diff --git a/content/stem_aphel.rst b/content/stem_aphel.rst index 08780d2..771ae65 100644 --- a/content/stem_aphel.rst +++ b/content/stem_aphel.rst @@ -1,27 +1,27 @@ :github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hiphil.rst -.. _stem_hiphil: +.. _stem_haphel: -Stem Hiphil +Stem Haphel =========== Summary ------- -The Hiphil stem generally expresses causative action in active voice, +The Haphel stem generally expresses causative action in active voice, but it can also express other kinds of verbal action depending on the context and the specific verb. Article ------- -The Hiphil form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation` in Biblical Aramaic, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before +The Haphel form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation` in Biblical Aramaic, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before the 1st radical and a hireq-yod (or sometimes tsere) vowel under the 2nd radical of the :ref:`verb`. (This ה changes in the :ref:`participle` and :ref:`Imperfect` -forms.) The Hiphil stem is generally used to express causative action in +forms.) The Haphel stem is generally used to express causative action in active voice. In many cases the :ref:`noun` derived from the same root is the object or result of the hiphil verb @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Form Paradigm ~~~~~~~~ -.. csv-table:: Hiphil Perfect Paradigm +.. csv-table:: Haphel Perfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ Paradigm feminine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּן,hiqtalten,you caused to kill common plural first person,הִקְטַלְנוּ,hiqtalnu,we caused to kill -.. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperfect Paradigm +.. csv-table:: Haphel Imperfect Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss @@ -65,41 +65,11 @@ Paradigm feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,you will cause to kill common plural first person,נַקְטִיל,naqtil,we will cause to kill -.. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Perfect Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular third person,וְהִקְטִיל,wehiqtil,(and) he will cause to kill - feminine singular third person,וְהִקְטִילָה,wehiqtilah,(and) she will cause to kill - masculine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתָּ,wehiqtalta,(and) you will cause to kill - feminine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתְּ,wehiqtalt,(and) you will cause to kill - common singular first person,וְהִקְטַלְתִּי,wehiqtalti,(and) I will cause to kill - common plural third person,וְהִקְטִילוּ,wehiqtilu,(and) they will cause to kill - masculine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּם,wehiqtaltem,(and) you will cause to kill - feminine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּן,wehiqtalten,(and) you will cause to kill - common plural first person,וְהִקְטַלְנוּ,wehiqtalnu,(and) we will cause to kill - -.. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Imperfect Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular third person,וַיַּקְטֵל,wayyaqtil,(and) he caused to kill - feminine singular third person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) she caused to kill - masculine singular second person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) you caused to kill - feminine singular second person,וַתַּקְטִילִי,wattaqtili,(and) you caused to kill - common singular first person,וָאַקְטֵל,wa'aqtil,(and) I caused to kill - masculine plural third person,וַיַּקְטִילוּ,wayyaqtilu,(and) they caused to kill - feminine plural third person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) they caused to kill - masculine plural second person,וַתַּקְטִילוּ,wattaqtilu,(and) you caused to kill - feminine plural second person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) you caused to kill - common plural first person,וַנַּקְטֵל,wannaqtil,(and) we caused to kill - .. csv-table:: Hiphil Infinitive Paradigm :header-rows: 1 Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - Infinitive Construct,הַקְטִיל,haqtil,cause to kill - Infinitive Absolute,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,cause to kill + Infinitive,הַקְטִיל,haqtil,cause to kill .. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperative Paradigm :header-rows: 1 @@ -110,26 +80,6 @@ Paradigm masculine plural,הַקְטִילוּ,haqtilu,you must cause to kill feminine plural,הַקְטֵלְנָה,haqtelenah,you must cause to kill -.. csv-table:: Hiphil Jussive Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - masculine singular third person,יַקְטֵל,yaqtel,may he cause to kill - feminine singular third person,תַּקְטֵל,taqtel,may she cause to kill - masculine singular second person,תַּקְטֵל,taqtel,may you cause to kill - feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqteli,may you cause to kill - masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtelu,may they cause to kill - feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,may they cause to kill - masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtelu,may you cause to kill - feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,may you cause to kill - -.. csv-table:: Hiphil Cohortative Paradigm - :header-rows: 1 - - Parsing,Aramaic,Transliteration,Gloss - common singular first person,אַקְטִילָה,'aqtilah,let me cause to kill - common plural first person,נַקְטִילָה,naqtilah,let us cause to kill - .. csv-table:: Hiphil Participle (active voice) Paradigm :header-rows: 1 @@ -142,7 +92,7 @@ Paradigm Function -------- -The Hiphil stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action: +The Haphel stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action: Expresses causative action ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ @@ -150,9 +100,9 @@ Expresses causative action Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic` verb) or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative` verbs). -The Hiphil stem usually serves this causative function with dynamic +The Haphel stem usually serves this causative function with dynamic verbs (and sometimes with stative verbs also). A good example is the -verb בּוֹא. In the :ref:`Qal` stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action +verb בּוֹא. In the :ref:`Qal` stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action "to come" or "to go". But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the causative action "to bring" (meaning, *to cause something to come/go*). In English, causative action is expressed using the main verb @@ -164,41 +114,22 @@ by the Hiphil form of the verb itself with no additional verbal element. Expresses various kinds of simple or causative action ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -In Biblical Aramaic, some verbs are found only in the Hiphil stem (and/or -its derivative stem formations). In these cases, the Hiphil usually +In Biblical Aramaic, some verbs are found only in the Haphel stem (and/or +its derivative stem formations). In these cases, the Haphel usually expresses a simple action which is causative by its very nature. A good -example is the Aramaic verb סוּת, which occurs only in the Hiphil stem +example is the Aramaic verb סוּת, which occurs only in the Haphel stem and means "to incite" or "to entice". A dictionary or lexicon will indicate all the stem formations in which a particular verb is found as well as the appropriate meaning(s). - - Some verbs express *different* meanings in *different* stem formations. -A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`Qal` stem, +A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`Pe'al` stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to uncover" or "to reveal". -But in the Hiphil stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to +But in the Haphel stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to exile". Again, this will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon. - - -Some verbs express the *same* meaning in *multiple* stem formations. A -good example is the verb יָדַע, which expresses the causative action "to -make known" (meaning, *to cause to know*) in both the :ref:`Piel` stem -and the Hiphil stem. This also will be indicated by a dictionary or -lexicon. - - - -The Hiphil stem can also be used to express miscellaneous kinds of +The Haphel stem can also be used to express miscellaneous kinds of simple or causative action that might not follow any of the other descriptions listed above. As always, the specific meaning of the verb will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon. -Hiphil stem expressing idiomatic action: - - - -Hiphil stem declaring a state rather than expressing an action: - -