Update 'content/gender_masculine.rst'

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Joel D. Ruark 2022-01-02 22:20:35 +00:00
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Gender Masculine
================
Nouns, adjectives, finite verbs, participles, pronouns, pronominal suffixes, and some particles change their form according to
grammatical gender, either masculine or feminine. The masculine gender is usually indicated by the absence of any prefix or suffix.
However, various prefixes and suffixes can indicate masculine gender.
.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/gender_masculine-summary.rst
Article
-------
In Biblical Aramaic, :ref:`nouns<noun>` are classified according to gender, either masculine, :ref:`feminine<gender_feminine>`, or
sometimes :ref:`both<gender_both>`. Grammatical modifiers (such as :ref:`adjectives<adjective>`, :ref:`active<participle_active>`
and :ref:`passive<participle_passive>` participles, :ref:`pronouns<pronoun>`, :ref:`pronominal suffixes<suffix_pronominal>`)
change their endings in order to agree with the gender of the term they refer to. A :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>`
with masculine gender indicates a masculine subject. All references to male persons in Biblical Aramaic are masculine.
However, other entities apart from people can also be classified as maculine. For example, the :ref:`proper names <noun_proper_name>`
However, other entities apart from people can also be classified as masculine. For example, the :ref:`proper names <noun_proper_name>`
of nations and tribes are often masculine in Biblical Aramaic. Some :ref:`particles<particle>` are also marked for gender
in Biblical Aramaic.
.. note:: Some nouns appear to be masculine but are actually feminine, even some common
nouns such as אֵם (mother) and אֶרֶץ (earth). These nouns are feminine even though they do NOT take feminine
endings. A dictionary orlexicon will indicate the proper gender for each word.
nouns such as אֶבֶן (stone). That is, some nouns are feminine even though they do NOT take feminine
endings. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the proper gender for each word.
Form
----
Masculine :ref:`singular<number_singular>` :ref:`nouns<noun>` and :ref:`adjectives<adjective>` have no unique ending;
they are the standard dictionary form. Masculine :ref:`dual<number_dual>` terms end in ־ַיִם (pataq-yod-hireq-final mem),
as in אַפַּיִם (nostrils). Masculine :ref:`plural<number_plural>` terms usually end in ־ִים (hireq-yod-final mem),
as in אֲנָשִׁים (men). There is a whole family of :ref:`verbal<verb>` prefixes and suffixes that indicate feminine gender for
:ref:`finite<verb-finite>` verbs.
they are the standard dictionary form.
.. csv-table:: Masculine Noun Forms
@ -42,14 +34,14 @@ as in אֲנָשִׁים (men). There is a whole family of :ref:`verbal<verb>` pr
masculine plural absolute,סוּסִים,susim,stallions
masculine plural construct,סוּסֵי,suse,stallions of
.. csv-table:: Qal Suffix Conjugation Masculine Forms
.. csv-table:: Pe'al Perfect Masculine Forms
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
second person masculine singular,קָטַלְתָּ,qatalta,you killed
second person masculine plural,קְטַלְתֶּם,qetaltem,you killed
third person masculine singular,קָטַל,qatal,he killed
.. csv-table:: Qal Prefix Conjugation Masculine Forms
.. csv-table:: Pe'al Imperfect Masculine Forms
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
second person masculine singular,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
@ -65,14 +57,6 @@ as in אֲנָשִׁים (men). There is a whole family of :ref:`verbal<verb>` pr
third person masculine singular,הוּא,hu,he / it
third person masculine plural,הֵם / הֵמָּה,hem / hemmah,they
.. csv-table:: Object Pronoun Masculine Forms
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss
second person masculine singular,אֹתְךָ,'othekha,you
second person masculine plural,אֹתְכֶֶם,'othekhem,you
third person masculine singular,אֹתוֹ,'otho,him / it
third person masculine plural,אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם,'ethhem / 'otham,them
.. csv-table:: Pronominal Suffix Masculine Forms
Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss