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Joel D. Ruark
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hiphil.rst
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.. _stem_hiphil:
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Stem Hiphil
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===========
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Summary
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-------
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The Hiphil stem generally expresses causative action in active voice,
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but it can also express other kinds of verbal action depending on the
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context and the specific verb.
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Article
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-------
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The Hiphil form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation<stem>` in Biblical Hebrew, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before
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the 1st radical and a hireq-yod (or sometimes tsere) vowel under the 2nd
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radical of the
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:ref:`verb<verb>`.
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(This ה changes in the
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:ref:`participle<participle_active>` and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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forms.) The Hiphil stem is generally used to express causative action in
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active voice. In many cases the
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:ref:`noun<noun>`
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derived from the same root is the object or result of the hiphil verb
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associated with that root. For example, the Hiphil verb הִמְטִיר means
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"to cause to rain down"; the noun מָטָר means "rain".
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.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
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Form
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----
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,הִקְטִיל,hiqtil,he caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,הִקְטִילָה,hiqtilah,she caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתָּ,hiqtalta,you caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתְּ,hiqtalt,you caused to kill
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common singular first person,הִקְטַלְתִּי,hiqtalti,I caused to kill
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common plural third person,הִקְטִילוּ,hiqtilu,they caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּם,hiqtaltem,you caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּן,hiqtalten,you caused to kill
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common plural first person,הִקְטַלְנוּ,hiqtalnu,we caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יַקְטִיל,yaqtil,he will cause to kill
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feminine singular third person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,she will cause to kill
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masculine singular second person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,you will cause to kill
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feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqtili,you will cause to kill
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common singular first person,אַקְטִיל,'aqtil,I will cause to kill
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masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtilu,they will cause to kill
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feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,they will cause to kill
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masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtilu,you will cause to kill
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feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,you will cause to kill
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common plural first person,נַקְטִיל,naqtil,we will cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Perfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וְהִקְטִיל,wehiqtil,(and) he will cause to kill
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feminine singular third person,וְהִקְטִילָה,wehiqtilah,(and) she will cause to kill
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masculine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתָּ,wehiqtalta,(and) you will cause to kill
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feminine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתְּ,wehiqtalt,(and) you will cause to kill
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common singular first person,וְהִקְטַלְתִּי,wehiqtalti,(and) I will cause to kill
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common plural third person,וְהִקְטִילוּ,wehiqtilu,(and) they will cause to kill
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masculine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּם,wehiqtaltem,(and) you will cause to kill
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feminine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּן,wehiqtalten,(and) you will cause to kill
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common plural first person,וְהִקְטַלְנוּ,wehiqtalnu,(and) we will cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,וַיַּקְטֵל,wayyaqtil,(and) he caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) she caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) you caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,וַתַּקְטִילִי,wattaqtili,(and) you caused to kill
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common singular first person,וָאַקְטֵל,wa'aqtil,(and) I caused to kill
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masculine plural third person,וַיַּקְטִילוּ,wayyaqtilu,(and) they caused to kill
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feminine plural third person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) they caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,וַתַּקְטִילוּ,wattaqtilu,(and) you caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) you caused to kill
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common plural first person,וַנַּקְטֵל,wannaqtil,(and) we caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Infinitive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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Infinitive Construct,הַקְטִיל,haqtil,cause to kill
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Infinitive Absolute,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,you must cause to kill
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feminine singular,הַקְטִילִי,haqtili,you must cause to kill
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masculine plural,הַקְטִילוּ,haqtilu,you must cause to kill
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feminine plural,הַקְטֵלְנָה,haqtelenah,you must cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Jussive Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יַקְטֵל,yaqtel,may he cause to kill
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feminine singular third person,תַּקְטֵל,taqtel,may she cause to kill
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masculine singular second person,תַּקְטֵל,taqtel,may you cause to kill
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feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqteli,may you cause to kill
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masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtelu,may they cause to kill
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feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,may they cause to kill
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masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtelu,may you cause to kill
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feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,may you cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Cohortative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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common singular first person,אַקְטִילָה,'aqtilah,let me cause to kill
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common plural first person,נַקְטִילָה,naqtilah,let us cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Participle (active voice) Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,מַקְטִיל,maqtil,causing to kill
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feminine singular,מַקְטֶלֶת,maqteleth,causing to kill
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masculine plural,מַקְטִילִים,maqtilim,causing to kill
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feminine plural,מַקְטִילוֹת,maqtiloth,causing to kill
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Function
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--------
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The Hiphil stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
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Expresses causative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the
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object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verb)
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or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs).
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The Hiphil stem usually serves this causative function with dynamic
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verbs (and sometimes with stative verbs also). A good example is the
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verb בּוֹא. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action
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"to come" or "to go". But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses
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the causative action "to bring" (meaning, *to cause something to
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come/go*). In English, causative action is expressed using the main verb
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"to cause" paired with the infinitive of the verbal action in view. In
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Biblical Hebrew, the causative nature of the verbal action is expressed
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by the Hiphil form of the verb itself with no additional verbal element.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:3
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וַיָּבֵ֨א קַ֜יִן מִפְּרִ֧י הָֽאֲדָמָ֛ה מִנְחָ֖ה לַֽיהוָֽה
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**wayyave** qayin mipperi ha'adamah minhah layhwah
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**And-he-brought** Cain from-fruit-of the-ground offering to-Yahweh
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"Cain **brought** some of the fruit of the ground as an offering to
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Yahweh."
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 1:43
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אֲבָ֕ל אֲדֹנֵ֥ינוּ הַמֶּֽלֶךְ־דָּוִ֖ד **הִמְלִ֥יךְ** אֶת־שְׁלֹמֹֽה
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'aval 'adonenu hammelekh-dawid **himlikh** 'eth-shelomoh
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But our-lord the-king\_David **he-made-king** [dir.obj]\_Solomon
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But king David our lord **crowned** Solomon **king**
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Expresses various kinds of simple or causative action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs are found only in the Hiphil stem (and/or
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its derivative stem formations). In these cases, the Hiphil usually
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expresses a simple action which is causative by its very nature. A good
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example is the Hebrew verb סוּת, which occurs only in the Hiphil stem
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and means "to incite" or "to entice". A dictionary or lexicon will
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indicate all the stem formations in which a particular verb is found as
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well as the appropriate meaning(s).
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:3
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כִּ֗י בָּרוּךְ֙ בֶּן־נֵ֣רִיָּ֔ה **מַסִּ֥ית** אֹתְךָ֖ בָּ֑נוּ
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ki barukh ben-neriyyah **massith** 'othekha banu
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for Baruch son-of\_Neriah **is-inciting** [dir.obj]-you in-us
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For Baruch son of Neriah **is inciting** you against us
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Some verbs express *different* meanings in *different* stem formations.
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A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
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the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to uncover" or "to reveal".
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But in the Hiphil stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to
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exile". Again, this will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.
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.. csv-table:: Example: AMO 5:27
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וְהִגְלֵיתִ֥י אֶתְכֶ֖ם מֵהָ֣לְאָה לְדַמָּ֑שֶׂק
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**wehiglethi** 'ethkhem mehal'ah ledammaseq
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**And-I-will-exile** [dir.obj]-you from-beyond to-Damascus
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Therefore **I will exile you** beyond Damascus
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Some verbs express the *same* meaning in *multiple* stem formations. A
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good example is the verb יָדַע, which expresses the causative action "to
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make known" (meaning, *to cause to know*) in both the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem
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and the Hiphil stem. This also will be indicated by a dictionary or
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lexicon.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 98:2
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הוֹדִ֣יעַ יְ֭הוָה יְשׁוּעָת֑וֹ
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**hodia'** yehwah yeshu'atho
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**He-made-known** Yahweh his-salvation
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Yahweh **has made known** his salvation
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The Hiphil stem can also be used to express miscellaneous kinds of
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simple or causative action that might not follow any of the other
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descriptions listed above. As always, the specific meaning of the verb
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will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.
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Hiphil stem expressing idiomatic action:
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:12
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"וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָאָרֶץ וְהִנֵּ֣ה נִשְׁחָ֑תָה
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כִּֽי־\ **הִשְׁחִ֧ית** כָּל־בָּשָׂ֛ר אֶת־דַּרְכּ֖וֹ עַל־הָאָרֶץ"
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"wayyar 'elohim 'eth-ha'arets wehinneh nishhathah ki-\ **hishhith**
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kol-basar 'eth-darko 'al-ha'arets"
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"And-he-saw God [dir.obj]\_the-land and-behold it-was-corrupt
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because\_\ **made-corrupt** all\_flesh [dir.obj]\_his-way
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on\_the-land."
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"And God saw the land and behold it was corrupt because all flesh
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**had corrupted** its ways upon the land."
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Hiphil stem declaring a state rather than expressing an action:
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 8:32
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"לְהַרְשִׁ֣יעַ רָשָׁ֔ע לָתֵ֥ת דַּרְכּ֖וֹ בְּרֹאשׁ֑וֹ
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**וּלְהַצְדִּ֣יק** צַדִּ֔יק לָ֥תֶת ל֖וֹ כְּצִדְקָתֽוֹ׃"
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"**leharshia'** rasha' latheth darko berosho **ulehatsdiq** tsaddiq
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latheth lo ketsidqatho"
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"**to-condemn** evil-person to-give his-way on-his-head
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**and-to-declare-righteous** righteous-person to-give to-him
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according-to-his-righteousness"
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"**To condemn** the evildoer, to punish him according to his actions,
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**and to vindicate** the righteous man, to reward him according to
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his righteousness."
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