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Update 'content/stem.rst'
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Joel D. Ruark
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@ -94,12 +94,6 @@ Simple action
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Simple action refers to a typical :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verb;
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that is, the verb describes an action being performed by the subject of the verb.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 16:2 –– Qal stem expressing simple action (dynamic verb)
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וַתֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֜י אֶל־אַבְרָ֗ם
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**wattomer** saray 'el-'avram
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**And-she-said** Sarai to\_Abram
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So Sarai **said** to Abram
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.. _stem-action-stative:
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@ -109,12 +103,7 @@ Stative action
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Stative action refers to a typical :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verb;
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that is, the verb describes the subject of the verb as being in a certain state/condition.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:11 –– Qal stem expressing stative action (stative verb)
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וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ חָמָֽס
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**wattimmale** ha'arets hamas
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**and-it-was-full** the-earth violence
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**and it was filled** with violence.
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.. _stem-action-causative:
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@ -129,19 +118,6 @@ in view. In Biblical Aramaic, the causative nature of the verbal action
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is expressed by the stem formation itself with no additional
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verbal element.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 98:2 –– Hiphil stem expressing causative action of a dynamic verb ("to cause to know")
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הוֹדִ֣יעַ יְ֭הוָה יְשׁוּעָת֑וֹ
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**hodia'** yehwah yeshu'atho
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**He-made-known** Yahweh his-salvation
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Yahweh **has made known** his salvation
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:19 –– Piel stem expressing causative action of a stative verb ("to cause to be filled")
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וַתֵּ֜לֶךְ **וַתְּמַלֵּ֤א** אֶת־הַחֵ֙מֶת֙ מַ֔יִם
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wattelekh **wattemalle** 'eth-hahemeth mayim
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and-she-went **and-she-filled** [dir.obj]\_the-skin-of water
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She went **and filled** the skin with water
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.. _stem-action-resultative:
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@ -151,12 +127,6 @@ Resultative action
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Resultative action means that the primary focus of the verb is on the
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result of the verbal action.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 21:6 –– Piel stem expressing resultative action
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וַיִּתֵּ֣ן ... וְאֶת־הַיֶּ֖לֶד וַֽיְשַׁלְּחֶ֑הָ
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wayyitten ... we'eth-hayyeled **wayeshalleheha**
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and-he-gave ... and-[dir.obj]\_the-boy **and-he-sent-her-away**
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He gave her the boy and **sent her away**
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.. _stem-action-intensive:
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@ -166,13 +136,6 @@ Intensive action
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Intensive action means that the verbal action is strengthened in some
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way.
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 9:25 –– Piel stem expressing intensive action
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אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָם֙ תִּתֹּצ֔וּן וְאֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָ֖ם תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּן
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'eth-mizbehotham tittotsun we'eth-matsevotham **teshabberun**
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"[dir.obj]\_their-altars you-break-down and-[dir.obj]\_their-pillars
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**you-shatter**"
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"you must break down their altars, **smash** their stone pillars"
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Expresses the voice of the verb
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@ -185,12 +148,7 @@ Active voice
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Active voice means that the subject of the verb is performing the verbal action. Most verbs are in the active voice.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 16:2
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וַתֹּ֨אמֶר שָׂרַ֜י אֶל־אַבְרָ֗ם
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**wattomer** saray 'el-'avram
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**And-she-said** Sarai to\_Abram
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So Sarai **said** to Abram
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.. _stem-voice-passive:
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@ -203,12 +161,6 @@ expressed using the helping verb "to be." In Biblical Aramaic, the
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passive nature of the verbal action is expressed by the stem formation of
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the verb itself without any helping verbs.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 21:18
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וַיִּקָּבֵ֥ר בְּגַן־בֵּית֖וֹ
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**wayyiqqaver** began-betho
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**and-he-was-buried** in-garden-of\_his-house
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**and he was buried** in the garden of his own house
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.. _stem-voice-reflexive:
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@ -222,12 +174,6 @@ In Biblical Aramaic, the reflexive nature of the verbal action is
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expressed by the stem formation of the verb itself without any additional
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words.
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 1:21
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הִבָּ֣דְל֔וּ מִתּ֖וֹךְ הָעֵדָ֣ה הַזֹּ֑את
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**hibbodlu** mittokh ha'edah hazzoth
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**Separate-yourselves** from-midst-of the-congregation the-this
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**Separate yourselves** from among this community
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.. _stem-voice-middle:
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@ -238,12 +184,6 @@ Middle voice means that the subject receives the action but also is
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(partially) involved in performing the action. Middle voice
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stands somewhere between passive voice and reflexive voice.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:5
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וְנִפְקְח֖וּ עֵֽינֵיכֶ֑ם
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**wenifqehu** 'enekhem
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**and-they-will-be-opened** your-eyes
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your eyes **will be opened**
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.. _stem-voice-reciprocal:
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@ -266,12 +206,6 @@ group is telling something to another member of the group, and each
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member of the group is being told something by another member of the
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group.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 3:23
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נֶֽחֶרְבוּ֙ הַמְּלָכִ֔ים
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**nehervu** hammelakhim
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**they-have-killed-each-other** the-kings
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the kings **have killed each other**
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.. _stem-uncommon:
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