:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/mood_subjunctive.rst .. _mood_subjunctive: Mood subjunctive ================ Glossary [D R A F T - U N D E R C O N S T R U C T I O N] 9 2 21 [2.15] -------- The **subjunctive mood** indicates that the speaker is referring to the verbal action as a *possibility* or *probability*. (e.g., he may eat, he should eat, he could eat). The subjunctive mood is also used as *a mild command* (let’s eat). Example: Table VMS-1 Subjunctive Example .. csv-table:: Table VMS-1 Subjunctive Example Mark 14:14 ποῦ,ἐστιν,τὸ,κατάλυμά,μου,ὅπου,τὸ,πάσχα,μετὰ,τῶν,μαθητῶν,μου,**φάγω;** pou,estin,to,katalyma,mou,hopou,to,Pascha,meta,tōn,mathētōn,mou,**phagō?** Where,it is,the,guestroom,of my,where,the,Passover meal,with,the,disciples,of me,**I may eat?** *Where is my guest room where* **I may eat** *the Passover with my disciples?* Article [D R A F T - U N D E R C O N S T R U C T I O N] ------- The **subjunctive mood** is used to portray a probable or desired action. * It is used when the action is viewed as being possible if certain conditions are met. * Dependent Clauses - The subjunctive in a dependent clause is the most common use of the subjunctive preceded with (ἐάν, ἐι, ἄν) * Independent Clauses - The subjunctive may also be used in an independent clause either * (1) in a real question or * (2) in a question where an answer is not expected to be given. * Subjunctive of Purpose/Result – The subjunctive case is often used to show purpose or results of an action in a clause that is preceded with a ἵνα. * Exhortative Subjunctive - It is used in the first person as an exhortation (even to the point of being a mild command). * Prohibitive Subjunctive - It is used in prohibitions * General Subjunctive - It may also be used if the action is viewed as probable, or possible (instead of the optative mood). Verbs occur in the subjunctive mood 1,868 times in the New Testament. Key words: ~~~~~~~~~~ Verbs which are preceded by *ἄν*, *ἐάν*, *ἕως*, *ὅταν*, *ὁς αν*, or *ὄπου ἄν* will be in the subjunctive. This is a strong clue that a verb in the subjunctive is following. Tense ~~~~~ Tense in the subjunctive mood refers to **Aspect** not *time*. Verbs in the subjunctive mood have no reference to time – past, present, or future. * Verbs in the present tense refer to continuous action. * Verbs in the aorist tense refer to an undefined aspect. * There are 10 perfect subjunctive verbs in the New Testament. They are all based on the verb οἴδα (to know) and would imply an ongoing effect based on the knowledge. See `Perfect Tense `_ Form ~~~~ The subjunctive is based on the present or aorist tense of the verb. * There is no augment for verbs in the aorist subjunctive as there is no reference to time. * The connecting vowel is lengthened. This lengthened connecting vowel is a key indicator of the subjunctive case. See `Paradigms verb_subjunctive `_ .. raw:: html

			Present (or Continuous) Subjunctive
				Present tense stem +
				Lengthened connecting vowel (ω, η) +
				Primary personal endings
			active	λυ + ω + μεν > λύωμεν
			middle/passive	λυ + ω + μεθα > λυώμεθα

.. raw:: html

			Aorist (or Undefined) Subjunctive
				Unaugmented Aorist tense stem +
				Tense formative (for 1st aorist verbs only) +
				Lengthened connecting vowel (ω, η) +
				Primary personal endings
			first aorist	λυ + σ + ω + μεν > λύςωμεν
			second aorist	λυ + ω + μεν > λάβωμεν

[Note: There is no tense formative in the aorist subjunctive] [Note: There is no augment in the aorist subjunctive] Dependent Clauses ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The most common use of the subjunctive is in dependent or conditional clauses. In fact, if the if the translator sees an *ἐάν*, *ἐι*, or *ἄν* they should start looking for a verb in the subjunctive case. Example .. csv-table:: Table VMS-2 Dependent Clause Subjunctive :header-rows: 1 Mark 8:35 ὃς,ἐὰν,**θέλῃ**,τὴν,ψυχὴν,αὐτοῦ,σῶσαι,ἀπολέσει,αὐτήν hos,ean,**thelē**,tēn,psychēn,autou,sōsai,apolesei,autēn whoever,,**continually wishes**,the,soul,of him,to save,he will lose,it *whoever* **wants** *to save his soul will lose it.* [Note: the word for word translation picks up on the continual aspect of the present subjunctive.] Independent Clauses ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The subjunctive case may also be used in an independent clause that is 1) Asking a question or is seeking an answer, or in a 2) Rhetorical question that is asking a question for the purpose of directing the hearers thinking, but not expecting an answer. Example expecting an answer Matthew 11:3 σὺ εἶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, ἢ ἕτερον προσδοκῶμεν? sy ei ho erchomenos, ē heteron prosdokōmen? You are you the one who is coming or another shall we expect? Are you the one coming, or are we expecting another? [Note: In order to pick up on the continuous aspect of the present subjunctive, this could be translated - Are you the one who is coming or are we to continue looking for another?] Example rhetorical question Romans 6:1 ἐπιμένωμεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ἵνα ἡ χάρις πλεονάσῃ? epimenōmen tē hamartia, hina hē charis pleonasē? Shall we continue in sin in order that the grace may abound? Should we continue in sin so that grace may abound? [Note: πλεονάσῃ is an aorist subjunctive following a ἵνα clause. See ______ below.] Subjunctive of Purpose/Result ἵνα + a verb in the Subjunctive mood may be used to express the purpose for or result from a course of action. Approximately one-third (1/3) of uses of the subjunctive case in the New Testament fall into this category. Acts 16:30 "κύριοι, τί με δεῖ ποιεῖν, ἵνα σωθῶ? "kyrioi, ti me dei poiein, hina sōthō? Sirs, what I it is necessary to do in order that I may be saved? “Sirs, what must I do in order to be saved?” Exhortative Subjunctive The Exhortative Subjunctive is also known as the Hortatory Subjunctive. It occurs almost always as a first-person plural expression. It is a polite way of encouraging others to join the speaker in a course of action. Sometimes it is also used as a command. Example: Exhortative Subjunctive 1 John 4:7 ἀγαπητοί, ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους agapētoi, agapōmen allēlous Beloved let us love one another Beloved, let us love one another Example : Exhortative Subjunctive as a command Matthew 26:46 ἐγείρεσθε, ἄγωμεν! ἰδοὺ, ἤγγικεν ὁ παραδιδούς με!" egeiresthe, agōmen! idou, ēngiken ho paradidous me!" Arise, Let us go Look he is approaching the one who is betraying me Get up, that we might go. Behold, the one betraying me has approached [Note: In this example ἐγείρεσθε is a second person plural imperative. Therefore the force of the imperative is carried over onto “Let us go.”] Prohibitive Subjunctive μή + a verb in the aorist subjunctive is used to indicate a prohibition. οὐ μή + a verb in the aorist subjunctive is used to indicate an emphatic prohibition. Jesus uses this form to express that something will never happen. It adds extra strength to the prohibition. Example of Simple prohibition Matthew 1:20 μὴ φοβηθῇς παραλαβεῖν Μαρίαν τὴν γυναῖκά σου mē phobēthēs paralabein Marian tēn gynaika sou not do fear to take Mary the wife of you you should not fear to take Mary as your wife, Example of emphatic prohibition Matthew 24:35 οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ μὴ παρέλθωσιν hoi de logoi mou ou mē parelthōsin the but words of me never they will pass away but my words may certainly not pass away. General Subjunctive The subjunctive may also occur without any of the key words (ἄν, ἐάν, ἕως, ὅταν, ὁς αν,or ὄπου ἄν) to indicate something that is possible or even probable. Matthew 13:29 ἐκριζώσητε ἅμα αὐτοῖς τὸν σῖτον. ekrizōsēte hama autois ton siton. you may uproot together with it the wheat you might uproot the wheat along with them. [ Note could use Matthew 18:23 - The kingdom of heaven may be compared to a man…]