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Update 'content/verb.rst'
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Joel D. Ruark
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content/verb.rst
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content/verb.rst
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@ -36,19 +36,14 @@ They are added in certain circumstances depending on the form of the verb used i
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.. note:: Koiné Greek contains many irregular verbs that do not follow strictly the patterns of form described above. If you are ever uncertain about the form of any particular verb, consult a lexicon.
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.. _verb-finite:
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Finite verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-finite.rst
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Finite verbs are verbs that have a subject and do not require any verbal
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complement to form a complete sentence. Their form shows tense as well as person and number.
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Biblical Hebrew has 7 finite verb forms: :ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>`, :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`,
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:ref:`Sequential Perfect<verb_sequential_perfect>`, :ref:`Sequential Imperfect<verb_sequential_imperfect>`,
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:ref:`Imperative<verb_imperative>`, :ref:`Jussive<verb_jussive>`, and :ref:`Cohortative<verb_cohortative>`.
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The finite verb forms in Koiné Greek are marked for :ref:`tense<tense>`,
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whether that be :ref:`present<verb_perfect>`, aorist, future, :ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect>`, :ref:`perfect<verb_perfect>`, or pluperfect.
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.. _verb-non-finite:
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Non-finite verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-non-finite.rst
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@ -66,57 +61,21 @@ way that the word functions like a :ref:`noun <noun>`.
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Types
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-----
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-types.rst
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.. _verb-dynamic:
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Dynamic (or action) verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Dynamic verbs describe a subject performing an action. The subject is
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*doing* something.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 1:5
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וַיָּשׁ֥וּבוּ הַמַּלְאָכִ֖ים אֵלָ֑יו
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**wayyashuvu** hammal'akhim 'elayw
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**And-they-returned** the-messangers to-him
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When the messengers **returned** to him
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.. csv-table:: Example: JON 1:4
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וַֽיהוָ֗ה **הֵטִ֤יל** רֽוּחַ־גְּדֹולָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם
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wayhwah **hetil** ruah-gedowlah 'el-hayyam
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And-Yahweh **cast** wind-great on-the-sea
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But Yahweh **sent** out a great wind on the sea
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Dynamic verbs describe a subject performing an action.
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The subject is *doing* something.
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.. _verb-stative:
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Stative (or non-action) verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Rather than describing a specific action, stative verbs describe the
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subject's state of being (the way the subject is). The subject is *not*
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doing anything.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 48:10 –– stative verb "to be heavy"
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וְעֵינֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ **כָּבְד֣וּ** מִזֹּ֔קֶן
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we'ene yisra'el **kovdu** mizzoqen
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And-the-eyes-of Israel **were-heavy** from-age
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Now Israel's eyes **were failing** because of his age
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 13:33 –– stative verb "to be"
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וַנְּהִ֤י בְעֵינֵ֨ינוּ֙ כַּֽחֲגָבִ֔ים
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**wannehi** ve'enenu kahagavim
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**And-we-were** in-our-eyes like-grashoppers
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In our own sight **we were** like grasshoppers
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Rather than describing a specific action, stative verbs describe the subject's state of being (the way the subject is).
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The subject is *not* doing anything.
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.. _verb-transitive:
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Transitive verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A transitive verb is a dynamic verb that requires an object that
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receives the verbal action. A sentence with a transitive verb is not
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complete without the object. Stative verbs are never transitive.
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@ -134,42 +93,17 @@ They lifted up...\ *what?*, for example:
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The phrase "[you must] keep" is unclear without an object.
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You must keep...\ *what?*, for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example: PRO 7:1
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שְׁמֹ֣ר אֲמָרָ֑י
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**shemor** 'amaray
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**keep** my-words
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**keep** my words
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.. _verb-intransitive:
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Intransitive verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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An intransitive verb is a verb that does NOT require an object to
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receive the verbal action. A sentence with an intransitive verb is
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complete without an object. Dynamic verbs can be either transitive or
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intransitive, but stative verbs are always intransitive.
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 11:1
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וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה
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**wayyomer** yehwah 'el-mosheh
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**And-he-said** Yahweh to\_Moses
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Then Yahweh **said** to Moses
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.. csv-table:: Example: DAN 9:4
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וָֽאֶתְפַּֽלְלָ֛ה לַיהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהַ֖י
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**wa'ethpalelah** layhwah 'elohay
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**And-I-prayed** to-Yahweh my-God
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**I prayed** to Yahweh my God
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.. _verb-linking-verbs:
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Linking verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Linking verbs are verbs that link two
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:ref:`noun<noun>`,
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or a noun and an
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@ -177,27 +111,13 @@ or a noun and an
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Hebrew has very few linking verbs, so often a linking verb has to be
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supplied in English.
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.. csv-table:: Example: RUT 2:6 –– linking verb "is", not present in the Hebrew text
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נַעֲרָ֤ה מֹֽואֲבִיָּה֙ הִ֔יא
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na'arah mow'aviyyah hi
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Young-woman Moabite she
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She **is** the young Moabite woman
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 11:10 –– linking verb "seems", not present in the Hebrew text
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כְּכָל־הַטֹּ֖וב בְּעֵינֵיכֶֽם׃
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kekhol-hattowv be'enekhem
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like-all\_the-good in-your-eyes.
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whatever **seems** good to you.
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.. _verb-helping-verb:
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Helping verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Helping verbs are extra verbs that "help" express the meaning of the main verb. Biblical Hebrew does not use helping verbs,
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but English does. Often, it is necessary to supply a helping verb in English to express the meaning of a Hebrew verb.
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Helping verbs are extra verbs that "help" express the meaning of the main verb.
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As a general rule, Koiné Greek does not use helping verbs.
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However, English uses many different kinds of helping verbs.
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Often, it is necessary to supply a helping verb in English to express the meaning of a Greek verb.
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helping verbs in questions and negations
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@ -205,22 +125,6 @@ helping verbs in questions and negations
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The following example in English adds the helping verb "have"
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(not present in the Hebrew text):
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 13:11
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מֶ֣ה עָשִׂ֑יתָ
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meh 'asitha
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What you-did?
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What **have** you done?
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The following example in English adds the helping verb "did"
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(not present in the Hebrew text):
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.. csv-table:: Example: EZR 5:5
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וְלָא־בַטִּ֣לוּ הִמֹּ֔ו
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wela-vattilu himmow
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and-not\_they-stopped them
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and they **did** not stop them
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helping verbs to express possibility or desirability
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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@ -237,34 +141,3 @@ itself.
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The following examples in English add the helping verb "may"
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(not present in the Hebrew text):
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:16
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מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן אָכֹ֥ל תֹּאכֵֽל׃
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mikkol 'ets-haggan 'akhol tokhel
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from-every tree-of\_the-garden eating you-eat
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From every tree in the garden you **may** freely eat
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.. csv-table:: JOB 38:34
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וְֽשִׁפְעַת־מַ֥יִם תְּכַסֶּֽךָּ׃
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weshif'ath-mayim tekhassekka
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and-large-amount-of\_water cover-you
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so that an abundance of rainwater **may** cover you
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Article
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-------
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As stated in the Glossary, a verb is a word used to describe an action, event, or state of being.
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The action of the verb may require an object to complete the action of the verb. Verbs that require a direct object to complete the action
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are :ref:`Transitive_Verbs<verb_transitive>` . Verbs that do not require a direct object to complete the action are
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:ref:`Intransitive_Verbs<verb_intransitive>` . A few verbs can be used both as a transitive verb and as
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an intransitive verb.
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A :ref:`Linking_Verb<verb_linking>` does not express an action but connects the subject of the verb to additional information
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in the predicate.
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