From 018ebe80ccd14cbdccb6f37cdfc02c2460734d3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Joel D. Ruark" Date: Mon, 12 Apr 2021 13:22:43 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Add 'content/adjective.rst' --- content/adjective.rst | 226 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 226 insertions(+) create mode 100644 content/adjective.rst diff --git a/content/adjective.rst b/content/adjective.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fe2135 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/adjective.rst @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adjective.rst + +.. _adjective: + +Adjective +========= + +Summary +------- + +An adjective is a word that describes a person(s), place(s), or thing(s). Within a sentence, usually an adjective describes a noun. +However, in Biblical Hebrew an adjective itself can function as a noun or even as an adverb (to describe a verb). + +Article +------- + +In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives always match the :ref:`noun` they describe in +gender (:ref:`masculine` or :ref:`feminine`) +and number (:ref:`singular` or :ref:`plural`). +However, there are some exceptions to this rule. If a noun is :ref:`dual`, +its accompanying adjective will be plural. Also, the gender of some +nouns does not match their apparent form (as in נָשִׁים "women", which is +grammatically-feminine although it appears grammatically-masculine); in +these cases, an accompanying adjective will match the gender of the noun +itself rather than the apparent form. Similarly, for nouns with either :ref:`collective singular` +(as in עַם, meaning "people") or :ref:`majestic plural` (as in אֱלֹהִים, meaning "God"), +the accompanying adjective may match the implied number rather than the apparent form. + +Form +---- + +The forms of the adjective closely resemble the forms of the +:ref:`common noun`. + +Paradigm +~~~~~~~~ + +.. csv-table:: Adjective Paradigm + :header-rows: 1 + + Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss + masculine singular absolute,טוֹב,tov,good + masculine singular construct,טוֹב,tov,good + masculine singular determined,הַטּוֹב,hattov,the good + feminine singular absolute,טוֹבָה,tovah,good + feminine singular construct,טוֹבַת,tovath,good + feminine singular determined,הַטּוֹבָה,hattovah,the good + masculine plural absolute,טוֹבִים,tovim,good + masculine plural contruct,טוֹבֵי,tove,good + mascuuline plural determined,הַטּוֹבִים,hattovim,the good + feminine plural absolute,טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good + feminine plural construct,טוֹבוֹת,tovoth,good + feminine plural determined,הַטּוֹבוֹת,hattovoth,the good + +Function +-------- + +.. _adjective-attributive: + +Describes a noun +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The most common use of adjectives in Biblical Hebrew is to describe a noun. +There are two kinds of adjectives that function in this way, attributive adjectives and predicative adjectives. +In almost all instances, an attributive adjective immediately follows the noun that it +describes and has the same form in gender, number, and :ref:`definiteness`. +Thus, if the noun is masculine, the adjective is also masculine. If the noun is singular, the adjective is +also singular. If the noun is definite, the adjective is also definite; and so on. + +.. note:: When a :ref:`cardinal` or an + :ref:`ordinal` number functions as an attributive + adjective, sometimes it comes *before* the noun it describes + instead of *after* the noun. + +.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 18:17 + + בִתִּ֨י הַגְּדוֹלָ֤ה + vitti **haggedolah** + my-daughter **the-old** + my **older** daughter + +.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 10:2 + + כִּ֣י עִ֤יר **גְּדוֹלָה֙** גִּבְע֔וֹן + + for city **great** Gibeon + because Gibeon was a **large** city + +.. _adjective-predicative: + +Predicative adjectives are adjectives that describe nouns using a :ref:`linking verb`. +Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be supplied when translating into English. +Like attributive adjectives, a predicative adjective usually has the same form as the noun it +describes in both gender and number. Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative +adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a :ref:`definite` noun. + +.. note:: Sometimes, predicative adjectives and attributive adjectives look + identical and must be distinguished simply from the context. + +.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 14:20 + + וַאדֹנִ֣י חָכָ֗ם + wadoni **hakham** + And-my-lord **wise** + My master is **wise** + +.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 20:19 + + טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ + **towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta + **Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke. + The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**. + +.. _adjective-nominal: + +Functions as a :ref:`noun` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Rather than describing a noun, sometimes an adjective itself functions as a noun in the sentence. This is called a nominal adjective. + +.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 3:2 + + רַ֝בִּ֗ים קָמִ֥ים עָלָֽי + **rabbim** qamim 'alay + **many** are-rising-up against-me + **many people** are rising up against me + +.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 30:12 + + לָכֵ֗ן כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ **קְד֣וֹשׁ** יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל + + Therefore thus he-says **holy-of** Israel + "Therefore the **Holy One** of Israel says," + +.. _adjective-adverbial: + +Functions as an :ref:`adverb` +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Sometimes an adjective functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb instead of a noun. This is called an adverbial adjective. + +.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 21:10 + + כִּ֥י לָהֶ֛ם הָיָ֥ה הַגּוֹרָ֖ל רִיאשֹׁנָֽה + + for to-them it-was the-lot **first** + For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them. + +Other uses of adjectives +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +.. _adjective-comparative: + +compares two or more items +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +In Biblical Hebrew, adjectives are often used with either the +preposition מִן ("from") or the phrase מִכֹּל ("from all") to express a +comparison between two or more items. This is called a comparative adjective. + +.. csv-table:: Example: JDG 14:18 + + מַה־\ **מָּת֣וֹק** מִדְּבַ֔שׁ וּמֶ֥ה **עַ֖ז** מֵאֲרִ֑י + mah-\ **mmathoq** middevash umeh **'az** me'ari + What\_\ **sweet** than-honey and-what **strong** from-lion + "What is **sweeter** than honey, and what is **stronger** than a lion" + +.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:1 + + וְהַנָּחָשׁ֙ הָיָ֣ה **עָר֔וּם מִכֹּל֙** חַיַּ֣ת הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה + wehannahash hayah **'arum mikkol** hayyath hassadeh + And-the-serpent was **shrewd from-all** beings-of the-field + Now the serpent was **more shrewd than any other** beast of the field + +.. _adjective-intensive: + +adjectives with stronger meaning +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +In Biblical Hebrew, the meaning of an adjective can be strengthened by +pairing it either with the word מְאֹד ("very") or with the phrase +לֵאלֹהִים ("to God"). This is called an intensive adjective. + +.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:31 + + וְהִנֵּה־ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד + wehinneh-\ **tov me'od** + And-behold\_\ **good very** + "Behold, it was **very good**" + +.. csv-table:: Example: JON 3:3 + + עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים + 'ir-**gedolah lelohim** + city\_\ **great to-God** + a **very large** city + +.. _adjective-superlative: + +adjectives with strongest meaning +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Biblical Hebrew utilizes different ways to strengthen an adjective to +its greatest degree ("the smallest", "the greatest", etc.). This is called a superlative adjective. +Usually, the superlative meaning of an adjective must be determined from the context. + +.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 16:11 –– adjective with the :ref:`definite article` + + עֹ֚וד שָׁאַ֣ר הַקָּטָ֔ן + 'owd sha'ar **haqqatan** + Still remains **the-young** + There remains yet **the youngest** + +.. csv-table:: Example: MIC 7:4 –– adjective with a :ref:`pronominal suffix` + + טוֹבָ֣ם כְּחֵ֔דֶק + **tovam** kehedeq + **good-their** like-brier + **the best of them** is like a brier + +.. csv-table:: Example: SNG 1:8 –– adjective with a :ref:`prepositional` phrase + + הַיָּפָ֖ה בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים + **hayyafah** bannashim + **the-fair** among-women + **the fairest** among women