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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hophal.rst
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.. _stem_hophal:
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Stem Hophal
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===========
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Summary
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-------
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The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Hiphil, and it generally
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expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem.
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Article
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-------
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The Hophal
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:ref:`stem<stem>`
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is the passive form of the
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:ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>`
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stem formation in Biblical Aramaic. The Hophal stem is usually indicated
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by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the
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:ref:`verb`.
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(The ה changes in the
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:ref:`participle<participle_active>`
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and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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forms.) The Hophal stem usually expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the
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meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem. Scholars sometimes disagree
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whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the
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Hophal, the
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:ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
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or even the :ref:`Qal Passive<stem_qal_passive>`
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stem. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to
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be." In Biblical Aramaic, the passive nature of the verbal action is
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expressed by the Hophal form of the verb itself without any helping
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verbs.
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.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. note:: every form in the Hophal can have either a qamets hatuf or a
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qibbuts under the first letter (so הָ or הֻ). Here the qamets hatuf is
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used throughout.
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הָקְטַל,hoqtal,he was caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,הָקְטְלָה,hoqtelah,she was caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,הָקְטַלְתָּ,hoqtalta,you were caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,הָקְטַלְתְּ,hoqtalt,you were caused to kill
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common singular first person,הָקְטַלְתִּי,hoqtalti,I was caused to kill
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common plural third person,הָקְטְלוּ,hoqtelu,they were caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,הָקְטַלְתֶּם,hoqtaltem,you were caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,הָקְטַלְתֶּן,hoqtalten,you were caused to kill
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common plural first person,הָקְטַלְנוּ,hoqtalnu,we were caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יָקְטַל,yoqtal,he will be caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,she will be caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,you will be caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,תָּקְטְלִי,toqteli,you will be caused to kill
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common singular first person,אָקְטַל,'oqtal,I will be caused to kill
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masculine plural third person,יָקְטְלוּ,yoqtelu,they will be caused to kill
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feminine plural third person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,they will be caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,תָּקְטְלוּ,toqtelu,you will be caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,you will be caused to kill
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common plural first person,נָקְטַל,noqtal,we will be caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְהָקְטַל,wehoqtal,(and) he will be caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,וְהָקְטְלָה,wehoqtelah,(and) she will be caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתָּ,wehoqtalta,(and) you will be caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתְּ,wehoqtalt,(and) you will be caused to kill
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common singular first person,וְהָקְטַלְתִּי,wehoqtalti,(and) I will be caused to kill
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common plural third person,וְהָקְטְלוּ,wehoqtelu,(and) they will be caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּם,wehoqtaltem,(and) you will be caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּן,wehoqtalten,(and) you will be caused to kill
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common plural first person,וְהָקְטַלְנוּ,wehoqtalnu,(and) we will be caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיָּקְטַל,wayyoqtal,(and) he was caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) whe was caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) you were caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,וַתָּקְטְלִי,wattoqteli,(and) you were caused to kill
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common singular first person,וָאָקְטַל,wa'oqtal,(and) I was caused to kill
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masculine plural third person,וַיָּקְטְלוּ,wayyoqtelu,(and) they were caused to kill
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feminine plural third person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) they were caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,וַתָּקְטְלוּ,wattoqtelu,(and) you were caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) you were caused to kill
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common plural first person,וַנָּקְטַל,wannoqtal,(and) we were caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Infinitive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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Infinitive Absolute,הָקְטֵל,hoqtel,causing to be killed
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The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative
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are not found in the Hophal stem in Biblical Aramaic.
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Participle (passive voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,מָקְטָל,moqtal,being caused to kill
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feminine singular,מָקְטֶלֶת,moqteleth,being caused to kill
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masculine plural,טָמָקְלִים,tomaqlim,being caused to kill
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feminine plural,מָקְטָלוֹת,moqtaloth,being caused to kill
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Function
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--------
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The Hophal stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
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Expresses the :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` voice of the Hiphil stem
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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For most verbs that appear in Hiphil stem in Biblical Aramaic, the Hophal
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stem expresses the same kind of simple or causative action as the Hiphil
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stem, but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בּוֹא. In the
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:ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
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the verb בּוֹא means "to come" or "to go" (:ref:simple<stem-action-simple>` action, :ref:`active<stem-voice-active>` voice).
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But in the :ref:`Hiphil<stem_hiphil>` stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (:ref:`causative<stem-action-causative>`
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action, active voice). Thus, in the Hophal stem, the verb בּוֹא means
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"to be brought" (causative action, passive voice).
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The Hophal stem of בּוֹא, meaning "to be brought"; in the
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Hiphil stem, means "to bring", for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 33:11
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קַח־נָ֤א אֶת־בִּרְכָתִי֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר **הֻבָ֣את** לָ֔ךְ
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qah-na 'eth-birkhathiy 'asher **huvath** lakh
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Take\_please [dir.obj]\_my-blessing that **it-was-brought** to-you
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Please accept my gift that **was brought** to you
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The Hophal stem of נָגַד, meaning "to be declared"; in the
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Hiphil stem, means "to declare", for example:
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:20
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וַיֻּגַּ֥ד לְאַבְרָהָ֖ם
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**wayyuggad** le'avraham
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**and-it-was-reported** to Abraham
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Abraham **was told**
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Expresses simple action in passive voice
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Some verbs use the Hophal stem to express simple :ref:`passive<stem-voice-passive>` action. (This
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can be true even if the verb also appears in the Hiphil stem in Biblical
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Aramaic; in such cases, the Hophal form does NOT function strictly as a
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passive of the Hiphil stem.) A good example is the verb יָצַק. In the
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:ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple action "to pour" or "to
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pour out". In the :ref:`Hiphil<stem_Hiphil>` stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the same simple
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action "to pour". In the Hophal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the
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simple passive "to be poured" (that is, the passive of both the *Qal*
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stem and the *Hiphil* stem). For some verbs, the Hophal and/or :ref:`Pual<stem_pual>`
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forms can both function as a passive of the Qal stem. In all these
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cases, a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:26 –– the Hophal stem of יָצַק ("to pour") means "to be poured"
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ה֣וּצַק חֵ֭ן בְּשְׂפְתוֹתֶ֑יךָ
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**hutsaq** hen besfethotheykha
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**it-is-poured-out** grace by-your-lips
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grace **is poured** onto your lips
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Expresses various kinds of passive or :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes the Hophal form is used with specific verbs or in specific
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contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A
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dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning.
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For example, the Hophal stem of the verb יָלַד ("to give birth")
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refers to someone's birthday:
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 40:20
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וַיְהִ֣י׀ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁ֗י י֚וֹם **הֻלֶּ֣דֶת** אֶת־פַּרְעֹ֔ה
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wayhi bayyom hashelishi yom **hulledeth** 'eth-par'oh
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"and-it-happened in-the-day the-third day-of **having-been-born**
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[dir.obj]\_Pharaoh"
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It came about on the third day that it was Pharaoh's **birth**\ day.
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The Hophal stem of the verb יָסַד ("to found, establish")
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refers to the foundation of a building:
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2CH 3:3
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וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙ **הוּסַ֣ד** שְׁלֹמֹ֔ה לִבְנ֖וֹת אֶת־בֵּ֣ית הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים
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we'elleh **husad** shelomoh livnoth 'eth-beth ha'elohim
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"and-these **being-founded-of** Solomon to-build [dir.obj]\_house-of
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the-God"
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"Now these are the dimensions **of the foundation** that Solomon laid
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for the house of God."
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