:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem.rst .. _stem: Stem Formation ============== Summary ------- The stem formation of a verb indicates both the kind of verbal action (simple, stative, causative, etc.) and the voice (active, passive, reflexive, etc.) of the verb. Article ------- In Biblical Aramaic, all :ref:`verbs` have both a stem formation (Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.) and a conjugation (Perfect, Imperfect, Imperative, etc.). These work together like two "layers", and each layer supplies different information about the verb. In Biblical Aramaic, there are seven major stem formations and several rare ones. Form ---- This is a brief overview on how to quickly recognize the simplest forms of each stem: :ref:`Qal` stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The simplest form of the verb, usually with "a" vowels (qamets or patah). :ref:`Niphal` stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Adds נִ (nun with hireq) to the beginning of the verb. If the form also adds a prefix (like in the prefix conjugation), the נ disappears and causes the 1st radical to double (with a daghesh). :ref:`Hiphil` stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Often has הִ (he with hireq) before the verb, or a patah under the letter that the form adds before the root. :ref:`Hophal` stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Also adds a ה before the verb, but with a qamets hatuf (or sometimes qibbuts) vowel. :ref:`Piel` stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Doubles the 2nd radical of the verb with a daghesh, and usually has a shewa or a hireq under the 1st radical. :ref:`Pual` stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Also doubles the 2nd radical but usually has a qibbuts under the 1st radical. :ref:`Hithpael` stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Adds הִתְ (he with hireq and taw with shewa) before the verb, and puts a qamets or patah under the 1st radical. Function -------- The following table is a brief overview of the most common stems and their most common functions. .. csv-table:: Most Common Stem Functions ,**Active Voice**,**Passive Voice**,**Reflexive Voice** **Simple Action**,"Qal stem","Niphal stem",-- **Causative Action**,"Hiphil stem","Hophal stem",-- **Resultative Action**,"Piel stem","Pual stem","Hithpael stem" The stem formation of a verb performs the following functions: Expresses the kind of verbal action ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. _stem-action-simple: Simple action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Simple action refers to a typical :ref:`dynamic` verb; that is, the verb describes an action being performed by the subject of the verb. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 16:2 –– Qal stem expressing simple action (dynamic verb) וַתֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֜י אֶל־אַבְרָ֗ם **wattomer** saray 'el-'avram **And-she-said** Sarai to\_Abram So Sarai **said** to Abram .. _stem-action-stative: Stative action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Stative action refers to a typical :ref:`stative` verb; that is, the verb describes the subject of the verb as being in a certain state/condition. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:11 –– Qal stem expressing stative action (stative verb) וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ חָמָֽס **wattimmale** ha'arets hamas **and-it-was-full** the-earth violence **and it was filled** with violence. .. _stem-action-causative: Causative action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (with :ref:`dynamic` verbs) or to be in the state described by the verb (with :ref:`stative` verbs). In English, causative action is expressed using the main verb "to cause" paired with the infinitive of the verbal action in view. In Biblical Aramaic, the causative nature of the verbal action is expressed by the stem formation itself with no additional verbal element. .. csv-table:: Example: PSA 98:2 –– Hiphil stem expressing causative action of a dynamic verb ("to cause to know") הוֹדִ֣יעַ יְ֭הוָה יְשׁוּעָת֑וֹ **hodia'** yehwah yeshu'atho **He-made-known** Yahweh his-salvation Yahweh **has made known** his salvation .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:19 –– Piel stem expressing causative action of a stative verb ("to cause to be filled") וַתֵּ֜לֶךְ **וַתְּמַלֵּ֤א** אֶת־הַחֵ֙מֶת֙ מַ֔יִם wattelekh **wattemalle** 'eth-hahemeth mayim and-she-went **and-she-filled** [dir.obj]\_the-skin-of water She went **and filled** the skin with water .. _stem-action-resultative: Resultative action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Resultative action means that the primary focus of the verb is on the result of the verbal action. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:6 –– Piel stem expressing resultative action וַיִּתֵּ֣ן ... וְאֶת־הַיֶּ֖לֶד וַֽיְשַׁלְּחֶ֑הָ wayyitten ... we'eth-hayyeled **wayeshalleheha** and-he-gave ... and-[dir.obj]\_the-boy **and-he-sent-her-away** He gave her the boy and **sent her away** .. _stem-action-intensive: Intensive action ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Intensive action means that the verbal action is strengthened in some way. .. csv-table:: Example: EXO 9:25 –– Piel stem expressing intensive action אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָם֙ תִּתֹּצ֔וּן וְאֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָ֖ם תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּן 'eth-mizbehotham tittotsun we'eth-matsevotham **teshabberun** "[dir.obj]\_their-altars you-break-down and-[dir.obj]\_their-pillars **you-shatter**" "you must break down their altars, **smash** their stone pillars" Expresses the voice of the verb ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .. _stem-voice-active: Active voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Active voice means that the subject of the verb is performing the verbal action. Most verbs are in the active voice. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 16:2 וַתֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֜י אֶל־אַבְרָ֗ם **wattomer** saray 'el-'avram **And-she-said** Sarai to\_Abram So Sarai **said** to Abram .. _stem-voice-passive: Passive voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Passive voice means that the subject of the verb is *receiving* the verbal action rather than *performing* the verbal action. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to be." In Biblical Aramaic, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the stem formation of the verb itself without any helping verbs. .. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 21:18 וַיִּקָּבֵ֥ר בְּגַן־בֵּית֖וֹ **wayyiqqaver** began-betho **and-he-was-buried** in-garden-of\_his-house **and he was buried** in the garden of his own house .. _stem-voice-reflexive: Reflexive voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Reflexive voice means that the subject of the verb is *both* performing *and* receiving the verbal action. In English, reflexive voice is expressed using a reflexive pronoun as the object of the verb, "I tell *myself*". In Biblical Aramaic, the reflexive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the stem formation of the verb itself without any additional words. .. csv-table:: Example: NUM 1:21 הִבָּ֣דְל֔וּ מִתּ֖וֹךְ הָעֵדָ֣ה הַזֹּ֑את **hibbodlu** mittokh ha'edah hazzoth **Separate-yourselves** from-midst-of the-congregation the-this **Separate yourselves** from among this community .. _stem-voice-middle: Middle voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^ Middle voice means that the subject receives the action but also is (partially) involved in performing the action. Middle voice stands somewhere between passive voice and reflexive voice. .. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:5 וְנִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵיכֶ֑ם **wenifqehu** 'enekhem **and-they-will-be-opened** your-eyes your eyes **will be opened** .. _stem-voice-reciprocal: Reciprocal voice ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Reciprocal voice means that multiple subjects are in view who are both performing the verbal action for another and receiving the verbal action from another. In English, reciprocal voice is expressed using the phrase "each other" as the object of the verb, "They tell each other." In Biblical Aramaic, the reciprocal nature of the action is expressed by the stem formation of the verb itself without any additional words. Reciprocal voice must be distinguished from reflexive voice. The phrase "They tell themselves" is reflexive: the subject "they" is a unified group and the action could be expressed reflexively for each individual as "he tells himself, and he tells himself, and she tells herself, etc." The phrase "They tell each other" is reciprocal: each member of the group is telling something to another member of the group, and each member of the group is being told something by another member of the group. .. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 3:23 נֶֽחֶרְבוּ֙ הַמְּלָכִ֔ים **nehervu** hammelakhim **they-have-killed-each-other** the-kings the kings **have killed each other** .. _stem-uncommon: Rare stem formations -------------------- The following stem formations occur only rarely in Biblical Aramaic: :ref:`Hishtaphel` – :ref:`Hithpalpel` – :ref:`Hithpoel` – :ref:`Hithpolel` – :ref:`Hothpaal` – :ref:`Nithpael` – :ref:`Palel` – :ref:`Pealal` – :ref:`Pilel` – :ref:`Pilpel` – :ref:`Poal` – :ref:`Poel` – :ref:`Polal` – :ref:`Polel` – :ref:`Polpal` – :ref:`Pulal` – :ref:`Qal Passive` – :ref:`Tiphil`.