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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hithpael.rst
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.. _stem_hithpael:
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Stem Hithpael
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=============
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Summary
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-------
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The Hithpael stem is related to the Piel stem formation, and it
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generally expresses the reflexive voice of the meaning of a verb in the
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Piel stem.
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Article
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-------
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The Hithpael stem is formed from the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem
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by adding the reflexive prefix (הִתְ) and changing the vowel under the
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1st radical. Like the Piel and :ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
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:ref:`stems<stem>`,
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it usually has a daghesh in the 2nd radical of the
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:ref:`verb<verb>`.
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Generally speaking, the Hithpael stem expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of
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the meaning of a verb in the Piel stem. However, the Hithpael stem is
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quite flexible in its use and can express other kinds of verbal action,
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depending on the context and the specific verb.
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.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הִתְקַטֵּל,hithqattal,he killed himself
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feminine singular third person,הִתְקַטְּלָה,hithqattelah,she killed herself
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masculine singular second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,hithqattalta,you killed yourself
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feminine singular second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,hithqattalt,you killed yourself
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common singular first person,הִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,hithqattalti,I killed myself
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common plural third person,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hithqattelu,they killed themselves
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masculine plural second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,hithqattaltem,you killed yourselves
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feminine plural second person,הִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,hithqattalten,you killed yourselves
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common plural first person,הִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,hithqattalnu,we killed ourselves
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִתְקַטֵּל,yithqattel,he will kill himself
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feminine singular third person,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,she will kill herself
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masculine singular second person,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,you will kill yourself
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feminine singular second person,תִּתְקַטְּלִי,tithqatteli,you will kill yourself
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common singular first person,אֶתְקַטֵּל,'ethqattel,I will kill myself
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masculine plural third person,יִתְקַטְּלוּ,yithqattelu,they will kill themselves
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feminine plural third person,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,they will kill themselves
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masculine plural second person,תִּתְקַטְּלוּ,tithqattelu,you will kill yourselves
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feminine plural second person,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,you will kill yourselves
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common plural first person,נִתְקַטֵּל,nithqattel,we will kill ourselves
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְהִתְקַטֵּל,wehithqattel,(and) he will kill himself
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feminine singular third person,וְהִתְקַטְּלָה,wehithqattelah,(and) she will kill herself
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masculine singular second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתָּ,wehithqattalta,(and) you will kill yourself
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feminine singular second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתְּ,wehithqattalt,(and) you will kill yourself
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common singular first person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתִּי,wehithqattalti,(and) I will kill myself
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common plural third person,וְהִתְקַטְּלוּ,wehithqattelu,(and) they will kill themselves
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masculine plural second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּם,wehithqattaltem,(and) you will kill yourselves
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feminine plural second person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְתֶּן,wehithqattalten,(and) you will kill yourselves
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common plural first person,וְהִתְקַטַּלְנוּ,wehithqattalnu,(and) we will kill ourselves
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיְּתְקַטֵּל,wayyithqattel,(and) he killed himself
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feminine singular third person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) she killed herself
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masculine singular second person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּל,wattithqattel,(and) you killed yourself
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feminine singular second person,וַתִּתְקַטְּלִי,wattithqatteli,(and) you killed yourself
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common singular first person,וָאֶתְקַטֵּל,wa'ethqattel,(and) I killed myself
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masculine plural third person,וַיְּתְקַטְּלוּ,wayyithqattelu,(and) they killed themselves
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feminine plural third person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) they killed themselves
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masculine plural second person,וַתִּתְקַטְּלוּ,wattithqattelu,(and) you killed yourselves
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feminine plural second person,וַתִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,wattithqattelnah,(and) you killed yourselves
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common plural first person,וַנְּתְקַטֵּל,wannithqattel,(and) we killed ourselves
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Infinitive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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Infinitive Construct,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,kill oneself
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Infinitive Absolute,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,kill oneself
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,he must kill himself
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feminine singular,הִתְקַטְּלִי,hitqatteli,she must kill herself
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masculine plural,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hitqattelu,they must kill themselves
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feminine plural,הִתְקַטֵּלְנָה,hitqattelnah,they must kill themselves
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.. note:: The Jussive form in the Hithpael stem is recognizable only for
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select verbs. Here the sample verb is גָּלָה (meaning "to uncover one's
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own nakedness" in the Hithpael stem), where the 3rd radical (ה) has
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dropped out.
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִתְגַּל,,may he uncover his own nakedness
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feminine singular third person,תִּתְגַּל,,may she uncover her own nakedness
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masculine singular second person,תִּתְגַּל,,may you uncover your own nakedness
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feminine singular second person,תִּתְגַּלִי,,may you uncover your own nakedness
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masculine plural third person,יִתְגַּלוּ,,may they uncover their own nakedness
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feminine plural third person,תִּתְגַּלְנָה,,may they uncover their own nakedness
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masculine plural second person,תִּתְגַּלוּ,,may you uncover your own nakedness
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feminine plural second person,תִּתְגַּלְנָה,,may you uncover your own nakedness
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Cohortative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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common singular,אֶתְקַטֵּלָה,'ethqattelah,let me kill myself
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common plural,נִתְקַטֵּלָה,nithqattelah,let us kill ourselves
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Participle Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,מִתְקַטֵּל,mithqattel,killing oneself
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feminine singular,מִתְקַטֶּלֶת,mithqatteleth,killing oneself
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masculine plural,מִתְקַטְּלִים,mithqattelim,killing oneself
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feminine plural,מִתְקַטְּלוֹת,mithqatteloth,killing oneself
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Function
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--------
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The Hithpael stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal
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action:
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Expresses the :ref:`reflexive<stem-voice-reflexive>` voice of the Piel stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For most verbs that appear in both the Piel and Hithpael stems in Biblical Aramaic, the Hithpael stem expresses the same kind of
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action as the Piel stem (:ref:`simple<stem-action-simple>`, :ref:`intensive<stem-action-intensive>`,
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:ref:`resultative<stem-action-resultative>`, :ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`, etc.) but in
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reflexive voice. A good example is the verb
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יָדַע. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb יָדַע means "to know" (simple action,
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active voice). But in the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem, the verb יָדַע means "to make
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known" (causative action, active voice). Thus, in the Hithpael stem, the
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verb יָדַע means "to make oneself known" (causative action, reflexive
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voice).
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 45:1
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בְּהִתְוַדַּ֥ע יוֹסֵ֖ף אֶל־אֶחָֽיו
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**behithwadda**' yosef 'el-'ehayw
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**when-making-himself-known** Joseph to\_his-brothers
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when Joseph **made himself known** to his brothers
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 8:9 –– *direct* reflexive action, meaning that the verbal subject
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is also the *direct object* of the verb
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הִתְאַזְּר֣וּ וָחֹ֔תּוּ
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**hith'azzeru** wahottu
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**gird-yourselves** and-be-dismayed
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**arm yourselves** and be broken in pieces
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:4 –– *indirect* reflexive action, meaning that the verbal
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subject is also the *indirect object* of the verb
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וַיִּתְפַּשֵּׁט יְהוֹנָתָן אֶת־הַמְּעִיל
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**wayyithpashet** yehonathan 'eth-hamme'il
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**And-he-stripped-off** Jonathan [dir.obj]\_the-robe
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Jonathan **took off** the robe
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Expresses simple reflexive action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The Hithpael stem can be used to express simple reflexive action in two
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ways. First, the Hithpael stem can express a simple action in reflexive
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voice. In these cases, usually the Hithpael stem functions as the
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reflexive voice of the *Qal* (or perhaps :ref:`Niphal<stem_niphal>`) stem rather than the
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*Piel* stem. This is the case with the verb אָבַל ("to mourn"), as shown
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in the example below. Secondly, the Hithpael stem can also express
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simple action of a verb that is reflexive by its very nature. In these
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rare cases, usually the verb appears *only* in the Hithpael stem in
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Biblical Aramaic. This is the case with the verb אָפַק ("to constrain
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oneself"), as shown in the example below.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 37:34 –– expressing simple action "to mourn" (in reflexive voice,
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meaning *to mourn physically* via bodily actions)
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וַיִּתְאַבֵּ֥ל עַל־בְּנ֖וֹ יָמִ֥ים רַבִּֽים
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**wayyith'abbel** 'al-beno yamim rabbim
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**And-he-mourned** over\_his-son days many
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**He mourned** for his son many days.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 45:1 –– expressing simple action "to constrain oneself"
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וְלֹֽא־יָכֹ֨ל יוֹסֵ֜ף לְהִתְאַפֵּ֗ק
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welo-yakhol yosef **lehith'appeq**
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And-not\_he-was-able Joseph **to-restrain-himself**
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Then Joseph could not **control himself**
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Expresses various other kinds of verbal action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes the Hithpael form functions in ways that do not follow the
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strictly the reflexive conventions of the Hithpael stem as listed above.
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Some verbs use the Hithpael stem to describe :ref:`reciprocal<stem-voice-reciprocal>` voice, :ref:`middle<stem-voice-middle>`
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voice, :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice, as well as :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` or other kinds of
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verbal action. A dictionary or
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lexicon will indicate the correct meaning in these instances of the
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Hithpael stem.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 42:1 –– expressing reciprocal action
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לָ֫מָּה **תִּתְרָאוּ**\ ׃
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lammah **tithra'u**
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Why **you-look-at-each-other**
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Why **do you look at one another**?
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.. csv-table:: Example: PRO 31:30 –– expressing passive (or possibly stative) action
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הִיא **הִתְהַלָּל**\ ׃
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hi **hithhallal**
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she **is-praised**.
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she **will be praised**.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Gen 3:8 –– the Hithpael form of the verb הָלַךְ expresses
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*reciprocating* action (meaning, *going back and forth*)
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וַֽיִּשְׁמְע֞וּ אֶת־ק֨וֹל יְהוָ֧ה אֱלֹהִ֛ים **מִתְהַלֵּ֥ךְ** בַּגָּ֖ן
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wayyishme'u 'eth-qol yehwah 'elohim **mithhallekh** baggan
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"And-they-heard [dir.obj]\_sound-of Yahweh God
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**going-back-and-forth** in-the-garden"
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They heard the sound of Yahweh God **walking** in the garden
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.. csv-table:: Example: DEU 1:37 –– the Hithpael form of the verb אָנַף ("to be angry") is
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always used in reference to Yahweh
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גַּם־בִּי֙ **הִתְאַנַּ֣ף** יְהוָ֔ה בִּגְלַלְכֶ֖ם
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gam-biy **hith'annaf** yehwah biglalkhem
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Also\_with-me **he-was-angry** Yahweh on-your-account
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Also Yahweh **was angry** with me because of you
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