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@ -8,9 +8,231 @@ Person third
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Glossary
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--------
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**Third person** is a grammatical feature indicating that the speaker is
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talking about another person and is not involved in the verbal action
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(e.g., *he ran*, *she ran*, *they ran*).
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**Third person** is a grammatical feature indicating that the speaker is talking about a person (or thing) other than the speak
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or writer or the person being addressed (the reader or listener) (e.g., he ran, she ran, they ran).
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.. csv-table::
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Mark 1:8
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αὐτὸς,δὲ,βαπτίσει,ὑμᾶς,ἐν,Πνεύματι,Ἁγίῳ
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autos,de,baptisei,hymas,en,Pneumati,Hagiō
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he,but,he will baptize,you,with,Spirit,Holy
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*...but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.*
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Summary
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-------
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Third person is used when the narrator or speaker refers to someone
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besides himself or the listener (or reader).
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Article
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-------
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The third person is the person or thing refered to other than the speaker or someone being addressed. Pronouns in the third person
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(*he*, *him*, *his*, *she*, *her*, or *it* or group of people/things *they*, *them*, or *their*, refer to something that is spoken about.
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The third person can be used in both direct and indirect speech.
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Third person references appear in both :ref:`Verb<verb>` forms, and :ref:`Pronoun_Personal<pronoun_personal>` forms.
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Form
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----
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When a word is in the third person, it can be recognized by a variety of
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changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and
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are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. These changes can be classified into Verbal Conjugation forms and Personal Pronouns.
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The third person of a verb is formed by adding a third person personal ending (or sufformative) to the verb stem.
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These endings can be divided into eight basic types: primary active, secondary active, primary middle/passive and
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secondary middle/passive. There are also singular and plural endings. The paradigm below shows a sample of the kinds of changes that
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indicate a third person verbal form.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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**Eight common Third Person Verbal Conjugation Forms**
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.. csv-table::
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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Third person present active indicative singular,λύει,lyei,He/she/it is loosing
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Third person present active indicative plural,λύουσι(ν),lyousi (n),They are loosing
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Third person present passive indicative singular,λύεται,lyetai,He/she/it is being loosed
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Third person present passive indicative plural,λύονται,lyontai,They are being loosed
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Third person aorist active indicative singular,ἒλυε,elye,He/she/it loosed
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Third person aorist active indicative plural,ἒλυον,elyon,They loosed
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Third person aorist passive indicative singular,ἐλύετο,elyeto,He/she/it was loosed
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Third person aorist passive indicative plural,ἐλύοντο,elyonto,They were loosed
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**Personal pronouns also have person and appear in various forms.**
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Greek distinguishes between :ref:`Number Singular<number_singular>` and :ref:`Number Plural<number_plural>` ,AND between
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:ref:`Gender Masculine<gender_masculine>` ,:ref:`Gender Feminine<gender_feminine>` ,and :ref:`Gender Neuter<gender_neuter`
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in the third person.
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**Third Person Independent Personal Pronoun Forms**
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.. csv-table::
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*Masculine*
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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Third person nominative singular,αὐτός,autos,he
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Third person nominative plural,αὐτοί,autoi,they
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Third person genitive singular,αὐτοῦ,autou,his
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Third person genitive plural,αὐτῶν,autōn,their
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Third person dative singular,αὐτῷ,auto,him
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Third person dative plural,αὐτοῖς,autois,them
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Third person accusative singular,αὐτόν,auton,him (or it)
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Third person accusative plural,αὐτούς,autous,them
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,
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*Feminine*
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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Third person nominative singular,αὐτή,autē,she
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Third person nominative plural,αὐταί,autai,they
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Third person genitive singular,αὐτῆς,autēs,her
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Third person genitive plural,αὐτῶν,autōn,their
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Third person dative singular,αὐτῇ,autē,her
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Third person dative plural,αὐταῖς,autais,them
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Third person accusative singular,αὐτήν,autēn,her( or it)
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Third person accusative plural,αὐτάς,autas,them
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,
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*Neuter*
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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Third person nominative singular,αὐτό,auto,it
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Third person nominative plural,αὐτά,autα,they
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Third person genitive singular,αὐτοῦ,autou,its
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Third person genitive plural,αὐτῶν,autōn,their
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Third person dative singular,αὐτῷ,auto,it
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Third person dative plural,αὐτοῖς,autois,them
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Third person accusative singular,αὐτό,auto,it
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Third person accusative plural,αὐτά,autα,them
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The third person can be found in
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:ref:`verb<verb>` forms, and as a :ref:`pronounpersonal(pronoun_personal>`_ forms.
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Function
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--------
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In the :ref:`verb<verb>`_ form
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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As stated above a suffix is added to the verb stem to indicate the person and number for the subject of the verb. The subject in a
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sentence is the person or thing that does the action of the verb. However, if the verb is in the :ref:`passive voice<voice_passive>`_ ,
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the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb.
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.. csv-table::
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John 1:14
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καὶ,ὁ,λόγος,σὰρξ,ἐγένετο,καὶ,ἐσκήνωσεν,ἐν,ἡμῖν
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kai,ho,logos,sarx,egeneto,kai,eskēnōsen,en,hemin
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and,the,word,flesh,it became,and,it lived,among,us
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*The Word became flesh and lived among us.*
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The personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show the person and number of the subject of the sentence.
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Therefore, an emphasis is being made when the nominative case of the personal pronoun is used in conjunction with the verb.
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.. csv-table::
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Ephesians 4:11
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καὶ,αὐτὸς,ἔδωκεν,τοὺς,μὲν,,ἀποστόλους
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kai,autos,edōken,tous,men,,apostolous
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and,he,he gave,some,(to be),apostles
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*He gave some to be apostles*
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As a :ref:`pronoun_personal<pronoun_personal>`
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The third person personal pronoun can be used as a subject, an object, or to indicate possession. Personal pronouns may also be used
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as the object of a preposition. The :ref:`number<number>`_ (singular or plural) and the :ref:`gender<gender>`_ (Masculine, feminine,
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or neuter) will agree with its antecedent. However, the :ref:`case<case>`_ will depend on its function in the sentence.
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**Prepositions**
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Third person personal pronouns can be the object of a preposition. They therefore can occur in the Genitive, Dative, or Accusative case
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depending upon the preposition.
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*Third person personal pronoun - preposition*
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.. csv-table::
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Romans 1:17
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δικαιοσύνη,γὰρ,Θεοῦ,ἐν,αὐτῷ,ἀποκαλύπτεται,ἐκ,πίστεως,εἰς,πίστιν
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dikaiosynē,gar,Theou,en,autō,apokalyptetai,ek,pisteōs,eis,pistin
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righteousness,for,of,God,in,it,it is being revealed,from,faith,into,faith
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*For in it God's righteousness is revealed from faith to faith*
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**Subject of a sentence or clause** (including predicate nominative)
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Third person personal pronoun – nominative case αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό, αὐτοί, αὐταί, αὐτά
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As stated above, the personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show the person and number of the subject of the sentence.
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Therefore, an emphasis is being made when the nominative case of the personal pronoun is used in conjunction with the verb.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Matthew 5:8
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Μακάριοι οἱ καθαροὶ τῇ καρδίᾳ ὅτι αὐτοὶ τὸν Θεὸν ὄψονται
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Makarioi hoi katharoi tē kardia hoti autoi ton Theon opsontai
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Blessed (are) the pure in the heart because they the God they will see
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Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God.
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Possession
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~~~~~~
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Third Person personal pronoun – Genitive case αὐτοῦ, αὐτῆς, αὐτοῦ, αὐτῶν, αὐτῶν, αὐτῶν
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.. csv-table:: Example: Matthew 5:2
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καὶ ἀνοίξας τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς
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kai anoixas to stoma autou edidasken autous
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and he opened the mouth his he was teaching them
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He opened his mouth and taught them
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Objective Cases
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Third person personal pronoun – Dative case αὐτῷ, αὐτῇ, αὐτῷ, αὐτοῖς, αὐταῖς, αὐτοῖς
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.. csv-table:: Example: Matthew 8:20
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καὶ λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς
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kai legei autō ho Iēsous
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and he says to him the Jesus
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Jesus said to him
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Third person personal pronoun – Accusative case αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό, αὐτούς, αὐτάς, αὐτά
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.. csv-table:: Example: Mark 1:37
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καὶ εὗρον αὐτὸν καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ ὅτι πάντες ζητοῦσίν σε
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kai heuron auton kai legousin autō hoti pantes zētousin se
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and they found him and they said to him that everyone is seeking you
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They found him and they said to him, "Everyone is looking for you."
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Reflexive use of the third person personal pronoun – εἀυτοῦ, εἀυτῆς, εἀυτοῦ
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The third person reflexive pronoun occurs 317 times in the New Testament. It occurs in the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative forms. αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό is used as a reflexive pronoun 119 times.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Romans 14:7
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οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἡμῶν ἑαυτῷ ζῇ καὶ οὐδεὶς ἑαυτῷ ἀποθνῄσκει
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oudeis gar hēmōn heautō zē kai oudeis heautō apothnēskei
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no one for of us to himself he lives and no one to himself he dies
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For none of us lives for himself, and none dies for himself.
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