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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_negative.rst
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.. _particle_negative:
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Particle Negative
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=================
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Summary
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-------
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Negative particles are terms that negate some aspect of a sentence, either an individual word or an entire phrase.
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Article
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-------
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אַיִן or אֵין
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-------------
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This term is used in verbless clauses to negate an entire clause or
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sentence. It is sometimes classified as a :ref:`noun<noun_common>`
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but usually appears in the verbal position of normal :ref:`word order<word_order>`.
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Literally, the term is translated in English as "there is no" or "there
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is not"; but the English translation is often simplified to "is not"
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(see example below).
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 45:5
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אֲנִ֤י יְהוָה֙ **וְאֵ֣ין** עֹ֔וד זוּלָתִ֖י **אֵ֣ין** אֱלֹהִ֑ים
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'ani yehwah **we'en** 'owd zulathi **'en** 'elohim
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"I Yahweh **and-there-is-no** beside apart-from-me **there-is-no**
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God."
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"I am Yahweh, **and there is no** other; **there is no** God but me."
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 1:3
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הַֽמִבְּלִ֤י אֵין־אֱלֹהִים֙ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל
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**hamibbeli 'en**-'elohim beyisra'el
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**For-nothing is-there-no**\ \_God in-Israel?
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Is it because **there is no** God in Israel?
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 37:29
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וְהִנֵּ֥ה \ **אֵין**\ ־יוֹסֵ֖ף בַּבּ֑וֹר
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wehinneh **'en**-yosef babbor
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and-behold **there-is-no**\ \_Joseph in-the-pit
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"and, behold, Joseph **was not** in the pit"
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.. _particle_negative-lo:
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לֹא
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---
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The word לֹא is the standard negative particle in Biblical Aramaic. This
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term often negates verbs, but it has potential to negate other kinds of
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words as well. In English, it is usually translated as "no" or "not".
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When used with :ref:`2nd person<person_second>`
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:ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect-negative-directive>`
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verbs to express a negative command, this particle signifies a more
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emphatic command than the use of the negative particle אַל (with an imperfect verb).
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 2:17
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לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל מִמֶּ֑נּוּ
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**lo** thokhal mimmennu
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**not** you-eat from-it
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you may **not** eat from it
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:2
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לֹֽא־\ **תָבֹ֥אוּ** מִצְרַ֖יִם לָג֥וּר שָֽׁם
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lo-\ **thavo'u** mitsrayim lagur sham
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not\_\ **you-go** Egypt to-sojourn there
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Do not **go** to Egypt to live there.
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.. _particle_negative-al:
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אַל
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---
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The term אַַל is almost exclusively used to negate verbs; it is also the
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standard particle used to negate :ref:`jussive<verb_jussive>` and :ref:`cohortative<verb_cohortative>` verbs. When
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used with :ref:`2nd person<person_second>`
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:ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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verbs to express a negative command, this particle signifies a less
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emphatic command than the use of the negative particle לֹא.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:16
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אַל־אֶרְאֶ֖ה בְּמ֣וֹת הַיָּ֑לֶד
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**'al**-'er'eh bemoth hayyaled
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**Not**\ \_I-will-look in-death-of the-child.
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Let me **not** look upon the death of the child.
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בִּלְתִּי
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---------
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This term is sometimes used (especially with לְ) to negate :ref:`infinitive construct<infinitive_construct>`
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verbs, and is usually translated in English as "no" or "not".
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.. note:: This term is most often used as a concessive :ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`;
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a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the specific use of
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this particle in each individual context.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:11
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צִוִּיתִ֛יךָ \ **לְבִלְתִּ֥י** אֲכָל־מִמֶּ֖נּוּ
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tsiwwithikha **leviltiy** 'akhol-mimmennu
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I-commanded-you **to-not** eat\_from-it
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I commanded you **to not** eat from it
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בַּל or בְּלִי (sometimes בְּלֹא)
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---------------------------------
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These particles are usually used in poetry and carry no special meaning
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other than to negate a word or concept within a sentence. In English,
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they are usually translated as "no" or "not".
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 19:3 (PSA 19:4 in Hebrew)
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בְּ֝לִ֗י נִשְׁמָ֥ע קוֹלָֽם
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**beli** nishma' qolam
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**not** is-heard their-voice
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their voice is **not** heard
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 35:23
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בְּלֹ֣א רְא֔וֹת
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**belo** re'oth
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**without** seeing
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**without** seeing
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