the text or a footnote. The following shows both measurements in the text.
- * “The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms) .”
+ * “The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents (2,380 kilograms) and 2,400 shekels (26.4 kilograms).”
1. Use measurements that your people know, and include the measurements from the ULT in the text or in a footnote. The following shows the ULT measurements in notes.
- * “The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels . 1 “
+ * “The bronze from the offering weighed seventy talents and 2,400 shekels. 1 “
* The footnote would look like:
[1] This was a total of about 2,400 kilograms.
diff --git a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md
index 08c72e3..67dd54e 100644
--- a/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-chapverse/01.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ If the people who speak your language have another Bible that they use, number t
The example below is from 3 John 1. Some Bibles mark this text as verses 14 and 15, and some mark it all as verse 14. You may mark the verse numbers as your other Bible does.
-> ** 14 But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** 15 ** Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULT)
+> ** 14 But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face.** 15 **Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name.** (3 John 1:14-15 ULT)
> 14 But I expect to see you soon, and we will speak face to face. Peace be to you. The friends greet you. Greet the friends by name. (3 John 14)
diff --git a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md
index dedca63..ff7cf68 100644
--- a/translate/translate-decimal/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-decimal/01.md
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ In the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST) parts of a number are written as de
### Examples from the Bible
For telling about parts of a number, the unfoldingWord® Literal Text (ULT) uses fractions, and the unfoldingWord® Simplified Text (UST) uses mostly decimals when the number is used with a measurement. Another difference between the ULT and the UST is that when measuring [Biblical Distance](../translate-bdistance/01.md), [Biblical Weight](../translate-bweight/01.md), and [Biblical Volume](../translate-bvolume/01.md), they use different systems, so the numbers in the ULT and the UST are not the same for these measures.
-> They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits ; its width will be one cubit and a half ; and its height will be one cubit and a half . (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
+> They are to make an ark of acacia wood. Its length must be two and a half cubits; its width will be one cubit and a half; and its height will be one cubit and a half. (Exodus 25:10 ULT)
The ULT uses the fraction “half.” This can also be written as a decimal: .5.
-> Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be one meter long, 0.7 meter wide , and 0.7 meter high. (Exodus 25:10 UST)
+> Tell the people to make a sacred chest from acacia wood. It is to be one meter long, 0.7 meter wide, and 0.7 meter high. (Exodus 25:10 UST)
The UST uses the decimal 0.7. This equals seven tenths.
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ One and a half cubits is about .7 meter or seven tenths of a meter.
(1) If you decide to use decimals and the measures in the ULT, you will need to change the fractions in the ULT to decimals.
-> ** three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULT)
->> “ 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.”
+> **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 ULT)
+>> “ 0.3 ephah of fine flour mixed with oil as a grain offering, and one log of oil.”
(2) If you decide to use fractions and the measures in the UST, you will need to change the decimals in the UST to fractions.
-> ** about 6.5 liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UST)
->> “ about six and a half liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil.”
+> **about 6.5 liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil.** (Leviticus 14:10 UST)
+>> “about six and a half liters of a fine flour offering, mixed with olive oil, to be an offering, and about one third liter of olive oil.”
diff --git a/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md b/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md
index 36770f0..ab3eaf8 100644
--- a/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-dynamic/01.md
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ We have looked closely at literal translations. Now, we will look at meaning-bas
### Key Characteristic
-The key characteristic of meaning-based translations is that they give priority to translating the meaning over reproducing the form of the source text. That is, they **change the form of the text as needed in order to make the meaning clear.** The most common types of changes that meaning-based translations make are:
+The key characteristic of meaning-based translations is that they give priority to translating the meaning over reproducing the form of the source text. That is, they **change the form of the text as needed in order to make the meaning clear.** The most common types of changes that meaning-based translations make are:
* change word order to match the grammar of the target language
* replace foreign grammatical structures with natural ones
@@ -29,11 +29,11 @@ What does a meaning-based translation look like? We will look at how different v
In Luke 3:8, *John the Baptist rebukes the self-righteous people who came to be baptized.*
-The **Greek** text of the first half of the verse is shown below.
+The **Greek** text of the first half of the verse is shown below.
> Ποιήσατε οὖν καρποὺς ἀξίους τῆς μετανοίας
-The **English** translation in the same order as each Greek word, with some alternative English words to choose from, is below.
+The **English** translation in the same order as each Greek word, with some alternative English words to choose from, is below.
> Do/make/produce therefore fruits fit/appropriate of the repentance
diff --git a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md
index f8534af..ffe36bb 100644
--- a/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-formatsignals/01.md
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ It is background information that the writer put in that place to help the reade
In John 6:6, John interrupted the story he was writing to explain that Jesus already knew what he was going to do. This is put in parentheses.
-> 5 When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, “Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?” 6 **(** Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do .**)** 7 Philip answered him, “Two hundred denarii worth of bread would not be sufficient for each one to have even a little.” (John 6:5-7 ULT)
+> 5 When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming to him, he said to Philip, “Where are we going to buy bread so that these may eat?” 6 **(**Now Jesus said this to test Philip, for he himself knew what he was going to do.**)** 7 Philip answered him, “Two hundred denarii worth of bread would not be sufficient for each one to have even a little.” (John 6:5-7 ULT)
The words in the parentheses below are not what Jesus was saying, but what Matthew was saying to the reader, to alert the reader that Jesus was using words that they would need to think about and interpret.
-> “Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place” **(** let the reader understand **)**, “let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak.” (Matthew 24:15-18 ULT)
+> “Therefore, when you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of by Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place” **(let the reader understand)**, “let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let him who is on the housetop not go down to take out anything that is in his house, 18and let him who is in the field not return to take his cloak.” (Matthew 24:15-18 ULT)
#### Indentation
diff --git a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md
index a6b843b..d0ae0a0 100644
--- a/translate/translate-fraction/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-fraction/01.md
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
### Description
Fractions are a kind of number that refer to equal parts of a thing or to equal groups within a larger group of people or things. An item or a group of items is divided into two or more parts or groups, and a fraction refers to one or more of those parts or groups.
-> For the drink offering, you must offer a third of a hin of wine. (Numbers 15:7 ULT)
+> For the drink offering, you must offer a third of a hin of wine. (Numbers 15:7 ULT)
A hin is a container used for measuring wine and other liquids. They were to think about dividing a hin container into three equal parts and fill up only one of those parts, and offer that amount.
-> a third of the ships were destroyed. (Revelation 8:9 ULT)
+> a third of the ships were destroyed. (Revelation 8:9 ULT)
There were many ships. If all those ships were divided into three equal groups of ships, one group of ships was destroyed.
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ Some fractions in English do not follow that pattern.
### Examples From the Bible
-> Now to one half of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other half , Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULT)
+> Now to one half of the tribe of Manasseh, Moses had given an inheritance in Bashan, but to the other half, Joshua gave an inheritance beside their brothers in the land west of the Jordan. (Joshua 22:7 ULT)
The tribe of Manasseh divided into two groups. The phrase “one half of the tribe of Manasseh” refers one of those groups. The phrase “the other half” refers to the other group.
-> The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill a third of humanity. (Revelation 9:15 ULT)
+> The four angels who had been prepared for that very hour, that day, that month, and that year, were released to kill a third of humanity. (Revelation 9:15 ULT)
If all the people were to be divided into three equal groups, then the number of people in one group would be killed.
-> You must also prepare a fourth of a hin of wine as the drink offering. (Numbers 15:5 ULT)
+> You must also prepare a fourth of a hin of wine as the drink offering. (Numbers 15:5 ULT)
They were to imagine dividing a hin of wine into four equal parts and prepare the amount equal to one of them.
@@ -56,22 +56,22 @@ If a fraction in your language would give the right meaning, consider using it.
1. Tell the number of parts or groups that the item would be divided into, and then tell the number of parts or groups that is being referred to.
- * ** A third of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULT)
- * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts , and one part of the ocean became blood.
+ * **A third of the ocean became red like blood** (Revelation 8:8 ULT)
+ * It was like they divided the ocean into three parts, and one part of the ocean became blood.
- * **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
- *…then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts . Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
+ * **then you must offer with the bull a grain offering of three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
+ *…then you must divide an ephah of fine flour into ten parts and divide a hin of oil into two parts. Then mix three of those parts of the flour with one of the parts of oil. Then you must offer that grain offering along with the bull.
1. For measurements, use the measurements that are given in the UST. The translators of the UST have already figured how to represent the amounts in the metric system.
- * ** two thirds of a shekel ** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULT)
- * eight grams of silver (1 Samuel 13:21 UST)
+ * **two thirds of a shekel** (1 Samuel 13:21 ULT)
+ * eight grams of silver (1 Samuel 13:21 UST)
- * ** three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
- * six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UST)
+ * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9 ULT)
+ * six and one-half liters of finely ground flour mixed with two liters of olive oil. (Numbers 15:9 UST)
1. For measurements, use ones that are used in your language. In order to do that you would need to know how your measurements relates to the metric system and figure out each measurement.
- * ** three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULT)
- * six quarts of fine flour mixed with two quarts of oil.
+ * **three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil.** (Numbers 15:9, ULT)
+ * six quarts of fine flour mixed with two quarts of oil.
diff --git a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
index 97d89f0..91eca88 100644
--- a/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-hebrewmonths/01.md
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ This is a list of the Hebrew months with information about them that may be help
#### Examples from the Bible
- You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Abib . (Exodus 13:4 ULT)
+ You are going out of Egypt on this day, in the month of Abib. (Exodus 13:4 ULT)
-> You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day in the first month of the year , until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULT)
+> You must eat unleavened bread from twilight of the fourteenth day in the first month of the year, until twilight of the twenty-first day of the month. (Exodus 12:18 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@@ -58,27 +58,27 @@ You may need to make some information about the months explicit. (see [Assumed K
The examples below use these two verses.
-> **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Abib , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULT)
+> **At that time, you will appear before me in the month of Abib, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.** (Exodus 23:15 ULT)
-> **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work.** (Leviticus 16:29 ULT)
+> **It will always be a statute for you that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work.** (Leviticus 16:29 ULT)
(1) Tell the number of the Hebrew month.
->> At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
+>> At that time, you will appear before me in the first month of the year, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
(2) Use the months that people know.
->> At that time, you will appear before me in the month of March , which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
+>> At that time, you will appear before me in the month of March, which is fixed for this purpose. It was in this month that you came out from Egypt.
->> It will always be a statute for you that on the day I choose in late September you must humble yourselves and do no work.”
+>> It will always be a statute for you that on the day I choose in late September you must humble yourselves and do no work.”
(3) State clearly what season the month occurred in.
->> It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work.
+>> It will always be a statute for you that in the autumn, on the tenth day of the seventh month, you must humble yourselves and do no work.
(4) Refer to the time in terms of the season rather than in terms of the month.
->> It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn 1 you must humble yourselves and do no work.
+>> It will always be a statute for you that in the day I choose in early autumn 1 you must humble yourselves and do no work.
>> The footnote would look like:
>> [1] The Hebrew says, “the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month.”
diff --git a/translate/translate-help/01.md b/translate/translate-help/01.md
index fb641a4..9df46a3 100644
--- a/translate/translate-help/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-help/01.md
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
To help translators make the best translation possible, **unfoldingWord® Translation Notes**, **unfoldingWord® Translation Words**, and **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** have been created.
-**unfoldingWord® Translation Notes** are cultural, linguistic, and exegetical notes that help to describe and explain some of the Bible background that the translator needs to know to translate accurately. The unfoldingWord® Translation Notes also inform translators about different ways that they might express the same meaning. See http://ufw.io/tn/.
+**unfoldingWord® Translation Notes** are cultural, linguistic, and exegetical notes that help to describe and explain some of the Bible background that the translator needs to know to translate accurately. The unfoldingWord® Translation Notes also inform translators about different ways that they might express the same meaning. See http://ufw.io/tn/.
-The **unfoldingWord® Translation Words** are key terms found in Open Bible Stories and the Bible that are important to translate correctly. Each of these words or phrases has a small article written about it as well as cross-references to other places where that term is used in either Open Bible Stories or the Bible. This is to show the translator other ways that the unfoldingWord® Translation Words is used and to ensure that it has been translated correctly in those places, too. See http://ufw.io/tw/.
+The **unfoldingWord® Translation Words** are key terms found in Open Bible Stories and the Bible that are important to translate correctly. Each of these words or phrases has a small article written about it as well as cross-references to other places where that term is used in either Open Bible Stories or the Bible. This is to show the translator other ways that the unfoldingWord® Translation Words is used and to ensure that it has been translated correctly in those places, too. See http://ufw.io/tw/.
The **unfoldingWord® Translation Questions** are comprehension questions that can be used to self-check your translation. If you can correctly answer the unfoldingWord® Translation Questions using only the Target Language translation, then it is an accurate translation. The unfoldingWord® Translation Questions are also a good tool to use for checking with the target language community. See http://ufw.io/tq/.
diff --git a/translate/translate-names/01.md b/translate/translate-names/01.md
index dd5e0a8..9985657 100644
--- a/translate/translate-names/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-names/01.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ The Bible has names of many people, groups of people, and places. Some of these
Most names in the Bible have meaning. Most of the time, names in the Bible are used simply to identify the people and places they refer to. But sometimes the meaning of a name is especially important.
-> It was this Melchizedek , king of Salem, priest of God Most High, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him. (Hebrews 7:1 ULT)
+> It was this Melchizedek, king of Salem, priest of God Most High, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings and blessed him. (Hebrews 7:1 ULT)
Here the writer uses the name “Melchizedek” primarily to refer to a man who had that name, and the title “king of Salem” tells us that he ruled over a certain city.
@@ -24,22 +24,22 @@ Here the writer explains the meanings of Melchizedek’s name and title, because
### Examples from the Bible
-> You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho . The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
+> You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
Readers might not know that “Jordan” is the name of a river, “Jericho” is the name of a city, and “Amorites” is the name of a group of people.
-> she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called Beerlahairoi ; (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
+> she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called Beerlahairoi; (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
Readers may not understand the second sentence if they do not know that “Beerlahairoi” means “Well of the Living One who sees me.”
-> She named him Moses and said, “Because I drew him from the water.” (Exodus 2:11 ULT)
+> She named him Moses and said, “Because I drew him from the water.” (Exodus 2:11 ULT)
Readers may not understand why she said this if they do not know that the name Moses sounds like the Hebrew words “pull out.”
-> Saul was in agreement with his death (Acts 8:1 ULT)
+> Saul was in agreement with his death (Acts 8:1 ULT)
- It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue (Acts 14:1 ULT)
+ It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue (Acts 14:1 ULT)
Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
@@ -55,48 +55,48 @@ Readers may not know that the names Saul and Paul refer to the same person.
(1) If readers cannot easily understand from the context what kind of a thing a name refers to, you can add a word to clarify it.
-> **You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho . The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites** (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
->> You went over the Jordan River and came to the city of Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the tribe of the Amorites
+> **You went over the Jordan and came to Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the Amorites** (Joshua 24:11 ULT)
+>> You went over the Jordan River and came to the city of Jericho. The leaders of Jericho fought against you, along with the tribe of the Amorites
-> **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because Herod wants to kill you.”** (Luke 13:31 ULT)
->> Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because King Herod wants to kill you.
+> **Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because Herod wants to kill you.”** (Luke 13:31 ULT)
+>> Shortly after, some Pharisees came and said to him, “Go and leave here because King Herod wants to kill you.
(2) If readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, copy the name and tell about its meaning either in the text or in a footnote.
-> **She named him Moses and said, “Because I drew him from the water.”** (Exodus 2:11 ULT)
->> She named him Moses, which sounds like ‘drawn out,’ and said, “Because I drew him from the water.”
+> **She named him Moses and said, “Because I drew him from the water.”** (Exodus 2:11 ULT)
+>> She named him Moses, which sounds like ‘drawn out,’ and said, “Because I drew him from the water.”
(3) Or if readers need to understand the meaning of a name in order to understand what is said about it, and that name is used only once, translate the meaning of the name instead of copying the name.
-> **…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called Beerlahairoi ;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
->> …she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called Well of the Living One who sees me ;
+> **…she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called Beerlahairoi;** (Genesis 16:13-14 ULT)
+>> …she said, “Do I really continue to see, even after he has seen me?” Therefore the well was called Well of the Living One who sees me;
(4) If a person or place has two different names, use one name most of the time and the other name only when the text tells about the person or place having more than one name or when it says something about why the person or place was given that name. Write a footnote when the source text uses the name that is used less frequently. For example, Paul is called “Saul” before Acts 13 and “Paul” after Acts 13. You could translate his name as “Paul” all of the time, except in Acts 13:9 where it talks about him having both names.
-> **…a young man named Saul** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
->> …a young man named Paul 1
+> **…a young man named Saul** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
+>> …a young man named Paul 1
The footnote would look like:
>> [1] Most versions say Saul here, but most of the time in the Bible he is called Paul.
-> **But Saul, who is also called Paul , was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
->> But Saul , who is also called Paul , was filled with the Holy Spirit;
+> **But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
+>> But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;
(5) Or if a person or place has two names, use whatever name is given in the source text, and add a footnote that gives the other name. For example, you could write “Saul” where the source text has “Saul” and “Paul” where the source text has “Paul.”
-> **a young man named Saul** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
->> a young man named Saul
+> **a young man named Saul** (Acts 7:58 ULT)
+>> a young man named Saul
The footnote would look like:
>> [1] This is the same man who is called Paul beginning in Acts 13.
-> **But Saul , who is also called Paul , was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
->> But Saul , who is also called Paul , was filled with the Holy Spirit;
+> **But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;** (Acts 13:9)
+>> But Saul, who is also called Paul, was filled with the Holy Spirit;
-> **It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue** (Acts 14:1 ULT)
->> It came about in Iconium that Paul 1 and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue
+> **It came about in Iconium that Paul and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue** (Acts 14:1 ULT)
+>> It came about in Iconium that Paul 1 and Barnabas entered together into the synagogue
The footnote would look like:
diff --git a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md
index 5803cfe..97c28c5 100644
--- a/translate/translate-numbers/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-numbers/01.md
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
There are many numbers in the Bible. They can be written as words, such as “five” or as numerals, such as “5.” Some numbers are very large, such as “two hundred” (200), “twenty-two thousand” (22,000), or “one hundred million” (100,000,000.) Some languages do not have words for all of these numbers. Translators need to decide how to translate numbers and whether to write them as words or numerals.
Some numbers are exact and others are rounded.
-> Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
+> Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
Eighty-six (86) is an exact number.
-> That day about three thousand men out of the people died. (Exodus 32:28 ULT)
+> That day about three thousand men out of the people died. (Exodus 32:28 ULT)
Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more than that or a little less than that. The word “about” shows that it is not an exact number.
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ Here the number three thousand is a round number. It may have been a little more
### Examples from the Bible
-> When Jared had lived 162 years, he became the father of Enoch. After he became the father of Enoch, Jared lived eight hundred years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Jared lived 962 years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:18-20 ULT)
+> When Jared had lived 162 years, he became the father of Enoch. After he became the father of Enoch, Jared lived eight hundred years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Jared lived 962 years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:18-20 ULT)
The numbers 162, eight hundred, and 962 are exact numbers and should be translated with something as close to those numbers as possible.
-> Our sister, may you be the mother of thousands of ten thousands (Genesis 24:60 ULT)
+> Our sister, may you be the mother of thousands of ten thousands (Genesis 24:60 ULT)
This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she should have, but it was a huge number of them.
@@ -39,27 +39,27 @@ This is a rounded number. It does not say exactly how many descendants she shoul
### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
We will use the following verse in our examples:
-> Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for Yahweh’s house 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULT)
+> Now, see, at great effort I have prepared for Yahweh’s house 100,000 talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities. (1 Chronicles 22:14 ULT)
(1) Write numbers using numerals.
-> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house 100,000 talents of gold, 1,000,000 talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
+> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house 100,000 talents of gold, 1,000,000 talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
(2) Write numbers using your language’s words or the gateway language words for those numbers.
-> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house one hundred thousand talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
+> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house one hundred thousand talents of gold, one million talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
(3) Write numbers using words, and put the numerals in parenthesis after them.
-> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house one hundred thousand (100,000) talents of gold, one million (1,000,000) talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
+> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house one hundred thousand (100,000) talents of gold, one million (1,000,000) talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
(4) Combine words for large numbers.
-> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house one hundred thousand talents of gold, a thousand thousand talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
+> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house one hundred thousand talents of gold, a thousand thousand talents of silver, and bronze and iron in large quantities.
(5) Use a very general expression for very large rounded numbers and write the numeral in parentheses afterward.
-> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house a great amount of gold (100,000 talents) , ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents) , and bronze and iron in large quantities.
+> I have prepared for Yahweh’s house a great amount of gold (100,000 talents), ten times that amount of silver (1,000,000 talents), and bronze and iron in large quantities.
#### Consistency
@@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ Be consistent in your translations. Decide how the numbers will be translated, u
#### Consistency in the ULT and UST
The *unfoldingWord® Literal Text* (ULT) and the *unfoldingWord® Simplified Text* (UST) use words for numbers that have only one or two words (nine, sixteen, three hundred). They use numerals for numbers that have more than two words (the numerals “130” instead of “one hundred thirty”).
-> When Adam had lived 130 years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived eight hundred years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived 930 years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULT)
+> When Adam had lived 130 years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, after his image, and he called his name Seth. After Adam became the father of Seth, he lived eight hundred years. He became the father of more sons and daughters. Adam lived 930 years, and then he died. (Genesis 5:3-5 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md
index 527066d..9e117cf 100644
--- a/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-ordinal/01.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
Ordinal numbers are used in the Bible mainly to tell the position of something in a list.
-> He gave to the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then those who do powerful deeds (1 Corinthians 12:28 ULT)
+> He gave to the church first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then those who do powerful deeds (1 Corinthians 12:28 ULT)
This is a list of workers that God gave to the church in their order.
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ Some languages do not have special numbers for showing the order of items in a l
### Examples from the Bible
-> The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
+> The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah. (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
People tossed lots and one went to each of these people in the order given.
-> You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The first row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The second row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The third row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The fourth row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULT)
+> You must place in it four rows of precious stones. The first row must have a ruby, a topaz, and a garnet. The second row must have an emerald, a sapphire, and a diamond. The third row must have a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst. The fourth row must have a beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They must be mounted in gold settings. (Exodus 28:17-20 ULT)
This describes four rows of stones. The first row is probably the top row, and the fourth row is probably the bottom row.
@@ -55,16 +55,16 @@ If your language has ordinal numbers and using them would give the right meaning
(1) Tell the total number of items, and use “one” with the first item and “another” or “the next” with the rest.
-> **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
->> There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, another to Jedaiah, another to Harim, … another to Delaiah, and the last went to Maaziah.
->> There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, the next to Jedaiah, the next to Harim, … the next to Delaiah, and the last went to Maaziah.
+> **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
+>> There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, another to Jedaiah, another to Harim, … another to Delaiah, and the last went to Maaziah.
+>> There were twenty-four lots. One lot went to Jehoiarib, the next to Jedaiah, the next to Harim, … the next to Delaiah, and the last went to Maaziah.
-> **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of the first is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of the second river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULT)
->> A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of one is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of the next river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the next river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The last river is the Euphrates.
+> **A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of the first is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of the second river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The fourth river is the Euphrates.** (Genesis 2:10-14 ULT)
+>> A river went out of Eden to water the garden. From there it divided and became four rivers. The name of one is Pishon. It is the one which flows throughout the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold. The gold of that land is good. There is also bdellium and the onyx stone there. The name of the next river is Gihon. This one flows throughout the whole land of Cush. The name of the next river is Tigris, which flows east of Asshur. The last river is the Euphrates.
(2) Tell the total number of items and then list them or the things associated with them.
> **The first lot went to Jehoiarib, the second to Jedaiah, the third to Harim, the fourth to Seorim, … the twenty-third to Delaiah, and the twenty-fourth to Maaziah.** (1 Chronicles 24:7-18 ULT)
->> They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, … Delaiah, and Maaziah.
+>> They cast twenty-four lots. The lots went to Jerhoiarib, Jedaiah, Harim, Seorim, … Delaiah, and Maaziah.
diff --git a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md
index c578ad9..c23c7a7 100644
--- a/translate/translate-symaction/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-symaction/01.md
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Translators need to understand what people in the Bible meant when they used sym
> Jairus fell down at Jesus’ feet. (Luke 8:41 ULT)
Meaning of symbolic action: He did this to show great respect to Jesus.
-> Look, I stand at the door and knock . If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home, and have a meal with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
+> Look, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in to his home, and have a meal with him, and he with me. (Revelation 3:20 ULT)
Meaning of symbolic action: When people wanted someone to welcome them into their home, they stood at the door and knocked on it.
diff --git a/translate/translate-terms/01.md b/translate/translate-terms/01.md
index e47c7f7..d2a5325 100644
--- a/translate/translate-terms/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-terms/01.md
@@ -53,4 +53,4 @@
**End-user Bible** - This is a Bible that people have translated so that it speaks in a natural way in the target language. It is meant to be used in churches and homes. In contrast, the ULT and UST are Bibles that are translation tools. They do not speak naturally in any language, because the ULT is a literal translation and the UST avoids using idioms and figures of speech, which a natural translation would use. Using these translation tools, a translator can produce an end-user Bible.
-**Participant** - A participant is one of the actors in a sentence. This could be the person doing the action, or the person that is receiving the action, or mentioned as participating in some way. A participant could even be an object that is stated as participating in the action of the sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the participants are underlined: John and Mary sent a letter to Andrew . Sometimes participants are left unstated, but they are still part of the action. In this case, the participant is *implied*. For example, in the following sentence, there are only two participants stated: Andrew received a letter . The senders, John and Mary, are implied. In some languages, the implied participants must be stated.
\ No newline at end of file
+**Participant** - A participant is one of the actors in a sentence. This could be the person doing the action, or the person that is receiving the action, or mentioned as participating in some way. A participant could even be an object that is stated as participating in the action of the sentence. For example, in the following sentence, the participants are underlined: John and Mary sent a letter to Andrew. Sometimes participants are left unstated, but they are still part of the action. In this case, the participant is *implied*. For example, in the following sentence, there are only two participants stated: Andrew received a letter. The senders, John and Mary, are implied. In some languages, the implied participants must be stated.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md
index 91a79e8..e720e54 100644
--- a/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-transliterate/01.md
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ When that happens you can “borrow” the word from the Bible into your own la
### Examples from the Bible
-> He saw a fig tree on the roadside (Matthew 21:19 ULT)
+> He saw a fig tree on the roadside (Matthew 21:19 ULT)
If there are no fig trees where your language is spoken, there might not be a name for this kind of tree in your language.
-> Above him were the seraphim ; each one had six wings; with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. (Isaiah 6:2 ULT)
+> Above him were the seraphim; each one had six wings; with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. (Isaiah 6:2 ULT)
Your language might not have a name for this kind of creature.
-> The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of Malachi . (Malachi 1:1 ULT)
+> The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of Malachi. (Malachi 1:1 ULT)
Malachi might not be a name that people who speak your language use.
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ There are several ways to borrow a word.
(2) You can spell the word as the other language spells it, and pronounce it the way your language normally pronounces those letters.
-> **Zephaniah** - This is a man’s name.
+> **Zephaniah** - This is a man’s name.
>> “Zephaniah” - The name as it is spelled in English, but you can pronounce it according to the rules of your language.
(3) You can pronounce the word similarly to the way the other language does, and adjust the spelling to fit the rules of your language.
-> **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the “z”, you could use “s”. If your writing system does not use “ph” you could use “f”. Depending on how you pronounce the “i” you could spell it with “i” or “ai” or “ay”.
+> **Zephaniah** - If your language does not have the “z”, you could use “s”. If your writing system does not use “ph” you could use “f”. Depending on how you pronounce the “i” you could spell it with “i” or “ai” or “ay”.
>> “Sefania”
>> “Sefanaia”
diff --git a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md
index 4cae729..1855e45 100644
--- a/translate/translate-unknown/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-unknown/01.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ How do I translate words like lion, fig tree, mountain, priest, or temple when p
### Description
Unknowns are things that occur in the source text that are not known to the people of your culture. The unfoldingWord® Translation Words pages and the unfoldingWord® Translation Notes will help you understand what they are. After you understand them, you will need to find ways to refer to those things so that people who read your translation will understand what they are.
-> We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
+> We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and then cooking the mixture so that it is dry. (Grains are the seeds of a kind of grass.) In some cultures people do not have bread or know what it is.
@@ -21,19 +21,19 @@ Bread is a particular food made by mixing finely crushed grains with oil, and th
### Examples from the Bible
-> I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals (Jeremiah 9:11 ULT)
+> I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals (Jeremiah 9:11 ULT)
Jackals are wild animals like dogs that live in only a few parts of the world. So they are not known in many places.
-> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves . (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
+> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves. (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
If wolves do not live where the translation will be read, the readers may not understand that they are fierce, wild animals like dogs that attack and eat sheep.
-> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with myrrh . But he refused to drink it. (Mark 15:23 ULT)
+> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with myrrh. But he refused to drink it. (Mark 15:23 ULT)
People may not know what myrrh is and that it was used as a medicine.
-> to him who made great lights (Psalm 136:7 ULT)
+> to him who made great lights (Psalm 136:7 ULT)
Some languages have terms for things that give light, like the sun and fire, but they have no general term for lights.
-> your sins…will be white like snow (Isaiah 1:18 ULT)
+> your sins…will be white like snow (Isaiah 1:18 ULT)
People in many parts of the world have not seen snow, but they may have seen it in pictures.
@@ -51,38 +51,38 @@ Here are ways you might translate a term that is not known in your language:
(1) Use a phrase that describes what the unknown item is, or what is important about the unknown item for the verse being translated.
-> **Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves .** (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
->> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly hungry and dangerous animals .
+> **Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly ravenous wolves.** (Matthew 7:15 ULT)
+>> Beware of false prophets, those who come to you in sheep’s clothing, but are truly hungry and dangerous animals.
“Ravenous wolves” is part of a metaphor here, so the reader needs to know that they are very dangerous to sheep in order to understand this metaphor. (If sheep are also unknown, then you will need to also use one of the translation strategies to translate sheep, or change the metaphor to something else, using a translation strategy for metaphors. See [Translating Metaphors](../figs-metaphor/01.md).)
-> **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
->> We have here only five loaves of baked grain seeds and two fish
+> **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
+>> We have here only five loaves of baked grain seeds and two fish
(2) Substitute something similar from your language if doing so does not falsely represent a historical fact.
-> **your sins…will be white like snow ** (Isaiah 1:18 ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
->> your sins…will be white like milk
->> your sins…will be white like the moon
+> **your sins…will be white like snow** (Isaiah 1:18 ULT) This verse is not about snow. It uses snow in a figure of speech to help people understand how white something will be.
+>> your sins…will be white like milk
+>> your sins…will be white like the moon
(3) Copy the word from another language, and add a general word or descriptive phrase to help people understand it.
-> **Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with myrrh . But he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULT) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word “medicine.”
->> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with a medicine called myrrh . But he refused to drink it.
+> **Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with myrrh. But he refused to drink it.** (Mark 15:23 ULT) - People may understand better what myrrh is if it is used with the general word “medicine.”
+>> Then they tried to give Jesus wine that was mixed with a medicine called myrrh. But he refused to drink it.
-> **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
->> We have here only five loaves of baked crushed seed bread and two fish
+> **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT) - People may understand better what bread is if it is used with a phrase that tells what it is made of (seeds) and how it is prepared (crushed and baked).
+>> We have here only five loaves of baked crushed seed bread and two fish
(4) Use a word that is more general in meaning.
-> **I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals** (Jeremiah 9:11 ULT)
->> I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for wild dogs
+> **I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for jackals** (Jeremiah 9:11 ULT)
+>> I will turn Jerusalem into piles of ruins, a hideout for wild dogs
-> **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
->> We have here only five loaves of baked food and two fish
+> **We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish** (Matthew 14:17 ULT)
+>> We have here only five loaves of baked food and two fish
(5) Use a word or phrase that is more specific in meaning.
-> **to him who made great lights** (Psalm 136:7 ULT)
->> to him who made the sun and the moon
+> **to him who made great lights** (Psalm 136:7 ULT)
+>> to him who made the sun and the moon
diff --git a/translate/translate-useultust/01.md b/translate/translate-useultust/01.md
index 3285a3d..e77d59c 100644
--- a/translate/translate-useultust/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-useultust/01.md
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ The UST often makes those other ideas explicit. The UST does this in order to re
When you translate, you should decide which of these implied ideas would be understood by your audience without being included. If your audience understands these ideas without including them in the text, then you do not need to make those ideas explicit. Remember also that you might even offend your audience if you needlessly present implied ideas that they would understand anyway. (see [Assumed Knowledge and Implicit Information](../figs-explicit/01.md))
-> And Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid, because from now on you will catch men .” (Luke 5:10 ULT)
+> And Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid, because from now on you will catch men.” (Luke 5:10 ULT)
But Jesus said to Simon, “Do not be afraid! Until now you gathered in fish, but from now on you will gather in people to become my disciples.” (Luke 5:10 UST)
Here the UST reminds the reader that Simon was a fisherman by trade. It also makes clear the similarity that Jesus was drawing between Simon’s previous work and his future work. In addition, the UST makes it clear why Jesus wanted Simon to “catch men” (ULT), that is, to lead them “to become my disciples” (UST).
-> When he saw Jesus, he fell on his face and begged him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean .” (Luke 5:12 ULT)
+> When he saw Jesus, he fell on his face and begged him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, you can make me clean.” (Luke 5:12 ULT)
- When he saw Jesus, he bowed down to the ground in front of him and pleaded with him, “Lord, please heal me , because you are able to heal me if you are willing!” (Luke 5:12 UST)
+ When he saw Jesus, he bowed down to the ground in front of him and pleaded with him, “Lord, please heal me, because you are able to heal me if you are willing!” (Luke 5:12 UST)
Here the UST makes it clear that the man who had leprosy did not fall to the ground by accident. Instead, he deliberately bowed down to the ground. Also, the UST makes it clear that he is asking Jesus to heal him. In the ULT, he only implies this request.
@@ -44,17 +44,17 @@ Here the UST makes it clear that the man who had leprosy did not fall to the gro
The ULT often simply presents the symbolic action with no explanation of what it means. The UST often presents the meaning expressed by the symbolic action as well.
When you translate, you should decide whether your audience will correctly understand a symbolic action. If your audience will not understand, then you should do as the UST does. (see [Symbolic Action](../translate-symaction/01.md))
-> The high priest tore his garments (Mark 14:63 ULT)
+> The high priest tore his garments (Mark 14:63 ULT)
- In response to Jesus’ words, the high priest was so shocked that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UST)
+ In response to Jesus’ words, the high priest was so shocked that he tore his outer garment. (Mark 14:63 UST)
Here the UST makes it clear that it was not by accident that the high priest tore his garment. It also makes clear that it was probably only his outer garment that he tore, and that he did so because he wanted to show that he was sad or angry or both.
Because the high priest actually tore his garment, the UST must, of course, say that he did. However, if a symbolic action never actually took place, you do not have to state that action. Here is such an example:
-> Present that to your governor; will he accept you or will he lift up your face ?” (Malachi 1:8 ULT)
+> Present that to your governor; will he accept you or will he lift up your face?” (Malachi 1:8 ULT)
- You would not dare to offer such gifts to your own governor! You know that he would not take them. You know that he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you ! (Malachi 1:8 UST)
+ You would not dare to offer such gifts to your own governor! You know that he would not take them. You know that he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you! (Malachi 1:8 UST)
Here the symbolic action “lift up someone’s face,” represented in this way in the ULT, is presented only as its meaning in the UST: “he would be displeased with you and would not welcome you.” It can be presented in this way because Malachi is not actually referring to a particular event that actually took place. He is only referring to the idea represented by that event.
@@ -66,15 +66,15 @@ When you translate, you must decide whether the target language can present even
### Examples from the Bible
-> For he was amazed , and all who were with him, at the catch of fish which they had taken. (Luke 5:9 ULT)
+> For he was amazed, and all who were with him, at the catch of fish which they had taken. (Luke 5:9 ULT)
- He said this because he marveled at the huge number of fish that they had caught. All the men who were with him also marveled. (Luke 5:9 UST)
+ He said this because he marveled at the huge number of fish that they had caught. All the men who were with him also marveled. (Luke 5:9 UST)
Here the UST uses a verb in the active voice “he marveled” instead of the ULT’s verb in the passive voice “was amazed.”
> Large crowds of people came together to hear him teach and to be healed of their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 ULT)
- The result was that large crowds came to Jesus to hear him teach and to have him heal them from their sicknesses . (Luke 5:15 UST)
+ The result was that large crowds came to Jesus to hear him teach and to have him heal them from their sicknesses. (Luke 5:15 UST)
Here the UST avoids the ULT’s passive verb form “to be healed.” It does this by restructuring the phrase. It says who the healer is: “to have him [Jesus] heal them.”
@@ -86,21 +86,21 @@ The UST often presents the meaning of these ideas in other ways.
When you translate, you will have to decide whether the target language readers will understand a figure of speech with little effort, with some effort, or not at all. If they have to make a great effort to understand, or if they do not understand at all, you will have to present the essential meaning of the figure of speech using other words.
-> He has made you rich in every way , in all speech and with all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
+> He has made you rich in every way, in all speech and with all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
- Christ has given you so many things . He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)
+ Christ has given you so many things. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)
Paul uses a metaphor of material wealth, expressed in the word “rich.” Even though he immediately explains what he means “in all speech and with all knowledge,” some readers might not understand. The UST presents the idea in a different way, without using the metaphor of material wealth. (see [Metaphor](../figs-metaphor/01.md))
-> I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves , (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
+> I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
- When I send you out, you will be as defenseless as sheep, among people who are as dangerous as wolves . (Matthew 10:16 UST)
+ When I send you out, you will be as defenseless as sheep, among people who are as dangerous as wolves. (Matthew 10:16 UST)
Jesus uses a simile that compares his apostles going to others as sheep going out among wolves. Some readers might not understand how the apostles would be like sheep while the other people would be like wolves. The UST clarifies that the apostles would be defenseless, and that their enemies would be dangerous. (see [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md))
-> You are separated from Christ, all you who are “justified” by the law . You have fallen away from grace. (Galatians 5:4 ULT)
+> You are separated from Christ, all you who are “justified” by the law. You have fallen away from grace. (Galatians 5:4 ULT)
- If you expect God to declare you good in his sight because you try to keep the law , you have separated yourself from Christ; God will no longer act kindly toward you. (Galatians 5:4 UST)
+ If you expect God to declare you good in his sight because you try to keep the law, you have separated yourself from Christ; God will no longer act kindly toward you. (Galatians 5:4 UST)
Paul uses irony when he refers to them as being justified by the law. He had already taught them that no one can be justified by the law. The ULT uses quote marks around “justified” to show that Paul did not really believe that they were justified by the law. The UST translates the same idea by making it clear that it was what the other people believed. (see [Irony](../figs-irony/01.md))
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ The UST tries not to use such abstract expressions, because many languages do no
When you translate, you will have to decide how the target language prefers to present these ideas. (see [Abstract Nouns](../figs-abstractnouns/01.md))
-> He has made you rich in every way, in all speech and with all knowledge . (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
+> He has made you rich in every way, in all speech and with all knowledge. (1 Corinthians 1:5 ULT)
- Christ has given you so many things. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God . (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)
+ Christ has given you so many things. He helped you to speak his truth and to know God. (1 Corinthians 1:5 UST)
Here the ULT expressions “all speech” and “all knowledge” are abstract noun expressions. One problem with them is that readers might not know who is supposed to do the speaking and what they are to speak, or who is doing the knowing and what it is that they know. The UST answers these questions.
diff --git a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md
index 31b34ba..d7ab12d 100644
--- a/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-versebridge/01.md
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ Sometimes the ULT has separate verses while the UST has a verse bridge.
There are also a few verse bridges in the ULT.
-> 17-18 Ezrah’s sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered’s Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married. Mered’s Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULT)
+> 17-18 Ezrah’s sons were Jether, Mered, Epher, and Jalon. Mered’s Egyptian wife bore Miriam, Shammai, and Ishbah, who became the father of Eshtemoa. These were the sons of Bithiah, daughter of Pharaoh, whom Mered married. Mered’s Jewish wife bore Jered, who became the father of Gedor; Heber, who became the father of Soco; and Jekuthiel, who became the father of Zanoah. (1 Chronicles 4:17-18 ULT)
The ULT moved the underlined sentence from verse 18 to verse 17 to more clearly show which were the sons of Bithiah.
Here is the original order, which is confusing to many readers:
diff --git a/translate/translate-wforw/01.md b/translate/translate-wforw/01.md
index c7ccb56..39b7582 100644
--- a/translate/translate-wforw/01.md
+++ b/translate/translate-wforw/01.md
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ The translation must communicate the same meaning as the Greek text. In this exa
In addition, word-for-word substitution usually does not take into account that most words in all languages have a range of meanings. In any one passage, usually the writer had only one of those meanings in mind. In a different passage, he may have had a different meaning in mind. But in word-for-word translations, usually only one meaning is chosen and used throughout the translation.
For example, the Greek word “aggelos” can refer to a human messenger or to an angel.
-> “This is he of whom it is written, ‘See, I am sending my messenger before your face, Who will prepare your way before you.’ (Luke 7:27)
+> “This is he of whom it is written, ‘See, I am sending my messenger before your face, Who will prepare your way before you.’ (Luke 7:27)
Here the word “aggelos” refers to a human messenger. Jesus was talking about John the Baptist.
-> the angels had gone away from them into heaven (Luke 2:15)
+> the angels had gone away from them into heaven (Luke 2:15)
Here the word “aggelos” refers to angels from heaven.
diff --git a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md
index cc23ce6..1dad5bc 100644
--- a/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting/01.md
@@ -37,27 +37,27 @@ Some of these things happened after the prophets told about them, and some of th
The following passages describe powerful beings that Ezekiel, Daniel, and John saw. Images that come up in these visions include hair that is white as wool, a voice like many waters, a golden belt, and legs or feet like polished bronze. Though the prophets saw various details, it would be good to translate the details that are the same in the same way. The underlined phrases in the passage from Revelation also occur in the passages from Daniel and Ezekiel
- In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. His head and hair were as white as wool — as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. His feet were like burnished bronze , like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters . He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16 ULT)
+ In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, wearing a long robe that reached down to his feet, and a golden belt around his chest. His head and hair were as white as wool— as white as snow, and his eyes were like a flame of fire. His feet were like burnished bronze, like bronze that had been refined in a furnace, and his voice was like the sound of many rushing waters. He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword. His face was shining like the sun at its strongest shining. (Revelation 1:13-16 ULT)
> As I looked,
> thrones were set in place,
> and the Ancient of Days took his seat.
> His clothing was as white as snow,
-> and the hair of his head was like pure wool . (Daniel 7:9 ULT)
+> and the hair of his head was like pure wool. (Daniel 7:9 ULT)
- I looked up and saw a man dressed in linen, with a belt around his waist made of pure gold from Uphaz. His body was like topaz, his face was like lightning, his eyes were like flaming torches, his arms and his feet were like polished bronze , and the sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd. (Daniel 10:5-6 ULT)
+ I looked up and saw a man dressed in linen, with a belt around his waist made of pure gold from Uphaz. His body was like topaz, his face was like lightning, his eyes were like flaming torches, his arms and his feet were like polished bronze, and the sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd. (Daniel 10:5-6 ULT)
-> Behold! The glory of the God of Israel came from the east; his voice was like the sound of many waters , and the earth shone with his glory! (Ezekiel 43:2 ULT)
+> Behold! The glory of the God of Israel came from the east; his voice was like the sound of many waters, and the earth shone with his glory! (Ezekiel 43:2 ULT)
The following passage shows the use of the past tense to refer to past events. The underlined verbs refer to past events.
-> The vision of Isaiah son of Amoz, that he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.
-> Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth; for Yahweh has spoken :
-> “I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me. (Isaiah 1:1-2 ULT)
+> The vision of Isaiah son of Amoz, that he saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah.
+> Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth; for Yahweh has spoken:
+> “I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me. (Isaiah 1:1-2 ULT)
The following passage shows the future tense and different uses of the past tense. The underlined verbs are examples of the predictive past, where the past tense is used to show that the events certainly will happen.
@@ -65,5 +65,5 @@ The following passage shows the future tense and different uses of the past tens
> In an earlier time he humiliated
> the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali,
> but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.
-> The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light;
-> those who have lived in the land of the shadow of death, the light has shone on them. (Isaiah 9:1-2 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
+> The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light;
+> those who have lived in the land of the shadow of death, the light has shone on them. (Isaiah 9:1-2 ULT)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/translate/writing-background/01.md b/translate/writing-background/01.md
index 6d3eaf8..e7e87f3 100644
--- a/translate/writing-background/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-background/01.md
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ When people tell a story, they normally tell the events in the order that they h
**Example** - The underlined sentences in the story below are all background information.
-Peter and John went on a hunting trip because their village was going to have a a feast the next day . Peter was the best hunter in the village. He once killed three wild pigs in one day! They walked for hours through low bushes until they heard a wild pig. The pig ran, but they managed to shoot the pig and kill it. Then they tied up its legs with some rope they had brought with them , and carried it home on a pole. When they brought it to the village, Peter’s cousin saw the pig and realized that it was his own pig . Peter had mistakenly killed his cousin’s pig .
+Peter and John went on a hunting trip because their village was going to have a a feast the next day. Peter was the best hunter in the village. He once killed three wild pigs in one day! They walked for hours through low bushes until they heard a wild pig. The pig ran, but they managed to shoot the pig and kill it. Then they tied up its legs with some rope they had brought with them, and carried it home on a pole. When they brought it to the village, Peter’s cousin saw the pig and realized that it was his own pig. Peter had mistakenly killed his cousin’s pig.
Background information often tells about something that had happened earlier or something that would happen much later. Examples of these are “their village was going to have a feast the next day” and “He once killed three wild pigs in one day,” “that they had brought with them,” and “Peter had mistakenly killed his cousins’ pig.
-Often background information uses “be” verbs like “was” and “were”, rather than action verbs. Examples of these are “Peter was the best hunter in the village” and “it was his own pig.”
+Often background information uses “be” verbs like “was” and “were”, rather than action verbs. Examples of these are “Peter was the best hunter in the village” and “it was his own pig.”
Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that this information is not part of the event line of the story. In this story, some of these words are “because,” “once,” and “had.”
@@ -34,15 +34,15 @@ Background information can also be marked with words that tell the reader that t
### Examples from the Bible
-> Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
+> Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram. (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
The first sentence tells about two events. Hagar gave birth and Abraham named his son. The second sentence is background information about how old Abram was when those things happened.
-> Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age . He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULT)
+> Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli. (Luke 3:23 ULT)
The verses before this tell about when Jesus was baptized. This sentence introduces background information about Jesus’ age and ancestors. The story starts up again in chapter 4 where it tells about Jesus going to the wilderness.
-> Now it happened on a Sabbath that Jesus was going through the grain fields and his disciples were picking the heads of grain , rubbing them between their hands, and eating the grain. But some of the Pharisees said…(Luke 6:1-2a ULT)
+> Now it happened on a Sabbath that Jesus was going through the grain fields and his disciples were picking the heads of grain, rubbing them between their hands, and eating the grain. But some of the Pharisees said…(Luke 6:1-2a ULT)
These verses give the setting of the story. The events took place in a grain field on the Sabbath day. Jesus, his disciples, and some Pharisees were there, and Jesus’ disciples were picking heads of grain and eating them. The main action in the story starts with the sentence, “But some of the Pharisees said.”
@@ -57,20 +57,20 @@ To keep translations clear and natural you will need to study how people tell st
(1) Use your language’s way of showing that certain information is background information. The examples below explain how this was done in the ULT English translations.
-> ** Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULT)
+> **Now Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years of age. He was the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli.** (Luke 3:23 ULT)
English uses the word “now” to show that there is some kind of change in the story. The verb “was” shows that it is background information.
-> **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias , and for all the other evil things that Herod had done . But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULT)
+> **With many other exhortations also, he preached good news to the people. John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20 ULT)
The underlined phrases happened before John rebuked Herod. In English, the helping verb “had” in “had done” shows that Herod did those things before John rebuked him.
(2) Reorder the information so that earlier events are mentioned first.
-> **Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram .** (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
+> **Hagar gave birth to Abram’s son, and Abram named his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.** (Genesis 16:16 ULT)
>> “When Abram was eighty-six years old, Hagar gave birth to his son, and Abram named his son Ishmael.”
-> **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias , and for all the other evil things that Herod had done . But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20)
+> **John also rebuked Herod the tetrarch for marrying his brother’s wife, Herodias, and for all the other evil things that Herod had done. But then Herod did another very evil thing. He had John locked up in prison.** (Luke 3:18-20)
The translation below reorders John’s rebuke and Herod’s actions.
diff --git a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md
index d8e5914..83cd85e 100644
--- a/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-endofstory/01.md
@@ -30,20 +30,20 @@ Different languages have different ways of presenting these kinds of information
1. To summarize the story
-> Then the rest of the men should follow, some on planks, and some on other things from the ship. In this way it happened that all of us came safely to land. (Acts 27:44 ULT)
+> Then the rest of the men should follow, some on planks, and some on other things from the ship. In this way it happened that all of us came safely to land. (Acts 27:44 ULT)
1. To give a comment about what happened in the story
-> Many who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. When they counted the value of them, it was fifty thousand pieces of silver. So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways. (Acts 19:19-20 ULT)
+> Many who practiced magical arts brought their books together and burned them in the sight of everyone. When they counted the value of them, it was fifty thousand pieces of silver. So the word of the Lord spread very widely in powerful ways. (Acts 19:19-20 ULT)
1. To tell the reader what happens to a specific character after the main part of the story ends
-> Mary said,”My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior…” Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house. (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULT)
+> Mary said,”My soul praises the Lord, and my spirit has rejoiced in God my savior…” Mary stayed with Elizabeth about three months and then returned to her house. (Luke 1:46-47, 56 ULT)
1. To tell on-going action that continues after the main part of the story ends
-> All who heard it were amazed at what was spoken to them by the shepherds. But Mary kept thinking about all the things she had heard, treasuring them in her heart. (Luke 2:18-19 ULT)
+> All who heard it were amazed at what was spoken to them by the shepherds. But Mary kept thinking about all the things she had heard, treasuring them in her heart. (Luke 2:18-19 ULT)
1. To tell what happens after the story as a result of the events that happened in the story itself
-> “Woe to you teachers of Jewish laws, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering.” After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words. (Luke 11:52-54 ULT)
+> “Woe to you teachers of Jewish laws, because you have taken away the key of knowledge; you do not enter in yourselves, and you hinder those who are entering.” After Jesus left there, the scribes and the Pharisees opposed him and argued with him about many things, trying to trap him in his own words. (Luke 11:52-54 ULT)
diff --git a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md
index d9f7e6b..3d531d4 100644
--- a/translate/writing-newevent/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-newevent/01.md
@@ -8,27 +8,27 @@ When your people tell about events, what information do they give at the beginni
### Examples from the Bible
-> In the days of Herod , king of Judea, there was a certain priest named Zechariah , from the division of Abijah. His wife was from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULT)
+> In the days of Herod, king of Judea, there was a certain priest named Zechariah, from the division of Abijah. His wife was from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. (Luke 1:5 ULT)
The verses above introduce a story about Zechariah. The first underlined phrase tells when it happened, and the next two underlined phrases introduce the main people. The next two verses go on to explain that Zechariah and Elizabeth were old and did not have any children. All of this is the setting. Then the phrase “One day” in Luke 1:8 helps to introduce the first event in this story:
-> One day while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULT)
+> One day while Zechariah was performing his duties as a priest before God in the order of his division, the priests followed their custom and chose him by lot to enter the temple of the Lord and burn incense. (Luke 1:8-9 ULT)
-> The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULT)
+> The birth of Jesus Christ happened in the following way. His mother Mary was engaged to marry Joseph, but before they came together, she was found to be pregnant by the Holy Spirit. (Matthew 1:18 ULT)
The underlined sentence above makes it explicit that a story about Jesus is being introduced. The story will tell about how the birth of Jesus happened.
-> After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king , learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem saying,…(Matthew 2:1 ULT)
+> After Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of Herod the king, learned men from the east arrived in Jerusalem saying,…(Matthew 2:1 ULT)
-The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened after Jesus was born.
-> In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea saying, … (Matthew 3:1-22 ULT)
+The underlined phrase above shows that the events concerning the learned men happened after Jesus was born.
+> In those days John the Baptist came preaching in the wilderness of Judea saying, … (Matthew 3:1-22 ULT)
The underlined phrase above shows that John the Baptist came preaching around the time of the previous events. It is probably very general and refers to when Jesus lived in Nazareth.
-> Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River to be baptized by John. (Matthew 3:13 ULT)
+> Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan River to be baptized by John. (Matthew 3:13 ULT)
The word “then” shows that Jesus came to the Jordan River some time after the events in the previous verses.
-> Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council . This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULT)
+> Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time (John 3:1-2 ULT)
The author first introduced the new person and then told about what he did and when he did it. In some languages it might be more natural to tell about the time first.
@@ -49,32 +49,32 @@ If the information given at the beginning of a new event is clear and natural to
(1) Put the information that introduces the event in the order that your people put it.
-> **Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council . This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him…** (John 3:1,2)
->> There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council . One night he came to Jesus and said…
->> One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council , came to Jesus and said…
+> **Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus at night time and said to him…** (John 3:1,2)
+>> There was a man whose name was Nicodemus. He was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council. One night he came to Jesus and said…
+>> One night a man named Nicodemus, who was a Pharisee and a member of the Jewish Council, came to Jesus and said…
-> **As he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting at the tax collecting place, and he said to him…** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
->> As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him…
->> As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
->> As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
+> **As he passed by, he saw Levi the son of Alpheus, who was sitting at the tax collecting place, and he said to him…** (Mark 2:14 ULT)
+>> As he passed by, Levi the son of Alpheus was sitting at the tax collecting place. Jesus saw him and and said to him…
+>> As he passed by, there was a man sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
+>> As he passed by, there was a tax collector sitting at the tax collecting place. His name was Levi, and he was the son of Alpheus. Jesus saw him and said to him…
(2) If readers would expect certain information but it is not in the Bible, consider using an indefinite word or phrase such as: another time, someone.
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULT) - If people expect to be told something about when the new event happened, the phrase “after that” can help them see that it happened after the events already mentioned.
->> After that , when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth.
+>> After that, when Noah was six hundred years old, the flood came upon the earth.
-> ** Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULT) - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone’s house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.
->> Another time Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake.
->> Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there.
+> **Again he began to teach beside the lake.** (Mark 4:1 ULT) - In chapter 3 Jesus was teaching at someone’s house. Readers may need to be told that this new event happened at another time, or that Jesus actually went to the lake.
+>> Another time Jesus began to teach people again beside the lake.
+>> Jesus went to the lake and began to teach people again there.
(3) If the introduction is a summary of the whole event, use your language’s way of showing that it is a summary.
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth.** (Genesis 7:6 ULT)
->> Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth.
->> This part tells about what happened when the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was six hundred years old.
+>> Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old and the flood came upon the earth.
+>> This part tells about what happened when the flood came upon the earth. It happened when Noah was six hundred years old.
(4) If it would be strange in the target language to give a summary of the event at the beginning, show that the event would actually happen later in the story.
> **Noah was six hundred years old when the flood came upon the earth. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because of the waters of the flood.** (Genesis 7:6-7 ULT)
->> Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because God had said that the waters of the flood would come .
+>> Now this is what happened when Noah was six hundred years old. Noah, his sons, his wife, and his sons’ wives went into the ark together because God had said that the waters of the flood would come.
diff --git a/translate/writing-participants/01.md b/translate/writing-participants/01.md
index 8d222d3..8b2da75 100644
--- a/translate/writing-participants/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-participants/01.md
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
### Description
-The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are new participants . After that, whenever they are mentioned, they are old participants .
-> Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus … This man came to Jesus at night time…Jesus replied to him (John 3:1)
+The first time that people or things are mentioned in a story, they are new participants. After that, whenever they are mentioned, they are old participants.
+> Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus…This man came to Jesus at night time…Jesus replied to him (John 3:1)
The first underlined phrase introduces Nicodemus as a new participant. He is then referred to as “This man” and “him” when he is an old participant.
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ In order to make your translation clear and natural, it is necessary to refer to
#### New Participants
Often the most important new participant is introduced with a phrase that says that he existed, such as “There was a man” in the example below. The phrase “There was” tells us that this man existed. The word “a” in “a man” tells us that the author is speaking about him for the first time. The rest of the sentence tells where this man was from, who is family was, and what his name was.
-> There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULT)
+> There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. (Judges 13:2 ULT)
A new participant who is not the most important one is often introduced in relation to the more important person who was already introduced. In the example below, Manoah’s wife is simply referred to as “his wife.” This phrase shows her relationship to him.
-> There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULT)
+> There was a man from Zorah, of the family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah. His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULT)
Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assumes that the readers know who the person is. In the first verse of 1 Kings, the author assumes that his readers know who King David is, so there is no need to explain who he is.
> When King David was very old, they covered him with blankets, but he could not keep warm. (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ Sometimes a new participant is introduced simply by name because the author assu
A person who has already been brought into the story can be referred to with a pronoun after that. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with the pronoun “his,” and his wife is referred to with the pronoun “she”.
-> His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULT)
+> His wife was not able to become pregnant and so she had not given birth. (Judges 13:2 ULT)
Old participants can also be referred to in other ways, depending on what is happening in the story. In the example below, the story is about bearing a son, and Manoah’s wife is referred to with the noun phrase “the woman.”
-> The angel of Yahweh appeared to the woman and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULT)
+> The angel of Yahweh appeared to the woman and said to her, (Judges 13:3 ULT)
If the old participant has not been mentioned for a while, or if there could be confusion between participants, the author may use the participant’s name again. In the example below, Manoah is referred to with his name, which the author has not used since verse 2.
-> Then Manoah prayed to Yahweh…(Judges 13:8 ULT)
+> Then Manoah prayed to Yahweh…(Judges 13:8 ULT)
Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject. In some of those languages people do not always use noun phrases or pronouns for old participants when they are the subject of the sentence. The marker on the verb gives enough information for the listener to understand who the subject is. (see [Verbs](../figs-verbs/01.md))
@@ -54,11 +54,11 @@ Some languages have something on the verb that tells something about the subject
(2) If it is not clear who a pronoun refers to, use a noun phrase or name.
-> **It happened when he finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.”** (Luke 11:1 ULT) - Since this is the first verse in a chapter, readers might wonder who “he” refers to.
->> It happened when Jesus finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.
+> **It happened when he finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.”** (Luke 11:1 ULT) - Since this is the first verse in a chapter, readers might wonder who “he” refers to.
+>> It happened when Jesus finished praying in a certain place, that one of his disciples said, “Lord, teach us to pray just as John taught his disciples.
(3) If an old participant is referred to by name or a noun phrase, and people wonder if this is another new participant, try using a pronoun instead. If a pronoun is not needed because people would understand it clearly from the context, then leave out the pronoun.
-> ** Joseph’s master took Joseph and put him in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and Joseph stayed there.** (Genesis 39:20 ULT) - Since Joseph is the main person in the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun.
->> Joseph’s master took him and put him in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and he stayed there in the prison.
+> **Joseph’s master took Joseph and put him in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and Joseph stayed there.** (Genesis 39:20 ULT) - Since Joseph is the main person in the story, some languages might find it unnatural or confusing to use his name so much. They might prefer a pronoun.
+>> Joseph’s master took him and put him in prison, in the place where all the king’s prisoners were put, and he stayed there in the prison.
diff --git a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md
index 3930e9a..9a561bc 100644
--- a/translate/writing-poetry/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-poetry/01.md
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ Poetry is one of the ways that people use the words and sounds of their language
* Lines of similar length.
> **Love is patient and kind; love does not envy or boast; it is not arrogant or rude.** (1 Corinthians 13:4 ULT)
* The same sound used at the end or at the beginning of two or more lines
- * “Twinkle, twinkle little star . How I wonder what you are .” (from an English rhyme)
+ * “Twinkle, twinkle little star. How I wonder what you are.” (from an English rhyme)
* The same sound repeated many times
* “Peter, Peter, pumpkin eater” (from an English rhyme)
* Old words and expressions
@@ -83,12 +83,12 @@ The following are examples of how people might translate Psalm 1:1,2.
(1) Translate the poetry using one of your styles of poetry. (The style in this example has words that sound similar at the end of each line.)
->> “Happy is the person not encouraged to sin
->> Disrespect for God he will not begin
->> To those who laugh at God, he is no kin.
->> God is his constant delight
->> He does what God says is right
->> He thinks of it all day and night
+>> “Happy is the person not encouraged to sin
+>> Disrespect for God he will not begin
+>> To those who laugh at God, he is no kin.
+>> God is his constant delight
+>> He does what God says is right
+>> He thinks of it all day and night
(2) Translate the poetry using your style of elegant speech.
diff --git a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md
index 4b0d773..a451516 100644
--- a/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-pronouns/01.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
When we talk or write, we use pronouns to refer to people or things without always having to repeat the noun or name. Usually the first time we refer to someone in a story, we use a descriptive phrase or a name. The next time we might refer to that person with a simple noun or by name. After that we might refer to him simply with a pronoun, as long as we think that our listeners will be able to understand easily to whom the pronoun refers.
-> Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council . This man came to Jesus…Jesus replied to him (John 3:1-3 ULT)
+> Now there was a Pharisee whose name was Nicodemus, a member of the Jewish Council. This man came to Jesus…Jesus replied to him (John 3:1-3 ULT)
In John 3, Nicodemus is first referred to with noun phrases and his name. Then he is referred to with the noun phrase “this man.” Then he is referred to with the pronoun “him.”
@@ -23,18 +23,18 @@ Each language has its rules and exceptions to this usual way of referring to peo
### Examples from the Bible
The example below occurs at the beginning of a chapter. In some languages it might not be clear whom the pronouns refer to.
-> Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. They watched him to see if he would heal him on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 ULT)
+> Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. They watched him to see if he would heal him on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 ULT)
In the example below, two men are named in the first sentence. It might not be clear whom “he” in the second sentence refers to.
-> Now after some days, King Agrippa and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to Festus . After he had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul’s case to the king… (Acts 25:13-14 ULT)
+> Now after some days, King Agrippa and Bernice arrived at Caesarea to pay an official visit to Festus. After he had been there for many days, Festus presented Paul’s case to the king… (Acts 25:13-14 ULT)
Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he is referred to four times by name. This may lead speakers of some languages to think that Jesus is not the main character. Or it might lead them to think that there is more than one person named Jesus in this story. Or it might lead them to think that there is some kind of emphasis on him, even though there is no emphasis.
-> At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus , “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”
-> But Jesus said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…”
-> Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-9 ULT)
+> At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grainfields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”
+> But Jesus said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…”
+> Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue. (Matthew 12:1-9 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@@ -46,17 +46,17 @@ Jesus is the main character of the book of Matthew, but in the verses below he i
(1) If it would not be clear to your readers whom or what a pronoun refers to, use a noun or name.
-> **Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. They watched him to see if he would heal him on the Sabbath.** (Mark 3:1-2 ULT)
->> Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched Jesus to see if he would heal the man on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 UST)
+> **Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. They watched him to see if he would heal him on the Sabbath.** (Mark 3:1-2 ULT)
+>> Again Jesus walked into the synagogue, and a man with a withered hand was there. Some Pharisees watched Jesus to see if he would heal the man on the Sabbath. (Mark 3:1-2 UST)
(2) If repeating a noun or name would lead people to think that a main character is not a main character, or that the writer is talking about more than one person with that name, or that there is some kind of emphasis on someone when there is no emphasis, use a pronoun instead.
-> **At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus , “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”**
-> **But Jesus said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…**
-> **Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULT)
+> **At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to Jesus, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.”**
+> **But Jesus said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…**
+> **Then Jesus left from there and went into their synagogue.** (Matthew 12:1-9 ULT)
May be translated as:
-> At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to him , “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.
-> But he said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…
-> Then he left from there and went into their synagogue.
+> At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the grain fields. His disciples were hungry and began to pluck heads of grain and eat them. But when the Pharisees saw that, they said to him, “See, your disciples do what is unlawful to do on the Sabbath.
+> But he said to them, “Have you never read what David did, when he was hungry, and the men who were with him?…
+> Then he left from there and went into their synagogue.
diff --git a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md
index 8b76cde..3b1414e 100644
--- a/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-proverbs/01.md
@@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ Here are some ideas for ways that people might say a proverb in their language.
(2) If certain objects in the proverb are not known to many people in your language group, consider replacing them with objects that people know and that function in the same way in your language.
-> **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest,**
+> **Like snow in summer or rain in harvest,**
>
> **so a fool does not deserve honor.** (Proverbs 26:1 ULT)
->> It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person.
+>> It is not natural for a cold wind to blow in the hot season or for it to rain in the harvest season; And it is not natural to honor a foolish person.
(3) Substitute a proverb in your language that has the same teaching as the proverb in the Bible.
diff --git a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md
index bceb7b7..5e8d069 100644
--- a/translate/writing-quotations/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-quotations/01.md
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ When saying that someone said something, we often tell who spoke, whom they spok
The quote margins are underlined below.
-* She said , “The food is ready. Come and eat.”
-* “The food is ready. Come and eat,” she said .
-* “The food is ready,” she said. “Come and eat.”
+* She said, “The food is ready. Come and eat.”
+* “The food is ready. Come and eat,” she said.
+* “The food is ready,” she said. “Come and eat.”
Also in some languages, the quote margin may have more than one verb meaning “said.”
-> But his mother answered and said , “No, instead he will be called John.” (Luke 1:60 ULT)
+> But his mother answered and said, “No, instead he will be called John.” (Luke 1:60 ULT)
When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was said) in quotation marks called inverted commas (“ “). Some languages use other symbols around the quotation, such as these angle quote marks (« »), or something else.
@@ -27,23 +27,23 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
#### Quote margin before the quote
-> Zechariah said to the angel , “How will I know this will happen? For I am an old man, and my wife also is very old.” (Luke 1:18 ULT)
+> Zechariah said to the angel, “How will I know this will happen? For I am an old man, and my wife also is very old.” (Luke 1:18 ULT)
- Then some tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him , “Teacher, what must we do?” (Luke 3:12 ULT)
+ Then some tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, “Teacher, what must we do?” (Luke 3:12 ULT)
-> He said to them, “Do not collect more money than you are supposed to.” (Luke 3:13 ULT)
+> He said to them, “Do not collect more money than you are supposed to.” (Luke 3:13 ULT)
#### Quote margin after the quote
-> Yahweh relented concerning this. “It will not happen,” he said . (Amos 7:3 ULT)
+> Yahweh relented concerning this. “It will not happen,” he said. (Amos 7:3 ULT)
#### Quote margin between two parts of the quote
-> “I will hide my face from them,” he said, “and I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful.” (Deuteronomy 32:20 ULT)
+> “I will hide my face from them,” he said, “and I will see what their end will be; for they are a perverse generation, children who are unfaithful.” (Deuteronomy 32:20 ULT)
- “Therefore, those who can,” he said, “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.” (Acts 25:5 ULT)
+ “Therefore, those who can,” he said, “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.” (Acts 25:5 ULT)
-> “For look, days are coming”— this is Yahweh’s declaration —”when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel” (Jeremiah 30:3 ULT)
+> “For look, days are coming”—this is Yahweh’s declaration—”when I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel” (Jeremiah 30:3 ULT)
### Translation Strategies
@@ -54,15 +54,15 @@ When writing that someone said something, some languages put the quote (what was
(1) Decide where to put the quote margin.
-> **”Therefore, those who can,” he said, “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”** (Acts 25:5 ULT)
->> He said, “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
->> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him,” he said .
->> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us,” he said. “If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
+> **”Therefore, those who can,” he said, “should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”** (Acts 25:5 ULT)
+>> He said, “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
+>> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us. If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him,” he said.
+>> “Therefore, those who can should go there with us,” he said. “If there is something wrong with the man, you should accuse him.”
(2) Decide whether to use one or two words meaning “said.”
-> **But his mother answered and said , “No, instead he will be called John.”** (Luke 1:60 ULT)
->> But his mother replied , “No, instead he will be called John.”
->> But his mother said , “No, instead he will be called John.”
->> But his mother answered like this, “No, instead he will be called John,” she said .
+> **But his mother answered and said, “No, instead he will be called John.”** (Luke 1:60 ULT)
+>> But his mother replied, “No, instead he will be called John.”
+>> But his mother said, “No, instead he will be called John.”
+>> But his mother answered like this, “No, instead he will be called John,” she said.
diff --git a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md
index e672406..787b5cf 100644
--- a/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md
+++ b/translate/writing-symlanguage/01.md
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@ People who read the Bible today may find it hard to recognize that the language
### Examples from the Bible
-> After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal , terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth ; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns . (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
+> After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns. (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
The meaning of the underlined symbols is explained in Daniel 7:23-24 as shown below. The animals represent kingdoms, iron teeth represent a powerful army, and the horns represent powerful leaders.
-> This is what that person said, ‘As for the fourth animal, it will be a fourth kingdom on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom ten kings will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULT)
+> This is what that person said, ‘As for the fourth animal, it will be a fourth kingdom on earth that will be different from all the other kingdoms. It will devour the whole earth, and it will trample it down and break it into pieces. As for the ten horns, out of this kingdom ten kings will arise, and another will arise after them. He will be different from the previous ones, and he will conquer the three kings. (Daniel 7:23-24 ULT)
- I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands . In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, … He had in his right hand seven stars , and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword …. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches , and the seven lampstands are the seven churches . (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULT)
+ I turned around to see whose voice was speaking to me, and as I turned I saw seven golden lampstands. In the middle of the lampstands there was one like a Son of Man, … He had in his right hand seven stars, and coming out of his mouth was a sharp two-edged sword…. As for the hidden meaning about the seven stars you saw in my right hand, and the seven golden lampstands: the seven stars are the angels of the seven churches, and the seven lampstands are the seven churches. (Revelation 1:12, 16, 20 ULT)
This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. The two-edged sword represents God’s word and judgment.
@@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ This passage explains the meaning of the seven lampstands and the seven stars. T
(1) Translate the text with the symbols. Often the speaker or author explains the meaning later in the passage.
-> **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal , terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth ; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns .** (Daniel 7:7 ULT) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24.
+> **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULT) - People will be able to understand what the symbols mean when they read the explanation in Daniel 7:23-24.
(2) Translate the text with the symbols. Then explain the symbols in footnotes.
-> **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal , terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth ; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns .** (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
+> **After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns.** (Daniel 7:7 ULT)
>> After this I saw in my dream at night a fourth animal, 1 terrifying, frightening, and very strong. It had large iron teeth; 2 it devoured, broke in pieces, and trampled underfoot what was left. It was different from the other animals, and it had ten horns. 3