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1436 lines
57 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/tense_aorist.rst
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.. _tense_aorist:
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Tense aorist
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============
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Glossary
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--------
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**Aorist** -
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Aorist is a verb tense-form used to express an unspecified kind of action (in other words - only that some form of action
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has occurred or occurs), without reference to its duration or completeness.
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In the indicative mood and aorist participles, the aorist tense generally refers to an unspecified kind of action that occurred
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in the past. The action is described as a whole (e.g., he wrote).
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Example: Table V-TA-1 General example of Aorist tense
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.. csv-table:: V-TA-1 Example Aorist tense John 1:3
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:header-rows: 1
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πάντα,δι’,αὐτοῦ,**ἐγένετο**
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panta,di’,autou,**egeneto**
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all things,through,him,**it came into being**
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*All things* **came into being** *through him*
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Article
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-------
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Overview
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~~~~~~~~
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The :ref:`Tense<tense>` of a verb is used to indicate the speaker’s perspective or viewpoint of:
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1. **Aspect** - the kind of action of the verb. The kind of action may be unspecified ( also known as simple or simply completed), continuous (also described as imperfective), or completed with an ongoing effect.
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* Aorist tense- In the aorist tense, aspect is used to express an unspecified kind of action (merely that it has occurred or occurs), without reference to its duration or completeness. It therefore may be used to refer to action that occurred in:
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* a moment (punctiliar action), or
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* action that occurred over a period of time (continuous), or
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* repeated action.
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2. **Time** - the time of action in the Aorist Tense
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• The principle use of the Aorist tense in the **indicative mood** and with **participles** is to refer to unspecified action (aspect) that occurred in the past.
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However, it can be used to describe an event:
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• that is occurring in the present, or has just been completed.
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* This would also include what is sometimes referred to as an **epistolary aorist** - where the writer describes his letter as already having been completed and delivered, or
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• an event that will occur in the future.
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• the Aorist tense may also be used for a **Gnomic aorist** which is used to present a timeless general fact that occurs regularly and so can be assumed to have occurred.
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Form:
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~~~~~
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The basic form for a verb in the indicative Aorist tense is given in `Table 4 (Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs) <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-4-primary-and-secondary-endings-of-verbs>`_ , and `Table 7 (Master Verb Tense Chart - The Aorist Tenses) <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-7-master-verb-tense-chart-the-aorist-tenses>`_ of the
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Master paradigm.
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See also:
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* `Table V-IT-3 (Indicative Verbs built on the Aorist Active Stem) <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-it-3-indicative-verbs-built-on-the-aorist-active-stem>`_
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* `Table V-IT-5α (Indicative Verbs built on the Aorist Active Stem) <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-it-5-indicative-verbs-built-on-the-aorist-active-stem>`_
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* `Table V-IT-5b Aorist Passive (and Future Passive Verbs built on the Aorist Passive Tense stem) <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-it-5b-aorist-passive-and-future-passive-verbs-built-on-the-aorist-passive-tense-stem>`_
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* `Table V-AT-D1 δίδωμι (Active Indicative) <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-at-d1-active-indicative>`_
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* `Table V-AT-D1a δίδομι Middle/passive indicative <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-at-d1a-middle-passive-indicative>`_
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* `Table V-AT-D2 ἵστημι (Active Indicative) <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-at-d2-active-indicative>`_
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* `Table V-AT-D2a ἵστημι middle/passive indicative <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-at-d2a-middle-passive-indicative>`_
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* `Table V-AT-D3 τίθημι (Active Indicative) <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-at-d3-active-indicative>`_
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* `Table V-AT-D3a τίθημι middle/passive indicative <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-at-d3a-middle-passive-indicative>`_
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The Paradigms also contain forms of verbs in the aorist tense for the subjunctive mood, imperative mood, participles, and infinitives.
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See Paradigms:
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* Verbs Subjunctive `Tables V-ST-3a through 3c <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-st-3a-aorist-active-subjunctive-contracted-verbs>`_,
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* verbs Imperative, `Table V-MT-1a <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-mt-1a-active-imperative-verbs-thematic-uncontracted>`_, `Table V-MT-2a <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-mt-2a-middle-passive-uncontracted-verbs>`_, and `Table V-MT-3 <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-mt-3-aorist-passive-imperative-verbs>`_
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* `Verbs Infinitives <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#verbs-infinitive>`_,
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* and Participles, `Tables V-P-T2 and T3 <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-v-p-t2-aorist-active-and-middle-participles>`_
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In this section we will describe the formation of Verbs with a theme vowel in:
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• The 1st and 2nd Aorist Active Indicative
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• 1st and 2nd Aorist Middle Indicative, and
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• 1st and 2nd Aorist Passive indicative
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The Koine Greek language has two ways of forming the Aorist Tense.
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• 1st Aorist, and
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• 2nd Aorist
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There is **no difference in meaning** between a 1st Aorist verb and a 2nd Aorist Verb. They are both aorist verbs. If it helps, you may think of it as a room (the Aorist room) and the Aorist room has two doors. It does not matter which door you use to enter the room. In both cases the word is now in the Aorist room.
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A 1st Aorist verb uses the same verbal stem that is used in the present tense.
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A 2nd Aorist verb is first formed by making a change to the present tense stem for the verb. The change in the stem let’s the reader know that it is a 2nd Aorist verb.
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Table V-TA-2 First Aorist Active Indicative for Thematic Verbs
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^^^^^
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Built on the verb **λύω** (*I loose*) and **κρίνω** (*I judge*)
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.. raw:: html
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<style type="text/css">
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.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
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.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
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||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
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||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
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||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
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||
.tg .tg-llyw{background-color:#c0c0c0;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-hafo{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-f8tv{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
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<tr>
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<th class="tg-hafo" colspan="3"><span style="font-weight:bold">Indicative Verbs (with a theme vowel)</span><br><span style="font-weight:normal">Based on an Aorist Active Tense Stem</span><br>Table V-TA-2</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">1st Aorist</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Liquid Aorist</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-f8tv">Singular</td>
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<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
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<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-f8tv">1 person</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἔλυσα</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">* ἔκρινα</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-f8tv">2 person</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἔλυσας</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἔκρινας</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-f8tv">3 person</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἔλυσε(ν)</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἔκρινε(ν)</td>
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</tr>
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||
<tr>
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||
<td class="tg-f8tv">Plural</td>
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<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
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<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
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||
</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-f8tv">1 person</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλύσαμεν</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἐκρίναμεν</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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||
<td class="tg-f8tv">2 person</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλύσατε</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἐκρίνατε</td>
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||
</tr>
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<tr>
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||
<td class="tg-f8tv">3 person</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἔλυσαν</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">ἔκριναν</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table> </br>
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[Note] * The Aorist tense formative for liquid aorist verbs is “ α ”. The sigma is dropped.
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* 1st person singular (ἔλυσα) - Where one would expect a nu (ν), the personal ending is dropped and so the tense formative stands by itself.
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* 3rd person singular [ἔλυσε (ν)] – The nu (ν) is dropped and the alpha (α) of the tense formative is changed to an epsilon (ε). If the following word begins with a vowel a moveable nu (ν) is added.
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Table V-TA-2a Formation of First Aorist Active Indicative Thematic Verbs
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^^^^^
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.. raw:: html
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<style type="text/css">
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.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
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.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-8bgf{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-baqh{text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-hafo{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-7btt{border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-amwm{font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-y6fn{background-color:#c0c0c0;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-3xi5{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
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||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
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<th class="tg-hafo" colspan="9">Table V-TA-2a<br><span style="font-weight:normal">Formation of 1st Aorist Active Indicative</span><br><br><span style="font-weight:normal">for Thematic Verbs</span></th>
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||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
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||
<td class="tg-7btt">Augment</td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">+</td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">1st Aorist<br> Active<br>Tense Stem</td>
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||
<td class="tg-amwm">+</td>
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||
<td class="tg-amwm">Tense<br>Formative</td>
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||
<td class="tg-amwm">+</td>
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||
<td class="tg-amwm">Secondary<br>Active<br>Personal Ending</td>
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||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
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||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">ε</td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5">+</td>
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||
<td class="tg-3xi5">λυ</td>
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||
<td class="tg-baqh">+</td>
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||
<td class="tg-baqh">σα /(α)</td>
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||
<td class="tg-baqh">+</td>
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||
<td class="tg-baqh">μεν</td>
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||
<td class="tg-baqh">-></td>
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||
<td class="tg-baqh">ἐλύσαμεν</td>
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||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf" colspan="9">We loosed</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
</tbody>
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||
</table></br>
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||
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||
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The 1st Aorist Active Indicative for a verb is formed by using:
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||
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1) **Augment**
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||
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* for vowels that begin with a consonant the augment is ε
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||
* for vowels that begin with a vowel the beginning vowel lengthens and becomes:
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||
|
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* an eta (η) for verbs beginning with an alpha (α) or an epsilon (ε), or
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* an omega (ω) for verbs beginning with an omicron (ο)
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||
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* α -> η
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* ε -> η
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||
* ο -> ω
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||
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2) **plus the 1st aorist active tense stem** (usually the same as the present tense stem)
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||
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||
3) **plus the aorist tense formative** (“σα” or “α” with liquid verbs). Because the 1st aorist tense formative ends with a vowel no connecting vowel is required before adding the secondary personal ending.
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||
4) **plus the appropriate secondary personal ending**.
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||
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||
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||
[Note]
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* *Liquid verbs* are verbs whose stem ends with a λ,μ.ν, or ρ.]
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* The Secondary Active personal endings are shown in the upper right quadrant (Quadrant 3) of the Verb Master Chart Table 4. (see below)
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||
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||
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||
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||
**Table 4** Verb Master Chart Table 4 Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs
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||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-baqh{text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-4erg{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-ihln{font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-llyw{background-color:#c0c0c0;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-yk7f{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#000000;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-f7v4{background-color:#c0c0c0;border-color:#000000;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-wovw{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:#000000;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-y6fn{background-color:#c0c0c0;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-6t3r{font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-q44m{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#000000;font-style:italic;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-iks7{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#000000;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-c6of{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-3xi5{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-f8tv{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-hvas{font-size:xx-small;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-d1y0{background-color:#c0c0c0;font-size:xx-small;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-8zwo{font-style:italic;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-wovw" colspan="10"><span style="font-weight:bold">Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs</span><br><span style="font-weight:bold">Table 4</span></th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln" colspan="5">Primary personal endings</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax" colspan="4"><span style="font-weight:bold;font-style:italic">Secondary personal endings</span></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln" colspan="3">regular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">alternate</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln" colspan="3">regular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln">alternate</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-yk7f">Active</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-f7v4"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-llyw">c.v.</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-llyw">p.e.</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn">c.v.</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn">p.e.</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-q44m">1 singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-iks7">λύω</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c6of">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-3xi5">-</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">μι</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἔλυον</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-f8tv">2 singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">λύεις</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ς</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἔλυες</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ς</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-f8tv">3 singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">λύει</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ι</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">σι (ν)</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἔλυε (ν)</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">-</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-d1y0"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">1 plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">λύομεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">μεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλυόμεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">μεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">2 plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">λύετε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">τε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύετε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">τε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">3 plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">λύουσι(ν)</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">νσι (ν)</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ασι (ν)</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἔλυον</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">σαν</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-4erg">Middle/<br>passive</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-f8tv">1 singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">λύομαι</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">μαι</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλυόμην</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">μην</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-f8tv">2 singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">λύῃ</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">σαι</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύου</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">σο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-f8tv">3 singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">λύεται</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ται</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύετο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">το</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-d1y0"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-hvas"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">1 plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">λυόμεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">μεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλυόμεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">μεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">2 plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">λύεσθε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">σθε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύεσθε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">σθε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">3 plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">λύονται</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">νται</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύοντο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ντο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table V-TA-3 – Second Aorist Active Indicative
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
Build on the verb *λάμβανω* (I take, I receive)
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-34fe{background-color:#c0c0c0;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-8bgf{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-baqh{text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-hafo{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-7btt{border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-y6fn{background-color:#c0c0c0;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-5frq{font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-hafo" colspan="2"><span style="font-weight:bold">Table V-TA-3</span><br><span style="font-weight:normal">2nd Aorist Indicative verbs with a theme vowel</span><br>Based or Aorist Active Tense stem</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">2nd Aorist</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">Singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-34fe"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">1 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλαβόμην</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">2 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλάβου</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">3 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλάβετο</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">Plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-5frq">1 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλαβόμεθα</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-5frq">2 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλάβεσθε</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-5frq">3 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλάβοντο</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br></br>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table V-TA-3a Formation of Indicative Verbs with a Theme Vowel Based on the Second Aorist Active Tense Stem
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-8bgf{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-c3ow{border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-llyw{background-color:#c0c0c0;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-hafo{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-7btt{border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-3xi5{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-hafo" colspan="9"><span style="font-weight:bold">Table V-TA-3a<br><span style="font-weight:normal">Formation of 2nd Aorist Active Indicative</br><span style="font-weight:normal">for Thematic Verbs</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">Augment</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">2nd Aorist<br> Active<br>Tense Stem</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">* Tense<br>Formative</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">Secondary<br>Active<br>Personal Ending</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-3xi5">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-3xi5">* λαβ</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">ο/ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">μεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">-></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">ἐλάβομεν</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf" colspan="9">We took<span style="font-style:italic"> or We received</span></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Note:** * The present tense stem for λἀμβανω (λαμβαν-) has been changed to λαβ- to form the second aorist tense stem.
|
||
|
||
* Because the second aorist active stem ends with a consonant, a connecting vowel is required.
|
||
* No tense formative is required, because the change in the stem notifies the reader that this is a second aorist verb.
|
||
* The second aorist uses the same connecting vowels as the present active indicative.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Form – Aorist Middle indicative verb
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
Table V-TA-4 illustrates the formation of typical Middle Aorist Active verbs with a Theme Vowel
|
||
|
||
Built on the verb *λύω* I loose) and *γίνομαι* (I become, I exist)
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-34fe{background-color:#c0c0c0;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-8bgf{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-c3ow{border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-llyw{background-color:#c0c0c0;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-hafo{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-7btt{border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-hafo" colspan="3"><span style="font-weight:bold">Table V-TA-4</span><br><span style="font-weight:bold">Middle Voice</span><br><span style="font-weight:normal">Aorist Indicative verbs with a theme vowel</span><br>Based or Aorist Active Tense stem</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">1st Aorist</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">2nd Aorist</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">Singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-34fe"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">1 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλυσάμην</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐγενόμην</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">2 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλύσω</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐγένου</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">3 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλύσατο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐγένετο</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">Plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-llyw"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">1 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλυσάμεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐγενόμεθα</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">2 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλύσασθε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐγένεσθε</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">3 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλύσαντο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐγένοντο</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br></br>
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table V-TA-4a Formation of 1st Aorist Middle Indicative Thematic Verbs
|
||
^^^^^^
|
||
|
||
|
||
Form: 1st Aorist Middle Indicative Verb is formed by:
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-8xib{background-color:#fffc9e;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-8zwo{font-style:italic;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-5frq{font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-8xib" colspan="9"><span style="font-weight:bold">Table V-TA-4a</span><br>Formation of 1st Aorist Middle Indicative Verbs<br>with a Theme Vowel</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">Augment</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">Active Aorist<br>Tense Stem</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">Tense<br>Formative</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">Secondary<br>Middle/Passive<br>Personal Ending</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">λυ</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">σα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">μεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">-></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλυσάμεθα</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-5frq" colspan="9">We loosed ourselves</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br>
|
||
|
||
[Note]: The First Aorist Middle Indicative verb is formed by:
|
||
|
||
|
||
#. an **Augment**
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **First Aorist Active tense stem**
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **Aorist Tense Formative**,
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **appropriate secondary middle/passive personal ending**
|
||
|
||
|
||
Table V-TA-4b Formation of 2nd Aorist Middle Indicative Verb
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
Table V-TA-4b shows how a Second Aorist Middle indicative verb is formed.
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-8xib{background-color:#fffc9e;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-8zwo{font-style:italic;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-5frq{font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-8xib" colspan="9"><span style="font-weight:bold">Table V-TA-4b</span><br>Formation of 2nd Aorist Middle Indicative Verbs<br>with a Theme Vowel</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">Augment</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">Active Aorist<br>Tense Stem</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">Connecting<br>Vowel</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8zwo">Secondary<br>Middle/Passive<br>Personal Ending</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">γεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">μεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">-></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐγενόμεθα</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-5frq" colspan="9">We became</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br>
|
||
|
||
|
||
[Note]: The Second Aorist Middle Indicative verb is formed by:
|
||
|
||
|
||
#. an **Augment**
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **Second Aorist Active tense stem**
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **Connecting Vowel**,(a tense formative is not needed because of the change in the stem from the present tense)
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **appropriate secondary middle/passive personal ending**
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Form – Aorist Passive indicative verb
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
Built on the verb λύω - I loose/untie/destroy; χαίρω - I rejoice
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Table V-TA-5 Aorist Passive Verbs with a theme vowel**
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-34fe{background-color:#c0c0c0;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-8bgf{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-ihln{font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-hafo{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-7btt{border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-rvyq{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-y6fn{background-color:#c0c0c0;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-hafo" colspan="3"><span style="font-weight:bold">Table V-TA-5</span><br><span style="font-weight:bold">Aorist Passive Verbs</span><br>with a Theme Vowel<br>based on the Aorist Passive Tense Stem</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">1st Aorist</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-rvyq">2nd Aorist</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-rvyq">Singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-34fe"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-34fe"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt">1 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐλύθην</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0pky">ἐχάρην</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln">2 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύθης</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐχάρης</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln">3 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύθη</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐχάρη</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln">Plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln">1 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύθημεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐχάρημεν</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln">2 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύθητε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐχάρητε</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-ihln">3 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύθησαν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐχάρησαν</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Form: Table V-TA-5a Formation of 1st Aorist Passive Indicative for Thematic Verbs** [based on λύω (I loosed)]
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-8bgf{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-c3ow{border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-hafo{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-hafo" colspan="9"><span style="font-weight:bold">Table V-TA-5a</span><br>Formation of 1st Aorist Passive Indicative Verbs<br>with a Theme Vowel</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">Augment</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">Aorist Passive<br>Tense Stem</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">Tense<br>Formative</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf">Secondary<br>Active<br>Personal Ending</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">λυ</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">θη</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">ν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">-></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow">ἐλύθην</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-8bgf" colspan="9">I was loosed</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br>
|
||
|
||
The First Aorist Passive Indicative verb is formed by:
|
||
|
||
#. an **Augment**
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **First Aorist Active tense stem**
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **Tense Formative**,
|
||
|
||
#. plus the **appropriate secondary active personal ending**
|
||
|
||
|
||
[Note] - There is no need for a connecting vowel because the tense formative ends in eta (η).
|
||
|
||
[Note] – The aorist passive uses Secondary **Active** personal endings instead of the expected middle and passive endings.
|
||
|
||
|
||
**Table V-TA-5b Formation of 2nd Aorist Passive Indicative for Thematic Verbs** [Based on χαίρω (I rejoice)]
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-1wig{font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-baqh{text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-c3ow{border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-kt43{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-7btt{border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-rvyq{border-color:inherit;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-7g6k{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-3xi5{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-kt43" colspan="9">Table V-TA-5b<br>Formation of 2nd Aorist Passive Indicative Verbs<br>with a Theme Vowel</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-c3ow"><span style="font-weight:bold;font-style:italic">Augment</span></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-1wig">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-1wig">Aorist Passive<br>Tense Stem</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax"><span style="font-weight:bold">+</span></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-1wig">Tense<br>Formative</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-1wig">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-1wig">Secondary<br>Active<br>Personal<br>Ending</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7btt"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-rvyq"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-rvyq"><span style="font-weight:normal">ε</span></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-1wig">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">χαρ</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-1wig">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">η</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-1wig">+</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-7g6k">-></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-3xi5">ἐχάρην</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-rvyq" colspan="9">I was glad</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br/>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
[Note] The θ is dropped from the tense formative.
|
||
|
||
[Note] The aorist passive uses Secondary **Active** endings instead of the expected middle and passive endings.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
• The Secondary middle/passive personal endings are shown in the lower right quadrant (Quadrant 4) of Verb Master Chart Table 4; `Table 4 Primary and Secondary Endings of Verbs <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#table-4-primary-and-secondary-endings-of-verbs>`_
|
||
|
||
Table V-TA-6 Upper Right Hand Quadrant of Verb Master Chart 4
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-ycr8{background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-baqh{text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-kt43{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-6t3r{font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-y6fn{background-color:#c0c0c0;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-6qw1{background-color:#c0c0c0;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-kt43" colspan="5">Table V-TA-6<br>Quadrant 2 of<br>Master Verb Chart 4</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax" colspan="5">Active</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">Singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ycr8">Connecting<br>Vowel</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ycr8">Primary<br>Personal<br>Ending</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ycr8">Alternative<br>Personal<br>Ending</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">1 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἔλυον</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">2 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἔλυες</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ς</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">3 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἔλυε (ν)</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">-</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">Plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-6qw1"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-6qw1"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-6qw1"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">1 Person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύομεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">μεν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">2 Person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύετε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">τε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">3 Person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἔλυον</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ν</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">σαν</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br>
|
||
|
||
Table V-TA-6a Lower Right Hand Quadrant of Verb Master Chart 4
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
.. raw:: html
|
||
|
||
<style type="text/css">
|
||
.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
|
||
.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
|
||
font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
|
||
.tg .tg-ycr8{background-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-baqh{text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-kt43{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:inherit;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-6t3r{font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-y6fn{background-color:#c0c0c0;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-0lax{text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
|
||
.tg .tg-6qw1{background-color:#c0c0c0;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
|
||
</style>
|
||
<table class="tg">
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th class="tg-kt43" colspan="5">Table V-TA-6a<br>Quadrant 4 of<br>Master Verb Chart 4</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh" colspan="5">Middle/Passive</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">Singular</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ycr8">Connecting<br>Vowel</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ycr8">Primary<br>Personal<br>Ending</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-ycr8">Alternative<br>Personal<br>Ending</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">1 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύομην</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">μην</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">2 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύου</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">(σ)ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">3 person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύετο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">το</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">Plural</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-y6fn"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-6qw1"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-6qw1"></td>
|
||
<td class="tg-6qw1"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">1 Person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλυόμεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">μεθα</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">2 Person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύεσθε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">σθε</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td class="tg-6t3r">3 Person</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-0lax">ἐλύοντο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh">ντο</td>
|
||
<td class="tg-baqh"></td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table></br>
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
[Note]
|
||
|
||
* The “-” in Table V-TA-6 indicates there is no personal ending.
|
||
* The (σ) in the second person singular middle/passive endings in Table V-TA-6a is in parenthesis because it often is intervocalic (between two vowels) and therefore drops out. The resulting two vowels will then contract. “ε” and “ο” contract to “ου” as in ἐλύου.
|
||
|
||
* ε + λυ + ε + σο then becomes
|
||
ε + λυ + ε + ο (the sigma drops out) and then
|
||
ε + λυ + ου (the ε and ο contract to form ου)
|
||
|
||
|
||
Examples:
|
||
~~~~~~~~
|
||
|
||
Aorist as an indication of events having occurred in the past
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
* Aorist indicative- 50 percent of the aorist verbs in the New Testament are Aorist indicative verbs.
|
||
* Aorist verbs in the indicative mood generally represent an event that has occurred in the past with an unspecified aspect.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Example
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA-7 John 4:18
|
||
|
||
πέντε,γὰρ,ἄνδρας,**ἔσχες**
|
||
pente,gar,andras,**esches**
|
||
five,for,husbands,**you had**
|
||
|
||
*for* **you have had** *five husbands*
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA 7a Rm 10:9
|
||
|
||
ὁ,Θεὸς,αὐτὸν,**ἤγειρεν**,ἐκ,νεκρῶν
|
||
ho,Theos,auton,**ēgeiren**,ek,nekrōn
|
||
The,God,him,**he raised**,from/out of,dead
|
||
|
||
*God* **raised him** *from the dead*
|
||
|
||
|
||
Aorist Participles in the indicative
|
||
^^^^
|
||
|
||
Participles in the Aorist indicative generally represent events that have occurred in the past.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA 8 Acts 21:7
|
||
|
||
καὶ,**ἀσπασάμενοι**,τοὺς,ἀδελφοὺς,ἐμείναμεν,ἡμέραν,μίαν,παρ’,αὐτοῖς.
|
||
kai,**aspasamenoi**,tous,adelphous,emeinamen,hēmeran,mian,par’,autois.
|
||
And,**after we had greeted**,the,brothers,we remained,day,one,with,them.
|
||
|
||
*and* **having greeted** *the brothers, we stayed with them for one day*
|
||
|
||
[Note] This verse could also be translated “… **after greeting** the brothers, we stayed with them one day.”
|
||
|
||
In this example, *ἀσπασάμενοι* is an aorist middle participle; and ἐμείναμεν is an aorist active indicative.
|
||
|
||
It should also be remembered that the aspect is undefined. The greeting could have been short in duration or prolonged. In this case we know the duration of the stay. It was one day, because we are given this as additional information.
|
||
|
||
|
||
Aorist tense used for punctiliar action:
|
||
The Aorist tense may be used for action that occurs in an instant or moment.
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
Background for Mark 14:64:
|
||
When the High Priest asked Jesus if He was the Christ, the Son of the Blessed one, Jesus responded with a simple “I am”.
|
||
He also added a comment that they would see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of power. The High Priest then responds.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA-9 Mark 14:64
|
||
|
||
**ἠκούσατε**,τῆς,βλασφημίας
|
||
**ēkousate**,tēs,blasphēmias
|
||
**you heard**,the,blasphemy
|
||
|
||
**You heard** *the blasphemy.*
|
||
|
||
The time frame for this action was very short. It was over in a second. That was all the time it took for Jesus to say Ἐγώ εἰμι (I am).
|
||
|
||
|
||
Aorist tense - action occurring over period of time
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
The aorist tense may also be used for events that occurred over a long period of time.
|
||
Οἰκοδομήθη (it was built) is an aorist passive indicative verb.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA-10 John 2:20
|
||
|
||
τεσσεράκοντα,καὶ,ἓξ,ἔτεσιν,**οἰκοδομήθη**,ὁ,ναὸς,οὗτος
|
||
tesserakonta,kai,hex,etesin,**oikodomēthē**,ho,naos,houtos
|
||
forty,and,six,years,**was built**,the,temple,this
|
||
|
||
*This temple* **was built** *in 46 years*
|
||
|
||
Aorist Tense - repeated action
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
The Aorist tense can be used for action that is repeated.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA-11 Matthew 7:22
|
||
|
||
Κύριε‘,Κύριε,οὐ,τῷ,σῷ,ὀνόματι,**ἐπροφητεύσαμεν**
|
||
Kyrie‘,Kyrie,ou,tō,sō,onomati,**eprophēteusamen**
|
||
Lord,Lord,not,in,your,name,**we prophesied.**
|
||
|
||
*Lord, Lord, did we not prophesy in your name*
|
||
|
||
|
||
Aoristic - present
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
The aorist tense may be used to describe an event occurring in the present, or just completed. This also includes an Epistolary aorist where the writer describes his letter as already having been completed and delivered.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
John the Baptist tells his followers while they are at the river being baptized.
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA-12 Mark 1:8
|
||
|
||
ἐγὼ,**ἐβάπτισα**,ὑμᾶς,ὕδατι
|
||
egō,**ebaptisa**,hymas,hydati
|
||
I,**I baptized**,you,with water
|
||
|
||
*I* **baptized** you with water
|
||
|
||
|
||
Aoristic – future
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
The Aorist tense may be used to describe action that will occur in the future.
|
||
Some have referred to this as the prophetic future (or an event that is so certain that it is described as if it had already occurred.) This may be overstating the case as the aorist tense simply presents an event as a completed action. Yet, using the aorist tense, which describes completed action, for something to occur in the future instead of the future tense does add a sense of certainty to the event.
|
||
|
||
Example:
|
||
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA-13 Romans 8:30
|
||
|
||
οὓς,δὲ,ἐδικαίωσεν,τούτους,καὶ,**ἐδόξασεν**
|
||
hous,de,edikaiōsen,toutous,kai,**edoxasen**
|
||
whom,and,he justified,these,also,**he glorified**
|
||
|
||
*And those whom he justified, these he also* **glorified.**
|
||
|
||
Gnomic aorist
|
||
^^^^^
|
||
|
||
The Gnomic Aorist describes a generally accepted truth or fact that occurs regularly and so can be assumed to have occurred.
|
||
|
||
Example
|
||
|
||
.. csv-table:: V-TA-14 James 1:11
|
||
|
||
**ἀνέτειλεν**,γὰρ,ὁ,ἥλιος,...,καὶ,**ἐξήρανεν**,τὸν,χόρτον
|
||
**aneteilen**,gar,ho,hēlios,...,kai,**exēranen**,ton,chorton
|
||
**it rises**,for,the,sun,…,and,**it dries up**,the,grass
|
||
|
||
*For the sun* **rose** … *and* **dried up** *the grass,*
|
||
|
||
Note: [Or this can be translated “For the sun rises… and dries up the grass” It is not describing a single event that occurred one time in the past but just as this happens on a regular basis, “Thus also the rich will wither…” ]
|
||
|
||
|