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Verb
====
Glossary
Summary
--------
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb_summary.rst
Article
-------
A verb is a word in a sentence that describes either an action by the subject of a sentence, or the subject itself.
Therefore, the verb is often the most important word in understanding a sentence or a clause.
Form
----
In Biblical Hebrew, the root of a verb consists of three consonants,
sometimes called the tri-literal (meaning "three letters") root. In
"strong" verbs, the three root consonants always stay the same and are
easy to recognize, but "weak" verbs have one or more consonants that
disappear in certain forms.
Verbs in Biblical Hebrew change form according to both conjugation
(:ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>`,
:ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`,
:ref:`Infinitive Absolute<infinitive_absolute>`,
etc.) and stem formation
(:ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>`,
:ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>`,
etc.). Generally speaking, changes in verb forms happen by adding
prefixes/suffixes, by changing the vowels, or both. These changes in
form show the
:ref:`stem formation<stem>`
of a verb with its conjugation, which includes the person
(:ref:`first<person_first>`, :ref:`second<person_second>`,
or
:ref:`third<person_third>`),
the gender
(:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>`
or
:ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`),
the number
(:ref:`singular<number_singular>`
or
:ref:`plural<number_plural>`),
and sometimes the state
(:ref:`absolute<state_absolute>`
or
:ref:`construct<state_construct>`).
The person, gender, and number of a verb always agree with the subject.
Unlike English (but similar to other languages like Spanish), verbs in
Biblical Hebrew do not require a separate :ref:`personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>`
if the subject is not identified; this is because the form of the verb
itself includes the subject. A :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
attached to a verb can function as its object.
.. _verb-finite:
Finite verbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~
Finite verbs are verbs that have a subject and do not require any verbal
complement to form a complete sentence. Their form shows tense as well as person and number.
Biblical Hebrew has 7 finite verb forms: :ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>`, :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`,
:ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`, :ref:`Sequential Imperfect<verb_sequential_imperfect>`,
:ref:`Imperative<verb_imperative>`, :ref:`Jussive<verb_jussive>`, and :ref:`Cohortative<verb_cohortative>`.
.. _verb-non-finite:
Non-finite verbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Properly speaking, non-finite verbs are verbal complements that require
a finite verb to form a complete sentence. The non-finite verb forms in Biblical Hebrew include
the :ref:`infinitive_absolute`, the :ref:`infinitive_construct`, and the participles (both
:ref:`active <participle_active>` and :ref:`passive <participle_passive>`).
Non-finite verbs can sometimes describe an action or an event in such a
way that the word functions like a :ref:`noun <noun>`.
.. note:: In Biblical Hebrew, the non-finite verb forms are sometimes used
as finite verbs, and the imperfect form is sometimes used as a non-finite verb.
Types
-----
Grammarians often distinguish between different types of verbs. When
considering the best way to translate a sentence, it is helpful to
understand what kind of verb is being used in any given instance.
.. _verb-dynamic:
Dynamic (or action) verbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dynamic verbs describe a subject performing an action. The subject is
*doing* something.
.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 1:5
וַיָּשׁ֥וּבוּ הַמַּלְאָכִ֖ים אֵלָ֑יו
**wayyashuvu** hammal'akhim 'elayw
**And-they-returned** the-messangers to-him
When the messengers **returned** to him
.. csv-table:: Example: JON 1:4
וַֽיהוָ֗ה **הֵטִ֤יל** רֽוּחַ־גְּדֹולָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם
wayhwah **hetil** ruah-gedowlah 'el-hayyam
And-Yahweh **cast** wind-great on-the-sea
But Yahweh **sent** out a great wind on the sea
.. _verb-stative:
Stative (or non-action) verbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Rather than describing a specific action, stative verbs describe the
subject's state of being (the way the subject is). The subject is *not*
doing anything.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 48:10 stative verb "to be heavy"
וְעֵינֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ **כָּבְד֣וּ** מִזֹּ֔קֶן
we'ene yisra'el **kovdu** mizzoqen
And-the-eyes-of Israel **were-heavy** from-age
Now Israel's eyes **were failing** because of his age
.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 13:33 stative verb "to be"
וַנְּהִ֤י בְעֵינֵ֨ינוּ֙ כַּֽחֲגָבִ֔ים
**wannehi** ve'enenu kahagavim
**And-we-were** in-our-eyes like-grashoppers
In our own sight **we were** like grasshoppers
.. _verb-transitive:
Transitive verbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A transitive verb is a dynamic verb that requires an object that
receives the verbal action. A sentence with a transitive verb is not
complete without the object. Stative verbs are never transitive.
The phrase "And they lifted up" is unclear without an object.
They lifted up...\ *what?*, for example:
.. csv-table:: Example: RUT 1:14
וַתִּשֶּׂ֣נָה קֹולָ֔ן
**wattissenah** qowlan
**And they lifted up** their voice
**Then they lifted up** their voices
The phrase "[you must] keep" is unclear without an object.
You must keep...\ *what?*, for example:
.. csv-table:: Example: PRO 7:1
שְׁמֹ֣ר אֲמָרָ֑י
**shemor** 'amaray
**keep** my-words
**keep** my words
.. _verb-intransitive:
Intransitive verbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
An intransitive verb is a verb that does NOT require an object to
receive the verbal action. A sentence with an intransitive verb is
complete without an object. Dynamic verbs can be either transitive or
intransitive, but stative verbs are always intransitive.
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 11:1
וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה
**wayyomer** yehwah 'el-mosheh
**And-he-said** Yahweh to\_Moses
Then Yahweh **said** to Moses
.. csv-table:: Example: DAN 9:4
וָֽאֶתְפַּֽלְלָ֛ה לַיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהַ֖י
**wa'ethpalelah** layhwah 'elohay
**And-I-prayed** to-Yahweh my-God
**I prayed** to Yahweh my God
.. _verb-linking-verbs:
Linking verbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Linking verbs are verbs that link two
:ref:`noun<noun>`,
or a noun and an
:ref:`adjective<adjective>`.
Hebrew has very few linking verbs, so often a linking verb has to be
supplied in English.
.. csv-table:: Example: RUT 2:6 linking verb "is", not present in the Hebrew text
נַעֲרָ֤ה מֹֽואֲבִיָּה֙ הִ֔יא
na'arah mow'aviyyah hi
Young-woman Moabite she
She **is** the young Moabite woman
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 11:10 linking verb "seems", not present in the Hebrew text
כְּכָל־הַטֹּ֖וב בְּעֵינֵיכֶֽם׃
kekhol-hattowv be'enekhem
like-all\_the-good in-your-eyes.
whatever **seems** good to you.
.. _verb-helping-verb:
Helping verbs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Helping verbs are extra verbs that "help" express the meaning of the main verb. Biblical Hebrew does not use helping verbs,
but English does. Often, it is necessary to supply a helping verb in English to express the meaning of a Hebrew verb.
helping verbs in questions and negations
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The following example in English adds the helping verb "have"
(not present in the Hebrew text):
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 13:11
מֶ֣ה עָשִׂ֑יתָ
meh 'asitha
What you-did?
What **have** you done?
The following example in English adds the helping verb "did"
(not present in the Hebrew text):
.. csv-table:: Example: EZR 5:5
וְלָא־בַטִּ֣לוּ הִמֹּ֔ו
wela-vattilu himmow
and-not\_they-stopped them
and they **did** not stop them
helping verbs to express possibility or desirability
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
English uses helping verbs to express varying degrees of possiblity or
desirability of verbs. This includes a vast range from strong
possibility (*He **can** do this* or *He **would** do this*) to weak
possibility (*He **might** do this* or *He **could** do this*) or from
strong desirability (*He **should** do this* or ***Let** him do this*)
to weak desirability (***May** he do this* or *He **wants** to do
this*). In Biblical Hebrew, this sense of possibility or desirability is
implied by the context and already present in the form of the verb
itself.
The following examples in English add the helping verb "may"
(not present in the Hebrew text):
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:16
מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן אָכֹ֥ל תֹּאכֵֽל׃
mikkol 'ets-haggan 'akhol tokhel
from-every tree-of\_the-garden eating you-eat
From every tree in the garden you **may** freely eat
.. csv-table:: JOB 38:34
וְֽשִׁפְעַת־מַ֥יִם תְּכַסֶּֽךָּ׃
weshif'ath-mayim tekhassekka
and-large-amount-of\_water cover-you
so that an abundance of rainwater **may** cover you
A **verb** is a word used to describe an action, event, or state of being. It is the main part of the
predicate of a sentence.
Article
-------