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Case dative
===========
Glossary
Glossary [**Draft - In Process**]
--------
**Dative** is a case which has a wide range of uses. It can indicate the *recipient*
or *reference* of a verbal action. The dative case also is
used to indicate the *location, instrument, relation, or manner* in which
something occurs. Some verbs take their object in the dative case.
**Dative** is a nominal case which has a very wide range of uses. It can
indicate the *recipient*, *reference*, *location* or *instrument* of a
verbal action, as well as the *manner* in which, or *interest* of which,
something occurs.
.. csv-table:: Example: LUK 24:42
.. csv-table:: Example: Luke 24:42
οἱ δὲ ἐπέδωκαν αὐτῷ ἰχθύος ὀπτοῦ μέρος
hoi de epedōkan autō ichthyos optou meros
and they gave to him of a fish broiled part
they gave him a piece of a broiled fish
οἱ,δὲ,ἐπέδωκαν,**αὐτῷ**,ἰχθύος,ὀπτοῦ,μέρος
hoi,de,epedōkan,**autō**,ichthyos,optou,meros
They,and,they gave,**to him**,of a fish,broiled,part
*They gave* **him** *a piece of a broiled fish*
Article
Article [**Draft - In process**]
-------
The Dative case serves three primary functions. It may also indicate the direct object for some verbs
1. Indirect object and personal interest - It serves as the case of personal interest by indicating the indirect object of the verb. It points to or for whom something was done. It can also be used to indicate someone or something that is being referred to by the verb, including possession.
2. location - It may indicate the location (in place, sphere, or time) of an event.
3. Instrumental - It may indicate the means, cause, manner, agent of an action.
4. Direct object- Some verbs take their direct object in the dative case.
Form
~~~~~~
The Dative case is formed by adding the Dative case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel).
..raw:: html
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<table class="tg">
<tr>
<th class="tg-c3ow" colspan="7"><span style="font-weight:bold">Dative Case Ending</span></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-c3ow"></td>
<td class="tg-f8tv" colspan="3">First and Second Declension</td>
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
<td class="tg-f8tv" colspan="2">Third Declencion</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
<td class="tg-0pky">Masculine</td>
<td class="tg-0pky">Feminine</td>
<td class="tg-0pky">Neuter</td>
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
<td class="tg-0pky">Masculine/Feminine</td>
<td class="tg-0pky">Neuter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Singular</span></td>
<td class="tg-3xi5" colspan="6"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-f8tv">Genitive</td>
<td class="tg-3xi5"><span style="font-weight:bold">ι</span></td>
<td class="tg-3xi5"><span style="font-weight:bold"> ι</span></td>
<td class="tg-mqn7">ι</td>
<td class="tg-fymr"></td>
<td class="tg-7btt">ι</td>
<td class="tg-7btt">ι</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Plural</span></td>
<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Genitive</span></td>
<td class="tg-7g6k">ις</td>
<td class="tg-7g6k">ις</td>
<td class="tg-7g6k">ις</td>
<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
<td class="tg-c3ow">σι (ν)</td>
<td class="tg-7btt">σι (ν)</td>
</tr>
</table>
[Note]
• The iota (ι) in the first and second singular declension will often subscript because it is a short vowel.
• The Nu (ν) in the third declension plural is a movable Nu and may or may not be present. [See rules for movable Nu.] [Note: I do not think we have a place for this. so may need to drop.]
Dative – Indirect object /personal interest
The Dative- Indirect object will only occur with a transitive verb. The noun or pronoun in the dative case receives the object of the verb (or if the verb is passive, the word in the dative case will receive the subject of the verb). This is the most common use of the dative case when a preposition is not used. Often, the translator will use the key words “to” or “for”in the translation. As an indirect object, the dative case is used to point out the person (or personification of something) “to” or “for which” something is done.
John 6:29
ὁ Ἰησοῦς καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς
ho Iēsous kai eipen autois
The Jesus and he said to them
and Jesus said to them,
2 Corinthians 12:7
ἐδόθη μοι σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
edothē moi skolops tē sarki
it was given to me thorn in the flesh
a thorn in the flesh was given to me
Note: in this example the verb ( ἐδόθη) is in the passive voice. Therefore, the word in the dative case receives the subject of the clause (σκόλοψ) which is in the nominative case.
Indirect Object of Advantage (or Disadvantage)
A sub-category of the Dative of Indirect Object is the Indirect Object of Advantage (or Disadvantage. It may be to the advantage (or disadvantage) of the person who receives the object. If it is to the persons advantage, it is referred to as the Indirect Object of Advantage. If it is to their disadvantage (or harm), it is referred to as the Indirect object of Disadvantage.
Example: Indirect Object of Advantage
John 4:5
πλησίον τοῦ χωρίου ὃ ἔδωκεν Ἰακὼβ τῷ Ἰωσὴφ
plēsion tou chōriou ho edōken Iakōb tō Iōsēph
near the land that he gave Jacob to Joseph
near the piece of land that Jacob had given to Joseph
Example: Indirect object of disadvantage
1 Corinthians 11:29
ὁ γὰρ ἐσθίων καὶ πίνων κρίμα ἑαυτῷ, ἐσθίει καὶ πίνει
ho gar esthiōn kai pinōn krima heautō, esthiei kai pinei
the for he who is eating and he who is drinking judgment to himself he is eating and he is drinking
For he who eats and drinks ..., eats and drinks judgment to himself.
Dative of Reference
The Dative of Reference is a subcategory of the Indirect object of Personal Interest. Sometimes the meaning is better conveyed with a key word; “concerning”, “about”, “in regard to”, “with reference to”, “or in respect to”. The Dative of Reference is often used when describing the effect of the action on a thing or a personification of something.
Romans 6:2
οἵτινες ἀπεθάνομεν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, πῶς ἔτι ζήσομεν ἐν αὐτῇ?
hoitines apethanomen tē hamartia, pōs eti zēsomen en autē?
We we have died to sin how still will we live in it
We who died to sin, how can we still live in it?
Note: This verse could easily be translated “With reference to sin, we have died.” or “in respect to sin”
See also:
Romans 6:11
λογίζεσθε ἑαυτοὺς εἶναι νεκροὺς μὲν τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ, ζῶντας δὲ τῷ Θεῷ
logizesthe heautous einai nekrous men tē hamartia, zōntas de tō Theō
You reckon yourselves to be dead on the one hand to to sin, alive but to to God
you also must consider yourselves to be dead to sin, but alive to God in Christ Jesus.
Dative of Possession
Possession is a form of personal interest. Therefore, the dative case in some instances is used to indicate possession. Possession is generally indicated by use of the genitive case, but in some instances the dative case is used.
Luke 1:7
καὶ οὐκ ἦν αὐτοῖς τέκνον...
kai ouk ēn autois teknon,
and not it/there was to them a child
But they had no child
Note: In this instance, our smooth translation drops the indirect object of possession. It is awkward to say “And there was not to them a child.” The sentence is entirely rephrased to result in a smooth translation.
Dative -Locative (location)
• Locative of place - The dative case is may be used to indicate the location (or place) of an object in the physical world.
• Locative of Sphere - When this place is more metaphorical or logical, it is referred to as the Locative of Sphere
• Locative of Time - The dative case may also be used to indicate the location of an object in time.
example for Locative of place (Note: the place is a physical location)
John 21:8
οἱ δὲ ἄλλοι μαθηταὶ τῷ πλοιαρίῳ ἦλθον
hoi de alloi mathētai tō ploiariō ēlthon
the but other disciples in a boat they came
The other disciples came in the boat
Example for Locative of Sphere (Note: the location is metaphorical or logical in nature)
Matthew 5:3
μακάριοι οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι
makarioi hoi ptōchoi tō pneumatic
Blessed the poor in spirit
Blessed are the poor in spirit
Example for Locative of time
John 2:1
καὶ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ τρίτῃ γάμος ἐγένετο ἐν Κανὰ
kai tē hēmera tē tritē gamos egeneto en Kana
and the day the third a wedding there was in Cana
Three days later, there was a wedding in Cana
Note: In this instance “on the third day” is translated “Three days later...”
Dative – Instrumental
The Dative-Instrumental may be used to indicate the Means, Cause, manner, or agent by which an event occurs. The Dative-Instrumental may also be used to indicate an association with the main subject of the action. Making distinctions between means, cause, manner, agent, or association can be very difficult and often the choice between one category and the other is subject to personal interpretation.
The instrumental of means is used to indicate the means or (the process or method) by which the action of the verb is accomplished.
Matthew 8:16
καὶ ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ
kai exebalen ta pneumata logo
and he cast out the spirit with a word
He drove out the spirits with a word
The Instrumental of Cause is used to indicate the cause, the motivating event, or reason something occurred. Therefore, the key word “because” may help in translation.
Romans 11:20
τῇ ἀπιστίᾳ ἐξεκλάσθησαν
tē apistia exeklasthēsan
because (of) unbelief they were broken off
Because of their unbelief they were broken off
The Instrumental of manner – is used to indicate the method or manner used to accomplish something. This is very closely related to the Instrumental of means.
1 Corinthians 11:5
πᾶσα δὲ γυνὴ προσευχομένη ἢ προφητεύουσα ἀκατακαλύπτῳ τῇ κεφαλῇ
pasa de gynē proseuchomenē ē prophēteuousa akatakalyptō tē kephalē
every but woman who prays or who prophecies with uncovered the head
But every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered
The Instrumental of agent is used with a verb in the middle or passive voice to express the agent or person by which an action is accomplished. Agency may also be expressed by using the preposition ὑπὸ with the genitive case or δία with the accusative case.
Galatians 5:18
εἰ δὲ Πνεύματι ἄγεσθε
ei de Pneumati agesthe
if but by Spirit you are led
But if you are led by the Spirit
The Instrumental of Association is used to indicate an association, relation or, affiliation of some kind with the subject carrying out the action of the verb.
Mark 14:51
καὶ νεανίσκος τις συνηκολούθει αὐτῷ
kai neaniskos tis synēkolouthei auto
and a young man certain he followed with him.
Now a certain young man was following him [Note in the literal Bible “Jesus” was used for the pronoun “him” but the proper name was supplied on the basis of context and not the Greek text.]
Dative-Direct object
Certain verbs take their object in the dative case. This is often with verbs that indicate some sort of personal relation to the action.
The following is a list of 48 verbs that may take their object in the dative case:
ἀκολοθέω (to follow), ἀνθομολογέομαι (to praise), ἀνίστημι (to resist), ἀντιπίπτω (to resist),ἀντιτάσσω (to resist), ἀπιστέω (to disbelieve), ἀρέσκω (to please), βοηθέω (to help), διακατελέγχομαι (to refute), διακονέω (to serve), διαμαρτύρομαι (to warn), διαστέλλω (to order), διατάσσω (to instruct), διδάσκω (to teach), δουλεύω (to serve), ἐγκαλέω (to accuse), ἐμβριμάομαι (to rebuke), ἐξακολουθέω (to follow), ἐξομολογέω (to praise), ἐπιπλἠσσω (to rebuke),ἐπιτάσσω (to command), ἐπιτιμάω (to warn), ἐπισκιάζω (to cover), εὐχαριστέω (to thank), κοινωνέω (to share), λατρεύω (to serve), μετριοπαθέω (to deal gently), ὁμολογέω (to profess), ὀργιζω (to be angry at), παραγγέλλω (to command), παρακολολουθέω (to follow), παρενοχλέω (to trouble), παρενοχλέω (to trouble), πείθω (to obey), πιστεύω (to believe), προσκυνέω (to worship), προστάσσω (to command), προσψαύω (to touch), συλλαμβάννω (to help), συμβουλεύω (to advise), συνακολουθέω (to follow), συνεργέω (to assist), συνευδοκέω (to approve), ὑπακούω (to obey), ὑπηρετέω (to serve), χαρίζομαι (to forgive), χράομαι (to make use of), ψάλλω (to sing praise to).
Luke 16:28
ὅπως διαμαρτύρηται αὐτοῖς
hopōs diamartyrētai autois
so that he could warn them
in order that he might warn them