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135 lines
4.5 KiB
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uag/src/branch/master/content/verb.rst
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.. _verb:
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Verb
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====
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Summary
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-------
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-summary.rst
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Article
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-------
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-article.rst
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Form
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----
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In Biblical Aramaic, the root of a verb consists of three consonants,
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sometimes called the tri-literal (meaning "three letters") root. In
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"strong" verbs, the three root consonants always stay the same and are
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easy to recognize, but "weak" verbs have one or more consonants that
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disappear in certain forms.
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Verbs in Biblical Aramaic change form according to both conjugation
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(:ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>`,
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:ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`,
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:ref:`Infinitive Absolute<infinitive_absolute>`,
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etc.) and stem formation
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(:ref:`Pe'al<stem_peal>`,
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:ref:`Haphel<stem_haphel>`,
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etc.). Generally speaking, changes in verb forms happen by adding
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prefixes/suffixes, by changing the vowels, or both. These changes in
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form show the
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:ref:`stem formation<stem>`
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of a verb with its conjugation, which includes the person
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(:ref:`first<person_first>`, :ref:`second<person_second>`,
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or
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:ref:`third<person_third>`),
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the gender
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(:ref:`masculine<gender_masculine>`
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or
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:ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`),
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the number
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(:ref:`singular<number_singular>`
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or
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:ref:`plural<number_plural>`),
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and sometimes the state
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(:ref:`absolute<state_absolute>`
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or
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:ref:`construct<state_construct>`).
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The person, gender, and number of a verb always agree with the subject.
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Unlike English (but similar to other languages like Spanish), verbs in
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Biblical Aramaic do not require a separate :ref:`personal pronoun<pronoun_personal>`
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if the subject is not identified; this is because the form of the verb
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itself includes the subject. A :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`
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attached to a verb can function as its object.
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.. _verb-finite:
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Finite verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-finite.rst
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The finite verb forms in Biblical Aramaic include the :ref:`Perfect<verb_perfect>`, :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`, and
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:ref:`Imperative<verb_imperative>`.
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.. _verb-non-finite:
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Non-finite verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-non-finite.rst
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The non-finite verb forms in Biblical Aramaic include the :ref:`infinitive` and the participles (both :ref:`active <participle_active>` and :ref:`passive <participle_passive>`).
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Non-finite verbs can sometimes describe an action or an event in such a way that the word functions like a :ref:`noun <noun>`.
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.. note:: In Biblical Aramaic, the non-finite verb forms are sometimes used as finite verbs,
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and the imperfect form is sometimes used as a non-finite verb.
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Types
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-----
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-types.rst
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.. _verb-dynamic:
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Dynamic (or action) verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-dynamic.rst
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.. _verb-stative:
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Stative (or non-action) verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-stative.rst
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.. _verb-transitive:
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Transitive verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-transitive.rst
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.. _verb-intransitive:
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Intransitive verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-intransitive.rst
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.. _verb-linking-verbs:
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Linking verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/verb-linking.rst
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.. _verb-helping-verb:
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Helping verbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Helping verbs are extra verbs that "help" express the meaning of the main verb.
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Biblical Aramaic does not use helping verbs, but English does.
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Often, it is necessary to supply a helping verb in English to express the meaning of a Aramaic verb.
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helping verbs in questions and negations
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The following example in English adds the helping verb "have"
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(not present in the Aramaic text):
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The following example in English adds the helping verb "did"
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(not present in the Aramaic text):
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helping verbs to express possibility or desirability
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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English uses helping verbs to express varying degrees of possiblity or
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desirability of verbs. This includes a vast range from strong
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possibility (*He **can** do this* or *He **would** do this*) to weak
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possibility (*He **might** do this* or *He **could** do this*) or from
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strong desirability (*He **should** do this* or ***Let** him do this*)
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to weak desirability (***May** he do this* or *He **wants** to do
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this*). In Biblical Aramaic, this sense of possibility or desirability is
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implied by the context and already present in the form of the verb
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itself.
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