Copy article from UHG

content/particle_relative.rst

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+:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_relative.rst
+
+.. _particle_relative:
+
+Particle Relative
+=================
+
+Summary
+-------
+
+Relative particles introduce clauses or phrases that usually describe nouns but can also sometimes
+describe adjectives and/or verbs. In English, relative particles are usually translated as “who,”
+“that,” “which,” "when," or "where."
+
+Article
+-------
+
+Biblical Hebrew utilizes three different particles that introduce relative clauses or phrases. The particle אֲשֶׁר and the
+prefix -שֶׁ function as synonyms: they usually immediately follow nouns and sometimes adjectives. When functioning as a relative
+particle, the word כִּי usually immediately follows a verb of seeing or perceiving.
+
+אֲשֶׁר
+----
+
+אֲשֶׁר follows a
+:ref:`noun<noun>`
+and introduces a relative clause. Its translation depends on the noun.
+For example, if the noun is a place, אֲשֶׁר means “where,” if the noun
+is a person, it means “who”, and if the noun is an object, it means
+“that”, “what” or “which.”
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 3:5
+
+  הַמָּק֗וֹם \ **אֲשֶׁ֤ר** אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔יו
+  hammaqom **'asher** 'attah 'omed 'alayw
+  the-place **where** you are-standing on-it
+  the place **where** you are standing
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 21:4
+
+  "וַיָּבֹא֩ אַחְאָ֨ב אֶל־בֵּיתֹ֜ו סַ֣ר וְזָעֵ֗ף עַל־הַדָּבָר֙
+     **אֲשֶׁר**\ ־דִּבֶּ֣ר אֵלָ֗יו נָבֹות֙ הַיִּזְרְעֵאלִ֔י"
+  "wayyavo' 'ah'av 'el-bethow sar weza'ef 'al-haddavar **'asher**-dibber
+     'elayw navowth hayyizre'eli"
+  "And-he-went-in Ahab to\_his-house resentful and-angry on\_the-word
+     **that**\ \_had-spoken to-him Naboth the-Jezreelite"
+  "So Ahab went into his palace resentful and angry **because of** the
+     answer Naboth the Jezreelite gave him"
+
+Sometimes there is no noun as an antecedent.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 22:6
+
+  כִּ֣י יָדַ֗עְתִּי אֵ֤ת \ **אֲשֶׁר**\ ־תְּבָרֵךְ֙ מְבֹרָ֔ךְ \ **וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר** תָּאֹ֖ר יוּאָֽר
+  ki yada'ti 'eth **'asher**-tevarekh mevorakh **wa'asher** ta'or yu'ar
+  "For I-know [dir.obj] **whom**\ \_you-bless is-blessed **and-whom**
+     you-curse will-be-cursed."
+  "For I know that **whomever** you bless will be blessed, and
+     **whomever** you curse will be cursed."
+
+-שֶׁ
+----
+
+-שֶׁ has the same function as אֲשֶׁר, but is a prefix. It also doubles
+the next consonant and follows similar rules regarding the vowel
+patterns as the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:7
+
+  אֶל־מְקֹ֗ום \ **שֶׁ֤הַנְּחָלִים֙** הֹֽלְכִ֔ים
+  'el-meqowm **shehannehalim** holekhim
+  To\_place **where-the-rivers** go
+  To the place **where the rivers** go
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:9
+
+  מַה־\ **שֶּֽׁהָיָה֙** ה֣וּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶ֔ה
+  mah-\ **shehayah** hu **sheyyihyeh**
+  What\_\ **that-has-been** that **which-will-be**
+  **Whatever has been** is **what will be**
+  
+  
+כִּי
+----
+
+.. include:: includes/ci_flexible.txt
+
+Biblical Hebrew uses the particle כִּי to introduce relative clauses or phrases
+that describe something that is seen, known, or somehow perceived by a
+person. Therefore, כִּי usually follows verbs of seeing/perceiving where
+a reader might expect to find אֲשֶׁר. In English, it is usually
+translated as “that” in these cases.
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:3
+
+  וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר **כִּי**\ ־ט֑וֹב
+  wayyar 'elohim 'eth-ha'or **ki**-tov
+  And-he-saw God [dir.obj]\_the-light **that**\ \_good
+  "God saw the light, **that** it was good."
+
+.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:12
+
+  עַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֗עְתִּי **כִּֽי**\ ־יְרֵ֤א אֱלֹהִים֙ אַ֔תָּה
+  'attah yada'ti **ki**-yere 'elohim 'attah
+  now I-know **that**\ \_fearful-of God you
+  now I know **that** you respect and obey God