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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/person_first.rst
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.. _person_first:
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Person first
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============
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Glossary
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--------
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**First person** is a grammatical feature indicating that the speaker is the subject of the verbal action, is speaking about themselves, or is the object of an action or phrase (e.g.,
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*I ran*, *we ran*).
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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Mark 9:24
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καὶ,εὐθὺς,κράξας,ὁ,πατὴρ,τοῦ,παιδίου,ἔλεγεν, **πιστεύω**,βοήθει,**μου**,τῇ,ἀπιστίᾳ
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kai,euthys,kraxas,ho,patēr,tou,paidiou,elegen,**pisteuō**,boēthei,**mou**,tē,apistia
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and,immediately,he cried out,the,father,of the,child,he said,**I believe**,help,**my**,the,unbelief
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*Immediately the father of the child cried out and said, "\ **I**\ believe! Help **my** unbelief!"*
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In this example, we have a first person, singular, present active indicative verb and a first person, genitive, singular personal pronoun.
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Article
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-------
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`
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The first person is the person or persons that are speaking. If it is a single person, it is “I”, “me”, or “my”,
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if it is a group of people it is “we”, “us”, or “our”.
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The first person can be found in :ref:`Verb<verb>` forms, and :ref:`Pronoun_Personal<pronoun_personal>` forms.
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**Note**
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The first person is only used in direct speech.
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Form
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~~~~
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When a word is in the first person, it can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other
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and are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. These changes can be classified into Verbal Conjugation forms and Personal Pronouns.
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Some languages use an inclusive we (which includes the person being spoken to in the “we”) and an exclusive we (which excludes
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the person being spoken to from the “we”). Neither English nor Biblical Greek distinguishes between the inclusive and the exclusive
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“we”. The context will determine which one is meant. See also `translationAcademy <http://ufw.io/academy/>`_ and
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`translationNotes <http://ufw.io/academy/>`_ for help if the context is not clear.
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Greek distinguishs between :ref:`Number_Singular<number_singular>` and
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:ref:`Number_Plural<number_plural>`, but not between :ref:`Gender_Masculine<gender_masculine>` and :ref:`Gender_Feminine<gender_feminine>`
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or :ref:`Gender_Neuter<gender_neuter>` or in the first person.
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The first person can be found in :ref:`Verb<verb>` forms and as a :ref:`Pronoun<pronoun>`.
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The first person of a verb is formed by adding a first person personal ending (or sufformative) to the verb stem. These endings can be divided into eight basict types: primary active, secondary active, primary middle/passive, and secondary middle/passive. The present tense uses the primary endings. The aorist tense uses the secondary endings.There are also singular and plural endings.
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The paradigm below shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a first person.
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Paradigm
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^^^^^^^^
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**Six Common First Person Verbal Conjugation Forms**
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.. csv-table::
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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First person present active indicative singular,λὐω,lyō,I am loosing/I loose
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First person present active indicative plural,λὐομεν,lyomen,We are loosing/We loose
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First person present passive indicative singular,λὐομαι,lyomai,I am being loosed
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First person present passive indicative plural,λυὀμεθε,lyometha,We are being loosed
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First person aorist active indicative singular,ἔλυον,elyon,I loosed
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First person aorist active indicative plural,ἐλύομεν,elyomen,We loosed
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First person aorist passive indicative singular,ἐλυόμην,elyomēn,I was loosed
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**Personal pronouns also have person and appear in various forms**
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Greek distinguishes between :ref:`Number_Singular<number_singular>` and
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:ref:`Number Plural<number_plural>`, but not between
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:ref:`Gender Masculine<gender_masculine>`,
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:ref:`Gender Feminine<gender_feminine>`, and
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:ref:`Gender Neuter<gender_neuter>` in the first person.
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**First Person Personal Pronoun Forms**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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first person nominative singular,ἐγώ,egō,I
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first person nominative plural,ἡμεἶς,hēmeis,we
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first person genitive singular,μοὖ,mou,my
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first person genitive plural,ἡμὦν,hēmōn,our
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first person dative singular,μοί,moi,to me
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first person dative plural,ἡμἶν,hēmin,to us
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first person accusative singular,μέ,me,me
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first person accusative plural,ἡμἆς,hēmas,us
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Function
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~~~~~~~~
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Verb Forms
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^^^^^^^^^^
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A first person can be used in a sentence (or a clause) as the subject, an object, or to indicate possession. Personal pronouns may
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also be the object of a preposition. The number (singular or plural) will agree with its antecedent. However, the case will depend on
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its function in the sentence (or clause).
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Subject
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#######
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The subject in a sentence is usually the person or thing which does the action of the verb. However, if the verb is in the passive voice,
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the subject receives the action of the verb.
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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John 3:11
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ἀμὴν,ἀμὴν,**λέγω**,σοι,ὅτι,ὃ,οἴδαμεν,λαλοῦμεν,καὶ,ὃ,ἑωράκαμεν,μαρτυροῦμεν
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amēn,amēn,**legō**,soi,hoti,ho,oidamen,laloumen,kai,ho,heōrakamen,martyroumen
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Truly,truly,**I** say,to you,that,what,we know,we are speaking,and,what,we have seen,we are testifying
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*Truly, truly, **I** say to you, we speak what we know, and we testify about what we have seen*
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The personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show the person and number of the subject of the sentence. Therefore an
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emphasis is being made when the nominative case of the personal pronoun is used in conjunction with the verb.
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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John 14:6
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**ἐγώ**,**εἰμι**,ἡ,ὁδὸς,καὶ,ἡ,ἀλήθεια,καὶ,ἡ,ζωή
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**egō**,**eimi**,hē,hodos,kai,hē,alētheia,kai,hē,zōē
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**I**,**I am**,the,way,and,the,truth,and,the,life
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**I** am the way and the truth and the life
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εἰμί is a first person singular present active indicative verb and indicates the number and subject of the sentence. Therefore the
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addition of the personal pronoun **ἐγώ** places a slight emphasis on the pronoun.
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As stated at :ref:`Pronoun Personal<pronoun_personal>`, the personal pronoun can be used in all cases.
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#######################
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Prepositions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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First person personal pronouns can be the object of a preposition. They therefore can occur in the Genitive, Dative, or
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Accusative case depending upon the preposition.
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**First person personal pronoun - preposition**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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JHN 6:44
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οὐδεὶς,δύναται,ἐλθεῖν,πρός,με,ἐὰν,μὴ,ὁ,Πατὴρ,ὁ,πέμψας,με,ἑλκύσῃ,αὐτόν
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oudeis,dynatai,elthein,pros,me,ean,mē,ho,Patēr,ho,pempsas,me,helkysē,auton
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no one,is able,to come,to,me,if,not,the,father,who,sent,me,draws,him
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*No one can come to me unless the Father who sent me draws him*
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Subject of a sentence or clause (including predicate nominative)
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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**First person personal pronoun - nominative case ἐγώ, ἠμεῖς**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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2 Corinthians 4:13
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**ἡμεῖς**,πιστεύομεν,διὸ,καὶ,λαλοῦμεν
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**hēmeis**,pisteuomen,dio,kai,laloumen
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**We**,we believe,therefore,also,we speak
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**We** believe, and so we also speak
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The personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show the person and number of the subject of the sentence. Therefore an
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emphasis is being made when the nominative case of the personal pronoun is used in conjunction with the verb.
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Possession
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^^^^^^^^^^
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**First Person personal pronoun – Genitive case ἐμοῦ, μοῦ, ἡμῶν**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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Mark 1:11
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σὺ,εἶ,ὁ,Υἱός,**μου**,ὁ,ἀγαπητός
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sy,ei,ho,Huios,**mou**,ho,agapētos
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you,are,the,son,**my**,the,beloved
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*You are **my** beloved Son*
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Note: Some prepositions take their object in the Genitive case.
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Objective Cases
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###############
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The object in a sentence is the person (or object) that receives the direct (or indirect) action of the verb. This is done by adding an
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object in either the dative or the accusative case.
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Dative
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^^^^^^
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**First person personal pronoun - dative case έμοί, μοί, ἡμῖν**
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.. csv-table::
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:header-rows: 1
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John 2:18
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τί,σημεῖον,δεικνύεις,**ἡμῖν**,ὅτι,ταῦτα,ποιεῖς
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ti,sēmeion,deiknyeis,**hēmin**,hoti,tauta,poieis
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What,sign,do you show,**to us**,because,these things,you do
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*_"What sign will you show **us**, since you are doing these things?*
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Accusative
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^^^^^^^^^^
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**First person personal pronoun - accusative case**
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.. csv-table:: Example:
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.. csv-table:: Mark 9:19
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φέρετε,αὐτὸν,πρός,**με**
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pherete,auton,pros,**me**
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You bring,him,to,**me**
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*Bring him to **me** *
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Reflexive use of the first person personal pronoun
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##################################################
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ἐμαυτοῦ, ἐμαυτῷ, ἐμαυτόν or αὐτός, αὐτοῦ, αὐτῷ, αὐτοί, αὐτοίς
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The first person reflexive personal pronoun **ἐμαυτοῦ** occurs 37 times in the New Testament in the Genetive, Dative and Accusative
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cases but occurs only in the masculine singular form.
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αὐτός is used as a first person reflexive pronoun 22 times in the New Testament. It occurs in both the singular and plural forms.
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One time (at 2 Cor 1:9) in the New Testament the third person reflexive personal pronoun ἑαυτοῖς is used as a first person
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reflexive personal pronoun.
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.. csv-table:: John 12:32
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κἀγὼ,ἐὰν,ὑψωθῶ,ἐκ,τῆς,γῆς,πάντας,ἑλκύσω,πρὸς,**ἐμαυτόν**
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kagō,ean,hypsōthō,ek,tēs,gēs,pantas,helkysō,pros,**emauton**
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and I,when,I am lifted up,from,the,earth,all (people),I will draw,to,**me**
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* When I am lifted up from the earth, I will draw everyone to **myself** *
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