Update 'content/conjunction.rst'
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/conjunction.rst
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uag/src/branch/master/content/conjunction.rst
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.. _conjunction:
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Conjunction
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conjunction-conjunctive.rst
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.. _conjunction-alternative:
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Alternative
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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An alternative conjunction compares two words/phrases/sentences as alternates and is usually
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translated as “or” in English.
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conjunction-alternative.rst
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.. _conjunction-contrastive:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conjunction-contrastive.rst
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Contrastive
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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A contrastive conjunction contrasts two words/phrases/sentences as different in some way and is usually translated as “but” in
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English.
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.. _conjunction-affirmative:
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Explicative
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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An affirmative conjunction connects two words/phrases/sentences in such a way that the second
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restates the first, sometimes with a nuance of either strengthening or adding to the first.
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This kind of conjunction is often translated “even” (or is sometimes left untranslated) in English.
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ֹאו
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----
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The word אוֹ is the standard :ref:`alternative<conjunction-alternative>` conjunction in Biblical Aramaic,
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usually translated as "or" in English.
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כִּי
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----
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.. include:: includes/ci_flexible.txt
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The word כִּי is the standard causal conjunction in Biblical Aramaic, and
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is usually translated as "for" in English. However, it is also commonly
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used as a conditional conjunction (usually translated, "if"). Often,
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כִּי is conditional when it occurs at the beginning of a sentence and
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causal when it occurs in the middle (or toward the end) of a sentence,
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but there are notable exceptions to this general rule.
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.. _conjunction-explicative:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conjunction-explicative.rst
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.. _conjunction-causal:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conjunction-causal.rst
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Causal
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~~~~~~
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.. _causal-result:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/causal-result.rst
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This is the most common use of the word כִּי. However, sometimes it is
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extremely difficult to distinguish between a causal conjunction that
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expresses purpose and one that expresses result. When כִּי functions as
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a causal conjunction, it is often translated into English simply as
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"for", which can express either purpose or result.
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expresses purpose
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This means to express the purpose, reason, or cause for an action/event.
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In English, this kind of causal conjunction is usually translated as
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"for" or "because".
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expresses result
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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This means to express the result or intended outcome of an action/event.
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In English, this kind of causal conjunction is usually translated as
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"for" or “so that”.
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Conditional
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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This is also a very common use of the word כִּי in Biblical Aramaic. This
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conjunction can describe either a hypothetical condition or an actual
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condition, as determined by the context.
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expresses a hypothetical condition
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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A hypothetical condition expresses an imaginary action or event that has
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not actually happened in reality. This kind of conditional conjunction
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is usually translated as "if" in English. Hypothetical conditions have
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potential to convey many different nuances of possibility and/or
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desirability.
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expresses an actual condition
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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An actual condition expresses an action or event that has actually
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happened in reality, and is usually translated as "when" or "while" in
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English. Usually, this kind of condition indicates something that is
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happening concurrently with the main action/event being described, or
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something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
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Other uses
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~~~~~~~~~~
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The word כִּי can also express other conjunctive meanings, often as an
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contrastive following a negated statement. If in doubt, it is
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recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact
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meaning of the word in any specific instance.
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אִם
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----
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.. note:: Like the word כִּי, the word אִם in Biblical Aramaic is also
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extremely flexible in its meaning. If in doubt, it is recommended to
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always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of the word
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in any specific instance.
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.. _causal-purpose:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/causal-purpose.rst
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.. _conjunction-conditional:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conjunction-conditional.rst
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Conditional
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~~~~~~~~~~~
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The word אִם is the standard conditional conjunction in Biblical Aramaic.
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It is most often used to describe a hypothetical condition and
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translated as "if" in English. However, this term can can be nuanced and
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translated in a variety of specific ways, and it can be joined with
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various other particles to form different compound conjunctions.
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Therefore, this word must be translated always with senstivity to the
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context to express the correct nuance.
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expresses a hypothetical condition
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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A hypothetical condition expresses an imaginary action or event that has
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not actually happened in reality. This kind of conditional conjunction
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is usually translated as "if" in English. Hypothetical conditions have
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potential to convey many different nuances of possibility and/or
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desirability.
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The following example is a hypothetical condition as an affirmation of
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an actual condition.
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expresses an actual condition
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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An actual condition expresses an action or event that has actually
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happened in reality, and is usually translated as "when" or "while" in
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English. Usually, this kind of condition indicates something that is
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happening concurrently with the main action/event being described, or
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something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
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:ref:`Alternative<conjunction-alternative>`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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This use of the conjunction אִם is often found in a question and is
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usually translated as "or" in English.
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וְעַתָּה
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----
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The word עַתָּה ("now") in Biblical Aramaic often functions as a temporal adverb
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in a sentence. However, when עַתָּה appears at the beginning of a
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sentence or clause, it usually functions not as an adverb but as a
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conjunction, either standing alone or as a compound conjunction (when
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paired with the prefix וְ or with particles such as גַּם or כִּי). In
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either case, the term functions as a type of :ref:`causal<conjunction-causal>` conjunction, indicating that
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what follows is based upon what has come before. This conjunction must
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be translated always with great sensitivity to the context to express
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the correct nuance; in English, this conjunction can be translated as
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"now", "so", "so now", "and now", "therefore", and others. A dictionary
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or lexicon will indicate the specific nuance of this term in individual
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contexts.
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לֽוּ
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----
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This term is a :ref:`conditional<conjunction-conditional>` conjunction, similar to אִם but used only to
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express hypothetical conditions. The word can also appear in the
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alternate forms לוּא and לֻא. This conjunction either: 1) expresses a
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condition that cannot (or probably will not) happen, usually translated
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"if" in English; or 2) conveys a strong desire for something to happen
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that cannot (or probably will not) be realized, usually translated "if
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only" in English.
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פֶּן
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----
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This term is also a :ref:`conditional<conjunction-conditional>` conjunction, and it expresses a certain
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kind of hypothetical condition. The word can be used in two different
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ways: either 1) in warnings to express a potential condition that will
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take place if the warning is not heeded, usually translated "lest" in
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English; or 2) to express the reason for a certain action to prevent a
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possible condition from taking place, usually translated as "so
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that...not" (or similar phrasing) in English.
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.. _conditional-hypothetical:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conditional-hypothetical.rst
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.. _contitional-actual:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conditional-actual.rst
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.. _conjunction-restrictive:
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רַק
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----
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The word רַק is the standard restrictive conjunction in Biblical Aramaic. A restrictive conjunction sets apart a clause or phrase
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as unique within its context. Sometimes this restrictive function emphasizes a particular item as the most important or most
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prominent; in these cases, the conjunction is similar in meaning to an :ref:`affirmative<conjunction-affirmative>` conjunction.
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At other times, however, this restrictive function introduces a particular limitation to something previously expressed; in
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these cases, this conjunction is similar in meaning to a :ref:`concessive<conjunction-concessive>` conjunction.
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.. _conjunction-compound:
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Compound conjunctions
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---------------------
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.. note:: Sometimes multiple conjunctions or particles appear
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together but do NOT form a compound conjunction; in such cases, each
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word retains its individual range of meanings. These instances must be
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determined from the context. If in doubt, consult a dictionary or
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lexicon for the exact meaning of any specific occurrence.
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conjunction-restrictive.rst
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.. _conjunction-concessive:
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/conditional-actual.rst
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כִּי אִם
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~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes the words כִּי and אִם are paired together to form a compound conjunction that functions most often as a strong contrastive
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or a strong concessive ("except"). In English, it is usually translated as "but",
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"but if", or "except". It is recommended to always consult a dictionary
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or lexicon for the exact meaning of any specific occurrence of this
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compound conjunction.
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.. _conjunction-compound:
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Compound conjunctions
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---------------------
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.. include:: en_uhg/includes/notes/conjunction-compound.rst
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