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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/adjective.rst
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.. _adjective:
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Adjective
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=========
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Summary
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-------
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/adjective-summary.rst
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.. include:: includes/adjective-summary-greek.rst
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Article
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-------
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In Koiné Greek, adjectives generally match the noun they describe in :ref:`gender<gender>` and :ref:`number<number>`.
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Attributive adjectives specifically must also match the noun they describe in :ref:`case<case>`.
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Any Greek adjective can take the form of all three genders: :ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>`, :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`, and :ref:`neuter<gender_neuter>`.
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Adjectives show these various forms by using the same kinds of word endings as nouns.
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Greek adjectives are listed in a lexicon according to the masculine nominative singular form.
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.. note:: Adjectives change form according to the base form of the adjective itself, NOT the base form of the noun it is describing. For example, the feminine dative singular form of the adjective πάς is always πάςῃ. The form will not change when describing any feminine dative noun. This remains true regardless of the kind of feminine dative word ending that appears on the noun.
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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Most adjectives in Koiné Greek use one of the following sets of word endings.
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However, there are more sets of word endings for adjectives in Greek than are listed here.
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See `adjective_paradigms <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#adjectives>`_ for more.
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See especially Master Table 1 and Master Table 2 :ref:`Master Tables<paradigms>`.
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.. csv-table:: ἀγαθός, "good"
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:header-rows: 1
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,Masculine,Feminine,Neuter
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*Singular*,,,
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Nominative,ἀγαθός,ἀγαθή,ἀγαθόν
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Genitive,ἀγαθοῦ,ἀγαθῆς,ἀγαθοῦ
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Dative,ἀγαθῷ,ἀγαθῇ,ἀγαθῷ
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Accusative,ἀγαθόν,ἀγαθήν,ἀγαθόν
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Vocative,ἀγαθέ,ἀγαθή,ἀγαθόν
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*Plural*,,,
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Nominative,ἀγαθοί,ἀγαθαί,ἀγαθά
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Genitive,ἀγαθῶν,ἀγαθῶν,ἀγαθῶν
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Dative,ἀγαθοῖς,ἀγαθαῖς,ἀγαθοῖς
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Accusative,ἀγαθούς,ἀγαθάς,ἀγαθά
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Vocative,ἀγαθοί,ἀγαθαί,ἀγαθά
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.. csv-table:: ἃγioς, "holy"
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:header-rows: 1
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,Masculine,Feminine,Neuter
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*Singular*,,,
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Nominative,ἅγιος,ἁγία,ἅγιον
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Genitive,ἁγίου,ἁγιάς,ἁγίου
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Dative,ἁγίῳ,ἁγἰᾳ,ἁγίῳ
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Accusative,ἃγιον,ἁγίαν,ἃγιον
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Vocative,ἅγιε,ἁγία,ἅγιον
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*Plural*,,,
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Nominative,ἃγιοι,ἃγιαι,ἃγια
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Genitive,ἁγίων,ἁγίων,ἁγίων
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Dative,ἁγίοις,ἁγίαις,ἁγίοις
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Accusative,ἁγίους,ἁγίας,ἃγια
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Vocative,ἃγιοι,ἃγιαι,ἃγια
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.. csv-table:: ἂλλος, "other, another"
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:header-rows: 1
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,Masculine,Feminine,Neuter
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*Singular*,,,
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Nominative,ἂλλος,ἂλλη,ἂλλο
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Genitive,ἂλλου,ἂλλης,ἂλλου
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Dative,ἂλλῳ,ἂλλῃ,ἂλλῳ
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Accusative,ἂλλον,ἂλλην,ἂλλο
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*Plural*,,,
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Nominative,ἄλλοι,ἄλλαι,ἂλλα
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Genitive,ἂλλων,ἂλλων,ἂλλων
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Dative,ἂλλοις,ἂλλαις,ἂλλοις
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Accusative,ἂλλους,ἂλλας,ἂλλα
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.. csv-table:: πᾶς, "all, every"
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:header-rows: 1
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,Masculine,Feminine,Neuter
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*Singular*,,,
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Nominative,πᾶς,πᾶσα,πᾶν
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Genitive,παντός,πάσης,παντός
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Dative,παντί,πάσῃ,παντί
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Accusative,πάντα,πᾶσαν,πᾶν
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*Plural*,,,
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Nominative,πάντες,πᾶσαι,πάντα
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Genitive,πάντων,πασῶν,πάντων
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Dative,πᾶσι(ν),πάσαις,πᾶσι(ν)
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Accusative,πάντας,πάσας,πάντα
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Examples
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Ephesians 1:3, "who has blessed us with **every spiritual blessing**"
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:header-rows: 0
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ὁ,εὐλογήσας,ἡμᾶς,ἐν,**πάσῃ**,**εὐλογίᾳ**,**πνευματικῇ**
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ho,eulogēsas,hēmas,en,**pasē**,**eulogia**,**pneumatikē**
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who,has blessed,us,with,**every**,**blessing**,**spiritual**
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In the above example the adjectives πάςῃ and πνευματικῇ are in feminine singular form.
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They agree with the noun εὐλογιᾳ in gender and number.
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These adjectives are both attributive.
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Therefore, they also agree in case.
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.. csv-table:: John 10:11, "I am the **good shepherd.**"
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:header-rows: 0
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ἐγώ,εἰμι,ὁ,**ποιμὴν**,ὁ,**καλός.**
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Egō,eimi,ho,**poimēn**,ho,**kalos.**
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I,I am,the,**shepherd**,the,**good**
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The adjective always appears in the form that represents the true gender of the noun.
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The above example is a statement of Jesus (a man).
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The pronoun ἐγώ ("I") is in masculine singular form.
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Therefore, any adjective describing ἐγώ must also appear in masculine singular form.
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In this example, the adjective ποίμην appears to be feminine because it ends with “ην”.
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However, the adjective ποίμην uses a different set of word endings than listed above.
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In this example, both ποιμήν and καλός are nominative masculine singular.
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Ascriptive adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: includes/adjective-ascriptive-summary.rst
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The noun being described by an ascriptive adjective may or may not be paired with the definite article.
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.. csv-table:: 1 John 2:7, "I am not writing a **new commandment** to you, but an **old commandment...**"
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:header-rows: 0
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οὐκ,,**ἐντολὴν**,**καινὴν**,γράφω,ὑμῖν,ἀλλ’,,**ἐντολὴν**,**παλαιὰν**
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ouk,,**entolēn**,**kainēn**,graphō,hymin,all’,,**entolēn**,**palaian**
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not,**commandment**,**new**,I write,to you,but,**commandment**,**old**
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Restrictive adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: includes/adjective-restrictive-summary.rst
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The noun being described by a restrictive adjective may or may not be paired with the definite article but is always a definite noun.
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.. csv-table:: John 2:1, "and there was a wedding on **the third day**"
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:header-rows: 0
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Καὶ,**τῇ**,**ἡμέρᾳ**,**τῇ**,**τρίτῃ**,γάμος,ἐγένετο
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Kai,**tē**,**hēmera**,**tē**,**trite**,gamos,egeneto
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And,**the**,**on day**,**the**,**third**,wedding,there was
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Function
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--------
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Describes a noun
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _adjective-attributive:
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/adjective-attributive.rst
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.. include:: includes/adjective-attributive-greek.rst
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.. csv-table:: Matthew 12:35, "The **good man** from the **good treasure**"
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:header-rows: 0
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ὁ,**ἀγαθὸς**,**ἄνθρωπος**,ἐκ,τοῦ,**ἀγαθοῦ**,**θησαυροῦ**
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ho,**agathos**,**anthrōpos**,ek,tou,**agathou**,**thēsaurou**
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the,**good**,**man**,out of,the,**good**,**treasure**
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.. _adjective-predicative:
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/adjective-predicative.rst
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.. include:: includes/notes/adjective-congruence.rst
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.. note:: Adjectives that function as predicative adjectives are classified as nouns ("NP") in the UGNT.
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.. csv-table:: Matthew 5:3, "**Blessed are** the poor in spirit"
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:header-rows: 0
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**Μακάριοι**,,οἱ,πτωχοὶ,τῷ,πνεύματι
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**makarioi**,,hoi,ptōchoi,tō,pneumati
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**Blessed**,**are**,the,poor,the,in spirit
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.. csv-table:: John 3:33, "God is **true**"
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:header-rows: 0
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ὁ,θεὸς,**ἀληθής**,ἐστιν
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ho,Theos,**alēthēs**,estin
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the,God,**true**,he is
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.. csv-table:: James 1:12, "**Blessed** is the man who endures testing."
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:header-rows: 0
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**Μακάριος**,,ἀνὴρ,ὃς,ὑπομένει,πειρασμόν
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**makarios**,,anēr,hos,hypomenei,peirasmon
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**Blessed**,is the,man,who,he endures,a trial
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.. _adjective-nominal:
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/adjective-nominal.rst
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When an adjective itself functions as a noun in a sentence, the adjective is describing some unnamed person or object.
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It is NOT describing some other noun in the sentence.
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Therefore, there is no other noun with which the adjective can agree in gender, case, or number.
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When an adjective functions as a noun, its case word ending is determined by how the word functions within the sentence.
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Its gender and number word ending is determined by the actual unnamed person or object to which the adjective refers.
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In Koiné Greek, nominal adjectives are often paired with the definite article, but not always.
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.. note:: Adjectives that function as nominal adjectives are classified as nouns ("NS") in the UGNT.
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.. csv-table:: Romans 1:17, "as it has been written, 'But the **righteous** will live by faith.'"
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:header-rows: 0
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καθὼς,γέγραπται,ὁ,δὲ,**δίκαιος**,,ἐκ,πίστεως,ζήσεται
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kathōs,gegraptai,ho,de,**dikaios**,,ek,pisteōs,zēsetai
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as,it has been written,the,but,**righteous** [man/person],by,faith,he will live
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.. _adjective-adverbial:
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/adjective-adverbial.rst
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When an adjective is used as an adverb, usually the adjective will have the neuter accusative (or sometimes neuter dative) word ending.
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The most common of these adjectives that used adverbs include:
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βραχύ ("short"),
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ἲδιον ("one's own"),
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μίκρον ("small"),
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ὀλίγον ("little"),
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μόνον ("alone"),
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πολύ ("many"),
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πρῶτον ("first"),
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ὕστερον "(second").
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.. csv-table:: Matthew 6:33, "But seek **first** his kingdom"
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:header-rows: 0
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ζητεῖτε,δὲ,**πρῶτον**,τὴν,βασιλείαν
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zēteite,de,**proton**,tēn,basileian
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you seek,but,**first**,the,kingdom
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Other uses of adjectives
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. _adjective-comparative:
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/adjective-comparative.rst
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In Koiné Greek, a comparative adjective is often formed by adding a specific kind of word ending to the base form of that adjective.
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These comparative adjective word endings differ according to gender:
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-τερος (masculine),
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-τερα (feminine), or
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-τερον (neuter).
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(Some irregular adjectives take the suffixes -(ι)ων or -ον instead.)
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.. note:: Some adjectives use the comparative word ending to indicate a superlative adjective instead. You must always be observant of the context and take it into account when translating an adjective with a comparative word ending.
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.. csv-table:: John 13:16, "a servant is not **greater** than his master"
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:header-rows: 0
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οὐκ,ἔστιν,δοῦλος,**μείζων**,τοῦ,κυρίου,αὐτοῦ
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ouk,estin,doulos,**meizōn**,tou,kyriou,autou
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not, he is,a slave,**greater**,than,master,his
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.. _adjective-intensive:
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/adjective-intensive.rst
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.. note:: Sometime both/either comparative and/or superlative word endings can be used to express an intensive meaning to that particular adjective rather than either a comparative meaning or a superlative meaning.
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.. csv-table:: Mark 4:1, "and a **large** crowd gathered around him"
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:header-rows: 0
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καὶ,συνάγεται,πρὸς,αὐτὸν,ὄχλος,**πλεῖστος**
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kai,synagetai,pros,auton,ochlos,**pleistos**
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and,it is gathered,to,him,crowd,**very large**
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.. csv-table:: Luke 1:3, "**most excellent** *Theophilus*"
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:header-rows: 0
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**κράτιστε**,Θεόφιλε
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**kratiste**,Theophile
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**most excellent**,Theophilus
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.. _adjective-superlative:
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/adjective-superlative.rst
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In Koiné Greek, a comparative adjective is often formed by adding a specific kind of word ending to the base form of that adjective.
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These comparative adjective word endings differ according to gender:
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*-τατος* (masculine), *-τατη* (feminine), and *-τατον* (neuter),
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OR
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*-ιστος* (masculine), *-ιστη* (feminine), and *-ιστον* (neuter).
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.. note:: Some adjectives use the superlative word ending to indicate a comparative adjective instead. You must always be observant of the context and take it into account when translating an adjective with a comparative word ending.
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.. csv-table:: 1 Corinthians 15:9, *For I am the* **least** *of the apostles.*
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:header-rows: 0
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ἐγὼ,γάρ,εἰμι,ὁ,**ἐλάχιστος**,τῶν,ἀποστόλων
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egō,gar,eimi,ho,**elachistos**,tōn,apostolōn
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I,for,I am,the,**least**,of the,apostles
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.. csv-table::
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John 10:11
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ἐγώ,εἰμι,ὁ,ποιμὴν,ὁ,**καλός**
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egō,eimi,ho,poimēn,ho,**kalos**
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I, I am,the,shepherd,the,**good**
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*I am the* **good** *shepherd*...
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