401 lines
16 KiB
ReStructuredText
401 lines
16 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/mood_subjunctive.rst
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.. _mood_subjunctive:
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Mood subjunctive
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================
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Glossary
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--------
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The **subjunctive mood** indicates that the speaker is referring to the verbal action
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as a *possibility* or *probability*. (e.g., he may eat, he should eat, he could eat).
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The subjunctive mood is also used as *a mild command* (let’s eat).
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Example:
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Table VMS-1 Subjunctive Example
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-1 Subjunctive Example
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Mark 14:14
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ποῦ,ἐστιν,τὸ,κατάλυμά,μου,ὅπου,τὸ,πάσχα,μετὰ,τῶν,μαθητῶν,μου,**φάγω;**
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pou,estin,to,katalyma,mou,hopou,to,Pascha,meta,tōn,mathētōn,mou,**phagō?**
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Where,it is,the,guestroom,of my,where,the,Passover meal,with,the,disciples,of me,**I may eat?**
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*Where is my guest room where* **I may eat** *the Passover with my disciples?*
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Article
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-------
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The **subjunctive mood** is used to portray a probable or desired action.
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* It is used when the action is viewed as being possible if certain conditions are met.
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* Dependent Clauses - The subjunctive in a dependent clause is the most common use of
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the subjunctive preceded with (ἐάν, ἐι, ἄν) [See `Dependent Clauses <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#dependent-clauses>`_]
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* Independent Clauses - The subjunctive may also be used in an `Independent Clause <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#independent-clauses>`_ either
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(1) in a real question or
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(2) in a question where an answer is not expected to be given.
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* Subjunctive of Purpose/Result – The subjunctive case is often used to show purpose
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or results of an action in a clause that is preceded with a ἵνα. [See `Subjunctive of Purpose <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#subjunctive-of-purpose-result>`_]
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* Exhortative Subjunctive - It is used in the first person as an exhortation (even to the point of being a mild command). {See `Exhortative Subjunctive <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#id3>`_}
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* Prohibitive Subjunctive - It is used in prohibitions [See `Prohibitive Subjunctive <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#id4>`_]
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* General Subjunctive - It may also be used if the action is viewed as probable, or possible (instead of the optative mood). [See `General Subjunctive <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#id6>`_]
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Verbs occur in the subjunctive mood 1,868 times in the New Testament.
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Key words:
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~~~~~~~~~~
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Verbs which are preceded by *ἄν*, *ἐάν*, *ἕως*, *ὅταν*, *ὁς αν*, or *ὄπου ἄν* will be in the subjunctive.
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This is a strong clue that a verb in the subjunctive is following.
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Tense
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~~~~~
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Tense in the subjunctive mood refers to **Aspect** not *time*.
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Verbs in the subjunctive mood have no reference to time – past, present, or future.
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* Verbs in the present tense refer to continuous action.
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* Verbs in the aorist tense refer to an undefined aspect.
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* There are 10 perfect subjunctive verbs in the New Testament.
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These are all based on the verb οἴδα (to know) and would imply an ongoing effect based on the knowledge.
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See `Perfect Tense <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/tense_perfect.html>`_
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Form
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~~~~
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The subjunctive is based on the present or aorist tense of the verb.
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* The connecting vowel is lengthened. This lengthened connecting vowel is a key indicator of the subjunctive case.
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See `Paradigms verb_subjunctive <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#verbs-subjunctive>`_
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.. raw:: html
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<style type="text/css">
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.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
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.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
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overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
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.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
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font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
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.tg .tg-km2t{border-color:#ffffff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-oe15{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-zv4m{border-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-j7b8{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:#ffffff;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-eo4b{border-color:#ffffff;font-style:italic;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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</style>
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<table class="tg">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-j7b8" colspan="5"><span style="font-weight:bold">Present (or </span><span style="font-style:italic">Continuous</span><span style="font-style:normal">) </span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-style:normal">Subjunctive</span></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m" colspan="4">Present tense stem +</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-eo4b"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m" colspan="4">Lengthened connecting vowel (ω, η) +</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-eo4b"> </td>
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<td class="tg-oe15" colspan="4">Primary personal endings</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t"><span style="font-style:italic">active</span></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t" colspan="4">λυ + ω + μεν > λύωμεν</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t"><span style="font-style:italic">middle/passive</span></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t" colspan="4">λυ + ω + μεθα > λυώμεθα</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table></br></br>
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There is no augment for verbs in the aorist subjunctive as there is no reference to time.
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There is no tense formative for verbs formed on the second aorist stem in subjunctive.
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.. raw:: html
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<style type="text/css">
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.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
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.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
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||
overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
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||
.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;
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font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}
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.tg .tg-km2t{border-color:#ffffff;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-oe15{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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||
.tg .tg-zv4m{border-color:#ffffff;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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||
.tg .tg-j7b8{background-color:#fffc9e;border-color:#ffffff;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-eo4b{border-color:#ffffff;font-style:italic;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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</style>
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<table class="tg">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-zv4m"></th>
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<th class="tg-j7b8" colspan="5"><span style="font-weight:bold">Aorist (or </span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-style:italic">Undefined</span><span style="font-style:normal">) </span><span style="font-weight:bold;font-style:normal">Subjunctive</span></th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m" colspan="4">Unaugmented Aorist tense stem +</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m">Tense formative (for 1st aorist verbs only) +</td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-eo4b"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m">Lengthened connecting vowel (ω, η) +</td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-eo4b"> </td>
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<td class="tg-oe15" colspan="4">Primary personal endings</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t"><span style="font-style:italic">first aorist</span></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t" colspan="4">λυ + σ + ω + μεν > λύσωμεν</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-zv4m"></td>
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<td class="tg-km2t">second aorist</td>
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<td class="tg-km2t" colspan="4">λαβ + ω + μεν > λάβωμεν</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table></br></br>
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[Note: There is no augment in the aorist subjunctive]
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Dependent Clauses
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The most common use of the subjunctive is in dependent or conditional clauses.
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In fact, if the translator sees an *ἐάν*, *ἐι*, or *ἄν* they should start looking for a verb in the subjunctive case.
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Example
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-2 Dependent Clause Subjunctive
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:header-rows: 1
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Mark 8:35
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ὃς,ἐὰν,**θέλῃ**,τὴν,ψυχὴν,αὐτοῦ,σῶσαι,ἀπολέσει,αὐτήν
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hos,ean,**thelē**,tēn,psychēn,autou,sōsai,apolesei,autēn
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whoever,,**continually wishes**,the,soul,of him,to save,he will lose,it
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*whoever* **wants** *to save his soul will lose it.*
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[Note: the word for word translation picks up on the continual aspect of the present subjunctive.]
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Independent Clauses
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The subjunctive case may also be used in an independent clause that is
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1) Asking a question or is seeking an answer, or in a
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2) Rhetorical question that is asking a question for the purpose of directing the hearers thinking, but not expecting an answer.
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Example
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.. csv-table:: Table csv-3 Independent Clause Expecting an Answer
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Matthew 11:3,
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σὺ,εἶ,ὁ,ἐρχόμενος,ἢ,ἕτερον,**προσδοκῶμεν?**
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sy,ei,ho,erchomenos,ē,heteron,**prosdokōmen?**
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You,are you,the,one who is coming,or,another,**shall we expect?**
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*Are you the one coming, or are we* **expecting another?**
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* [Note: In order to pick up on the continuous aspect of the present subjunctive, this could be translated;
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"Are you the one who is coming or are we **to continue looking** for another?"]
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Example
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-4 Independent Clause Rhetorical Question
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:header-rows: 1
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Romans 6:1
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**ἐπιμένωμεν**,τῇ,ἁμαρτίᾳ,ἵνα,ἡ,χάρις,πλεονάσῃ?
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**epimenōmen**,tē,hamartia,hina,hē,charis,pleonasē?
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**Shall we continue**,in,sin,in order that,the,grace,may abound?
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**Should we continue** *in sin so that grace may abound?*
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[Note: πλεονάσῃ is an aorist subjunctive following a ἵνα clause. See `Subjunctive of Purpose/Result <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/mood_subjunctive.html#id3>`_ below.]
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Subjunctive of Purpose/Result
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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ἵνα + a verb in the Subjunctive mood may be used to express:
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1) the purpose for or
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2) the result from a course of action.
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Approximately one-third (1/3) of uses of the subjunctive case in the New Testament fall into this category.
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Example
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-5 Subjunctive of Purpose/Result
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:header-rows: 1
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Acts 16:30
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κύριοι,τί,με,δεῖ,ποιεῖν,ἵνα,**σωθῶ?**
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kyrioi,ti,me,dei,poiein,hina,**sōthō?**
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Sirs,what,I,is necessary,to do,in order that,**I may be saved?**
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*Sirs, what must I do in order* **to be saved?”**
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Exhortative Subjunctive
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The Exhortative Subjunctive is also known as the Hortatory Subjunctive. It occurs almost always as a first-person plural expression. It is a polite way of encouraging others to join the speaker in a course of action. Sometimes it is also used as a command.
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Example: Exhortative Subjunctive
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-6 Exhortive Subjunctive
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:header-rows: 1
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1 John 4:7
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ἀγαπητοί,**ἀγαπῶμεν**,ἀλλήλους
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agapētoi,**agapōmen**,allēlous
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Beloved,**let us love**,one another
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*Beloved,* **let us love** *one another*
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Example : Exhortative Subjunctive as a command
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-7
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:Header-rows: 1
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Matthew 26:46
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ἐγείρεσθε,**ἄγωμεν!**,ἰδοὺ,ἤγγικεν,ὁ,παραδιδούς,με!"
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egeiresthe,**agōmen!**,idou,ēngiken,ho,paradidous,me!"
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Arise,**let us go**,look,he is approaching,the,one who is betraying,me
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*Get up, that* **we might go**. *Behold, the one betraying me has approached*
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[Note: In order to pick up on the imperatival force of the Exhortavie Subjunctive,
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this could also be translated, "Get up! Let us Go! Behold, the one betraying me has approached."]
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[Note: In this example *ἐγείρεσθε* is a second person plural imperative.
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Therefore the force of the imperative is carried over onto “Let us go.”]
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Prohibitive Subjunctive
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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*μή* + *a verb in the aorist subjunctive* is used to indicate a prohibition.
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*οὐ μή* + *a verb in the aorist subjunctive* is used to indicate an emphatic prohibition.
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Jesus uses this form to express that something will never happen. It adds extra strength to the prohibition.
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Example of Simple Prohibition
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-8 Simple Prohibition
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:Header-Rows: 1
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Matthew 1:20
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**μὴ**,**φοβηθῇς**,παραλαβεῖν,Μαρίαν,τὴν,γυναῖκά, σου
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**mē**,**phobēthēs**,paralabein,Marian,tēn,gynaika,sou
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**not**,**you should fear**,to take,Mary,the,wife,of you
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you should not fear to take Mary as your wife,
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Example of Emphatic Prohibition
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-9 Emphatic Prohibition
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:Header-rows: 1
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Matthew 24:35
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οἱ,δὲ,λόγοι,μου,**οὐ μὴ**,**παρέλθωσιν**
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hoi,de,logoi,mou,**ou mē**,**parelthōsin**
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the,but,words,of me,**never**,**they will pass away**
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*but my words may* **certainly not pass away.**
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General Subjunctive
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The subjunctive may also occur without any of the key words (ἄν, ἐάν, ἕως, ὅταν, ὁς αν,or ὄπου ἄν) to indicate
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something that is possible or even probable.
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Example - General Subjunctive
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.. csv-table:: Table VMS-10 General Subjunctive
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:Header-rows: 1
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Matthew 13:29
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**ἐκριζώσητε**,ἅμα,αὐτοῖς,τὸν,σῖτον.
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**ekrizōsēte**,hama,autois,ton,siton.
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**you may uproot**,together,with it,the,wheat
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**you might uproot** *the wheat along with them.*
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