ru_gl_ru_uag/content/particle_interrogative.rst

321 lines
9.7 KiB
ReStructuredText
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_interrogative.rst
.. _particle_interrogative:
Particle Interrogative
======================
Summary
-------
Interrogative particles indicate that a sentence is a question. The standard interrogative prefix -הֲ (he with
hateph pathah vowel) should not be confused with the definite article -הַ (he with pathah vowel). The interrogative particles מִי and מָה can also
function as interrogative pronouns ("who?" and "what?") or indefinite pronouns ("whoever" and "whatever").
Article
-------
The interrogative prefix -הֲ is the standard interrogative particle in Biblie Aramaic and can be differentiated
from the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` by the context and the lack of a daghesh in the consonant immediately
following the prefix. The interrogative prefix, as well as interrogative particles in general, nearly always appear at the
beginning of a clause to indicate that the clause is a question and not a statement. However, as in many languages, in Biblical Aramaic a question can be asked rhetorically as a way
of making a strong statement. As an example, a person might ask "How can that be?" as a way of expressing a strong sense of
disbelief in something that has just been said.
-הֲ
----
Form
~~~~
.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a standard noun
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
noun,סוּס,sus,horse
noun + definite article,הַסּוּס,hassus,the horse
noun + interrogative particle,הֲסוּס,hasus,a horse?
.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a shewa under the first letter
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
noun,מְרַגֵּל,meraggel,spy
noun + definite article,הַמְּרַגֵּל,hammeraggel,the spy
noun + interrogative particle,הַמְרַגֵּל,hamraggel,a spy?
.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a first guttural
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
noun,אִישׁ,'ish,man
noun + definite article,הָאִישׁ,ha'ish,the man
noun + interrogative particle,הַאִישׁ,ha'ish,a man?
.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a first guttural that has a qamets
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
noun,אָב,'av,father
noun + definite article,הָאָב,ha'av,the father
noun + interrogative particle,הֶאָב,he'av,a father?
Examples
~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 43:7
הֲיֵ֣שׁ לָכֶ֣ם אָ֔ח
**hayesh** lakhem 'ah
**[quest.]-is-there** to-you brother
**Do** you **have** a brother\ **?**
.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 20:17
הַאַתָּ֥ה יוֹאָ֖ב
**ha'attah** yo'av
**[quest.]-are-you** Joab
**Are you** Joab\ **?**
מִי
----
This is the standard personal interrogative particle and can be translated as "who?". This particle can also function either as
an :ref:`interrogative pronoun<pronoun_interrogative>` when used at the beginning of a verbal clause, or as an
:ref:`indefinite pronoun<pronoun_indefinite>` ("whoever") when used in the middle of a clause or sentence.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 24:65
מִֽי־הָאִ֤ישׁ הַלָּזֶה֙
**mi**-ha'ish hallazeh
**Who**\ \_the-man the-that
**Who** is that man?
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 15:11
מִֽי־כָמֹ֤כָה בָּֽאֵלִם֙ יְהוָ֔ה
**mi**-khamokhah ba'elim yehwah
**Who**\ \_like-you among-the-gods Yahweh
"**Who** is like you, Yahweh, among the gods?"
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 32:18
לְמִי־אַ֙תָּה֙
**lemi**-'attoh
**To-whom**\ \_you
**To whom** do you belong?
.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 15:4
מִי־יְשִׂמֵ֥נִי שֹׁפֵ֖ט בָּאָ֑רֶץ
**mi**-yesimeni shofet ba'arets
**Who**\ \_will-put-me judge in-the-land
**I wish that** I were made judge in the land!
.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 23:15
מִ֚י יַשְׁקֵ֣נִי מַ֔יִם
**mi** yashqeni mayim
**Who** will-give-me water
**If only someone** would give me water!
.. csv-table:: Example: AMO 7:2
מִ֥י יָק֖וּם יַֽעֲקֹ֑ב
**mi** yaqum ya'aqov
**Who** he-will-raise Jacob
**How** will Jacob survive?
מָה
----
This is the standard impersonal interrogative particle and can be translated as "what?". This particle can also function as
either an :ref:`interrogative pronoun<pronoun_interrogative>` when used at the beginning of a verbal clause, or
an :ref:`indefinite pronoun<pronoun_indefinite>` ("whatever") when used in the middle of a clause or sentence.
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 20:1
מַה־פִּשְׁעִי֙
**mah**-ppish'iy
**What**\ \_my-iniquity
**What** is my iniquity?
.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 18:18
מָ֥ה אַתֶּ֖ם עֹשִֽׂים
**mah** 'attem 'osim
**What** you are-doing
**What** are you doing?
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 15:8 with preposition בְּ
בַּמָּ֥ה אֵדַ֖ע
**bammah** 'eda'
**By-the-what** will-I-know
**How** will I know?
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 47:8 with preposition כְּ
כַּמָּ֕ה יְמֵ֖י שְׁנֵ֥י חַיֶּֽיךָ
**kammah** yeme shene hayyeykha
**Like-what** days-of years-of your-life
**How long** have you lived?
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 79:5 —— with preposition עַד
עַד־מָ֣ה יְ֭הוָה תֶּאֱנַ֣ף לָנֶ֑צַח
**'ad-mah** yehwah te'enaf lanetsah
**Until\_what** Yahweh will-you-be-angry forever
"**How long**, Yahweh? Will you stay angry forever?"
.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 22:32 with preposition עַל
עַל־מָ֗ה הִכִּ֙יתָ֙ אֶת־אֲתֹ֣נְךָ֔
**'al-mah** hikkitha 'eth-'athonekha
**On\_what** did-you-strike [dir.obj]\_your-donkey
**Why** have you struck your donkey?
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:16 with the prefixed conjunction
וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק
**wumah**-nnitstaddaq
**and-what** we-will-justify-ourselves
**or how** can we justify ourselves?
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 14:15 with causal meaning
מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י
**mah**-tits'aq 'ela
**what**\ \_you-cry-out to-me
**why** are you continuing to call out to me?
איך and איכה
------------
These are particles of manner and can be translated as "how?", "why?", or even "how!".
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 137:4
אֵ֗יךְ נָשִׁ֥יר
**'ekh** nashir
**How** will-we-sing
**How** could we sing?
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 137:4
אֵ֗יךְ נָשִׁ֥יר
**'ekh** nashir
**How** can-we-sing
**How** could we sing?
.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 12:6
אֵ֚יךְ אַתֶּ֣ם נֽוֹעָצִ֔ים
**'ekh** 'attem no'atsim
**How** you advise
**How** do you advise me
אי and איה
----------
These are particles of place and can be translated as "where?" or "where is?".
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:9
אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל
**'e** hevel
**Where** Abel
**Where** is Abel?
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 18:9
אַיֵּ֖ה שָׂרָ֣ה אִשְׁתֶּ֑ךָ
**'ayyeh** sarah 'ishtekha
**Where** Sarah your-wife
**Where** is Sarah your wife?
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 19:5
אַיֵּ֧ה הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים אֲשֶׁר־בָּ֥אוּ אֵלֶ֖יךָ
**'ayyeh** ha'anashim 'asher-ba'u 'eleykha
**Where** the-men that\_came-in to-you
**Where** are the men that came in to you?
מָתַי
---
This is a particle of time and can be translated as "when?". It is often used with the preposition עַד in the compound particle
עַד־מָתַי which literally means "until when?" but is usually translated "how long?".
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 7:4
מָתַ֣י אָ֭קוּם
**mathay** 'aqum
**When** will-I-get-up
**How long will it be** until I get up?
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:10
עַד־מָתַ֣י אֱ֭לֹהִים יְחָ֣רֶף צָ֑ר
**'ad-mathay** 'elohim yeharef tsar
**How\_long** God will-throw-insults enemy
"God, **how long** will our enemies make fun of you?"
לָמָ֪ה and לָֽמָּה
-----------
These are particles of cause and literally mean "for what?", but they are usually translated as "why?".
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:6
לָ֚מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔ךְ **וְלָ֖מָּה** נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽיךָ
**lommah** harah lakh **welammah** noflu faneykha
**For-what** you-angry to-you **and-for-what** has-fallen your-face
**Why** are you angry **and why** are you scowling?
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 42:9 (PSA 42:10 in Hebrew)
"לָמָ֪ה שְׁכַ֫חְתָּ֥נִי **לָֽמָּה**\ ־קֹדֵ֥ר אֵלֵ֗ךְ בְּלַ֣חַץ
אוֹיֵֽב׃"
**lamah** shekhahtani **lammah**-qoder 'elekh belahats 'oyev
"**Why** have-you-forgotten-me **why** mourning I-will-go
because-of-oppression-of enemy"
"**Why** have you forgotten me? You know the hardships that my enemies
bring on me."
Other interrogative particles
-----------------------------
מַדּ֖וּעַ (why?)
~~~~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 8:12
מַדּ֖וּעַ אֲדֹנִ֣י בֹכֶ֑ה
**maddua'** 'adoni vokheh
**Why** my-master is-weeping
"Sir, **why** are you crying?"
עַד־אָן (how long?)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 8:2
עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה
**'ad-'an** temallel-'elleh
**How\_long** will-you-say\_these-things
**How much longer** will you talk like this?
אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה (from where?)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 25:11
לַֽאֲנָשִׁ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יָדַ֔עְתִּי **אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה** הֵֽמָּה׃
la'anashim 'asher lo yada'ti **'e mizzeh** hemmah
to-men who not I-know **where from this** they.
to men who come **from** I do not know **where**?