Merged Jane's edits to Philippians 3 (#2279)

Co-authored-by: justplainjane47 <justplainjane47@noreply.door43.org>
Reviewed-on: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_tn/pulls/2279

en_tn_51-PHP.tsv

@@ -9,16 +9,16 @@ PHP	1	2	yh4s	figs-exclusive	Πατρὸς ἡμῶν	1		If your language has dif
 PHP	1	3	ntp5		ἐπὶ πάσῃ τῇ μνείᾳ ὑμῶν	1	in all my remembrance of you	Here, **in all my remembrance of you** could refer to: (1) each time that Paul thought about the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “each time that I think about you” (2) each time that Paul prayed for the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “every time that I pray for you”
 PHP	1	3	gjyv	figs-possession	τῷ Θεῷ μου	1		Use of the words **my God** does not mean that God belongs to Paul, but that Paul belongs to God. That is, God is the one whom Paul worships exclusively. Alternate translation: “the one who is God to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
 PHP	1	3	w8dz	figs-yousingular	ὑμῶν	1		See how you translated the word **you** in [1:2](../01/02.md). In this letter, every use of the words **you** and **your** is plural and refers to the Philippian believers, except for one use in [4:3](../04/03.md), which has a note to discuss it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
-PHP	1	5	bca2		ἐπὶ τῇ κοινωνίᾳ ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν	1		Here, **because** could refer to: (1) the reason for Paul’s joy. See UST. (2) the reason that Paul gives thanks to God. Alternate translation: “I give thanks to God because of your partnership in the gospel from the first day until now”
+PHP	1	5	bca2		ἐπὶ τῇ κοινωνίᾳ ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον, ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν	1		Here, **because** could refer to: (1) the reason for Paul’s joy. (2) the reason that Paul gives thanks to God. Alternate translation: “I give thanks to God because of your partnership in the gospel from the first day until now”
 PHP	1	5	fdqe	figs-yousingular	ὑμῶν	1		Here, the word **your** is plural and refers to the Philippian Christians. In this letter, with one exception, the words “you” and “your” are always plural and always refer to the Philippian Christians. If your language uses different forms to show when “you” and “your” refer to one person and when they refer to more than one person, use the plural form that would be appropriate in your language in this occurrence and all other occurrences of “you” and “your” in this letter, except for in [4:3](../04/03.md). A note will discuss the one exception in [4:3](../04/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
-PHP	1	5	yi9l	figs-explicit	τῇ κοινωνίᾳ ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον	1	because of your fellowship in the gospel	Here, **your fellowship in the gospel** refers to the Philippians’ partnering with Paul in the various things involved in spreading the gospel. This includes gifts of money that they sent to Paul (see [4:15–18](../04/15.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you can state this more explicitly. Alternate translation: “your participation with me in advancing the gospel” or “your partnership with me in working to spread the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	1	5	yi9l	figs-explicit	τῇ κοινωνίᾳ ὑμῶν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον	1	because of your fellowship in the gospel	Here, **your fellowship in the gospel** refers to the Philippians’ partnering with Paul in the various things involved in spreading the gospel. This includes gifts of money that they sent to Paul (see [4:15–18](../04/15.md)). If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this more explicitly. Alternate translation: “your participation with me in advancing the gospel” or “your partnership with me in working to spread the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	5	vi1r	figs-explicit	ἀπὸ τῆς πρώτης ἡμέρας	1		The phrase **from the first day** refers to the time at which the Philippian believers first believed the gospel that Paul preached to them. This may also have been the first day that Paul preached in Philippi. Alternate translation: “from the time you first heard and believed the gospel that I preached” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	5	d8hi	figs-explicit	ἄχρι τοῦ νῦν	1		The phrase **until now** does not mean that the Philippian believers have now stopped partnering with Paul. Rather, it means that they are still partnering with Paul. Alternate translation: “that you are still doing now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	1	6	s1l8	figs-explicit	πεποιθὼς αὐτὸ τοῦτο	1	having been persuaded	The phrase **having been persuaded** indicates a reason that Paul thanks God. If it would be clearer in your language, you can state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I thank God because I am confident of this very thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	1	6	s1l8	figs-explicit	πεποιθὼς αὐτὸ τοῦτο	1	having been persuaded	The phrase **having been persuaded** indicates a reason that Paul thanks God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “I thank God because I am confident of this very thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	6	jf4x	figs-explicit	ὁ ἐναρξάμενος	1	the one having begun	Here, **the one** refers to God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “God having begun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	6	u80a	figs-explicit	ὅτι ὁ ἐναρξάμενος ἐν ὑμῖν ἔργον ἀγαθὸν	1		The phrase **good work in you** refers to both the initial conversion of the Philippian Christians and to God’s ongoing work in their lives through the Holy Spirit. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “that God, having begun his good work in you through your conversion and continuing it through the work of the Holy Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	6	qhmh		ὑμῖν	1		See how you translated the word **you** in [Philippians 1:2](../01/02.md).
-PHP	1	6	p2a5	figs-explicit	ἐπιτελέσει	1		Here, **will perfect it** means that God would bring to completion the work which he began in the lives of the Philippian believers at their conversion and which he was continuing to do. If it would be clearer in your language you can say this explicitly. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	1	6	p2a5	figs-explicit	ἐπιτελέσει	1		Here, **will perfect it** means that God would bring to completion the work which he began in the lives of the Philippian believers at their conversion and which he was continuing to do. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say this explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	6	p5pu	figs-explicit	ἡμέρας Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1		The phrase **the day of Jesus Christ** refers to the time in the future when Jesus Christ will return to judge the world and save those who believe in him. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “the time when Jesus Christ returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	7	sowf	figs-idiom	τὸ ἔχειν με ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμᾶς	1	I have you in my heart	The phrase, **I have you in my heart** is an idiom which expresses strong affection. If you have an equivalent expression which adequately communicates the meaning, you may use it here. If not, you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: “I love you very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 PHP	1	7	jn2s		συνκοινωνούς μου τῆς χάριτος…ὄντας	1	being partakers with me of grace	Alternate translation: “sharing in grace with me”
@@ -26,22 +26,22 @@ PHP	1	7	df00	figs-abstractnouns	χάριτος	1		Here, **grace** refers to the
 PHP	1	7	o7ef	figs-metonymy	δεσμοῖς μου	1		Paul refers to his imprisonment in Rome by using the phrase **my chains**. Paul was chained to a guard and the Philippian Christians would have understood that Paul was referring to his imprisonment when he used the phrase **my chains** because of the close association between **chains** and being in prison. If this association is not clear in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or use plain language. Alternate translation: “my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	1	7	wey7	figs-doublet	καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀπολογίᾳ καὶ βεβαιώσει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1		At the time that Paul wrote this letter, the words translated **defense** and **confirmation** could be used to refer to defending and confirming in a court of law the truth of something against which a charge was made. These two words mean very similar things. The repetition is used to emphasize that this is hard work. If your language has one word for these ideas, use that here, and add emphasis another way. If there is a word or phrase that could be used with this legal sense but could also be used in the context of defending the gospel, consider using it here. Alternate translation: “and as I contend for the truth of the gospel” or “and as I labor to show people that the gospel is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])<br>
 PHP	1	8	xun1	figs-idiom	ἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	in the bowels of Christ Jesus	The Greek word translated as **inner parts** is a term which refers to body organs,  particularly to the intestines, liver, lungs, and heart. Paul is using **inner parts** figuratively to refer to love or affection. You can use the body part that represents the seat of affection in your language, or translate the plain meaning. Alternate translation: “with the heart of Christ Jesus” or “with the affection of Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-PHP	1	8	bo0r		ἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	in the bowels of Christ Jesus	Here, **the inner parts of Christ Jesus** could mean: (1) the same kind of love as Christ Jesus gives to people. See the UST. (2) love that originates with Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “with love that comes from Christ Jesus”
-PHP	1	9	w910	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει	1		The word **knowledge** is an abstract noun. If it would be clearer in your language you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verb such as “see”. Alternate translation: “and that God will enable you to see the truth about Him and teach you to love wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	8	bo0r		ἐν σπλάγχνοις Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	in the bowels of Christ Jesus	Here, **the inner parts of Christ Jesus** could mean: (1) the same kind of love as Christ Jesus gives to people. (2) love that originates with Christ Jesus. Alternate translation: “with love that comes from Christ Jesus”
+PHP	1	9	w910	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει	1		The word **knowledge** is an abstract noun. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verb such as “see”. Alternate translation: “and that God will enable you to see the truth about Him and teach you to love wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	9	jlyu	figs-abstractnouns	ἵνα ἡ ἀγάπη ὑμῶν ἔτι μᾶλλον καὶ μᾶλλον περισσεύῃ	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **love** with the verb form. Alternate translation: “that you will be able to love others more and more abundantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	9	f4q5		ὑμῶν	1		See how you translated the word **your** in [Philippians 1:5](../01/05.md).
-PHP	1	9	tbtt	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει	1		If it would be clearer in your language you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **knowledge** and **understanding** with verb phrases. Alternate translation: “and that God will enable you to see the truth about Him and teach you to love wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	9	tbtt	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν ἐπιγνώσει καὶ πάσῃ αἰσθήσει	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **knowledge** and **understanding** with verb phrases. Alternate translation: “and that God will enable you to see the truth about Him and teach you to love wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	10	e17g	figs-explicit	εἰς τὸ δοκιμάζειν ὑμᾶς τὰ διαφέροντα	1		The word **what** here refers to that which a person does, and the word **excels** here refers to something that is best, according to God. If it would be clearer in your language, you could say these things explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that you may approve and choose to do what pleases God the most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	1	10	ybw6	grammar-connect-logic-result	εἰς	1		Here, the phrase **so that** shows that what follows this phrase is the desired result of Paul's prayer in verse nine. Consider using a connecting word or phrase that will clearly show that what follows it is the desired result of what Paul prayed in verse nine. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
-PHP	1	10	siv8	figs-doublet	εἰλικρινεῖς καὶ ἀπρόσκοποι	1	pure and blameless	The words **pure** and **blameless** have very similar meanings. Paul uses these two words together to emphasize the idea of moral purity. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these two words and translate them as one idea. Alternate translation: “completely blameless” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+PHP	1	10	ybw6	grammar-connect-logic-result	εἰς	1		Here, the phrase **so that** shows that what follows this phrase is the desired result of Paul's prayer in verse nine. Consider using a connecting word or phrase that will clearly show that what follows it is the desired result of what Paul prayed in verse nine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+PHP	1	10	siv8	figs-doublet	εἰλικρινεῖς καὶ ἀπρόσκοποι	1	pure and blameless	The words **pure** and **blameless** have very similar meanings. Paul uses these two words together to emphasize the idea of moral purity. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these two words and translate them as one idea. Alternate translation: “completely blameless”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
 PHP	1	11	lu5n	figs-metaphor	πεπληρωμένοι καρπὸν δικαιοσύνης τὸν	1		Here, the phrase **being filled with** is a metaphor meaning to be occupied in doing something. The phrase **the fruit of righteousness** is a metaphor which figuratively refers to what characterizes a person, namely what a person produces. This metaphor is a comparison between a good tree that produces good fruit and a person who is filled with righteousness and produces good actions as a result. So with these two metaphors, Paul is telling the Philippians to be occupied in doing righteous deeds. If this would be unclear in your language, you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “filling your lives with the righteous deeds that are” or “habitually doing the good works that are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	1	11	t3w4	figs-activepassive	πεπληρωμένοι	1		The phrase **being filled with** is a passive form. If it would be more natural in your language, you could say this with an active form. Alternate translation: “letting God fill you with” or “continually producing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	1	11	yq99	figs-metaphor	τὸν διὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1		Here, the phrase **through Christ Jesus** is a metaphor meaning that Christ Jesus is the one who makes it possible for a person to be righteous and thus to do the things that a righteous person does. Alternate translation: “that Christ Jesus produces in you” or “that Christ Jesus enables you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	1	11	jwgb	figs-abstractnouns	εἰς δόξαν καὶ ἔπαινον Θεοῦ	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **glory** and **praise** with verbs. Alternate translation: “which will cause people to glorify and praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	11	mfs6	figs-doublet	εἰς δόξαν καὶ ἔπαινον Θεοῦ	1		The words **glory** and **praise** mean very similar things here. They are used together to emphasize how much people will praise God. If you have one word for this in your language, you can use it here and show emphasis another way. Alternate translation: “which will cause people to greatly praise God” or “which will cause people to keep saying how great God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-PHP	1	12	tu2t	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+PHP	1	12	tu2t	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “brothers and sisters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
 PHP	1	12	ygt3	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. Alternative translation, “my companions who believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	1	12	zy4g	figs-explicit	τὰ κατ’ ἐμὲ	1	the things concerning me	The phrase **the things concerning me** refers to Paul’s imprisonment. If it would be clearer in your language, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the things I have suffered because I was put into prison for preaching about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	1	12	zy4g	figs-explicit	τὰ κατ’ ἐμὲ	1	the things concerning me	The phrase **the things concerning me** refers to Paul’s imprisonment. If it would be clearer in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the things I have suffered because I was put into prison for preaching about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	12	q288	figs-metaphor	μᾶλλον εἰς προκοπὴν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου ἐλήλυθεν	1	have really happened for the advancement of the gospel	The phrase **advancement of the gospel** figuratively refers to an increasing number of people hearing and believing the gospel. Alternate translation: “have actually caused more people to hear the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	1	13	wi6n	grammar-connect-logic-result	ὥστε	1	my chains in Christ became apparent among the whole palace guard and all the others	Here, the phrase **As a result** shows that what follows this phrase is the result of Paul’s circumstances which he began discussing in verse 12, namely, his imprisonment. Consider using a connecting word or phrase that will clearly show that what follows it is the result of Paul’s imprisonment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 PHP	1	13	h1ly	figs-metonymy	δεσμούς μου	1	my chains in Christ became apparent	Paul again refers to his imprisonment in a figurative way by using the phrase **my chains**. See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
@@ -50,41 +50,41 @@ PHP	1	13	dm1m	figs-metonymy	πραιτωρίῳ	1	the whole palace guard	The wor
 PHP	1	14	a1kh		ἀδελφῶν	1		See how you translated **brothers** in the previous verse [1:12](../01/12.md).
 PHP	1	14	eurs	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφῶν	1		Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. Alternative translation, “my companions who believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	1	14	sz29	figs-metaphor	ἐν Κυρίῳ πεποιθότας τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου	1		The phrase **encouraged in the Lord** means that the Philippian Christians had grown in their trust of the Lord because of Paul’s imprisonment. Alternate translation: “trust the Lord more because of my chains” or “have received more courage from the Lord as a result of my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	1	14	k4tm	figs-activepassive	καὶ τοὺς πλείονας τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἐν Κυρίῳ πεποιθότας τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου	1		If it would be more natural in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you can say who or what caused the action. Alternate translation: “The Lord has encouraged most of the brothers because of my chains” or “My chains have given most of the brothers more trust in the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	1	14	k4tm	figs-activepassive	καὶ τοὺς πλείονας τῶν ἀδελφῶν ἐν Κυρίῳ πεποιθότας τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου	1		If it would be more natural in your language, you could say this with an active form, and you could say who or what caused the action. Alternate translation: “The Lord has encouraged most of the brothers because of my chains” or “My chains have given most of the brothers more trust in the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	1	14	ecy8	figs-metonymy	δεσμοῖς μου	1		Paul is referring to his imprisonment by mentioning one part of it: the chains that bound his feet and hands. If this is unclear in your language, you could mention the imprisonment directly. See how you translated the phrase **my chains** in [1:7](../01/07.md) and [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “because of my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	1	14	v2wo	figs-explicit	τὸν λόγον	1		Here, **the word** refers to the message from God about Jesus. If it would be clearer in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the gospel” or “the good news” or “God's message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	15	vw1s		τινὲς μὲν καὶ…τὸν Χριστὸν κηρύσσουσιν	1	Some indeed even proclaim Christ	Alternate translation: “Some people are preaching the good news about Jesus”
 PHP	1	15	z9y9	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ φθόνον καὶ ἔριν	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract nouns **envy** and **strife** by using them in a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because they are envious and seek their own evil purposes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	1	15	yh1c	figs-abstractnouns	εὐδοκίαν	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **goodwill** by using it in a verbal phrase. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	1	16	ttr2	figs-activepassive	εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κεῖμαι	1	I am appointed for the defense of the gospel	If it would be more natural in your language, you can state the phrase **I am appointed for the defense of the gospel** in active form. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-PHP	1	16	w0b8	figs-explicit	ἐξ ἀγάπης	1		Here, the object of the word **love** is not specified. You can leave the object of **love** unspecified or, if it is needed in your language, you may specify the object of **love**. Here, the word **love** could refer to: (1) love for Paul. See UST. (2) love for Christ. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because they love Christ” (3) love for multiple objects, such as Paul and Christ and those who have not yet heard or believed in the gospel. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because of their love for me, and Jesus, and those who do not believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	1	15	yh1c	figs-abstractnouns	εὐδοκίαν	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **goodwill** by using it in a verbal phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	16	ttr2	figs-activepassive	εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κεῖμαι	1	I am appointed for the defense of the gospel	If it would be more natural in your language, you could state the phrase **I am appointed for the defense of the gospel** in active form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	1	16	w0b8	figs-explicit	ἐξ ἀγάπης	1		Here, the object of the word **love** is not specified. You can leave the object of **love** unspecified or, if it is needed in your language, you may specify the object of **love**. Here, the word **love** could refer to: (1) love for Paul. (2) love for Christ. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because they love Christ” (3) love for multiple objects, such as Paul and Christ and those who have not yet heard or believed in the gospel. Alternate translation: “The ones who proclaim the good news because of their love for me, and Jesus, and those who do not believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	16	st7k	figs-metaphor	εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	for the defense of the gospel	Paul is speaking of the gospel as though it were a place or person that could be attacked. If this is confusing in your language, you can use plain language. See how you translated “defense and confirmation of the gospel” in [1:7](../01/07.md). Alternate translation: “to prove that the message about Jesus is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	1	16	ia9l	figs-explicit	εἰς ἀπολογίαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου κεῖμαι	1		The phrase **I am appointed** could refer to: (1) God appointing Paul’s current situation of being in prison. Alternate translation: “I am appointed to be here for the defense of the gospel” (2) God appointing Paul to the ministry of defending the gospel. Alternate translation: “God has appointed me to the ministry of publicly defending the truth of the good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	1	17	sgss	figs-abstractnouns	οἱ δὲ ἐξ ἐριθείας τὸν Χριστὸν καταγγέλλουσιν	1	in my chains	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **ambition** with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “but they proclaim Christ only to make themselves seem important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	17	j333		οὐχ ἁγνῶς	1	in my chains	Alternate translation: “with wrong motives” or “from wrong motives”
 PHP	1	17	z8ty	figs-metonymy	τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου	1	in my chains	Paul is referring to his imprisonment by mentioning one part of it: the chains that bound his feet and hands. If this is unclear in your language, you could mention the imprisonment directly. See how you translated the phrase **my chains** in [1:7](../01/07.md) and [1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “because of my imprisonment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	1	17	tc1u	figs-explicit	οἰόμενοι θλῖψιν ἐγείρειν τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could say how the selfish preachers suppose that they are causing trouble to Paul. You could also start a new sentence here. Alternate translation: “They hope to cause me trouble in my imprisonment by their preaching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	1	18	dc7l	figs-rquestion	τί γάρ	1		The phrase **What then** is a rhetorical question. If using a rhetorical question would be confusing in your language, consider expressing the meaning of this rhetorical question by changing it into a statement. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+PHP	1	18	dc7l	figs-rquestion	τί γάρ	1		The phrase **What then** is a rhetorical question. If using a rhetorical question would be confusing in your language, consider expressing the meaning of this rhetorical question by changing it into a statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
 PHP	1	18	z5ia	figs-ellipsis	τί γάρ	1	What then?	In the rhetorical question **What then**, Paul leaves out some words that might be necessary in some languages. If you want to use a rhetorical question here, you may want to add the words which are implied but not stated. This could be done in two ways: (1) as a rhetorical question which expects a negative answer. Alternate translation: “What does it matter what their motives are?” or “So what difference does it make?” (2) as a phrase that focuses on the result. Alternate translation: “What then is the result of this?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-PHP	1	18	sw24	figs-activepassive	καταγγέλλεται	1		If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the meaning of the passive form **is proclaimed** with an active form. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-PHP	1	19	saze	figs-explicit	τοῦτό	1		Here, the word **this** refers to Paul’s current situation of being in prison and the things that accompanied it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you can say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my imprisonment” or “my current condition in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	1	19	h9hf	figs-abstractnouns	οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι τοῦτό μοι ἀποβήσεται εἰς σωτηρίαν	1	to me in deliverance	If it would be clearer in your language, you can express the meaning behind the abstract noun **deliverance** by using a verbal phrase. You can also say who does the action, if necessary. Alternate translation: “for I know that this will result in God delivering me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	1	19	zr2k	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπιχορηγίας τοῦ Πνεύματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	of the Spirit of Jesus Christ	If it would be clearer in your language, you can express the meaning behind the abstract noun **provision** by using a verbal phrase. You can also say who does the action, if necessary. Alternate translation: “by God providing to me the Spirit of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	18	sw24	figs-activepassive	καταγγέλλεται	1		If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the meaning of the passive form **is proclaimed** with an active form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	1	19	saze	figs-explicit	τοῦτό	1		Here, the word **this** refers to Paul’s current situation of being in prison and the things that accompanied it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my imprisonment” or “my current condition in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	1	19	h9hf	figs-abstractnouns	οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι τοῦτό μοι ἀποβήσεται εἰς σωτηρίαν	1	to me in deliverance	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning behind the abstract noun **deliverance** by using a verbal phrase. You could also say who does the action, if necessary. Alternate translation: “for I know that this will result in God delivering me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	19	zr2k	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπιχορηγίας τοῦ Πνεύματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	of the Spirit of Jesus Christ	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning behind the abstract noun **provision** by using a verbal phrase. You could also say who does the action, if necessary. Alternate translation: “by God providing to me the Spirit of Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	20	fh48	figs-doublet	ἀποκαραδοκίαν καὶ ἐλπίδα	1	according to my eager expectation and hope	Both **eager expectation** and **hope** have similar meanings and together express a single idea. Paul uses these two words together to emphasize the strength of his expectation. If you have a single word or phrase in your language which expresses the meaning of these two words, consider using that to express the strength of the hope in another way. Alternate translation: “sincere expectation” or “sure hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-PHP	1	20	tk7l	figs-abstractnouns	κατὰ τὴν ἀποκαραδοκίαν καὶ ἐλπίδα μου	1	but in everything have boldness	Both **expectation** and **hope** are abstract nouns. If it would be clearer in your language you can express them together in a verb phrase. Alternate translation: “because I fully believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	20	tk7l	figs-abstractnouns	κατὰ τὴν ἀποκαραδοκίαν καὶ ἐλπίδα μου	1	but in everything have boldness	Both **expectation** and **hope** are abstract nouns. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express them together in a verb phrase. Alternate translation: “because I fully believe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	20	jz1z	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ σώματί μου	1	Christ will be exalted in my body	Here, the phrase **in my body** is used figuratively to mean the activities that Paul does with his body. Paul speaks of his **body** because it was with his earthly body that he would serve God on earth until he died, as he explains in more detail in [1:22-24](../01/22.md). Alternate translation: “in everything that I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	1	20	ysty	figs-doublenegatives	ἐν οὐδενὶ αἰσχυνθήσομαι, ἀλλ’	1	Christ will be exalted in my body	If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the double-negative phrase **in nothing be ashamed** in a positive way. Alternate translation: “I will always do the right thing and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
 PHP	1	20	ch6v	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν πάσῃ παρρησίᾳ	1	whether through life or through death	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **boldness** with a similar adverb. Alternate translation: “always act boldly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	20	y78k	figs-abstractnouns	εἴτε διὰ ζωῆς εἴτε διὰ θανάτου	1	whether through life or through death	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the ideas behind the abstract nouns **life** and **death** with their verbal forms. Alternate translation: “whether I live or I die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	1	21	n3jd	figs-abstractnouns	κέρδος	1	to die is gain	The word **gain** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	1	22	a21c	figs-synecdoche	ἐν σαρκί	1	Now if to live in the flesh	Here, Paul is using the word **flesh** figuratively to refer to his entire body. The phrase **in the flesh** then refers to living as physical beings. If this would be confusing in your language, consider using a different word or phrase that refers to this present physical life. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+PHP	1	21	n3jd	figs-abstractnouns	κέρδος	1	to die is gain	The word **gain** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	22	a21c	figs-synecdoche	ἐν σαρκί	1	Now if to live in the flesh	Here, Paul is using the word **flesh** figuratively to refer to his entire body. The phrase **in the flesh** then refers to living as physical beings. If this would be confusing in your language, consider using a different word or phrase that refers to this present physical life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
 PHP	1	22	mwl6	figs-metaphor	τοῦτό μοι καρπὸς ἔργου	1	this is fruitful labor for me	Here, the word **fruitful** refers to Paul’s work producing good results. This is a metaphor in which Paul’s anticipated productive work is compared to a plant or tree which produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “this will mean effectively serving God” or “this will mean productively working for the advancement of the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	1	22	kxuu	figs-abstractnouns	ἔργου	1		The word **labor** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	1	23	tq29	figs-metaphor	συνέχομαι δὲ ἐκ τῶν δύο	1	But I am hard pressed between the two	The phrase **hard pressed** is a metaphor. Paul speaks as if he were experiencing literal pressure from two opposite sides at the same time. Paul uses this figurative expression to show his difficulty in deciding which decision is best, if given the option between living or dying. If this would be confusing in your language, you can translate this phrase using a metaphor that would make sense in your language, or you can choose to use plain language to express it. Alternate translation: “Both options have their advantages, so the decision is not an easy one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	1	23	j1sv	figs-activepassive	συνέχομαι	1		The phrase **I am hard pressed** is in passive form. If this would be confusing in your language, you can express the meaning behind this phrase by using a verb phrase that is in the active voice. Alternate translation: “It is not easy for me to decide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	1	22	kxuu	figs-abstractnouns	ἔργου	1		The word **labor** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you may express the meaning behind this word by using a verb phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	23	tq29	figs-metaphor	συνέχομαι δὲ ἐκ τῶν δύο	1	But I am hard pressed between the two	The phrase **hard pressed** is a metaphor. Paul speaks as if he were experiencing literal pressure from two opposite sides at the same time. Paul uses this figurative expression to show his difficulty in deciding which decision is best, if given the option between living or dying. If this would be confusing in your language, you could translate this phrase using a metaphor that would make sense in your language, or you could choose to use plain language to express it. Alternate translation: “Both options have their advantages, so the decision is not an easy one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHP	1	23	j1sv	figs-activepassive	συνέχομαι	1		The phrase **I am hard pressed** is in passive form. If this would be confusing in your language, you could express the meaning behind this phrase by using a verb phrase that is in the active voice. Alternate translation: “It is not easy for me to decide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	1	23	q0n1	figs-explicit	τῶν δύο	1		Here, the phrase **the two** refers to the two options regarding what decision is best. The choice of continuing to live on earth and serve Christ or its alternative, the choice of leaving earth to be with Christ. If the phrase **the two** would be confusing in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “these two options” or “these two choices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	1	23	u1zs	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπιθυμίαν	1		The word **desire** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you can express the meaning of this word by using the verbal form. See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	1	23	hhjr	figs-euphemism	ἀναλῦσαι	1		Here Paul is referring to his death with the phrase **to depart**. Instead of focusing on the unpleasantness of death, Paul is using the word **depart** to focus on the positive result of his death, namely, that his physical death will result in his being with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you can use a different euphemism or express this plainly. Alternate translation: “to leave this life” or “to depart from this earth” or “to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
+PHP	1	23	u1zs	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπιθυμίαν	1		The word **desire** is an abstract noun. If this would be unclear in your language, you could express the meaning of this word by using the verbal form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	23	hhjr	figs-euphemism	ἀναλῦσαι	1		Here Paul is referring to his death with the phrase **to depart**. Instead of focusing on the unpleasantness of death, Paul is using the word **depart** to focus on the positive result of his death, namely, that his physical death will result in his being with Christ. If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a different euphemism or express this plainly. Alternate translation: “to leave this life” or “to depart from this earth” or “to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
 PHP	1	24	etly	figs-synecdoche	τὸ δὲ ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ	1		The phrase **but remain in the flesh** means to remain alive in one’s body on earth. See how you translated **flesh** in [1:22](../01/22.md). If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “but to remain in the body” or “but to remain on this earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
 PHP	1	24	k2j7	figs-ellipsis	ἀναγκαιότερον	1		In the phrase **is more necessary** Paul leaves out the implied words “than departing” because he knows that his readers will understand them from the context. If this would be unclear in your language, consider supplying these omitted words in your translation. Alternative translation: “is more necessary than departing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 PHP	1	24	hnl7		ὑμᾶς	1		See how you translated the word **your** in [1:5](../01/05.md).
@@ -100,23 +100,23 @@ PHP	1	25	zse3	figs-abstractnouns	τῆς πίστεως	1		If it would be cleare
 PHP	1	26	viwq	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα	1		Here, the phrase **so that** indicates that what follows is the purpose of what came before it. The purpose of Paul remaining alive, ([1:25](../01/25.md)), was to increase the Philippian's boasting in Christ. In your translation, use the method your language uses to indicate purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
 PHP	1	26	d906	figs-abstractnouns	καύχημα…ἐν	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **boasting** by expressing its meaning in a verb phrase or in some other way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “glorying in” or “rejoicing in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	26	j1d2	figs-go	παρουσίας	1		Here the word **coming** describes Paul's travel from the perspective of the Philippians. In your language, it may be more natural to describe his travel from Paul's perspective and use a word such as “going.” Here and in verse [27](../01/27.md), use the word or phrase that is most natural in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
-PHP	1	26	ay37	grammar-connect-logic-result	τὸ καύχημα ὑμῶν περισσεύῃ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ, διὰ τῆς ἐμῆς παρουσίας πάλιν πρὸς ὑμᾶς	1		Here the word **through** could refer to: (1) the reason the Philippians would greatly boast in Christ. Therefore, the word **through** means “because”. Alternate translation: See UST. (2) the means by which the Philippians would greatly boast in Christ. Therefore, the word **through** means “by”. Alternate translation: “by my coming to you again, your boasting in Christ Jesus will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+PHP	1	26	ay37	grammar-connect-logic-result	τὸ καύχημα ὑμῶν περισσεύῃ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ ἐν ἐμοὶ, διὰ τῆς ἐμῆς παρουσίας πάλιν πρὸς ὑμᾶς	1		Here the word **through** could refer to: (1) the reason the Philippians would greatly boast in Christ. Therefore, the word **through** means “because”. Alternate translation: (2) the means by which the Philippians would greatly boast in Christ. Therefore, the word **through** means “by”. Alternate translation: “by my coming to you again, your boasting in Christ Jesus will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 PHP	1	27	bwmq	figs-go	ἐλθὼν	1		Your language may have a different way of expressing the motion described by the word **come**. Here, the word **come** refers to Paul going to where the Philippians live and visiting them. See how you translated the form of this word in the previous verse, [1:26](../01/26.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
 PHP	1	27	yddq	figs-yousingular	ἀξίως τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τοῦ Χριστοῦ πολιτεύεσθε	1		This is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
 PHP	1	27	u09z	figs-metaphor	στήκετε	1		Here, the phrase **stand firm** is used figuratively to mean not changing one’s beliefs but, rather, remaining steadfast in what one believes. If this would be unclear in your language, consider using an equivalent expression from your language, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “you be unmoved” or “you remain strong in your faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	1	27	kmn8	figs-doublet	ἐν ἑνὶ πνεύματι, μιᾷ ψυχῇ	1		Here, the phrases **in one spirit** and **with one soul** mean essentially the same thing and are used together to emphasize the importance of unity. If it would be clearer in your language, you can translate them together as one expression and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “unified as one spirit” or “with complete unity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+PHP	1	27	kmn8	figs-doublet	ἐν ἑνὶ πνεύματι, μιᾷ ψυχῇ	1		Here, the phrases **in one spirit** and **with one soul** mean essentially the same thing and are used together to emphasize the importance of unity. If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate them together as one expression and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “unified as one spirit” or “with complete unity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
 PHP	1	27	jfxp	figs-metaphor	ἐν ἑνὶ πνεύματι, μιᾷ ψυχῇ	1		Here, the phrases **in one spirit** and **with one soul** are used figuratively to mean “to have unity in one's primary purposes and beliefs.” Both phrases refer to being in agreement about what matters. If these expressions would be confusing in your language, you may use plain language or use a similar expression from your language. Alternate translation: “with one mind” or “with singleness of purpose” or “in full agreement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	1	27	ej2s		συναθλοῦντες	1	striving together	Alternate translation: “cooperating together in the work”
-PHP	1	27	ya3h	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	for the faith of the gospel	Here, the abstract noun **faith** in the phrase **the faith of the gospel** refers to what believers understand and do as a result of believing the gospel, which is God's message about Jesus. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	27	ya3h	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ πίστει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	for the faith of the gospel	Here, the abstract noun **faith** in the phrase **the faith of the gospel** refers to what believers understand and do as a result of believing the gospel, which is God's message about Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	28	u9an	figs-explicit	τῶν ἀντικειμένων	1		The phrase **those opposing you** refers to the people who were opposing the Philippian Christians and causing them trouble. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “the people opposing you” or “the people opposing you because you believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	1	28	l495	writing-pronouns	ἥτις ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς ἔνδειξις	1		The word **This** in the phrase **This is a sign to them** refers to the lack of fear that the Philippian believers will have when they are opposed because of their faith. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+PHP	1	28	l495	writing-pronouns	ἥτις ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς ἔνδειξις	1		The word **This** in the phrase **This is a sign to them** refers to the lack of fear that the Philippian believers will have when they are opposed because of their faith. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
 PHP	1	28	t225	figs-abstractnouns	ἀπωλείας	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **destruction** by using a verb form or by expressing it in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: “that God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	1	28	ypn8	figs-abstractnouns	σωτηρίας	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** by using a verb form of this word or by expressing it in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	1	28	ypn8	figs-abstractnouns	σωτηρίας	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **salvation** by using a verb form of this word or by expressing it in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	28	nb4b	writing-pronouns	τοῦτο ἀπὸ Θεοῦ	1		The word **this** in the phrase **this from God** could refer to: (1) what comes before it in this verse, both the courage God gives the Philippian Christians and the sign that their courage gives to those opposing them. Alternate translation: “your lack of fear and the evidence it gives is all from God” (2) the sign given to those who oppose the Philippian Christians. Alternate translation: “this sign is from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
-PHP	1	29	qous	figs-activepassive	ὑμῖν ἐχαρίσθη τὸ	1		You could say this with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “God has graciously granted to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	1	29	qous	figs-activepassive	ὑμῖν ἐχαρίσθη τὸ	1		You could say this with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “God has graciously granted to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	1	30	x4z3	figs-abstractnouns	τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες	1	having the same struggle which you saw in me, and now you hear in me	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **struggle** by using a verb phrase, as the UST does, or by expressing the idea behind this word in some other way that would be clear in your language. Alternate translation: “as you contend with people who oppose you in the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	1	30	cewf	figs-metaphor	τὸν αὐτὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες, οἷον εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ	1		Here, the word **struggle** is a figurative way of referring to the conflict that Paul and the Philippian believers had with people who opposed them because of their faith. Paul speaks of it here as if it were a military battle or an athletic competition. If this would be unclear in your language, you could state this in plain language. Alternate translation: “as you experience the same opposition from people that you saw that I experienced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	1	30	hnec	figs-idiom	εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ, καὶ νῦν ἀκούετε ἐν ἐμοί	1		Here, the phrase **in me** occurs twice, both times referring to what Paul is experiencing. If this would be unclear in your language you can express this in a way that is understandable in your language. Alternate translation: “you saw me experience and now hear that I am experiencing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+PHP	1	30	hnec	figs-idiom	εἴδετε ἐν ἐμοὶ, καὶ νῦν ἀκούετε ἐν ἐμοί	1		Here, the phrase **in me** occurs twice, both times referring to what Paul is experiencing. If this would be unclear in your language, you could express this in a way that is understandable in your language. Alternate translation: “you saw me experience and now hear that I am experiencing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 PHP	2	intro	ixw8			0		# Philippians 2 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations, like the ULT, set apart the lines of verses 6-11. These verses describe the example of Christ. They teach important truths about the person of Jesus.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Practical instructions<br><br>In this chapter Paul gives many practical instructions to the church in Philippi.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “If there is any”<br><br>This appears as though it is a type of hypothetical statement. However, it is not a hypothetical statement, because it expresses something that is true. The translator may also translate this phrase as “Since there is.”
 PHP	2	1	v4ns	grammar-connect-words-phrases	οὖν	1		The word **Therefore** indicates that what follows is the natural result of or conclusion to what preceded it. Use the most natural form in your language to show this relationship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
 PHP	2	1	b1q7	figs-explicit	εἴ τις…παράκλησις ἐν Χριστῷ, εἴ τι παραμύθιον ἀγάπης, εἴ τις κοινωνία Πνεύματος, εἴ τις σπλάγχνα καὶ οἰκτιρμοί	1	If there is any encouragement in Christ	The phrase **if there is any**, which occurs one time in this verse, and the phrase **if any**, which occurs three times in this verse, appear to be hypothetical statements. However, they are not hypothetical, because they each express things which are true. If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the meaning of these phrases explicitly. Alternate translation: “because of the encouragement which comes from Christ, because there is comfort from his love, because of the fellowship of the Spirit, because you have affections and compassions” or “since Christ has encouraged you, since there is comfort from his love, since there is fellowship in the Spirit, since you have affections and compassions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
@@ -156,8 +156,8 @@ PHP	2	7	x5rt	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλὰ	1		The word **Instead** i
 PHP	2	7	kvjd	writing-pronouns	ἀλλὰ ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν	1		Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Jesus. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider the best way to express the meaning of **he** to show that it refers to Jesus. Alternate translation: “Instead, Jesus emptied himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
 PHP	2	7	c64i	figs-rpronouns	ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν	1		Here, the reflexive pronoun **himself** refers to Jesus and is used to emphasize the fact that Jesus freely and intentionally chose to empty himself of divine rights and privileges. Consider the best way to express the emphatic element of this pronoun<br>in your language. Alternate translation: “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
 PHP	2	7	yu25	figs-metaphor	ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσεν	1	he emptied himself	Here, Paul saying that Christ **emptied himself** is figurative, and not literal. By using this phrase, Paul is vividly expressing that Christ chose to give up many of his divine rights and privileges when he became human. The phrase **emptied himself** is a figurative way of saying that Jesus chose to give up divine privileges and honors. Paul expresses this in a metaphorical way in order to more vividly make his point. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture, or use plain language. Alternate translation: “he gave up divine rights and privileges” or “he willingly set aside divine privileges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	2	7	r5dn		μορφὴν δούλου λαβών	1		The phrase, **having taken the form of a servant**, means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, consider using an equivalent expression from your language, or state this in plain language. Alternative translation, “and acted as a servant” or see UST.
-PHP	2	7	qetl		ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος	1		The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus, who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and appear on earth in human form. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider saying this in plain language. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” or see UST.
+PHP	2	7	r5dn		μορφὴν δούλου λαβών	1		The phrase, **having taken the form of a servant**, means that Jesus acted as a servant while on earth. It does not mean that Jesus simply appeared to be a servant. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, consider using an equivalent expression from your language, or state this in plain language. Alternative translation, “and acted as a servant”
+PHP	2	7	qetl		ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων γενόμενος	1		The phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** means that Jesus became a human being. It does not mean that Jesus only appeared to be human. Rather, it means that Jesus, who always existed as God, chose to take on a human body and appear on earth in human form. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider saying this in plain language. Alternate translation: “having become a human being” 
 PHP	2	7	tc8n	figs-gendernotations	ἐν ὁμοιώματι ἀνθρώπων	1	in the likeness of men	Here, the word **men** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. The word **men** is plural in form to emphasize the idea that Jesus resembled humanity in general. Consider the best way in your language to express this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity. Alternate translation: “in the likeness of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
 PHP	2	7	uizd		καὶ σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος	1		The phrase **having been found in appearance as a man** does not mean that Jesus appeared to be a man, but was not a man. Rather, this phrase continues the thought of the the previous phrase **having been born in the likeness of men** and means that Jesus became a human being and therefore was fully human in appearance. The phrase, **in appearance**, points out that Jesus was fully human in appearance; it also indicates that, while being fully human, Jesus was distinct from the rest of humanity: He retained his full deity while being human, and therefore was both human and divine at the same time. Alternate translation: “and while being found in the form of a human being”
 PHP	2	7	jmr8	figs-gendernotations	ἄνθρωπος	1		Here the word **man** is emphasizing the idea of Jesus’ humanity rather than his gender. If your language has a way of expressing this emphasis on Jesus’ humanity, consider using the term that would most clearly express this. See how you translated the word **men** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
@@ -221,144 +221,144 @@ PHP	2	19	pq9g	translate-names	Τιμόθεον	1		**Timothy** is the name of a m
 PHP	2	19	uvzh	figs-ellipsis	κἀγὼ εὐψυχῶ	1		Here, the word **also** indicates that there is an ellipsis in the words that follow it. The word **also** expresses and implies that if Paul was able to send Timothy to the Philippian Christians, then they would be encouraged by news of Paul also. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I, as well as you, might be encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 PHP	2	20	d9mw		οὐδένα γὰρ ἔχω ἰσόψυχον	1	For I have no one like-minded	Alternate translation: “For I have no one else who loves you like I do" 
 PHP	2	21	b922	figs-explicit	οἱ πάντες γὰρ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦσιν, οὐ τὰ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	For they all	Here the words **they** and **their** refer to a group of people Paul does not think he can trust to help the believers in Philippi. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “All the other people I might send to you seek what they want and not the things Jesus Christ wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	2	22	gm8i	figs-simile	ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον, σὺν ἐμοὶ ἐδούλευσεν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον	1	as a child with his father, he served with me	The point of this comparison is that children learn from their fathers and try to follow and imitate them as they work alongside them. Paul was not Timothy’s biological father but he uses this simile to illustrate how Timothy worked alongside him and learned from him as together they advanced the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he learned from me and imitated me as he served with me in the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+PHP	2	22	gm8i	figs-simile	ὡς πατρὶ τέκνον, σὺν ἐμοὶ ἐδούλευσεν εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον	1	as a child with his father, he served with me	The point of this comparison is that children learn from their fathers and try to follow and imitate them as they work alongside them. Paul was not Timothy’s biological father, but he uses this simile to illustrate how Timothy worked alongside him and learned from him as, together, they advanced the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could use an equivalent comparison or express this meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “he learned from me and imitated me as he served with me in the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
 PHP	2	22	clvw	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν δὲ δοκιμὴν αὐτοῦ γινώσκετε	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **worth** with an adjective such as “valuable” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “But you know how valuable Timothy is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	2	22	xdn5	figs-metonymy	εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον	1	in the gospel	Here, **the gospel** means the work of advancing the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in gospel work” or “in working to spread the gospel” or “in the work of telling people the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHP	2	22	xdn5	figs-metonymy	εἰς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον	1	in the gospel	Here, **the gospel** means the work of advancing the gospel. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “in gospel work” or “in working to spread the gospel” or “in the work of telling people the good news about Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	2	24	yn62		πέποιθα…ἐν Κυρίῳ, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι	1	I am confident in the Lord that I myself will also come soon	Alternate translation: “I am sure, if it is the Lord’s will, that I will also come soon”
-PHP	2	24	qqpo	figs-explicit	ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι.	1		Here, the word **also** expresses that Paul was confident that he would be able to visit the Philippian Christians, in addition to sending Timothy to them. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that I myself, in addition to Timothy, will also come soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	2	24	qqpo	figs-explicit	ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι.	1		Here, the word **also** expresses that Paul was confident that he would be able to visit the Philippian Christians too, in addition to sending Timothy to them. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “that I myself, in addition to Timothy, will also come soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	2	24	wbpc	figs-go	ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ταχέως ἐλεύσομαι	1		Your language may say “go” instead of **come** in contexts such as this. Alternate translation: “that I myself will also go soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
-PHP	2	25	k4wz	translate-names	Ἐπαφρόδιτον	1	Epaphroditus	This is the name of a man sent by the Philippian church to minister to Paul in prison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
-PHP	2	25	csw5	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφὸν…μου	1		Here, the phrase **my brother** does not mean that Epaphroditus was Paul’s biological brother. Rather, Paul calls Epaphroditus his **brother** because they were both members of God’s spiritual family through their faith in Jesus Christ. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my spiritual brother” or “my brother in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	2	25	c3ce	figs-metaphor	συνστρατιώτην	1	fellow worker and fellow soldier	Here, the phrase **fellow soldier** does not mean that Epaphroditus and Paul were actual soldiers in a military. What Paul means is that he and Epaphroditus were spiritual soldiers fighting together for God in the spiritual battle against Satan and evil. If this would be misunderstood in your language you could express this explicitly or modify the phrase **fellow soldier** to further explain what Paul means or you could express the meaning of **fellow soldier** by turning it into a simile as the UST does. Alternate translation: “fellow believer who works and struggles along with us” or “fellow soldier of God” or “fellow warrior for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHP	2	25	k4wz	translate-names	Ἐπαφρόδιτον	1	Epaphroditus	**Epaphroditus** is the name of a man sent by the Philippian church to minister to Paul in prison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+PHP	2	25	csw5	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφὸν…μου	1		Here the phrase **my brother** does not mean that Epaphroditus was Paul’s biological brother. Rather, Paul calls Epaphroditus his **brother** because they were both members of God’s spiritual family through their faith in Jesus Christ. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “my spiritual brother” or “my brother in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHP	2	25	c3ce	figs-metaphor	συνστρατιώτην	1	fellow worker and fellow soldier	Here the phrase **fellow soldier** does not mean that Epaphroditus and Paul were actual soldiers in a military. What Paul means is that he and Epaphroditus were spiritual soldiers fighting together for God in the spiritual battle against Satan and evil. If this would be misunderstood in your language, you could express this explicitly or modify the phrase **fellow soldier** to further explain what Paul means, or you could express the meaning of **fellow soldier** by turning it into a simile, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “fellow believer who works and struggles along with us” or “fellow soldier of God” or “fellow warrior for God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	2	25	qsd6		ὑμῶν…ἀπόστολον καὶ λειτουργὸν τῆς χρείας μου	1	your messenger and minister for my needs	Alternate translation: “who brings your messages to me and helps me in my need”
 PHP	2	26	gxn9		ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν	1	he is longing to be with you all and he is distressed	Alternate translation: “he has wanted to be with you all and is deeply concerned”
-PHP	2	26	wdvh	writing-pronouns	ἐπειδὴ ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν διότι ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἠσθένησεν	1		In this verse all three uses of the pronoun **he** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language consider clarifying this in your translation in a way that would be natural. Alternate translation: “seeing that Epaphroditus has been longing to be with you all and is distressed because you heard that he was sick” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
-PHP	2	27	d3ou	writing-pronouns	καὶ γὰρ ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ, ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν, οὐκ αὐτὸν δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐμέ, ἵνα μὴ λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην σχῶ	1		Here, the pronoun **he** refers to Epaphroditus as well as both uses of the pronoun **him**. If this would be unclear in your language consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “For indeed Epaphroditus was sick nearly to death. But God had mercy on him, and not on him only, but also on me, so that I might not have sorrow upon sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
-PHP	2	27	rl0m	figs-abstractnouns	ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died** as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was sick nearly to the point of dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	2	26	wdvh	writing-pronouns	ἐπειδὴ ἐπιποθῶν ἦν πάντας ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἀδημονῶν διότι ἠκούσατε ὅτι ἠσθένησεν	1		In this verse all three uses of the pronoun **he** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider clarifying this in your translation in a way that would be natural. Alternate translation: “seeing that Epaphroditus has been longing to be with you all and is distressed because you heard that he was sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+PHP	2	27	d3ou	writing-pronouns	καὶ γὰρ ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ, ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν, οὐκ αὐτὸν δὲ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐμέ, ἵνα μὴ λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην σχῶ	1		Here the pronoun **he** refers to Epaphroditus, as do both uses of the pronoun **him**. If this would be unclear in your language, consider clarifying this in your translation. Alternate translation: “For indeed Epaphroditus was sick nearly to death. But God had mercy on him, and not on him only, but also on me, so that I might not have sorrow upon sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+PHP	2	27	rl0m	figs-abstractnouns	ἠσθένησεν παραπλήσιον θανάτῳ	1		If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died**, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was sick nearly to the point of dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	2	27	n0zd	figs-abstractnouns	ἀλλὰ ὁ Θεὸς ἠλέησεν αὐτόν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **mercy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **mercy** with an adjective such as “merciful” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “but God was merciful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	2	27	ioqq	figs-explicit	λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην	1		If the expression **sorrow upon sorrow** would be misunderstood in your language consider using an equivalent expression or state the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “sorrow added to sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	2	27	ioqq	figs-explicit	λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην	1		If the expression **sorrow upon sorrow** would be misunderstood in your language, consider using an equivalent expression, or state the meaning of this phrase explicitly. Alternate translation: “sorrow added to sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	2	27	dzgz		λύπην ἐπὶ λύπην	1		The expression **sorrow upon sorrow** could mean: (1) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ sickness. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of his sickness” (2) adding the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death to the sorrow of Paul’s imprisonment. Alternate translation: “the sorrow of Epaphroditus’ death added to the sorrow of my imprisonment”
 PHP	2	28	kt1d	writing-pronouns	σπουδαιοτέρως οὖν ἔπεμψα αὐτὸν, ἵνα ἰδόντες αὐτὸν πάλιν, χαρῆτε κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ	1		Here, both occurrences of the pronoun **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood in your language, consider clarifying who **him** is referring to in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I sent Epaphroditus all the more eagerly, so that, having seen him again, you might rejoice, and I might be free from pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
 PHP	2	28	y5gc	figs-abstractnouns	κἀγὼ ἀλυπότερος ὦ	1	and I might be free from pain	Here, when Paul refers to **pain** he is referring to emotional pain. If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **pain**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **pain** with an adjective such as “anxious” or “concerned” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “and I might be less anxious” or “and I might be less concerned about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	2	29	y95x	figs-yousingular	προσδέχεσθε…αὐτὸν	1	Therefore welcome him	The word **welcome** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to welcome him” or “each of you welcome him” or “all of you welcome him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
-PHP	2	29	qx14	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς	1	in the Lord with all joy	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** with an adverb such as “joyfully”, as the UST does, or you can use a verbal form of this word such as “rejoicing.” Alternate translation: “Therefore, welcome him in the Lord with rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	2	29	qx14	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν Κυρίῳ μετὰ πάσης χαρᾶς	1	in the Lord with all joy	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** with an adverb such as “joyfully,” as the UST does, or you can use a verbal form of this word such as “rejoicing.” Alternate translation: “Therefore, welcome him in the Lord with rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	2	29	l59w	figs-yousingular	ἐντίμους ἔχετε	1		The phrase **hold in honor** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to hold in honor” or “each of you honor” or “all of you honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
 PHP	2	29	lk2b	figs-abstractnouns	ἐντίμους ἔχετε	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **honor**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **honor** with a verbal form of **honor** as the UST does, or in some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	2	30	ns1y	writing-pronouns	ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας	1	he came near even to death	Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood by your readers consider clarifying this in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
-PHP	2	30	vj8b	figs-possession	διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ	1	he came near even to death	In the phrase **the work of Christ** Paul is using the possessive form to describe work that is done for Christ. It this would be misunderstood by your readers you can state this in some other way. Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
+PHP	2	30	ns1y	writing-pronouns	ὅτι διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν, παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ, ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας	1	he came near even to death	Here, the pronouns **he** and **him** refer to Epaphroditus. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, consider clarifying this in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “since for the sake of the work of Christ, Epaphroditus came near even to death, risking his life so that he might make up your lack of service to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+PHP	2	30	vj8b	figs-possession	διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ	1	he came near even to death	In the phrase **the work of Christ**, Paul is using the possessive form to describe work that is done for Christ. It this would be misunderstood by your readers, you can state this in some other way. Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
 PHP	2	30	nhja	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ	1	he came near even to death	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **work**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **work** with a verbal form such as “working.” Alternate translation: “for the sake of working for Christ” or “as a result of working for Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	2	30	ffly	figs-abstractnouns	μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν	1	he came near even to death	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death** you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died**, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was close to dying” or “he came close to dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	2	30	kjti	figs-abstractnouns	παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ	1	he came near even to death	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life** you could express the idea behind the phrase **having risked his life** in some other way. Alternate translation: “He ran the risk of dying” or “He risked dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	2	30	x4rl	figs-abstractnouns	ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας	1	he came near even to death	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **service** you could express the idea behind the word **service** by using a verb form such as “serve.” Alternate translation: “so that he might make up for your not being able to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	2	30	ffly	figs-abstractnouns	μέχρι θανάτου ἤγγισεν	1	he came near even to death	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **death** with an adjective such as “dying” or with a verbal form such as **died**, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “he was close to dying” or “he came close to dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	2	30	kjti	figs-abstractnouns	παραβολευσάμενος τῇ ψυχῇ	1	he came near even to death	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **life**, you could express the idea behind the phrase **risking his life** in some other way. Alternate translation: “He ran the risk of dying” or “He risked dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	2	30	x4rl	figs-abstractnouns	ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας	1	he came near even to death	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **service**, you could express the idea behind the word **service** by using a verb form such as “serve.” Alternate translation: “so that he might make up for your not being able to serve me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	2	30	g98z	figs-explicit	ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα, τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας	1	he might make up your lack of service to me	The **lack of service** Paul speaks of here, is the inability of the Philippian believers to be present with him in prison. By sending Epaphroditus to Paul, the Philippian believers ministered to Paul’s needs through Epaphroditus, and so Epaphroditus supplied what they could not. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could indicate that explicitly. Alternate translation: “so that he might supply what you could not give me” or “so that he might make up for what you could not give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	3	intro	btx3			0		# Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists how he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew. But he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected Bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is attempting to grow to be like Christ until a person dies. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
+PHP	3	intro	btx3			0		# Philippians 3 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>In verses 4-8, Paul lists the ways he qualifies for being considered a righteous Jew. In every way, Paul was an exemplary Jew, but he contrasts this with the greatness of knowing Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Dogs<br><br>The people of the ancient Near East used dogs as an image to refer to people in a negative way. Not all cultures use the term “dogs” in this way.<br><br>### Resurrected bodies<br><br>We know very little about what people will be like in heaven. Paul teaches here that Christians will have some kind of glorious body and will be free from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Prize<br><br>Paul uses an extended illustration to describe the Christian life. The goal of the Christian life is to grow to be like Christ while we live on earth. We can never achieve this goal perfectly, but we must strive for it.
 PHP	3	1	zu9l	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. See how you translated this word in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
 PHP	3	1	ymm2	figs-yousingular	χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	rejoice in the Lord	The word **rejoice** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to rejoice in the Lord” or “each of you rejoice in the Lord” or “all of you rejoice in the Lord” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
 PHP	3	1	b8y6		ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	rejoice in the Lord	Alternate translation: “in your relationship with the Lord” or “in who the Lord is and what he has done”
-PHP	3	1	qb78	figs-explicit	ὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές	1	and is a safeguard for you	If it would be helpful in your language you can state explicitly how writing these things is a **safeguard** for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	3	2	ttws	figs-yousingular	βλέπετε	-1		All three times that the phrase **Beware** occurs in this verse it is a command or instruction given to all of the Philippian believers. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to beware of” or “Each of you beware of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
+PHP	3	1	qb78	figs-explicit	ὑμῖν δὲ ἀσφαλές	1	and is a safeguard for you	If it would be helpful in your language, you could state explicitly how writing these things is a **safeguard** for the Philippians. Alternate translation: “because these teachings will protect you from those who teach what is false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	3	2	ttws	figs-yousingular	βλέπετε	-1		All three times that the phrase **Beware** occurs in this verse, it is a command or instruction given to all of the Philippian believers. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to beware of” or “Each of you beware of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
 PHP	3	2	ny6y		βλέπετε	-1	Beware	Alternate translation: “Watch out for” or “Look out for” or “Be on guard against”
 PHP	3	2	zin8		τοὺς κύνας…τοὺς κακοὺς ἐργάτας…τὴν κατατομήν	1	the dogs … the evil workers … the mutilation	The phrases **the dogs**, **the evil workers**, and **the mutilation** are three different ways of describing the same group of Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel. Paul uses strong expressions to convey his feelings about these Jewish teachers.
-PHP	3	2	yeax	translate-unknown	τοὺς κύνας	1	the dogs	Paul speaks of the Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel as though they were **dogs** in order to show strong contempt for them. A dog is an animal that is common in many parts of the world. Dogs are despised in some cultures but not despised in other cultures so using the term **dogs** in some cultures may not have the same derogatory or negative meaning that Paul intended. If you have a different animal in your culture that is despised or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead if it would fit well in this context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-PHP	3	2	n44a	figs-explicit	κακοὺς ἐργάτας	1		Here, the phrase **evil workers** refers to Jewish teachers who were teaching things that were contrary to the gospel. If this would be misunderstood by your readers you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	3	2	vc2u	translate-unknown	τὴν κατατομήν	1		The word **mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to circumcision, and the phrase **the mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to the people who taught that circumcision was necessary in order to be in right standing with God. By using the term **mutilation**, Paul is showing the Philippian believers that those who trust in circumcision, and not solely in Christ, mistakenly think that they can earn God’s favor by cutting their bodies. Consider the term that would best communicate this idea in your language or you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: “those who cut themselves” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
-PHP	3	2	x8r2	figs-metonymy	τὴν κατατομήν	1	the mutilation	Here, **the mutilation** refers to the Jewish teachers who were all circumcised and were corrupting the gospel by teaching that it was necessary to be circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-PHP	3	3	y8yt	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν	1	For we are	Here, Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and the Philippian believers and anyone else who believes in Christ so **we** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-PHP	3	3	xt5r	figs-metonymy	ἡ περιτομή	1	the circumcision	Here, the term **the circumcision** is used metonymously to refer to all true Christians. Here, Paul is using this term in contrast to its normal usage in the Bible. Normally, the term **the circumcision** was used to refer to Jewish males since all Jewish males were circumcised at this time. Here, Paul intentionally uses this term in a way that would have been surprising to his readers. Here, Paul uses this term with a spiritual sense to refer to all Christians, both Jews and non-Jews. Paul uses the term **the circumcision** here, to refer to the inward, spiritual circumcision that the Holy Spirit performs in the hearts of all true Christians. If this would be misunderstood by your readers you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHP	3	2	yeax	translate-unknown	τοὺς κύνας	1	the dogs	Paul speaks of the Jewish teachers who were corrupting the gospel as though they were **dogs** in order to show strong contempt for them. A dog is an animal that is common in many parts of the world. Dogs are despised in some cultures but not despised in other cultures, so using the term **dogs** in some cultures may not have the same derogatory or negative meaning that Paul intended. If you have a different animal in your culture that is despised or whose name is used as an insult, you could use this animal instead, if it would fit well in this context. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+PHP	3	2	n44a	figs-explicit	κακοὺς ἐργάτας	1		Here, the phrase **evil workers** refers to Jewish teachers who were teaching things that were contrary to the gospel. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: "false teachers" (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	3	2	vc2u	translate-unknown	τὴν κατατομήν	1		The word **mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to circumcision, and the phrase **the mutilation** is a sarcastic way of referring to the people who taught that circumcision was necessary in order to be in right standing with God. By using the term **mutilation**, Paul is showing the Philippian believers that those who trust in circumcision, and not solely in Christ, mistakenly think that they can earn God’s favor by cutting their bodies. Consider the term that would best communicate this idea in your language, or you can state this using plain language. Alternate translation: “those who cut themselves”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+PHP	3	2	x8r2	figs-metonymy	τὴν κατατομήν	1	the mutilation	Here, **the mutilation** refers to the Jewish teachers, all circumcised, who were corrupting the gospel by teaching that it was necessary to be circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHP	3	3	y8yt	figs-exclusive	ἡμεῖς γάρ ἐσμεν	1	For we are	Here, Paul uses **we** to refer to himself and the Philippian believers and anyone else who believes in Christ, so **we** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+PHP	3	3	xt5r	figs-metonymy	ἡ περιτομή	1	the circumcision	Here the term **the circumcision** is used metonymously to refer to all true Christians. Here Paul is using this term in contrast to its normal usage in the Bible. Normally, the term **the circumcision** was used to refer to Jewish males, since all Jewish males were circumcised at this time. Paul intentionally uses this term in a way that would have been surprising to his readers. Paul uses this term with a spiritual sense to refer to all Christians, both Jews and non-Jews. Paul uses the term **the circumcision** here to refer to the inward, spiritual circumcision that the Holy Spirit performs in the hearts of all true Christians. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could state this using plain language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	3	3	wn2n		οἱ Πνεύματι Θεοῦ λατρεύοντες	1		Alternate translation: “the ones who are empowered by God’s Spirit to worship him” or “the ones who are enabled to worship God by his Spirit” or “the ones who worship God through his Spirit”
-PHP	3	3	k8ph	figs-ellipsis	οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες	1	having no confidence in the flesh	Here, the phrase **confidence in the flesh** is leaving out some implied words that would need to be supplied in some languages in order to make this idea complete. Paul is leaving out the words “works of the” in this phrase and his full meaning is **having no confidence in the works of the flesh**. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could supply the words which are implied from the context. Alternate translation: “having no confidence in the works of the flesh” or “not trusting that circumcision will please God” “not trusting that circumcision will earn God’s favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-PHP	3	3	nkrs		καυχώμενοι ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες	1		The phrase **boasting in Christ Jesus** and the phrase **and having no confidence in the flesh** are complementary ideas which express a similar truth. If a person truly places their confidence in Christ as their only means of earning God’s favor they will not put their confidence in themself or religious acts and conversely if a person puts their confidence in religious rituals and observances they cannot place their full confidence in Christ. Consider the best way to clearly express these coordinate ideas in your language. See UST.
-PHP	3	3	ox7y	figs-abstractnouns	καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **confidence** with an adjective such as **trusting** or a verbal form such as **trust.** Alternate translation: “and we do not trust in our flesh” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	4	upw5	figs-hypo	ἐγὼ ἔχων πεποίθησιν καὶ ἐν σαρκί. εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἄλλος πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί, ἐγὼ μᾶλλον	1	I myself, having confidence even in the flesh. If anyone else seems to have confidence in the flesh, I even more	In this verse Paul begins explaining why, if any person could have a reason to be confident in their religious status and actions he could. This is a type of hypothetical situation and Paul does not think that the Philippian believers should trust in the things he is going to list in the next two verses. In the next two verses Paul gives his religious credentials and accomplishments in order to make the point that if earning God’s favor should be sought by observing the law then he had a reason to boast more than anyone. However, Paul does not think that it is possible to earn God’s favor by observing the law. Paul is using an example from his past in order to teach the Philippian believers that they should only trust in Christ and not trust in other things to earn God’s favor. Paul explains in [3:7–11](../03/07.md) that his hope is in Christ and not in the things he lists in the next two verses. Alternate translation: “We do not trust in those rituals to make us acceptable to God, although I could very well do that if it would be useful for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
-PHP	3	5	d5bq		περιτομῇ ὀκταήμερος ἐκ γένους Ἰσραήλ φυλῆς Βενιαμείν, Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων, κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος	1		In this verse and the next verse, Paul lists a total of seven things that he put his confidence in before he believed in Christ. In this verse he lists five of those things and in the next verse he lists the remaining two.
-PHP	3	5	yq98	figs-explicit	φυλῆς Βενιαμείν	1	circumcision	The phrase **of the tribe of Benjamin** means that Paul was from the Israelite tribe of Benjamin and therefore descended from Jacob’s son Benjamin. Consider the best way to say this in your language. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	3	5	p4ik		Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων	1	a Hebrew of Hebrews	The phrase **a Hebrew of Hebrews** could mean: (1) that Paul had retained Hebrew customs and spoke the language of the Hebrew people which was Aramaic. Alternate translation: See UST. (2) that Paul had no Gentile ancestors, but rather was a pure-blooded Hebrew. Alternate translation: “a Hebrew whose parents and ancestors are all full-blooded Jews” (3) a combination of both of the above. Alternate translation: “a full-blooded Jew who has retained the Hebrew culture, customs, and language”
-PHP	3	5	we4t		κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος	1	according to the law, a Pharisee	The phrase **according to the law, a Pharisee** means that prior to his conversion Paul had been a Pharisee who related to the law of Moses as a Pharisee and therefore strictly obeyed it as well as all of the additional rules that the scribes had added to the law of Moses to try to safeguard it. Alternate translation: “in relation to the law of Moses I was a Pharisee” or “in relation to how I observed the law of Moses, I was a Pharisee and therefore I strictly obeyed every detail of it including the teachings of the scribes”
-PHP	3	6	f81s		κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος	1		In this verse Paul finishes naming the things that he put his confidence in before he believed in Christ.
-PHP	3	6	ksr3	figs-explicit	κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν	1	according to zeal, persecuting the church	Here, the phrase **persecuting the church** is explaining the extent of Paul’s **zeal**. Before Paul believed in Jesus, he thought that by **persecuting the church** he was serving God and ensuring that the law of Moses was honored and obeyed. If the meaning of the phrase **according to zeal, persecuting the church** would be misunderstood by your readers consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “having so much zeal for God that I persecuted the church” or “wanting so much to honor God, I persecuted the church” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	3	6	n51b	grammar-collectivenouns	τὴν ἐκκλησίαν	1	persecuting the church	Here, **church** is a collective noun and the phrase **the church** refers to Christians as a whole and includes anyone belonging to the group of people who follow Jesus. What Paul means by saying that he persecuted the church is that he formerly persecuted anyone who was a Christian. Alternate translation: “persecuting Christians” or “persecuting anyone who was a Christian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
-PHP	3	6	hln8	figs-explicit	κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος	1	according to righteousness that is under the law, having become blameless	The phrase **righteousness that is in the law** refers to obeying the righteous guidelines for living that the law of Moses required. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. If your readers would misunderstand this consider stating this plainly. Alternate Translation: “As regards obeying the law, no one could say that I ever disobeyed the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	3	7	i2td	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη, ταῦτα ἥγημαι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ζημίαν	1		This entire verse is Paul’s response to the seven things he listed in [3:5–6](../03/05.md) that he once considered to be spiritually and religiously profitable to himself. In this verse Paul contrasts his former way of viewing things when he was a Pharisee with his new way of viewing things now that he has believed in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
-PHP	3	7	lb8f	figs-metaphor	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη, ταῦτα ἥγημαι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ζημίαν	1	a profit … loss	In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, the words **gains** and **loss** were common business terms used for accounting. These terms were used to describe things a business person determined to be either profitable or unprofitable. Here, Paul is using these two terms metaphorically to portray the things he considers spiritually profitable and unprofitable. If your language has similar business or accounting terms that would be natural to use in this context, consider using them here. Alternate translation: “Whatever things I formerly counted as gains, these things I now count as loss for the sake of Christ” or “Whatever things I formerly accounted as gains, these things I now account as loss for the sake of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	3	7	n4lg	figs-explicit	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη	1	Whatever was a profit for me	Here, the phrase **Whatever was profit to me** refers specifically to the list of seven things that Paul has just listed in [3:5–6](../03/05.md) and to anything else he would have formerly put confidence in before he believed in Christ. Alternate translation: “Whatever things I formerly considered profitable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	3	7	nwdi	figs-abstractnouns	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **profit**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **profit** by using an adjective such as **profitable** or you could express it in some other way. Alternate translation: “Whatever things were profitable for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	3	k8ph	figs-ellipsis	οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες	1	having no confidence in the flesh	Here, the phrase **confidence in the flesh** is leaving out some implied words that would need to be supplied in some languages in order to make this idea complete. Paul is leaving out the words “works of the” in this phrase, and his full meaning is "having no confidence in the works of the flesh." If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could supply the words which are implied from the context. Alternate translation: “having no confidence in the works of the flesh” or “not trusting that circumcision will please God” or “not trusting that circumcision will earn God’s favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+PHP	3	3	nkrs		καυχώμενοι ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες	1		The phrase **boasting in Christ Jesus** and the phrase **and having no confidence in the flesh** are complementary ideas which express a similar truth. If a person truly places their confidence in Christ as their only means of earning God’s favor, they will not put their confidence in themself or religious acts and conversely if a person puts their confidence in religious rituals and observances they cannot place their full confidence in Christ. Consider the best way to clearly express these coordinate ideas in your language.
+PHP	3	3	ox7y	figs-abstractnouns	καὶ οὐκ ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθότες	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **confidence**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **confidence** with an adjective such as **trusting** or a verbal form such as **trust.** Alternate translation: “and we do not trust in our flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	4	upw5	figs-hypo	ἐγὼ ἔχων πεποίθησιν καὶ ἐν σαρκί. εἴ τις δοκεῖ ἄλλος πεποιθέναι ἐν σαρκί, ἐγὼ μᾶλλον	1	I myself, having confidence even in the flesh. If anyone else seems to have confidence in the flesh, I even more	In this verse Paul begins explaining why, if any person could have a reason to be confident in their religious status and actions, he could. This is a type of hypothetical situation, and Paul does not think that the Philippian believers should trust in the things he is going to list. In the next two verses. Paul recites his religious credentials and accomplishments in order to make this point: if earning God’s favor should be sought by observing the law, then he had more reason to boast than anyone else. However, Paul believes it is not possible to earn God’s favor by observing the law. Paul is using an example from his past in order to teach the Philippian believers that they should only trust in Christ and not trust in other things to earn God’s favor. Paul explains in [3:7–11](../03/07.md) that his hope is in Christ and not in the things he lists in the next two verses. Alternate translation: “We do not trust in those rituals to make us acceptable to God, although I could very well do that if it would be useful for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+PHP	3	5	d5bq		περιτομῇ ὀκταήμερος ἐκ γένους Ἰσραήλ φυλῆς Βενιαμείν, Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων, κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος	1		In this verse and the next verse, Paul lists a total of seven things in which he put his confidence before he believed in Christ. In this verse he lists five of those things and in the next verse he lists the remaining two.
+PHP	3	5	yq98	figs-explicit	φυλῆς Βενιαμείν	1	circumcision	The phrase **of the tribe of Benjamin** means that Paul was from the Israelite tribe of Benjamin and therefore descended from Jacob’s son Benjamin. Consider the best way to say this in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	3	5	p4ik		Ἑβραῖος ἐξ Ἑβραίων	1	a Hebrew of Hebrews	The phrase **a Hebrew of Hebrews** could mean: (1) that Paul had retained Hebrew customs and spoke the language of the Hebrew people, which was Aramaic. (2) that Paul had no Gentile ancestors, but rather was a pure-blooded Hebrew. Alternate translation: “a Hebrew whose parents and ancestors are all full-blooded Jews” (3) a combination of both of the above. Alternate translation: “a full-blooded Jew who has retained the Hebrew culture, customs, and language”
+PHP	3	5	we4t		κατὰ νόμον Φαρισαῖος	1	according to the law, a Pharisee	The phrase **according to the law, a Pharisee** means that prior to his conversion Paul had been a Pharisee. He related to the law of Moses as a Pharisee and, therefore, strictly obeyed it as well as the many rules scribes had added to try to safeguard the law of Moses. Alternate translation: “in relation to the law of Moses, I was a Pharisee” or “in relation to how I observed the law of Moses, I was a Pharisee, and therefore, I strictly obeyed every detail of it including the teachings of the scribes”
+PHP	3	6	f81s		κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν, κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος	1		In this verse Paul finishes naming the things in which he put his confidence before he believed in Christ.
+PHP	3	6	ksr3	figs-explicit	κατὰ ζῆλος διώκων τὴν ἐκκλησίαν	1	according to zeal, persecuting the church	Here, the phrase **persecuting the church** is explaining the extent of Paul’s **zeal**. Before Paul believed in Jesus, he thought that by **persecuting the church**, he was serving God and ensuring that the law of Moses was honored and obeyed. If the meaning of the phrase **according to zeal, persecuting the church** would be misunderstood by your readers, consider stating this plainly. Alternate translation: “having so much zeal for God that I persecuted the church” or “wanting so much to honor God, I persecuted the church” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	3	6	n51b	grammar-collectivenouns	τὴν ἐκκλησίαν	1	persecuting the church	Here, **church** is a collective noun. The phrase **the church** refers to Christians as a whole and includes anyone belonging to the group of people who follow Jesus. What Paul means by saying that he had persecuted **the church** is that he formerly persecuted anyone who was a Christian. Alternate translation: “persecuting Christians” or “persecuting anyone who was a Christian” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
+PHP	3	6	hln8	figs-explicit	κατὰ δικαιοσύνην τὴν ἐν νόμῳ γενόμενος ἄμεμπτος	1	according to righteousness that is under the law, having become blameless	The phrase **righteousness that is in the law** refers to obeying the righteous guidelines for living that the law of Moses required. Paul obeyed the law so carefully that he believed that no one could find any part of it that he disobeyed. If your readers would misunderstand this, consider stating it plainly. Alternate Translation: “As regards obeying the law of Moses, no one could say that I ever disobeyed the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	3	7	i2td	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη, ταῦτα ἥγημαι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ζημίαν	1		This entire verse is Paul’s response to the seven things he listed in [3:5–6](../03/05.md), which he once considered to be spiritually and religiously profitable to himself. In this verse Paul contrasts his former way of viewing things when he was a Pharisee with his new way of viewing things now that he believes in Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
+PHP	3	7	lb8f	figs-metaphor	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη, ταῦτα ἥγημαι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ζημίαν	1	a profit … loss	In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the words **gains** and **loss** were common business terms used for accounting to describe things a business person determined to be either profitable or unprofitable. Here, Paul is using these two terms metaphorically to portray the things he considers spiritually profitable and unprofitable. If your language has similar business or accounting terms that would be natural to use in this context, consider using them here. Alternate translation: “Whatever things I formerly counted as gains, these things I now count as loss for the sake of Christ” or “Whatever things I formerly accounted as gains, these things I now account as loss for the sake of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHP	3	7	n4lg	figs-explicit	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη	1	Whatever was a profit for me	Here, the phrase **Whatever was profit to me** refers specifically to the list of seven things that Paul has just listed in [3:5–6](../03/05.md) and to anything else in which he would have put confidence before he believed in Christ. Alternate translation: “Whatever things I formerly considered profitable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	3	7	nwdi	figs-abstractnouns	ἅτινα ἦν μοι κέρδη	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **profit**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **profit** by using an adjective such as **profitable**, or you could express it in some other way. Alternate translation: “Whatever things were profitable for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	7	yxtx	figs-abstractnouns	ταῦτα ἥγημαι διὰ τὸν Χριστὸν ζημίαν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **loss**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **loss** by using a verbal phrase such as “worth losing”. Alternate translation: “I consider these things worth losing for the sake of Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	8	e1fp	figs-metaphor	ἀλλὰ μενοῦνγε καὶ ἡγοῦμαι πάντα ζημίαν εἶναι, διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου, δι’ ὃν τὰ πάντα ἐζημιώθην καὶ ἡγοῦμαι σκύβαλα, ἵνα Χριστὸν κερδήσω	1	I consider even all things to be loss	In this verse, Paul continues the business metaphor which he began in [3:7](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHP	3	8	e1fp	figs-metaphor	ἀλλὰ μενοῦνγε καὶ ἡγοῦμαι πάντα ζημίαν εἶναι, διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου, δι’ ὃν τὰ πάντα ἐζημιώθην καὶ ἡγοῦμαι σκύβαλα, ἵνα Χριστὸν κερδήσω	1	I consider even all things to be loss	In this verse Paul continues the business metaphor which he began in [3:7](../03/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	3	8	epts		ἡγοῦμαι	1		See how you translated the word **consider** in [3:7](../03/07.md).
 PHP	3	8	wugj	figs-abstractnouns	ζημίαν	1		See how you translated the abstract noun **loss** in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “worth losing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	8	iji5	figs-abstractnouns	καὶ ἡγοῦμαι πάντα ζημίαν εἶναι, διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **value**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **value** with an adjective such as “valuable”. Alternate translation: “I consider everything worth losing for the sake of what is most valuable, namely, knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	8	dxql	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verbal form such as “knowing”. Alternate translation: “because of the surpassing value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	8	iji5	figs-abstractnouns	καὶ ἡγοῦμαι πάντα ζημίαν εἶναι, διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **value**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **value** with an adjective such as “valuable.” Alternate translation: “I consider everything worth losing for the sake of what is most valuable, namely, knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	8	dxql	figs-abstractnouns	διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **knowledge**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** with a verbal form such as “knowing.” Alternate translation: “because of the surpassing value of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	8	cv55		διὰ τὸ ὑπερέχον τῆς γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου	1	because of the surpassing value of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord	Alternate translation: “because knowing Christ Jesus my Lord is worth so much more”
-PHP	3	8	g1hy	figs-explicit	γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου	1		Here, the word **knowledge** does not refer to simply being mentally aware of something or someone but rather it refers to having a deep, intimate, personal knowledge or experience of someone or something. Here, it refers to having an intimate and personal knowledge or experience of Christ. Consider the best way to express this meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “intimately knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” or “deeply knowing and experiencing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	3	8	g1hy	figs-explicit	γνώσεως Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ τοῦ Κυρίου μου	1		Here, the word **knowledge** does not refer to simply being mentally aware of something or someone, but rather, it refers to having a deep, intimate, personal knowledge or experience of someone or something. Here, it refers to having an intimate and personal knowledge or experience of Christ. Consider the best way to express this meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “intimately knowing Christ Jesus my Lord” or “deeply knowing and experiencing Christ Jesus my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	3	8	dh2d	figs-abstractnouns	δι’ ὃν τὰ πάντα ἐζημιώθην	1		See how you translated the abstract noun **loss** earlier in this verse and in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “for whom I have willingly lost all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	8	cez0		ἡγοῦμαι	2		See how you translated the word **consider** earlier in this verse and in [3:7](../03/07.md).
-PHP	3	8	ovd9	translate-unknown	σκύβαλα	1		During Paul’s time this word was used to refer to excrement and that which was considered worthless and worthy of being thrown out. In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in the term **dung** was a crude term that referred to things that were discarded as garbage including dung and the specific meaning was determined by context. Here, this word could be referring to: (1) excrement, since in the preceding verses Paul has been discussing what comes from the flesh. Alternate translation: “excrement” or “crap” (2) garbage, since Paul is discussing what he now considers worth throwing away in order to gain and know Christ. Alternate translation: “garbage” or “refuse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+PHP	3	8	ovd9	translate-unknown	σκύβαλα	1		During Paul’s time this word was used to refer to excrement and that which was considered worthless and worthy of being thrown out. In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the term **dung** was a crude term that referred to things that were discarded as garbage including dung, and the specific meaning was determined by context. Here, this word could be referring to: (1) excrement, since in the preceding verses Paul has been discussing what comes from the flesh. Alternate translation: “excrement” or “crap” (2) garbage, since Paul is discussing what he now considers worth throwing away in order to gain and know Christ. Alternate translation: “garbage” or “refuse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 PHP	3	8	vgf5		κερδήσω	1		See how you translated the word **gains** in [3:7](../03/07.md).
 PHP	3	8	h3kq	grammar-connect-logic-goal	ἵνα Χριστὸν κερδήσω	1		The phrase **so that** is a purpose clause. In your translation, follow the conventions of your language for purpose clauses. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of gaining Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
-PHP	3	9	iy4k	figs-activepassive	καὶ εὑρεθῶ ἐν αὐτῷ	1	be found in him	If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the passive verbal phrase **be found** with an active form and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and God might find me belonging to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	3	9	iy4k	figs-activepassive	καὶ εὑρεθῶ ἐν αὐτῷ	1	be found in him	If it would be clearer in your language, you could translate the passive verbal phrase **be found** with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “and God might find me belonging to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	3	9	ubvr	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ ἔχων ἐμὴν δικαιοσύνην, τὴν ἐκ νόμου	1	be found in him	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **righteousness** in some other way. Alternate translation: “not being able to please God by keeping the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	9	w62g	figs-abstractnouns	ἀλλὰ τὴν διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ	1	be found in him	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the idea behind **faith** by using a verbal form. Alternate translation: “but that which comes by believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	9	g9a9	figs-explicit	ἀλλὰ τὴν διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ	1	not having my own righteousness that is from the law	Here, the word **that** refers to “righteousness”. Paul assumes his readers will know this from the context. If this would be unclear in your language consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the righteousness which is through faith in Christ” or “but the righteousness which comes by faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	3	9	g9a9	figs-explicit	ἀλλὰ τὴν διὰ πίστεως Χριστοῦ	1	not having my own righteousness that is from the law	Here, the word **that** refers to “righteousness.” Paul assumes his readers will know this from the context. If this would be unclear in your language, consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “but the righteousness which is through faith in Christ” or “but the righteousness which comes by faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	3	9	pbgf	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἐκ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην ἐπὶ τῇ πίστε	1	be found in him	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **righteousness**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **righteousness** in some other way. See how you translated **righteousness** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “being pleasing to God by believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	9	jmqf	figs-abstractnouns	τὴν ἐκ Θεοῦ δικαιοσύνην ἐπὶ τῇ πίστε	1	be found in him	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **faith**, you could express the idea behind **faith** by using a verbal form. See how you translated **faith** earlier in this verse. Alternate translation: “but the righteousness from God, which comes by believing in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	9	dely	figs-ellipsis	ἐπὶ τῇ πίστει	1		In the phrase **by faith** Paul is leaving out some words that would be needed in many languages. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “which comes by faith” or “which is received through faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-PHP	3	10	ot4a	writing-pronouns	τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ, καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ, συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ	1		All occurrences of the pronouns **him** and **his** in this verse refer to Christ. If this would be misunderstood by your readers you could clarify this in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to know Christ and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship of his sufferings, being conformed to his death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
+PHP	3	9	dely	figs-ellipsis	ἐπὶ τῇ πίστει	1		In the phrase **by faith**, Paul is leaving out some words that would be needed in many languages. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “which comes by faith” or “which is received through faith” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+PHP	3	10	ot4a	writing-pronouns	τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ, καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ, συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ	1		All occurrences of the pronouns **him** and **his** in this verse refer to Christ. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could clarify this in a way that would be natural in your language. Alternate translation: “to know Christ and the power of his resurrection and the fellowship of his sufferings, being conformed to his death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
 PHP	3	10	vj4s	grammar-connect-words-phrases	καὶ	1	the power of his resurrection	The first occurrence of the word **and** indicates that what follows is the first aspect of knowing Christ that Paul introduces in explanation of how specifically he wants to know Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
-PHP	3	10	tam1		τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ, καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ	1		In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, he closely connects the phrase **the power of his resurrection** and the phrase **the fellowship of his sufferings**. He does this because in Paul’s mind these two things are inseparably linked and a person cannot know the power of Christ’s resurrection without first sharing in Christ’s suffering. Consider the best way to show the close connection between these two phrases in your language.
-PHP	3	10	ngz6		τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν	1		See how you translated the word **knowledge** in [3:8](../03/08.md). Here, the word **know** does not refer to simply being mentally aware of something or someone but rather refers to having a deep, intimate, personal knowledge or experience of something or someone. Here, it refers to having an intimate and personal knowledge or experience of Christ. Consider the best way to express this meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “to intimately know Christ” or “to deeply know and experience”
-PHP	3	10	fpij	figs-abstractnouns	δύναμιν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the idea behind **power** by using an adverb such as “powerfully.” Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	10	tam1		τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῆς ἀναστάσεως αὐτοῦ, καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ	1		In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, he closely connects the phrase **the power of his resurrection** and the phrase **the fellowship of his sufferings**. He does this because in Paul’s mind these two things are inseparably linked, and a person cannot know the power of Christ’s resurrection without first sharing in Christ’s suffering. Consider the best way to show the close connection between these two phrases in your language.
+PHP	3	10	ngz6		τοῦ γνῶναι αὐτὸν	1		See how you translated the word "knowledge" in [3:8](../03/08.md). Here, the word **know** does not refer to simply being mentally aware of something or someone, but rather, it refers to having a deep, intimate, personal knowledge or experience of something or someone. Here, it refers to having an intimate and personal knowledge or experience of Christ. Consider the best way to express this meaning in your language. Alternate translation: “to intimately know Christ” or “to deeply know and experience him”
+PHP	3	10	fpij	figs-abstractnouns	δύναμιν	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the idea behind **power** by using an adverb such as “powerfully,” as modeled in UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	10	vqb6	figs-abstractnouns	καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ	1		If your language does not use abstract noun for the idea of **fellowship**, you could express the idea behind this word by using a verbal form such as “participate” or “sharing.” Alternate translation: “and to participate in his sufferings” or “and the sharing of his sufferings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	10	qm5n	figs-abstractnouns	καὶ κοινωνίαν παθημάτων αὐτοῦ	1		If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of suffering, you could express the idea behind the word **sufferings** by using a verbal form such as “suffer.” Alternate translation: “and to suffer with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	10	r3gz	grammar-connect-words-phrases	καὶ	2		Here, the word **and** indicates that what follows is the second aspect of knowing Christ that Paul introduces in explanation of how specifically he wants to know Christ. Alternate translation: “and to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
-PHP	3	10	xw42	figs-activepassive	συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ	1	being conformed to his death	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the phrase **being conformed to** with an active form. Alternate translation: “taking on the likeness of his death” or see UST (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-PHP	3	10	ps0j	figs-abstractnouns	συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ	1	being conformed to his death	If your language does not use abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea behind this word by using a verbal form such as “die.” Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	10	r3gz	grammar-connect-words-phrases	καὶ	2		Here, the word **and** indicates that what follows is the second aspect of knowing Christ, which Paul introduces in explanation of how specifically he wants to know Christ. Alternate translation: “and to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
+PHP	3	10	xw42	figs-activepassive	συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ	1	being conformed to his death	If it would be clearer in your language, you could express the phrase **being conformed to** with an active form. Alternate translation: “taking on the likeness of his death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	3	10	ps0j	figs-abstractnouns	συμμορφιζόμενος τῷ θανάτῳ αὐτοῦ	1	being conformed to his death	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **death**, you could express the idea behind this word by using a verbal form such as “die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	11	l4rm		τὴν ἐξανάστασιν τὴν ἐκ νεκρῶν	1	if somehow I might attain to the resurrection that is from the dead	Alternate translation: “the resurrection from the dead”
-PHP	3	12	xk5q	figs-extrainfo	οὐχ ὅτι ἤδη ἔλαβον	1	Connecting Statement:	The word **it** in the phrase **Not that I already received it** could be referring to: (1) spiritual perfection and completion. This phrase would then mean that Paul is saying that he is not yet spiritually perfect or complete. Alternate translation: “Not that I have already attained spiritual perfection” or “Not that I am already spiritually complete” or “Not that God’s work in me is already complete” or “Not that God’s work in me is already perfected” (2) that Paul has not yet reached the goals he has for himself and received his reward. Alternate translation: “Not that I have yet reached my goals and received my reward from God” (3) Paul has not yet finished the work God gave him to do with his life and died and received his reward from God. Alternate translation: “Not that I have finished my work and received my reward from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
+PHP	3	12	xk5q	figs-extrainfo	οὐχ ὅτι ἤδη ἔλαβον	1	Connecting Statement:	The word **it** in the phrase **Not that I already received it** could be referring to: (1) spiritual perfection and completion. This phrase would then mean that Paul is saying that he is not yet spiritually perfect or complete. Alternate translation: “Not that I have already attained spiritual perfection” or “Not that I am already spiritually complete” or “Not that God’s work in me is already complete” or “Not that God’s work in me is already perfected” (2) that Paul has not yet reached the goals he has for himself and so has not received his reward. Alternate translation: “Not that I have yet reached my goals and received my reward from God” (3) Paul has not yet finished the work God gave him to do with his life, and then died and received his reward from God. Alternate translation: “Not that I have finished my work and received my reward from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
 PHP	3	12	ms3v	figs-activepassive	ἢ ἤδη τετελείωμαι	1	I already received it	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the phrase **been made perfect** with an active form. Alternate translation: “or think that God has already made me perfect” or “or think that God has already completed his work in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-PHP	3	12	h8p7	figs-extrainfo	ἤδη τετελείωμαι	1	or have already been made perfect	Here, the word **perfect**, in the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, means that someone or something has reached full completion and therefore reached its intended purpose or goal. It can also refer to someone reaching full maturity and is used in the New Testament of Christians reaching completeness of Christ-like character. Alternate translation: “been brought to completion” or “have already been made complete” or “have already reached full maturity” or “have already reached full Christ-likeness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
+PHP	3	12	h8p7	figs-extrainfo	ἤδη τετελείωμαι	1	or have already been made perfect	In the original language in which Paul wrote this letter, the word **perfect** means that someone or something has reached full completion and therefore reached its intended purpose or goal. It can also refer to someone reaching full maturity and is used in the New Testament of Christians reaching completeness of Christ-like character. Alternate translation: “been brought to completion” or “have already been made complete” or “have already reached full maturity” or “have already reached full Christ-likeness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
 PHP	3	12	k9ar	figs-activepassive	ἤδη τετελείωμαι	1	or have already been made perfect	If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate the phrase **been made perfect** with an active form. Alternate translation: “that God has already perfected me” or “that God has already perfected his work in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
-PHP	3	12	i5ld		εἰ καὶ	1	but pursuing it	Here, the phrase **if also** could be: (1) connected with the phrase **I might grasp** as it is rendered in the ULT and UST. Alternate translation: See UST. (2) an intensive phrase which modifies the phrase **pursuing it**. Alternate translation: “if indeed”. You may also choose to leave this phrase untranslated in your translation.
+PHP	3	12	i5ld		εἰ καὶ	1	but pursuing it	Here, the phrase **if also** could be: (1) connected with the phrase **I might grasp**, as it is rendered in the ULT and UST. (2) an intensive phrase which modifies the phrase **pursuing it**. Alternate translation: “if indeed”. You may also choose to leave this phrase untranslated in your translation.
 PHP	3	12	m52v	figs-activepassive	καταλάβω, ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ κατελήμφθην ὑπὸ Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ	1	I might grasp that for which I was also grasped by Christ Jesus	If it would be more natural in your language, you could translate the phrase **I was also grasped by Christ Jesus** with an active form. Alternate translation: “I might grasp the things for which Christ Jesus grasped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	3	13	tzg8		ἀδελφοί	1	Brothers	See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md) and [3:1](../03/01.md).
-PHP	3	13	kqk7	figs-extrainfo	ἐγὼ ἐμαυτὸν οὐ λογίζομαι κατειληφέναι	1	I do not consider myself to have grasped it	Paul does not explicitly state what **it** is that he has not yet **grasped**. He is probably referring to becoming perfectly like Jesus and to fully knowing Jesus. You may choose to state this in your translation as the UST does or you may leave it ambiguous as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
-PHP	3	13	hjs9	figs-ellipsis	ἓν δέ	1	forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead	In the phrase **But one thing** Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “But I do one thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-PHP	3	13	ia2b	figs-metaphor	τὰ μὲν ὀπίσω ἐπιλανθανόμενος, τοῖς δὲ ἔμπροσθεν ἐπεκτεινόμενος	1	forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead	In the phrase **forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead** Paul is using the imagery of a runner who is running in a race against other runners for the purpose of winning a prize. Paul portrays himself as a runner in this metaphor and he continues using this metaphor until the end of [Philippians 3:14](../03/14.md). If this metaphor is unfamiliar in your culture consider using another metaphor that would be familiar to your readers or you may state this in plain language as the UST does. Alternate translation: “like a runner I forget what is behind me and put all of my effort into running toward the finish line that is in front of me” or “like a runner, I have one focus, and therefore I do not look backward as I run, but only forward as I strain with all my might so that I will reach the finish line” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	3	14	z39s	figs-metaphor	κατὰ σκοπὸν διώκω εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	I press on toward the goal to the prize of the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus	In this verse Paul continues using the metaphor of a runner who is competing in a foot race in order to win a prize. In this verse Paul says that his **goal**, which he works hard for, is to win the **prize** which God promises to give every person who obediently follows Christ. If this metaphor would be unfamiliar in your culture consider using another metaphor or use plain language to translate the idea behind this metaphor. Alternate translation: “I do all I can to pursue the goal of winning the prize of God’s upward call in Christ Jesus” or “I work hard so that I can reach my goal of receiving God’s reward which he gives to all those who obey his upward call in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	3	14	jhtv		σκοπὸν…εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	I press on toward the goal to the prize of the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus	The phrases **the goal** and **the prize** could be related to each other in one of two ways. They could: (1) both be focusing on the same basic idea. Alternate translation: “the goal which is to be given the prize of God’s upward call” or “my goal which is to receive the prize of God’s upward call” (2) both be focusing on different things in which case **the goal** is referring to the goal of Paul’s life and **the prize** is referring to what Paul hopes to receive once he has successfully achieved his goal. Alternate translation: “the goal and towards being given the prize of God’s upward call” or “the goal and towards receiving the prize of God’s upward call”
+PHP	3	13	kqk7	figs-extrainfo	ἐγὼ ἐμαυτὸν οὐ λογίζομαι κατειληφέναι	1	I do not consider myself to have grasped it	Paul does not explicitly state what **it** is that he has not yet **grasped**. He is probably referring to becoming perfectly like Jesus and to fully knowing Jesus. You may choose to state this in your translation, as the UST does, or you may leave it ambiguous, as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
+PHP	3	13	hjs9	figs-ellipsis	ἓν δέ	1	forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead	In the phrase **But one thing**, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “But I do one thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+PHP	3	13	ia2b	figs-metaphor	τὰ μὲν ὀπίσω ἐπιλανθανόμενος, τοῖς δὲ ἔμπροσθεν ἐπεκτεινόμενος	1	forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead	In the phrase **forgetting what is behind and straining for what is ahead**, Paul is using the imagery of a person who is in a race to win a prize. Paul portrays himself as a runner in this metaphor, and he continues using this metaphor until the end of [Philippians 3:14](../03/14.md). If this metaphor is unfamiliar in your culture, consider using another metaphor that would be familiar to your readers, or you may state this in plain language, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “like a runner, I forget what is behind me and put all of my effort into running toward the finish line in front of me” or “like a runner, I have one focus, and therefore I do not look backward as I run, but only look forward as I strain with all my might so that I will reach the finish line” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHP	3	14	z39s	figs-metaphor	κατὰ σκοπὸν διώκω εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	I press on toward the goal to the prize of the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus	In this verse Paul continues using the metaphor of a runner who is competing in a foot race in order to win a prize. In this verse Paul says that his **goal**, which he works hard for, is to win the **prize** which God promises to give every person who obediently follows Christ. If this metaphor would be unfamiliar in your culture, consider using another metaphor, or use plain language to translate the idea behind this metaphor. Alternate translation: “I do all I can to pursue the goal of winning the prize of God’s upward call in Christ Jesus” or “I work hard so that I can reach my goal of receiving God’s reward which he gives to all those who obey his upward call in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+PHP	3	14	jhtv		σκοπὸν…εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	I press on toward the goal to the prize of the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus	The phrases **the goal** and **the prize** could be related to each other in one of two ways. They could: (1) be focusing on the same basic idea. Alternate translation: “the goal, which is to be given the prize of God’s upward call” or “my goal, which is to receive the prize of God’s upward call” (2) be focusing on different things, in which case **the goal** is referring to the goal of Paul’s life, while **the prize** is referring to what Paul hopes to receive once he has successfully achieved his goal. Alternate translation: “the goal and toward being given the prize of God’s upward call” or “the goal and toward receiving the prize of God’s upward call”
 PHP	3	14	lmr6	figs-extrainfo	τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	of the upward calling	The phrase **the prize of the upward calling of God** could mean: (1) that **the prize** is **the upward calling of God**. Alternate translation: “receive the prize of God’s upward call” or “receive the prize of God’s heavenward invitation” (2) that the **upward calling of God** is a call to come and receive God’s **prize**. Alternate translation: “answer God’s upward call to receive his prize” or “answer God’s invitation to receive his prize” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
-PHP	3	14	cq3f	figs-extrainfo	τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	of the upward calling	The word **upward** probably refers to both the origin of God’s call and to the direction of God’s call. In other words, the phrase **the upward calling of God** probably refers both to the fact that the **calling** is from God and that the calling is also a heavenly calling to move towards God. Alternate translation: “God’s heavenward call” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
+PHP	3	14	cq3f	figs-extrainfo	τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	of the upward calling	The word **upward** probably refers to both the origin of God’s call and to the direction of God’s call. In other words, the phrase **the upward calling of God** probably refers both to the fact that the **calling** is from God and that the calling is also a heavenly calling to move towards God. Alternate translation: “God’s heavenward call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
 PHP	3	14	agwg	figs-explicit	διώκω…ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	of the upward calling	The phrase **in Christ Jesus** could be: (1) modifying the phrase **the upward calling of God**. Alternate translation: “the upward calling of God in Christ Jesus” or “the upward calling of God through Christ Jesus” (2) modifying the phrase **I press on**. Alternate translation: “I press on in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	3	14	d75h	figs-abstractnouns	κατὰ σκοπὸν διώκω εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	of the upward calling	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of a **goal**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **goal** in another way. Alternate translation: “I make it my main focus to with the prize of God’s upward calling in Christ Jesus” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	14	d75h	figs-abstractnouns	κατὰ σκοπὸν διώκω εἰς τὸ βραβεῖον τῆς ἄνω κλήσεως τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ	1	of the upward calling	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of a **goal**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **goal** in another way. Alternate translation: “I make it my main focus to win the prize of God’s upward calling in Christ Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	15	de4y	grammar-connect-words-phrases	οὖν	1	as many as are perfect should think this way	The word **Therefore** indicates that Paul is transitioning from teaching the Philippians using his personal experience in [Philippians 3:4-14](../03/04.md) to exhorting them in [Philippians 3:15-17](../03/15.md). Use the form that would best express this meaning in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
-PHP	3	15	ki7f	figs-ellipsis	ὅσοι	1	God will also reveal that to you	The phrase **as many as are** is leaving out some words that are needed in many languages to be completely understandable. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many of you as are” or “all of you who are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
-PHP	3	15	pb9p		ὅσοι…τέλειοι	1	God will also reveal that to you	Here, the word **perfect** does not mean “without sin” but rather it means “spiritually mature”. Alternate translation: “as many as are spiritually mature”
+PHP	3	15	ki7f	figs-ellipsis	ὅσοι	1	God will also reveal that to you	The phrase **as many as** is leaving out some words that are needed in many languages to be completely understandable. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “as many of you as” or “all of you who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+PHP	3	15	pb9p		ὅσοι…τέλειοι	1	God will also reveal that to you	Here, the word **perfect** does not mean “without sin,” but rather it means “spiritually mature.” Alternate translation: “as many as are spiritually mature”
 PHP	3	15	yy22		καὶ τοῦτο ὁ Θεὸς ὑμῖν ἀποκαλύψει	1	God will also reveal that to you	Alternate translation: “God will also make it clear to you” or “God will make sure you know it”
-PHP	3	16	pxn9	figs-exclusive	εἰς ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ στοιχεῖν	1	in what we have attained, we should live in it	When Paul says **we** in this verse, he is speaking of himself and the Philippian Christians so **we** is inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these two uses of **we** as inclusive forms. Alternate translation: “let us all continue obeying the same truths we have already received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+PHP	3	16	pxn9	figs-exclusive	εἰς ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ στοιχεῖν	1	in what we have attained, we should live in it	When Paul says **we** in this verse, he is speaking of himself and the Philippian Christians, so **we** is inclusive here. Your language may require you to mark these two uses of **we** as inclusive forms. Alternate translation: “let us all continue obeying the same truths we have already received” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
 PHP	3	16	p3pm		εἰς ὃ ἐφθάσαμεν, τῷ αὐτῷ στοιχεῖν	1	in what we have attained, we should live in it	Alternate translation: “in the things that we have attained so far, we should live in them” or “in the things that we have believed so far, we should obey them” or “in the things that we have believed so far, we should act on them”
 PHP	3	17	jed4		συνμιμηταί μου γίνεσθε	1	Become imitators of me	Alternate translation: “Do what I do” or “Live as I live”
 PHP	3	17	yvor	figs-yousingular	γίνεσθε	1	Become imitators of me	The word **Become** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to become” or “Each of you become” or “I command each of you to become” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
 PHP	3	17	uxc5		ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md).
 PHP	3	17	mo8a	figs-yousingular	σκοπεῖτε	1	those who are thus walking, just as you have us as an example	The phrase **watch closely** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I exhort each of you to watch closely” or “each of you watch closely” or “I urge each of you to watch closely” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular)
-PHP	3	17	h4tv		τοὺς οὕτω περιπατοῦντας, καθὼς ἔχετε τύπον ἡμᾶς	1	those who are thus walking, just as you have us as an example	Alternate translation: “those people who are already living just as I live, and follow our example” or “those people who are already doing what I do, and imitate us”
-PHP	3	18	ab61	figs-metonymy	πολλοὶ γὰρ περιπατοῦσιν	1	many walk … as enemies of the cross of Christ	Here, the word **walk** is a Jewish figure of speech meaning to “live” or to “conduct one’s life”. In Jewish culture a person’s behavior was spoken of as if that person was walking along a path. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, consider stating this in plain language. Alternate translation: “For many live—about whom I have often told you” or “For many people conduct their lives—about whom I have often told you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHP	3	17	h4tv		τοὺς οὕτω περιπατοῦντας, καθὼς ἔχετε τύπον ἡμᾶς	1	those who are thus walking, just as you have us as an example	Alternate translation: “those people who are already living just as I live and follow our example” or “those people who are already doing what I do and imitating us”
+PHP	3	18	ab61	figs-metonymy	πολλοὶ γὰρ περιπατοῦσιν	1	many walk … as enemies of the cross of Christ	Here, the word **walk** is a Jewish figure of speech meaning to “live” or to “conduct one’s life.” In Jewish culture a person’s behavior was spoken of as if that person was walking along a path. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, consider stating this in plain language. Alternate translation: “For many live” or “For many people conduct their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	3	18	zwp3	figs-ellipsis	πολλοὶ γὰρ	1	I have often told you	The phrase **For many** leaves out a word that would be needed in some languages to be completely clear. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply the missing word from the context. Alternate translation: “For many people walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 PHP	3	18	h6pc		νῦν δὲ καὶ κλαίων	1	weeping, I say	Alternate translation: “but now telling you with great sadness”
-PHP	3	18	n8q2	figs-metonymy	τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	as enemies of the cross of Christ	Paul is figuratively describing the good news of Jesus’ death and resurrection and the work of sharing this good news by associating these things with **the cross of Christ**. Here, the phrase **the cross of Christ** is synonymous with the gospel message and the work of spreading the gospel message. The phrase **enemies of the cross of Christ** refers to the people who are opposed to the message of the gospel and who oppose the people who share it with others such as others. If this is not clear in your language you could express this with plain language. Alternate translation: “as enemies of the good news about Jesus” or “as enemies of the message about Jesus and enemies of those who proclaim it” or “as enemies of the message about Jesus and enemies of those who share it with others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHP	3	18	n8q2	figs-metonymy	τοὺς ἐχθροὺς τοῦ σταυροῦ τοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	as enemies of the cross of Christ	Paul is figuratively describing the good news of Jesus’ death and resurrection and the work of sharing this good news by associating these things with **the cross of Christ**. Here, the phrase **the cross of Christ** is synonymous with the gospel message and the work of spreading the gospel message. The phrase **enemies of the cross of Christ** refers to the people who are opposed to the message of the gospel and who oppose the people who share the gospel with others. If this is not clear in your language, you could express this with plain language. Alternate translation: “as enemies of the good news about Jesus” or “as enemies of the message about Jesus and enemies of those who proclaim it” or “as enemies of the message about Jesus and enemies of those who share it with others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	3	19	v8gv	figs-abstractnouns	ὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια	1	whose end is destruction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **end**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **end** in another way. Alternate translation: “God will destroy these people when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	19	vcap	figs-abstractnouns	ὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια	1	whose end is destruction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **destruction** by using a verb such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “God will destroy these people when Jesus returns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	19	hn9i	figs-synecdoche	ὧν ὁ Θεὸς ἡ κοιλία	1	whose god is their belly	Here, Paul uses **belly** figuratively to represent all physical desires for pleasure. By Paul calling their **belly** their **god** he means that these people love and serve their physical desire for pleasure rather than loving and serving God. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or you can use plain language. Alternate translation: “who serve their desire for food and other pleasures rather than God” or “who obey their physical appetites instead of God” or “who love pleasure more than they love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+PHP	3	19	vcap	figs-abstractnouns	ὧν τὸ τέλος ἀπώλεια	1	whose end is destruction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **destruction** by using a verb such as “destroy.” Alternate translation: “whom God will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	19	hn9i	figs-synecdoche	ὧν ὁ Θεὸς ἡ κοιλία	1	whose god is their belly	Here, Paul uses **belly** figuratively to represent all physical desires for pleasure. By Paul calling their **belly** their **god** he means that these people love and serve their physical desire for pleasure rather than loving and serving God. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture, or you can use plain language. Alternate translation: “who serve their desire for food and other pleasures rather than serve God” or “who obey their physical appetites instead of obeying God” or “who love pleasure more than they love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
 PHP	3	19	u9cl	figs-metonymy	ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν	1	their glory is in their shame	Here, **shame** stands for the actions that people should be ashamed of but are not. Alternate translation: “they are proud of the things that should cause them shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PHP	3	19	exy0	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν	1	their glory is in their shame	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **glory** by using an adjective such as “proud.” Alternate translation: “they are proud of the very things that they should be ashamed of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	19	r3t0	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ δόξα ἐν τῇ αἰσχύνῃ αὐτῶν	1	their glory is in their shame	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **shame**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **shame** by using an adjective such as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “they are proud of the very things that they should be ashamed of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	3	19	sv5z	figs-metonymy	οἱ τὰ ἐπίγεια φρονοῦντες	1	who are thinking about earthly things	Here, **earthly** refers to all the things that pertain to everyday living on earth. The implied contrast that Paul is making here, is between earthly things and spiritual things. Alternate translation: “All they think about is earthly things instead of the things of God” or “who only think about earthly things instead of the things of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-PHP	3	20	q1cc	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν…ἀπεκδεχόμεθα	1	General Information:	Here, when Paul uses **our** and **we** he is referring to himself and the believers in Philippi so **our** and **we** are inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
-PHP	3	20	u8yr	figs-abstractnouns	πολίτευμα	1	our citizenship exists in heaven	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **citizenship**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **citizenship** with a concrete noun such as “citizen.” Alternate translation: see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	19	sv5z	figs-metonymy	οἱ τὰ ἐπίγεια φρονοῦντες	1	who are thinking about earthly things	Here, **earthly** refers to all the things that pertain to everyday living on earth. The implied contrast that Paul is making here is between earthly things and spiritual things. Alternate translation: “All they think about is earthly things instead of the things of God” or “who only think about earthly things instead of the things of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+PHP	3	20	q1cc	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν…ἀπεκδεχόμεθα	1	General Information:	Here, when Paul uses **our** and **we**, he is referring to himself and the believers in Philippi, so **our** and **we** are inclusive. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+PHP	3	20	u8yr	figs-abstractnouns	πολίτευμα	1	our citizenship exists in heaven	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **citizenship**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **citizenship** with a concrete noun such as “citizen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	3	21	r3zw	writing-pronouns	σώματι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ	1	our citizenship exists in heaven	Here, the pronoun **his** refers to Christ. Alternate translation: “to Christ’s glorious body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
-PHP	3	21	deci	figs-abstractnouns	δύνασθαι	1	our citizenship exists in heaven	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **power** in some other way. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	3	21	deci	figs-abstractnouns	δύνασθαι	1	our citizenship exists in heaven	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **power**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **power** in some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	4	1	oax3	grammar-connect-words-phrases	ὥστε	1	brothers	Here, Paul uses the word **therefore** as a transition word to introduce the exhortations he is about to give to the Philippian Christians which are based on the things that he has said before this verse. Consider the best word or phrase to use in your language to show this meaning. Alternate translation: “So then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
 PHP	4	1	ngs7	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
 PHP	4	1	fe2y		ἀγαπητοὶ καὶ ἐπιπόθητοι	1	my brothers, beloved and longed for	Alternate translation: “I love you and greatly desire to see you” or “whom I love and greatly desire to see”
-PHP	4	1	wx5w	figs-abstractnouns	χαρὰ…μου	1	my joy and crown	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** by using a verbal form such as “rejoice” or by using an adjective such as “happy.” Alternate translation: “you cause me to be very happy” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	4	1	wx5w	figs-abstractnouns	χαρὰ…μου	1	my joy and crown	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **joy**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **joy** by using a verbal form such as “rejoice” or by using an adjective such as “happy.” Alternate translation: “you cause me to be very happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	4	1	lg9a	figs-extrainfo	χαρὰ καὶ στέφανός μου	1	my joy and crown	The phrase **my joy and crown** could refer to: (1) both the present time and to the time in the future when Christ will return. Alternate translation: “my joy and reward” (2) Paul’s current feelings of joy regarding the Philippian Christians and his future hope of being rewarded for his labor among them. Alternate translation: “my source of joy and my future hope of being rewarded when Christ returns” (3) Paul’s joy and reward in the future when Christ returns. Alternate translation: “my hope for joy and reward when Christ returns” (4) Paul’s present joy in the Philippian believers and his present feeling that they were his reward for his work among them. Alternate translation: “my joy and reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
 PHP	4	1	kvsk	figs-metaphor	στέφανός	1	my joy and crown	Paul speaks figuratively of the Philippian Christians as if they were his crown. At the time Paul wrote this letter a **crown** was made of leaves which a person wore it on their head as a sign of their achievement after they had won an important game. Here, the word **crown** means the Philippian Christians brought great honor to Paul before God and were a sign of his hard work among them. If your readers would not understand the meaning of this metaphor you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture or state the meaning in plain language. Alternative translation, “my reward” or “my honor” or “the sign of my hard work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	4	1	t07j		οὕτως στήκετε ἐν Κυρίῳ, ἀγαπητοί	1	in this way stand firm in the Lord, beloved	Alternate translation: “so continue living for the Lord in the way that I have taught you, dear friends”
@@ -377,20 +377,20 @@ PHP	4	3	s9h9		ὧν τὰ ὀνόματα ἐν βίβλῳ ζωῆς	1	whose na
 PHP	4	4	elt7		χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	Rejoice in the Lord	See how you translated the phrase **rejoice in the Lord** in [Philippians 3:1](../03/01.md).
 PHP	4	4	sbdp	figs-yousingular	χαίρετε ἐν Κυρίῳ πάντοτε, πάλιν ἐρῶ, χαίρετε!	1		Both occurrences of the word **rejoice** are commands or instructions to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. Alternate translation: “I urge you all to rejoice in the Lord at all times. Again I will say it, I urge each of you to rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
 PHP	4	5	hopf	figs-yousingular	τὸ ἐπιεικὲς ὑμῶν γνωσθήτω	1	The Lord is near	The phrase **Let your gentleness be known** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
-PHP	4	5	mo7g	figs-gendernotations	πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις	1	The Lord is near	Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a general sense to mean all people in general, including women. Alternate translation: “all people” or “everyone”. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations)
+PHP	4	5	mo7g	figs-gendernotations	πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις	1	The Lord is near	Although the term **men** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a general sense to mean all people in general, including women. Alternate translation: “all people” or “everyone.” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations)
 PHP	4	5	snk5		ὁ Κύριος ἐγγύς	1	The Lord is near	The phrase **The Lord is near** could mean: (1) The day that Jesus will return is coming soon. Alternate translation: “The Lord will return soon” or “The Lord’s coming is near” or “The Lord’s second coming is near” (2) The Lord was near to the Philippian believers. Alternate translation: “The Lord is near to you”
 PHP	4	6	w5gk	figs-yousingular	μηδὲν μεριμνᾶτε	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	The phrase **be anxious about nothing** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
 PHP	4	6	h63g	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	ἀλλ’	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	Here, the word **but** shows a contrast between the phrase **about nothing** and the phrase **in everything**. Consider the best way to show this contrast in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
 PHP	4	6	mcvt	figs-extrainfo	ἐν παντὶ	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	The phrase **in everything** could refer to: (1) all situations. Alternate translation: “in all situations” or “in all circumstances.” (2) time. Alternate translation: “at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
 PHP	4	6	ahul	figs-doublet	τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	The words **prayer** and **petition** mean basically the same thing. The repetition is used both for emphasis and comprehensiveness. Petition is a type of prayer in which a person asks God for things. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine these two words. Alternate translation: “by prayer” or “in prayer”. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
-PHP	4	6	stab	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **prayer**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **prayer** with a verb such as “praying” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “by praying and petition” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	4	6	pqyr	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **petition**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **petition** by using a verbal form such as “petitioning” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “by prayer and petitioning God” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	4	6	izqi	figs-abstractnouns	μετὰ εὐχαριστίας	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **thanksgiving**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **thanksgiving** with a verb such as “thank” or in a verbal phrase such as “giving thanks.” Alternate translation: “and giving thanks” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	4	6	stab	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **prayer**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **prayer** with a verb such as “praying” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “by praying and petition” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	4	6	pqyr	figs-abstractnouns	τῇ προσευχῇ καὶ τῇ δεήσει	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **petition**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **petition** by using a verbal form such as “petitioning” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “by prayer and petitioning God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	4	6	izqi	figs-abstractnouns	μετὰ εὐχαριστίας	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **thanksgiving**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **thanksgiving** with a verb such as “thank” or in a verbal phrase such as “giving thanks.” Alternate translation: “and giving thanks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	4	6	f4t5	figs-yousingular	τὰ αἰτήματα ὑμῶν γνωριζέσθω	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	The phrase **let your requests be known** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
-PHP	4	6	a443	figs-abstractnouns	τὰ αἰτήματα ὑμῶν γνωριζέσθω πρὸς τὸν Θεό	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **requests**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **requests** in some other way. Alternate translation: “tell God your needs” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
-PHP	4	7	jgba	grammar-connect-logic-result	καὶ	1	the peace of God	Here, the word **and** shows that what follows is the result of practicing what comes before it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and then” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+PHP	4	6	a443	figs-abstractnouns	τὰ αἰτήματα ὑμῶν γνωριζέσθω πρὸς τὸν Θεό	1	in everything by prayer and petition with thanksgiving, let your requests be known to God	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **requests**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **requests** in some other way. Alternate translation: “tell God your needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	4	7	jgba	grammar-connect-logic-result	καὶ	1	the peace of God	Here, the word **and** shows that what follows is the result of practicing what comes before it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and then” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 PHP	4	7	u1sz	figs-extrainfo	ἡ εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	the peace of God	The phrase **the peace of God** refers to the peace which God gives. Alternate translation: “the peace that God gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
-PHP	4	7	gejd	figs-abstractnouns	εἰρήνη	1	the peace of God	If your readers would better understand it, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **peace** with an adjectival phrase such as “at peace” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “then God will help you be at peace” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	4	7	gejd	figs-abstractnouns	εἰρήνη	1	the peace of God	If your readers would better understand it, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **peace** with an adjectival phrase such as “at peace” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “then God will help you be at peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	4	7	zr4x		ἡ ὑπερέχουσα πάντα νοῦν	1	which surpasses all understanding	The phrase **which surpasses all understanding** could mean: (1) that the peace God gives is so great that human minds are not able to understand it. Alternate translation: “which is greater than we can understand” (2) that the peace that God gives is superior to anything that humans can contrive through their own efforts. Alternate translation: “which humans cannot accomplish or attain by their own efforts”
 PHP	4	7	sauc	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ ὑπερέχουσα πάντα νοῦν	1	which surpasses all understanding	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **understanding**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** by using a verbal form such as “understand.” Alternate translation: “which is greater than we can understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	4	7	sb6s	figs-metaphor	φρουρήσει τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν καὶ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν	1	will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ	The word **guard** is a military term which refers to a soldier guarding a city or a fortress in order to protect it from enemy attacks. Here, Paul presents God’s peace as if it were a soldier who protects **hearts** and **minds** from worrying and so this phrase literally means “will be like a soldier and guard your hearts and minds” or “will be like a soldier standing guard to protect your hearts and minds.” If your readers would not understand this metaphor in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express Paul’s meaning in a non-figurative way. Alternate translation: “will keep your hearts and minds safe from attacks of worry and fear” or “will keep your hearts and minds safe” or “will protect your hearts and minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -407,18 +407,18 @@ PHP	4	9	m145		ἃ καὶ ἐμάθετε καὶ παρελάβετε, καὶ
 PHP	4	9	qu8z	figs-doublet	ἃ καὶ ἐμάθετε καὶ παρελάβετε	1	And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me	Here, the words **learned** and **received** mean basically the same thing. If it would be clearer in your language, you could combine them into one idea. Alternate translation: “And what you learned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
 PHP	4	9	zei1		ταῦτα πράσσετε	1	And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me	Alternate translation: “put these things into practice”
 PHP	4	9	i8ki	figs-yousingular	πράσσετε	1	And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me	The word **do** is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
-PHP	4	9	mhvb	grammar-connect-logic-result	καὶ	5	And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me	Here, the word **and** shows that what follows it is the result of practicing what comes before it. Consider the best way to show this relationship in your language. Alternate translation: “then” or “and then” or “and the result will be that” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+PHP	4	9	mhvb	grammar-connect-logic-result	καὶ	5	And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me	Here, the word **and** shows that what follows it is the result of practicing what comes before it. Consider the best way to show this relationship in your language. Alternate translation: “then” or “and then” or “and the result will be that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 PHP	4	9	y8xg		ὁ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης	1	And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me	The phrase **the God of peace** could mean: (1) that God is the giver of peace. Alternate translation: “the God who gives peace” or “God who gives peace” (2) that God is characterized by peace. Alternate translation: “the God who is characterized by peace” or “our God who is characterized by peace” (3) that God is both the source of peace and the one who gives peace. Alternate translation: “God who is both the source of peace and the giver of peace”
 PHP	4	9	poeh	figs-abstractnouns	καὶ ὁ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης ἔσται μεθ’ ὑμῶν	1	And what you learned and received and heard and saw in me	If your readers would better understand it, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **peace** with an adjective such as “peaceful” or in some other way. Alternate translation: “the God who gives us a peaceful spirit will be with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	4	10	pwh9		ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	Connecting Statement:	See how you translated the phrase **in the Lord** in [Philippians 3:12](../03/12.md).
 PHP	4	10	xb0n		ὅτι ἤδη ποτὲ ἀνεθάλετε τὸ ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ φρονεῖν	1	Connecting Statement:	Alternate translation: “because now at last you revived your concern for me”
 PHP	4	10	ge1l		ἐφ’ ᾧ καὶ ἐφρονεῖτε	1	Connecting Statement:	Alternate translation: “for whom you were indeed concerned”
-PHP	4	10	nm86	figs-ellipsis	ἠκαιρεῖσθε δέ	1	Connecting Statement:	Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but you did not have an opportunity to demonstrate it” or “but you were without an opportunity to show it” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+PHP	4	10	nm86	figs-ellipsis	ἠκαιρεῖσθε δέ	1	Connecting Statement:	Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “but you did not have an opportunity to demonstrate it” or “but you were without an opportunity to show it”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 PHP	4	11	ew5e		οὐχ ὅτι καθ’ ὑστέρησιν λέγω	1	in whatever I am	Alternate translation: “I do not say this because of need”
 PHP	4	11	ts2k		αὐτάρκης εἶναι	1	to be content	Alternate translation: “to be satisfied” or “to be happy”
 PHP	4	11	uj5z	figs-ellipsis	ἐν οἷς εἰμι	1	to be content	Here, Paul is leaving out some of the words that a phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “in whatever situation I am in” or “in whatever circumstances I am in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 PHP	4	12	lgp9	figs-explicit	οἶδα καὶ	1	I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound	Here, the phrase **I know** means “I know from experience” and refers to what Paul knew from his experience. If it would help your readers consider clarifying this in your translation in some way. Alternate translation: “I have learned both how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	4	12	ydod		οἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν…καὶ περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι	1	I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound	The sentence at the beginning of this verse, **I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound** is very similar in meaning to the phrase **and to abounding and to being in need** at the end of this verse. You can combine the beginning sentence and the closing phrase if you think it will help your readers. See UST.
+PHP	4	12	ydod		οἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν…καὶ περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθαι	1	I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound	The sentence at the beginning of this verse, **I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound** is very similar in meaning to the phrase **and to abounding and to being in need** at the end of this verse. You can combine the beginning sentence and the closing phrase if you think it will help your readers. 
 PHP	4	12	usbe	figs-merism	οἶδα καὶ ταπεινοῦσθαι, οἶδα καὶ περισσεύειν	1	I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound	Here, the phrases **to be brought low** and **to abound** refer to two opposite extremes of living and to every living condition between them. If your readers would misunderstand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “I know both how to live with very little and I know how to live with more than I need” or “I know how to live with very little and I know how to live with plenty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
 PHP	4	12	lpld	figs-activepassive	ταπεινοῦσθαι	1	I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the passive phrase **to be brought low** with an active form. Alternate translation: “to live with less” or “to lack lack things I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	4	12	aswc	figs-idiom	ταπεινοῦσθαι	1	I know both how to be brought low and I know how to abound	Here, the phrase **to be brought low** is a figurative way of saying “to live with very little.” If it would help your readers, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “to live with very little” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -429,20 +429,20 @@ PHP	4	12	fwes	figs-merism	περισσεύειν καὶ ὑστερεῖσθα
 PHP	4	13	z1pb	writing-pronouns	πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με	1	I can do all things in him who strengthens me	Here, the pronoun **him** refers to Christ. Alternate translation: “I can do all things because Christ gives me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
 PHP	4	13	fpo4	figs-explicit	πάντα ἰσχύω ἐν τῷ ἐνδυναμοῦντί με	1	I can do all things in him who strengthens me	Here, **all things** refers to all situations. The phrase **I can do all things** means “I can handle all situations.” Alternate translation: “I can handle all situations through him who strengthens me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	4	14	fe2z	figs-explicit	συνκοινωνήσαντές μου τῇ θλίψει	1	in my affliction	The phrase **having shared together in my affliction** means that the Philippian believers helped Paul while he was experiencing difficulties by giving him money and sending Epaphroditus to him. If it would help your readers, you can state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “by helping me in my affliction through your gift of money and sending Epaphroditus to me” or “by helping me when I faced difficult circumstances by sending Epaphroditus to encourage me and bring me your gift of money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	4	14	ulzo	figs-abstractnouns	μου τῇ θλίψει	1	in my affliction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **affliction**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** with an adjective such as **difficult** or in some other way. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+PHP	4	14	ulzo	figs-abstractnouns	μου τῇ θλίψει	1	in my affliction	If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **affliction**, you could express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** with an adjective such as **difficult** or in some other way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 PHP	4	14	tlur		μου τῇ θλίψει	1	in my affliction	Alternate translation: “in my trials” or “in my troubles” or “in my difficulties”
-PHP	4	15	w23w	figs-explicit	ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	the beginning of the gospel	Here, **in the beginning of the gospel** refers to when Paul first began communicating the gospel message to the Philippians. If that would be misunderstood by your readers, you can state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “when you first heard me preach the gospel” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+PHP	4	15	w23w	figs-explicit	ἐν ἀρχῇ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	the beginning of the gospel	Here, **in the beginning of the gospel** refers to when Paul first began communicating the gospel message to the Philippians. If that would be misunderstood by your readers, you can state that explicitly. Alternate translation: “when you first heard me preach the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	4	15	npph		τοῦ εὐαγγελίου	1	the beginning of the gospel	See how you translated the phrase **the gospel** in [Philippians 1:5](../01/05.md) and [4:3](../04/03.md).
 PHP	4	15	dyf8	figs-doublenegatives	οὐδεμία μοι ἐκκλησία ἐκοινώνησεν εἰς λόγον δόσεως καὶ λήμψεως, εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς μόνοι	1	no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone	You can state **no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone** in the positive. Alternate translation: “you were the only church that sent me money or helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
 PHP	4	15	bpc2	figs-explicit	μοι…ἐκοινώνησεν	1	no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone	Here, **shared with me** refers specifically to sharing in matters directly related the gospel. If that would be misunderstood by your readers consider stating that explicitly. Alternate translation: “shared with me in the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 PHP	4	15	rgxx		εἰς λόγον δόσεως καὶ λήμψεως	1	no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone	In the original language that Paul wrote this letter in, the phrase **giving and receiving** could refer either to exchanges that involved money or to exchanges that did not involve money but rather involved the giving and receiving of non-financial things that would benefit the other party. Here, the phrase **giving and receiving** refers to both financial and non-financial gifts because Paul had helped the Philippians by sharing the gospel with them and the Philippians had helped Paul by sending Epaphroditus to him with a gift of money. Alternate translation: “by mutually helping each other”
 PHP	4	16	getb		ὅτι καὶ ἐν Θεσσαλονίκῃ	1	no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone	Alternate translation: “for even when I was in Thessalonica”
-PHP	4	16	puar	figs-idiom	καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς	1	no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone	The phrase **both once and twice** is an idiom meaning that something occurred more than one time. If your readers would not understand this idiom, you can use an equivalent idiom from your language or you can state this in plain language. Alternate translation: “several times” or see UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+PHP	4	16	puar	figs-idiom	καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς	1	no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone	The phrase **both once and twice** is an idiom meaning that something occurred more than one time. If your readers would not understand this idiom, you can use an equivalent idiom from your language or you can state this in plain language. Alternate translation: “several times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 PHP	4	16	lqor	figs-ellipsis	εἰς τὴν χρείαν μοι ἐπέμψατε	1	no church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving except you alone	Paul is leaving out some of the words that this phrase would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be clearer in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “you sent me money to help me with my needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 PHP	4	17	bh3t	figs-metaphor	ἐπιζητῶ τὸν καρπὸν τὸν πλεονάζοντα εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν	1	I seek the fruit that increases to your account	At the time Paul wrote this letter, the word **fruit** could be used in a business context to refer to what was gained in a financial transaction. When used in a business context the word **fruit** meant “profit” or “gain.” Here, Paul is using this business meaning figuratively to refer to God’s reward. If your language has an equivalent word that could be used in a business context, consider using it here if it would be natural in your language. Alternately, you may express this meaning using plain language as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I seek the profit that increases to your account” or “I seek the gain that increases to your account” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	4	18	fs44		ἀπέχω…πάντα	1	I have everything in full	The phrase **I have everything in full** could mean: (1) that Paul has received **everything** that he needs from the Philippian believers and is therefore sufficiently supplied. Alternate translation: “I have everything I need and am content” (2) that Paul is continuing the business metaphor from [Philippians 4:17](../04/17.md) and is here offering the Philippians a figurative receipt for the gifts they gave him. Alternate translation: “I give you a receipt for the things you gave me” or “I have received full payment for the things you gave me”
 PHP	4	18	en6t	figs-explicit	περισσεύω	1	I abound	The phrase **I abound** means that Paul has more than enough of the things that he needs for himself. If your readers would misunderstand this consider stating this explicitly. Alternate translation: “I have more than enough of the the things I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-PHP	4	18	p6y1	figs-activepassive	πεπλήρωμαι, δεξάμενος παρὰ Ἐπαφροδίτου τὰ παρ’ ὑμῶν	1	Connecting Statement:	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the phrase **I have been filled** with an active form, and you can say who did the action. Alternate translation: “You have fully provided for me by giving me the things which Epaphroditus brought to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+PHP	4	18	p6y1	figs-activepassive	πεπλήρωμαι, δεξάμενος παρὰ Ἐπαφροδίτου τὰ παρ’ ὑμῶν	1	Connecting Statement:	If it would be more natural in your language, you could express the phrase **I have been filled** with an active form, and you could say who did the action. Alternate translation: “You have fully provided for me by giving me the things which Epaphroditus brought to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 PHP	4	18	hte4	translate-names	Ἐπαφροδίτου	1	I abound	**Epaphroditus** is the name of a man. See how you translated his name in [Philippians 2:25](../02/25.md). (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names)
 PHP	4	18	s68v	figs-metaphor	ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας, θυσίαν δεκτήν, εὐάρεστον τῷ Θεῷ	1	an aroma, a sweet smell, an acceptable, pleasing sacrifice to God	Here, Paul speaks figuratively of the gift from the Philippian believers as if it were a **sacrifice** offered **to God** on an altar. If this would be misunderstood by your readers, you could express the meaning using plain language. Alternate translation: “which are very pleasing to God” or “which make God happy” or “which I assure you are gifts very pleasing to God, like an acceptable sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PHP	4	19	r96p	figs-idiom	πληρώσει πᾶσαν χρείαν ὑμῶν	1	will fulfill all your needs	The word for **will fulfill** is the same word translated as “have been fulfilled” in verse 18. This phrase is an idiom meaning “will provide everything you need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ PHP	4	19	xmk2		κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος αὐτοῦ ἐν δόξῃ ἐ
 PHP	4	20	fba5	figs-exclusive	ἡμῶν	1	Now to our God	When Paul says **our**, he is speaking of himself and the Philippian believers, so **our** is inclusive. Your language may require you to mark this form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
 PHP	4	21	h2jr	figs-yousingular	ἀσπάσασθε	1	The brothers	This is a command or instruction to all of the Philippian Christians. Use the most natural form in your language to give direction to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
 PHP	4	21	z65a	figs-metaphor	οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). Paul is using the term **brothers** figuratively here to refer to anyone who is a fellow believer in Jesus. If this is not clear in your language, you can express this plainly. Alternative translation, “My companions who are with me who believe in Jesus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PHP	4	21	kaxz	figs-gendernotations	οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “The brothers and sisters with me” or see UST. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations)
-PHP	4	22	rg96	translate-unknown	τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας	1	especially those from the household of Caesar	The phrase **the household of Caesar** refers to the servants who worked in Caesar’s palace. Alternate translation: See UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+PHP	4	21	kaxz	figs-gendernotations	οἱ σὺν ἐμοὶ ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	See how you translated the word **brothers** in [Philippians 1:12](../01/12.md). Although the term **brothers** is masculine, Paul is using the word here in a spiritual sense to include both men and women who believe in Jesus. Alternate translation: “The brothers and sisters with me” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations) 
+PHP	4	22	rg96	translate-unknown	τῆς Καίσαρος οἰκίας	1	especially those from the household of Caesar	The phrase **the household of Caesar** refers to the servants who worked in Caesar’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
 PHP	4	23	a3f8	figs-synecdoche	μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν	1	be with your spirit	Paul figuratively describes the Philippian Christians as whole persons by reference to their **spirit**. Alternate translation: “be with you” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche)
 PHP	4	23	nd4z	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ὑμῶν	1	be with your spirit	The word **grace** is an abstract noun that can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May the Lord Jesus Christ act graciously to you” (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns)