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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/suffix_pronominal.rst
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.. _suffix_pronominal:
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Suffix Pronominal
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=================
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Summary
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-------
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Pronominal suffixes refer to a person(s) or thing(s) and can be attached to nouns, verbs, prepositions, participles,
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infinitives, even some particles. A pronominal suffix nearly always functions as either a personal pronoun (for example,
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"I" or "me" in English) or a possessive pronoun (for example, "my" or "mine" in English).
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Article
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-------
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A pronominal :ref:`suffix<suffix>` refers to a person(s) or a thing(s) and can change form according to gender
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(:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>` or
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:ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`), number (:ref:`singular<number_singular>` or :ref:`plural<number_plural>`), and person
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(:ref:`first<person_first>`, :ref:`second<person_second>`, or :ref:`third<person_third>` person).
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These various suffixes look quite similar to their corresponding :ref:`personal pronouns<pronoun_personal>`.
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Only nouns in the :ref:`construct state<state_construct>` can take a pronominal suffix.
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.. note:: In Biblical Aramaic, a noun always becomes :ref:`definite<definiteness>` when a pronominal suffix is attached to it.
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Pronominal Suffix with a Singular Noun
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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common singular first person,סוּסִי,susi,my horse
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masculine singular second person,סוּסְךָ,suskha,your horse
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feminine singular second person,סוּסֵךְ,susekh,your horse
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masculine singular third person,סוּסוֹ / סוּסֹה / סוּסֵהוּ,suso / susoh / susehu,his horse
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feminine singular third person,סוּסהָ / סוּסָהּ,susha / susah,her horse
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common plural first person,סוּסֵנוּ,susenu,our horse
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masculine plural second person,סוּסְכֶם,susekhem,your horse
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feminine plural second person,סוּסְכֶן,susekhen,your horse
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masculine plural third person,סוּסְהֶם / סוּסָם,susehem / susam,their horse
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feminine plural third person,סוּסְהֶן / סוּסָן,susehen / susan,their horse
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.. csv-table:: Pronominal Suffix with a Plural Noun
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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common singular first person,סוּסַי,susay,my horses
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masculine singular second person,סוּסֶיךָ,susekha,your horses
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feminine singular second person,סוּסַיִךְ,susayikh,your horses
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masculine singular third person,סוּסָיו,susayw,his horses
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feminine singular third person,סוּסֶיהָ,suseyha,her horses
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common plural first person,סוּסֵינוּ,susenu,our horses
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masculine plural second person,סוּסֵיכֶם,susekhem,your horses
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feminine plural second person,סוּסֵיכֶן,susekhen,your horses
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masculine plural third person,סוּסֵיהֶם,susehem,their horses
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feminine plural third person,סוּסֵיהֶן,susehen,their horses
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Function
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-----------
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.. _suffix_pronominal-nouns:
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Attached to a :ref:`noun<noun>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When attached to a noun, a pronominal suffix functions as a personal pronoun in a :ref:`construct relationship<state_construct-construct-chain>`
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with the noun to which it is attached. Very often, the pronoun functions as a possessive
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:ref:`attributive adjective<adjective-attributive>` indentifying the person(s) or thing(s) in possession of that noun.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 17:23
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וַיָּ֜קָם וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ אֶל־\ **בֵּיתוֹ֙** אֶל־עִיר֔וֹ
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wayyaqom wayyelekh 'el-**betho** 'el-**'iro**
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And-he-stood-up and-went to\_\ **his-house** to\_\ **his-city**
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He went **home** to **his own city**
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew)
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בְּנִ֤י אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י
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**beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**
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**My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**
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"**My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!"
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.. csv-table:: Example: EZR 9:12
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וְ֠עַתָּה **בְּֽנֹותֵיכֶ֞ם** אַל־תִּתְּנ֣וּ **לִבְנֵיהֶ֗ם וּבְנֹֽתֵיהֶם֙** אַל־תִּשְׂא֣וּ לִבְנֵיכֶ֔ם
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"we'attah **benowthekhem** 'al-tittenu **livnehem uvenothehem** 'al-tis'u **livnekhem**"
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"And-now **your-daughters** not\_give **to-their-sons and-their-daughters** not\_take **for-your-sons**"
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"So now, do not give **your daughters to their sons**; do not take **their daughters for your sons**"
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.. _suffix_pronominal-verbs:
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Attached to a :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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A pronominal suffix can be attached to any finite verb conjugation to indicate the direct object of the verb. In these cases,
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the pronominal suffix always functions as a :ref:`personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 37:14
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וַיִּשְׁלָחֵ֨הוּ֙ מֵעֵ֣מֶק חֶבְרֹ֔ון וַיָּבֹ֖א שְׁכֶֽמָה׃
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**wayyishlahehu** me'emeq hevrown wayyavo shekhemah
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**and-he-sent-him** from-Valley-of Hebron and-he-came-in Shechem.
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"**So he sent him out** of the Valley of Hebron, and he went to
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Shechem."
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 15:2
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וְאִֽם־\ **תִּדְרְשֻׁ֨הוּ֙** יִמָּצֵ֣א לָכֶ֔ם
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we'im-\ **tidreshuhu** yimmatse lakhem
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And-if\_\ **you-seek-him** he-will-be-found by-you
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"If **you seek him**, he will be found by you"
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.. csv-table:: Example: HOS 8:7
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זָרִ֖ים **יִבְלָעֻֽהוּ**\ ׃
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zarim **yivla'uhu**
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strangers **will-swallow-him**
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foreigners **will devour it**
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.. _suffix_pronominal-prepositions:
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Attached to a :ref:`preposition<preposition>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Similar to verbs, a pronominal suffix attached to a preposition is always the object of that preposition, functioning as a
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:ref:`personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>`.
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בְּ
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^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 25:28
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וְרָעָ֛ה לֹא־תִמָּצֵ֥א **בְךָ֖** מִיָּמֶֽיךָ׃
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wera'ah lo-thimmatse **vekha** miyyameykha
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and-evil not\_will-be-found **in-you** from-your-days
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and evil will not be found **in you** so long as you live.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 39:12
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הֲתַאֲמִ֣ין בֹּ֖ו
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hatha'amin **bow**
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Do-you-believe **in-him**
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Will you depend **on him**?
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כְּ
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^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 17:15
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אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אֹתָ֔ם לְבִלְתִּ֖י עֲשֹׂ֥ות כָּהֶֽם׃
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'asher tsiwwah yehwah 'otham levilti 'asowth **kahem**
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"whom had-commanded Yahweh [dir.obj]-them to-abstain doing
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**like-them**"
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those that Yahweh had commanded them not to do **like them**.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 46:9
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וְאֶ֥פֶס **כָּמֹֽונִי**\ ׃
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we'efes **kamowni**
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and no-one **like-me**
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and there is no one **like me**.
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לְ and אֶל
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^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 19:5
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כִּי־\ **לִ֖י** כָּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
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ki-\ **li** kol-ha'arets
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for\_\ **to-me** all\_the-earth
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for all the earth is **mine**.
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 9:13
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וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו
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we'amarta **'elayw**
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and-say **to-him**
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and say **to him**
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 11:36
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וַתֹּ֣אמֶר אֵלָ֗יו
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wattomer **'elayw**
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And-she-said **to-him**
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She said **to him**
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עַל
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^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 17:14
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אָשִׂ֤ימָה **עָלַי֙** מֶ֔לֶךְ
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'asimah **'alay** melekh
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I-will-set **over-me** king
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I will set a king **over myself**
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 62:5
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יָשִׂ֥ישׂ **עָלַ֖יִךְ** אֱלֹהָֽיִךְ׃
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yasis **'alayikh** 'elohayikh
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he-will-rejoice **over-you** your-God.
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your God will rejoice **over you**.
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אַחַר
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^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 8:8
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אֲשֶׁ֨ר נֹותְר֤וּ **אַחֲרֵיהֶם֙** בָּאָ֔רֶץ
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'asher nowthru **'aharehem** ba'arets
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who were-left **after-them** in-the-land
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who were left **after them** in the land
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 9:16 (JER 9:15 in Hebrew)
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וְשִׁלַּחְתִּ֤י **אַֽחֲרֵיהֶם֙** אֶת־הַחֶ֔רֶב
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weshillahti **'aharehem** 'eth-haherev
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and-I-will-send-out **after-them** [dir.obj]\_the-sword
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I will send out a sword **after them**
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תַּחַת
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^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 28:23
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וְהָאָ֥רֶץ אֲשֶׁר־\ **תַּחְתֶּ֖יךָ** בַּרְזֶֽל׃
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weha'arets 'asher-**tahteykha** barzel
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and-the-earth which\_\ **under-you** will-be-iron.
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and the earth that is **under you** will be iron.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 47:3 (PSA 47:4 in Hebrew)
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יַדְבֵּ֣ר עַמִּ֣ים תַּחְתֵּ֑ינוּ
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yadber 'ammim **tahtenu**
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He-will-drive-back peoples **beneath-us**
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He subdues peoples **under us**
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עַד
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^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 23:18
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הַאֲזִ֥ינָה **עָדַ֖י** בְּנֹ֥ו צִפֹּֽר׃
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ha'azinah **'aday** benow tsippor
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Listen **unto-me** son-of Zippor.
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"Listen **to me**, you son of Zippor."
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.. csv-table:: Example: AMO 4:10
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וְלֹֽא־שַׁבְתֶּ֥ם עָדַ֖י
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welo-shavtem **'aday**
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And-not you-have-returned **unto-me**
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Yet you have not returned **to me**
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מִן
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^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:12
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וְלֹ֥א חָשַׂ֛כְתָּ אֶת־בִּנְךָ֥ אֶת־יְחִידְךָ֖ **מִמֶּֽנִּי**\ ׃
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welo hasakhta 'eth-binkha 'eth-yehidekha **mimmenni**
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"and-not you-witheld [dir.obj]\_your-son [dir.obj]\_your-only
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**from-me**."
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"you have not withheld your son, your only son, **from me**."
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1CH 29:14
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כִּֽי־\ **מִמְּךָ֣** הַכֹּ֔ל
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ki-\ **mimmekha** hakkol
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for\_\ **from-you** the-all
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all things come **from you**
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עִם
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^^^^
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 50:18
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וַתִּ֣רֶץ עִמֹּ֑ו
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wattirets **'immow**
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and-you-are-pleased **with-him**
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you agree **with him**
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.. csv-table:: Example: ZEC 14:5
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כָּל־קְדֹשִׁ֖ים **עִמָּֽךְ**\ ׃
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kol-qedoshim **'immakh**
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all\_holy-ones **with-him**
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all the holy ones will be **with him**
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אֵת
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^^^^
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When the preposition אֵת takes a pronominal suffix, it can be distinguished from the direct object marker. The preposition will
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take a hireq vowel with a daghesh in the *taw* consonant (see examples below).
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 12:4
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שְׂפָתֵ֣ינוּ אִתָּ֑נוּ
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sefathenu **'ittanu**
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our-lips **with-us**.
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our lips speak and they **make us prevail**.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PRO 1:11
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לְכָ֪ה אִ֫תָּ֥נוּ
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lekhah **'ittanu**
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walk **with-us**
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come **with us**
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Attached to a participle
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When attached to a participle, the pronominal suffix can function as a personal pronoun, a possessive adjective, or as a noun
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in construct relationship with the particle.
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Attached to an infinitive construct
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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as object of the infinitive
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When attached to an infinitive construct, the pronominal suffix can function as the object of the verbal action.
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EXAMPLE
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as subject of the infinitive
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When attached to an infinitive construct, the pronominal suffix can function as the subject of the verbal action described by
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the infinitive. In these cases, often the object of the infinitive (with the direct object marker) will appear immediately
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following the infinitive.
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EXAMPLE
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as possessive adjective describing the infinitive
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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EXAMPLE
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Attached to a particle
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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SENTENCE/PARAGRAPH
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the :ref:`direct object marker<particle_direct_object_marker>` (אֵת)
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When the direct object marker takes a pronominal suffix, it can be distinguished from the preposition אֵת. The direct object
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marker will take a holem vowel without a daghesh in the *taw* consonant (see examples below).
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 17:9
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וַעֲבַדְתֶּ֖ם **אֹתָֽנוּ**\ ׃
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wa'avadtem **'othanu**
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and-you-will-serve **[dir.obj]-us**.
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then you will serve **us**.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 10:13
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וְאַתֶּם֙ עֲזַבְתֶּ֣ם אֹותִ֔י
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we'attem 'azavtem **'owthi**
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And-you have-left **[dir.obj]-me**
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Yet you abandoned **me**
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the particle הִנֵּה
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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When attached to the :ref:`demonstrative particle<particle_demonstrative>` הִנֵּה, a pronominal suffix can function as either
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the object of the particle or the subject of a verbal participle that immediately follows the particle.
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as object of the particle
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.........................
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In these cases, the pronominal suffix functions as the object of the verbal action expressed by the demonstrative particle.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:1
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אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ **הִנֵּ֣נִי הִנֵּ֔נִי** אֶל־גֹּ֖וי לֹֽא־קֹרָ֥א
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בִשְׁמִֽי׃
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'amartiy **hinneni hinneni** 'el-gowy lo-qora vishmi
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I-said **look-me look-me** to\_nation not\_called by-my-name.
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I said ""**Here I am! Here I am!**"" to a nation that did not call on my name.
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as subject of a participle
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..........................
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Sometimes, a pronominal suffix attached to the particle הִנֵּה functions as the subject of a participle that immediately follows
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the particle.
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