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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/case_vocative.rst
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.. _case_vocative:
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Case vocative
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=============
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Glossary
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--------
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**Vocative** is the case used when addressing (speaking directly to) someone.
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.. csv-table:: Example: MAT 8:2
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**Κύριε**,ἐὰν,θέλῃς,δύνασαί,με,καθαρίσαι
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**Kyrie**,ean,thelēs,dynasai,me,katharisai
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**Lord**,if,willing,you are able,me,to make clean
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**Lord**, *if you are willing, you can make me clean*
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Article
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-------
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The vocative case is the case of direct address.
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* However, a noun in the vocative case preceded by the particle **ὦ** is used to add emphasis or to express emotion.
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* Caution: Do not confuse **ὦ** (the particle) with **ᾧ** -the dative case relative pronoun, or with **ὦ** - the first person singular
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subjunctive form of εἰμί (which is identical to the particle ὦ in form).
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Only 2.1% of the 28,599 nouns in the New Testament are in the vocative case.
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Form
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~~~~
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#. Often it is easy to identify nouns in the vocative case by the context.
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#. The vocative case is identical to the nominative case in the plural.
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#. The vocative case is identical to the nominative case in the first declension (singular and plural).
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#. The vocative case of the singular second declension usually ends in an epsilon.
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#. The vocative case of the singular third declension is usually the bare stem of the word. However, the stem vowel may shorten,
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lengthen, or drop out entirely. This is known as *ablaut*.
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Vocative – Direct Address
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The **vocative of direct address** is the most frequent use of the vocative case.
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.. csv-table::
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Matthew 7:21
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οὐ,πᾶς,ὁ,λέγων,μοι,**Κύριε**,**Κύριε**,εἰσελεύσεται,εἰς,τὴν,Βασιλείαν,τῶν,Οὐρανῶν
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ou,pas,ho,legōn,moi,**Kyrie**,**Kyrie**,eiseleusetai,eis,tēn,Basileian,tōn,Ouranōn
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not,everyone,who,says,to me,**Lord**,**Lord**,he will enter,into,the,kingdom,of,heaven
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*Not everyone who says to me,* **‘Lord, Lord’**, *will enter into the kingdom of heaven*
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.. csv-table::
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Matthew 8:2
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**Κύριε**,ἐὰν,θέλῃς,δύνασαί,με,καθαρίσαι.
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**Kyrie**,ean,thelēs,dynasai,me,katharisai.
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**Lord**,if,you are willing,you are able,me,to (make) clean
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**“Lord"**, *if you are willing, you can make me clean.*
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Vocative – Emphasis/Emotion
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The vocative case can also be used **to express emotion or emphasis**. The particle ὦ is used when the vocative case is used
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to add additional emphasis or emotion to the basic function of direct address. ὦ followed by a word in the vocative case only
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occurs 14 times in the New Testament.
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Example of **ὦ + vocative** to add an *emotional emphasis.*
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.. csv-table::
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Mark 9:19
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αὐτοῖς,λέγει,**ὦ**,**γενεὰ**,ἄπιστος!,ἕως,πότε,πρὸς,ὑμᾶς,ἔσομαι?
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autois,legei,**ō**,**genea**,apistos!,heōs,pote,pros,hymas,esomai?
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to them,he says,**Oh**,**generation**,unbelieving,until,when,with,you,will I be?
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*and he said to them*, "You unbelieving **generation!** *How long will I be with you?"*
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Note: The emotional emphasis can be difficult to reflect in a translation. The exclaimation mark is used in this example to
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reflect the emotion.
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Example of **ὦ + vocative** *to add emphasis.*
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.. csv-table::
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I Timothy 6:11
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σὺ,δέ,**ὦ**,**ἄνθρωπε**,Θεοῦ,ταῦτα,φεῦγε,δίωκε,δὲ,δικαιοσύνην...
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sy,de,**ō**,**anthrōpe**,Theou,tauta,pheuge,diōke,de,dikaiosynēn...
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you,but,**o**,**man**,of God,these things,you flee,you pursue,but (instead),righteousness
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*But you*, **man** *of God, flee from these things. Instead, pursue righteousness...*
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Note: The emphasis is lost in the English text.
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