Fix format errors that TX found (#1381)

en_tn_04-NUM.tsv

@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@ NUM	8	24	ygl7			0	All of this is for the Levites	“All of these commandments ar
 NUM	8	24	q65x	translate-numbers		0	twenty-five years old	“25 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
 NUM	8	24	l8m6			0	must join the company to serve in the tent of meeting	The word “company” refers to the rest of the people working in the tent of meeting. See how you translated this phrase in [Numbers 4:3](../04/03.md).
 NUM	8	25	hw8k	translate-numbers		0	at the age of fifty years	“at 50 years old” or “when they become 50 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
-NUM	9	intro	p8ra			0		# Numbers 09 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>==Passover ==<br><br>This chapter records the celebration of the Passover for the first time since it began. The people kept the Passover as directed by the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])<br>
+NUM	9	intro	p8ra			0		# Numbers 09 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>==Passover ==<br><br>This chapter records the celebration of the Passover for the first time since it began. The people kept the Passover as directed by the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/passover]])
 NUM	9	1	zi29	translate-ordinal		0	in the first month of the second year after they came out from the land of Egypt	This means that they had come out of Egypt a year earlier. They were beginning their second year in the wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
 NUM	9	1	w91f	translate-hebrewmonths		0	in the first month	This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. It marks when God brought the people of Israel out of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
 NUM	9	1	ku29	figs-idiom		0	after they came out from the land of Egypt	Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “came out” means to leave. Alternate translation: “after they left the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])

en_tn_08-RUT.tsv

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ RUT	1	12	dyc4	figs-explicit	זָקַ֖נְתִּי מִ⁠הְי֣וֹת לְ⁠
 RUT	1	12	abc1	figs-rquestion	כִּ֤י אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ יֶשׁ־לִ֣⁠י תִקְוָ֔ה גַּ֣ם הָיִ֤יתִי הַ⁠לַּ֨יְלָה֙ לְ⁠אִ֔ישׁ וְ⁠גַ֖ם יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים	1	If I said I have hope, if I belonged to a husband even tonight, and even if I would give birth to sons,	This rhetorical question begins here and continues into the next verse. Naomi uses this question to say that she cannot have other sons for them to marry. Alternate translation: “Even if it were possible that I could expect to marry right away and also give birth to sons right away,…” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
 RUT	1	12	kh9g		יָלַ֥דְתִּי בָנִֽים	1	would give birth to sons	***bear children*** or ***deliver baby boys***
 RUT	1	13	gmc2	figs-rquestion	אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	would you therefore wait until the time when they are grown? Would you for this reason keep yourselves from belonging a husband?	Naomi completes the rhetorical question she began in the previous verse, and asks a second rhetorical question which emphasizes the same meaning. Alternate translation: “…you would not wait until they were grown up so that you could marry them. You would need to marry a husband before then.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
-RUT	1	13	ab04		אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	would you therefore wait until the time when they are grown? Would you for this reason keep yourselves from belonging a husband?	This refers to the practice of levirate marriage, in which it is expected that, if a married man dies, one of his brothers will marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation. 
+RUT	1	13	ab04		אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִגְדָּ֔לוּ הֲ⁠לָהֵן֙ תֵּֽעָגֵ֔נָה לְ⁠בִלְתִּ֖י הֱי֣וֹת לְ⁠אִ֑ישׁ	1	would you therefore wait until the time when they are grown? Would you for this reason keep yourselves from belonging a husband?	This refers to the practice of levirate marriage, in which it is expected that, if a married man dies, one of his brothers will marry the man’s widow. See the introduction for more explanation.
 RUT	1	13	gh99	figs-metaphor	מַר־לִ֤⁠י מְאֹד֙	1	it is exceedingly bitter for me	Bitterness is a metaphor for grief. Alternate translation: “It greatly grieves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 RUT	1	13	z9u3	figs-metonymy	יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה	1	the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me	The word **hand** refers to Yahweh’s power or influence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has caused terrible things to happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 RUT	1	13	ab02	figs-explicit	יָצְאָ֥ה בִ֖⁠י יַד־יְהוָֽה	1	the hand of Yahweh has gone out against me	What Yahweh has done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away our husbands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ RUT	1	16	b518	figs-explicit	עַמֵּ֣⁠ךְ עַמִּ֔⁠י	1	your people
 RUT	1	17	lql7	figs-idiom	בַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֤ר תָּמ֨וּתִי֙ אָמ֔וּת	1	Where you die, I will die	This refers to Ruth’s desire to spend the rest of her life living in the same place and town as Naomi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 RUT	1	17	sje3	figs-idiom	יַעֲשֶׂ֨ה יְהוָ֥ה לִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠כֹ֣ה יֹסִ֔יף כִּ֣י	1	May Yahweh do thus to me, and and thus may he add	This is an idiom that Ruth uses to show that she is very committed to doing what she says. She is making a curse on herself, asking God to punish her if she does not do what she has said. Use the form that your language uses to do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 RUT	1	17	abc2		כִּ֣י הַ⁠מָּ֔וֶת יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ	1	if death separates between me and between you	***If anything other than death separates us from each other*** or ***if I leave you while you and I are both still alive***
-RUT	1	17	ab05	figs-idiom	 יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ	1	separates between me and between you	This is an idiom that refers to the space between two people. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+RUT	1	17	ab05	figs-idiom	יַפְרִ֖יד בֵּינִ֥⁠י וּ⁠בֵינֵֽ⁠ךְ	1	separates between me and between you	This is an idiom that refers to the space between two people. Alternate translation: “separates the two of us” or “comes between us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 RUT	1	18	rsq2		וַ⁠תֶּחְדַּ֖ל לְ⁠דַבֵּ֥ר אֵלֶֽי⁠הָ	1	she refrained from speaking to her	***Naomi stopped arguing with Ruth***
 RUT	1	19	j9wa	writing-newevent	וַ⁠יְהִ֗י	1	So the two of them traveled until they came to Bethlehem	This sentence introduces a new event in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
 RUT	1	19	jdr1	grammar-connect-time-background	כְּ⁠בֹאָ֨⁠נָה֙ בֵּ֣ית לֶ֔חֶם	1	when they came to Bethlehem	This is a background clause, explaining that the new event took place after Naomi had returned to Bethlehem with Ruth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ RUT	2	2	am6a		ר֨וּת הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה	1	Ruth, the Moabite w
 RUT	2	2	c7rk		הַ⁠מּוֹאֲבִיָּ֜ה	1	the Moabite woman	This is another way of saying that the woman was from the country or tribe of Moab.
 RUT	2	2	qt4q		וַ⁠אֲלַקֳטָּ֣ה בַ⁠שִׁבֳּלִ֔ים	1	and glean heads of grain	***and gather heads of grain left behind by the harvesters*** or ***and pick up heads of grain left behind by the harvesters***
 RUT	2	2	j59b	figs-idiom	אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו	1	In whose eyes I find favor	The phrase **in whose eyes I will find favor** is an idiom which means “whoever will approve of me.” Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining permission or approval. Alternate translation: “who will be kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-RUT	2	2	abc5	figs-metaphor	 בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו	1	in whose eyes	The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “who will decide [to be kind to me]” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+RUT	2	2	abc5	figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠עֵינָ֑י⁠ו	1	in whose eyes	The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “who will decide [to be kind to me]” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 RUT	2	2	ed93		בִתִּֽ⁠י	1	my daughter	Ruth was caring for Naomi as if she were her own mother, and Naomi addressed Ruth affectionately as her daughter. If this is confusing in your language, use the term that would indicate this kind of close relationship between two women in your language.
 RUT	2	3	ht73		וַ⁠יִּ֣קֶר מִקְרֶ֔⁠הָ	1	by chance	This means that Ruth was not aware that the field that she picked to glean in belonged to Naomi’s relative Boaz.
 RUT	2	3	ab11		מִ⁠מִּשְׁפַּ֥חַת אֱלִימֶֽלֶךְ	1	from the clan of Elimelek	The use of the term ***clan*** here means that Boaz was related to Elimelek but did not have the same parents as Elimelek.  The text is not saying that the clan was named after Elimelek or that Elimelek was the patriarch or leader of the clan.
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ RUT	2	10	az6y	translate-symaction	וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י
 RUT	2	10	ab12	figs-doublet	וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ וַ⁠תִּשְׁתַּ֖חוּ אָ֑רְצָ⁠ה	1	Then she fell on her face and bowed down to the ground	These are two descriptions of a single action. If this is confusing in your language, use only one description, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
 RUT	2	10	ab13	figs-idiom	וַ⁠תִּפֹּל֙ עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠הָ 	1	Then she fell on her face	This is an idiom that means that she bowed low with her face to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 RUT	2	10	ug7p		מַדּוּעַ֩ מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ לְ⁠הַכִּירֵ֔⁠נִי וְ⁠אָּנֹכִ֖י נָכְרִיָּֽה	1	Why have I found favor in your eyes that you should take notice of me, since I am a foreigner?	Ruth is asking a real question.
-RUT	2	10	abc7	figs-idiom	מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 	1	have I found favor in your eyes	The phrase **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom which means “you have approved of” someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
-RUT	2	10	abc8	figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	in your eyes	The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” or “that you decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
+RUT	2	10	abc7	figs-idiom	מָצָ֨אתִי חֵ֤ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 	1	have I found favor in your eyes	The phrase **found favor in your eyes** is an idiom which means “you have approved of” someone. Ruth speaks of gaining someone’s favor as gaining their kindness or approval. Alternate translation: “you have been kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+RUT	2	10	abc8	figs-metaphor	בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙	1	in your eyes	The **eyes** are a metonym that represents seeing, and seeing is a metaphor for knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” or “that you decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 RUT	2	10	x6f8		נָכְרִיָּֽה	1	foreigner	A ***foreigner*** is someone from another country. Even though Ruth had pledged her loyalty to the God of Israel in private, everyone knew that she was from Moab, not Israel. Often Israelites were not kind to foreigners, even though God wanted them to be kind to them. This shows that Boaz was living to please God.
 RUT	2	11	ab14	figs-doublet	וַ⁠יַּ֤עַן בֹּ֨עַז֙ וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר	1	Boaz answered and said	Both ***answered*** and ***said*** describe the same action. If this is confusing in your language, you may want to use only one verb for this, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
 RUT	2	11	app6	figs-activepassive	הֻגֵּ֨ד הֻגַּ֜ד לִ֗⁠י	1	Everything…has fully been reported to me	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: ***People have reported to me*** or ***People have told me*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ RUT	2	14	p256		וְ⁠טָבַ֥לְתְּ פִּתֵּ֖⁠ךְ בַּ⁠חֹ֑
 RUT	2	14	xr6s		בַּ⁠חֹ֑מֶץ	1	the vinegar	The **vinegar** was a sauce into which they dipped bread. The Israelites made vinegar from grape juice that was fermented beyond the point of being wine. At the vinegar stage, the juice becomes very sour and acidic.
 RUT	2	15	v6wr	figs-explicit	וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם לְ⁠לַקֵּ֑ט וַ⁠יְצַו֩ בֹּ֨עַז אֶת־נְעָרָ֜י⁠ו	1	Then she got up to glean. Then Boaz commanded his young men	When Boaz spoke to his workers, it is likely that Ruth was far enough away not to hear Boaz’s instructions. Alternate translation: “And when Ruth got up to gather up grain, Boaz privately told his young men”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 RUT	2	15	rct9		וַ⁠תָּ֖קָם	1	Then she got up	***After she stood up***
-RUT	2	15	a5z9		גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים	1	even among the bundles	Here, the word **even** lets the workers know that they are to do above and beyond what they normally do. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain for fear that they might steal from the grain that was already harvested. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of grain. 
+RUT	2	15	a5z9		גַּ֣ם בֵּ֧ין הָֽ⁠עֳמָרִ֛ים	1	even among the bundles	Here, the word **even** lets the workers know that they are to do above and beyond what they normally do. People who were gleaning were normally forbidden from working close to the harvested grain for fear that they might steal from the grain that was already harvested. But Boaz instructs his workers to let Ruth glean close to the bundles of grain.
 RUT	2	16	u6hv		שֹׁל־תָּשֹׁ֥לּוּ לָ֖⁠הּ מִן־הַ⁠צְּבָתִ֑ים	1	pull some out from the bundles for her	***take some stalks of grain out of the bundles and leave them for her*** or ***leave behind stalks of grain for her to collect***. Here Boaz goes another step beyond what is normal, and tells his workers to drop some of the grain that was already harvested for Ruth to glean.
 RUT	2	16	nn9l		וְ⁠לֹ֥א תִגְעֲרוּ־בָֽ⁠הּ	1	do not rebuke her	***do not cause her shame*** or ***do not speak harshly to her***
 RUT	2	17	h3ap		וַ⁠תַּחְבֹּט֙	1	Then she beat out	She separated the edible part of the grain from the hull and stalk, which are thrown away.
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ RUT	2	21	k2lz		גַּ֣ם׀ כִּי־אָמַ֣ר אֵלַ֗⁠י	1	In addition
 RUT	2	21	g585		עִם־הַ⁠נְּעָרִ֤ים אֲשֶׁר־לִ⁠י֙ תִּדְבָּקִ֔י⁠ן	1	You should keep close by the servants who belong to me	Boaz was expressing confidence that his workers would not harm Ruth.
 RUT	2	22	f2tw		תֵֽצְאִי֙ עִם	1	you go out with	***you work with***
 RUT	2	22	bcc4		וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ	1	so that they do not harm you	Possible meanings are (1) other workers might abuse Ruth or try to rape her or (2) in another field, the owner might interfere or stop her from gleaning while they are harvesting.
-RUT	2	22	ab64	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ	1	so that they do not harm you	 This is the reason why Ruth should continue to work with Boaz’s servants. If it is more clear in your language to state the reason before the result, you can state this part of the sentence first, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
+RUT	2	22	ab64	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠לֹ֥א יִפְגְּעוּ־בָ֖⁠ךְ	1	so that they do not harm you	This is the reason why Ruth should continue to work with Boaz’s servants. If it is more clear in your language to state the reason before the result, you can state this part of the sentence first, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 RUT	2	23	e2vq		וַ⁠תִּדְבַּ֞ק	1	So she stayed close by	Ruth worked in Boaz’s fields with his workers during the day, so she would be safe.
 RUT	2	23	a7qp		וַ⁠תֵּ֖שֶׁב אֶת־חֲמוֹתָֽ⁠הּ	1	She lived with her mother-in-law	Ruth went to Naomi’s home to sleep at night.
 RUT	3	intro	t4y5			0		# Ruth 03 General Notes<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Boaz’s integrity<br><br>Boaz showed great integrity in this chapter by not having sexual relations with Ruth until they were married. He was also concerned with preserving Ruth’s good reputation. Displaying Boaz’s good character is an important point in this chapter.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### **So that it may be well with you**<br><br>Naomi wanted Ruth to have a secure home with a good husband who would care for her. She could see that Boaz would be the best husband for her. She also thought that Boaz, as a kinsman-redeemer, had an obligation to marry her. This could be true because, even though Ruth was a Gentile by birth, she had become part of Naomi’s family and part of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ RUT	3	2	ms25		זֹרֶ֛ה	1	will be winnowing	***he will be winnowing*** To win
 RUT	3	3	ru6z		וָ⁠סַ֗כְתְּ	1	and anoint yourself	This is probably a reference to rubbing sweet-smelling oil on oneself, as a kind of perfume.
 RUT	3	3	e92h		וְיָרַ֣דְתְּ הַ⁠גֹּ֑רֶן	1	and go down to the threshing floor	This refers to leaving the city and going to the open, flat area where workers could thresh and winnow grain.
 RUT	3	4	jdr5	figs-imperative	וִ⁠יהִ֣י	1	And let it be that	***Then do like this:*** This is a general instruction that introduces the next series of specific instructions that Naomi is about to give to Ruth. Translate this in the way that people would say this in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
-RUT	3	4	ab21	grammar-connect-time-background	 בְ⁠שָׁכְב֗⁠וֹ	1	when he lies down,	This is a background clause, explaining when Ruth should watch to see where Boaz sleeps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
+RUT	3	4	ab21	grammar-connect-time-background	בְ⁠שָׁכְב֗⁠וֹ	1	when he lies down,	This is a background clause, explaining when Ruth should watch to see where Boaz sleeps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
 RUT	3	4	ln1m	translate-symaction	וְ⁠גִלִּ֥ית מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו	1	and uncover his feet	This means to remove the cloak or blanket covering his feet (or legs). Perhaps this action by a woman could be interpreted as a proposal of marriage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
-RUT	3	4	ab23		 מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו	1	his feet	The word used here could refer to his feet or his legs.
+RUT	3	4	ab23		מַרְגְּלֹתָ֖י⁠ו	1	his feet	The word used here could refer to his feet or his legs.
 RUT	3	4	l4we		וְשָׁכָ֑בְתְּ	1	and lie down	***and lie down there***
 RUT	3	4	w1u5		וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד לָ֔⁠ךְ אֵ֖ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר תַּעַשִֽׂי⁠ן	1	Then he, himself, will tell you what you should do	The specific custom of that time is unclear, but Naomi appears to believe that Boaz will understand Ruth’s action as a proposal of marriage. Boaz will then either accept or reject her offer.
 RUT	3	4	nn4g		וְ⁠הוּא֙ יַגִּ֣יד	1	Then he, himself, will tell	***When he wakes up, he will tell***
@@ -178,11 +178,11 @@ RUT	3	10	e7ka		הֵיטַ֛בְתְּ חַסְדֵּ֥⁠ךְ הָ⁠אַחֲר
 RUT	3	10	cbd3		הָ⁠רִאשׁ֑וֹן	1	at the beginning	This refers to the way that Ruth had earlier provided for her mother-in-law by staying with her and gleaning grain for food for them.
 RUT	3	10	n84d	figs-idiom	לְ⁠בִלְתִּי־לֶ֗כֶת אַחֲרֵי֙	1	by not going after	***because you have not looked for marriage among***. Ruth could have ignored Naomi’s need and looked for a young and handsome husband for herself outside of Naomi’s relatives, but she did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 RUT	3	11	jdr6	grammar-connect-logic-result	וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה	1	Connecting Statement:	This phrase indicates that what came before in verse 10 is the reason for what follows in verse 11. This can be indicated with a word like ***Therefore***. If it is clearer in your language to put the reason after the result, the order would be: Boaz is motivated to perform the role of kinsman-redeemer (verse 11) ***because*** he has seen how much kindness Ruth has shown to Naomi (verse 10). If you choose this order, you will need to combine the verses and the verse numbers (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]]).
-RUT	3	11	ei93		בִּתִּ⁠י֙	1	my daughter	Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. Use the form of address that would be appropriate in your language. 
-RUT	3	11	ab08	figs-idiom	כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔⁠י	1	the whole gate of my people	 The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. So this was an idiom meaning “all of the important people in my city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
+RUT	3	11	ei93		בִּתִּ⁠י֙	1	my daughter	Boaz used this expression as a sign of respect toward Ruth as a younger woman. Use the form of address that would be appropriate in your language.
+RUT	3	11	ab08	figs-idiom	כָּל־שַׁ֣עַר עַמִּ֔⁠י	1	the whole gate of my people	The gate was an area of the city where people gathered to do business, and the leaders met there to make decisions. So this was an idiom meaning “all of the important people in my city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
 RUT	3	11	ab31		אֵ֥שֶׁת חַ֖יִל	1	a woman of worth	***a woman of good character***, ***a good woman***
 RUT	3	12	jdr7		וְ⁠עַתָּה֙	1	Connecting Statement:	This phrase indicates that what follows is something else important that Ruth should pay attention to. Alternate translation: “You also need to know that” a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth and the possibility of another man marrying her instead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
-RUT	3	12	ab30	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	 וְ⁠גַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ	1	but there is	This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth (verse 11) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead (verse 12). Alternate translation: “Even so, there is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]).
+RUT	3	12	ab30	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	וְ⁠גַ֛ם יֵ֥שׁ	1	but there is	This phrase indicates a contrast between Boaz’s willingness to marry Ruth (verse 11) and the possibility of another man marrying her instead (verse 12). Alternate translation: “Even so, there is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]]).
 RUT	3	12	fvq5		גֹּאֵ֖ל קָר֥וֹב מִמֶּֽ⁠נִּי	1	a kinsman-redeemer…nearer than I	It was the duty of the male relative who was closest in family relationship to the man who died to help his widow. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f) and make sure that it also makes sense here.
 RUT	3	13	gcl8	figs-explicit	אִם־יִגְאָלֵ֥⁠ךְ	1	if he will redeem you	***redeem*** here means “marry according to our custom concerning widows.” Boaz is referring to the expectation that the closest male relative of Ruth’s dead husband would marry her and raise a son to carry on the dead man’s family name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 RUT	3	13	tkz9		חַי־יְהוָ֑ה	1	as Yahweh lives	***as surely as Yahweh lives*** or ***by the life of Yahweh***. This was a common Hebrew vow that obligated the speaker to perform what he said. Use the normal phrasing for a vow in your language.
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ RUT	3	15	f5zg		שֵׁשׁ־שְׂעֹרִים֙	1	six measures of barley	The act
 RUT	3	15	gdn8		וַ⁠יָּ֣שֶׁת עָלֶ֔י⁠הָ	1	put it on her	The amount of grain was heavy, so Boaz put it on Ruth’s back so she could carry it.
 RUT	3	15	aj7u		וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א הָ⁠עִֽיר	1	Then he went into the city	Most ancient copies have **he went**, referring to Boaz, but some have **she went**, referring to Ruth. Some English versions have “he” and some have “she” here. Most scholars believe that ***he went*** is the original meaning.
 RUT	3	16	s7dr	figs-idiom	מִי־אַ֣תְּ בִּתִּ֑⁠י	1	Who are you, my daughter?	This appears to be an idiom that probably means ***What is your status, my daughter?*** In other words, Naomi is probably asking if Ruth is now a married woman. Alternatively, the question could mean simply ***Is that you, my daughter?*** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-RUT	3	16	ab34		בִּתִּ֑⁠י	1	my daughter	Ruth is actually Naomi’s daughter-in-law, but Naomi calls her ***my daughter*** as an endearment. Keep this translation if it is acceptable in your culture. Otherwise, use “daughter-in law.” 
+RUT	3	16	ab34		בִּתִּ֑⁠י	1	my daughter	Ruth is actually Naomi’s daughter-in-law, but Naomi calls her ***my daughter*** as an endearment. Keep this translation if it is acceptable in your culture. Otherwise, use “daughter-in law.”
 RUT	3	16	w9p9		אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָֽשָׂה־לָ֖⁠הּ הָ⁠אִֽישׁ	1	all that the man had done for her	***all that Boaz had done for her***
 RUT	3	17	abca		שֵׁשׁ־הַ⁠שְּׂעֹרִ֥ים	1	six measures of barley	See how you translated this in [3:15](../03/15/f5zg).
 RUT	3	17	e9xx	figs-idiom	אַל־תָּב֥וֹאִי רֵיקָ֖ם	1	You must not go empty	To ***go empty-handed*** is an idiom that means to go to someone with nothing to offer that person. Alternate translation: ***Do not go empty-handed*** or ***Do not go with nothing*** or ***You must take something***  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ RUT	4	1	jdr9	figs-informremind	וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה	1	And behold,	The word **be
 RUT	4	1	kz1g		הַ⁠גֹּאֵ֤ל	1	the kinsman-redeemer	This was the closest living male relative to Elimelek. See how you translated **kinsman-redeemer** in [2:20](../02/20/zu5f).
 RUT	4	1	ab38	figs-idiom	פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י	1	a certain someone	Boaz did not actually say these words; instead, he called the kinsman-redeemer by his name. This is an idiom that means that this is a specific person but the name is not given. The narrator has substituted this general term for the person’s name either because the specific name is not important for the story or the man’s name had been forgotten. If your language has an idiom to refer to a specific person without using his name, use that here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
 RUT	4	1	ab39	figs-quotations	פְּלֹנִ֣י אַלְמֹנִ֑י	1	a certain someone	In many languages, this is an awkward and unnatural way for someone to address another person. A way to make this more natural could be to turn this into an indirect quotation as in the UST. A combination of indirect and direct quotation is also possible: “Boaz called him by name, and said, ‘Turn aside and sit down here.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]).
-RUT	4	2	ab40		וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח עֲשָׂרָ֧ה אֲנָשִׁ֛ים	1	Then he took ten men	***Then he chose ten men*** 
+RUT	4	2	ab40		וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח עֲשָׂרָ֧ה אֲנָשִׁ֛ים	1	Then he took ten men	***Then he chose ten men***
 RUT	4	2	bf74		מִ⁠זִּקְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עִ֖יר	1	from the elders of the city	***from the leaders of the city***
-RUT	4	3	es9g		חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י	1	Naomi…is selling the portion of the field	It was the responsibility of the nearest kinsman to Elimelek to buy back the land that had belonged to Elimelek and to care for Elimelek’s family. 
+RUT	4	3	es9g		חֶלְקַת֙ הַ⁠שָּׂדֶ֔ה…מָכְרָ֣ה נָעֳמִ֔י	1	Naomi…is selling the portion of the field	It was the responsibility of the nearest kinsman to Elimelek to buy back the land that had belonged to Elimelek and to care for Elimelek’s family.
 RUT	4	4	ab41	figs-idiom	אֶגְלֶ֧ה אָזְנְ⁠ךָ֣	1	I should uncover your ear	This is an idiom that means “I should tell you” or “I should let you know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]).
 RUT	4	4	c6xi		נֶ֥גֶד	1	in the presence of	***in the presence of***. Having these men as witnesses would make the transaction legal and binding.
 RUT	4	4	lgq1		גְּאָ֔ל	1	redeem it	***redeem*** means to buy the land to keep it within the family.
@@ -242,19 +242,19 @@ RUT	4	11	ua2a		הָ⁠עָ֧ם אֲשֶׁר־בַּ⁠שַּׁ֛עַר	1	the peo
 RUT	4	11	hg6q	figs-metonymy	הַ⁠בָּאָ֣ה אֶל־בֵּיתֶ֗⁠ךָ	1	who is coming into your house	This has both a literal and a figurative meaning. As Ruth marries Boaz, she will move into his house. “House” can be a metonym the represents “family,” so this also refers to becoming part of Boaz’s family by being his wife. Alternate translation: “who is becoming part of your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 RUT	4	11	q47m		כְּ⁠רָחֵ֤ל׀ וּ⁠כְ⁠לֵאָה֙	1	like Rachel and Leah	These were the two wives of Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel.
 RUT	4	11	cz4t		בָּנ֤וּ…אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל	1	built up the house of Israel	***bore many children who became the nation of Israel***
-RUT	4	11	abcb	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם	1	Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem!	These two phrases are similar in meaning. The second phrase repeats somewhat and adds to the meaning of the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and become well-known for them.”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]). 
-RUT	4	11	ab65	figs-imperative	וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם	1	Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem!	These phrases are a form of blessing. Use the style of blessing that is appropriate in your language. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and may you become well-known for them.”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]). 
+RUT	4	11	abcb	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם	1	Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem!	These two phrases are similar in meaning. The second phrase repeats somewhat and adds to the meaning of the first. This is a Hebrew style of emphasis. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and become well-known for them.”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]).
+RUT	4	11	ab65	figs-imperative	וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה וּ⁠קְרָא־שֵׁ֖ם בְּ⁠בֵ֥ית לָֽחֶם	1	Achieve honor in Ephrathah, and be renowned in Bethlehem!	These phrases are a form of blessing. Use the style of blessing that is appropriate in your language. Alternate translation: “May you do good things in Bethlehem and may you become well-known for them.”  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]).
 RUT	4	11	uk9q		וַ⁠עֲשֵׂה־חַ֣יִל בְּ⁠אֶפְרָ֔תָה	1	Achieve honor in Ephrathah	The area around the town of Bethlehem was known as Ephrathah, and that became another name for the town. Presumably this name came from the Israelite clan that settled in and around the city of Bethlehem.
 RUT	4	12	fn52	figs-metonymy	וִ⁠יהִ֤י בֵֽיתְ⁠ךָ֙ כְּ⁠בֵ֣ית פֶּ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה	1	May your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah	***house*** stands for “family” or “clan.” Perez had many descendants who became large clans in Israel, including the clan of Ephrathah. Also, many of his descendents became important people. The people were asking God to bless Boaz in a similar way through Ruth’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 RUT	4	12	a433		יָלְדָ֥ה תָמָ֖ר לִֽ⁠יהוּדָ֑ה	1	Tamar bore to Judah	Tamar, like Ruth, was also a widow. Judah fathered a son with Tamar, who continued the family name of her dead husband.
 RUT	4	12	xym8		מִן־הַ⁠זֶּ֗רַע אֲשֶׁ֨ר יִתֵּ֤ן יְהוָה֙ לְ⁠ךָ֔	1	from the offspring that Yahweh gives you	The people are asking for a blessing from Yahweh, that he would give Boaz many children through Ruth who would do good things, just as he did for Perez. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language.
-RUT	4	13	abcc	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַ⁠תְּהִי־ל֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה	1	So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife	These two phrases mean very much the same thing, as the second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew poetic style. The two phrases can be combined as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 
+RUT	4	13	abcc	figs-parallelism	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙ וַ⁠תְּהִי־ל֣⁠וֹ לְ⁠אִשָּׁ֔ה	1	So Boaz took Ruth, and she became his wife	These two phrases mean very much the same thing, as the second phrase repeats and expands the first. This is a Hebrew poetic style. The two phrases can be combined as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
 RUT	4	13	u21g	grammar-connect-logic-result	וַ⁠יִּקַּ֨ח בֹּ֤עַז אֶת־רוּת֙	1	So Boaz took Ruth	This phrase indicates that Boaz did what he said he would do in verse 10. It does not imply any form of violence. Along with the following phrase, it simply means, ***So Boaz married Ruth*** or ***So Boaz took Ruth as a wife***. Use a connecting word (like “so”) that indicates that this action by Boaz is a result of the agreement in verse 10. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
 RUT	4	13	gw77	figs-euphemism	וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א אֵלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	he went in to her	This is a euphemism that refers to having sexual intercourse. Alternate translation: “He had sexual relations with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
 RUT	4	14	ab46	figs-explicit	הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙	1	the women	These are the women of the town as mentioned in 1:19. This can be made clear if necessary.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
-RUT	4	14	ab47		בָּר֣וּךְ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Blessed be Yahweh	The women are praising God for what he has done for Naomi and Ruth. If it does not make sense in your language to “bless” God, use a word like “praise” or “ we give thanks.” See the UST. 
+RUT	4	14	ab47		בָּר֣וּךְ יְהוָ֔ה	1	Blessed be Yahweh	The women are praising God for what he has done for Naomi and Ruth. If it does not make sense in your language to “bless” God, use a word like “praise” or “ we give thanks.” See the UST.
 RUT	4	14	qj8v	figs-doublenegatives	לֹ֣א הִשְׁבִּ֥ית לָ֛⁠ךְ גֹּאֵ֖ל הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם	1	who has not left you today without a kinsman-redeemer	This phrase can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “who has provided you today with a kinsman to redeem you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
-RUT	4	14	p8p3		וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	May his name be renowned	This is a blessing, stating that the women desire that Naomi’s grandson will have a good reputation and character. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language. 
+RUT	4	14	p8p3		וְ⁠יִקָּרֵ֥א שְׁמ֖⁠וֹ	1	May his name be renowned	This is a blessing, stating that the women desire that Naomi’s grandson will have a good reputation and character. Use the form of blessing that is appropriate in your language.
 RUT	4	15	hz3e		לְ⁠מֵשִׁ֣יב נֶ֔פֶשׁ	1	a restorer of life	This phrase refers to how Naomi will again experience joy and hope in her life as a result of having this grandson. Alternate translation: “one who brings joy to you again” or “one who will make you feel young/strong again”
 RUT	4	15	z5lw		וּ⁠לְ⁠כַלְכֵּ֖ל אֶת־שֵׂיבָתֵ֑⁠ךְ	1	and a nourisher of your old age	***and he will take care of you when you become old***
 RUT	4	15	ab48	grammar-connect-logic-result	כִּ֣י 	1	For	***We know this because*** Use a connecting word or phrase that indicates that what follows (the fact that Ruth has borne him) is the reason for the women’s confident prediction of his character. If it makes more sense to put the reason first, then follow the order in the UST.

en_tn_09-1SA.tsv

@@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNo
 1SA	24	21	lj2i			0	you will not cut off my descendants after me	“you will not kill my sons and their families.” It was common for a new king who was not from the previous family line to kill off all the children of the former king to prevent any of them from challenging him for the throne.
 1SA	24	21	hr5u	figs-metonymy		0	you will not destroy my name out of my father’s house	It is important for each family in Israel to have descendants from generation to generation carrying on the family name and land inheritance. Alternate translation: “you will not destroy my family and descendants” or “you will allow my family to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 1SA	24	22	yhv6			0	David and his men	“David and his army”
-1SA	25	intro	abcp			0		# 1 Samuel 25 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Revenge<br>When David decides to kill all of the men in Nabal’s household, Abigail convinces David not to avenge himself but to leave revenge to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br><br>
+1SA	25	intro	abcp			0		# 1 Samuel 25 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Revenge<br>When David decides to kill all of the men in Nabal’s household, Abigail convinces David not to avenge himself but to leave revenge to God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])<br>
 1SA	25	1	nvn1	figs-hyperbole		0	All Israel gathered together and mourned for him	This is likely a generalization. A large number of the people of Israel were probably there, but some were probably unable to attend. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
 1SA	25	1	xdb3			0	gathered together	“met together”
 1SA	25	1	n1il			0	buried him in his house at Ramah	Possible meanings are that they buried Samuel (1) in his home town of Ramah or (2) on his family’s land in Ramah but not physically in the house or (3) in his house in Ramah.

en_tn_15-EZR.tsv

@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ EZR	5	14	w7ix		לְ⁠שֵׁשְׁבַּצַּ֣ר	1	Sheshbazzar	See how you tra
 EZR	5	14	caq3		וִ⁠יהִ֨יבוּ֙	1	gave them	King Cyrus returned the temple objects.
 EZR	5	15	q6r3	figs-activepassive	וּ⁠בֵ֥ית אֱלָהָ֖⁠א יִתְבְּנֵ֥א	1	Let the house of God be rebuilt	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I want the Judeans to rebuild the house of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 EZR	5	16	x9zt			0	General Information:	The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. Tattenai continues to tell the king what the Judeans had told him beginning in ([Ezra 5:11](./11.md)).
-EZR	5	16	d7m8	figs-activepassive	מִתְבְּנֵ֖א וְ⁠לָ֥א שְׁלִֽם	1	 it has been under construction, but is not complete	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people are now constructing it, but they have not done all the work yet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+EZR	5	16	d7m8	figs-activepassive	מִתְבְּנֵ֖א וְ⁠לָ֥א שְׁלִֽם	1	it has been under construction, but is not complete	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people are now constructing it, but they have not done all the work yet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 EZR	5	16	myr8		מִתְבְּנֵ֖א	1	under construction	built
 EZR	5	17	f4m4			0	General Information:	The letter from Tattenai to the king that began in [Ezra 5:7](../05/07.md) continues. Tattenai has finished telling the king what the Judeans told him and now asks the king to see if what the Judeans told him was true.
 EZR	5	17	abm5	figs-activepassive	יִ֠תְבַּקַּר	1	let a search be made	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would like you to have someone investigate this matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ EZR	6	21	p72z	figs-metaphor	הַ⁠נִּבְדָּ֛ל מִ⁠טֻּמְאַ֥
 EZR	6	21	alu2	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠טֻּמְאַ֥ת גּוֹיֵֽ־הָ⁠אָ֖רֶץ	1	the uncleanness of the nations of the land	Here “uncleanness” represents being unacceptable to God. Alternate translation: “the things that the people of the land did that made them unacceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EZR	6	21	tyz7	figs-metaphor	לִ⁠דְרֹ֕שׁ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֖ה	1	to seek Yahweh	Seeking Yahweh represents choosing to know, worship, and obey him. Alternate translation: “chose to obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EZR	6	22	k6q8	figs-metonymy	וְֽ⁠הֵסֵ֞ב לֵ֤ב מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר֙	1	turned the heart of the king of Assyria	Turning the king’s heart represents making him think differently about the work of the temple. Alternate translation: “changed the attitude of Assyria’s king” or “made Assyria’s king willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-EZR	6	22	x9ls	figs-metaphor	לְ⁠חַזֵּ֣ק יְדֵי⁠הֶ֔ם בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	 to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God	Strengthening their hands in the work represents helping them to work. The Assyrian king did this by telling them to do the work and providing the money for it. Alternate translation: “to help them do the work of his house” or “to make it possible for them to do the work of his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EZR	6	22	x9ls	figs-metaphor	לְ⁠חַזֵּ֣ק יְדֵי⁠הֶ֔ם בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	to strengthen their hands in the work of the house of God	Strengthening their hands in the work represents helping them to work. The Assyrian king did this by telling them to do the work and providing the money for it. Alternate translation: “to help them do the work of his house” or “to make it possible for them to do the work of his house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EZR	6	22	m7l7		בִּ⁠מְלֶ֥אכֶת בֵּית־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים	1	the work of the house of God	This refers to building the temple.
 EZR	7	intro	p3he			0		# Ezra 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Ezra begins his religious reforms.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### God’s Law<br>The people no longer know the law of Moses. Therefore, the king allows Ezra to return to Judea to teach the people about God’s law. Many people go with him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
 EZR	7	1	h549			0	General Information:	Ezra’s genealogy goes back to Aaron, the first high priest.

en_tn_19-PSA.tsv

@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ PSA	14	6	ysx7	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh is his refuge	This speaks of the protectio
 PSA	14	7	uji3	figs-exclamations		0	Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!	This is an exclamation. The writer is saying what he wishes or longs for God to do. Alternate translation: “I wish so much that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
 PSA	14	7	xxx6	figs-metonymy		0	Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!	Here “the salvation of Israel” is a metonym for Yahweh, the one who saves Israel. Alternate translation: “Oh, that Yahweh would come from Zion and save Israel!” or “I wish that Yahweh would come from Zion and rescue his people Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PSA	14	7	h25q	figs-parallelism		0	then Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad	These two phrases mean the same thing. Here both “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. The two phrases can be combined in the translation. Alternate translation: “then all the people of Israel will rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
-PSA	15	intro	j6s2			0		# Psalm 015 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Godliness<br>This psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### Moral Conditions for Worship<br><br>Scholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>
+PSA	15	intro	j6s2			0		# Psalm 015 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Godliness<br>This psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br><br>### Moral Conditions for Worship<br><br>Scholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br>
 PSA	15	1	u6j8	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
 PSA	15	1	sql5	figs-metonymy		0	Who may live on your holy hill?	God’s “holy hill” represents God’s temple, which was on Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “Who may live in your holy place?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PSA	15	2	jg77			0	speaks truth from his heart	“speaks honestly”
@@ -4787,7 +4787,7 @@ PSA	131	1	xfb4	figs-metaphor		0	things that are beyond me	Things that are too ha
 PSA	131	2	r92s	figs-synecdoche		0	I have stilled and quieted my soul	The soul represents the person or his emotions. Being calm and peaceful is spoken of has having making one’s soul still and quiet. Alternate translation: “I am calm and peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 PSA	131	2	sep5	figs-metonymy		0	my soul within me	The soul represents the person or his emotions. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 PSA	131	2	sim5	figs-metaphor		0	a weaned child with his mother	The psalmist speaks of himself being content and resting as if he were a young child that no longer demands breast milk from his mother. Alternate translation: “content like a young child that no longer cries for breast milk but rests in his mother’s arms” or “content and resting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-PSA	132	intro	fp7w			0		# Psalm 132 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ark<br>The Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])<br>
+PSA	132	intro	fp7w			0		# Psalm 132 General Notes<br>## Type of psalm<br><br>Psalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Ark<br>The Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])
 PSA	132	1	sq3d	writing-poetry		0	General Information:	Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
 PSA	132	1	lvf4			0	for David’s sake	“because of what happened to David”
 PSA	132	1	rsq8			0	call to mind	“remember” or “think about”

en_tn_28-HOS.tsv

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ HOS	3	5	klf5			0	seek Yahweh their God	Here “seek” means they are asking God
 HOS	3	5	ce6i	figs-metonymy		0	David their king	Here “David” represents all the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David to be their king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 HOS	3	5	plr4			0	in the last days	“in the future”
 HOS	3	5	h6db	figs-metonymy		0	they will come trembling before Yahweh and his goodness	Here “trembling” represents feelings of awe and humility. Alternate translation: “they will come back to Yahweh and will humble themselves, honor him, and ask for his blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
-HOS	4	intro	m65b			0		# Hosea 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins using a new illustration using lawsuits. God is suing the people of Israel because of all the wrong they have done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Lawsuits<br><br>Lawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>Metonymy is used in the first few verses of this chapter. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. Bloodshed is associated with murder. Stumbling represents sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br>
+HOS	4	intro	m65b			0		# Hosea 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins using a new illustration using lawsuits. God is suing the people of Israel because of all the wrong they have done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Lawsuits<br><br>Lawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>Metonymy is used in the first few verses of this chapter. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. Bloodshed is associated with murder. Stumbling represents sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
 HOS	4	1	k5fr			0	General Information:	This chapter begins Yahweh’s argument against the unfaithful Israelites.
 HOS	4	1	t2hu	figs-metaphor		0	Yahweh has a lawsuit against the inhabitants of the land	Yahweh stating that the people of Israel have sinned against him and broken his covenant is spoken of as if Yahweh were accusing them in court. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 HOS	4	1	ste3			0	lawsuit	This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md).

en_tn_32-JON.tsv

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ JON	1	2	x5ua		ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָ⁠עִ֥י
 JON	1	2	v2xt	figs-idiom	ק֠וּם 	1	Get up	This is an idiom that means that Jonah should take action and go. It does not mean that he was sitting or lying down at the time that God spoke to him. Many languages would use only one verb, such as “go.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 JON	1	2	jqz9	figs-metonymy	וּ⁠קְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ	1	call out against it	The word **it** here, meaning the city of Nineveh, is a metonym referring to the people living in and around the city. Alternate translation: “warn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 JON	1	2	rki2		עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖⁠ם לְ⁠פָנָֽ⁠י	1	their wickedness has risen up before my face	***I know they have been continually sinning*** or ***I know that their sin has been getting worse and worse***
-JON	1	2	jd9r	figs-metonymy	 לְ⁠פָנָֽ⁠	1	before my face	This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment.  Yahweh is saying that he can has noticed how wicked the people of Nineveh have become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JON	1	2	jd9r	figs-metonymy	לְ⁠פָנָֽ⁠	1	before my face	This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment.  Yahweh is saying that he can has noticed how wicked the people of Nineveh have become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 JON	1	3	f5sr	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יָּ֤קָם יוֹנָה֙ לִ⁠בְרֹ֣חַ	1	But Jonah got up to run away	Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command, but his action was to disobey instead of to obey. See how you translated this idiom in 1:2. Alternate translation: “But Jonah ran away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 JON	1	3	n96t	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֖י יְהוָ֑ה	-1	from before the face of Yahweh	This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment.  By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 JON	1	3	g66v	figs-explicit	לִ⁠בְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁ⁠ה	1	to run away to Tarshish	***to flee to Tarshish***. This city named Tarshish was in the opposite direction to Nineveh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and went in the opposite direction, toward Tarshish, away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ JON	2	2	jdrC	writing-poetry	קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י
 JON	2	2	s7fi		קָ֠רָאתִי מִ⁠צָּ֥רָה לִ֛⁠י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה	1	I cried out to Yahweh from my distress	***I prayed to Yahweh during my great trouble*** or ***Yahweh, I cried out to you during my distress***
 JON	2	2	wdr4		וַֽ⁠יַּעֲנֵ֑⁠נִי	1	he answered me	***Yahweh responded to me*** or ***he helped me*** or ***you answered me***
 JON	2	2	w8wn	figs-metaphor	מִ⁠בֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל	1	from the belly of Sheol	***from the center of Sheol*** or ***from the deep part of Sheol***. Possible meanings include: (1) Jonah was speaking of being in the belly of the fish as being in Sheol; or (2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol; or (3) He was speaking as if he already had died and gone to Sheol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JON	2	2	ab77	translate-names	 שְׁא֛וֹל	1	Sheol	***Sheol*** was the name of the place where people went after they died. It was thought to be a shadowy world located somewhere under the ground. The New Testament equivalent seems to be “Hades,” where the dead wait for judgment (see Rev. 20:13). If your language has a word for this place, you may want to use it here, or borrow the word “Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+JON	2	2	ab77	translate-names	שְׁא֛וֹל	1	Sheol	***Sheol*** was the name of the place where people went after they died. It was thought to be a shadowy world located somewhere under the ground. The New Testament equivalent seems to be “Hades,” where the dead wait for judgment (see Rev. 20:13). If your language has a word for this place, you may want to use it here, or borrow the word “Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
 JON	2	2	jdrD	figs-idiom	שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ קוֹלִֽ⁠י	1	you heard my voice	This phrase probably has both a literal and a figurative meaning. The phrase probably means literally that Yahweh heard Jonah’s voice while he was praying inside the belly of the fish. However, the phrase “to hear someone’s voice” in the Old Testament often means “to listen and obey (comply).”  In this context, Jonah is expressing that Yahweh both heard him and acted to save him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 JON	2	3	glp2		בִּ⁠לְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים	1	into the heart of the seas	Here the term **heart** is a metaphor for “being inside” something. The phrase “in the heart of” means to be “in the middle of” or “completely surrounded by” sea water.   Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 JON	2	3	p8fd		וְ⁠נָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי	1	a current surrounded me	***the sea water closed in around me***
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ JON	2	5	ca31		עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ	1	even as far as life	Here the Hebrew term
 JON	2	5	nr3v		תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑⁠נִי	1	the deep was surrounding me	***deep water was all around me***
 JON	2	5	p1fw		ס֖וּף	1	seaweed	***seaweed*** is grass that grows in the sea
 JON	2	6	z36i	figs-metaphor	הָ⁠אָ֛רֶץ בְּרִחֶ֥י⁠הָ בַעֲדִ֖⁠י לְ⁠עוֹלָ֑ם	1	the earth with its bars was around me forever	Here Jonah uses a metaphor to compare the earth to a prison. Alternate translation: “the earth was like a prison that was about to lock me in forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
-JON	2	6	dc3r	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל מִ⁠שַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖⁠י	1	but you brought up my life from the pit	Here the term **pit** has two possible meanings: (1) this could be a way to describe being in a very deep place underground or underwater or (2) this could be a metaphor meaning the place of the dead (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]). In either case, the term probably refers to the fact that Jonah felt certain that he would die. Alternate translation: “But you saved me from dying in a deep place” or “But you saved my life from the place of the dead” 
+JON	2	6	dc3r	figs-metaphor	וַ⁠תַּ֧עַל מִ⁠שַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖⁠י	1	but you brought up my life from the pit	Here the term **pit** has two possible meanings: (1) this could be a way to describe being in a very deep place underground or underwater or (2) this could be a metaphor meaning the place of the dead (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]). In either case, the term probably refers to the fact that Jonah felt certain that he would die. Alternate translation: “But you saved me from dying in a deep place” or “But you saved my life from the place of the dead”
 JON	2	6	i3mx		יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽ⁠י	1	Yahweh, my God!	In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word **you**.
 JON	2	7	jdr6	grammar-connect-time-simultaneous	בְּ⁠הִתְעַטֵּ֤ף עָלַ⁠י֙ נַפְשִׁ֔⁠י	1	When my spirit fainted upon me,	This phrase could mean either: (1) Jonah was already in the process of dying when he remembered Yahweh; or (2) Jonah had given up hope of being rescued and resigned himself to the fact that he would die. Alternate translation: “When my life was fainting away from me” or “When my spirit inside me had fainted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
 JON	2	7	l2b6		אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי	1	I remembered Yahweh	Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ JON	3	3	k7k9	figs-idiom	וַ⁠יָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַ⁠יֵּ֛לֶ
 JON	3	3	g4nk	figs-metonymy	כִּ⁠דְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה	1	the word of Yahweh	***the message of Yahweh*** or ***the command of Yahweh***
 JON	3	3	dt1b	writing-background	וְ⁠נִֽינְוֵ֗ה הָיְתָ֤ה עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים	1	Now Nineveh was a great city to Gpd, a journey of three days	This sentence gives background information about the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
 JON	3	3	jd8r	figs-idiom	עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽ⁠אלֹהִ֔ים	1	a great city to God	This is an idiom meaning that the city is both extremely large and one of the largest cities in the world.  (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
-JON	3	3	ye82	figs-idiom	 מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים	1	a journey of three days	This appears to mean that a person had to walk for three days to completely go through it from one side of the city to the opposite side. It could also mean that it took three days to see the whole city. Alternate translation: “a city so large that it would take a person three days to walk through it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+JON	3	3	ye82	figs-idiom	מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים	1	a journey of three days	This appears to mean that a person had to walk for three days to completely go through it from one side of the city to the opposite side. It could also mean that it took three days to see the whole city. Alternate translation: “a city so large that it would take a person three days to walk through it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
 JON	3	4	r2al		וַ⁠יָּ֤חֶל יוֹנָה֙ לָ⁠ב֣וֹא בָ⁠עִ֔יר מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙	1	So Jonah began to go into the city a journey of one day, and he called out	This phrase has two possible meanings: (1) Jonah walked a day’s journey into the city, then he started calling out; or (2) while Jonah was walking through the city on the first day, he started calling out.
 JON	3	4	r94k		וַ⁠יִּקְרָא֙ וַ⁠יֹּאמַ֔ר	1	and he called out and said	***and he proclaimed*** or ***and he shouted***
 JON	3	4	ab78		ע֚וֹד אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם	1	Until 40 days	***After 40 days*** or ***In 40 days*** ***There remain 40 days, and***

en_tn_43-LUK.tsv

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ LUK	1	6	uu87		ἐναντίον τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	before God	“in God’s sig
 LUK	1	6	csc9		πάσαις ταῖς ἐντολαῖς καὶ δικαιώμασιν τοῦ Κυρίου	1	all the commandments and statutes of the Lord	“all that the Lord had commanded and required”
 LUK	1	7	c7cj		καὶ	1	But	This contrast word shows that what follows here is the opposite of what is expected. People expected that if they did what was right, God would allow them to have children. Although this couple did what was right, they did not have any children.
 LUK	1	8	jr7f		ἐγένετο δὲ	1	Now it came about	This phrase is used to mark a shift in the story from the background information to the participants.
-LUK	1	8	vyl8	figs-explicit	ἐν τῷ ἱερατεύειν αὐτὸν…ἔναντι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	 while he was performing his priestly duties before God	It is implied that Zechariah was in God’s temple and that these priestly duties were part of worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+LUK	1	8	vyl8	figs-explicit	ἐν τῷ ἱερατεύειν αὐτὸν…ἔναντι τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	while he was performing his priestly duties before God	It is implied that Zechariah was in God’s temple and that these priestly duties were part of worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 LUK	1	8	abc1		ἐν τῷ ἱερατεύειν αὐτὸν	1	while he was performing his priestly duties	This refers to Zechariah.
 LUK	1	8	wed9		ἐν τῇ τάξει τῆς ἐφημερίας αὐτοῦ	1	in the order of his division	“when it was his group’s turn” or “when the time came for his group to serve”
 LUK	1	9	vq5g	writing-background	κατὰ τὸ ἔθος τῆς ἱερατείας, ἔλαχε τοῦ θυμιᾶσαι	1	According to the custom of the priesthood…to burn incense	This sentence gives us information about priestly duties. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
@@ -1830,7 +1830,7 @@ LUK	14	12	iy46		ἀντικαλέσωσίν σε	1	may invite you in return	“i
 LUK	14	12	vn1y	figs-activepassive	γένηται ἀνταπόδομά σοι	1	repayment will be made to you	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in this way they will repay you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 LUK	14	13	nc41			0	Connecting Statement:	Jesus continues speaking to the Pharisee who had invited him to his home.
 LUK	14	13	uc5f		κάλει πτωχούς	1	invite the poor	It may be helpful to add “also” since this statement is probably not exclusive. Alternate translation: “also invite the poor”
-LUK	14	13	abcf	figs-nominaladj	πτωχούς, ἀναπείρους, χωλούς, τυφλούς	1	the poor, the crippled, the lame, and the blind	These nominal adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “poor people, crippled people, lame people, and blind people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
+LUK	14	13	abcf	figs-nominaladj	πτωχούς, ἀναπείρους, χωλούς, τυφλούς	1	the poor, the crippled, the lame, and the blind	These nominal adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “poor people, crippled people, lame people, and blind people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
 LUK	14	14	vpt9	figs-activepassive	μακάριος ἔσῃ	1	you will be blessed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 LUK	14	14	r6cp		οὐκ ἔχουσιν ἀνταποδοῦναί σοι	1	they cannot repay you	“they cannot invite you to a banquet in return”
 LUK	14	14	z4tv	figs-activepassive	ἀνταποδοθήσεται…σοι	1	you will be repaid	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will repay you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -1911,7 +1911,7 @@ LUK	15	7	k1l2		οὕτως	1	even so	“in the same way” or “as the shepherd
 LUK	15	7	k8k6		χαρὰ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ἔσται	1	there will be joy in heaven	“everyone in heaven will rejoice”
 LUK	15	7	yn3h	figs-hyperbole	ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα δικαίοις, οἵτινες οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν μετανοίας	1	ninety-nine righteous people who have no need of repentance	Jesus uses sarcasm to say that the Pharisees were wrong to think that they did not need to repent. Your language may have a different way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “ninety-nine persons like you, who think they are righteous and do not need to repent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
 LUK	15	7	rd5r	translate-numbers	ἐνενήκοντα ἐννέα	1	ninety-nine	“99” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
-LUK	15	7	abcg	figs-nominaladj	δικαίοις	1	righteous	This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])  
+LUK	15	7	abcg	figs-nominaladj	δικαίοις	1	righteous	This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
 LUK	15	8	pi6f			0	Connecting Statement:	Jesus begins telling another parable. It is about a woman with 10 sliver coins.
 LUK	15	8	ly5c	figs-rquestion	ἢ τίς γυνὴ…οὐχὶ ἅπτει λύχνον…καὶ ζητεῖ ἐπιμελῶς, ἕως οὗ εὕρῃ?	1	Or what woman…would not light a lamp…and seek diligently until she has found it?	Jesus uses a question to remind the people that if they lost a silver coin, they would certainly look for it diligently. Alternate translation: “Any woman…would certainly light a lamp…and seek diligently until she has found it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
 LUK	15	8	qr36	figs-hypo	ἐὰν ἀπολέσῃ	1	if she would lose	This is a hypothetical situation and not a story about a real woman. Some languages have ways of showing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
@@ -2306,7 +2306,7 @@ LUK	18	39	z7r6		σιγήσῃ	1	would be quiet	“to be silent” or “not to s
 LUK	18	39	zug7		πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἔκραζεν	1	he kept crying out much more	This could mean that he cried out louder or that he cried out more persistently.
 LUK	18	40	g96a	figs-activepassive	αὐτὸν ἀχθῆναι πρὸς αὐτόν	1	him to be brought to him	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people to bring the blind man to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 LUK	18	40	abcp		αὐτοῦ, ἐπηρώτησεν αὐτόν	1	he asked him	“Jesus asked the blind man”
-LUK	18	41	al8g		ἵνα ἀναβλέψω	1	 I want to see again	“to be able to see”
+LUK	18	41	al8g		ἵνα ἀναβλέψω	1	I want to see again	“to be able to see”
 LUK	18	42	n67h	figs-imperative	ἀνάβλεψον	1	Receive your sight	This is a command, but Jesus is not commanding the man to do anything. Jesus is healing the man by commanding him to be healed. Alternate translation: “You will now receive your sight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]])
 LUK	18	42	gcv1	figs-metonymy	ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε	1	Your faith has healed you	These words are a metonym. It was because of the man’s faith that Jesus healed the man. Alternate translation: “I have healed you because you believed in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 LUK	18	43	d1kk		δοξάζων τὸν Θεόν	1	glorifying God	“giving glory to God” or “praising God”
@@ -3179,5 +3179,5 @@ LUK	24	52	a8vw	writing-endofstory		0	General Information:	These verses tell us a
 LUK	24	52	kzy4		αὐτοὶ προσκυνήσαντες αὐτὸν	1	they worshiped him	“the disciples worshiped Jesus”
 LUK	24	52	e4d4		ὑπέστρεψαν	1	and returned	“and then returned”
 LUK	24	53	wa3d	figs-hyperbole	διὰ…ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ	1	continually in the temple	This is an exaggeration to express that they went into the temple courtyard every day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
-LUK	24	53	edm3	figs-explicit	ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ	1	in the temple	Only priests were allowed into the temple building. Alternate translation: “in the temple courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
+LUK	24	53	edm3	figs-explicit	ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ	1	in the temple	Only priests were allowed into the temple building. Alternate translation: “in the temple courtyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 LUK	24	53	pex4		εὐλογοῦντες τὸν Θεόν	1	blessing God	“praising God”

en_tn_48-2CO.tsv

@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@ Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNo
 2CO	11	23	bq23		παραφρονῶν λαλῶ	1	as though I were out of my mind	“as though I were unable to think well”
 2CO	11	23	vy54	figs-ellipsis	ὑπὲρ ἐγώ	1	I am more	You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “I am more a servant of Christ than they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 2CO	11	23	s8wq		ἐν κόποις περισσοτέρως	1	in even more hard work	“I have worked harder”
-2CO	11	23	dr6x		ἐν φυλακαῖς περισσοτέρως	1	 in far more imprisonments	“I have been in prisons more often”
+2CO	11	23	dr6x		ἐν φυλακαῖς περισσοτέρως	1	in far more imprisonments	“I have been in prisons more often”
 2CO	11	23	cs3f	figs-idiom	ἐν πληγαῖς ὑπερβαλλόντως	1	in beatings beyond measure	This is an idiom, and is exaggerated to emphasize that he had been beaten many, many times. Alternate translation: “I have been beaten very many times” or “I have been beaten too many times to bother counting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
 2CO	11	23	r6jv		ἐν θανάτοις πολλάκις	1	in facing many dangers of death	“and I have almost died many times”
 2CO	11	24	ttz2		τεσσεράκοντα παρὰ μίαν	1	forty lashes minus one	This was a common expression for being whipped 39 times. In Jewish law the most they were allowed to whip a person at one time was forty lashes. So they commonly whipped a person thirty-nine times so that they would be guilty of whipping someone too many times if the accidentally counted wrong.

en_tn_50-EPH.tsv

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ EPH	1	17	b7l1		πνεῦμα σοφίας καὶ ἀποκαλύψεως, ἐν
 EPH	1	18	gbl7	figs-metonymy	πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας	1	that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened	Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s mind. The phrase “eyes of your heart” is a metaphor for one’s ability to gain understanding. Alternate translation: “that you may gain understanding and be enlightened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	1	18	iv1h	figs-activepassive	πεφωτισμένους τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆς καρδίας	1	that the eyes of your heart may be enlightened	This may be stated in the active tense. Alternate translation: that God may enlighten your heart” or “that God may enlighten your understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 EPH	1	18	m5j5		πεφωτισμένους	1	enlightened	“made to see”
+EPH	1	18	abc4		τῆς κλήσεως αὐτοῦ	1	of his calling	The **calling** of God refers to his choosing people to believe in him. Alternate translation: "that you have because he chose you to be his people"
 EPH	1	18	h6ig	figs-metaphor	τῆς κληρονομίας	1	inheritance	Receiving what God has promised believers, is spoken of as if one were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	1	18	lg8h		ἐν τοῖς ἁγίοις	1	all God’s holy people	“all those whom he has set apart for himself” or “all those who belong completely to him”
 EPH	1	19	t7lx		τὸ ὑπερβάλλον μέγεθος τῆς δυνάμεως αὐτοῦ	1	the incomparable greatness of his power	God’s power is far beyond all other power.
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ EPH	2	15	bn71		τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασι
 EPH	2	15	sr2r	figs-metaphor	ἕνα καινὸν ἄνθρωπον	1	one new man	a single new people, the people of redeemed humanity (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	2	15	b628		ἐν αὑτῷ	1	in himself	It is union with Christ that makes reconciliation possible between Jews and Gentiles.
 EPH	2	16	zz8k		ἀποκαταλλάξῃ τοὺς ἀμφοτέρους	1	Christ reconciles both peoples	“Christ brings the Jews and the Gentiles together in peace”
+EPH	2	16	abc0	figs-metaphor	ἐν ἑνὶ σώματι\	1	as one body	The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. Here it is comprised of both Jews and Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	2	16	bj8x	figs-metonymy	διὰ τοῦ σταυροῦ	1	through the cross	The cross here represents Christ’s death on the cross. Alternate translation: “by means of Christ’s death on the cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 EPH	2	16	lq3m	figs-metaphor	ἀποκτείνας τὴν ἔχθραν	1	putting to death the hostility	Stopping their hostility is spoken of as if he killed their hostility. By dying on the cross Jesus eliminated the reason for Jews and Gentiles to be hostile toward each other. Neither are now required to live according to the law of Moses. Alternate translation: “stopping them from hating one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	2	17	vhi8			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul tells the Ephesian believers that present Gentile believers are also now made one with the Jewish apostles and prophets; they are a temple for God in the Spirit.
@@ -170,6 +172,7 @@ EPH	4	intro	ang8			0		# Ephesians 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formattin
 EPH	4	1	sb64			0	Connecting Statement:	Because of what Paul has been writing to the Ephesians, he tells them how they should live their lives as believers and again emphasizes that believers are to agree with each other.
 EPH	4	1	uss5		ὁ δέσμιος ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	as the prisoner for the Lord	“as someone who is in prison because of his choice to serve the Lord”
 EPH	4	1	zxr1	figs-metaphor	ἀξίως περιπατῆσαι τῆς κλήσεως	1	walk worthily of the calling	Walking is a common way to express the idea of living one’s life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EPH	4	1	abc5		τῆς κλήσεως ἧς ἐκλήθητε	1	of the calling by which you were called	Here **the calling** refers to the fact that God chose them to be his people. Alternate translation: "because God chose you to be his people"
 EPH	4	2	zs6s		μετὰ πάσης ταπεινοφροσύνης καὶ πραΰτητος	1	to live with great humility and gentleness and patience	“to learn to be humble, gentle, and patient”
 EPH	4	3	pi5c		τηρεῖν τὴν ἑνότητα τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐν τῷ συνδέσμῳ τῆς εἰρήνης	1	to keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace	Here Paul speaks of “peace” as if it were a bond that ties people together. This is a metaphor for being united with other people by living peacefully with them. Alternate translation: “to live peacefully with one another and remain united as the Spirit made possible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	4	4	x5kv	figs-metaphor	ἓν σῶμα	1	one body	The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -221,6 +224,7 @@ EPH	4	22	d3j6		τὸν παλαιὸν ἄνθρωπον	1	old man	The “old ma
 EPH	4	22	qw3d	figs-metaphor	τὸν φθειρόμενον κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας τῆς ἀπάτης	1	that is corrupt because of its deceitful desires	Paul speaks of the sinful human nature as if it were a dead body falling apart in its grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	4	23	jy7h	figs-activepassive	ἀνανεοῦσθαι…τῷ πνεύματι τοῦ νοὸς ὑμῶν	1	to be renewed in the spirit of your minds	This may be translated with an active form. Alternate translation: “to allow God to change your attitudes and thoughts” or “to allow God to give you new attitudes and thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 EPH	4	24	x41y		ἐν δικαιοσύνῃ καὶ ὁσιότητι τῆς ἀληθείας	1	in true righteousness and holiness	“truly righteous and holy”
+EPH	4	24	abc7	figs-metaphor	ἐνδύσασθαι τὸν καινὸν ἄνθρωπον	1	to put on the new man 	Here seeking to have the character qualities of the new man is spoken of as if they were putting them on like clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	4	25	abn8		ἀποθέμενοι τὸ ψεῦδος	1	get rid of lies	“stop telling lies”
 EPH	4	25	zh2g		ἐσμὲν ἀλλήλων μέλη	1	we are members of one another	“we belong to one another” or “we are members of God’s family”
 EPH	4	26	w8rw		ὀργίζεσθε, καὶ μὴ ἁμαρτάνετε	1	Be angry and do not sin	“You may get angry, but do not sin” or “If you become angry, do not sin”
@@ -239,17 +243,19 @@ EPH	4	32	w7tk		εὔσπλαγχνοι	1	tenderhearted	being gentle and compassi
 EPH	5	intro	tdd2			0		# Ephesians 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the words of verse 14.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Inheritance of the kingdom of Christ<br>This is difficult to understand. Some scholars believe those who continue to practice these things will not inherit eternal life. But God can forgive all the sins listed in this verse. So immoral, impure, or greedy people can still receive eternal life if they repent and believe in Jesus. A more natural reading is “No person who is sexually immoral or indecent, or who is greedy (for this is the same as worshiping idols) will be among God’s people over whom Christ rules as king.” (UST) (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/inherit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Wives, submit to your husbands<br>Scholars are divided over how to understand this passage in its historical and cultural context. Some scholars believe men and women are perfectly equal in all things. Other scholars believe God created men and women to serve in distinctly different roles in marriage and the church. Translators should be careful not to let how they understand this issue affect how they translate this passage.
 EPH	5	1	wus5			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul continues to tell the believers how they should and should not live as God’s children.
 EPH	5	1	jx2q		γίνεσθε οὖν μιμηταὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	Therefore be imitators of God	“Therefore you should do what God does.” Therefore refers back to [Ephesians 4:32](../04/32.md) which tells why believers should imitate God, because Christ forgave believers.
-EPH	5	1	zen5	figs-simile	ὡς τέκνα ἀγαπητά	1	as dearly loved children	God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his children. Alternate translation: “as dearly loved children imitate their fathers” or “because you are his children and he loves you dearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+EPH	5	1	zen5	figs-simile	ὡς τέκνα ἀγαπητά	1	as beloved children	God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual children. Alternate translation: “as dearly loved children imitate their fathers” or “because you are his children and he loves you dearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
 EPH	5	2	ta41	figs-metaphor	περιπατεῖτε ἐν ἀγάπῃ	1	walk in love	Walking is a common way to express the idea of living one’s life. Alternate translation: “live a life of love” or “always love each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	5	2	bak1		προσφορὰν καὶ θυσίαν τῷ Θεῷ εἰς ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας	1	a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God	“like a sweet-smelling offering and sacrifice to God”
 EPH	5	3	le5f		πορνεία δὲ, καὶ ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα, ἢ πλεονεξία, μηδὲ ὀνομαζέσθω ἐν ὑμῖν	1	But there must not be even a suggestion among you of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or of greed	“Do not do anything that would let anyone think that you are guilty of sexual immorality or any kind of impurity or greed”
 EPH	5	3	xat9		ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα	1	any kind of impurity	“any moral uncleanness”
 EPH	5	4	utm5		ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον εὐχαριστία	1	Instead there should be thanksgiving	“Instead you should thank God”
+EPH	5	5	abc6	figs-metaphor	ἀκάθαρτος	1	unclean	Here being dirty is a metaphor for being sinful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	5	5	vb16	figs-metaphor	κληρονομίαν	1	inheritance	Receiving what God has promised believers is spoken of as if it were inheriting property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	5	6	px7p		κενοῖς λόγοις	1	empty words	words that have no truth to them
 EPH	5	8	wy9d	figs-metaphor	ἦτε γάρ ποτε σκότος	1	For you were once darkness	Just as one cannot see in the dark, so people who love to sin lack spiritual understanding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	5	8	iw4q	figs-metaphor	νῦν δὲ φῶς ἐν Κυρίῳ	1	but now you are light in the Lord	Just as one can see in the light, so people whom God has saved understand how to please God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	5	8	l6ki	figs-metaphor	ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς περιπατεῖτε	1	Walk as children of light	Walking on a path is a metaphor for how a person lives his life. Alternate translation: “Live as people who understand what the Lord wants them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EPH	5	8	abc5	figs-simile	ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς	1	as children of light	God desires us to imitate or follow him since we are his spiritual children. Alternate translation: “as God's children who know the truth” or “because you are God's children and see the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
 EPH	5	9	q194	figs-metaphor	ὁ…καρπὸς τοῦ φωτὸς ἐν πάσῃ ἀγαθωσύνῃ, καὶ δικαιοσύνῃ, καὶ ἀληθείᾳ	1	the fruit of the light consists in all goodness, righteousness, and truth	“Fruit” here is a metaphor for “result” or “outcome.” Alternate translation: “the result of living in the light is good work, right living, and truthful behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	5	11	zdu1	figs-metaphor	μὴ συνκοινωνεῖτε τοῖς ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις τοῦ σκότους	1	Do not associate with the unfruitful works of darkness	Paul speaks of the useless, sinful things that unbelievers do as if they are evil deeds people do in the dark so no one will see them. Alternate translation: “Do not do useless, sinful things with unbelievers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	5	11	v4d1	figs-metaphor	ἔργοις τοῖς ἀκάρποις	1	unfruitful works	actions that do nothing good, useful, or profitable. Paul is comparing evil actions to an unhealthy tree that produces nothing good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -274,6 +280,7 @@ EPH	5	19	v3ql	figs-metonymy	τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	with all your heart
 EPH	5	20	e6w5		ἐν ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ	“because you belong to our Lord Jesus Christ” or “as people who belong to our Lord Jesus Christ”
 EPH	5	22	isd7			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul begins to explain how Christians are to submit themselves to one another ([Ephesians 5:21](../05/21.md)). He starts with instructions to wives and husbands on how they should act toward each other.
 EPH	5	23	x637	figs-metaphor	κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικὸς…κεφαλὴ τῆς ἐκκλησίας	1	the head of the wife…the head of the church	The word “head” represents the leader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+EPH	5	23	abc1	figs-metaphor	τοῦ σώματος	1	the body	The church is often referred to as the body of Christ. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	5	25	sx8d			0	General Information:	Here the words “himself” and “he” refer to Christ. The word “her” refers to the church.
 EPH	5	25	sm9e		ἀγαπᾶτε τὰς γυναῖκας	1	love your wives	Here “love” refers to unselfish serving or giving love to wives.
 EPH	5	25	i24y		ἑαυτὸν παρέδωκεν	1	gave himself up	“allowed people to kill him”
@@ -314,6 +321,7 @@ EPH	6	13	cy9h	figs-metaphor	ἵνα δυνηθῆτε ἀντιστῆναι ἐ
 EPH	6	14	r5m7	figs-metaphor	στῆτε οὖν	1	Stand, therefore	The words “stand” represents successfully resisting or fighting something. See how you translated “stand firm” in [Ephesians 6:13](../06/13.md). “So resist evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	6	14	lbd4	figs-metaphor	τὴν ὀσφὺν ὑμῶν ἐν ἀληθείᾳ	1	the belt of truth	Truth holds everything together for a believer just as a belt holds the clothing of a soldier together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	6	14	zt21		ἀληθείᾳ…δικαιοσύνης	1	truth…righteousness	We are to know the truth and act in ways that please God.
+EPH	6	14	abc7	figs-metaphor	ἐνδυσάμενοι τὸν θώρακα τῆς δικαιοσύνης	1	having put on the breastplate of righteousness	Christians trusting in righteousness is spoken of as if they were soldiers putting on a breastplate to protect himself from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	6	14	ij1q	figs-metaphor	τὸν θώρακα τῆς δικαιοσύνης	1	the breastplate of righteousness	Possible meanings are (1) the gift of righteousness covers a believer’s heart just as a breastplate protects the chest of a soldier or (2) our living as God wants us, gives us a clear conscience that protects our hearts the way a breastplate protects a soldier’s chest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	6	15	f6w1	figs-metaphor	καὶ ὑποδησάμενοι τοὺς πόδας ἐν ἑτοιμασίᾳ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου τῆς εἰρήνης	1	Then as shoes for your feet, put on the readiness to proclaim the gospel of peace	Just as a soldier wears shoes to give him solid footing, the believer must have solid knowledge of the gospel of peace in order to be ready to proclaim it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	6	16	n65c	figs-metaphor	ἐν πᾶσιν ἀναλαβόντες τὸν θυρεὸν τῆς πίστεως	1	In all circumstances take up the shield of faith	The believer must use the faith that God gives for protection when the devil attacks, just as a soldier uses a shield to protect him from enemy attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
@@ -330,5 +338,7 @@ EPH	6	19	gu1n	figs-idiom	ἀνοίξει τοῦ στόματός μου	1	open
 EPH	6	20	wx9k	figs-metonymy	ὑπὲρ οὗ πρεσβεύω ἐν ἁλύσει	1	It is for the gospel that I am an ambassador who is kept in chains	The words “in chains” are a metonym for being in prison. Alternate translation: “I am now in prison because I am a representative of the gospel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 EPH	6	20	pmm2	figs-explicit	ἵνα ἐν αὐτῷ παρρησιάσωμαι, ὡς δεῖ με λαλῆσαι	1	so that I may declare it boldly, as I ought to speak	The word “pray” is understood from verse 19. Alternate translation: “so pray that whenever I teach the gospel, I will speak it as boldly as I should” or “pray that I may speak the gospel as boldly as I should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
 EPH	6	21	cxs9	translate-names	Τυχικὸς	1	Tychicus	Tychicus was one of several men who served with Paul. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
+EPH	6	21	abc2	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφὸς	1	brother	Paul speaks of Tychicus as if he were a brother to all the other believers who were in God's spiritual family, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 EPH	6	22	nv5m	figs-metonymy	ἵνα…παρακαλέσῃ τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	so that he may encourage your hearts	Here “hearts” is a metonym for people’s inner beings. Alternate translation: “so that he may encourage you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 EPH	6	23	j395			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul closes his letter to the Ephesian believers with a blessing of peace and grace on all believers who love Christ.
+EPH	6	23	abc3	figs-metaphor	ἀδελφοῖς	1	brothers	Paul speaks of the other believers as if they were brother to all the other believers who were in God's spiritual family, (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

en_tn_57-TIT.tsv

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ TIT	1	5	ew8h	grammar-connect-logic-goal	τούτου χάριν	1	For this purpo
 TIT	1	5	lh9b		ἀπέλιπόν σε ἐν Κρήτῃ	1	I left you in Crete	**_I told you to stay in Crete_**
 TIT	1	5	ga62		ἵνα τὰ λείποντα ἐπιδιορθώσῃ	1	that you might set in order things not yet complete	**_so that you would finish arranging things that needed to be done_**
 TIT	1	5	b52u		καταστήσῃς…πρεσβυτέρους	1	ordain elders	**_appoint elders_** or **_designate elders_**
-TIT	1	5	p56w		πρεσβυτέρους	1	elders	In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith. 
+TIT	1	5	p56w		πρεσβυτέρους	1	elders	In the early Christian churches, Christian elders gave spiritual leadership to the assemblies of believers. This word refers to people who are mature in faith.
 TIT	1	6	wja4			0	Connecting Statement:	Having told Titus to ordain elders in every city on the island of Crete, Paul then gives the requirements for elders.
 TIT	1	6	jen8		εἴ τίς ἐστιν ἀνέγκλητος	1	if anyone is blameless	This is the beginning of the description of the character of an elder. Titus is to choose men who fit the following description. Alternate translation: “Choose people who are blameless” or “An elder must be blameless”  o be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “An elder must be without blame” or “An elder must not have a bad reputation”
 TIT	1	6	ab70	figs-doublenegatives	ἀνέγκλητος	1	blameless	To be **blameless** is to be known as a person who does not do bad things. Alternate translation: “without blame” This can also be stated positively: “a person who has a good reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ TIT	1	10	ga6n		φρεναπάται	1	deceivers	This phrase describes people who
 TIT	1	10	abcd	figs-hendiadys	ματαιολόγοι, καὶ φρεναπάται	1	empty talkers and deceivers	both **empty talkers** and **deceivers** refer to the same people. They taught false, worthless things and wanted people to believe them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
 TIT	1	10	pu74	figs-metonymy	οἱ ἐκ τῆς περιτομῆς	1	those of the circumcision	This refers to the Jewish Christians who taught that men must be circumcised in order to follow Christ. This teaching is false. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
 TIT	1	11	f4iy		οὓς δεῖ ἐπιστομίζειν	1	It is necessary to stop them	**_You must prevent them from spreading their teachings_** or **_Someone must stop them from influencing others by their words_**
-TIT	1	11	aqi5		ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν	1	They are upsetting whole households	**They are ruining entire families**. The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith. 
+TIT	1	11	aqi5		ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπουσιν	1	They are upsetting whole households	**They are ruining entire families**. The issue was that they were leading families away from the truth and destroying their faith.
 TIT	1	11	tw4e		διδάσκοντες ἃ μὴ δεῖ	1	teaching what they should not	These are things that are not proper to teach regarding Christ and the Law because they are not true.
 TIT	1	11	at7c		αἰσχροῦ κέρδους χάριν	1	for the sake of shameful profit	This refers to profit that people make by doing things that are not honorable.
 TIT	1	12	tr1j		τις ἐξ αὐτῶν, ἴδιος αὐτῶν προφήτης	1	One of their own prophets	**_A Cretan that they themselves consider to be a prophet_**
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ TIT	2	2	y3j2		εἶναι…σώφρονας	1	to be…sensible	**_to…control
 TIT	2	2	m14y	figs-abstractnouns	ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει, τῇ ἀγάπῃ, τῇ ὑπομονῇ	1	sound in faith, in love, and in perseverance	Here the word **sound** means to be firm and unwavering. The abstract nouns **faith**, **love**, and **perseverance** can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and they must firmly believe the true teachings about God, truly love others, and continually serve God even when things are difficult” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
 TIT	2	2	abc1	figs-abstractnouns	ὑγιαίνοντας τῇ πίστει	1	sound in faith	See note about **sound in faith** on [Titus 1:13](../01/13/je3r).
 TIT	2	2	abc2		ὑγιαίνοντας	1	sound	See note about **sound** on [Titus 1:9](../01/09/pzi1).
-TIT	2	3	gl8e	figs-ellipsis	πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως	1	Older women likewise are to be	The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only **older women likewise**. We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women” or “Also teach older women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
+TIT	2	3	gl8e	figs-ellipsis	πρεσβύτιδας ὡσαύτως	1	Older women likewise are to be	The Greek does not have **are to be**, but only **older women likewise**. We need to continue the verbal idea from the previous two verses and apply that here, as well, such as **teach** or **exhort**. Alternate translation: “In the same way, teach older women” or “Also teach older women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
 TIT	2	3	v9cp		διαβόλους	1	slanderers	This word refers to people who say bad things about other people whether they are true or not.
 TIT	2	3	g9re	figs-metaphor	οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας	1	or being slaves to much wine	People who cannot control themselves and drink too much wine are spoken of as if they were a slave to the wine. Alternate translation: “or controlled by their desire for wine” or “or addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 TIT	2	3	xyz4	figs-activepassive	οἴνῳ πολλῷ δεδουλωμένας	1	or being slaves to much wine	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “or drinking too much wine” or “or addicted to wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ TIT	3	3	rrx9		ἦμεν…ἀνόητοι	1	were foolish	**_were thoughtless_**
 TIT	3	3	qt8f	figs-personification	πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις	1	We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures	Passion and pleasure are spoken of as if they were masters over people and had made those people into slaves by lying to them. Alternate translation: “We had allowed ourselves to believe the lie that various passions and pleasures could make us happy, and then we were unable to control our feelings or stop doing things we thought would give us pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
 TIT	3	3	xy27	figs-activepassive	πλανώμενοι, δουλεύοντες ἐπιθυμίαις καὶ ἡδοναῖς ποικίλαις	1	We were led astray and enslaved by various passions and pleasures	This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Various passions and pleasures had lied to us and so led us astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
 TIT	3	3	tl5n		ἐπιθυμίαις	1	passions	**_lusts_** or **_desires_**
-TIT	3	3	dec4		ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες	1	We lived in evil and envy	Here **evil** and **envy** describe sin. **Evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have” 
+TIT	3	3	dec4		ἐν κακίᾳ καὶ φθόνῳ διάγοντες	1	We lived in evil and envy	Here **evil** and **envy** describe sin. **Evil** is general and **envy** is a specific kind of sin. Alternate translation: “We were always doing evil things and wanting what others have”
 TIT	3	3	y5lp		στυγητοί	1	detestable	**_causing others to hate us_**
 TIT	3	4	xy28	grammar-connect-logic-contrast	δὲ	1	But	It is important to mark the contrast here between the evil way that people are (verses 1-3) and the goodness of God (verses 4-7) (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
 TIT	3	4	ba5a	figs-personification	ὅτε…ἡ χρηστότης καὶ ἡ φιλανθρωπία ἐπεφάνη τοῦ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν, Θεοῦ	1	when the kindness of God our Savior and his love for mankind appeared	Paul speaks of God’s kindness and love as if they were people that came into our sight. Alternate translation: “When God our Savior showed us his kindness and love for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ TIT	3	13	j496		σπουδαίως πρόπεμψον	1	Diligently send on their
 TIT	3	13	xy31	figs-doublenegatives	ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς λείπῃ	1	so that they lack nothing	This can be stated positively: “so that they have everything that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
 TIT	3	14	v7wg			0	Connecting Statement:	Paul explains that it is important for all believers to provide for those who have needs.
 TIT	3	14	fw98		οἱ ἡμέτεροι	1	our own	Paul is referring to the believers in Crete. Alternate translation: “our own people”
-TIT	3	14	xy33	figs-inclusive	οἱ ἡμέτεροι	1	our own	Here **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive. 
+TIT	3	14	xy33	figs-inclusive	οἱ ἡμέτεροι	1	our own	Here **our** includes Paul and Titus. The form should be either dual or inclusive.
 TIT	3	14	tn24		εἰς τὰς ἀναγκαίας χρείας	1	toward essential needs	**_that enable them to help people who lack necessary things_**
 TIT	3	14	mji4	figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι	1	in order not to be unfruitful	Paul speaks of people doing good work as if they were trees bearing good fruit. Alternate translation: “so that they will not lead useless lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
 TIT	3	14	xy32	figs-doublenegatives	ἵνα μὴ ὦσιν ἄκαρποι	1	in order not to be unfruitful	This can be stated positively: “in this way they will be fruitful” or “in this way they will be productive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])

en_tn_60-JAS.tsv

@@ -1,335 +1,335 @@
 Book	Chapter	Verse	ID	SupportReference	OrigQuote	Occurrence	GLQuote	OccurrenceNote
-JAS	front	intro	exs3			0		# Introduction to James<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of James<br><br>1. Greetings (1:1)<br>1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18)<br>1. Hearing and doing the Word of God (1:19-27)<br>1. True faith seen in works<br>- Word of God (1:19-27)<br>- Royal law of love (2:1-13)<br>- Works (2:14-26)<br>1. Difficulties in community<br>- Dangers of the tongue (3:1-12)<br>- Wisdom from above (3:13-18)<br>- Worldly desires (4:1-12)<br>1. God’s perspective on your decisions<br>- Boasting about tomorrow (4:13-17)<br>- Warning about riches (5:1-6)<br>- Suffering with patience (5:7-11)<br>1. Closing exhortations<br>- Oaths (5:12)<br>- Prayer and healing (5:13-18)<br>- Care for one another (5:19-20)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of James?<br><br>The author identifies himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a “pillar” of the church.<br><br>This is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written.<br><br>### What is the Book of James about?<br><br>In this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely.<br><br>James taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7).<br><br>### Who were the “twelve tribes in the dispersion”?<br><br>James said he was writing to the “twelve tribes in the dispersion” (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the “General Epistles” since it was not written to a specific church or individual.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “James.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “A Letter from James” or “The Letter James Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God?<br><br>Paul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James?<br><br>The letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James?<br><br>* “Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?” (2:20). The ULT, UST, and modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?” If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])<br> 
-JAS	1	intro	pz2q			0		# James 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Testing and temptation<br><br>These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil.<br><br>### Crowns<br><br>The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “To the twelve tribes in the dispersion”<br><br>It is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers “the twelve tribes in the dispersion,” words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for “all people whom God has chosen” or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews.<br> 
-JAS	1	1	ssc8			0	General Information:	The apostle James writes this letter to all the Christians. Many of them were Jews, and they lived in many different places. 
-JAS	1	1	pkt2	figs-explicit	Ἰάκωβος, Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, δοῦλος	1	James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ	The phrase “this letter is from” is implied. Alternate translation: “This letter is from James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	1	1	l4i7	figs-synecdoche	ταῖς δώδεκα φυλαῖς	1	to the twelve tribes	Possible meanings are (1) this is a synecdoche for Jewish Christians, or (2) this is a metaphor for all Christians. Alternate translation: “to God’s faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	1	vza9	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ	1	in the dispersion	The term “dispersion” normally referred to the Jews who were scattered in other countries, away from their homeland Israel. This abstract noun can be expressed with a phrase with the verb “scattered.” Alternate translation: “who are scattered around the world” or “who live in other countries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	1	1	huk9		χαίρειν	1	Greetings!	a basic greeting, such as “Hello!” or “Good day!” 
-JAS	1	2	knw6		πᾶσαν χαρὰν ἡγήσασθε, ἀδελφοί μου, ὅταν πειρασμοῖς περιπέσητε ποικίλοις	1	Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles	“My fellow believers, think of all your different kinds of troubles as something to celebrate” 
-JAS	1	3	xud2	figs-abstractnouns	τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως κατεργάζεται ὑπομονήν	1	the testing of your faith produces endurance	The expressions “the testing,” “your faith,” and “endurance” are nouns that stand for actions. God does the testing, that is, he finds out how much the believers trust and obey him. Believers (“you”) believe in him and endure suffering. Alternate translation: “when you suffer hardships, God is finding out how much you trust him. As a result, you will become able to endure even more hardships” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	1	4	j2p4	figs-personification	ἡ…ὑπομονὴ ἔργον τέλειον ἐχέτω	1	Let endurance complete its work	Here endurance is spoken of as if it were a person at work. Alternate translation: “Learn to endure any hardship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	1	4	unh4		τέλειοι	1	fully developed	able to trust in Christ and obey him in all circumstances 
-JAS	1	4	l7ef		ἐν μηδενὶ λειπόμενοι	1	not lacking anything	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: “having all that you need” or “being all that you need to be” 
-JAS	1	5	du7z		αἰτείτω παρὰ τοῦ διδόντος, Θεοῦ	1	ask for it from God, the one who gives	“ask God for it. He is the one who gives” 
-JAS	1	5	q2df		τοῦ διδόντος, Θεοῦ, πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς, καὶ μὴ ὀνειδίζοντος	1	gives generously and without rebuke to all	“gives generously and does not rebuke any” 
-JAS	1	5	xu31		δοθήσεται αὐτῷ	1	he will give it	“God will do it” or “God will answer your prayer” 
-JAS	1	6	y2mk	figs-doublenegatives	ἐν πίστει, μηδὲν διακρινόμενος	1	in faith, doubting nothing	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: “with complete certainty that God will answer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) 
-JAS	1	6	p12l	figs-simile	ὁ γὰρ διακρινόμενος ἔοικεν κλύδωνι θαλάσσης, ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ ῥιπιζομένῳ.	1	For anyone who doubts is like a wave in the sea that is driven by the wind and tossed around	Anyone who doubts that God will help him is said to be like the water in the ocean or in a large lake, which keeps moving in different directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	8	b5t6	figs-metaphor	δίψυχος	1	is double-minded	The word “double-minded” refers to a person’s thoughts when he is unable to make a decision. Alternate translation: “cannot decide if he will follow Jesus or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	8	k89p	figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατος ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ	1	unstable in all his ways	Here this person is spoken of as if he cannot stay on one path but instead goes from one to another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	9	gc9b		ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ταπεινὸς	1	the poor brother	“the believer who does not have much money” 
-JAS	1	9	yxs5	figs-metaphor	καυχάσθω…ἐν τῷ ὕψει αὐτοῦ	1	boast of his high position	Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	10	uzk7	figs-ellipsis	ὁ δὲ πλούσιος, ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	but the rich man of his low position	The words “let boast” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “but let the rich man boast of his low position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
-JAS	1	10	w4ta		ὁ δὲ πλούσιος	1	but the rich man	“but the man who has a lot of money.” Possible meanings are (1) the rich man is a believer or (2) the rich man is an unbeliever. 
-JAS	1	10	ulk4	figs-ellipsis	ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	of his low position	A rich believer should be happy if God causes him to suffer. Alternate translation: “should be happy that God has given him difficulties” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
-JAS	1	10	nug7	figs-simile	ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου παρελεύσεται	1	he will pass away as a wild flower in the grass	Rich people are spoken of as being similar to wild flowers, which are alive for only a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	11	gv7v	figs-metaphor	ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἀπώλετο	1	its beauty perishes	A flower no longer being beautiful is spoken of as if its beauty dies. Alternate translation: “and it is no longer beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	11	ng26	figs-simile	ὁ πλούσιος ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ μαρανθήσεται	1	the rich man will fade away in the middle of his journey	Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	11	sdi2	figs-metaphor	ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ	1	in the middle of his journey	A rich man’s activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	12	vcu4			0	Connecting Statement:	James reminds the believers who have fled that God does not cause temptation; he tells them how to avoid temptation. 
-JAS	1	12	m13d		μακάριος ἀνὴρ ὃς ὑπομένει πειρασμόν	1	Blessed is the man who endures testing	“The man who endures testing is fortunate” or “The man who endures testing is well off” 
-JAS	1	12	vr4a		ὑπομένει πειρασμόν	1	endures testing	remains faithful to God during hardships 
-JAS	1	12	vta6		δόκιμος	1	passed the test	he has been approved by God 
-JAS	1	12	k3hh	figs-metaphor	λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς	1	receive the crown of life	Eternal life is spoken of as if it were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: “receive eternal life as his reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	12	hx28	figs-activepassive	ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν	1	has been promised to those who love God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has promised to those who love him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	1	13	a77a		πειραζόμενος	1	when he is tempted	“when he desires to do something evil” 
-JAS	1	13	lh7z	figs-activepassive	ἀπὸ Θεοῦ πειράζομαι	1	I am tempted by God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God is trying to make me do something evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	1	13	p5cp	figs-activepassive	ὁ…Θεὸς ἀπείραστός ἐστιν κακῶν	1	God is not tempted by evil	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one can make God desire to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	1	13	zb13		πειράζει δὲ αὐτὸς οὐδένα	1	nor does he himself tempt anyone	“and God himself does not try to persuade anyone do evil” 
-JAS	1	14	nj9m	figs-personification	ἕκαστος…πειράζεται ὑπὸ τῆς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας	1	each person is tempted by his own desire	A person’s desire is spoken of as if it were someone else who was tempting him to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	1	14	nle5	figs-personification	ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος	1	which drags him away and entices him	Evil desire continues to be spoken of as if it were a person who could drag away someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	1	14	z4bd		δελεαζόμενος	1	entices	attracts, persuades someone to do evil 
-JAS	1	15	s4cd	figs-personification	εἶτα ἡ ἐπιθυμία συλλαβοῦσα τίκτει ἁμαρτίαν, ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία ἀποτελεσθεῖσα, ἀποκύει θάνατον	1	Then after the desire conceives, it gives birth to sin, and after the sin is full grown, it gives birth to death	Desire continues to be spoken of as a person, this time clearly as a woman who becomes pregnant with a child. The child is identified as sin. Sin is another female baby that grows up, becomes pregnant, and gives birth to death. This chain of metaphors is a picture of someone who ends up dying both spiritually and physically because of his evil desires and his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	16	v195		μὴ πλανᾶσθε	1	Do not be deceived	“Do not let anyone deceive you” or “Stop deceiving yourselves” 
-JAS	1	17	t2nn	figs-doublet	πᾶσα δόσις ἀγαθὴ, καὶ πᾶν δώρημα τέλειον	1	Every good gift and every perfect gift	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize that anything good that a person has comes from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 
-JAS	1	17	n7d8	figs-metaphor	τοῦ Πατρὸς τῶν φώτων	1	the Father of lights	God, the creator of all the lights in the sky (sun, moon, and stars), is said to be their “Father.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	17	g5ge	figs-simile	παρ’ ᾧ οὐκ ἔνι παραλλαγὴ ἢ τροπῆς ἀποσκίασμα.	1	With him there is no changing or shadow because of turning	This expression pictures God as an unchanging light, like the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the sky. This is in contrast to shadows here on earth that constantly change. Alternate translation: “God does not change. He is as constant as the sun, moon, and stars in the sky, rather than like shadows which appear and disappear on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	18	mj29	figs-metaphor	ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς	1	give us birth	God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	18	ykq9		λόγῳ ἀληθείας	1	the word of truth	Possible meanings are (1) “the message about the truth” or (2) “the true message.” 
-JAS	1	18	qh2e	figs-simile	εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἀπαρχήν τινα	1	so that we would be a kind of firstfruits	James is using the traditional Hebrew idea of firstfruits as a way to describe the value of the Christian believers to God. He implies that there will be many more believers in the future. Alternate translation: “so that we would be like an offering of firstfruits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	19	dt7i		ἴστε	1	You know this	Possible meanings are (1) “Know this” as a command, to pay attention to what I am about to write or (2) “You know this” as a statement, that I am about to remind you of something that you already know. 
-JAS	1	19	p728	figs-idiom	ἔστω…πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ταχὺς εἰς τὸ ἀκοῦσαι, βραδὺς εἰς τὸ λαλῆσαι	1	Let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak	These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here “slow to speak” does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
-JAS	1	19	ev3v		βραδὺς εἰς ὀργήν	1	slow to anger	“not get angry quickly” 
-JAS	1	20	ej4p		ὀργὴ…ἀνδρὸς, δικαιοσύνην Θεοῦ οὐκ ἐργάζεται.	1	the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God	When a person is always angry, he cannot do God’s work, which is righteous. 
-JAS	1	21	hit5	figs-metaphor	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας	1	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil	Sin and evil are spoken of here as if they were clothing that could be taken off. Alternate translation: “stop doing all filthy sins and stop doing abundant amounts of evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	21	h226	figs-doublet	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας	1	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil	Here the expressions “sinful filth” and “evil” share similar meanings. James uses them to emphasize how bad sin is. Alternate translation: “stop doing every kind of sinful behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 
-JAS	1	21	h8ty	figs-metaphor	ῥυπαρίαν	1	sinful filth	Here “filth,” that is, dirt, stands for sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	21	a3u3		ἐν πραΰτητι	1	In humility	“Without pride” or “Without arrogance” 
-JAS	1	21	i9w1	figs-metaphor	δέξασθε τὸν ἔμφυτον λόγον	1	receive the implanted word	The expression “implant” means to place one thing inside of another. Here God’s word is spoken of as if it were a plant made to grow inside believers. Alternate translation: “obey the message God has spoken to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	21	ekl3	figs-explicit	σῶσαι τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν	1	save your souls	What a person is saved from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “save you from God’s judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	1	21	z73e	figs-synecdoche	τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν	1	your souls	Here the word “souls” refers to persons.Alternate translation: “yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 
-JAS	1	22	x14m		γίνεσθε δὲ ποιηταὶ λόγου	1	Be doers of the word	“Be people who follow God’s instructions” 
-JAS	1	22	wvp4		παραλογιζόμενοι ἑαυτούς	1	deceiving yourselves	“fooling yourselves” 
-JAS	1	23	ewn9		ὅτι εἴ τις ἀκροατὴς λόγου ἐστὶν	1	For if anyone is a hearer of the word	“For if anyone listens to the God’s message in the scriptures” 
-JAS	1	23	r6pp	figs-ellipsis	καὶ οὐ ποιητής	1	but not a doer	The word “is” and “of the word” are understood from the previous phrase. The noun “doer” can also be expressed with the verbs “do” or “obey.” Alternate translation: “but is not a doer of the word” or “but does not obey the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
-JAS	1	23	pw5x	figs-simile	οὗτος ἔοικεν ἀνδρὶ κατανοοῦντι τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ	1	he is like a man who examines his natural face in a mirror	A person who hears God’s word is like someone who looks in the mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	23	shn9		τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ	1	his natural face	The word “natural” clarifies that James is using the ordinary meaning of the word “face.” Alternate translation: “his face” 
-JAS	1	24	wu34	figs-explicit	καὶ ἀπελήλυθεν, καὶ εὐθέως ἐπελάθετο ὁποῖος ἦν	1	then goes away and immediately forgets what he was like	It is implied that though he may see that he needs to do something, such as wash his face or fix his hair, he walks away and forgets to do it. This what a person who does not obey God’s word is like. Alternate translation: “then goes away and immediately forgets to do what he saw he needed to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	25	kvr7	figs-simile	ὁ…παρακύψας εἰς νόμον τέλειον	1	the person who looks carefully into the perfect law	This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) 
-JAS	1	25	sf8k	figs-explicit	νόμον τέλειον, τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας	1	the perfect law of freedom	The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here “freedom” probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: “the perfect law that gives freedom” or “the perfect law that makes those who follow it free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	1	25	jku1	figs-activepassive	οὗτος μακάριος ἐν τῇ ποιήσει αὐτοῦ ἔσται	1	this man will be blessed in his actions	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless this man as he obeys the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	1	26	j1bg		δοκεῖ θρησκὸς εἶναι	1	thinks himself to be religious	“thinks he worships God correctly” 
-JAS	1	26	vxu1	figs-metonymy	γλῶσσαν αὐτοῦ	1	his tongue	Controlling one’s tongue stands for controlling one’s speech. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	1	26	bj2t		ἀπατῶν	1	deceives	gets someone to believe something that is not true 
-JAS	1	26	sex6	figs-metonymy	καρδίαν αὐτοῦ	1	his heart	Here “heart” refers to his belief or thoughts. Alternate translation: “himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	1	26	q83d		τούτου μάταιος ἡ θρησκεία	1	his religion is worthless	“he worships God uselessly” 
-JAS	1	27	g11k	figs-doublet	καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος	1	pure and unspoiled	James speaks of religion, the way one worships God, as if it could be physically pure and unspoiled. These are traditional ways for Jews to say that something is acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Completely acceptable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	27	skf4	figs-metaphor	παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί	1	before our God and Father	directed to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	1	27	iiv2		ὀρφανοὺς	1	the fatherless	“the orphans” 
-JAS	1	27	r8nj		ἐν τῇ θλίψει αὐτῶν	1	in their affliction	The fatherless and widows are suffering because their fathers or husbands have died. 
-JAS	1	27	nmf7	figs-metaphor	ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου	1	to keep oneself unstained by the world	Sin in the world is spoken of as something dirty that can stain a person. Alternate translation: “to not allow the evil in the world to cause oneself to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	intro	f5zd			0		# James 02 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Favoritism<br><br>Some of James’s readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well.<br><br>### Justification<br><br>Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Quotation marks<br><br>The words “Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works” are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what “someone may say,” like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that “someone.”<br><br>### “You have…I have”<br><br>Some people think that the words “you” and “I” are metonyms for “some people” and “other people.” If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, “Someone may say, ‘Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.’” If the next sentence is also what “someone may say,” it could be translated “Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith.” In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br> 
-JAS	2	1	ici9			0	Connecting Statement:	James continues to tell the scattered Jewish believers how to live by loving one another and reminds them not to favor rich people over poor brothers. 
-JAS	2	1	kab4		ἀδελφοί μου	1	My brothers	James considers his audience to be Jewish believers. Alternate translation: “My fellow believers” or “My brothers and sisters in Christ” 
-JAS	2	1	qs2x	figs-metaphor	ἔχετε τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	hold to faith in our Lord Jesus Christ	Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	1	x32n	figs-inclusive	τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	our Lord Jesus Christ	The word “our” includes James and his fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 
-JAS	2	1	en1c		προσωπολημψίαις	1	favoritism toward certain people	the desire to help some people more than others 
-JAS	2	2	h5uh	figs-hypo	ἐὰν…ἀνὴρ	1	Suppose that someone	James starts to describe a situation where the believers might give more honor to a rich person than to a poor person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 
-JAS	2	2	j8d5		χρυσοδακτύλιος, ἐν ἐσθῆτι λαμπρᾷ	1	wearing gold rings and fine clothes	“dressed like a wealthy person” 
-JAS	2	3	zx9f		σὺ κάθου ὧδε καλῶς	1	sit here in a good place	sit in this place of honor 
-JAS	2	3	ce14		σὺ στῆθι ἐκεῖ	1	stand over there	move to a place with less honor 
-JAS	2	3	h2fy		κάθου ὑπὸ τὸ ὑποπόδιόν μου	1	Sit at my feet	move to a humble place 
-JAS	2	4	x9el	figs-rquestion	οὐ διεκρίθητε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν	1	are you not judging among yourselves? Have you not become judges with evil thoughts?	James is using rhetorical questions to teach and possibly scold his readers. Alternate translation: “you are making judgments among yourselves and becoming judges with evil thoughts.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	2	5	m5jr		ἀκούσατε, ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί	1	Listen, my beloved brothers	James was exhorting his readers as family. “Pay attention, my dear fellow believers” 
-JAS	2	5	ha52	figs-rquestion	οὐχ ὁ Θεὸς ἐξελέξατο τοὺς πτωχοὺς τῷ κόσμῳ, πλουσίους ἐν πίστει, καὶ κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας ἧς ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν	1	did not God choose…love him?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to teach his readers not to show favoritism. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “God has chosen…love him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	2	5	ke2q	figs-nominaladj	τοὺς πτωχοὺς	1	the poor	This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
-JAS	2	5	s38z	figs-metaphor	πλουσίους ἐν πίστει	1	be rich in faith	Having much faith is spoken of as being wealthy or rich. The object of faith may have to be specified. Alternate translation: “have strong faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	5	qii5	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμους	1	heirs	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	6	yv6y	figs-you	ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠτιμάσατε	1	But you have	James is speaking to his whole audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
-JAS	2	6	vr53		ἠτιμάσατε τὸν πτωχόν	1	have dishonored the poor	“you have shamed poor people” 
-JAS	2	6	l2lu	figs-rquestion	οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν	1	Is it not the rich who oppress you?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: “It is rich people who oppress you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
-JAS	2	6	eeg5	figs-nominaladj	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	the rich	This refers to rich people in general. Alternate translation: “rich people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
-JAS	2	6	z73x		καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν	1	who oppress you	“who treat you badly” 
-JAS	2	6	s9k1	figs-rquestion	αὐτοὶ ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	Are they not the ones…to court?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “The rich people are the ones…to court.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	2	6	h8jn	figs-explicit	ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	drag you to court	“forcibly take you to court to accuse you in front of judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	2	7	las1	figs-rquestion	οὐκ αὐτοὶ βλασφημοῦσιν τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς	1	Do they not insult…have been called?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct and teach his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “The rich people insult…have been called.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	2	7	wd8y	figs-metonymy	τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς	1	the good name by which you have been called	This refers to Christ’s name. Alternate translation: “the name of Christ who called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	2	8	fe1i	figs-you	τελεῖτε	1	you fulfill	The word “you” refers to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
-JAS	2	8	q9hh		νόμον τελεῖτε βασιλικὸν	1	fulfill the royal law	“obey God’s law.” The law is “royal” becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people. 
-JAS	2	8	ymf5		ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν	1	You shall love your neighbor as yourself	James is quoting from the book of Leviticus. 
-JAS	2	8	gll2		τὸν πλησίον σου	1	your neighbor	“all people” or “everyone” 
-JAS	2	8	b9wu		καλῶς ποιεῖτε	1	you do well	“you are doing well” or “you are doing what is right” 
-JAS	2	9	xt6y		εἰ…προσωπολημπτεῖτε	1	if you favor	“give special treatment to” or “give honor to” 
-JAS	2	9	cq5h		ἁμαρτίαν ἐργάζεσθε	1	committing sin	“sinning.” That is, breaking the law. 
-JAS	2	9	gl2e	figs-personification	ἐλεγχόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου ὡς παραβάται	1	convicted by the law as lawbreakers	Here the law is spoken of as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: “guilty of breaking God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	2	10	l29g		ὅστις γὰρ…τηρήσῃ	1	For whoever obeys	“For anyone who obeys” 
-JAS	2	10	jb5u	figs-metaphor	πταίσῃ δὲ ἐν ἑνί, γέγονεν πάντων ἔνοχος	1	except that he stumbles…the whole law	Stumbling is falling down while one is trying to walk. Disobeying one point of the law is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	10	m8ep		ἐν ἑνί	1	in just a single way	because of disobedience to just one requirement of the law 
-JAS	2	11	ez11		ὁ γὰρ εἰπών	1	For the one who said	This refers to God, who gave the law to Moses. 
-JAS	2	11	q19i		μὴ μοιχεύσῃς	1	Do not commit	To “commit” is to do an action. 
-JAS	2	11	c8jm	figs-you	εἰ…οὐ μοιχεύεις, φονεύεις δέ, γέγονας	1	If you…but if you…you have	Here “you” means “each one of you.” Although James was writing to many Jewish believers, in this case, he used the singular form as if he was writing to each person individually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
-JAS	2	12	c6y8		οὕτως λαλεῖτε, καὶ οὕτως ποιεῖτε	1	So speak and act	“So you must speak and obey.” James commanded the people to do this. 
-JAS	2	12	yp6i	figs-activepassive	διὰ νόμου ἐλευθερίας μέλλοντες κρίνεσθαι	1	who will be judged by means of the law of freedom	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who know that God will judge them by means of the law of freedom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	2	12	ik76		διὰ νόμου	1	by means of the law	This passage implies that it is God who will judge according to his law. 
-JAS	2	12	e87r		νόμου ἐλευθερίας	1	the law of freedom	“the law that gives true freedom” 
-JAS	2	13	yv6l	figs-personification	κατακαυχᾶται ἔλεος κρίσεως	1	Mercy triumphs over	“Mercy is better than” or “Mercy defeats.” Here mercy and justice are spoken of as if they were persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	2	14	h384			0	Connecting Statement:	James encourages the scattered believers to show their faith before others, just as Abraham showed others his faith by his works. 
-JAS	2	14	k4e4	figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος, ἀδελφοί μου, ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ	1	What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works?	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: “It is no good at all, fellow believers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	2	14	c234	figs-abstractnouns	ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ	1	if someone says he has faith, but he has no works	The can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “if someone says he believes in God but he does not do what God commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	2	14	z9q8	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν?	1	Can that faith save him?	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “faith.” Alternate translation: “That faith cannot save him.” or “If a person does not do what God commands, then just saying he believes in God will not save him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	2	14	g8kr		σῶσαι αὐτόν	1	save him	“spare him from God’s judgment” 
-JAS	2	15	f6el		ἀδελφὸς ἢ ἀδελφὴ	1	brother or sister	a fellow believer in Christ, whether male or female 
-JAS	2	16	lj89	figs-metonymy	θερμαίνεσθε	1	stay warm	This means either “have enough clothes to wear” or “have a place to sleep.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	2	16	ngj8	figs-explicit	χορτάζεσθε	1	be filled	The thing that fills them is food. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “be filled with food” or “have enough to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	2	16	n5jh	figs-metonymy	τοῦ σώματος	1	for the body	to eat, to wear, and to live comfortably (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	2	16	yi63	figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος?	1	what good is that?	James uses a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: “that is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	2	17	me1d	figs-metaphor	ἡ πίστις, ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ ἔργα, νεκρά ἐστιν καθ’ ἑαυτήν	1	faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead	James speaks of faith as if it were alive if one does good works, and of faith as if it were dead if one does not do good deeds. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “a person who says he believes God, but does not do what God commands, does not really believe God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	2	18	al63	figs-hypo	ἀλλ’ ἐρεῖ τις	1	Yet someone may say	James describes a hypothetical situation where someone objects to his teaching. James seeks to correct his audience’s understanding of faith and works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) 
-JAS	2	18	ii8d	figs-abstractnouns	σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις, κἀγὼ ἔργα ἔχω; δεῖξόν μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν.	1	“You have faith, and I have works.” Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works	James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “‘It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.’ Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	2	19	fv39		τὰ δαιμόνια πιστεύουσιν καὶ φρίσσουσιν	1	the demons believe that, and they tremble	“the demons also believe, but they shake with fear.” James contrasts the demons with those who claim to believe and not do good deeds. James states that the demons are wiser because they fear God while the others do not. 
-JAS	2	20	ax95	figs-rquestion	θέλεις δὲ γνῶναι, ὦ ἄνθρωπε κενέ, ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν?	1	Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?	James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	2	20	sd63	figs-abstractnouns	ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν	1	that faith without works is useless	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “that if you do not do what God commands, then it is useless for you to say that you believe in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	2	21	ysr8			0	General Information:	Since these are Jewish believers, they know the story of Abraham, about whom God had told them long ago in his word. 
-JAS	2	21	q8iv	figs-rquestion	Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἀνενέγκας Ἰσαὰκ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον?	1	Was not Abraham our father justified…on the altar?	This rhetorical question is used to rebut the foolish man’s arguments from [James 2:18](../02/18.md), who refuses to believe that faith and works go together. Alternate translation: “Abraham our father was certainly justified…on the altar.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	2	21	v3ft	figs-metaphor	ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	justified by works	James speaks of works as if they were objects that one can own. Alternate translation: “justified by doing good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	21	ph1s		ὁ πατὴρ	1	father	Here “father” is used in the sense of “ancestor.” 
-JAS	2	22	t832		βλέπεις	1	You see	The word “you” is singular, referring to the hypothetical man. James is addressing his whole audience as if they were one person. 
-JAS	2	22	l1gj	figs-metonymy	βλέπεις	1	You see	The word “see” is a metonym. Alternate translation: “You understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	2	22	vde4		ἡ πίστις συνήργει τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη	1	faith worked with his works, and that by works his faith was fully developed	James speaks as if “faith” and “works” are things that can work together and help each other. Alternate translation: “because Abraham believed God, he did what God commanded. And because Abraham did what God commanded, he believed God completely” 
-JAS	2	22	bd9d		βλέπεις	1	You see	James again addresses his audience directly by using the plural form of “you.” 
-JAS	2	23	qh4i	figs-activepassive	ἐπληρώθη ἡ Γραφὴ	1	The scripture was fulfilled	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This fulfilled the scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	2	23	l818	figs-metaphor	ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην	1	it was counted to him as righteousness	“God regarded his faith as righteousness.” Abraham’s faith and righteousness were treated as if they were able to be counted as having value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	24	yha5	figs-activepassive	ἐξ ἔργων δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος, καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον	1	it is by works that a man is justified, and not only by faith	“actions and faith are what justify a person, and not only faith.” James speaks of works as if they were objects to obtain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	25	hir8		ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	In the same way also…justified by works	James says that what was true of Abraham was also true of Rahab. Both were justified by works. 
-JAS	2	25	dcv5	figs-rquestion	Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους, καὶ ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	was not Rahab the prostitute justified by works…another road?	James is using this rhetorical question to instruct his audience. Alternate translation: “it was what Rahab the prostitute did that justified her…another road.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	2	25	pn2f		Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη	1	Rahab the prostitute	James expected his audience to know the Old Testament story about the woman Rahab. 
-JAS	2	25	bx6i	figs-metaphor	ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	justified by works	James speaks of works as something to possess. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	2	25	af9u		ἀγγέλους	1	messengers	people who bring news from another place 
-JAS	2	25	xm5m		ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	sent them away by another road	“then helped them escape and leave the city” 
-JAS	2	26	uum8	figs-metaphor	ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν ἐστιν, οὕτως καὶ ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων νεκρά ἐστιν	1	For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead	James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	intro	py3p			0		# James 03 General Notes<br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br> 
-JAS	3	1	p4uu	figs-genericnoun	μὴ πολλοὶ	1	Not many of you	James is making a generalized statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 
-JAS	3	1	c36b		ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	“my fellow believers” 
-JAS	3	1	aw5f	figs-explicit	μεῖζον κρίμα λημψόμεθα.	1	we who teach will be judged more strictly	This passage speaks of stricter judgment that will come from God on those who teach others about him. Alternate translation: “God will judge us who teach more severely because we know his word better than some people whom we have taught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	3	1	v7fa	figs-exclusive		1	we who teach	James includes himself and other teachers, but not the readers, so the word “we” is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) 
-JAS	3	2	ab9h	figs-inclusive	πταίομεν ἅπαντες	1	we all stumble	James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word “we” is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]]) 
-JAS	3	2	p9ek	figs-metaphor	πταίομεν	1	stumble	Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: “fail” or “sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	2	t6xt		ἐν λόγῳ οὐ πταίει	1	does not stumble in words	“does not sin by saying wrong things” 
-JAS	3	2	kn4v		οὗτος τέλειος ἀνήρ	1	he is a perfect man	“he is spiritually mature” 
-JAS	3	2	b16h	figs-synecdoche	χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	control even his whole body	James is referring to one’s heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: “control his behavior” or “control his actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 
-JAS	3	3	z2ez			0	General Information:	James is developing an argument that small things can control big things. 
-JAS	3	3	zql3		εἰ δὲ τῶν ἵππων τοὺς χαλινοὺς εἰς τὰ στόματα βάλλομεν	1	Now if we put bits into horses’ mouths	James speaks about horses’ bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse’s mouth to control where it goes. 
-JAS	3	3	s1nf		εἰ δὲ	1	Now if	“If” or “When” 
-JAS	3	3	u92q		τῶν ἵππων	1	horses	A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people. 
-JAS	3	4	yn42		ἰδοὺ, καὶ τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα, καὶ ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα, μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου	1	Notice also that ships…are steered by a very small rudder	A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word “rudder” could also be translated as “tool.” 
-JAS	3	4	k7f5	figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα	1	are driven by strong winds,	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “strong winds push them, they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	3	4	jrk1		μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου, ὅπου ἡ ὁρμὴ τοῦ εὐθύνοντος βούλεται	1	are steered by a very small rudder to wherever the pilot desires	“have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes” 
-JAS	3	5	wt6i		οὕτως καὶ	1	Likewise	This word signals the analogy of the tongue to the horses’ bits and the ships’ rudders mentioned in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “In the same way” 
-JAS	3	5	qx1k		μεγάλα αὐχεῖ	1	boasts great things	Here “things” is a general word for everything about which these people are proud. 
-JAS	3	5	ub5h		ἰδοὺ	1	Notice also	“Think about” 
-JAS	3	5	fr8x		ἡλίκον πῦρ, ἡλίκην ὕλην ἀνάπτει	1	how small a fire sets on fire a large forest	In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: “how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees” 
-JAS	3	6	wm5q	figs-metonymy	καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ	1	The tongue is also a fire	The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: “The tongue is like a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	6	i61e	figs-metaphor	ὁ κόσμος τῆς ἀδικίας…καθίσταται ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν	1	a world of sinfulness set among our body parts	The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	6	sv44	figs-metaphor	ἡ σπιλοῦσα ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	It stains the whole body	Sinful speaking is spoken of metaphorically as if it stained one’s body. And becoming unacceptable to God is spoken of as if it were dirt on the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	6	lf1j	figs-metaphor	φλογίζουσα τὸν τροχὸν τῆς γενέσεως	1	sets on fire the course of life	The phrase “course of life” refers to a person’s entire life. Alternate translation: “it ruins a person’s entire life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	6	a7qd	figs-activepassive	γενέσεως, καὶ φλογιζομένη ὑπὸ τῆς Γεέννης	1	life. It is itself set on fire by hell	The word “itself” refers to the tongue. Also, here “hell” refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “life because the devil uses it for evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	7	ug59	figs-activepassive	πᾶσα γὰρ φύσις θηρίων τε καὶ πετεινῶν, ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἐναλίων, δαμάζεται καὶ δεδάμασται τῇ φύσει τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ	1	For every kind of…mankind	The phrase “every kind” is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	3	7	b8c9	translate-unknown	ἑρπετῶν	1	reptile	This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) 
-JAS	3	7	zw5m		ἐναλίων	1	sea creature	an animal that lives in the sea 
-JAS	3	8	q9xe	figs-metaphor	τὴν δὲ γλῶσσαν οὐδεὶς δαμάσαι δύναται ἀνθρώπων	1	But no human being can tame the tongue	James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here “tongue” represents a person’s desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	3	8	m7vi	figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατον κακόν	1	It is a restless evil, full of deadly poison	James speaks of the harm that people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: “It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison” or “It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	9	le6h		ἐν αὐτῇ εὐλογοῦμεν	1	With it we	“We use the tongue to say words that” 
-JAS	3	9	ucm9		καταρώμεθα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	we curse men	“we ask God to harm men” 
-JAS	3	9	umg1	figs-activepassive	τοὺς καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ γεγονότας	1	who have been made in God’s likeness	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God made in his likeness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	3	10	a1ly	figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος ἐξέρχεται εὐλογία καὶ κατάρα	1	Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing	The nouns “blessing” and “cursing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	10	qrs2		ἀδελφοί μου	1	My brothers	“Fellow Christians” 
-JAS	3	10	n9zy		οὐ χρή,…ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι	1	these things should not happen	“these things are wrong” 
-JAS	3	11	m18q			0	Connecting Statement:	After James stresses that the words of believers should not both bless and curse, he gives examples from nature to teach his readers that people who honor God by worshiping him should also live in right ways. 
-JAS	3	11	mz8d	figs-rquestion	μήτι ἡ πηγὴ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ὀπῆς βρύει τὸ γλυκὺ καὶ τὸ πικρόν	1	Does a spring pour out from its opening both sweet and bitter water?	James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: “You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	3	12	z3qg	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται, ἀδελφοί μου, συκῆ ἐλαίας ποιῆσαι	1	Does a fig tree, my brothers, make olives?	James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: “Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	3	12	jjj8		ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	“my fellow believers” 
-JAS	3	12	bu4l	figs-ellipsis	ἢ ἄμπελος σῦκα?	1	Or a grapevine, figs?	The word “make” is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: “Or does a grapevine make figs?” or “And a grapevine cannot grow figs.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) 
-JAS	3	13	fgb7	figs-rquestion	τίς σοφὸς καὶ ἐπιστήμων ἐν ὑμῖν?	1	Who is wise and understanding among you?	James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words “wise” and “understanding” are similar. Alternate translation: “I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 
-JAS	3	13	f9xv	figs-abstractnouns	δειξάτω ἐκ τῆς καλῆς ἀναστροφῆς τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ ἐν πραΰτητι σοφίας.	1	Let that person show a good life by his works in the humility of wisdom	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “humility” and “wisdom.” Alternate translation: “That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	14	js7b	figs-metonymy	εἰ…ζῆλον πικρὸν ἔχετε, καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	if you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart	Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “jealousy” and “ambition.” Alternate translation: “if you are jealous and selfish” or “if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	14	a191	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε καὶ ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας.	1	do not boast and lie against the truth	The abstract noun “truth” can be stated as “true.” Alternate translation: “do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	15	clz6	figs-metonymy	οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη	1	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above	Here “This” refers to the “bitter jealousy and strife” described in the previous verses. The phrase “from above” is a metonym that represents “heaven” which represents God himself. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	3	15	g44u	figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη, ἀλλὰ ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης.	1	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above. Instead, it is earthly, unspiritual, demonic	The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” - Alternate translation: “Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	15	h36b	figs-metonymy	ἐπίγειος	1	earthly	The word “earthly” refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: “not honoring to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	3	15	a2u6		ψυχική	1	unspiritual	“not from the Holy Spirit” or “not spiritual” 
-JAS	3	15	mzc9		δαιμονιώδης	1	demonic	“from demons” 
-JAS	3	16	x5jz	figs-abstractnouns	ὅπου γὰρ ζῆλος καὶ ἐριθεία, ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία καὶ πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα.	1	For where there are jealousy and ambition, there is confusion and every evil practice	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “jealousy,” “ambition,” and “confusion.” Alternate translation: “For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	16	dvd7		ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία	1	there is confusion	“there is disorder” or “there is chaos” 
-JAS	3	16	vmt4		πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα	1	every evil practice	“every kind of sinful behavior” or “every kind of wicked deed” 
-JAS	3	17	s8w4	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ δὲ ἄνωθεν σοφία, πρῶτον μὲν ἁγνή ἐστιν	1	But the wisdom from above is first pure	Here “from above” is metonym that represents “heaven” which represents God himself. The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	3	17	hhk5		πρῶτον μὲν ἁγνή ἐστιν	1	is first pure	“is first holy” 
-JAS	3	17	hfh9	figs-metaphor	μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν	1	full of mercy and good fruits	Here “good fruits” refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: “full of mercy and good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	17	by2l		ἀνυπόκριτος	1	and sincere	“and honest” or “and truthful” 
-JAS	3	18	md56	figs-metaphor	καρπὸς…δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται, τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace among those who make peace	People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: “The result of making peace is righteousness” or “Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	3	18	htr1	figs-abstractnouns	ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	make peace	The abstract noun “peace” can be stated as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “cause people to live peacefully” or “help people not to be angry with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	4	intro	r6vv			0		# James 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Adultery<br><br>Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Law<br><br>James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to “the royal law” ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)).<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Humble<br><br>This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him.<br> 
-JAS	4	1	q3pd			0	General Information:	In this section, the words “yourselves,” “your,” and “you” are plural and refer to the believers to whom James writes. 
-JAS	4	1	k21j			0	Connecting Statement:	James rebukes these believers for their worldliness and their lack of humility. He again urges them to watch how they speak to and about each other. 
-JAS	4	1	ub82	figs-doublet	πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν?	1	Where do quarrels and disputes among you come from?	The abstract nouns “quarrels” and “disputes” mean basically the same thing and can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “Why do you quarrel and dispute among yourselves?” or “Why do you fight among yourselves?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	4	1	pqx2	figs-rquestion	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν?	1	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members?	James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members.” or “They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	4	1	vpe2	figs-personification	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν?	1	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members?	James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: “They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	4	1	v5kg		ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν	1	among your members	Possible meanings are (1) there is fighting among the local believers, or (2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer. 
-JAS	4	2	khh9	figs-hyperbole	φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν	1	You kill and covet, and you are not able to obtain	The phrase “You kill” expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as “You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) 
-JAS	4	2	v9m8	figs-doublet	μάχεσθε καὶ πολεμεῖτε	1	You fight and quarrel	The words “fight” and “quarrel” mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize how much the people argue among themselves. Alternate translation: “You constantly fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) 
-JAS	4	3	nk57		κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε	1	you ask badly	Possible meanings are (1) “you ask with wrong motives” or “you ask with bad attitudes” or (2) “you are asking for wrong things” or “you are asking for bad things” 
-JAS	4	4	efi8	figs-metaphor	μοιχαλίδες!	1	You adulteresses!	James speaks of believers as being like wives who sleep with men other than their husbands. Alternate translation: “You are not being faithful to God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	4	wu5v	figs-rquestion	οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν?	1	Do you not know…God?	James uses this question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know…God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	4	4	b5ly	figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου	1	friendship with the world	This phrase refers to identifying with or participating in the world’s value system and behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	4	4	br36	figs-personification	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου	1	friendship with the world	Here the world’s value system is spoken of as if it were a person that others could be friends with. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	4	4	jf1g	figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν	1	friendship with the world is hostility against God	One who is friends with the world is an enemy of God. Here “friendship with the world” stands for being friends with the world, and “hostility against God” stands for being hostile against God. Alternate translation: “friends of the world are enemies of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	4	5	i2y4		ἢ δοκεῖτε…κενῶς ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει	1	Or do you think the scripture says in vain	This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: “There is a reason that scripture says” 
-JAS	4	5	bx68		τὸ Πνεῦμα ὃ κατῴκισεν ἐν ἡμῖν	1	The Spirit he caused to live in us	Some versions, including the ULT and UST, understand this as a reference to the Holy Spirit. Other versions translate this as “the spirit” and mean by it the human spirit that each person has been created to have. We suggest that you use the meaning that is presented in other translations used by your readers. 
-JAS	4	6	ub8z	figs-explicit	μείζονα δὲ δίδωσιν χάριν	1	But God gives more grace	How this phrase relates to the previous verse can be made explicit: “But, even though our spirits may desire what we cannot have, God gives us even more grace, if we will humble ourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	4	6	hyh2		διὸ λέγει	1	so the scripture	“Because God gives more grace, the scripture” 
-JAS	4	6	qs61	figs-nominaladj	ὑπερηφάνοις	1	the proud	This refers to proud people in general. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
-JAS	4	6	uu3r	figs-nominaladj	ταπεινοῖς	1	the humble	This refers to humble people in general. Alternate translation: “humble people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) 
-JAS	4	7	da5t		ὑποτάγητε οὖν	1	So submit	“Because God gives grace to the humble, submit” 
-JAS	4	7	g7e5		ὑποτάγητε…τῷ Θεῷ	1	submit to God	“obey God” 
-JAS	4	7	nud3		ἀντίστητε…τῷ διαβόλῳ	1	Resist the devil	“Oppose the devil” or “Do not do what the devil wants” 
-JAS	4	7	w9ue		φεύξεται	1	he will flee	“he will run away” 
-JAS	4	7	b5yz	figs-you	ὑμῶν	1	you	Here this pronoun is plural and refers to James’ audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
-JAS	4	8	vd6z	figs-you		0	General Information:	The word “you” here is plural and refers to the scattered believers to whom James writes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) 
-JAS	4	8	g62m	figs-metaphor	ἐγγίσατε τῷ Θεῷ	1	Come close to God	Here the idea of coming close stands for becoming honest and open with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	8	yh1k	figs-parallelism	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας, ἁμαρτωλοί, καὶ ἁγνίσατε καρδίας, δίψυχοι.	1	Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded	These are two phrases in parallel with each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) 
-JAS	4	8	elh1	figs-metonymy	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας	1	Cleanse your hands	This expression is a command for people to do righteous acts instead of unrighteous acts. Alternate translation: “Behave in a way that honors God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	4	8	mw54	figs-metonymy	ἁγνίσατε καρδίας	1	purify your hearts	Here “hearts” refers to a person’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “make your thoughts and intentions right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	4	8	iw61	figs-metaphor	δίψυχοι	1	double-minded	The word “double-minded” refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: “double-minded people” or “people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	9	kdn8	figs-doublet	ταλαιπωρήσατε, καὶ πενθήσατε, καὶ κλαύσατε	1	Grieve, mourn, and cry	These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) 
-JAS	4	9	rf6g	figs-parallelism	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν.	1	Let your laughter turn into sadness and your joy into gloom	This is saying the same thing in different ways for emphasis. The abstract nouns “laughter,” “sadness,” “joy,” and “gloom” can be translated as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: “Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	4	10	an8i	figs-metaphor	ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον Κυρίου	1	Humble yourselves before the Lord	“Be humble toward God.” Actions done with God in mind are often spoken of as being done in his physical presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	10	tn5w	figs-metaphor	ὑψώσει ὑμᾶς	1	he will lift you up	James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: “he will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	11	sy54			0	General Information:	The words “you” and “your” in this section refer to the believers to whom James writes. 
-JAS	4	11	r3hc		καταλαλεῖτε	1	speak against	“speak badly about” or “oppose” 
-JAS	4	11	uyi9	figs-metonymy	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	James speaks of the believers as if they are biological brothers. The term here includes women as well as men. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
-JAS	4	11	jlx4		ἀλλὰ κριτής	1	but a judge	“but you are acting like the person who gives the law” 
-JAS	4	12	e9da		εἷς ἐστιν νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής	1	Only one is the lawgiver and judge	This refers to God. “God is the only one who gives laws and judges people” 
-JAS	4	12	m49q	figs-rquestion	σὺ δὲ τίς εἶ, ὁ κρίνων τὸν πλησίον?	1	Who are you, you who judge your neighbor?	This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are just a human and cannot judge another human.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	4	13	iz9h	figs-idiom	ποιήσομεν ἐκεῖ ἐνιαυτὸν	1	spend a year there	James speaks of spending time as if it were money. “stay there for a year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) 
-JAS	4	14	b7ir	figs-rquestion	οἵτινες οὐκ ἐπίστασθε τὸ τῆς αὔριον, ποία ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν?	1	Who knows what will happen tomorrow, and what is your life?	James uses these questions to correct his audience and to teach these believers that physical life is not that important. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “No one knows what will happen tomorrow, and your life does not last very long!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	4	14	a9v2	figs-metaphor	ἀτμὶς γάρ ἐστε, ἡ πρὸς ὀλίγον φαινομένη, ἔπειτα καὶ ἀφανιζομένη.	1	For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then disappears	James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: “You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	4	15	gj65		ἀντὶ τοῦ λέγειν ὑμᾶς	1	Instead, you should say	“Instead, your attitude should be” 
-JAS	4	15	e1il		ζήσομεν καὶ ποιήσομεν, τοῦτο ἢ ἐκεῖνο	1	we will live and do this or that	“we will live long enough to do what we have planned to do.” The word “we” does not directly refer to James or his audience but is part of the example of how James’ audience should consider the future. 
-JAS	4	17	q84z		εἰδότι οὖν καλὸν ποιεῖν, καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντι, ἁμαρτία αὐτῷ ἐστιν.	1	for anyone who knows to do good but does not do it, for him it is sin	Anyone who fails to do the good he knows he should do is guilty of sin. 
-JAS	5	intro	ud8q			0		# James 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Eternity<br>This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>### Oaths<br>Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Elijah<br>This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated.<br><br>### “Save his soul from death”<br>This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br> 
-JAS	5	1	phs3			0	Connecting Statement:	James warns rich people about their focus on pleasure and riches. 
-JAS	5	1	gel9	figs-explicit	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	you who are rich	Possible meanings are (1) James is giving a strong warning to wealthy believers or (2) James is talking about wealthy unbelievers. Alternate translation: “you who are rich and say you honor God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) 
-JAS	5	1	l3wd	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις	1	because of the miseries coming on you	James states that these people will suffer terribly in the future and writes as if their sufferings were objects that were coming toward them. The abstract noun “miseries” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you will suffer terribly in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) 
-JAS	5	2	gq45	figs-pastforfuture	ὁ πλοῦτος ὑμῶν σέσηπεν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν σητόβρωτα γέγονεν.	1	Your riches have rotted, and your clothes have become moth-eaten.	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: “Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) 
-JAS	5	2	v241		ὁ πλοῦτος…τὰ ἱμάτια	1	riches…clothes	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people. 
-JAS	5	3	am1u	figs-pastforfuture	ὁ χρυσὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος κατίωται,	1	Your gold and your silver have become tarnished	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: “Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths. Your gold and silver will become tarnished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) 
-JAS	5	3	wj9v		χρυσὸς…ἄργυρος	1	gold…silver	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people. 
-JAS	5	3	q4pm		κατίωται,…ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν	1	have become tarnished…their rust	These phrases are used here to describe how gold and silver are ruined. Alternate translation: “are ruined…their ruined condition” or “are corroded…their corrosion” 
-JAS	5	3	e55t	figs-personification	ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν ἔσται	1	their rust will be a witness against you. It	James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: “and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] ) 
-JAS	5	3	i37x	figs-simile	φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ.	1	will consume…like fire	Here the corrosion is spoken of as if it were a fire that will burn up their owners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	3	w3aj	figs-metonymy	τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν	1	your flesh	Here “flesh” stands for the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	3	j6fe	figs-metaphor	πῦρ	1	fire	The idea of fire here is meant to lead people to remember that fire often stands for God’s punishment that will come on all the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	3	np1u	figs-metonymy	ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις	1	for the last days	This refers to the time right before God comes to judge all people. The wicked think they are storing up riches for the future, but what they are doing is storing up judgment. Alternate translation: “for when God is about to judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	4	gcj5			0	Connecting Statement:	James continues to warn rich people about thier focus on pleasure and riches. 
-JAS	5	4	e9iy	figs-personification	ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν, τῶν ἀμησάντων τὰς χώρας ὑμῶν, ὁ ἀφυστερημένος ἀφ’ ὑμῶν, κράζει,	1	the pay of the laborers is crying out—the pay that you have withheld from those who harvested your fields	The money that should have been paid is spoken of as a person who is shouting because of the injustice done to him. Alternate translation: “the fact that you did not pay those you hired to work in your fields shows that you have done wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) 
-JAS	5	4	n21a	figs-metaphor	αἱ βοαὶ τῶν θερισάντων, εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ εἰσελήλυθαν.	1	the cries of the harvesters have gone into the ears of the Lord of hosts	The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: “the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	4	h9y8	figs-metaphor	εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ	1	into the ears of the Lord of hosts	God is spoken of as if he had ears as humans have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	5	xt8h	figs-metaphor	ἐθρέψατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς.	1	You have fattened your hearts for a day of slaughter	Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: “Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	5	pr31	figs-metonymy	τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	your hearts	The “heart” was considered to be the center of human desire, and here stands for the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	6	u5c5		κατεδικάσατε, ἐφονεύσατε τὸν δίκαιον,	1	You have condemned…the righteous person	This is probably not “condemned” in the legal sense of a judge passing a sentence of death on a criminal. Instead, it probably refers to the wicked and powerful people who decide to mistreat the poor until they die. 
-JAS	5	6	lq6p	figs-genericnoun	τὸν δίκαιον, οὐκ ἀντιτάσσεται	1	the righteous person. He does not	“the people who do what is right. They do not.” Here “the righteous person” refers to righteous people in general and not to a specific person. Alternate translation: “righteous people. They do not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) 
-JAS	5	6	z7w1		ἀντιτάσσεται ὑμῖν	1	resist you	“oppose you” 
-JAS	5	7	n888			0	General Information:	In closing, James reminds the believers about the Lord’s coming and gives several short lessons on how to live for the Lord. 
-JAS	5	7	xr6g			0	Connecting Statement:	James changes topics from a rebuke of the rich people to an exhortation to the believers. 
-JAS	5	7	a4sv		μακροθυμήσατε οὖν	1	So be patient	“Because of this, wait and be calm” 
-JAS	5	7	wgk4	figs-metonymy	ἕως τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Κυρίου.	1	until the Lord’s coming	This phrase refers to the return of Jesus, when he will begin his kingdom on the earth and judge all people. Alternate translation: “until Christ’s return” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	7	y4er	figs-metaphor	ὁ γεωργὸς	1	the farmer	James makes an analogy using farmers and believers to teach what it means to be patient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	8	bbn1	figs-metonymy	στηρίξατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	Make your hearts strong	James is equating the believers’ hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: “Stay committed” or “Keep your faith strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	8	jw3b		ἡ παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου ἤγγικεν.	1	the Lord’s coming is near	“the Lord will return soon” 
-JAS	5	9	k74r		μὴ στενάζετε, ἀδελφοί, κατ’ ἀλλήλων, ἵνα μὴ κριθῆτε.	1	Do not complain, brothers…you	James is writing to all the scattered Jewish believers. 
-JAS	5	9	w9xv		κατ’ ἀλλήλων	1	against one another	“about each other” 
-JAS	5	9	z3p7	figs-activepassive	μὴ κριθῆτε	1	you will be not judged	This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: “Christ will not judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	5	9	ita4		ἰδοὺ, ὁ κριτὴς	1	See, the judge	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the judge” 
-JAS	5	9	g938	figs-metaphor	ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν.	1	the judge is standing at the door	James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: “the judge is coming soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	10	sic1		τῆς κακοπαθίας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας, τοὺς προφήτας, οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου	1	the suffering and patience of the prophets, those who spoke in the name of the Lord	“how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience” 
-JAS	5	10	pvs3	figs-metonymy	οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου.	1	spoke in the name of the Lord	“Name” here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: “by the authority of the Lord” or “spoke for the Lord to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	11	xwr8		ἰδοὺ, μακαρίζομεν	1	See, we regard	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: we regard” 
-JAS	5	11	s3nl		τοὺς ὑπομείναντας	1	those who endured	“those who continued obeying God even through hardship” 
-JAS	5	12	fug7		πρὸ πάντων…ἀδελφοί μου,	1	Above all, my brothers,	“This is important, may brothers:” or “Especially, my brothers,” 
-JAS	5	12	bjt3	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	This refers to all believers including women. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
-JAS	5	12	s755		μὴ ὀμνύετε	1	do not swear	To “swear” is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: “do not make an oath” or “do not make a vow” 
-JAS	5	12	t1uq	figs-metonymy	μήτε τὸν οὐρανὸν, μήτε τὴν γῆν	1	either by heaven or by the earth	The words “heaven” and “earth” refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	12	m3ve		ἤτω…ὑμῶν τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ,	1	let your “Yes” mean “Yes” and your “No” mean “No,”	“do what you say you will do, or say that something is true, without making an oath” 
-JAS	5	12	f6mx	figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ κρίσιν πέσητε	1	so you do not fall under judgment	Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: “so God will not punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	13	m3e6	figs-rquestion	κακοπαθεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσευχέσθω.	1	Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	5	13	wdf7	figs-rquestion	εὐθυμεῖ τις? ψαλλέτω.	1	Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	5	14	in34	figs-rquestion	ἀσθενεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσκαλεσάσθω	1	Is anyone among you sick? Let him call	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is sick, he should call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) 
-JAS	5	14	fik7	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου	1	in the name of the Lord	“Name” is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “by the authority of the Lord” or “with the authority that the Lord has given hthem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	15	c8q6	figs-metonymy	ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα	1	The prayer of faith will heal the sick person	The writer speaks of God hearing believers pray for sick people and healing those people as if the prayers themselves healed the people. Alternate translation: “The Lord will hear the prayer of faith and will heal the sick person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	15	qiw4		ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως	1	The prayer of faith	“The prayer made by believers” or “The prayer that people pray believing God will do as they ask” 
-JAS	5	15	ei3q		ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ Κύριος	1	the Lord will raise him up	“the Lord will make him well” or “the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life” 
-JAS	5	16	t2iq			0	General Information:	As these were Jewish believers, James reminds them to pray by recalling one of the prophets of old and that prophet’s practical prayers. 
-JAS	5	16	dl5k		ἐξομολογεῖσθε οὖν…τὰς ἁμαρτίας,	1	So confess your sins	Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven. 
-JAS	5	16	i8cm		ἀλλήλοις	1	to one another	“to each other” 
-JAS	5	16	mzk8	figs-activepassive	ὅπως ἰαθῆτε	1	so that you may be healed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God may heal you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) 
-JAS	5	16	zk62	figs-metaphor	πολὺ ἰσχύει δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη.	1	The prayer of a righteous person is very strong in its working	Prayer is presented as if it were an object that was strong or powerful. Alternate translation: “When the person who obeys God prays, God will do great things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	17	vhw2		προσευχῇ προσηύξατο	1	prayed earnestly	“prayed eagerly” or “prayed passionately” 
-JAS	5	17	i8wv	translate-numbers	τρεῖς…ἕξ	1	three…six	“3…6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) 
-JAS	5	18	zwc9		ὁ οὐρανὸς ὑετὸν ἔδωκεν	1	The heavens gave rain	“The heavens” probably refers to the sky, which is presented as the source of the rain. Alternate translation: “Rain fell from the sky” 
-JAS	5	18	yi7m		ἡ γῆ ἐβλάστησεν τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῆς	1	the earth produced its fruit	Here the earth is presented as the source of the crops. 
-JAS	5	18	s76l	figs-metonymy	τὸν καρπὸν	1	fruit	Here “fruit” stands for all the crops of the farmers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	19	xr4l	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this word probably refers to both men and women. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) 
-JAS	5	19	dv4v	figs-metaphor	ἐάν τις ἐν ὑμῖν πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας, καὶ ἐπιστρέψῃ τις αὐτόν	1	if anyone among you wanders from the truth, and someone brings him back	A believer who stops trusting in God and obeying him is spoken of as if he were a sheep that wandered away from the flock. The person who persuades him to trust in God again is spoken of as if he were a shepherd who went to search for the lost sheep. Alternate translation: “whenever anyone stops obeying God, and another person helps him start obeying again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
-JAS	5	20	xg1y	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἐπιστρέψας ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐκ πλάνης ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ, σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, καὶ καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	whoever turns a sinner from his wandering way…will cover over a great number of sins	James means that God will use the actions of this person to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. But James speaks as if it were this other person who actually saved the sinner’s soul from death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) 
-JAS	5	20	pd78	figs-synecdoche	σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, καὶ καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	will save him from death, and will cover over a great number of sins	Here “death” refers to spiritual death, eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: “will save him from spiritual death, and God will forgive the sinner for all of his sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) 
-JAS	5	20	rh4d	figs-metaphor	καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	will cover over a great number of sins	Possible meanings are (1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or (2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) 
+JAS	front	intro	exs3			0		# Introduction to James<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of James<br><br>1. Greetings (1:1)<br>1. Testing and maturity (1:2-18)<br>1. Hearing and doing the Word of God (1:19-27)<br>1. True faith seen in works<br>- Word of God (1:19-27)<br>- Royal law of love (2:1-13)<br>- Works (2:14-26)<br>1. Difficulties in community<br>- Dangers of the tongue (3:1-12)<br>- Wisdom from above (3:13-18)<br>- Worldly desires (4:1-12)<br>1. God’s perspective on your decisions<br>- Boasting about tomorrow (4:13-17)<br>- Warning about riches (5:1-6)<br>- Suffering with patience (5:7-11)<br>1. Closing exhortations<br>- Oaths (5:12)<br>- Prayer and healing (5:13-18)<br>- Care for one another (5:19-20)<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of James?<br><br>The author identifies himself as James. This was probably James, the half-brother of Jesus. James was a leader in the early church and was part of the Jerusalem council. The Apostle Paul also called him a “pillar” of the church.<br><br>This is not the same man as the Apostle James. The Apostle James was killed before this letter was written.<br><br>### What is the Book of James about?<br><br>In this letter, James encouraged believers who were suffering. He told them know that God uses their suffering to help them become mature Christians. James also told them of the need for believers to do good deeds. He wrote much in this letter about how believers should live and treat one another. For example, he commanded them to treat one another fairly, to not fight with one another, and to use riches wisely.<br><br>James taught his readers by using many examples from nature such as in 1:6, 11 and 3:1-12. Also, many parts of this letter are similar to what Jesus wrote in the Sermon on the Mount (Mat 5-7).<br><br>### Who were the “twelve tribes in the dispersion”?<br><br>James said he was writing to the “twelve tribes in the dispersion” (1:1). Some scholars think that James was writing to Jewish Christians. Other scholars think that James was writing to all Christians in general. This letter is known as one of the “General Epistles” since it was not written to a specific church or individual.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may choose to call this book by its traditional title, “James.” Or they may choose a clearer title, such as “A Letter from James” or “The Letter James Wrote.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Did James disagree with Paul about how a person is justified before God?<br><br>Paul taught in Romans that Christians are justified by faith and not by works. James seems to teach that Christians are justified by works. This can be confusing. But a better understanding of what Paul and James taught shows that they agree with one another. Both of them taught that a person needs faith in order to be justified. And they both taught that true faith will cause a person to do good works. Paul and James taught about these things in different ways because they had different audiences who needed to know different things about being justified. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How should the translator signal transitions between topics in the Book of James?<br><br>The letter quickly changes topics. Sometimes James does not tell the readers that he is about to change topics. It is acceptable to allow the verses to appear disconnected from each other. It may make sense to set the passages apart by starting a new line or putting a space between topics.<br><br>### What are the major issues in the text of the Book of James?<br><br>* “Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?” (2:20). The ULT, UST, and modern versions read this way. Some older versions read, “Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is dead?” If a translation of the Bible exists in the general region, translators should consider using the reading found in those versions. If not, translators are advised to follow the modern reading.<br><br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]])<br>
+JAS	1	intro	pz2q			0		# James 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>James formally introduces this letter in verse 1. Writers often began letters in this way in the ancient Near East.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Testing and temptation<br><br>These two words occur together in ([James 1:12-13](./12.md)). Both words speak of a person who is able to choose between doing something good and doing something evil. The difference between them is important. God is testing the person and wants him to do what is good. Satan is tempting the person and wants him to do what is evil.<br><br>### Crowns<br><br>The crown that a man who passes the test receives is a reward, something that people who do something especially good receive. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/reward]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>James uses many metaphors in this chapter, and you will need to understand the material on the metaphor page before you can translate them well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### “To the twelve tribes in the dispersion”<br><br>It is not clear to whom James wrote this letter. He calls himself a servant of the Lord Jesus Christ, so he was probably writing to Christians. But he calls his readers “the twelve tribes in the dispersion,” words which usually refer to Jews. It is possible that he is using the words as a metaphor for “all people whom God has chosen” or that he wrote the letter at a time when most Christians had grown up as Jews.<br>
+JAS	1	1	ssc8			0	General Information:	The apostle James writes this letter to all the Christians. Many of them were Jews, and they lived in many different places.
+JAS	1	1	pkt2	figs-explicit	Ἰάκωβος, Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, δοῦλος	1	James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ	The phrase “this letter is from” is implied. Alternate translation: “This letter is from James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	1	1	l4i7	figs-synecdoche	ταῖς δώδεκα φυλαῖς	1	to the twelve tribes	Possible meanings are (1) this is a synecdoche for Jewish Christians, or (2) this is a metaphor for all Christians. Alternate translation: “to God’s faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	1	vza9	figs-abstractnouns	ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ	1	in the dispersion	The term “dispersion” normally referred to the Jews who were scattered in other countries, away from their homeland Israel. This abstract noun can be expressed with a phrase with the verb “scattered.” Alternate translation: “who are scattered around the world” or “who live in other countries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	1	1	huk9		χαίρειν	1	Greetings!	a basic greeting, such as “Hello!” or “Good day!”
+JAS	1	2	knw6		πᾶσαν χαρὰν ἡγήσασθε, ἀδελφοί μου, ὅταν πειρασμοῖς περιπέσητε ποικίλοις	1	Consider it all joy, my brothers, when you experience various troubles	“My fellow believers, think of all your different kinds of troubles as something to celebrate”
+JAS	1	3	xud2	figs-abstractnouns	τὸ δοκίμιον ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως κατεργάζεται ὑπομονήν	1	the testing of your faith produces endurance	The expressions “the testing,” “your faith,” and “endurance” are nouns that stand for actions. God does the testing, that is, he finds out how much the believers trust and obey him. Believers (“you”) believe in him and endure suffering. Alternate translation: “when you suffer hardships, God is finding out how much you trust him. As a result, you will become able to endure even more hardships” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	1	4	j2p4	figs-personification	ἡ…ὑπομονὴ ἔργον τέλειον ἐχέτω	1	Let endurance complete its work	Here endurance is spoken of as if it were a person at work. Alternate translation: “Learn to endure any hardship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	1	4	unh4		τέλειοι	1	fully developed	able to trust in Christ and obey him in all circumstances
+JAS	1	4	l7ef		ἐν μηδενὶ λειπόμενοι	1	not lacking anything	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: “having all that you need” or “being all that you need to be”
+JAS	1	5	du7z		αἰτείτω παρὰ τοῦ διδόντος, Θεοῦ	1	ask for it from God, the one who gives	“ask God for it. He is the one who gives”
+JAS	1	5	q2df		τοῦ διδόντος, Θεοῦ, πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς, καὶ μὴ ὀνειδίζοντος	1	gives generously and without rebuke to all	“gives generously and does not rebuke any”
+JAS	1	5	xu31		δοθήσεται αὐτῷ	1	he will give it	“God will do it” or “God will answer your prayer”
+JAS	1	6	y2mk	figs-doublenegatives	ἐν πίστει, μηδὲν διακρινόμενος	1	in faith, doubting nothing	This can be stated in the positive. Alternate translation: “with complete certainty that God will answer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
+JAS	1	6	p12l	figs-simile	ὁ γὰρ διακρινόμενος ἔοικεν κλύδωνι θαλάσσης, ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ ῥιπιζομένῳ.	1	For anyone who doubts is like a wave in the sea that is driven by the wind and tossed around	Anyone who doubts that God will help him is said to be like the water in the ocean or in a large lake, which keeps moving in different directions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	8	b5t6	figs-metaphor	δίψυχος	1	is double-minded	The word “double-minded” refers to a person’s thoughts when he is unable to make a decision. Alternate translation: “cannot decide if he will follow Jesus or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	8	k89p	figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατος ἐν πάσαις ταῖς ὁδοῖς αὐτοῦ	1	unstable in all his ways	Here this person is spoken of as if he cannot stay on one path but instead goes from one to another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	9	gc9b		ὁ ἀδελφὸς ὁ ταπεινὸς	1	the poor brother	“the believer who does not have much money”
+JAS	1	9	yxs5	figs-metaphor	καυχάσθω…ἐν τῷ ὕψει αὐτοῦ	1	boast of his high position	Someone whom God has honored is spoken of as if he were standing in a high place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	10	uzk7	figs-ellipsis	ὁ δὲ πλούσιος, ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	but the rich man of his low position	The words “let boast” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “but let the rich man boast of his low position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+JAS	1	10	w4ta		ὁ δὲ πλούσιος	1	but the rich man	“but the man who has a lot of money.” Possible meanings are (1) the rich man is a believer or (2) the rich man is an unbeliever.
+JAS	1	10	ulk4	figs-ellipsis	ἐν τῇ ταπεινώσει αὐτοῦ	1	of his low position	A rich believer should be happy if God causes him to suffer. Alternate translation: “should be happy that God has given him difficulties” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+JAS	1	10	nug7	figs-simile	ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου παρελεύσεται	1	he will pass away as a wild flower in the grass	Rich people are spoken of as being similar to wild flowers, which are alive for only a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	11	gv7v	figs-metaphor	ἡ εὐπρέπεια τοῦ προσώπου αὐτοῦ ἀπώλετο	1	its beauty perishes	A flower no longer being beautiful is spoken of as if its beauty dies. Alternate translation: “and it is no longer beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	11	ng26	figs-simile	ὁ πλούσιος ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ μαρανθήσεται	1	the rich man will fade away in the middle of his journey	Here the flower simile is probably continued. As flowers do not die suddenly but instead fade away over a short time, so also the rich people may not die suddenly but instead take a little time to disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	11	sdi2	figs-metaphor	ἐν ταῖς πορείαις αὐτοῦ	1	in the middle of his journey	A rich man’s activities in daily life are spoken of as if they are a journey that he is making. This metaphor implies that he is giving no thought to his coming death, and that it will takes him by surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	12	vcu4			0	Connecting Statement:	James reminds the believers who have fled that God does not cause temptation; he tells them how to avoid temptation.
+JAS	1	12	m13d		μακάριος ἀνὴρ ὃς ὑπομένει πειρασμόν	1	Blessed is the man who endures testing	“The man who endures testing is fortunate” or “The man who endures testing is well off”
+JAS	1	12	vr4a		ὑπομένει πειρασμόν	1	endures testing	remains faithful to God during hardships
+JAS	1	12	vta6		δόκιμος	1	passed the test	he has been approved by God
+JAS	1	12	k3hh	figs-metaphor	λήμψεται τὸν στέφανον τῆς ζωῆς	1	receive the crown of life	Eternal life is spoken of as if it were a wreath of leaves placed on the head of a victorious athlete. Alternate translation: “receive eternal life as his reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	12	hx28	figs-activepassive	ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν	1	has been promised to those who love God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has promised to those who love him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	1	13	a77a		πειραζόμενος	1	when he is tempted	“when he desires to do something evil”
+JAS	1	13	lh7z	figs-activepassive	ἀπὸ Θεοῦ πειράζομαι	1	I am tempted by God	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God is trying to make me do something evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	1	13	p5cp	figs-activepassive	ὁ…Θεὸς ἀπείραστός ἐστιν κακῶν	1	God is not tempted by evil	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one can make God desire to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	1	13	zb13		πειράζει δὲ αὐτὸς οὐδένα	1	nor does he himself tempt anyone	“and God himself does not try to persuade anyone do evil”
+JAS	1	14	nj9m	figs-personification	ἕκαστος…πειράζεται ὑπὸ τῆς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας	1	each person is tempted by his own desire	A person’s desire is spoken of as if it were someone else who was tempting him to sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	1	14	nle5	figs-personification	ἐξελκόμενος καὶ δελεαζόμενος	1	which drags him away and entices him	Evil desire continues to be spoken of as if it were a person who could drag away someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	1	14	z4bd		δελεαζόμενος	1	entices	attracts, persuades someone to do evil
+JAS	1	15	s4cd	figs-personification	εἶτα ἡ ἐπιθυμία συλλαβοῦσα τίκτει ἁμαρτίαν, ἡ δὲ ἁμαρτία ἀποτελεσθεῖσα, ἀποκύει θάνατον	1	Then after the desire conceives, it gives birth to sin, and after the sin is full grown, it gives birth to death	Desire continues to be spoken of as a person, this time clearly as a woman who becomes pregnant with a child. The child is identified as sin. Sin is another female baby that grows up, becomes pregnant, and gives birth to death. This chain of metaphors is a picture of someone who ends up dying both spiritually and physically because of his evil desires and his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	16	v195		μὴ πλανᾶσθε	1	Do not be deceived	“Do not let anyone deceive you” or “Stop deceiving yourselves”
+JAS	1	17	t2nn	figs-doublet	πᾶσα δόσις ἀγαθὴ, καὶ πᾶν δώρημα τέλειον	1	Every good gift and every perfect gift	These two phrases mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize that anything good that a person has comes from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+JAS	1	17	n7d8	figs-metaphor	τοῦ Πατρὸς τῶν φώτων	1	the Father of lights	God, the creator of all the lights in the sky (sun, moon, and stars), is said to be their “Father.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	17	g5ge	figs-simile	παρ’ ᾧ οὐκ ἔνι παραλλαγὴ ἢ τροπῆς ἀποσκίασμα.	1	With him there is no changing or shadow because of turning	This expression pictures God as an unchanging light, like the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the sky. This is in contrast to shadows here on earth that constantly change. Alternate translation: “God does not change. He is as constant as the sun, moon, and stars in the sky, rather than like shadows which appear and disappear on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	18	mj29	figs-metaphor	ἀπεκύησεν ἡμᾶς	1	give us birth	God, who brought us eternal life, is spoken of as if he had given us birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	18	ykq9		λόγῳ ἀληθείας	1	the word of truth	Possible meanings are (1) “the message about the truth” or (2) “the true message.”
+JAS	1	18	qh2e	figs-simile	εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς ἀπαρχήν τινα	1	so that we would be a kind of firstfruits	James is using the traditional Hebrew idea of firstfruits as a way to describe the value of the Christian believers to God. He implies that there will be many more believers in the future. Alternate translation: “so that we would be like an offering of firstfruits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	19	dt7i		ἴστε	1	You know this	Possible meanings are (1) “Know this” as a command, to pay attention to what I am about to write or (2) “You know this” as a statement, that I am about to remind you of something that you already know.
+JAS	1	19	p728	figs-idiom	ἔστω…πᾶς ἄνθρωπος ταχὺς εἰς τὸ ἀκοῦσαι, βραδὺς εἰς τὸ λαλῆσαι	1	Let every man be quick to hear, slow to speak	These sayings are idioms that mean people should first listen intently, and then consider carefully what they say. Here “slow to speak” does not mean speaking slowly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+JAS	1	19	ev3v		βραδὺς εἰς ὀργήν	1	slow to anger	“not get angry quickly”
+JAS	1	20	ej4p		ὀργὴ…ἀνδρὸς, δικαιοσύνην Θεοῦ οὐκ ἐργάζεται.	1	the anger of man does not work the righteousness of God	When a person is always angry, he cannot do God’s work, which is righteous.
+JAS	1	21	hit5	figs-metaphor	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας	1	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil	Sin and evil are spoken of here as if they were clothing that could be taken off. Alternate translation: “stop doing all filthy sins and stop doing abundant amounts of evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	21	h226	figs-doublet	ἀποθέμενοι πᾶσαν ῥυπαρίαν καὶ περισσείαν κακίας	1	take off all sinful filth and abundant amounts of evil	Here the expressions “sinful filth” and “evil” share similar meanings. James uses them to emphasize how bad sin is. Alternate translation: “stop doing every kind of sinful behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+JAS	1	21	h8ty	figs-metaphor	ῥυπαρίαν	1	sinful filth	Here “filth,” that is, dirt, stands for sin and evil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	21	a3u3		ἐν πραΰτητι	1	In humility	“Without pride” or “Without arrogance”
+JAS	1	21	i9w1	figs-metaphor	δέξασθε τὸν ἔμφυτον λόγον	1	receive the implanted word	The expression “implant” means to place one thing inside of another. Here God’s word is spoken of as if it were a plant made to grow inside believers. Alternate translation: “obey the message God has spoken to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	21	ekl3	figs-explicit	σῶσαι τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν	1	save your souls	What a person is saved from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “save you from God’s judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	1	21	z73e	figs-synecdoche	τὰς ψυχὰς ὑμῶν	1	your souls	Here the word “souls” refers to persons.Alternate translation: “yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+JAS	1	22	x14m		γίνεσθε δὲ ποιηταὶ λόγου	1	Be doers of the word	“Be people who follow God’s instructions”
+JAS	1	22	wvp4		παραλογιζόμενοι ἑαυτούς	1	deceiving yourselves	“fooling yourselves”
+JAS	1	23	ewn9		ὅτι εἴ τις ἀκροατὴς λόγου ἐστὶν	1	For if anyone is a hearer of the word	“For if anyone listens to the God’s message in the scriptures”
+JAS	1	23	r6pp	figs-ellipsis	καὶ οὐ ποιητής	1	but not a doer	The word “is” and “of the word” are understood from the previous phrase. The noun “doer” can also be expressed with the verbs “do” or “obey.” Alternate translation: “but is not a doer of the word” or “but does not obey the word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+JAS	1	23	pw5x	figs-simile	οὗτος ἔοικεν ἀνδρὶ κατανοοῦντι τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ ἐν ἐσόπτρῳ	1	he is like a man who examines his natural face in a mirror	A person who hears God’s word is like someone who looks in the mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	23	shn9		τὸ πρόσωπον τῆς γενέσεως αὐτοῦ	1	his natural face	The word “natural” clarifies that James is using the ordinary meaning of the word “face.” Alternate translation: “his face”
+JAS	1	24	wu34	figs-explicit	καὶ ἀπελήλυθεν, καὶ εὐθέως ἐπελάθετο ὁποῖος ἦν	1	then goes away and immediately forgets what he was like	It is implied that though he may see that he needs to do something, such as wash his face or fix his hair, he walks away and forgets to do it. This what a person who does not obey God’s word is like. Alternate translation: “then goes away and immediately forgets to do what he saw he needed to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	25	kvr7	figs-simile	ὁ…παρακύψας εἰς νόμον τέλειον	1	the person who looks carefully into the perfect law	This expression continues the image of the law as a mirror. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
+JAS	1	25	sf8k	figs-explicit	νόμον τέλειον, τὸν τῆς ἐλευθερίας	1	the perfect law of freedom	The relationship between the law and freedom can be expressed clearly. Here “freedom” probably refers to freedom from sin. Alternate translation: “the perfect law that gives freedom” or “the perfect law that makes those who follow it free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	1	25	jku1	figs-activepassive	οὗτος μακάριος ἐν τῇ ποιήσει αὐτοῦ ἔσται	1	this man will be blessed in his actions	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless this man as he obeys the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	1	26	j1bg		δοκεῖ θρησκὸς εἶναι	1	thinks himself to be religious	“thinks he worships God correctly”
+JAS	1	26	vxu1	figs-metonymy	γλῶσσαν αὐτοῦ	1	his tongue	Controlling one’s tongue stands for controlling one’s speech. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	1	26	bj2t		ἀπατῶν	1	deceives	gets someone to believe something that is not true
+JAS	1	26	sex6	figs-metonymy	καρδίαν αὐτοῦ	1	his heart	Here “heart” refers to his belief or thoughts. Alternate translation: “himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	1	26	q83d		τούτου μάταιος ἡ θρησκεία	1	his religion is worthless	“he worships God uselessly”
+JAS	1	27	g11k	figs-doublet	καθαρὰ καὶ ἀμίαντος	1	pure and unspoiled	James speaks of religion, the way one worships God, as if it could be physically pure and unspoiled. These are traditional ways for Jews to say that something is acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Completely acceptable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	27	skf4	figs-metaphor	παρὰ τῷ Θεῷ καὶ Πατρί	1	before our God and Father	directed to God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	1	27	iiv2		ὀρφανοὺς	1	the fatherless	“the orphans”
+JAS	1	27	r8nj		ἐν τῇ θλίψει αὐτῶν	1	in their affliction	The fatherless and widows are suffering because their fathers or husbands have died.
+JAS	1	27	nmf7	figs-metaphor	ἄσπιλον ἑαυτὸν τηρεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κόσμου	1	to keep oneself unstained by the world	Sin in the world is spoken of as something dirty that can stain a person. Alternate translation: “to not allow the evil in the world to cause oneself to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	intro	f5zd			0		# James 02 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Favoritism<br><br>Some of James’s readers treated rich and powerful people well and treated poor people badly. This is called favoritism, and James tells them that this is wrong. God wants his people to treat both rich people and poor people well.<br><br>### Justification<br><br>Justification is what happens when God makes a person righteous. James says here that God makes righteous or justifies people who do good works along with having faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Quotation marks<br><br>The words “Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works” are hard to understand. Some people think that they are what “someone may say,” like the words in the quotation marks. Most versions translate them as words that James is saying back to that “someone.”<br><br>### “You have…I have”<br><br>Some people think that the words “you” and “I” are metonyms for “some people” and “other people.” If they are correct, verse 18 could be translated, “Someone may say, ‘Some people have faith and other people have works. Not everyone has both.’” If the next sentence is also what “someone may say,” it could be translated “Some people show their faith without works, and other people show their faith by their works. Both have faith.” In both cases, the reader will understand only if you add the extra sentence. It is probably best to translate as the ULT does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br>
+JAS	2	1	ici9			0	Connecting Statement:	James continues to tell the scattered Jewish believers how to live by loving one another and reminds them not to favor rich people over poor brothers.
+JAS	2	1	kab4		ἀδελφοί μου	1	My brothers	James considers his audience to be Jewish believers. Alternate translation: “My fellow believers” or “My brothers and sisters in Christ”
+JAS	2	1	qs2x	figs-metaphor	ἔχετε τὴν πίστιν τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	hold to faith in our Lord Jesus Christ	Believing in Jesus Christ is spoken of as if it were an object that one could hold onto. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	1	x32n	figs-inclusive	τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν, Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	1	our Lord Jesus Christ	The word “our” includes James and his fellow believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
+JAS	2	1	en1c		προσωπολημψίαις	1	favoritism toward certain people	the desire to help some people more than others
+JAS	2	2	h5uh	figs-hypo	ἐὰν…ἀνὴρ	1	Suppose that someone	James starts to describe a situation where the believers might give more honor to a rich person than to a poor person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+JAS	2	2	j8d5		χρυσοδακτύλιος, ἐν ἐσθῆτι λαμπρᾷ	1	wearing gold rings and fine clothes	“dressed like a wealthy person”
+JAS	2	3	zx9f		σὺ κάθου ὧδε καλῶς	1	sit here in a good place	sit in this place of honor
+JAS	2	3	ce14		σὺ στῆθι ἐκεῖ	1	stand over there	move to a place with less honor
+JAS	2	3	h2fy		κάθου ὑπὸ τὸ ὑποπόδιόν μου	1	Sit at my feet	move to a humble place
+JAS	2	4	x9el	figs-rquestion	οὐ διεκρίθητε ἐν ἑαυτοῖς, καὶ ἐγένεσθε κριταὶ διαλογισμῶν πονηρῶν	1	are you not judging among yourselves? Have you not become judges with evil thoughts?	James is using rhetorical questions to teach and possibly scold his readers. Alternate translation: “you are making judgments among yourselves and becoming judges with evil thoughts.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	5	m5jr		ἀκούσατε, ἀδελφοί μου ἀγαπητοί	1	Listen, my beloved brothers	James was exhorting his readers as family. “Pay attention, my dear fellow believers”
+JAS	2	5	ha52	figs-rquestion	οὐχ ὁ Θεὸς ἐξελέξατο τοὺς πτωχοὺς τῷ κόσμῳ, πλουσίους ἐν πίστει, καὶ κληρονόμους τῆς βασιλείας ἧς ἐπηγγείλατο τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν	1	did not God choose…love him?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to teach his readers not to show favoritism. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “God has chosen…love him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	5	ke2q	figs-nominaladj	τοὺς πτωχοὺς	1	the poor	This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+JAS	2	5	s38z	figs-metaphor	πλουσίους ἐν πίστει	1	be rich in faith	Having much faith is spoken of as being wealthy or rich. The object of faith may have to be specified. Alternate translation: “have strong faith in Christ” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	5	qii5	figs-metaphor	κληρονόμους	1	heirs	The people to whom God has made promises are spoken of as if they were to inherit property and wealth from a family member. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	6	yv6y	figs-you	ὑμεῖς δὲ ἠτιμάσατε	1	But you have	James is speaking to his whole audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+JAS	2	6	vr53		ἠτιμάσατε τὸν πτωχόν	1	have dishonored the poor	“you have shamed poor people”
+JAS	2	6	l2lu	figs-rquestion	οὐχ οἱ πλούσιοι καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν	1	Is it not the rich who oppress you?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. Alternate translation: “It is rich people who oppress you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+JAS	2	6	eeg5	figs-nominaladj	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	the rich	This refers to rich people in general. Alternate translation: “rich people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+JAS	2	6	z73x		καταδυναστεύουσιν ὑμῶν	1	who oppress you	“who treat you badly”
+JAS	2	6	s9k1	figs-rquestion	αὐτοὶ ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	Are they not the ones…to court?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “The rich people are the ones…to court.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	6	h8jn	figs-explicit	ἕλκουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς κριτήρια	1	drag you to court	“forcibly take you to court to accuse you in front of judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	2	7	las1	figs-rquestion	οὐκ αὐτοὶ βλασφημοῦσιν τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς	1	Do they not insult…have been called?	Here James uses a rhetorical question to correct and teach his readers. It can be made a statement. Alternate translation: “The rich people insult…have been called.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	7	wd8y	figs-metonymy	τὸ καλὸν ὄνομα τὸ ἐπικληθὲν ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς	1	the good name by which you have been called	This refers to Christ’s name. Alternate translation: “the name of Christ who called you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	2	8	fe1i	figs-you	τελεῖτε	1	you fulfill	The word “you” refers to the Jewish believers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+JAS	2	8	q9hh		νόμον τελεῖτε βασιλικὸν	1	fulfill the royal law	“obey God’s law.” The law is “royal” becuase God, the true king, is the one who gave it to people.
+JAS	2	8	ymf5		ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς σεαυτόν	1	You shall love your neighbor as yourself	James is quoting from the book of Leviticus.
+JAS	2	8	gll2		τὸν πλησίον σου	1	your neighbor	“all people” or “everyone”
+JAS	2	8	b9wu		καλῶς ποιεῖτε	1	you do well	“you are doing well” or “you are doing what is right”
+JAS	2	9	xt6y		εἰ…προσωπολημπτεῖτε	1	if you favor	“give special treatment to” or “give honor to”
+JAS	2	9	cq5h		ἁμαρτίαν ἐργάζεσθε	1	committing sin	“sinning.” That is, breaking the law.
+JAS	2	9	gl2e	figs-personification	ἐλεγχόμενοι ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου ὡς παραβάται	1	convicted by the law as lawbreakers	Here the law is spoken of as if it were a human judge. Alternate translation: “guilty of breaking God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	2	10	l29g		ὅστις γὰρ…τηρήσῃ	1	For whoever obeys	“For anyone who obeys”
+JAS	2	10	jb5u	figs-metaphor	πταίσῃ δὲ ἐν ἑνί, γέγονεν πάντων ἔνοχος	1	except that he stumbles…the whole law	Stumbling is falling down while one is trying to walk. Disobeying one point of the law is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	10	m8ep		ἐν ἑνί	1	in just a single way	because of disobedience to just one requirement of the law
+JAS	2	11	ez11		ὁ γὰρ εἰπών	1	For the one who said	This refers to God, who gave the law to Moses.
+JAS	2	11	q19i		μὴ μοιχεύσῃς	1	Do not commit	To “commit” is to do an action.
+JAS	2	11	c8jm	figs-you	εἰ…οὐ μοιχεύεις, φονεύεις δέ, γέγονας	1	If you…but if you…you have	Here “you” means “each one of you.” Although James was writing to many Jewish believers, in this case, he used the singular form as if he was writing to each person individually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+JAS	2	12	c6y8		οὕτως λαλεῖτε, καὶ οὕτως ποιεῖτε	1	So speak and act	“So you must speak and obey.” James commanded the people to do this.
+JAS	2	12	yp6i	figs-activepassive	διὰ νόμου ἐλευθερίας μέλλοντες κρίνεσθαι	1	who will be judged by means of the law of freedom	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who know that God will judge them by means of the law of freedom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	2	12	ik76		διὰ νόμου	1	by means of the law	This passage implies that it is God who will judge according to his law.
+JAS	2	12	e87r		νόμου ἐλευθερίας	1	the law of freedom	“the law that gives true freedom”
+JAS	2	13	yv6l	figs-personification	κατακαυχᾶται ἔλεος κρίσεως	1	Mercy triumphs over	“Mercy is better than” or “Mercy defeats.” Here mercy and justice are spoken of as if they were persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	2	14	h384			0	Connecting Statement:	James encourages the scattered believers to show their faith before others, just as Abraham showed others his faith by his works.
+JAS	2	14	k4e4	figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος, ἀδελφοί μου, ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ	1	What good is it, my brothers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works?	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: “It is no good at all, fellow believers, if someone says he has faith, but he has no works.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	14	c234	figs-abstractnouns	ἐὰν πίστιν λέγῃ τις, ἔχειν ἔργα, δὲ μὴ ἔχῃ	1	if someone says he has faith, but he has no works	The can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “if someone says he believes in God but he does not do what God commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	2	14	z9q8	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται ἡ πίστις σῶσαι αὐτόν?	1	Can that faith save him?	James is using a rhetorical question to teach his audience. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “faith.” Alternate translation: “That faith cannot save him.” or “If a person does not do what God commands, then just saying he believes in God will not save him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	2	14	g8kr		σῶσαι αὐτόν	1	save him	“spare him from God’s judgment”
+JAS	2	15	f6el		ἀδελφὸς ἢ ἀδελφὴ	1	brother or sister	a fellow believer in Christ, whether male or female
+JAS	2	16	lj89	figs-metonymy	θερμαίνεσθε	1	stay warm	This means either “have enough clothes to wear” or “have a place to sleep.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	2	16	ngj8	figs-explicit	χορτάζεσθε	1	be filled	The thing that fills them is food. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “be filled with food” or “have enough to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	2	16	n5jh	figs-metonymy	τοῦ σώματος	1	for the body	to eat, to wear, and to live comfortably (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	2	16	yi63	figs-rquestion	τί τὸ ὄφελος?	1	what good is that?	James uses a rhetorical question to teach his audience. Alternate translation: “that is not good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	17	me1d	figs-metaphor	ἡ πίστις, ἐὰν μὴ ἔχῃ ἔργα, νεκρά ἐστιν καθ’ ἑαυτήν	1	faith by itself, if it does not have works, is dead	James speaks of faith as if it were alive if one does good works, and of faith as if it were dead if one does not do good deeds. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “a person who says he believes God, but does not do what God commands, does not really believe God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	2	18	al63	figs-hypo	ἀλλ’ ἐρεῖ τις	1	Yet someone may say	James describes a hypothetical situation where someone objects to his teaching. James seeks to correct his audience’s understanding of faith and works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
+JAS	2	18	ii8d	figs-abstractnouns	σὺ πίστιν ἔχεις, κἀγὼ ἔργα ἔχω; δεῖξόν μοι τὴν πίστιν σου χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων, κἀγώ σοι δείξω ἐκ τῶν ἔργων μου τὴν πίστιν.	1	“You have faith, and I have works.” Show me your faith without works, and I will show you my faith by my works	James is describing how someone may argue against his teaching and how he would respond. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “‘It is acceptable that you believe God and that I do what God commands.’ Prove to me that you can believe God and not do what he commands, and I will prove to you that I believe God by doing what he commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	2	19	fv39		τὰ δαιμόνια πιστεύουσιν καὶ φρίσσουσιν	1	the demons believe that, and they tremble	“the demons also believe, but they shake with fear.” James contrasts the demons with those who claim to believe and not do good deeds. James states that the demons are wiser because they fear God while the others do not.
+JAS	2	20	ax95	figs-rquestion	θέλεις δὲ γνῶναι, ὦ ἄνθρωπε κενέ, ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν?	1	Do you want to know, foolish man, that faith without works is useless?	James uses this question to introduce the next part of his teaching. Alternate translation: “Listen to me, foolish man, and I will show that faith without works is useless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	20	sd63	figs-abstractnouns	ὅτι ἡ πίστις χωρὶς τῶν ἔργων ἀργή ἐστιν	1	that faith without works is useless	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “faith” and “works.” Alternate translation: “that if you do not do what God commands, then it is useless for you to say that you believe in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	2	21	ysr8			0	General Information:	Since these are Jewish believers, they know the story of Abraham, about whom God had told them long ago in his word.
+JAS	2	21	q8iv	figs-rquestion	Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατὴρ ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ἀνενέγκας Ἰσαὰκ τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὸ θυσιαστήριον?	1	Was not Abraham our father justified…on the altar?	This rhetorical question is used to rebut the foolish man’s arguments from [James 2:18](../02/18.md), who refuses to believe that faith and works go together. Alternate translation: “Abraham our father was certainly justified…on the altar.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	2	21	v3ft	figs-metaphor	ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	justified by works	James speaks of works as if they were objects that one can own. Alternate translation: “justified by doing good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	21	ph1s		ὁ πατὴρ	1	father	Here “father” is used in the sense of “ancestor.”
+JAS	2	22	t832		βλέπεις	1	You see	The word “you” is singular, referring to the hypothetical man. James is addressing his whole audience as if they were one person.
+JAS	2	22	l1gj	figs-metonymy	βλέπεις	1	You see	The word “see” is a metonym. Alternate translation: “You understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	2	22	vde4		ἡ πίστις συνήργει τοῖς ἔργοις αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἔργων ἡ πίστις ἐτελειώθη	1	faith worked with his works, and that by works his faith was fully developed	James speaks as if “faith” and “works” are things that can work together and help each other. Alternate translation: “because Abraham believed God, he did what God commanded. And because Abraham did what God commanded, he believed God completely”
+JAS	2	22	bd9d		βλέπεις	1	You see	James again addresses his audience directly by using the plural form of “you.”
+JAS	2	23	qh4i	figs-activepassive	ἐπληρώθη ἡ Γραφὴ	1	The scripture was fulfilled	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This fulfilled the scripture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	2	23	l818	figs-metaphor	ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην	1	it was counted to him as righteousness	“God regarded his faith as righteousness.” Abraham’s faith and righteousness were treated as if they were able to be counted as having value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	24	yha5	figs-activepassive	ἐξ ἔργων δικαιοῦται ἄνθρωπος, καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον	1	it is by works that a man is justified, and not only by faith	“actions and faith are what justify a person, and not only faith.” James speaks of works as if they were objects to obtain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	25	hir8		ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	In the same way also…justified by works	James says that what was true of Abraham was also true of Rahab. Both were justified by works.
+JAS	2	25	dcv5	figs-rquestion	Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη οὐκ ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη, ὑποδεξαμένη τοὺς ἀγγέλους, καὶ ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	was not Rahab the prostitute justified by works…another road?	James is using this rhetorical question to instruct his audience. Alternate translation: “it was what Rahab the prostitute did that justified her…another road.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	2	25	pn2f		Ῥαὰβ ἡ πόρνη	1	Rahab the prostitute	James expected his audience to know the Old Testament story about the woman Rahab.
+JAS	2	25	bx6i	figs-metaphor	ἐξ ἔργων ἐδικαιώθη	1	justified by works	James speaks of works as something to possess. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	2	25	af9u		ἀγγέλους	1	messengers	people who bring news from another place
+JAS	2	25	xm5m		ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ἐκβαλοῦσα	1	sent them away by another road	“then helped them escape and leave the city”
+JAS	2	26	uum8	figs-metaphor	ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος νεκρόν ἐστιν, οὕτως καὶ ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων νεκρά ἐστιν	1	For as the body apart from the spirit is dead, even so faith apart from works is dead	James is speaking of faith without works as if it were a dead body without the spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	intro	py3p			0		# James 03 General Notes<br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphors<br><br>James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br>
+JAS	3	1	p4uu	figs-genericnoun	μὴ πολλοὶ	1	Not many of you	James is making a generalized statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
+JAS	3	1	c36b		ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	“my fellow believers”
+JAS	3	1	aw5f	figs-explicit	μεῖζον κρίμα λημψόμεθα.	1	we who teach will be judged more strictly	This passage speaks of stricter judgment that will come from God on those who teach others about him. Alternate translation: “God will judge us who teach more severely because we know his word better than some people whom we have taught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	3	1	v7fa	figs-exclusive		1	we who teach	James includes himself and other teachers, but not the readers, so the word “we” is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
+JAS	3	2	ab9h	figs-inclusive	πταίομεν ἅπαντες	1	we all stumble	James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word “we” is inclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-inclusive]])
+JAS	3	2	p9ek	figs-metaphor	πταίομεν	1	stumble	Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: “fail” or “sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	2	t6xt		ἐν λόγῳ οὐ πταίει	1	does not stumble in words	“does not sin by saying wrong things”
+JAS	3	2	kn4v		οὗτος τέλειος ἀνήρ	1	he is a perfect man	“he is spiritually mature”
+JAS	3	2	b16h	figs-synecdoche	χαλιναγωγῆσαι καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	control even his whole body	James is referring to one’s heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: “control his behavior” or “control his actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+JAS	3	3	z2ez			0	General Information:	James is developing an argument that small things can control big things.
+JAS	3	3	zql3		εἰ δὲ τῶν ἵππων τοὺς χαλινοὺς εἰς τὰ στόματα βάλλομεν	1	Now if we put bits into horses’ mouths	James speaks about horses’ bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse’s mouth to control where it goes.
+JAS	3	3	s1nf		εἰ δὲ	1	Now if	“If” or “When”
+JAS	3	3	u92q		τῶν ἵππων	1	horses	A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people.
+JAS	3	4	yn42		ἰδοὺ, καὶ τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα, καὶ ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα, μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου	1	Notice also that ships…are steered by a very small rudder	A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word “rudder” could also be translated as “tool.”
+JAS	3	4	k7f5	figs-activepassive	ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ἐλαυνόμενα	1	are driven by strong winds,	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “strong winds push them, they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	3	4	jrk1		μετάγεται ὑπὸ ἐλαχίστου πηδαλίου, ὅπου ἡ ὁρμὴ τοῦ εὐθύνοντος βούλεται	1	are steered by a very small rudder to wherever the pilot desires	“have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes”
+JAS	3	5	wt6i		οὕτως καὶ	1	Likewise	This word signals the analogy of the tongue to the horses’ bits and the ships’ rudders mentioned in the previous verses. Alternate translation: “In the same way”
+JAS	3	5	qx1k		μεγάλα αὐχεῖ	1	boasts great things	Here “things” is a general word for everything about which these people are proud.
+JAS	3	5	ub5h		ἰδοὺ	1	Notice also	“Think about”
+JAS	3	5	fr8x		ἡλίκον πῦρ, ἡλίκην ὕλην ἀνάπτει	1	how small a fire sets on fire a large forest	In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: “how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees”
+JAS	3	6	wm5q	figs-metonymy	καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα πῦρ	1	The tongue is also a fire	The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: “The tongue is like a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	6	i61e	figs-metaphor	ὁ κόσμος τῆς ἀδικίας…καθίσταται ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ἡμῶν	1	a world of sinfulness set among our body parts	The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	6	sv44	figs-metaphor	ἡ σπιλοῦσα ὅλον τὸ σῶμα	1	It stains the whole body	Sinful speaking is spoken of metaphorically as if it stained one’s body. And becoming unacceptable to God is spoken of as if it were dirt on the body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	6	lf1j	figs-metaphor	φλογίζουσα τὸν τροχὸν τῆς γενέσεως	1	sets on fire the course of life	The phrase “course of life” refers to a person’s entire life. Alternate translation: “it ruins a person’s entire life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	6	a7qd	figs-activepassive	γενέσεως, καὶ φλογιζομένη ὑπὸ τῆς Γεέννης	1	life. It is itself set on fire by hell	The word “itself” refers to the tongue. Also, here “hell” refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “life because the devil uses it for evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	7	ug59	figs-activepassive	πᾶσα γὰρ φύσις θηρίων τε καὶ πετεινῶν, ἑρπετῶν τε καὶ ἐναλίων, δαμάζεται καὶ δεδάμασται τῇ φύσει τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ	1	For every kind of…mankind	The phrase “every kind” is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	3	7	b8c9	translate-unknown	ἑρπετῶν	1	reptile	This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
+JAS	3	7	zw5m		ἐναλίων	1	sea creature	an animal that lives in the sea
+JAS	3	8	q9xe	figs-metaphor	τὴν δὲ γλῶσσαν οὐδεὶς δαμάσαι δύναται ἀνθρώπων	1	But no human being can tame the tongue	James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here “tongue” represents a person’s desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	3	8	m7vi	figs-metaphor	ἀκατάστατον κακόν	1	It is a restless evil, full of deadly poison	James speaks of the harm that people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: “It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison” or “It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	9	le6h		ἐν αὐτῇ εὐλογοῦμεν	1	With it we	“We use the tongue to say words that”
+JAS	3	9	ucm9		καταρώμεθα τοὺς ἀνθρώπους	1	we curse men	“we ask God to harm men”
+JAS	3	9	umg1	figs-activepassive	τοὺς καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν Θεοῦ γεγονότας	1	who have been made in God’s likeness	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom God made in his likeness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	3	10	a1ly	figs-abstractnouns	ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος ἐξέρχεται εὐλογία καὶ κατάρα	1	Out of the same mouth come blessing and cursing	The nouns “blessing” and “cursing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	10	qrs2		ἀδελφοί μου	1	My brothers	“Fellow Christians”
+JAS	3	10	n9zy		οὐ χρή,…ταῦτα οὕτως γίνεσθαι	1	these things should not happen	“these things are wrong”
+JAS	3	11	m18q			0	Connecting Statement:	After James stresses that the words of believers should not both bless and curse, he gives examples from nature to teach his readers that people who honor God by worshiping him should also live in right ways.
+JAS	3	11	mz8d	figs-rquestion	μήτι ἡ πηγὴ ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ὀπῆς βρύει τὸ γλυκὺ καὶ τὸ πικρόν	1	Does a spring pour out from its opening both sweet and bitter water?	James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a sentence. Alternate translation: “You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	3	12	z3qg	figs-rquestion	μὴ δύναται, ἀδελφοί μου, συκῆ ἐλαίας ποιῆσαι	1	Does a fig tree, my brothers, make olives?	James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: “Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	3	12	jjj8		ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	“my fellow believers”
+JAS	3	12	bu4l	figs-ellipsis	ἢ ἄμπελος σῦκα?	1	Or a grapevine, figs?	The word “make” is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: “Or does a grapevine make figs?” or “And a grapevine cannot grow figs.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
+JAS	3	13	fgb7	figs-rquestion	τίς σοφὸς καὶ ἐπιστήμων ἐν ὑμῖν?	1	Who is wise and understanding among you?	James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words “wise” and “understanding” are similar. Alternate translation: “I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+JAS	3	13	f9xv	figs-abstractnouns	δειξάτω ἐκ τῆς καλῆς ἀναστροφῆς τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ ἐν πραΰτητι σοφίας.	1	Let that person show a good life by his works in the humility of wisdom	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “humility” and “wisdom.” Alternate translation: “That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	14	js7b	figs-metonymy	εἰ…ζῆλον πικρὸν ἔχετε, καὶ ἐριθείαν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμῶν	1	if you have bitter jealousy and ambition in your heart	Here “heart” is a metonym for a person’s emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “jealousy” and “ambition.” Alternate translation: “if you are jealous and selfish” or “if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	14	a191	figs-abstractnouns	μὴ κατακαυχᾶσθε καὶ ψεύδεσθε κατὰ τῆς ἀληθείας.	1	do not boast and lie against the truth	The abstract noun “truth” can be stated as “true.” Alternate translation: “do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	15	clz6	figs-metonymy	οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη	1	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above	Here “This” refers to the “bitter jealousy and strife” described in the previous verses. The phrase “from above” is a metonym that represents “heaven” which represents God himself. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	3	15	g44u	figs-abstractnouns	οὐκ ἔστιν αὕτη ἡ σοφία ἄνωθεν κατερχομένη, ἀλλὰ ἐπίγειος, ψυχική, δαιμονιώδης.	1	This is not the wisdom that comes down from above. Instead, it is earthly, unspiritual, demonic	The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” - Alternate translation: “Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	15	h36b	figs-metonymy	ἐπίγειος	1	earthly	The word “earthly” refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: “not honoring to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	3	15	a2u6		ψυχική	1	unspiritual	“not from the Holy Spirit” or “not spiritual”
+JAS	3	15	mzc9		δαιμονιώδης	1	demonic	“from demons”
+JAS	3	16	x5jz	figs-abstractnouns	ὅπου γὰρ ζῆλος καὶ ἐριθεία, ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία καὶ πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα.	1	For where there are jealousy and ambition, there is confusion and every evil practice	This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “jealousy,” “ambition,” and “confusion.” Alternate translation: “For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	16	dvd7		ἐκεῖ ἀκαταστασία	1	there is confusion	“there is disorder” or “there is chaos”
+JAS	3	16	vmt4		πᾶν φαῦλον πρᾶγμα	1	every evil practice	“every kind of sinful behavior” or “every kind of wicked deed”
+JAS	3	17	s8w4	figs-abstractnouns	ἡ δὲ ἄνωθεν σοφία, πρῶτον μὲν ἁγνή ἐστιν	1	But the wisdom from above is first pure	Here “from above” is metonym that represents “heaven” which represents God himself. The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	3	17	hhk5		πρῶτον μὲν ἁγνή ἐστιν	1	is first pure	“is first holy”
+JAS	3	17	hfh9	figs-metaphor	μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν	1	full of mercy and good fruits	Here “good fruits” refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: “full of mercy and good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	17	by2l		ἀνυπόκριτος	1	and sincere	“and honest” or “and truthful”
+JAS	3	18	md56	figs-metaphor	καρπὸς…δικαιοσύνης ἐν εἰρήνῃ σπείρεται, τοῖς ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace among those who make peace	People making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: “The result of making peace is righteousness” or “Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	3	18	htr1	figs-abstractnouns	ποιοῦσιν εἰρήνην	1	make peace	The abstract noun “peace” can be stated as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “cause people to live peacefully” or “help people not to be angry with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	4	intro	r6vv			0		# James 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Adultery<br><br>Writers in the Bible often speak of adultery as a metaphor for people who say they love God but do things that God hates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])<br><br>### Law<br><br>James probably uses this word in [James 4:11](../../jas/04/11.md) to refer to “the royal law” ([James 2:8](../../jas/02/08.md)).<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br><br>James asks many questions because he wants his readers to think about how they are living. He wants to correct and teach them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Humble<br><br>This word probably usually refers to people who are not proud. James uses the word here to refer to people who are not proud and who also trust in Jesus and obey him.<br>
+JAS	4	1	q3pd			0	General Information:	In this section, the words “yourselves,” “your,” and “you” are plural and refer to the believers to whom James writes.
+JAS	4	1	k21j			0	Connecting Statement:	James rebukes these believers for their worldliness and their lack of humility. He again urges them to watch how they speak to and about each other.
+JAS	4	1	ub82	figs-doublet	πόθεν πόλεμοι καὶ πόθεν μάχαι ἐν ὑμῖν?	1	Where do quarrels and disputes among you come from?	The abstract nouns “quarrels” and “disputes” mean basically the same thing and can be translated with verbs. Alternate translation: “Why do you quarrel and dispute among yourselves?” or “Why do you fight among yourselves?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	4	1	pqx2	figs-rquestion	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν?	1	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members?	James uses this question to rebuke his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “They come from your evil desires for things, desires that fight among your members.” or “They come from your desires for evil things, desires that fight among your members.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	4	1	vpe2	figs-personification	οὐκ ἐντεῦθεν ἐκ τῶν ἡδονῶν ὑμῶν, τῶν στρατευομένων ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν?	1	Do they not come from your desires that fight among your members?	James speaks of desires as they were enemies who waged war against the believers. In reality, of course, it is the people who have these desires who fight among themselves. Alternate translation: “They come from your desires for evil things, by which you end up harming each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	4	1	v5kg		ἐν τοῖς μέλεσιν ὑμῶν	1	among your members	Possible meanings are (1) there is fighting among the local believers, or (2) the fighting, that is, the conflict, is inside each believer.
+JAS	4	2	khh9	figs-hyperbole	φονεύετε καὶ ζηλοῦτε, καὶ οὐ δύνασθε ἐπιτυχεῖν	1	You kill and covet, and you are not able to obtain	The phrase “You kill” expresses how badly the people behave in order to get what they want. It can be translated as “You do all kinds of evil things to get what you cannot have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
+JAS	4	2	v9m8	figs-doublet	μάχεσθε καὶ πολεμεῖτε	1	You fight and quarrel	The words “fight” and “quarrel” mean basically the same thing. James uses them to emphasize how much the people argue among themselves. Alternate translation: “You constantly fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
+JAS	4	3	nk57		κακῶς αἰτεῖσθε	1	you ask badly	Possible meanings are (1) “you ask with wrong motives” or “you ask with bad attitudes” or (2) “you are asking for wrong things” or “you are asking for bad things”
+JAS	4	4	efi8	figs-metaphor	μοιχαλίδες!	1	You adulteresses!	James speaks of believers as being like wives who sleep with men other than their husbands. Alternate translation: “You are not being faithful to God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	4	wu5v	figs-rquestion	οὐκ οἴδατε ὅτι ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν?	1	Do you not know…God?	James uses this question to teach his audience. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know…God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	4	4	b5ly	figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου	1	friendship with the world	This phrase refers to identifying with or participating in the world’s value system and behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	4	4	br36	figs-personification	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου	1	friendship with the world	Here the world’s value system is spoken of as if it were a person that others could be friends with. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	4	4	jf1g	figs-metonymy	ἡ φιλία τοῦ κόσμου, ἔχθρα τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐστιν	1	friendship with the world is hostility against God	One who is friends with the world is an enemy of God. Here “friendship with the world” stands for being friends with the world, and “hostility against God” stands for being hostile against God. Alternate translation: “friends of the world are enemies of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	4	5	i2y4		ἢ δοκεῖτε…κενῶς ἡ Γραφὴ λέγει	1	Or do you think the scripture says in vain	This is a rhetorical question James uses to exhort his audience. To speak in vain is to speak uselessly. Alternate translation: “There is a reason that scripture says”
+JAS	4	5	bx68		τὸ Πνεῦμα ὃ κατῴκισεν ἐν ἡμῖν	1	The Spirit he caused to live in us	Some versions, including the ULT and UST, understand this as a reference to the Holy Spirit. Other versions translate this as “the spirit” and mean by it the human spirit that each person has been created to have. We suggest that you use the meaning that is presented in other translations used by your readers.
+JAS	4	6	ub8z	figs-explicit	μείζονα δὲ δίδωσιν χάριν	1	But God gives more grace	How this phrase relates to the previous verse can be made explicit: “But, even though our spirits may desire what we cannot have, God gives us even more grace, if we will humble ourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	4	6	hyh2		διὸ λέγει	1	so the scripture	“Because God gives more grace, the scripture”
+JAS	4	6	qs61	figs-nominaladj	ὑπερηφάνοις	1	the proud	This refers to proud people in general. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+JAS	4	6	uu3r	figs-nominaladj	ταπεινοῖς	1	the humble	This refers to humble people in general. Alternate translation: “humble people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
+JAS	4	7	da5t		ὑποτάγητε οὖν	1	So submit	“Because God gives grace to the humble, submit”
+JAS	4	7	g7e5		ὑποτάγητε…τῷ Θεῷ	1	submit to God	“obey God”
+JAS	4	7	nud3		ἀντίστητε…τῷ διαβόλῳ	1	Resist the devil	“Oppose the devil” or “Do not do what the devil wants”
+JAS	4	7	w9ue		φεύξεται	1	he will flee	“he will run away”
+JAS	4	7	b5yz	figs-you	ὑμῶν	1	you	Here this pronoun is plural and refers to James’ audience. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+JAS	4	8	vd6z	figs-you		0	General Information:	The word “you” here is plural and refers to the scattered believers to whom James writes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
+JAS	4	8	g62m	figs-metaphor	ἐγγίσατε τῷ Θεῷ	1	Come close to God	Here the idea of coming close stands for becoming honest and open with God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	8	yh1k	figs-parallelism	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας, ἁμαρτωλοί, καὶ ἁγνίσατε καρδίας, δίψυχοι.	1	Cleanse your hands, you sinners, and purify your hearts, you double-minded	These are two phrases in parallel with each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
+JAS	4	8	elh1	figs-metonymy	καθαρίσατε χεῖρας	1	Cleanse your hands	This expression is a command for people to do righteous acts instead of unrighteous acts. Alternate translation: “Behave in a way that honors God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	4	8	mw54	figs-metonymy	ἁγνίσατε καρδίας	1	purify your hearts	Here “hearts” refers to a person’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “make your thoughts and intentions right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	4	8	iw61	figs-metaphor	δίψυχοι	1	double-minded	The word “double-minded” refers to a person who cannot make a firm decision about something. Alternate translation: “double-minded people” or “people who cannot decide if you want to obey God or not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	9	kdn8	figs-doublet	ταλαιπωρήσατε, καὶ πενθήσατε, καὶ κλαύσατε	1	Grieve, mourn, and cry	These three words have similar meanings. James uses them together to emphasize that the people should be truly sorry for not obeying God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
+JAS	4	9	rf6g	figs-parallelism	ὁ γέλως ὑμῶν εἰς πένθος μετατραπήτω, καὶ ἡ χαρὰ εἰς κατήφειαν.	1	Let your laughter turn into sadness and your joy into gloom	This is saying the same thing in different ways for emphasis. The abstract nouns “laughter,” “sadness,” “joy,” and “gloom” can be translated as verbs or adjectives. Alternate translation: “Stop laughing and be sad. Stop being joyful and be gloomy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	4	10	an8i	figs-metaphor	ταπεινώθητε ἐνώπιον Κυρίου	1	Humble yourselves before the Lord	“Be humble toward God.” Actions done with God in mind are often spoken of as being done in his physical presence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	10	tn5w	figs-metaphor	ὑψώσει ὑμᾶς	1	he will lift you up	James indicates that God will honor the humble person by saying God will pick that person up off the ground physically from where that person had prostrated himself in humility. Alternate translation: “he will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	11	sy54			0	General Information:	The words “you” and “your” in this section refer to the believers to whom James writes.
+JAS	4	11	r3hc		καταλαλεῖτε	1	speak against	“speak badly about” or “oppose”
+JAS	4	11	uyi9	figs-metonymy	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	James speaks of the believers as if they are biological brothers. The term here includes women as well as men. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+JAS	4	11	jlx4		ἀλλὰ κριτής	1	but a judge	“but you are acting like the person who gives the law”
+JAS	4	12	e9da		εἷς ἐστιν νομοθέτης καὶ κριτής	1	Only one is the lawgiver and judge	This refers to God. “God is the only one who gives laws and judges people”
+JAS	4	12	m49q	figs-rquestion	σὺ δὲ τίς εἶ, ὁ κρίνων τὸν πλησίον?	1	Who are you, you who judge your neighbor?	This is a rhetorical question James uses to scold his audience. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are just a human and cannot judge another human.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	4	13	iz9h	figs-idiom	ποιήσομεν ἐκεῖ ἐνιαυτὸν	1	spend a year there	James speaks of spending time as if it were money. “stay there for a year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
+JAS	4	14	b7ir	figs-rquestion	οἵτινες οὐκ ἐπίστασθε τὸ τῆς αὔριον, ποία ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν?	1	Who knows what will happen tomorrow, and what is your life?	James uses these questions to correct his audience and to teach these believers that physical life is not that important. They can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “No one knows what will happen tomorrow, and your life does not last very long!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	4	14	a9v2	figs-metaphor	ἀτμὶς γάρ ἐστε, ἡ πρὸς ὀλίγον φαινομένη, ἔπειτα καὶ ἀφανιζομένη.	1	For you are a mist that appears for a little while and then disappears	James speaks of people as if they were a mist that appears and then quickly goes away. Alternate translation: “You live for only a short amount of time, and then you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	4	15	gj65		ἀντὶ τοῦ λέγειν ὑμᾶς	1	Instead, you should say	“Instead, your attitude should be”
+JAS	4	15	e1il		ζήσομεν καὶ ποιήσομεν, τοῦτο ἢ ἐκεῖνο	1	we will live and do this or that	“we will live long enough to do what we have planned to do.” The word “we” does not directly refer to James or his audience but is part of the example of how James’ audience should consider the future.
+JAS	4	17	q84z		εἰδότι οὖν καλὸν ποιεῖν, καὶ μὴ ποιοῦντι, ἁμαρτία αὐτῷ ἐστιν.	1	for anyone who knows to do good but does not do it, for him it is sin	Anyone who fails to do the good he knows he should do is guilty of sin.
+JAS	5	intro	ud8q			0		# James 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Eternity<br>This chapter contrasts living for things of this world, which will not last, with living for things that will last for eternity. It is also important to live with the expectation that Jesus will return soon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>### Oaths<br>Scholars are divided over whether this passage teaches all oaths are wrong. Most scholars believe some oaths are permissible and James instead is teaching Christians to have integrity.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Elijah<br>This story will be difficult to understand if the books of 1 and 2 Kings and 1 and 2 Chronicles have not yet been translated.<br><br>### “Save his soul from death”<br>This probably teaches that the person who stops their sinful lifestyle will not be punished with physical death as a consequence of their sin. On the other hand, some scholars believe this passage teaches about eternal salvation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/death]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br>
+JAS	5	1	phs3			0	Connecting Statement:	James warns rich people about their focus on pleasure and riches.
+JAS	5	1	gel9	figs-explicit	οἱ πλούσιοι	1	you who are rich	Possible meanings are (1) James is giving a strong warning to wealthy believers or (2) James is talking about wealthy unbelievers. Alternate translation: “you who are rich and say you honor God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
+JAS	5	1	l3wd	figs-abstractnouns	ἐπὶ ταῖς ταλαιπωρίαις ὑμῶν ταῖς ἐπερχομέναις	1	because of the miseries coming on you	James states that these people will suffer terribly in the future and writes as if their sufferings were objects that were coming toward them. The abstract noun “miseries” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you will suffer terribly in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
+JAS	5	2	gq45	figs-pastforfuture	ὁ πλοῦτος ὑμῶν σέσηπεν, καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν σητόβρωτα γέγονεν.	1	Your riches have rotted, and your clothes have become moth-eaten.	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: “Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
+JAS	5	2	v241		ὁ πλοῦτος…τὰ ἱμάτια	1	riches…clothes	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
+JAS	5	3	am1u	figs-pastforfuture	ὁ χρυσὸς ὑμῶν καὶ ὁ ἄργυρος κατίωται,	1	Your gold and your silver have become tarnished	Earthly riches do not last nor do they have any eternal value. James speaks of these events as if they had already happened. Alternate translation: “Your riches will rot, and your clothes will be eaten by moths. Your gold and silver will become tarnished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]])
+JAS	5	3	wj9v		χρυσὸς…ἄργυρος	1	gold…silver	These things are mentioned as examples of things that are valuable to wealthy people.
+JAS	5	3	q4pm		κατίωται,…ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν	1	have become tarnished…their rust	These phrases are used here to describe how gold and silver are ruined. Alternate translation: “are ruined…their ruined condition” or “are corroded…their corrosion”
+JAS	5	3	e55t	figs-personification	ὁ ἰὸς αὐτῶν εἰς μαρτύριον ὑμῖν ἔσται	1	their rust will be a witness against you. It	James wrote of their valuable things being ruined as if they were a person in a courtroom accusing the wicked of their crimes. Alternate translation: “and when God judges you, your ruined treasures will be like someone who accuses you in court. Their corrosion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] )
+JAS	5	3	i37x	figs-simile	φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ.	1	will consume…like fire	Here the corrosion is spoken of as if it were a fire that will burn up their owners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	3	w3aj	figs-metonymy	τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν	1	your flesh	Here “flesh” stands for the physical body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	3	j6fe	figs-metaphor	πῦρ	1	fire	The idea of fire here is meant to lead people to remember that fire often stands for God’s punishment that will come on all the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	3	np1u	figs-metonymy	ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις	1	for the last days	This refers to the time right before God comes to judge all people. The wicked think they are storing up riches for the future, but what they are doing is storing up judgment. Alternate translation: “for when God is about to judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	4	gcj5			0	Connecting Statement:	James continues to warn rich people about thier focus on pleasure and riches.
+JAS	5	4	e9iy	figs-personification	ὁ μισθὸς τῶν ἐργατῶν, τῶν ἀμησάντων τὰς χώρας ὑμῶν, ὁ ἀφυστερημένος ἀφ’ ὑμῶν, κράζει,	1	the pay of the laborers is crying out—the pay that you have withheld from those who harvested your fields	The money that should have been paid is spoken of as a person who is shouting because of the injustice done to him. Alternate translation: “the fact that you did not pay those you hired to work in your fields shows that you have done wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
+JAS	5	4	n21a	figs-metaphor	αἱ βοαὶ τῶν θερισάντων, εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ εἰσελήλυθαν.	1	the cries of the harvesters have gone into the ears of the Lord of hosts	The shouts of the harvesters are spoken of as if they could be heard in heaven. Alternate translation: “the Lord of hosts has heard the cries of the harvesters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	4	h9y8	figs-metaphor	εἰς τὰ ὦτα Κυρίου Σαβαὼθ	1	into the ears of the Lord of hosts	God is spoken of as if he had ears as humans have. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	5	xt8h	figs-metaphor	ἐθρέψατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σφαγῆς.	1	You have fattened your hearts for a day of slaughter	Here people are viewed as if they were cattle, luxuriously fed on grain so they would become fattened to be slaughtered for a feast. However, no one will feast at the time of judgment. Alternate translation: “Your greed has only prepared you for harsh eternal judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	5	pr31	figs-metonymy	τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	your hearts	The “heart” was considered to be the center of human desire, and here stands for the entire person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	6	u5c5		κατεδικάσατε, ἐφονεύσατε τὸν δίκαιον,	1	You have condemned…the righteous person	This is probably not “condemned” in the legal sense of a judge passing a sentence of death on a criminal. Instead, it probably refers to the wicked and powerful people who decide to mistreat the poor until they die.
+JAS	5	6	lq6p	figs-genericnoun	τὸν δίκαιον, οὐκ ἀντιτάσσεται	1	the righteous person. He does not	“the people who do what is right. They do not.” Here “the righteous person” refers to righteous people in general and not to a specific person. Alternate translation: “righteous people. They do not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
+JAS	5	6	z7w1		ἀντιτάσσεται ὑμῖν	1	resist you	“oppose you”
+JAS	5	7	n888			0	General Information:	In closing, James reminds the believers about the Lord’s coming and gives several short lessons on how to live for the Lord.
+JAS	5	7	xr6g			0	Connecting Statement:	James changes topics from a rebuke of the rich people to an exhortation to the believers.
+JAS	5	7	a4sv		μακροθυμήσατε οὖν	1	So be patient	“Because of this, wait and be calm”
+JAS	5	7	wgk4	figs-metonymy	ἕως τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Κυρίου.	1	until the Lord’s coming	This phrase refers to the return of Jesus, when he will begin his kingdom on the earth and judge all people. Alternate translation: “until Christ’s return” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	7	y4er	figs-metaphor	ὁ γεωργὸς	1	the farmer	James makes an analogy using farmers and believers to teach what it means to be patient. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	8	bbn1	figs-metonymy	στηρίξατε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν	1	Make your hearts strong	James is equating the believers’ hearts to their will to remain committed. Alternate translation: “Stay committed” or “Keep your faith strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	8	jw3b		ἡ παρουσία τοῦ Κυρίου ἤγγικεν.	1	the Lord’s coming is near	“the Lord will return soon”
+JAS	5	9	k74r		μὴ στενάζετε, ἀδελφοί, κατ’ ἀλλήλων, ἵνα μὴ κριθῆτε.	1	Do not complain, brothers…you	James is writing to all the scattered Jewish believers.
+JAS	5	9	w9xv		κατ’ ἀλλήλων	1	against one another	“about each other”
+JAS	5	9	z3p7	figs-activepassive	μὴ κριθῆτε	1	you will be not judged	This can be stated in the active. Alternate translation: “Christ will not judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	5	9	ita4		ἰδοὺ, ὁ κριτὴς	1	See, the judge	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: the judge”
+JAS	5	9	g938	figs-metaphor	ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν.	1	the judge is standing at the door	James compares Jesus, the judge, to a person about to walk through a door to emphasize how soon Jesus will return to judge the world. Alternate translation: “the judge is coming soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	10	sic1		τῆς κακοπαθίας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας, τοὺς προφήτας, οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου	1	the suffering and patience of the prophets, those who spoke in the name of the Lord	“how the prophets who spoke in the name of the Lord suffered persecution with patience”
+JAS	5	10	pvs3	figs-metonymy	οἳ ἐλάλησαν ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι Κυρίου.	1	spoke in the name of the Lord	“Name” here is a metonym for the person of the Lord. Alternate translation: “by the authority of the Lord” or “spoke for the Lord to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	11	xwr8		ἰδοὺ, μακαρίζομεν	1	See, we regard	“Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: we regard”
+JAS	5	11	s3nl		τοὺς ὑπομείναντας	1	those who endured	“those who continued obeying God even through hardship”
+JAS	5	12	fug7		πρὸ πάντων…ἀδελφοί μου,	1	Above all, my brothers,	“This is important, may brothers:” or “Especially, my brothers,”
+JAS	5	12	bjt3	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί μου	1	my brothers	This refers to all believers including women. Alternate translation: “my fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+JAS	5	12	s755		μὴ ὀμνύετε	1	do not swear	To “swear” is to say that you will do something, or that something is true, and to be held accountable by a higher authority. Alternate translation: “do not make an oath” or “do not make a vow”
+JAS	5	12	t1uq	figs-metonymy	μήτε τὸν οὐρανὸν, μήτε τὴν γῆν	1	either by heaven or by the earth	The words “heaven” and “earth” refer to the spiritual or human authorities that are in heaven and earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	12	m3ve		ἤτω…ὑμῶν τὸ ναὶ, ναὶ, καὶ τὸ οὒ, οὔ,	1	let your “Yes” mean “Yes” and your “No” mean “No,”	“do what you say you will do, or say that something is true, without making an oath”
+JAS	5	12	f6mx	figs-metaphor	ἵνα μὴ ὑπὸ κρίσιν πέσητε	1	so you do not fall under judgment	Being condemned is spoken of as if one had fallen, crushed by the weight of something heavy. Alternate translation: “so God will not punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	13	m3e6	figs-rquestion	κακοπαθεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσευχέσθω.	1	Is anyone among you suffering hardship? Let him pray	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is enduring troubles, he should pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	5	13	wdf7	figs-rquestion	εὐθυμεῖ τις? ψαλλέτω.	1	Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their blessings. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is happy, he should sing songs of praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	5	14	in34	figs-rquestion	ἀσθενεῖ τις ἐν ὑμῖν? προσκαλεσάσθω	1	Is anyone among you sick? Let him call	James uses this question to cause the readers to reflect on their need. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone is sick, he should call” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
+JAS	5	14	fik7	figs-metonymy	ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου	1	in the name of the Lord	“Name” is a metonym for the person of Jesus Christ. Alternate translation: “by the authority of the Lord” or “with the authority that the Lord has given hthem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	15	c8q6	figs-metonymy	ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα	1	The prayer of faith will heal the sick person	The writer speaks of God hearing believers pray for sick people and healing those people as if the prayers themselves healed the people. Alternate translation: “The Lord will hear the prayer of faith and will heal the sick person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	15	qiw4		ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως	1	The prayer of faith	“The prayer made by believers” or “The prayer that people pray believing God will do as they ask”
+JAS	5	15	ei3q		ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ Κύριος	1	the Lord will raise him up	“the Lord will make him well” or “the Lord will enable him to resume his normal life”
+JAS	5	16	t2iq			0	General Information:	As these were Jewish believers, James reminds them to pray by recalling one of the prophets of old and that prophet’s practical prayers.
+JAS	5	16	dl5k		ἐξομολογεῖσθε οὖν…τὰς ἁμαρτίας,	1	So confess your sins	Admit to other believers things you did wrong so that you can be forgiven.
+JAS	5	16	i8cm		ἀλλήλοις	1	to one another	“to each other”
+JAS	5	16	mzk8	figs-activepassive	ὅπως ἰαθῆτε	1	so that you may be healed	This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that God may heal you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
+JAS	5	16	zk62	figs-metaphor	πολὺ ἰσχύει δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη.	1	The prayer of a righteous person is very strong in its working	Prayer is presented as if it were an object that was strong or powerful. Alternate translation: “When the person who obeys God prays, God will do great things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	17	vhw2		προσευχῇ προσηύξατο	1	prayed earnestly	“prayed eagerly” or “prayed passionately”
+JAS	5	17	i8wv	translate-numbers	τρεῖς…ἕξ	1	three…six	“3…6” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
+JAS	5	18	zwc9		ὁ οὐρανὸς ὑετὸν ἔδωκεν	1	The heavens gave rain	“The heavens” probably refers to the sky, which is presented as the source of the rain. Alternate translation: “Rain fell from the sky”
+JAS	5	18	yi7m		ἡ γῆ ἐβλάστησεν τὸν καρπὸν αὐτῆς	1	the earth produced its fruit	Here the earth is presented as the source of the crops.
+JAS	5	18	s76l	figs-metonymy	τὸν καρπὸν	1	fruit	Here “fruit” stands for all the crops of the farmers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	19	xr4l	figs-gendernotations	ἀδελφοί	1	brothers	Here this word probably refers to both men and women. Alternate translation: “fellow believers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
+JAS	5	19	dv4v	figs-metaphor	ἐάν τις ἐν ὑμῖν πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας, καὶ ἐπιστρέψῃ τις αὐτόν	1	if anyone among you wanders from the truth, and someone brings him back	A believer who stops trusting in God and obeying him is spoken of as if he were a sheep that wandered away from the flock. The person who persuades him to trust in God again is spoken of as if he were a shepherd who went to search for the lost sheep. Alternate translation: “whenever anyone stops obeying God, and another person helps him start obeying again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
+JAS	5	20	xg1y	figs-metonymy	ὁ ἐπιστρέψας ἁμαρτωλὸν ἐκ πλάνης ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ, σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, καὶ καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	whoever turns a sinner from his wandering way…will cover over a great number of sins	James means that God will use the actions of this person to persuade the sinner to repent and be saved. But James speaks as if it were this other person who actually saved the sinner’s soul from death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
+JAS	5	20	pd78	figs-synecdoche	σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου, καὶ καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	will save him from death, and will cover over a great number of sins	Here “death” refers to spiritual death, eternal separation from God. Alternate translation: “will save him from spiritual death, and God will forgive the sinner for all of his sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
+JAS	5	20	rh4d	figs-metaphor	καλύψει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν.	1	will cover over a great number of sins	Possible meanings are (1) the person who brings back the disobedient brother will have his sins forgiven or (2) the disobedient brother, when he returns to the Lord, will have his sins forgiven. Sins are spoken of as if they were objects that God could cover so that he would not see them, so that he would forgive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

en_tn_67-REV.tsv

@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ REV	15	6	w9kw		ζώνας	1	sashes	A sash is a decorative piece of cloth worn on
 REV	15	7	s4dj		τῶν τεσσάρων ζῴων	1	the four living creatures	“living being” or “living thing.” See how you translated “living creatures” in [Revelation 4:6](../04/06.md)
 REV	15	7	z1wz	figs-explicit	ἑπτὰ φιάλας χρυσᾶς, γεμούσας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	seven golden bowls full of the wrath of God	The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word “wrath” here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. Alternate translation: “seven gold bowls full of the wine that represents the wrath of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
 REV	15	8	s67r		ἄχρι τελεσθῶσιν αἱ ἑπτὰ πληγαὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀγγέλων	1	until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed	“until the seven angels finished sending the seven plagues to the earth”
-REV	16	intro	v1cm			0		# Revelation 16 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-7.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “I heard a loud voice call out of the temple”<br><br>This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.<br><br>### Seven bowls of God’s wrath<br><br>This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.<br><br>### Armageddon<br><br>This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])<br>
+REV	16	intro	v1cm			0		# Revelation 16 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues the vision of chapter 15. Together they give the seven plagues that complete the wrath of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with verses 5-7.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “I heard a loud voice call out of the temple”<br><br>This is the same temple that was mentioned in chapter 15.<br><br>### Seven bowls of God’s wrath<br><br>This chapter reveals severe judgments. They are pictured as angels pouring out seven bowls of God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>The tone of this chapter is meant to astonish the reader. Translations should not minimize the vivid language expressed in this chapter.<br><br>### Armageddon<br><br>This is a Hebrew word. It is the name of a place. John used the sounds of the Hebrew word and wrote them with Greek letters. Translators are encouraged to transliterate it using the letters of the target language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
 REV	16	1	nj83			0	Connecting Statement:	John continues to describe the part of the vision about the seven angels with the seven plagues. The seven plagues are the seven bowls of God’s wrath.
 REV	16	1	t995		ἤκουσα	1	I heard	The word “I” refers to John.
 REV	16	1	k2nq	figs-explicit	φιάλας τοῦ θυμοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ	1	bowls of God’s wrath	The image of the wine in the bowls can be stated clearly. The word “wrath” here refers to punishment. The wine is a symbol for punishment. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Revelation 15:7](../15/07.md). Alternate translation: “bowls full of the wine that represents God’s wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])