See in Reader
180 lines
7.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
180 lines
7.4 KiB
ReStructuredText
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_passive.rst
|
|
|
|
.. _participle_passive:
|
|
|
|
Participle Passive
|
|
==================
|
|
|
|
Summary
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
A passive participle is a non-finite verbal form with passive or reflexive voice that can function
|
|
as a verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. In Biblical Aramaic, passive participles most often function
|
|
as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective.
|
|
|
|
Article
|
|
-------
|
|
|
|
.. include:: includes/participle_article.txt
|
|
|
|
Passive participles express verbal action in either :ref:`passive voice<stem-voice-passive>` or
|
|
:ref:`reflexive voice<stem-voice-reflexive>`. Passive voice means that the person/thing described by the
|
|
participle receives the action expressed by the participle itself. Reflexive voice means that the person/thing described by
|
|
the participle both performs and receives the action expressed by the participle itself.
|
|
|
|
.. note:: Only the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem
|
|
has a distinct passive form for the participle; in all other cases, the
|
|
passive (or sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the :ref:`stem formation<stem>`
|
|
and the specific verb.
|
|
|
|
Form
|
|
----
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Qal Passive Participle Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
masculine singular Absolute,קָטוּל,qatul,killer / killed
|
|
feminine singular Absolute,קְטוּלָה,qetulah,killer / killed
|
|
masculine plural Absolute,קְטוּלִים,qetulim,killers / killed
|
|
feminine plural Absolute,קְטוּלוֹת,qetuloth,killers / killed
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Niphal (usually passive or reflexive voice) Passive Participle Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
masculine singular Absolute,נִקְטָל,niqtal,being killed
|
|
feminine singular Absolute,נִקְטָלָה,niqtalah,being killed
|
|
masculine plural Absolute,נִקְטָלִים,niqtalim,being killed
|
|
feminine plural Absolute,נִקְטָלוֹת,niqtaloth,being killed
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Hophal Passive Participle Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
masculine singular Absolute,מָקְטָל,moqtal,being caused to kill
|
|
feminine singular Absolute,מָקְטֶלֶת,moqteleth,being caused to kill
|
|
masculine plural Absolute,מָקְטָלִים,moqtalim,being caused to kill
|
|
feminine plural Absolute,מָקְטָלוֹת,moqtaloth,being caused to kill
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Pual Passive Participle Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
masculine singular Absolute,מְקֻטַּל,mequttal,being slaughtered
|
|
feminine singular Absolute,מְקֻטֶּלֶת,mequtteleth,being slaughtered
|
|
masculine plural Absolute,מְקֻטְּלִים,mequttelim,being slaughtered
|
|
feminine plural Absolute,מְקֻטְּלוֹת,mequtteloth,being slaughtered
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Hithpael (usually reflexive voice) Passive Participle Paradigm
|
|
:header-rows: 1
|
|
|
|
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
|
|
masculine singular Absolute,מִתְקַטֵּל,mithqattel,killing oneself
|
|
feminine singular Absolute,מִתְקַטֶּלֶת,mithqatteleth,killing oneself
|
|
masculine plural Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלִים,mithqattelim,killing oneself
|
|
feminine plural Absolute,מִתְקַטְּלוֹת,mithqatteloth,killing oneself
|
|
|
|
Function
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
A passive/reflexive participle is often used as an independent
|
|
grammatical entity, although it can introduce entire clauses similar to the :ref:`active<participle_active>` participle.
|
|
Passive participles are generally more limited in meaning than active participles.
|
|
Passive participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the
|
|
context; thus, they can express action in past time, present time,
|
|
future time, or without any specified timeframe.
|
|
|
|
.. _participle_passive-adjectival:
|
|
|
|
Functions as an :ref:`adjective<adjective>`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Aramaic.
|
|
An adjectival passive participle can function as either an :ref:`attributive<adjective-attributive>` adjective
|
|
or a :ref:`predicative<adjective-predicative>` adjective. The context must determine whether a passive participle
|
|
is functioning as a predicative adjective or as a main verb, because both appear the
|
|
same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
|
|
|
|
The following example shows a passive participle functioning as an attributive adjective.
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 149:9
|
|
|
|
לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת בָּהֶ֨ם׀ מִשְׁפָּ֬ט כָּת֗וּב
|
|
la'asoth bahem mishpat **kathuv**
|
|
to-do to-them judgment **written**
|
|
They will execute the judgment **that is written**
|
|
|
|
The following example shows a passive participle functioning as a predicative adjective.
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 5:16
|
|
|
|
וְהִנֵּ֧ה עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים
|
|
wehinneh 'avadeykha **mukkim**
|
|
and-behold your-servants **beaten**
|
|
"We, your servants, are even **beaten** now"
|
|
|
|
The following example shows passive participles introducing an entire clause that functions as a predicative adjective.
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 22:7
|
|
|
|
וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ **חֶרְפַּ֥ת** אָ֝דָ֗ם **וּבְז֥וּי** עָֽם׃
|
|
we'anokhi thola'ath welo-'ish **herpath** 'adam **uvezuy** 'am
|
|
"and-I worm and-not\_man **scorned-of** humanity **and-despised-of**
|
|
people"
|
|
"But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity
|
|
**and despised** by the people."
|
|
|
|
.. _participle_passive-verbal:
|
|
|
|
.. _participle_passive-verbal-MV:
|
|
|
|
Functions as a :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` main verb
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a main verb or as a predicative adjective,
|
|
because both appear the same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16). In the following example, the participle
|
|
is in the first position, which is the normal :ref:`word order<word_order>` for finite verbs but not for participles.
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 17:2
|
|
|
|
עֲזֻב֖וֹת עָרֵ֣י עֲרֹעֵ֑ר
|
|
**'azuvoth** 'are 'aro'er
|
|
**being-forsaken** cities-of Aroer
|
|
The cities of Aroer **will be abandoned**
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 19:11
|
|
|
|
מָחָ֖ר אַתָּ֥ה מוּמָֽת
|
|
mahar 'attah **mumath**
|
|
tomorrow you **being-made-dead**
|
|
tomorrow you **will be killed**
|
|
|
|
.. _participle_passive-verbal-VC:
|
|
|
|
Functions as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verbal complement
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
.. note:: The subject of a verbal participle usually
|
|
precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of Aramaic
|
|
:ref:`word order<word_order>`.
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 38:25
|
|
|
|
הִ֣וא **מוּצֵ֗את** וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר
|
|
hiw **mutseth** wehi sholhah 'el-hamiha lemor
|
|
she **being-brought-out** and-she sent to\_her-father-in-law saying
|
|
"When she **was brought out**, she sent to her father-in-law a message"
|
|
|
|
.. _participle_passive-nominal:
|
|
|
|
Functions as a :ref:`noun<noun>`
|
|
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 8:34
|
|
|
|
כְּכָל־\ **הַכָּת֖וּב** בְּסֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃
|
|
kekhol-\ **hakkathuv** besefer hattowrah
|
|
like-all\_\ **the-written** in-book-of the-law
|
|
just as **had been written** in the book of the law
|