See in Reader
Update 'content/conjunction.rst'
This commit is contained in:
Joel D. Ruark
parent
b96e746270
commit
87e4bbb07f
|
|
@ -51,20 +51,7 @@ Form
|
|||
The conjunction וְ can appear either as a prefix to a word or particle,
|
||||
or as part of a sequential verbal form.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: ZEC 3:3 –– as a prefix to a separate word
|
||||
|
||||
וְעֹמֵ֖ד לִפְנֵ֥י הַמַּלְאָֽךְ
|
||||
**we'omed** lifne hammal'akh
|
||||
**and-he-was-standing** to-face-of the-angel
|
||||
**and he was standing** in front of the angel
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:13 –– as part of a sequential verbal form
|
||||
|
||||
וַֽיְהִי־עֶ֥רֶב **וַֽיְהִי**\ ־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם שְׁלִישִֽׁי׃
|
||||
**wayehi**-'erev **wayehi**\ voqer yom shelishi
|
||||
"**And-there-was**\ \_evening, **and-there-was**\ \_morning, day
|
||||
third."
|
||||
"**This was** evening and morning, the third day."
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
|
@ -80,37 +67,11 @@ Conjunctive
|
|||
A conjunctive conjunction simply joins two words/phrases/sentences together and is usually translated as "and" in
|
||||
English. This kind of conjunction can be used either comparatively (joining similar ideas) or contrastively (joining dissimilar ideas).
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 2:17
|
||||
|
||||
וּמֵעֵ֗ץ הַדַּ֙עַת֙ ט֣וֹב **וָרָ֔ע** לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל מִמֶּ֑נּוּ
|
||||
ume'ets hadda'ath tov **wara'** lo thokhal mimmennu
|
||||
"But-from-tree-of the-knowledge-of good **and-evil** not you-shall-eat
|
||||
from-it"
|
||||
"But from the tree of the knowledge of good **and evil** you may not
|
||||
eat"
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Aramaic, when a conjunctive conjunction connects two events that happen at the same time, it has a similar meaning to a conditional conjunction expressing an actual condition. In these cases, the conjunction
|
||||
can be translated as “while” or “when” in English.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:5
|
||||
|
||||
"וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם **וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ** קָ֣רָא
|
||||
לָ֑יְלָה"
|
||||
wayyiqra 'elohim la'or yom **welahoshekh** qara laylah
|
||||
"And-he-called God to-the-light day **and-to-the-darkness** he-called
|
||||
night"
|
||||
"He named the light ""day,"" **and** he named **the darkness** ""night."""
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 45:14
|
||||
|
||||
"וַיִּפֹּ֛ל עַל־צַוְּארֵ֥י בִנְיָמִֽן־אָחִ֖יו וַיֵּ֑בְךְּ
|
||||
**וּבִנְיָמִ֔ן** בָּכָ֖ה עַל־צַוָּארָֽיו׃"
|
||||
"wayyippol 'al-tsawwere vinyamin-'ahiw wayyevk **uvinyamin** bakhah
|
||||
'al-tsawwarayw"
|
||||
"And-he-fell on\_neck-of Benjamin\_his-brother and-he-wept
|
||||
**and-Benjamin** wept on\_his-neck."
|
||||
"He hugged his brother Benjamin's neck and wept, **while Benjamin**
|
||||
wept on his neck."
|
||||
|
||||
.. _conjunction-alternative:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -120,17 +81,7 @@ Alternative
|
|||
An alternative conjunction compares two words/phrases/sentences as alternates and is usually
|
||||
translated as “or” in English.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 20:10
|
||||
|
||||
לֹֽ֣א־תַעֲשֶׂ֨ה כָל־מְלָאכָ֜ה אַתָּ֣ה ׀ **וּבִנְךָֽ֣־וּבִתֶּ֗ךָ** עַבְדְּךָ֤ **וַאֲמָֽתְךָ֙ וּבְהֶמְתֶּ֔ךָ וְגֵרְךָ֖** אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּשְׁעָרֶֽיךָ׃
|
||||
"lo-tha'aseh khol-melakhah 'attah **uvinkha-wwvittekha** 'avdekha
|
||||
**wa'amathekha uvehemtekha wegerekha** 'asher bish'areykha"
|
||||
"Not\_you-shall-do any\_work you **nor-your-son\_nor-your-daughter**
|
||||
your-male-servant
|
||||
**nor-your-female-servant nor-your-cattle nor-foreigner** who in-your-gates."
|
||||
"On it you must not do any work, you,
|
||||
**or your son, or your daughter, or your male servant, or your female servant, or your cattle, or the foreigner**
|
||||
who is within your gates."
|
||||
|
||||
.. _conjunction-contrastive:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -140,12 +91,7 @@ Contrastive
|
|||
A contrastive conjunction contrasts two words/phrases/sentences as different in some way and is usually translated as “but” in
|
||||
English.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:8
|
||||
|
||||
וְנֹ֕חַ מָ֥צָא חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃
|
||||
**wenoah** matsa hen be'ene yehwah
|
||||
**But-Noah** found favor in-eyes-of Yahweh.
|
||||
**But Noah** found favor in the eyes of Yahweh.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _conjunction-affirmative:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -156,12 +102,7 @@ An affirmative conjunction connects two words/phrases/sentences in such a way th
|
|||
restates the first, sometimes with a nuance of either strengthening or adding to the first.
|
||||
This kind of conjunction is often translated “even” (or is sometimes left untranslated) in English.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:4
|
||||
|
||||
וְהֶ֨בֶל הֵבִ֥יא גַם־ה֛וּא מִבְּכֹר֥וֹת צֹאנ֖וֹ וּמֵֽחֶלְבֵהֶ֑ן
|
||||
wehevel hevi gam-hu mibbekhoroth tsono **umehelvehen**
|
||||
"And-Abel brought also\_he from-firstborn-of his-flock **even-from-fat**"
|
||||
"As for Abel, he brought some of the firstborn of his flock **and some of the fat**"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
ֹאו
|
||||
|
|
@ -170,12 +111,7 @@ This kind of conjunction is often translated “even” (or is sometimes left un
|
|||
The word אוֹ is the standard :ref:`alternative<conjunction-alternative>` conjunction in Biblical Aramaic,
|
||||
usually translated as "or" in English.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 21:32
|
||||
|
||||
אִם־עֶ֛בֶד יִגַּ֥ח הַשּׁ֖וֹר **א֣וֹ** אָמָ֑ה׃
|
||||
'im-'eved yiggah hashor **'o** 'amah
|
||||
If\_male-servant gores the-ox **or** female-servant
|
||||
If a bull attacks and gores a male **or** female slave
|
||||
|
||||
כִּי
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
|
@ -207,16 +143,7 @@ This means to express the purpose, reason, or cause for an action/event.
|
|||
In English, this kind of causal conjunction is usually translated as
|
||||
"for" or "because".
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:14
|
||||
|
||||
"וַיֹּאמֶר֩ יְהֹוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֥ים ׀ אֶֽל־הַנָּחָשׁ֮ **כִּ֣י** עָשִׂ֣יתָ
|
||||
זֹּאת֒ אָר֤וּר אַתָּה֙׃"
|
||||
"wayyomer yehowah 'elohim 'el-hannahash **ki** 'asitha zoth 'arur
|
||||
'attah"
|
||||
"And-he-said Yahweh God to\_the-serpent **because** you-have-done this
|
||||
cursed you"
|
||||
"Then Yahweh God said to the snake, ""**Because** you did this, I will
|
||||
curse you."""
|
||||
|
||||
expresses result
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
|
@ -225,12 +152,7 @@ This means to express the result or intended outcome of an action/event.
|
|||
In English, this kind of causal conjunction is usually translated as
|
||||
"for" or “so that”.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 20:10
|
||||
|
||||
מָ֣ה רָאִ֔יתָ **כִּ֥י** עָשִׂ֖יתָ אֶת־הַדָּבָ֥ר הַזֶּֽה׃
|
||||
mah ra'itha **ki** 'asitha 'eth-haddavar hazzeh
|
||||
What did-you-see **so-that** you-did [dir.obj]\_the-thing the-this?
|
||||
What prompted you **to** do this thing?
|
||||
|
||||
Conditional
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
|
@ -248,16 +170,7 @@ is usually translated as "if" in English. Hypothetical conditions have
|
|||
potential to convey many different nuances of possibility and/or
|
||||
desirability.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 4:29
|
||||
|
||||
"כִּֽי־תִמְצָ֥א אִישׁ֙ לֹ֣א תְבָרְכֶ֔נּוּ **וְכִֽי**\ ־יְבָרֶכְךָ֥
|
||||
אִ֖ישׁ לֹ֣א תַעֲנֶנּ֑וּ"
|
||||
"**ki**-thimtsa 'ish lo thevorkhennu **wekhi**-yevarekhkha 'ish lo
|
||||
tha'anennu"
|
||||
"**If**\ \_you-meet man not\_greet-him **and-if**\ \_greets-you man
|
||||
not answer-him."
|
||||
"**If** you meet any man, do not greet him, and **if** anyone greets
|
||||
you, do not answer him."
|
||||
|
||||
expresses an actual condition
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
|
@ -268,13 +181,6 @@ English. Usually, this kind of condition indicates something that is
|
|||
happening concurrently with the main action/event being described, or
|
||||
something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 27:1
|
||||
|
||||
וַיְהִי֙ **כִּֽי**\ ־זָקֵ֣ן יִצְחָ֔ק וַתִּכְהֶ֥יןָ עֵינָ֖יו מֵרְאֹ֑ת
|
||||
wayhiy **ki**-zaqen yitshaq wattikhheyna 'enayw mere'oth
|
||||
"And-it-happened **when**\ \_old Isaac and-were-dim his-eyes
|
||||
from-seeing"
|
||||
**When** Isaac was old and his eyes were dim so that he could not see
|
||||
|
||||
Other uses
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
|
@ -284,15 +190,7 @@ contrastive following a negated statement. If in doubt, it is
|
|||
recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact
|
||||
meaning of the word in any specific instance.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 17:15
|
||||
|
||||
"שָׂרַ֣י אִשְׁתְּךָ֔ לֹא־תִקְרָ֥א אֶת־שְׁמָ֖הּ שָׂרָ֑י **כִּ֥י**
|
||||
שָׂרָ֖ה שְׁמָֽהּ׃"
|
||||
saray 'ishtekha lo-thiqra 'eth-shemah saray **ki** sarah shemah
|
||||
"Sarai your-wife not\_call [dir.obj]\_her-name Sarai **but** Sarah
|
||||
her-name."
|
||||
"As for Sarai your wife, do not call her Sarai any more. **Instead**,
|
||||
her name will be Sarah."
|
||||
|
||||
אִם
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
|
@ -324,22 +222,11 @@ is usually translated as "if" in English. Hypothetical conditions have
|
|||
potential to convey many different nuances of possibility and/or
|
||||
desirability.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 18:26
|
||||
|
||||
אִם־אֶמְצָ֥א בִסְדֹ֛ם חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים צַדִּיקִ֖ם בְּת֣וֹךְ הָעִ֑יר
|
||||
**'im**-'emtsa visdom hamishim tsaddiqim bethokh ha'ir
|
||||
**If**\ \_I-find in-Sodom fifty righteous in-place the-city
|
||||
**If** I find fifty people in Sodom who have done nothing wrong
|
||||
|
||||
The following example is a hypothetical condition as an affirmation of
|
||||
an actual condition.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: JER 15:1
|
||||
|
||||
אִם־יַעֲמֹ֨ד מֹשֶׁ֤ה וּשְׁמוּאֵל֙ לְפָנַ֔י
|
||||
**'im**-ya'amod mosheh ushemu'el lefanay
|
||||
**Though**\ \_stood Moses and-Samuel before-me
|
||||
**Even if** Moses or Samuel were standing in front of me
|
||||
|
||||
expresses an actual condition
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
|
@ -350,27 +237,6 @@ English. Usually, this kind of condition indicates something that is
|
|||
happening concurrently with the main action/event being described, or
|
||||
something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 21:9
|
||||
|
||||
"וְהָיָ֗ה **אִם**\ ־נָשַׁ֤ךְ הַנָּחָשׁ֙ אֶת־אִ֔ישׁ וְהִבִּ֛יט
|
||||
אֶל־נְחַ֥שׁ הַנְּחֹ֖שֶׁת וָחָֽי׃"
|
||||
"wehayah **'im**-nashakh hannahash 'eth-'ish wehibbit 'el-nehash
|
||||
hannehosheth wahay"
|
||||
"And-it-happened **when**\ \_he-had-bitten the-serpent [dir.obj]\_man
|
||||
and-he-looked to\_serpent-of the-bronze and-he-lived"
|
||||
"**When** a snake bit any person, if he looked at the bronze snake, he
|
||||
survived."
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 31:8
|
||||
|
||||
"אִם־כֹּ֣ה יֹאמַ֗ר נְקֻדִּים֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה שְׂכָרֶ֔ךָ וְיָלְד֥וּ
|
||||
כָל־הַצֹּ֖אן נְקֻדִּ֑ים"
|
||||
"**'im**-koh yomar nequddim yihyeh sekharekha weyoldu khol-hatson
|
||||
nequddim"
|
||||
"**When**\ \_thus he-said speckled-ones it-will-be your-wages
|
||||
and-they-bore all\_the-flock speckled-ones"
|
||||
"**If** he said, 'The speckled animals will be your wages,' then all
|
||||
the flock bore speckled young."
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`Alternative<conjunction-alternative>`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
|
@ -378,12 +244,7 @@ something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
|
|||
This use of the conjunction אִם is often found in a question and is
|
||||
usually translated as "or" in English.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 5:13
|
||||
|
||||
הֲלָ֥נוּ אַתָּ֖ה **אִם**\ ־לְצָרֵֽינוּ׃
|
||||
halanu 'attah **'im**-letsarenu
|
||||
Are-for-us you **or**\ \_for-our-enemies?
|
||||
Are you for us **or** for our enemies?
|
||||
|
||||
וְעַתָּה
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
|
@ -401,37 +262,8 @@ the correct nuance; in English, this conjunction can be translated as
|
|||
or lexicon will indicate the specific nuance of this term in individual
|
||||
contexts.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 31:13 –– as a stand-alone conjunction
|
||||
|
||||
עַתָּ֗ה ק֥וּם צֵא֙ מִן־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֔את
|
||||
**'attah** qum tse' min-ha'arets hazzoth
|
||||
**Now** rise-up go-out from\_the-land the-this
|
||||
**Now** rise up and leave this land
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 8:26 –– with prefix וְ
|
||||
|
||||
"וְעַתָּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל יֵאָ֤מֶן נָא֙ דְּבָרֶיךָ אֲשֶׁ֣ר
|
||||
דִּבַּ֔רְתָּ לְעַבְדְּךָ֖ דָּוִ֥ד אָבִֽי"
|
||||
"**we'attah** 'elohe yisra'el ye'amen na' devareykha 'asher dibbarta
|
||||
le'avdekha dawid 'avi"
|
||||
"**And-now** God-of Israel let-it-be-true [exh.prtc] your-words that
|
||||
you-spoke to-your-servant David my-father"
|
||||
"**Now then**, God of Israel, I pray that the promise you made to your
|
||||
servant David my father, will come true."
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:10 –– in compound conjunction with גַּם
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֹּ֕אמֶר **גַּם־עַתָּ֥ה** כְדִבְרֵיכֶ֖ם כֶּן־ה֑וּא
|
||||
wayyomer **gam-'attah** khedivrekhem ken-hu
|
||||
And-he-said **also\_now** as-your-words thus\_it
|
||||
**Now also** let it be according to your words.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 13:13 –– in compound conjunction with כִּי
|
||||
|
||||
כִּ֣י עַתָּ֗ה הֵכִ֨ין יְהוָ֧ה אֶת־מַֽמְלַכְתְּךָ֛
|
||||
**ki 'attah** hekhin yehwah 'eth-mamelakhtekha
|
||||
**For now** he-established Yahweh [dir.obj]\_your-reign
|
||||
**For then** Yahweh would have established your rule
|
||||
|
||||
לֽוּ
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
|
@ -444,19 +276,6 @@ condition that cannot (or probably will not) happen, usually translated
|
|||
that cannot (or probably will not) be realized, usually translated "if
|
||||
only" in English.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 13:23
|
||||
|
||||
לוּ֩ חָפֵ֨ץ יְהוָ֤ה לַהֲמִיתֵ֙נוּ֙
|
||||
**lu** hafets yehwah lahamithenu
|
||||
**If** he-wanted Yahweh to-kill-us
|
||||
**If** Yahweh intended to kill us
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 14:2
|
||||
|
||||
לוּ֩־מַ֙תְנוּ֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם
|
||||
**lu**-mathnu be'erets mitsrayim
|
||||
**If-only** we-had-died in-the-land-of Egypt
|
||||
**We wish** we had died in the land of Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
פֶּן
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
|
@ -469,21 +288,7 @@ English; or 2) to express the reason for a certain action to prevent a
|
|||
possible condition from taking place, usually translated as "so
|
||||
that...not" (or similar phrasing) in English.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:3
|
||||
|
||||
וְלֹ֥א תִגְּע֖וּ בּ֑וֹ **פֶּן**\ ־תְּמֻתֽוּן׃
|
||||
welo thigge'u bo **pen**-temuthun
|
||||
and-not you-will-touch in-it **so-that-not**\ \_you-will-die
|
||||
"nor may you touch it, **or** you will die."
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 31:24
|
||||
|
||||
"הִשָּׁ֧מֶר לְךָ֛ **פֶּן**\ ־תְּדַבֵּ֥ר עִֽם־יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִטּ֥וֹב
|
||||
עַד־רָֽע"
|
||||
hishamer lekha **pen**-tedabber 'im-ya'aqov mittov 'ad-ra'
|
||||
"Be-guarded to-you **so-that-not**\ \_you-speak with\_Jacob from-good
|
||||
until\_bad."
|
||||
Be careful **that** you speak to Jacob **neither** good **nor** bad.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _conjunction-restrictive:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -520,32 +325,3 @@ or a strong concessive ("except"). In English, it is usually translated as "but"
|
|||
or lexicon for the exact meaning of any specific occurrence of this
|
||||
compound conjunction.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 23:9
|
||||
|
||||
כִּ֛י אִם־אָכְל֥וּ מַצֹּ֖ות בְּתֹ֥וךְ אֲחֵיהֶֽם׃
|
||||
**ki 'im**-'okhlu matsowth bethowkh 'ahehem
|
||||
**but if**\ \_they-ate unleavened-bread in-midst-of their-brothers.
|
||||
**but** they ate unleavened bread among their brothers.
|
||||
|
||||
אַף כִּי
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes the words אַף and כִּי are paired together to form a compound
|
||||
conjunction that functions as a strong :ref:`affirmative<conjunction-affirmative>`. This compound
|
||||
conjunction can appear with or without the prefix conjunction וְ
|
||||
("and").
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:1
|
||||
|
||||
אַ֚ף כִּֽי־אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֔ים
|
||||
**'af ki**-'amar 'elohim
|
||||
**indeed** he-has-said God
|
||||
Has God **really** said
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: EZK 23:40
|
||||
|
||||
וְאַ֗ף כִּ֤י־אַחֲרֵ֥י מוֹתִֽי׃
|
||||
**we'af ki**-'ahare mothi
|
||||
**and-more** after my-death
|
||||
**how much more** after my death?
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue