ru_gl_ru_uag/content/stem_pael.rst

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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_piel.rst
.. _stem_piel:
Stem Piel
=========
Summary
-------
The Piel stem is the most flexible stem formation in Biblical Aramaic and
can express simple, intensive, resultative, causative, or other kinds of
verbal action depending on the context and the specific verb.
Article
-------
The Piel form is a verbal
:ref:`stem formation<stem>` in Biblical Aramaic, usually indicated by a daghesh in the 2nd
radical of the
:ref:`verb<verb>`.
The Piel stem is the most flexible in its use of all the various stem
formations; it can express :ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>` action, :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>` action,
:ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>` action, :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>` action, or other kinds of action
(all in :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice) depending on the context and the specific verb. Some verbs express
simple action in the Piel stem; some verbs express intensive action in
the Piel stem; for some verbs, the Piel stem might express either simple
action or intensive action, depending on the context; and so on.
.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
Form
----
Paradigm
~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Piel Perfect Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,קִטֵּל / קִטַּל,qittel / qittal,he slaughtered
feminine singular third person,קִטְּלָה,qittelah,she slaughtered
masculine singular second person,קִטַּלְתָּ,qittalta,you slaughtered
feminine singular second person,קִטַּלְתְּ,qittalt,you slaughtered
common singular first person,קִטַּלְתִּי,qittalti,I slaughtered
common plural third person,קִטְּלוּ,qittelu,they slaughtered
masculine plural second person,קִטַּלְתֶּם,qittaltem,you slaughtered
feminine plural second person,קִטַּלְתֶּן,qittalten,you slaughtered
common plural first person,קִטַּלְנוּ,qittalnu,we slaughtered
.. csv-table:: Piel Imperfect Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,יְקַטֵּל,yiqattel,he will slaughter
feminine singular third person,תְּקַטֵּל,tiqattel,she will slaughter
masculine singular second person,תְּקַטֵּל,tiqattel,you will slaughter
feminine singular second person,תְּקַטְּלִי,tiqatteli,you will slaughter
common singular first person,אֲקַטֵּל,'eqattel,I will slaughter
masculine plural third person,יְקַטְּלוּ,yiqattelu,they will slaughter
feminine plural third person,תְּקַטַּלְנָה,tiqattalnah,they will slaughter
masculine plural second person,תְּקַטְּלוּ,tiqattelu,you will slaughter
feminine plural second person,תְּקַטַּלְנָה,tiqattalnah,you will slaughter
common plural first person,נְקַטֵּל,niqattel,we will slaughter
.. csv-table:: Piel Sequential Perfect Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,וְקִטֵּל / וְקִטַּל,weqittel / weqittal,(and) he will slaughter
feminine singular third person,וְקִטְּלָה,weqittelah,(and) she will slaughter
masculine singular second person,וְקִטַּלְתָּ,weqittalta,(and) you will slaughter
feminine singular second person,וְקִטַּלְתְּ,weqittalt,(and) you will slaughter
common singular first person,וְקִטַּלְתִּי,weqittalti,(and) I will slaughter
common plural third person,וְקִטְּלוּ,weqittelu,(and) they will slaughter
masculine plural second person,וְקִטַּלְתֶּם,weqittaltem,(and) you will slaughter
feminine plural second person,וְקִטַּלְתֶּן,weqittalten,(and) you will slaughter
common plural first person,וְקִטַּלְנוּ,weqittalnu,(and) we will slaughter
.. csv-table:: Piel Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,וַיְּקַטֵּל,wayyeqattel,(and) he slaughtered
feminine singular third person,וַתְּקַטֵּל,watteqattel,(and) she slaughtered
masculine singular second person,וַתְּקַטֵּל,watteqattel,(and) you slaughtered
feminine singular second person,וַתְּקַטְּלִי,watteqatteli,(and) you slaughtered
common singular first person,וָאֲקַטֵּל,wa'eqattel,(and) I slaughtered
masculine plural third person,וַיְּקַטְּלוּ,wayyeqattelu,(and) they slaughtered
feminine plural third person,וַתְּקַטַּלְנָה,watteqattelnah,(and) they slaughtered
masculine plural second person,וַתְּקַטְּלוּ,watteqattelu,(and) you slaughtered
feminine plural second person,וַתְּקַטַּלְנָה,watteqattelnah,(and) you slaughtered
common plural first person,וַנְּקַטֵּל,wanneqattel,(and) we slaughtered
.. csv-table:: Piel Infinitive Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
Infinitive Construct,קַטֵּל,qattel,slaughter
Infinitive Absolute,קַטֵּל / קַטֹּל,qattel / qattol,slaughter
.. csv-table:: Piel Imperative Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular,קַטֵּל,qattel,you must slaughter
feminine singular,קַטְּלִי,qatteli,you must slaughter
masculine plural,קַטְּלוּ,qattelu,you must slaughter
feminine plural,קַטֵּלְנָה,qattelnah,you must slaughter
.. note:: The jussive form in the Piel stem is recognizable only for certain
verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (meaning "to uncover nakedness" in
the Piel stem), where the 3rd radical (ה) has dropped out.
.. csv-table:: Piel Jussive Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,יְגַל,yegal,may he uncover nakedness
feminine singular third person,תְּגַל,tegal,may she uncover nakedness
masculine singular second person,תְּגַל,tegal,may you uncover nakedness
feminine singular second person,תְּגַלִי,tagali,may you uncover nakedness
masculine plural third person,יְגַלוּ,yegalu,may they uncover nakedness
feminine plural third person,תְּגַלְנָה,tegalnah,may they uncover nakedness
masculine plural second person,תְּגַלוּ,tegalnu,may you uncover nakedness
feminine plural second person,תְּגַלְנָה,tegalnah,may you uncover nakedness
.. csv-table:: Piel Cohortative Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
common singular,אֲקַטֵּלָה,'eqattelah,let me slaughter
common plural,נְקַטֵּלָה,niqattelah,let us slaughter
.. csv-table:: Piel Participle (active voice) Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular,מְקַטֵּל,meqattel,slaughtering
feminine singular,מְקַטֶּלֶת,meqatteleth,slaughtering
masculine plural,מְקַטְּלִים,meqattelim,slaughtering
feminine plural,מְקַטְּלוֹת,meqatteloth,slaughtering
Function
--------
The Piel stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
Expresses :ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>` action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In Biblical Aramaic, some verbs can express *different* meanings in
*different* stem formations. A good example is the Aramaic verb נָחַם. In
the :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>` stem,
the verb נָחַם usually expresses either stative action ("to be sorry")
or passive action ("to be comforted"). But in the Piel stem, the verb
נָחַם expresses the simple action "to comfort". A dictionary or lexicon
will indicate the different meanings for these verbs in the various stem
formations.
.. csv-table:: Example: RUT 2:13
כִּ֣י נִֽחַמְתָּ֔נִי
ki **nihamtani**
for **you-have-comforted-me**
for **you have comforted me**
On the other hand, some verbs express the *same* meaning in *multiple*
stem formations. A good example is the verb אָסַף, which expresses the
simple action "to gather" in both the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>`
and the Piel stem. This also will be indicated by a dictionary or
lexicon.
.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 19:18
וְאֵ֣ין אִ֔ישׁ **מְאַסֵּ֥ף** אוֹתִ֖י הַבָּֽיְתָה
we'en 'ish **me'assef** 'othi habbayethah
and-there-is-not man **gathering** [dir.obj]-me to-the-house
but there is no one **who will take me** into his house
Expresses :ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>` action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Resultative action means that the primary focus of the verb is on the
result of the verbal action. A good example is the verb שָׁלַח. In the
:ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb שָׁלַח means "to send" or "to stretch out". But in the
Piel stem, the verb שָׁלַח means "to send away".
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:6
וַיִּתֵּ֣ן ... וְאֶת־הַיֶּ֖לֶד וַֽיְשַׁלְּחֶ֑הָ
wayyitten ... we'eth-hayyeled **wayeshalleheha**
and-he-gave ... and-[dir.obj]\_the-boy **and-he-sent-her-away**
He gave her the boy and **sent her away**
Expresses :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>` action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the
object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verbs)
or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs).
The Piel stem often serves this causative function with stative verbs. A
good example is the verb מָלֵא. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb מָלֵא
expresses the stative action "to be full". But in the Piel stem, the
verb מָלֵא expresses the causative action "to fill" (meaning, *to cause
something to be full*). In English, causative action is expressed using
the main verb "to cause" paired with the infinitive of the verbal action
in view. In Biblical Aramaic, the causative nature of the verbal action
is expressed by the Piel form of the verb itself with no additional
verbal element.
.. note:: Causative action must be expressed by a :ref:`trasitive verb<verb-transitive>`,
but non-causative action can be expressed by an :ref:`intransitive verb<verb-intransitive>`.
Thus, a verb that is transitive in the Piel stem may be intransitive in
the Qal and/or :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>` stems.
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 38:12 expressing causative action with a dynamic verb
הְֽ֭מִיָּמֶיךָ צִוִּ֣יתָ בֹּ֑קֶר **יִדַּ֖עְתָּ** שַׁחַר מְקֹמֽוֹ
hemiyyameykha tsiwwitha boqer **yidda'ta** shahar meqomo
"[quest.]-from-your-days you-commanded morning **you-make-known** dawn
his-place"
"Have you ever, since your own days began, given orders to the morning
to begin, and **caused** the morning dawn **to know** its place"
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:19 expressing causative action with a stative verb
וַתֵּ֜לֶךְ **וַתְּמַלֵּ֤א** אֶת־הַחֵ֙מֶת֙ מַ֔יִם
wattelekh **wattemalle** 'eth-hahemeth mayim
and-she-went **and-she-filled** [dir.obj]\_the-skin-of water
She went **and filled** the skin with water
Expresses :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>` action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Intensive action means that the verbal action is strengthened in some
way. A good example is the Aramaic verb שָׁבַר. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb
שָׁבַר means "to break". But in the Piel stem, the verb שָׁבַר means "to
shatter" or "to break in pieces". A dictionary or lexicon will indicate
an intensive nuance in comparison with the meaning of the verb in other
stem formations.
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 9:25
אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָם֙ תִּתֹּצ֔וּן וְאֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָ֖ם תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּן
'eth-mizbehotham tittotsun we'eth-matsevotham **teshabberun**
"[dir.obj]\_their-altars you-break-down and-[dir.obj]\_their-pillars
**you-shatter**"
"you must break down their altars, **smash** their stone pillars"
Expresses various other kinds of verbal action
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Sometimes the Piel form is used in ways that do not follow the general
conventions of the Piel stem as listed above. In these instances, the
context demonstrates that none of the normal meanings of the verbal
action make sense. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct
meaning in these rare instances of the Piel stem.
The Piel form of the verb כָּתַב ("to write") has
uncertain meaning, but seems to indicate *a specific kind* of writing,
for example:
.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 10:1
"ה֥וֹי הַחֹֽקְקִ֖ים חִקְקֵי־אָ֑וֶן **וּֽמְכַתְּבִ֥ים** עָמָ֖ל
**כִּתֵּֽבוּ**\ ׃"
hoy hahoqeqim hiqqe-'awen **umekhattevim** 'amal **kittevu**
"woe the-ones-who-enact laws-of\_iniquity **and-writers** oppression
**they-write**"
Woe to those who enact unjust laws **and write** unfair **decrees**
The verb חָטָא means "to sin" in the Qal stem, but ִin
the Piel stem it means "to purify", for example:
.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 19:19
וְחִטְּאוֹ֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י
**wehitte'o** bayyom hashevi'i
**and-he-purifies-him** on-the-day the-seventh
On the seventh day the unclean person **must purify himself**
The verbal action may be the *opposite* of the normal meaning of
the verb, for example:
.. csv-table:: Example JOB 1:5
אוּלַי֙ חָטְא֣וּ בָנַ֔י **וּבֵרֲכ֥וּ** אֱלֹהִ֖ים בִּלְבָבָ֑ם
'ulay hot'u vanay **uverakhu** 'elohim bilvavam
"perhaps they-have-sinned my-sons **and-they-have-blessed** God
in-their-hearts"
Perhaps my children have sinned **and cursed** God in their hearts