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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_piel.rst
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.. _stem_piel:
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Stem Piel
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=========
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Summary
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-------
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The Piel stem is the most flexible stem formation in Biblical Aramaic and
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can express simple, intensive, resultative, causative, or other kinds of
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verbal action depending on the context and the specific verb.
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Article
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-------
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The Piel form is a verbal
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:ref:`stem formation<stem>` in Biblical Aramaic, usually indicated by a daghesh in the 2nd
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radical of the
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:ref:`verb<verb>`.
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The Piel stem is the most flexible in its use of all the various stem
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formations; it can express :ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>` action, :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>` action,
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:ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>` action, :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>` action, or other kinds of action
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(all in :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice) depending on the context and the specific verb. Some verbs express
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simple action in the Piel stem; some verbs express intensive action in
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the Piel stem; for some verbs, the Piel stem might express either simple
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action or intensive action, depending on the context; and so on.
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.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Piel Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,קִטֵּל / קִטַּל,qittel / qittal,he slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,קִטְּלָה,qittelah,she slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,קִטַּלְתָּ,qittalta,you slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,קִטַּלְתְּ,qittalt,you slaughtered
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common singular first person,קִטַּלְתִּי,qittalti,I slaughtered
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common plural third person,קִטְּלוּ,qittelu,they slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,קִטַּלְתֶּם,qittaltem,you slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,קִטַּלְתֶּן,qittalten,you slaughtered
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common plural first person,קִטַּלְנוּ,qittalnu,we slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Piel Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְקַטֵּל,yiqattel,he will slaughter
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feminine singular third person,תְּקַטֵּל,tiqattel,she will slaughter
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masculine singular second person,תְּקַטֵּל,tiqattel,you will slaughter
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feminine singular second person,תְּקַטְּלִי,tiqatteli,you will slaughter
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common singular first person,אֲקַטֵּל,'eqattel,I will slaughter
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masculine plural third person,יְקַטְּלוּ,yiqattelu,they will slaughter
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feminine plural third person,תְּקַטַּלְנָה,tiqattalnah,they will slaughter
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masculine plural second person,תְּקַטְּלוּ,tiqattelu,you will slaughter
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feminine plural second person,תְּקַטַּלְנָה,tiqattalnah,you will slaughter
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common plural first person,נְקַטֵּל,niqattel,we will slaughter
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.. csv-table:: Piel Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְקִטֵּל / וְקִטַּל,weqittel / weqittal,(and) he will slaughter
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feminine singular third person,וְקִטְּלָה,weqittelah,(and) she will slaughter
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masculine singular second person,וְקִטַּלְתָּ,weqittalta,(and) you will slaughter
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feminine singular second person,וְקִטַּלְתְּ,weqittalt,(and) you will slaughter
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common singular first person,וְקִטַּלְתִּי,weqittalti,(and) I will slaughter
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common plural third person,וְקִטְּלוּ,weqittelu,(and) they will slaughter
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masculine plural second person,וְקִטַּלְתֶּם,weqittaltem,(and) you will slaughter
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feminine plural second person,וְקִטַּלְתֶּן,weqittalten,(and) you will slaughter
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common plural first person,וְקִטַּלְנוּ,weqittalnu,(and) we will slaughter
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.. csv-table:: Piel Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיְּקַטֵּל,wayyeqattel,(and) he slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,וַתְּקַטֵּל,watteqattel,(and) she slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,וַתְּקַטֵּל,watteqattel,(and) you slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,וַתְּקַטְּלִי,watteqatteli,(and) you slaughtered
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common singular first person,וָאֲקַטֵּל,wa'eqattel,(and) I slaughtered
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masculine plural third person,וַיְּקַטְּלוּ,wayyeqattelu,(and) they slaughtered
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feminine plural third person,וַתְּקַטַּלְנָה,watteqattelnah,(and) they slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,וַתְּקַטְּלוּ,watteqattelu,(and) you slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,וַתְּקַטַּלְנָה,watteqattelnah,(and) you slaughtered
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common plural first person,וַנְּקַטֵּל,wanneqattel,(and) we slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Piel Infinitive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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Infinitive Construct,קַטֵּל,qattel,slaughter
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Infinitive Absolute,קַטֵּל / קַטֹּל,qattel / qattol,slaughter
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.. csv-table:: Piel Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,קַטֵּל,qattel,you must slaughter
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feminine singular,קַטְּלִי,qatteli,you must slaughter
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masculine plural,קַטְּלוּ,qattelu,you must slaughter
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feminine plural,קַטֵּלְנָה,qattelnah,you must slaughter
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.. note:: The jussive form in the Piel stem is recognizable only for certain
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verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (meaning "to uncover nakedness" in
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the Piel stem), where the 3rd radical (ה) has dropped out.
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.. csv-table:: Piel Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְגַל,yegal,may he uncover nakedness
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feminine singular third person,תְּגַל,tegal,may she uncover nakedness
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masculine singular second person,תְּגַל,tegal,may you uncover nakedness
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feminine singular second person,תְּגַלִי,tagali,may you uncover nakedness
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masculine plural third person,יְגַלוּ,yegalu,may they uncover nakedness
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feminine plural third person,תְּגַלְנָה,tegalnah,may they uncover nakedness
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masculine plural second person,תְּגַלוּ,tegalnu,may you uncover nakedness
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feminine plural second person,תְּגַלְנָה,tegalnah,may you uncover nakedness
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.. csv-table:: Piel Cohortative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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common singular,אֲקַטֵּלָה,'eqattelah,let me slaughter
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common plural,נְקַטֵּלָה,niqattelah,let us slaughter
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.. csv-table:: Piel Participle (active voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,מְקַטֵּל,meqattel,slaughtering
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feminine singular,מְקַטֶּלֶת,meqatteleth,slaughtering
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masculine plural,מְקַטְּלִים,meqattelim,slaughtering
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feminine plural,מְקַטְּלוֹת,meqatteloth,slaughtering
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Function
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--------
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The Piel stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
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Expresses :ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>` action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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In Biblical Aramaic, some verbs can express *different* meanings in
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*different* stem formations. A good example is the Aramaic verb נָחַם. In
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the :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>` stem,
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the verb נָחַם usually expresses either stative action ("to be sorry")
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or passive action ("to be comforted"). But in the Piel stem, the verb
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נָחַם expresses the simple action "to comfort". A dictionary or lexicon
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will indicate the different meanings for these verbs in the various stem
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formations.
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.. csv-table:: Example: RUT 2:13
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כִּ֣י נִֽחַמְתָּ֔נִי
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ki **nihamtani**
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for **you-have-comforted-me**
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for **you have comforted me**
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On the other hand, some verbs express the *same* meaning in *multiple*
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stem formations. A good example is the verb אָסַף, which expresses the
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simple action "to gather" in both the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>`
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and the Piel stem. This also will be indicated by a dictionary or
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lexicon.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 19:18
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וְאֵ֣ין אִ֔ישׁ **מְאַסֵּ֥ף** אוֹתִ֖י הַבָּֽיְתָה
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we'en 'ish **me'assef** 'othi habbayethah
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and-there-is-not man **gathering** [dir.obj]-me to-the-house
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but there is no one **who will take me** into his house
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Expresses :ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>` action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Resultative action means that the primary focus of the verb is on the
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result of the verbal action. A good example is the verb שָׁלַח. In the
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:ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb שָׁלַח means "to send" or "to stretch out". But in the
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Piel stem, the verb שָׁלַח means "to send away".
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:6
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וַיִּתֵּ֣ן ... וְאֶת־הַיֶּ֖לֶד וַֽיְשַׁלְּחֶ֑הָ
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wayyitten ... we'eth-hayyeled **wayeshalleheha**
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and-he-gave ... and-[dir.obj]\_the-boy **and-he-sent-her-away**
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He gave her the boy and **sent her away**
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Expresses :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>` action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the
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object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verbs)
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or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs).
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The Piel stem often serves this causative function with stative verbs. A
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good example is the verb מָלֵא. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb מָלֵא
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expresses the stative action "to be full". But in the Piel stem, the
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verb מָלֵא expresses the causative action "to fill" (meaning, *to cause
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something to be full*). In English, causative action is expressed using
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the main verb "to cause" paired with the infinitive of the verbal action
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in view. In Biblical Aramaic, the causative nature of the verbal action
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is expressed by the Piel form of the verb itself with no additional
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verbal element.
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.. note:: Causative action must be expressed by a :ref:`trasitive verb<verb-transitive>`,
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but non-causative action can be expressed by an :ref:`intransitive verb<verb-intransitive>`.
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Thus, a verb that is transitive in the Piel stem may be intransitive in
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the Qal and/or :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>` stems.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 38:12 –– expressing causative action with a dynamic verb
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הְֽ֭מִיָּמֶיךָ צִוִּ֣יתָ בֹּ֑קֶר **יִדַּ֖עְתָּ** שַׁחַר מְקֹמֽוֹ
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hemiyyameykha tsiwwitha boqer **yidda'ta** shahar meqomo
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"[quest.]-from-your-days you-commanded morning **you-make-known** dawn
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his-place"
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"Have you ever, since your own days began, given orders to the morning
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to begin, and **caused** the morning dawn **to know** its place"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:19 –– expressing causative action with a stative verb
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וַתֵּ֜לֶךְ **וַתְּמַלֵּ֤א** אֶת־הַחֵ֙מֶת֙ מַ֔יִם
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wattelekh **wattemalle** 'eth-hahemeth mayim
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and-she-went **and-she-filled** [dir.obj]\_the-skin-of water
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She went **and filled** the skin with water
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Expresses :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>` action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Intensive action means that the verbal action is strengthened in some
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way. A good example is the Aramaic verb שָׁבַר. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb
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שָׁבַר means "to break". But in the Piel stem, the verb שָׁבַר means "to
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shatter" or "to break in pieces". A dictionary or lexicon will indicate
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an intensive nuance in comparison with the meaning of the verb in other
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stem formations.
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 9:25
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אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָם֙ תִּתֹּצ֔וּן וְאֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָ֖ם תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּן
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'eth-mizbehotham tittotsun we'eth-matsevotham **teshabberun**
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"[dir.obj]\_their-altars you-break-down and-[dir.obj]\_their-pillars
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**you-shatter**"
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"you must break down their altars, **smash** their stone pillars"
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Expresses various other kinds of verbal action
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Sometimes the Piel form is used in ways that do not follow the general
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conventions of the Piel stem as listed above. In these instances, the
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context demonstrates that none of the normal meanings of the verbal
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action make sense. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct
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meaning in these rare instances of the Piel stem.
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The Piel form of the verb כָּתַב ("to write") has
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uncertain meaning, but seems to indicate *a specific kind* of writing,
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for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 10:1
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"ה֥וֹי הַחֹֽקְקִ֖ים חִקְקֵי־אָ֑וֶן **וּֽמְכַתְּבִ֥ים** עָמָ֖ל
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**כִּתֵּֽבוּ**\ ׃"
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hoy hahoqeqim hiqqe-'awen **umekhattevim** 'amal **kittevu**
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"woe the-ones-who-enact laws-of\_iniquity **and-writers** oppression
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**they-write**"
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Woe to those who enact unjust laws **and write** unfair **decrees**
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The verb חָטָא means "to sin" in the Qal stem, but ִin
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the Piel stem it means "to purify", for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 19:19
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וְחִטְּאוֹ֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י
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**wehitte'o** bayyom hashevi'i
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**and-he-purifies-him** on-the-day the-seventh
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On the seventh day the unclean person **must purify himself**
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The verbal action may be the *opposite* of the normal meaning of
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the verb, for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example JOB 1:5
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אוּלַי֙ חָטְא֣וּ בָנַ֔י **וּבֵרֲכ֥וּ** אֱלֹהִ֖ים בִּלְבָבָ֑ם
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'ulay hot'u vanay **uverakhu** 'elohim bilvavam
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"perhaps they-have-sinned my-sons **and-they-have-blessed** God
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in-their-hearts"
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Perhaps my children have sinned **and cursed** God in their hearts
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