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Joel D. Ruark
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_affirmation.rst
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.. _particle_affirmation:
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Particle Affirmation
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====================
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Summary
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-------
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Affirmation particles express a sense of "addition to" or "affirmation
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of" something in a text.
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Article
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-------
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Biblical Hebrew contains three major particles that, used either
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individually or in combination, express an "affirmation of" or "addition
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to" some aspect of the text. These particles can have a scope as narrow
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as a single word or phrase, or as broad as an entire sentence or
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paragraph.
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אַף
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---
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This word is flexible in meaning; sometimes it appears to function more
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like a :ref:`conjunction` and sometimes more like an :ref:`adverb`.
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This word does not have a single translation value, but must be
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translated with great sensitivity to its context. In English, אַף is
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often translated with a family of different words, including "also",
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"even", "only", "truly", and/or other terms that can convey the general
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concepts of affirmation or addition. Sometimes it is left untranslated,
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in instances where there is no satisfactory way to communicate the sense
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of the word as used in its specific context.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 40:24
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"אַ֣ף בַּל־נִטָּ֗עוּ **אַ֚ף** בַּל־זֹרָ֔עוּ **אַ֛ף** בַּל־שֹׁרֵ֥שׁ
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בָּאָ֖רֶץ גִּזְעָ֑ם"
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"**'af** bal-nitta'u **'af** bal-zora'u **'af** bal-shoresh ba'arets
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giz'am"
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"**Really** not\_they-are-planted **really** not\_they-are-sown
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**really** not\_taken-root in-the-earth their-stem"
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"**See**, they are barely planted; **see**, they are barely sown;
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**see**, their stem has barely taken root in the earth"
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 65:14 (PSA 65:13 in Hebrew)
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יִ֝תְרוֹעֲע֗וּ **אַף**\ ־יָשִֽׁירוּ
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yithro'a'u **'af**-yashiru
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They-shout-for-joy **yes**\ \_they-sing.
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"They shout for joy, **and** they sing."
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 40:16
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וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אֶל־יוֹסֵ֔ף **אַף**\ ־אֲנִי֙ בַּחֲלוֹמִ֔י
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wayyomer 'el-yosef **'af**-'aniy bahalomi
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and-he-said to\_Joseph **also**\ \_I in-my-dream
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"he also said to Joseph, ""I **also** had a dream"
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 14:3
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אַף־עַל־זֶ֭ה פָּקַ֣חְתָּ עֵינֶ֑ךָ
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**'af**-'al-zeh paqahta 'enekha
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**Even**\ \_on\_this you-open your-eyes
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"Yahweh, why do you keep watching me to see if I am doing something
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that is wrong?"
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גַּם
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----
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Like אַף, this word appears to function sometimes more like a
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:ref:`conjunction` and sometimes more like an :ref:`adverb`.
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This word does not have a single translation value, but must be
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translated with great sensitivity to its context. In English, גַּם is
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often translated with a family of different words, including "also",
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"indeed", "even", and/or other terms that can convey the general
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concepts of affirmation or addition.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 27:33
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גַּם־בָּר֖וּךְ יִהְיֶֽה
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**gam**-barukh yihyeh
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**Indeed**\ \_blessed he.
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"**Indeed**, he will be blessed."
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 21:7
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מַדּ֣וּעַ רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִחְי֑וּ עָ֝תְק֗וּ **גַּם**\ ־גָּ֥בְרוּ חָֽיִל
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maddua' resha'im yihyu 'othqu **gam**-gavru hayil
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Why wicked live become-old **yes**\ \_become-mighty power?
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"Why do wicked people continue to live, become old, **also** grow
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mighty in power?"
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:16
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גַּם־אֲנַ֕חְנוּ **גַּ֛ם** אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֥א הַגָּבִ֖יעַ בְּיָדֽוֹ׃
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**gam**-'anahnu **gam** 'asher-nimtsa haggavia' beyado
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**both**\ \_we **and** who it-was-found the-cup in-his-hand
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**both** we **and** the one in whose sack the cup was found.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:6 –– here the word גַּם is left untranslated
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וַתִּתֵּ֧ן **גַּם**\ ־לְאִישָׁ֛הּ עִמָּ֖הּ וַיֹּאכַֽל׃
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wattitten **gam**-le'ishah 'immah wayyokhal
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And-she-gave **also** to-her-husband with-her and-he-ate.
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"Then she gave some to her husband, and he ate it."
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כִּי
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----
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.. include:: includes/ci_flexible.txt
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 3:12
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וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ **כִּֽי**\ ־אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִמָּ֔ךְ
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wayyomer **ki**-'eheyeh 'immakh
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And-he-said **yes**\ \_I-will-be with-you.
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"God replied, ""I will **certainly** be with you."""
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אַף כִּי
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--------
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When paired together, these two particles function as a single unit,
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expressing a strong sense of affirmation or addition. Again, this
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compound particle must be translated with extreme sensitivity to the
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context in order to convey its precise nuance.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:1
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אַ֚ף כִּֽי־אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֔ים
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**'af ki**-'amar 'elohim
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**really**\ \_has-said God
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has God **really** said
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אִם (after oath formulas)
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-------------------------
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When the word אִם follows oath formulas, it functions as an affirmation
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particle to strengthen the force of the oath, either negatively (as אִם
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alone) or positively (as אִם־לֹא).
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 42:15 —— expressing emphatic negation
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חֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ **אִם**\ ־תֵּצְא֣וּ מִזֶּ֔ה
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he far'oh **'im**-tetse'u mizzeh
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life-of pharaoh **if**\ \_you-will-go-out from-this
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"**by** the life of Pharaoh, you will not leave here"
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 14:28 –– expressing emphatic affirmation
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חַי־אָ֨נִי֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה **אִם**\ ־לֹ֕א
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hay-'aniy ne'um-yehwah **'im**-lo
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alive\_I saying-of\_Yahweh **if**\ \_not
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"'**as** I live,' says Yahweh, '(...) I will"
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