diff --git a/content/stem_hophal.rst b/content/stem_hophal.rst index 26e101b..4480ad7 100644 --- a/content/stem_hophal.rst +++ b/content/stem_hophal.rst @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hophal.rst +:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uag/src/branch/master/content/stem_hophal.rst .. _stem_hophal: @@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Stem Hophal Summary ------- -The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Hiphil, and it generally -expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem. +The Hophal stem is the passive form of the Haphel, +and it generally expresses the passive voice of the meaning of a verb in the Haphel stem. Article ------- @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Article The Hophal :ref:`stem` is the passive form of the -:ref:`Hiphil` +:ref:`Haphel` stem formation in Biblical Aramaic. The Hophal stem is usually indicated by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the :ref:`verb`. @@ -25,17 +25,12 @@ by either a הָ or הֻ prefix to the :ref:`participle` and :ref:`Imperfect` forms.) The Hophal stem usually expresses the :ref:`passive` voice of the -meaning of a verb in the Hiphil stem. Scholars sometimes disagree -whether certain verb forms should be classified as belonging to the -Hophal, the -:ref:`Pual` -or even the :ref:`Qal Passive` -stem. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to +meaning of a verb in the Haphel stem. In English, passive voice is expressed using the helping verb "to be." In Biblical Aramaic, the passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the Hophal form of the verb itself without any helping verbs. -.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt +.. include:: en_uhg/content/includes/consult_dictionary.txt Form ---- @@ -76,43 +71,11 @@ Paradigm feminine plural second person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,you will be caused to kill common plural first person,נָקְטַל,noqtal,we will be caused to kill -.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Perfect Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular third person,וְהָקְטַל,wehoqtal,(and) he will be caused to kill - feminine singular third person,וְהָקְטְלָה,wehoqtelah,(and) she will be caused to kill - masculine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתָּ,wehoqtalta,(and) you will be caused to kill - feminine singular second person,וְהָקְטַלְתְּ,wehoqtalt,(and) you will be caused to kill - common singular first person,וְהָקְטַלְתִּי,wehoqtalti,(and) I will be caused to kill - common plural third person,וְהָקְטְלוּ,wehoqtelu,(and) they will be caused to kill - masculine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּם,wehoqtaltem,(and) you will be caused to kill - feminine plural second person,וְהָקְטַלְתֶּן,wehoqtalten,(and) you will be caused to kill - common plural first person,וְהָקְטַלְנוּ,wehoqtalnu,(and) we will be caused to kill - -.. csv-table:: Hophal Sequential Imperfect Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular third person,וַיָּקְטַל,wayyoqtal,(and) he was caused to kill - feminine singular third person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) whe was caused to kill - masculine singular second person,וַתָּקְטַל,wattoqtal,(and) you were caused to kill - feminine singular second person,וַתָּקְטְלִי,wattoqteli,(and) you were caused to kill - common singular first person,וָאָקְטַל,wa'oqtal,(and) I was caused to kill - masculine plural third person,וַיָּקְטְלוּ,wayyoqtelu,(and) they were caused to kill - feminine plural third person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) they were caused to kill - masculine plural second person,וַתָּקְטְלוּ,wattoqtelu,(and) you were caused to kill - feminine plural second person,וַתָּקְטַלְנָה,wattoqtalnah,(and) you were caused to kill - common plural first person,וַנָּקְטַל,wannoqtal,(and) we were caused to kill - .. csv-table:: Hophal Infinitive Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - Infinitive Absolute,הָקְטֵל,hoqtel,causing to be killed - -The infinitive construct, imperative, jussive, and cohortative -are not found in the Hophal stem in Biblical Aramaic. + Infinitive,הָקְטֵל,hoqtel,causing to be killed .. csv-table:: Hophal Participle (passive voice) Paradigm :header-rows: 1 @@ -126,59 +89,23 @@ are not found in the Hophal stem in Biblical Aramaic. Function -------- -The Hophal stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action: - Expresses the :ref:`passive` voice of the Hiphil stem ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -For most verbs that appear in Hiphil stem in Biblical Aramaic, the Hophal +For most verbs that appear in Haphel stem in Biblical Aramaic, the Hophal stem expresses the same kind of simple or causative action as the Hiphil stem, but in passive voice. A good example is the verb בּוֹא. In the -:ref:`Qal` stem, +:ref:`Pe'al` stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to come" or "to go" (:ref:simple` action, :ref:`active` voice). -But in the :ref:`Hiphil` stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (:ref:`causative` +But in the :ref:`Haphel` stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to bring" (:ref:`causative` action, active voice). Thus, in the Hophal stem, the verb בּוֹא means "to be brought" (causative action, passive voice). The Hophal stem of בּוֹא, meaning "to be brought"; in the -Hiphil stem, means "to bring", for example: +Haphel stem, means "to bring", for example: The Hophal stem of נָגַד, meaning "to be declared"; in the -Hiphil stem, means "to declare", for example: - - - -Expresses simple action in passive voice -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Some verbs use the Hophal stem to express simple :ref:`passive` action. (This -can be true even if the verb also appears in the Hiphil stem in Biblical -Aramaic; in such cases, the Hophal form does NOT function strictly as a -passive of the Hiphil stem.) A good example is the verb יָצַק. In the -:ref:`Qal` stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the simple action "to pour" or "to -pour out". In the :ref:`Hiphil` stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the same simple -action "to pour". In the Hophal stem, the verb יָצַק expresses the -simple passive "to be poured" (that is, the passive of both the *Qal* -stem and the *Hiphil* stem). For some verbs, the Hophal and/or :ref:`Pual` -forms can both function as a passive of the Qal stem. In all these -cases, a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning. - - -Expresses various kinds of passive or :ref:`stative` action -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - -Sometimes the Hophal form is used with specific verbs or in specific -contexts to express a specialized meaning for the verbal action. A -dictionary or lexicon will indicate the correct meaning. - -For example, the Hophal stem of the verb יָלַד ("to give birth") -refers to someone's birthday: - - - -The Hophal stem of the verb יָסַד ("to found, establish") -refers to the foundation of a building: - +Haphel stem, means "to declare", for example: