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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/case.rst
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.. _case:
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Case
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====
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Glossary
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--------
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The Greek language uses a system called **Case** to indicate the function or relationship of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles,
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and participles to other words in the sentence. Case endings (or suffixes) are added to the end of the noun, pronoun, adjective,
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article, or participle to indicate its function or relationship to the other words in the sentence. There are five cases in the Greek
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language; Nominative, Vocative, Genitive, Dative, and Accusative.
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Article
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-------
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Languages such as Greek, Japanese, German, and Russian have a case system. English for the most part does not use a case system
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except for pronouns. Instead English mostly uses word order to indicate the function of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives within a
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sentence. In the example below, the first person singular pronoun changes depending on its function in the sentence.
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.. csv-table::
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Subject case,,**I** am speaking
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Possessive case,,It is **my** ball
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Object case,,The ball hit **me**.
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Other languages, such as Hebrew, do not use a case system.
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The **Nominative case** is used to indicate the subject of the sentence, but it can also indicate a predicate nominative,
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and can be used to indicate apposition. It is also used for adjectives and participles modifying the subject of the sentence.
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See :ref:`Nominative case<case_nominative>` for more detail.
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The **Vocative case** is the case of Direct Address. See :ref:`Vocative Case<case_vocative>` for more detail.
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The **Genitive case** indicates possession, but can also be used to indicate separation or relation. In limited situations, it can also
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indicate the subject or the object of the verb in the sentence among other uses. Adjectives and participles modifying an object in the
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genitive case will also be in the genitive case. Some prepositions take their object in the genitive case. See :ref:`Genitive case<case_genitive>` for more details.
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The **Dative case** is used to indicate, location, means, agency, or the indirect object. Adjectives and participles modifying an object
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in the dative case will also be in the dative case. Some prepositions take their object in the dative case. See :ref:`Dative Case<case_dative>` for more details.
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The **Accusative case** is the case for the Direct Object among other uses. Adjectives and participles modifying an object in the accusative
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case will also be in the accusative case. Some prepositions take their object in the accusative case. See :ref:`Accusative case<case_accusative>`
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for more details.
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Form
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~~~~
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The case of a noun, pronoun, adjective, article, or participle is indicated by the case ending (or suffix) attached to the end of the word.
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These changes follow three basic patterns called *"First declension,"* *"Second declension,”* and *“Third declension.”*
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First declension nouns have a feminine gender for the most part and in the nominative singular end in an alpha or an eta.
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See `First Declension <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#first-declension>`_ . A few masculine nouns end in an -ας or –ης. These words
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also follow a first declension pattern.
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Second declension nouns end in –ος or –ον in the nominative singular. Almost all words ending in –ος in the nominative singular are
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masculine gender. All words that end in –ον in the nominative singular are neuter gender.
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See `Second Declension <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#n-4-second-declension>`_ .
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Third declension nouns have stems that end in a consonant or the vowels (ι, υ, ευ). They are made up of all three genders.
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See `Third Declension <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#third-declension>`_ .
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Adjectives and pronouns agree in case and number with the noun they are modifying (or to which they are referring). Sometimes,
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the changes may be more significant. [for example the first person singular pronoun **ἐγώ** in the nominative case changes to **μου**
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when it is in the genitive case] See `Adjective_paradigm <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#adjectives>`_ or
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`Pronoun_paradigm <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#pronouns>`_ .
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Order of Words
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Because the Greek language has a case system, the order of the words in a sentence can be changed to place an emphasis on a particular word
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or clause. The normal word order is **conjunction – verb – subject – object**. When this order is changed there is probably a slight
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emphasis being made on the words that are moved forward.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Satan tempting Jesus
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Matthew 4:3
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Εἰ,υἱὸς,εἶ,τοῦ,θεοῦ,εἰπὲ,ἵνα,οἱ,λίθοι,οὗτοι,ἄρτοι,γένωνται.
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Ei,huios,ei,tou,theou,eipe,hina,hoi,lithoi,houtoi,artoi,genōntai.
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If,son,you are,of,God,order,that,the,stones,these,bread,they become.
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**If you are the son of God**, *order that these stones become bread.*
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Note: In this sentence the phrase “if you are the son of god” has been moved to the first position in the sentence. The movement of the
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phrase to the front of the sentence places a slight emphasis or stress on the condition.
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