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@ -2399,3 +2399,912 @@ front:intro b4pp הָ⁠אָבְנָ֑יִם 1 # Введение в книг
40:36 ak35 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כָּל־הַ⁠בֵּ֣ן הַ⁠יִּלּ֗וֹד הַ⁠יְאֹ֨רָ⁠ה֙ תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ וְ⁠כָל־הַ⁠בַּ֖ת תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן 1 “поднималось вверх над скинией”
14:1 s8f8 Общая информация: Коментарии к данному стиху отсутствуют.
40:37 s8y2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive תַּשְׁלִיכֻ֔⁠הוּ תְּחַיּֽוּ⁠ן 1 “не поднималось и не сходило со скинии“
1:1 h51f rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 Verses 1–7 are background information for the story. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
1:5 uk67 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַֽ⁠יְהִ֗י כָּל־נֶ֛פֶשׁ יֹצְאֵ֥י יֶֽרֶךְ־יַעֲקֹ֖ב שִׁבְעִ֣ים נָ֑פֶשׁ 1 Here, **lives** refers to people (specifically, men); **going out of the loins of Jacob** is a reference to these people as being in his seed or semen and produced through his sexual acts–therefore meaning they are his descendants. See also Hebrews 7:9–10. Alternate translation: “And all the male descendants of Jacob numbered 70.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:7 c368 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠בְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל 1 This is the first of many times in this book that **sons of Israel** refers to the Israelite nation or people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel” or “And the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:7 c7ep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet פָּר֧וּ וַֽ⁠יִּשְׁרְצ֛וּ וַ⁠יִּרְבּ֥וּ וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ 1 All of these verbs mean similar things; they are used together to emphasize that the Israelites became very numerous. If your language doesn’t have as many words that mean the same thing, you can use fewer words and express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “had many children and became strong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
1:7 x97m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **greatness** in another way. Alternate translation: “and were very great” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:7 e110 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בִּ⁠מְאֹ֣ד מְאֹ֑ד 1 Here the same word is used twice to emphasize how many the Israelite people had become. If your language does not repeat words like this, express the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “with much power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
1:8 eu8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יָּ֥קָם 1 This introduces a new event that happened some time after the events the story has just related. The story does not say how long after those events this new event happened. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
1:8 d20y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָ֖שׁ 1 The story begins with the new king. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character.(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
1:8 dnkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹֽא־יָדַ֖ע אֶת־יוֹסֵֽף 1 Here, **Joseph** refers to both the person Joseph and to all of the good things that he did for Egypt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
1:10 wkvf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns ל֑⁠וֹ & יִרְבֶּ֗ה & וְ⁠נוֹסַ֤ף & הוּא֙ & וְ⁠נִלְחַם & וְ⁠עָלָ֥ה 1 Here, **him, he**, and **himself** refer to the Israelite people. The pronouns agree grammatically with the singular “people” in the original. This occurs in many places in Exodus. If this is confusing in your language, you can use the plural, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
1:10 il4u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical פֶּן־יִרְבֶּ֗ה וְ⁠הָיָ֞ה כִּֽי־תִקְרֶ֤אנָה מִלְחָמָה֙ 1 The king suggests a combination of two hypothetical events: 1. There are even more Israelites, 2. There is a battle. These are followed by a series of undesirable consequences: 3. The Israelites join an enemy, 4. The Israelites attack the Egyptians, 5. The Israelites leave Egypt. While the series of consequences is also technically hypothetical, the king’s language indicates that if 1–2 happen, then 3–5 are certain. Use language that makes it clear that the first two events are hypothetical and that the next three are consequences that could be expected if the first two events happen. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
1:12 c1fy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠כַ⁠אֲשֶׁר֙ יְעַנּ֣וּ אֹת֔⁠וֹ כֵּ֥ן יִרְבֶּ֖ה וְ⁠כֵ֣ן יִפְרֹ֑ץ 1 This sentence expresses a result that is the opposite of what the king expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
1:14 ct02 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְמָרְר֨וּ & בָ⁠הֶ֖ם 1 Here, **they** and **them** refer to the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
1:14 tqyl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠פָֽרֶךְ 1 See how you translated **rigor** in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
1:16 t8f5 וַ⁠יֹּ֗אמֶר 1 In the UST, the phrase and **the king said**, is combined with “spoke” from [1:15](../01/15.md) (ULT) because the verb for “say” is used twice before he speaks. Having two speech verbs may be strange in some languages. If it would be unnatural to say that the king spoke or said words twice, you may leave one off.
1:16 zfcv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual בְּ⁠יַלֶּדְ⁠כֶן֙ & וּ⁠רְאִיתֶ֖ן & וַ⁠הֲמִתֶּ֣ן 1 The king is speaking to the two midwives, so the form of **you** is plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
1:17 gy7k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַ⁠תִּירֶ֤אןָ 1 **But** introduces a contrast to what was expected. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a contrast. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
1:18 o97u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual עֲשִׂיתֶ֖ן 1 This **you** is plural. The king is speaking to the two midwives. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
1:19 qbvy rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּ֣י לֹ֧א כַ⁠נָּשִׁ֛ים הַ⁠מִּצְרִיֹּ֖ת הָֽ⁠עִבְרִיֹּ֑ת כִּֽי־חָי֣וֹת הֵ֔נָּה בְּ⁠טֶ֨רֶם תָּב֧וֹא אֲלֵ⁠הֶ֛ן הַ⁠מְיַלֶּ֖דֶת וְ⁠יָלָֽדוּ 1 The midwives give a reason, **the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women**, and then they expand on that reason, **for they are lively** (or energetic), with the result that **before the midwife comes to them, they have given birth.** (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:19 cxu1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠תֹּאמַ֤רְןָ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙ 1 Here, **midwives said** means that a midwife spoke representing the thoughts of the group. It may not make sense in your language to say that multiple people said something, so you may need to translate it in the singular (see UST). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
1:19 wl8h הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹת֙ 1 These were women who helped a woman give birth to a baby. See how you translated this in [Exodus 1:15](../01/15.md).
1:20 fj18 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background וַ⁠יִּ֧רֶב הָ⁠עָ֛ם וַ⁠יַּֽעַצְמ֖וּ מְאֹֽד 1 This sentence gives background information about the events at the time. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
1:20 eo1p rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יֵּ֥יטֶב אֱלֹהִ֖ים לַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֑ת 1 This phrase is more logically connected to the statements in verse 21. It describes the result of the midwives fearing God with a general statement. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20–21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
1:21 de53 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result כִּֽי־יָֽרְא֥וּ הַֽ⁠מְיַלְּדֹ֖ת אֶת־הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 This is the reason for what God did. If it would be more natural in your language, you could rearrange verses 20–21 so that the reason (verses 21) comes before both the general and specific results. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
2:1 mp7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּקַּ֖ח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי 1 Here, **took a daughter** is an idiom for marrying. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:2 s49k ט֣וֹב 1 Alternative translations: “pleasing” or “fine”
2:2 j2es rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה 1 3 (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
2:4 uf14 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵ⁠רָחֹ֑ק 1 This probably means somewhere in the reeds where she could see the basket, but no one would see her. If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **distance** in another way. Alternate translation: “not far away” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
2:4 ruvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship אֲחֹת֖⁠וֹ 1 Here, the actions of **his sister** show that she was older. If your language uses a different term for siblings based on their relative ages or the gender of the siblings or both, use one that means “a boy’s older sister.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
2:5 m3i0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠תֵּ֤רֶד 1 **Came down** may be literal or figurative, as important places are often considered to be in a higher place. This means she came from her home, probably Pharaoh’s palace. If a perspective is required for Pharaoh’s daughter, you may choose go or come as works best in your language. “Come” is better as the scene is at the river and she comes to the scene location. However, you also need to consider your language’s way of introducing new participants. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2:5 jjke rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וְ⁠נַעֲרֹתֶ֥י⁠הָ 1 These women are introduced here as new participants; however, they are not mentioned again after this verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
2:8 ab1m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go לֵ֑כִי & וַ⁠תֵּ֨לֶךְ֙ 1 The girl left Pharaoh’s daughter to go to the child’s mother. The girl was almost certainly on foot. Use verbs of motion that express this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2:11 uy39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֣א 1 The UST supplies a probable location that he **went out** from; it could also have been simply out from the Egyptian area or out to the work area or cities. Use go or come as appropriate in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2:13 wqrm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 The ordinal number here could mean “the next day” (UST) or simply on some day following the events of the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
2:14 l62d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion הַ⁠לְ⁠הָרְגֵ֨⁠נִי֙ אַתָּ֣ה אֹמֵ֔ר כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר הָרַ֖גְתָּ אֶת־הַ⁠מִּצְרִ֑י 1 Again, the man asks a question that is intended to make a statement. If you would not use a rhetorical question for this purpose in your language, you could translate his words as a statement or an exclamation and communicate the emphasis in another way. Alternate translation: “Do you think you could kill me without anyone finding out? We know what you did to the Egyptian” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
2:18 omzv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠תָּבֹ֕אנָה 1 The daughters came from the well to their father, probably on foot. You can use either come or go, whichever is more natural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2:18 t78y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names רְעוּאֵ֖ל 1 **Reuel**, a name or perhaps a title, is used of the man only here and in Numbers 10:29. He is otherwise called “Jethro.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
2:18 juqu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants רְעוּאֵ֖ל 1 The priest of Midian was mentioned in [v. 16](../02/16.md) in a background statement but is a new character starting here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
2:18 hq6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בֹּ֖א 1 Alternative translation: “in returning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
2:19 w57e אִ֣ישׁ מִצְרִ֔י 1 Jethro’s daughters assume Moses was Egyptian. When you translate it, you should be clear that this refers to Moses.
2:19 a7v2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom דָּלֹ֤ה דָלָה֙ 1 This expresses surprise or emphasizes the magnitude of Moses’ act of kindness to the women. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
2:23 ym88 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 Verses 23–25 give a summary of what happened in Egypt and with the Israelites and God while Moses was in exile. These verses give background information to set the scene. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
3:1 gqvh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֗ה הָיָ֥ה רֹעֶ֛ה 1 This phrase brings the story focus back to Midian and Moses. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
3:2 jmz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֻכָּֽל 1 Here, **being consumed** means being eaten completely until gone. In the case of fire, this is a metonym for burning completely until gone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “destroyed by the fire” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:3 fpww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אָסֻֽרָה־נָּ֣א וְ⁠אֶרְאֶ֔ה אֶת־הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֥ה הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל הַ⁠זֶּ֑ה מַדּ֖וּעַ לֹא־יִבְעַ֥ר הַ⁠סְּנֶֽה 1 This is a direct quote. It’s not specified who Moses spoke to; he may have been alone or with a group of shepherds or his family. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:3 jbue rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶת־הַ⁠מַּרְאֶ֥ה הַ⁠גָּדֹ֖ל 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for something strange that someone sees, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **sight** in another way. Alternate translation: “unusual thing that I see” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:4 ue8v יְהוָ֖ה & אֱלֹהִ֜ים 1 These terms both refer to the same being, since God’s name is Yahweh.
3:6 fgym rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אָנֹכִי֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י אָבִ֔י⁠ךָ אֱלֹהֵ֧י אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִצְחָ֖ק וֵ⁠אלֹהֵ֣י יַעֲקֹ֑ב 1 This a direct quotation. The UST continues the quotation from verse 5 rather than including an additional “he said.” This may be more natural in some languages. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate the direct quotation with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:7 nbft rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עֳנִ֥י עַמִּ֖⁠י אֲשֶׁ֣ר בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **affliction** in another way. Alternate translation: “how my people who are in Egypt are afflicted” or “how the Egyptians afflict my people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:7 zth8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מַכְאֹבָֽי⁠ו 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **anguish** in another way. Alternate translation: “how distressed they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:8 a1yv rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result 0 Verse 8 contains God’s intended result from his acts of seeing and hearing, expressed in both verses 7 and 9. You may need to expressly mark this, for instance by introducing verse 8 with something like “Therefore,” and verse 9 with something like “Again, because.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:8 bi4e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠יַּ֣ד 1 Someone’s **hand** is a common Biblical metaphor for power and control. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
3:8 xs87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ 1 Here, **milk** is a metonym for domestic animals and the food products obtained from them; **honey** is a metonym for the food obtained from growing plants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. The next note explains further. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:10 y4m1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠עַתָּ֣ה 1 **And now** functions as a discourse marker expressing logical conclusion. “So then,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
3:13 e03n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go בָא֮ 1 In your language, use **go** or “come” as makes most sense for Moses’ hypothetical action of going from the mountain to where the Israelites are. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
3:13 ru0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֱלֹהֵ֥י אֲבוֹתֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “The God of your ancestors” or “The God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:14 vigc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֶֽהְיֶ֖ה שְׁלָחַ֥⁠נִי אֲלֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. However, you may also choose to translate it as an indirect quotation, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
3:15 ubw7 וַ⁠יֹּאמֶר֩ ע֨וֹד אֱלֹהִ֜ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה 1 As God is still speaking, it may make more sense to omit this in some languages.
3:15 i6lg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה 1 After this phrase, a direct quotation begins that continues until [the end of chapter 3 at verse 22](../03/22.md). This section contains four levels of quotations as God tells Moses to tell the Israelite elders a specific message from God. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
3:15 d91k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֱלֹהֵ֣י אֲבֹתֵי⁠כֶ֗ם 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:16 usas rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֱלֹהֵ֤י אֲבֹֽתֵי⁠כֶם֙ 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “the God of your ancestors” or “the God whom your ancestors worshiped” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:16 p258 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom פָּקֹ֤ד פָּקַ֨דְתִּי֙ 1 Here, **attended** is repeated in Hebrew. The Hebrew practice of verb repetition for intensification cannot be directly translated into English. This expresses the intensity, certainty, or clarity of Yahweh’s having **attended to** how his people were suffering. Use a natural form of strengthening a verb from your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
3:16 q4en rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive הֶ⁠עָשׂ֥וּי 1 The focus of this passive is the mistreatment being **done to** the Israelites, not on who is doing it. In fact, **in Egypt** further dissociates the actors from this sentence. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
3:16 johw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠מִצְרָֽיִם 1 The phrase **in Egypt** is a metonym for the Egyptian oppressors. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “by the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
3:17 x1o0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מֵ⁠עֳנִ֣י 1 See how you translated **affliction** in [3:7](../03/07.md). Alternate translation: “from being afflicted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:18 w742 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche לְ⁠קֹלֶ֑⁠ךָ 1 This phrase means the elders will listen to the message Moses brings from God. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “to your message” or “to my message which you tell them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
3:18 d85b rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁלֹ֤שֶׁת 1 Alternate translation: “3” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
3:20 g0i9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נִפְלְאֹתַ֔⁠י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **wonders** in another way. Alternate translation: “my amazing acts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
3:20 sqmt rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וְ⁠אַחֲרֵי־כֵ֖ן 1 Here the sequential nature of these happenings is emphasized. Consider using a stronger sequential connective term than usual here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
3:21 hfrr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 This is a part-whole possessive. Also, if your language uses a specific form of the possessive for things one cannot lose, it would be appropriate to use that form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
3:21 wymx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go תֵֽלֵכ֔וּ⁠ן & תֵלְכ֖וּ 1 Alternate translation: “leave” or “go out” or “come out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
3:21 j9qz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives לֹ֥א & רֵיקָֽם 1 The double negative, **not … emptily** is used to mean “full.” If this double negative would be misunderstood in your language, you could translate it as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “[go] with many things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
3:22 fmfu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual וְ⁠שַׂמְתֶּ֗ם עַל־בְּנֵי⁠כֶם֙ וְ⁠עַל־בְּנֹ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠נִצַּלְתֶּ֖ם 1 Each of these is a plural **you.** If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
4:1 pq8x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠קֹלִ֑⁠י 1 See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:1 fu2x וְ⁠הֵן֙ 1 This is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation, or you can use an alternate translation like “Listen to me.”
4:2 qmvk rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אֵלָ֛י⁠ו & וַ⁠יֹּ֖אמֶר 1 Here, **him** and **he** refer to Moses. Alternate translation: “to Moses … And Moses said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:5 zbfr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יַאֲמִ֔ינוּ & אֲבֹתָ֑⁠ם 1 Here, **them** and **their** refer either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is a better option. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:9 q82r rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ & יִשְׁמְעוּ⁠ן֙ 1 Here, **they** refers either to the Israelites or to the Israelite elders. God had instructed Moses to gather and speak to the elders; if you make this participant explicit, elders is the better option, but be sure to do the same as you did in [4:5](../04/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:9 jsvb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠קֹלֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 See [3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “to what you say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:13 y4a7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְּ⁠יַד 1 This phrase means “by a person.” The figure is of a person taking Yahweh’s message in his hand to the Israelites and Pharaoh. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
4:14 c51y הִנֵּה 1 Here, **behold** is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. If your language has a term that functions in that way (“Listen!” or “Look!” or “Pay Attention!”), use it here.
4:14 tfsa rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠שָׂמַ֥ח 1 Aaron will be glad because he sees Moses. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST or alternative translation: “and because he sees you, he will have joy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:17 hm47 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠מַּטֶּ֥ה הַ⁠זֶּ֖ה 1 Yahweh assumes that Moses will know that by **this staff**, he means the one that Moses said he had in his hand in [4:2](../04/02.md) and with which God told him to do a miracle in [4:3–4](../04/03.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:18 g1h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns ל⁠וֹ֙ 1 Here, **him** refers to Jethro. Alternate translation: “to Jethro” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:18 urt0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אַחַ֣⁠י 1 Here the term **brothers** refers more broadly to all of Moses’ people group, those he is related to. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “my relatives” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:19 wwr8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֤ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה֙ 1 The timing and situation for Yahweh speaking to Moses here is not specified. Some conjecture that it was part of the narrative of the encounter with Yahweh from the previous verses but placed after his request to Jethro for an unknown reason. Another speculation is that Moses delayed returning to Egypt (either by his own choice, Yahweh’s instructions, or someone else delaying him) and Yahweh came and told him again (the UST explicitly offers this optional translation). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
4:20 fua6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo בָּנָ֗י⁠ו 1 Moses’ second son is not introduced until [18:4](../18/.04.md) but had already been born before they left Midian. It is not necessary to make this explicit here, if it would confuse your readers you could add a footnote. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-extrainfo]])
4:20 a1s5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וַ⁠יָּ֖שָׁב אַ֣רְצָ⁠ה מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 After the incident on the road in verses [24–26](../04/24.md). Moses’ family is not mentioned again until [18:2](../18/02.md), which says that Moses sent them back, so it may be better to make a translation similar to the UST, which only commits to the family starting on the way to Egypt. This option has the further benefit of allowing for the several events that happen before Moses gets to Egypt. The ULT’s **toward** is another way of giving space in the translation for the next several events. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
4:20 f26l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 The phrase **the staff of God** refers to the staff that God told Moses to take with him in [4:17](../04/17.md). If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:20 m4uj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מַטֵּ֥ה הָ⁠אֱלֹהִ֖ים 1 The book describes this staff as **the staff of God** because God appointed it as his instrument so that Moses could do miraculous works through it. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could say that explicitly. Make sure your translation does not lead people to think the staff was a magic wand or shaman’s staff that had its own power or power from Moses or that the staff gave Moses the ability to command God. In every instance where miracles happened, first God told Moses to do something with the staff, then Moses obeyed, and then God caused a miracle. Alternate translation: “the staff that God had told him to bring because God intended to work powerfully through it when Moses stretched it out.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
4:21 paos rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּֽפְתִים֙ אֲשֶׁר־שַׂ֣מְתִּי בְ⁠יָדֶ֔⁠ךָ 1 Here the miracles are spoken of as if they were items Moses could carry. In part, this may be because the three signs already given to Moses involved the use of his hand. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternative translation: “all the wonders I have authorized you to perform” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:22 gr2d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּנִ֥⁠י 1 Yahweh expresses his affection for the Israelites by calling them his **son**. Some languages may need to change the metaphor here into a simile. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
4:22 nbn7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 The Israelite nation is often referred to simply by the name of the patriarch. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “The Israelites are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
4:23 yyuo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וָ⁠אֹמַ֣ר אֵלֶ֗י⁠ךָ שַׁלַּ֤ח אֶת־בְּנִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠יַֽעַבְדֵ֔⁠נִי וַ⁠תְּמָאֵ֖ן 1 The fourth-level quotation here may be a good one to translate as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the levels of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “and I told you to let my son go that he may serve me. But you have refused” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
4:23 ot2b הִנֵּה֙ 1 This is used to draw attention to surprising information that follows. Alternative translation: “Know this”
4:24 qeo5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יְבַקֵּ֖שׁ 1 Here, **he** refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:26 ceqk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּ֖רֶף 1 God **relented** as a result of Zipporah’s action. Consider a conjunction or other form that expresses result, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
4:26 k136 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns מִמֶּ֑⁠נּוּ 1 As in [4:24](../04/24.md), **him** could refer to either Moses or the son, but most commentators think it is still Moses. The UST uses “anyone” to preserve ambiguity. Alternative translation: “from Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
4:29 y8o3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֵּ֥לֶךְ 1 This begins a new event which you may need to mark in your translation with a transitional word like the UST’s “When.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
4:31 glp2 הָ⁠עָ֑ם 1 Context suggests that **people** refers to the leaders gathered in [4:29](../04/29.md).
5:1 tsnv rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants פַּרְעֹ֑ה 1 Pharaoh is reintroduced as a participant in the narrative for the first time since chapter two. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
5:1 jarm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל שַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־עַמִּ֔⁠י וְ⁠יָחֹ֥גּוּ לִ֖⁠י בַּ⁠מִּדְבָּֽר 1 This is a direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with first-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation. There is a second-level quotation fully contained within this portion which is addressed elsewhere. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
5:2 ma6b וְ⁠גַ֥ם 1 This functions to strengthen Pharaoh’s statement about his decision. Alternative translation: “and most definitely”
5:3 dt39 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 It may not make sense in all languages for multiple people to speak. Since Aaron was appointed as Moses’ spokesman, consider the alternative translation: “Aaron replied” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
5:5 xm4z rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 It is unusual for the same speaker to be reintroduced like this. Some translations omit the repetition, but there is another option. This statement may be more connected to the next couple of verses, so it might be appropriate to make a minor break before this verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
5:5 nqbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר פַּרְעֹ֔ה הֵן־רַבִּ֥ים עַתָּ֖ה עַ֣ם הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠הִשְׁבַּתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖⁠ם מִ⁠סִּבְלֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 This statement by Pharaoh may have been him commenting to himself, or he may have only thought this statement silently; either way, it led to his next actions. If this would be confusing in your language, consider stating it in a way that clarifies that his statement or thoughts here impacted his next actions. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
5:6 gsdx שֹׁטְרָ֖י⁠ו 1 **Officers** were probably Israelite slaves who were in charge of the other Israelites but who answered to the Egyptian taskmasters.
5:8 izkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual תָּשִׂ֣ימוּ 1 If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
5:9 xca1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠אַל־יִשְׁע֖וּ בְּ⁠דִבְרֵי־שָֽׁקֶר 1 Here words are spoken of as if they could be looked upon. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternative translation: “and not listen to words that are lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
5:10 zvxx כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 This is the same quotation introduction as is used when Yahweh gives a direct command. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
5:10 c12s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֥וּ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֖ם לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 It might be helpful in some languages to translate **thus says Pharaoh** as an indirect quote so that his conveyed command is not a quote within a quote. Alternate translation: “and told the people that Pharaoh says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
5:10 ad73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast אֵינֶ֛⁠נִּי נֹתֵ֥ן לָ⁠כֶ֖ם תֶּֽבֶן 1 The structure of this phrase and the one that opens [the next verse](../05/11.md) create a strong contrast between what **I** (Pharaoh) and **you** (you all, the Israelites) will do. Translate this in a way that emphasizes, if possible, the contrast between **I** and **you.** Alternative translation: “It is not I who will give you straw.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
5:17 cw5u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אַתֶּ֖ם & אַתֶּ֣ם 1 These uses of **you** are plural. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
5:17 zlkc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations נִרְפִּ֥ים אַתֶּ֖ם נִרְפִּ֑ים 1 Pharaoh repeats himself for emphasis. In your translation, make sure the idea of laziness or idleness is repeated or strengthened in a way that is natural. Alternative translation: “You are extremely lazy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
5:18 x9j7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠תֶ֖בֶן לֹא־יִנָּתֵ֣ן לָ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The subject could be “I” (as in Pharaoh) or “we” (as in the Egyptians or Pharaoh and his taskmasters) or “my people.” See UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
5:19 j6f9 וַ⁠יִּרְא֞וּ & אֹתָ֖⁠ם בְּ⁠רָ֣ע לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 Alternate translation: “knew that they were in trouble, because the king said” or “perceived themselves to be in danger, because the king said”
5:20 s9d2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַֽ⁠יִּפְגְּעוּ֙ & לִ⁠קְרָאתָ֑⁠ם בְּ⁠צֵאתָ֖⁠ם 1 Here, **they** and **them** refer to the officers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
5:21 vfit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠יִשְׁפֹּ֑ט 1 **You** refers to Moses and Aaron. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a dual or plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
6:1 utnn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ & וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה 1 It is not clear in the text whose **hand** is referred to here. The options include: (1) Both refer to God’s hand (forcing Pharaoh’s actions) (2) Both refer to Pharaoh’s hand (forcing the Israelites out) (3) They don’t refer to the same person’s hand; the first refers to God’s and the second to Pharaoh’s. The UST has followed (1), which is the most common interpretation. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: (1) “by my strong hand … and by my strong hand” (2) “by his strong hand … and by his strong hand” (3) “by my strong hand … and by his strong hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
6:1 vdno rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism כִּ֣י בְ⁠יָ֤ד חֲזָקָה֙ יְשַׁלְּחֵ֔⁠ם וּ⁠בְ⁠יָ֣ד חֲזָקָ֔ה יְגָרְשֵׁ֖⁠ם מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ 1 These two phrases mean similar things. God says the same thing twice, in similar ways, for emphasis. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let my people leave the land” However, there is a slight difference in meaning, and you could also choose to bring that out in your translation. The second phrase intensifies the first by portraying Pharaoh as not merely letting the Israelites go, but as forcing them to leave the land. Alternate translation: “I will force him to let them go, in fact, I will force him to force them to leave his land” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
6:2 wse5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַ⁠יֹּ֥אמֶר אֵלָ֖י⁠ו 1 There is a transition here. Before this verse, Yahweh was answering Moses’ question more directly. At the beginning of this verse, Yahweh is reintroduced as “God” because he begins to make a clarifying statement about himself and his relationship with the Israelites and their ancestors as well as his plans for the Israelites. Much of this section repeats what Yahweh has already told Moses. You may want to consider a section break before this verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
6:4 zxvc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations לָ⁠תֵ֥ת לָ⁠הֶ֖ם אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן 1 This is the content of the covenant promise from God to his people. Some languages may need to make this part a direct quotation. To do so, begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “I said, ‘I will give you the land of Canaan’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
6:5 aiey וָ⁠אֶזְכֹּ֖ר אֶת־בְּרִיתִֽ⁠י 1 **I have remembered my covenant** means God is going to take action. Alternative translation: “I will keep my promise”
6:7 o3lb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אֶתְ⁠כֶ֥ם & לָ⁠כֶ֖ם & וִֽ⁠ידַעְתֶּ֗ם & אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠כֶ֔ם & אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם 1 Here every occurrence of **you** refers to the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
6:7 xsdh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת סִבְל֥וֹת מִצְרָֽיִם 1 This refers to all the hard work the Egyptians forced upon the Israelites. See what you did in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “from the hard work the Egyptians force you to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
6:9 aalj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠לֹ֤א שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה מִ⁠קֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֲבֹדָ֖ה קָשָֽׁה 1 In some languages it will be necessary to put the reason for the people not listening before the result. Alternate translation: “but because of shortness of spirit and because of hard service, they did not listen to Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:9 eph2 מִ⁠קֹּ֣צֶר ר֔וּחַ 1 Here, the people’s **spirit** is spoken of as something that could be measured. By calling it “short,” the author is saying they did not have very much motivation or hope. Alternate translation: “because they had no hope”
6:10 tpw4 לֵּ⁠אמֹֽר 1 This is used to mark the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted if it is unnatural.
6:12 lj51 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result הֵ֤ן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֹֽא־שָׁמְע֣וּ אֵלַ֔⁠י וְ⁠אֵיךְ֙ יִשְׁמָעֵ֣⁠נִי פַרְעֹ֔ה 1 Moses is presenting a reasoned argument: since this, then probably that. Use a natural way of expressing such arguments in your language. Alternate translation: “Since the sons of Israel have not listened to me, why would you think Pharaoh would listen to me?” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
6:13 janr וַ⁠יְצַוֵּ⁠ם֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְ⁠אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֖ה 1 This phrase is somewhat difficult to translate. Here, **command** could also be translated as “charge” or “commission.” Another difficulty is knowing to whom the command is directed: is it to Moses and Aaron or are they to give the command to Pharaoh and the Israelites; thus **to** could be translated as “for” or “regarding.” Alternate translations: “and he charged them regarding the sons of Israel and regarding Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a command for the sons of Israel and for Pharaoh” or “and he gave them a commission to the sons of Israel and to Pharaoh”
6:17 alm8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names גֵרְשׁ֛וֹן לִבְנִ֥י וְ⁠שִׁמְעִ֖י 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6:19 p5sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names מְרָרִ֖י מַחְלִ֣י וּ⁠מוּשִׁ֑י 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6:20 o5gb rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names יוֹכֶ֤בֶד 1 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6:23 kww9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֱלִישֶׁ֧בַע 1 This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6:24 rkz9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names קֹ֔רַח אַסִּ֥יר וְ⁠אֶלְקָנָ֖ה וַ⁠אֲבִיאָסָ֑ף 1 These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
6:27 o7xp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לְ⁠הוֹצִ֥יא 1 This expresses their goal when they spoke to Pharaoh. Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
6:28 xssl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠י֨וֹם 1 This marks a transition from the record of the genealogy back to the narrative. Consider placing a section break at the start of this verse. Alternate translation: “One day” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
6:30 vzhq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲנִי֙ עֲרַ֣ל שְׂפָתַ֔יִם 1 This is a metaphor that means that Moses thought he was not a good speaker. It is somewhat crude, and your translation of this phrase could convey that Moses spoke impolitely. See how you translated this in [6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “I always fail to speak well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
7:1 r18p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [7:5](../07/05.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
7:2 l44v rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship אָחִ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
7:2 p9p7 מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “from Egypt”
7:4 b6h8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 Here, **on Egypt** refers to the land and everything in it, including people, animals, and plants. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:6 iii5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יַּ֥עַשׂ & עָשֽׂוּ 1 This repetition emphasizes the statement. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
7:7 zoou rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה & בֶּן־שָׁלֹ֥שׁ וּ⁠שְׁמֹנִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה 1 The phrase **a son of**, followed by a number and then **years**, is an idiom that refers to their age. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:8 pwph rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 This verse marks the beginning of new sections, both major and minor. The major story of the plagues and Exodus itself unfolds from here until after Pharaoh’s army is defeated at the Red Sea. The next minor event is the miracle of the rods becoming snakes. Either by using particular forms that your language uses to mark transitions or by making a section break and heading, this transition should be marked for readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
7:10 ehm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י פַרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו 1 This time, while **before the face of** still has the standard figurative meaning of “in the presence of,” it is a much more literal use here. Aaron actually does this right in front of Pharaoh and his servants so they could watch what happens. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternative translation: “where Pharaoh and his servants could see it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
7:10 kv93 עֲבָדָ֖י⁠ו 1 Here, **his servants** does not refer common servants but probably refers to important advisors that would be in the king’s court.
7:11 mqde לַֽ⁠חֲכָמִ֖ים וְ⁠לַֽ⁠מְכַשְּׁפִ֑ים & חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י 1 Here, **magicians** probably describes both **wise men and sorcerers** rather than being a third group. See translationWords articles for each term.
7:12 m4uw אִ֣ישׁ 1 Alternate translation: “magician”
7:13 wekf כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָֽה 1 Because Yahweh’s prediction precedes this event, some languages may need to place the reference to that prediction before the statement that it was fulfilled. See UST.
7:18 bsjn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וּ⁠בָאַ֣שׁ הַ⁠יְאֹ֑ר 1 His warning,**the river will stink**, will happen because the fish die. Alternate translation: “and because of that the river will stink” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
7:18 rgl0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וְ⁠נִלְא֣וּ מִצְרַ֔יִם 1 Here, **themselves** refers back to the subject (**the Egyptians**) to indicated that the Egyptians are the object of the verb as well. Use a natural form in your language to show that the Egyptians are both subject and object. Alternate translation: “And the Egyptians will exhaust the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
7:22 n7kr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown חַרְטֻמֵּ֥י 1 See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
7:23 atdk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֥ת לִבּ֖⁠וֹ גַּם־לָ⁠זֹֽאת 1 This is an idiom meaning Pharaoh did not think about the meaning of the miracle he had just seen. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “And he did not consider what even this meant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:25 bn5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֖א 1 A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
7:25 gjyb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וַ⁠יִּמָּלֵ֖א שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים 1 This means seven days later. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
7:25 dg56 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שִׁבְעַ֣ת 1 Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
8:1 tf7b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations בֹּ֖א 1 This begins a direct quote that continues until the end of [8:4](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
8:2 s7y1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְ⁠שַׁלֵּ֑חַ 1 What Pharaoh is to **let go** is not specified, but “my people” or “the Israelites” are the understood object. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to let the Israelites go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
8:3 vgby rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בְּ⁠בֵיתֶ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠בַ⁠חֲדַ֥ר מִשְׁכָּבְ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠עַל־מִטָּתֶ֑⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠בֵ֤ית עֲבָדֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠תַנּוּרֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠בְ⁠מִשְׁאֲרוֹתֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 This long list means “everywhere in Egypt.” It is presented in this way for rhetorical effect, that is, to convince Pharaoh of how bad this plague will be so he will obey. You should translate the list in such a way that the frogs’ location is not limited to these specific places. The list should imply universality. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
8:4 okok rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks 0 Up to three levels of quotes end at the end of this verse. Depending on how many levels you chose to mark as direct quotations, you should indicate them ending here with closing second-level (and third-level) quotation mark(s) or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations and quotations within a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
8:5 dqsb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks נְטֵ֤ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ עַל־הַ֨⁠נְּהָרֹ֔ת עַל־הַ⁠יְאֹרִ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־הָ⁠אֲגַמִּ֑ים וְ⁠הַ֥עַל אֶת־הַֽ⁠צְפַרְדְּעִ֖ים עַל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 This is a second-level direct quotation if you chose to make **Say to Aaron** a direct quotation. In that case, it may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level opening and closing quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation inside a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
8:5 ejcx יָדְ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠מַטֶּ֔⁠ךָ 1 See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
8:6 wf3a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יֵּ֤ט אַהֲרֹן֙ 1 It is implied that Moses told Yahweh’s instructions to Aaron. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:6 nrbq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָד֔⁠וֹ 1 It is implied that Aaron was holding his staff as instructed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff. Alternate translation: “his hand holding his staff” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
8:7 n02y rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠חֲרְטֻמִּ֖ים בְּ⁠לָטֵי⁠הֶ֑ם 1 See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
8:10 d1wp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 Here, **our** refers to the Israelites’ God, excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians. Your language may require you to mark these forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
8:11 zwqo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מִמְּ⁠ךָ֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠בָּ֣תֶּ֔י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עֲבָדֶ֖י⁠ךָ וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמֶּ֑⁠ךָ 1 This list means “from everywhere and everyone” (in Egypt). This shows that the end of the plague will be as complete as was its extent. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
8:12 jjv2 שָׂ֥ם 1 Alternate translation: “Yahweh had set”
8:13 rwe1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מִן־הַ⁠בָּתִּ֥ים מִן־הַ⁠חֲצֵרֹ֖ת וּ⁠מִן־הַ⁠שָּׂדֹֽת 1 This list means “from everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
8:14 a03n חֳמָרִ֣ם חֳמָרִ֑ם 1 Literally, the Hebrew says “piles piles.” Repetition is used in Hebrew to emphasize how many or how big the piles of frogs were.
8:16 cikq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָה֮ 1 A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the start of the third plague sequence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
8:16 kpr5 מַטְּ⁠ךָ֔ 1 This refers to Aaron’s staff. See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
8:17 l9wj וַ⁠יֵּט֩ אַהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤⁠וֹ בְ⁠מַטֵּ֨⁠הוּ֙ וַ⁠יַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ 1 Again, this is one action or motion, but it is described with the two verbs, **stretched** and **struck**, that occur throughout this section of plague judgment. See how you translated it in the [previous verse](../08/16.md).
8:17 grs3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם 1 Here **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
8:18 wga0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֧ים בְּ⁠לָטֵי⁠הֶ֛ם 1 See how you translated these in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
8:18 mnj5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם 1 Here **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “people” or “mankind” or “humans” See UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
8:19 kcs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּים֙ 1 See how you translated this term in [7:11](../07/11.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
8:20 vnym הִנֵּ֖ה 1 **Behold** is used to draw attention to important information that is next. In some languages and translation styles, it will make the most sense to omit this, as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
8:21 hitq הִנְ⁠נִי֩ 1 The expression **behold me!** is used to draw attention to important information that is next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully”
8:21 l5z7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הֶ⁠עָרֹ֑ב & הֶ֣⁠עָרֹ֔ב 1 Here, **the swarm** probably refers to the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
8:22 qb9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown עָרֹ֑ב 1 These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
8:23 oxr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns פְדֻ֔ת 1 This is a noun derived from a verb meaning “to buy back.” Very broadly, it can mean “to save or rescue.” If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **redemption**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the next note regarding textual variants for more information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
8:23 tb24 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks לְ⁠מָחָ֥ר יִהְיֶ֖ה הָ⁠אֹ֥ת הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃ 1 After this phrase, the three levels of direct quotations of Yahweh that started in [8:20](../08/20.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations. You may not have three levels if you made any level an indirect quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
8:24 tmcf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism בֵּ֥יתָ⁠ה פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בֵ֣ית עֲבָדָ֑י⁠ו 1 This means “to everyone everywhere” (in Egypt), as made explicit in the next statement. This makes clear that the insects were throughout the land. You should translate this in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
8:25 e7l0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וַ⁠יִּקְרָ֣א 1 This happened during the plague. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
8:26 e9wk תּוֹעֲבַ֣ת מִצְרַ֔יִם & תּוֹעֲבַ֥ת מִצְרַ֛יִם 1 We do not know what about their sacrificing was an **abomination** to the Egyptians. The same term is used in Genesis 43:32 and 46:34 to describe the Egyptians’ feelings about eating with Hebrews and about the Hebrew profession of shepherding, respectively. Translators should attempt to convey the strong negative feelings that would be provoked in the Egyptians without speculating as to the cause.
8:26 idkt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נִזְבַּ֖ח & אֱלֹהֵ֑י⁠נוּ & נִזְבַּ֞ח & יִסְקְלֻֽ⁠נוּ 1 Here, **we**, **our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and the Egyptians are not included. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
8:27 ju3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נֵלֵ֖ךְ & וְ⁠זָבַ֨חְנוּ֙ & אֱלֹהֵ֔י⁠נוּ & אֵלֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 Here, **we**, **our,** and **us** should all be translated as exclusive (if your language makes that distinction). Pharaoh and his people are not included. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
8:29 h94t הִנֵּ֨ה 1 **Behold** is a term meant to focus the attention of the listener on what the speaker is about to say. If there is not a good way to translate this term in your language, this term can be omitted from the translation. Alternate translation: “Know this”
8:30 tull rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֥א מֹשֶׁ֖ה 1 There is a minor scene shift here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
8:31 rj50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown הֶ⁠עָרֹ֔ב 1 These are probably the common large flies that bother humans and livestock. See how you translated this in [8:21](../08/21.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
8:31 iyhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מִ⁠פַּרְעֹ֖ה מֵ⁠עֲבָדָ֣י⁠ו וּ⁠מֵ⁠עַמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 This list means “from everyone and everywhere” (in Egypt). This makes clear that there was a complete end of the plague. You should translate the list in such a way that it does not convey limitation to these specifics but is understood to imply universality. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
9:1 p1oj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues to the end of [9:4](../09/04.md) and contains two additional levels of quotes. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:3 m1fk rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בַּ⁠בָּקָ֖ר & וּ⁠בַ⁠צֹּ֑אן 1 These (**cattle** and **flock**) are collective singular nouns which refer to groups of animals. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “on your bulls and cows and on your sheep and goats” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
9:3 f5sr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כָּבֵ֥ד 1 Here the plague is spoken of as if it weighed a lot. This means it would be very bad. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “severe” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:4 k5rx דָּבָֽר 1 Alternate translation: “animal”
9:5 w8gk לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר 1 This marks the beginning of a direct quotation. It can be omitted in translation if your language does not use a similar form. However, in this sentence it is the only verb related to speech, so you may need to translate it similarly to the way the UST does.
9:6 gt3n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּ֨עַשׂ יְהוָ֜ה 1 It is implied that Moses went and spoke to Pharaoh as directed. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses did as Yahweh had commanded. And Yahweh did” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:8 ydar קְח֤וּ לָ⁠כֶם֙ מְלֹ֣א חָפְנֵי⁠כֶ֔ם 1 Alternate translation: “Each of you fill both your hands with”
9:10 wdcn rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns פִּ֣יחַ 1 Here, **ash** is singular. For some languages you may need to make it plural as in the UST. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
9:10 rdo3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בָּ⁠אָדָ֖ם 1 Here, **man** includes women and children. See how you translated this in the [previous verse](../09/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
9:11 jrc3 הַֽ⁠חַרְטֻמִּ֗ים & בַּֽ⁠חֲרְטֻמִּ֖ם 1 See how you translated **magicians** in [7:11](../07/11.md).
9:13 ifs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 A new scene begins here. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. This is the beginning of the seventh plague sequence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
9:13 dxww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וְ⁠אָמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים 1 After **and say to him**, a second-level quote begins which continues until the end of [9:19](../09/19.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening second-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation within a quotation. However, it may be useful to translate this short quote frame as an indirect quotation, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
9:13 hsl6 כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ 1 This quotation formula is used to introduce commands from Yahweh. See [4:intro](../04/intro.md) for more information.
9:15 f056 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo כִּ֤י עַתָּה֙ שָׁלַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־יָדִ֔⁠י וָ⁠אַ֥ךְ אוֹתְ⁠ךָ֛ וְ⁠אֶֽת־עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠דָּ֑בֶר וַ⁠תִּכָּחֵ֖ד מִן־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 This verse presents two things that God could have done but did not do to the Egyptians. This is to set up the reason he gives in the [next verse](../09/16.md). Be sure that it is clear in your translation that these are hypothetical past events. See the note regarding Yahweh’s stated goals in the next verse. Some languages may need to reverse the order of these verses to put Yahweh’s goals before his non-action. Use the natural form in your language for expressing a hypothetical situation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
9:16 kwks rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וְ⁠אוּלָ֗ם בַּ⁠עֲב֥וּר זֹאת֙ הֶעֱמַדְתִּ֔י⁠ךָ בַּ⁠עֲב֖וּר הַרְאֹתְ⁠ךָ֣ אֶת־כֹּחִ֑⁠י וּ⁠לְמַ֛עַן סַפֵּ֥ר שְׁמִ֖⁠י בְּ⁠כָל־הָ⁠אָֽרֶץ׃ 1 The statements from **to show** to the end of the verse are Yahweh’s stated goals, and thus, his reasons for not yet destroying Egypt and Pharaoh. You will need to translate, **However, for this reason I appointed you: in order** in a way that connects with the [previous verse](../09/15.md) in an action-goal manner. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
9:18 pmy0 כָּ⁠עֵ֣ת & אֲשֶׁ֨ר לֹא־הָיָ֤ה כָמֹ֨⁠הוּ֙ 1 Alternate translation: “at this time. There has never been anything like this”
9:19 fduj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy שְׁלַ֤ח הָעֵז֙ אֶֽת־מִקְנְ⁠ךָ֔ וְ⁠אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר לְ⁠ךָ֖ בַּ⁠שָּׂדֶ֑ה 1 The form of address here is singular; Moses is speaking directly to Pharaoh. However, the next two verses make it clear that Pharaoh’s servants heard and understood this warning to be for them as well. In this sense Pharaoh represents the Egyptians. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:19 x4ja rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כָּל־הָ⁠אָדָ֨ם 1 Here, **man** means humans and includes men, women, and children. Alternate translation: “everyone” or “anyone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
9:19 g90p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וָ⁠מֵֽתוּ 1 Up to three levels of direct quotation (depending on your earlier decision about converting a level to an indirect quotation) end at the end of this verse. You should indicate that ending here with closing first-level, second-level, and third-level (if required) quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of quotations within quotations. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
9:20 dp8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit הַ⁠יָּרֵא֙ 1 As in some other occasions, Moses’ conversation with Pharaoh is not recorded. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the fact that he did as Yahweh instructed explicitly. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
9:21 dvwv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹא־שָׂ֛ם לִבּ֖⁠וֹ אֶל 1 Here, **set his heart** means he believed or thought something was true. If the **heart** is not the body part your culture uses to refer to a person’s will, consider using whichever organ your culture would use for this image. Alternate translation: “but whoever did not respect” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
9:21 bzqy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy דְּבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **the word of Yahweh** refers to Yahweh’s warning, more broadly it means they did not believe that Yahweh would do what he threatened. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s warning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
9:22 vtfl rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה 1 A minor scene shift occurs here and may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
9:23 o8zy מַטֵּ⁠הוּ֮ 1 See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
9:25 vnpj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מֵ⁠אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠עַד־בְּהֵמָ֑ה 1 Here, **from man to beast** is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent and severity of the hail. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “every living thing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
9:27 wag1 וְ⁠עַמִּ֖⁠י 1 Here, **my people** refers to the Egyptians.
9:28 r0cs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes וְ⁠לֹ֥א תֹסִפ֖וּ⁠ן לַ⁠עֲמֹֽד 1 Here Pharaoh uses a figure of speech that expresses a strong positive meaning by using a negative word together with a word that is the opposite of the intended meaning. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “really, I will let you go”(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
9:31 pcwg rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 This and the next verse give background information so that the destruction caused by the later plagues can be understood by the reader. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
9:31 xnvj גִּבְעֹֽל 1 Alternate translation: “was flowering”
9:35 x0kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶֽׁה 1 This is similar to [9:12](../09/12.md). In this case, what Yahweh said is spoken of as if it were something that could be held in someone’s hand. This means that Moses delivered a message from Yahweh that Pharaoh would be stubborn. It is not clear if this message was given to the Israelites or if this refers to Moses’ statement to Pharaoh in [9:30](../09/30.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “just as Yahweh had told Moses to say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
10:3 pm8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו 1 After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until near the end of [10:6](../10/06.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
10:3 u3mq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֗י⁠ו כֹּֽה־אָמַ֤ר יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹהֵ֣י הָֽ⁠עִבְרִ֔ים 1 It may be helpful to turn the introductory quotation into an indirect quotation so that you do not have to use quotes within quotes. Alternate translation: “and told him that Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, said thus” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
10:6 ma0o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יִּ֥פֶן 1 [10:3](../10/03.md) says that Aaron came in to see the king with Moses. It is implied that he left with him as well. You may make this explicit if it would help your readers. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
10:8 bu1x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יּוּשַׁ֞ב אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֤ה וְ⁠אֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And a servant brought Moses and Aaron back to Pharaoh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
10:8 fzsv מִ֥י וָ⁠מִ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “Who all”
10:9 fnnl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive נֵלֵ֑ךְ & נֵלֵ֔ךְ 1 **We** means the Israelites and does not include Pharaoh or the Egyptians. Use an exclusive form here if your language has this distinction. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
10:12 kchn rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה 1 There is a minor scene change here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
10:12 gjfx יָדְ⁠ךָ֜ 1 See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
10:13 xqsz מַטֵּ⁠הוּ֮ 1 See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
10:13 syz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הָ⁠אַרְבֶּֽה 1 See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
10:14 kuuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הָֽ⁠אַרְבֶּ֗ה & אַרְבֶּה֙ 1 See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “locusts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
10:15 xszc וַ⁠יְכַ֞ס אֶת־עֵ֣ין כָּל־הָ⁠אָרֶץ֮ 1 See how you translated this in [10:5](../10/05.md).
10:16 ty9f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠כֶ֖ם וְ⁠לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 Here, **you** and **your** are plural. These could refer either to Moses and Aaron or to all the Israelites. If your language uses different forms of “you” depending on the number of people addressed, use a plural form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
10:17 tsve שָׂ֣א 1 Alternate translation: “take away”
10:18 p9hz וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א 1 Moses and Aaron were summoned to the king in [10:16](../10/16.md), so some translations will need to say that they both left.
10:19 zhcu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הָ֣⁠אַרְבֶּ֔ה & אַרְבֶּ֣ה 1 See how you translated this in [10:4](../10/04.md). Alternate translation: “the locusts … of the locusts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
10:22 z4ge יָד֖⁠וֹ 1 See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
10:23 jmd8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹֽא־רָא֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶת־אָחִ֗י⁠ו 1 This phrase means that people could not see the people who lived closest to them, whether or not that person was literally their **brother**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one could see the people who lived with them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
10:23 o572 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ & אִ֥ישׁ 1 Here, **man** refers to any human in general. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
10:25 ixo7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive בְּ⁠יָדֵ֖⁠נוּ & וְ⁠עָשִׂ֖ינוּ & אֱלֹהֵֽי⁠נוּ 1 Here, **we** and **us** refers to the Israelites (same group as the speaker’s) while excluding Pharaoh and the Egyptians (listeners’ group). If your language distinguishes between forms of we and us based on who is included, be sure to use the one appropriate to the described group. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
10:28 di6g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Here, the listener, Moses, is both the subject and object of the sentence. He is the person told to look (subject) and he himself is what he is told to look at (object). Different languages have different methods of marking this. Alternate translation: “You watch yourself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
10:28 eza9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הִשָּׁ֣מֶר לְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 This is an idiom. Pharaoh is not telling Moses literally to keep looking at himself. Alternate translation: “Be careful” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:1 hrom rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֗ה 1 After this phrase, a direct quote begins that continues until the end of [11:2](../11/02.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
11:1 eqeb rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential כְּ⁠שַׁ֨לְּח֔⁠וֹ & יְגָרֵ֥שׁ 1 These verbs (**lets go** and **drive away**) are meant to immediately follow one another. When you translate, make sure they are almost simultaneous in time; the letting go happens and then immediately the driving away happens. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
11:2 jl6w כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב 1 These could be any sort of thing made from silver or gold (for instance: utensils, cups, pitchers, plates, candleholders), not just jewelry.
11:2 ddej וְ⁠יִשְׁאֲל֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ׀ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רֵעֵ֗⁠הוּ וְ⁠אִשָּׁה֙ מֵ⁠אֵ֣ת רְעוּתָ֔⁠הּ כְּלֵי־כֶ֖סֶף וּ⁠כְלֵ֥י זָהָֽב 1 [Exodus 3:22](../03/22.md) contains similar instructions; see how you translated there.
11:3 x83s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם גַּ֣ם׀ הָ⁠אִ֣ישׁ מֹשֶׁ֗ה גָּד֤וֹל מְאֹד֙ בְּ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם 1 In this verse the author interjects a comment about the situation. Some translations choose to put the verse in parenthesis to indicate this. You may mark it in a way that is natural to your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
11:3 hng9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians see the Israelites leaving Egypt, they will gladly help them. (Because the Egyptians have suffered under God’s judgment, the Egyptians want so badly to see them leave). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:3 orq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י עַבְדֵֽי־פַרְעֹ֖ה וּ⁠בְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י הָ⁠עָֽם 1 Here, **in the eyes of the servants of Pharaoh and in the eyes of the people** is an idiom for their feelings or opinions. If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated a similar idiom in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:3 s5zy וַ⁠יִּתֵּ֧ן יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֖ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֣י מִצְרָ֑יִם 1 [Exodus 3:21](../03/21.md) contains a related phrase; see how you translated it there.
11:6 hui7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism אֲשֶׁ֤ר כָּמֹ֨⁠הוּ֙ לֹ֣א נִהְיָ֔תָה וְ⁠כָמֹ֖⁠הוּ לֹ֥א תֹסִֽף 1 This phrase uses the extremes of past and future to emphasize the concept of “never.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “such as has never been and never will be” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
11:7 b60a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לֹ֤א יֶֽחֱרַץ & לְשֹׁנ֔⁠וֹ 1 This means to make an unfriendly noise. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “will not growl” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:8 hoft rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּֽחֲוּוּ־לִ֣⁠י 1 This does not mean to bow for worshiping. **They will bow to** Moses to beg him to leave. They will do this to show how desperate they will be for Moses and the Israelites to go. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
11:8 njx8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠כָל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם אֲשֶׁר־בְּ⁠רַגְלֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 Here, the people are pictured as below Moses, which means they are his followers. The reference to **feet** also can mean they go the same place he goes, again, meaning “follower.” If your language uses a similar image to mean follower, you can translate the image; if not, you may use another image from your culture or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “and all the people who are following you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
11:8 milu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בָּ⁠חֳרִי־אָֽף 1 This is an idiom meaning that Moses is angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “enraged” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
11:10 h5g7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה וְ⁠אַהֲרֹ֗ן עָשׂ֛וּ אֶת־כָּל־הַ⁠מֹּפְתִ֥ים הָ⁠אֵ֖לֶּה לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֑ה וַ⁠יְחַזֵּ֤ק יְהוָה֙ אֶת־לֵ֣ב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וְ⁠לֹֽא־שִׁלַּ֥ח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל מֵ⁠אַרְצֽ⁠וֹ 1 This verse is summarizing and wrapping up the story of the plagues. If your language has a way of summarizing information at the end of a story, try to translate this verse (and possibly verse 9—see the introductory notes to this chapter) in this way. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-endofstory]])
12:2 gtgb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism הַ⁠חֹ֧דֶשׁ הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם רֹ֣אשׁ חֳדָשִׁ֑ים רִאשׁ֥וֹן הוּא֙ לָ⁠כֶ֔ם לְ⁠חָדְשֵׁ֖י הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה 1 These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the month in which the events of this chapter take place will be the beginning of their calendar year. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
12:3 lv6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual דַּבְּר֗וּ 1 The command here is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
12:3 jjw0 וְ⁠יִקְח֣וּ לָ⁠הֶ֗ם אִ֛ישׁ שֶׂ֥ה לְ⁠בֵית־אָבֹ֖ת שֶׂ֥ה לַ⁠בָּֽיִת 1 This seems to be indicating that if multiple families live in one house, the man who is the leader of the family group that lives there should take one lamb for that whole household. Alternate translation: “the father of each household must take a lamb for his household, one per household”
12:3 d1f5 שֶׂ֥ה לַ⁠בָּֽיִת 1 Alternate translation: “one lamb per house”
12:3 qzct שֶׂ֥ה & שֶׂ֥ה 1 The word **lamb** literally means “of the flock,” and it could also be translated as a sheep or a goat. Here, the ULT uses **lamb** (a young sheep), because [12:5](../12/05.md) specifies that it must be one year old. “Kid” (a young goat) would be equally valid as verse 5 also says that it could be either a sheep or a goat. You may translate it as either sheep or goat, whichever would be most familiar.
12:4 o258 וּ⁠שְׁכֵנ֛⁠וֹ הַ⁠קָּרֹ֥ב אֶל־בֵּית֖⁠וֹ בְּ⁠מִכְסַ֣ת נְפָשֹׁ֑ת 1 The phrase **by the number of people** helps to clarify which sort of **neighbor near to his house** the Israelite should choose. They should count their own household and another household and try to have a group that is the right number to eat an entire lamb. Alternate translation: “and his neighbor who lives near him and whose family is the right size to share a lamb with”
12:13 tywz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠מַשְׁחִ֔ית 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **destruction**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “to destroy you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:13 bnoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠לֹֽא־יִֽהְיֶ֨ה בָ⁠כֶ֥ם נֶ֨גֶף֙ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and I will not put the plague on you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:13 ox3l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 Yahweh is going to strike the people and animals who live in **the land of Egypt**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “on everything living in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
12:14 fa9q וְ⁠הָיָה֩ הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֤ה 1 Verses 14-[20](../12/20.md) are instructions for the Israelites’ future celebration of the Passover. If your language makes a distinction between near and far future events or between near and general commands, you may need to make clear that these verses primarily have a later application.
12:14 usns rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths הַ⁠יּ֨וֹם הַ⁠זֶּ֤ה 1 Here, **this day** means the tenth day of the first month of every year. On this day every year, they must celebrate the Passover. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
12:15 xsb9 אַ֚ךְ 1 Alternate translation: “Surely” or “Indeed”
12:15 enw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 As noted in the previous note, the metaphor **cut off** has at least three possible meanings. By whom that person will be cut off is not specified; it could be the Israelites or Yahweh. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. The following alternate translations express those: (1) “the people of Israel must send him away” or (2) “I will no longer consider him to be one of the people of Israel” or (3) “the people of Israel must kill him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
12:15 eqzu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns מִ⁠יִּשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 **Israel** is a collective noun referring to the nation or people group. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “from the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
12:16 cb1r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מִקְרָא־קֹ֔דֶשׁ & מִקְרָא־קֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy assembly … a holy assembly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
12:16 o3oh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֤וֹם הָ⁠רִאשׁוֹן֙ & וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And on day one of the month … and on day seven of the month” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
12:18 v7g9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ & עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “In month one, on day fourteen … until day twenty-one of the month” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
12:18 l57q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בָּ⁠רִאשֹׁ֡ן בְּ⁠אַרְבָּעָה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֤וֹם לַ⁠חֹ֨דֶשׁ֙ & עַ֠ד י֣וֹם הָ⁠אֶחָ֧ד וְ⁠עֶשְׂרִ֛ים לַ⁠חֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
12:19 cwvs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נִכְרְתָ֞ה הַ⁠נֶּ֤פֶשׁ הַ⁠הִוא֙ מֵ⁠עֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 See how you translated **cut off** in [Exodus 12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
12:22 vdlj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations לֹ֥א & אִ֥ישׁ 1 Here, **man** includes women and children. Alternate translation: “no person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:23 onpu עַל־הַ⁠מַּשְׁק֔וֹף וְ⁠עַ֖ל שְׁתֵּ֣י הַ⁠מְּזוּזֹ֑ת 1 Alternate translation: “on the sides and top of the way into the house” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 12:7](../12/07.md).
12:24 bzm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לְ⁠ךָ֥ וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **you** and **your** are singular but they refer to the whole nation. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
12:24 ch73 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וּ⁠לְ⁠בָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **sons** includes everyone. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:26 hbh4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations בְּנֵי⁠כֶ֑ם 1 Here, **your sons** refers to all children, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
12:26 odj0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֲלֵי⁠כֶ֖ם & מָ֛ה הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֥ה הַ⁠זֹּ֖את לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 After **you**, a second-level quotation begins. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “to you what this ritual means to you,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
12:29 rvg9 0 The next few verses are the climax of this part of Exodus. A number of literary features mark it out. First, it is specially introduced with **and so it happened,** which is used to mark major breaks in the narrative. Second, it uses repetition: **firstborn** is repeated four times in verse 29 so that the reader cannot possibly miss what is happening. **Night** is repeated in verse 29, 30, and 31. **Got up/get up** is repeated in verse 30 and 31. In verses 31 and 32 “also” occurs five times (it is translated as “both” once in the ULT). Third, the places of both **Pharaoh** and **the captive** are elaborated on to slow the pace and create a vivid mental image for the reader. In verse 30 there is the listing of sorts of people who got up; note the use of the double negative for emphasis. Your translation should attempt to use the same or similar literary features of your own language that slow down the pace, create vivid imagery, and emphasize that this is a climax point.
12:31 j8k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual אַתֶּ֖ם & כְּ⁠דַבֶּרְ⁠כֶֽם 1 Here, Pharaoh speaking is to both Moses and Aaron. If your language uses a different form if two are people addressed, use a dual form here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youdual]])
12:36 nvmo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת־חֵ֥ן הָ⁠עָ֛ם בְּ⁠עֵינֵ֥י מִצְרַ֖יִם 1 Here, **in the eyes of the Egyptians** is an idiom for the Egyptian’s feelings or opinion. **Favor** means that those feelings are positive. Taken together, this means that when the Egyptians saw the Israelites leaving Egypt, they gladly helped them (because they wanted them to leave so badly due to the Egyptians suffering under God’s judgment). If your language has the same or a similar idiom, you can translate or use it. Otherwise, you can translate the meaning. See how you translated this in [3:21](../03/21.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
12:44 qabi rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וּ⁠מַלְתָּ֣ה אֹת֔⁠וֹ אָ֖ז 1 This is a hypothetical situation. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
12:44 jqs8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וּ⁠מַלְתָּ֣ה 1 Here **you** is singular. It refers to a specific man and his slave. It might make more sense to use the third person here. Alternate translation: “if he circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
12:46 iovj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd לֹא־תוֹצִ֧יא 1 Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
12:48 j7ob rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical וְ⁠כִֽי־יָג֨וּר אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ גֵּ֗ר וְ⁠עָ֣שָׂה פֶסַח֮ לַ⁠יהוָה֒ 1 This is a two-part hypothetical situation. It describes the circumstance and desire of the sojourner; the next portion says what he must do. You will need to use whatever form your language uses to mark something as potentially true. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
12:48 va2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd אִתְּ⁠ךָ֜ 1 Here, **you** is singular, however it is used to address a crowd. If the singular form would not be natural in your language for someone who was speaking to a group of people, you could use the plural forms of “you” in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
12:48 n3fz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal הִמּ֧וֹל ל֣⁠וֹ כָל־זָכָ֗ר וְ⁠אָז֙ יִקְרַ֣ב לַ⁠עֲשֹׂת֔⁠וֹ 1 The sojourner will be circumcised in order to **draw near to keep** the Passover. Some languages may need to place the purpose clause first. Alternate translation: “in order draw near to keep it all his males must be circumcised” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
13:5 u37l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לַ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:5 ueej אֶ֛רֶץ זָבַ֥ת חָלָ֖ב וּ⁠דְבָ֑שׁ 1 The same description occurs in [Exodus 3:8](../03/08.md). See how you translated it there and in the several notes for it.
13:6 mde6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וּ⁠בַ⁠יּוֹם֙ הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
13:7 zm8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שִׁבְעַ֣ת 1 Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
13:10 rxel rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מִ⁠יָּמִ֖ים יָמִֽימָ⁠ה 1 Alternate translation: “for all time” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
13:11 e886 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠לַֽ⁠אֲבֹתֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **fathers** means “ancestors.” Alternate translation: “to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:12 mqgs וְ⁠הַעֲבַרְתָּ֥ 1 This is a deliberate word-play with [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) and [Exodus 12:23](../12/23.md) because these memorial sacrifices are to be reminders of what happened at the first Passover. It would be good to make a similar word-play in your translation, if possible, but following the meaning as in the UST is fine.
13:13 ew26 לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey”
13:15 fgvg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּֽי־הִקְשָׁ֣ה פַרְעֹה֮ לְ⁠שַׁלְּחֵ⁠נוּ֒ 1 If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. This means he was stubborn. His stubborn attitude is spoken of as if he were **hard.** Alternate translation: “that when Pharaoh resisted letting us go” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
13:15 atxz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism מִ⁠בְּכֹ֥ר אָדָ֖ם וְ⁠עַד־בְּכ֣וֹר בְּהֵמָ֑ה 1 This is a figure of speech used to emphasize the extent of the plague, nothing was exempt. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “whether he was a person or an animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
13:16 xfag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠חֹ֣זֶק יָ֔ד 1 Here, **hand** represents God’s actions or works. See how you translated this in [Exodus 6:1](../06/01.md). Alternate translation: “with his powerful works” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:17 uxjh rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background 0 Verses 17–19 provide background information about the Israelites process of leaving Egypt. Use the natural form in your language for expressing background information. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
13:17 cv8n rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 This marks the transition from instruction to narrative. You should mark the resumption of the narrative in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
13:17 pum6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠לֹא־נָחָ֣⁠ם אֱלֹהִ֗ים דֶּ֚רֶךְ אֶ֣רֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים כִּ֥י קָר֖וֹב ה֑וּא 1 The route on which God took the Israelites was not the expected route. In some languages you may need to put the portion that describes the expectation first. Alternate translation: “although it was nearby, God did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
13:17 upop rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּֽן־יִנָּחֵ֥ם הָ⁠עָ֛ם בִּ⁠רְאֹתָ֥⁠ם מִלְחָמָ֖ה וְ⁠שָׁ֥בוּ מִצְרָֽיְמָ⁠ה 1 In some languages you may need to put the reason before the hypothetical result. Alternate translation: “When they see war, they may repent and return to Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
13:18 c4tw וַ⁠חֲמֻשִׁ֛ים 1 The meaning of this term (**by fives**) is uncertain. Many English translations opt for something like “prepared for battle,” because this seems to be the meaning in Numbers 32:17 and the related verses in Joshua 1:14 and 4:12. Because of what the previous verse said about war, it may mean that they went out in formation—like an army would march—but perhaps not armed. Alternate translation: “And … in formation like an army”
13:19 cxyk וַ⁠יִּקַּ֥ח מֹשֶׁ֛ה אֶת־עַצְמ֥וֹת יוֹסֵ֖ף עִמּ֑⁠וֹ 1 See Joshua 24:32 regarding the burial of Joseph’s bones.
13:19 dnlp פָּקֹ֨ד יִפְקֹ֤ד אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶתְ⁠כֶ֔ם וְ⁠הַעֲלִיתֶ֧ם אֶת־עַצְמֹתַ֛⁠י מִ⁠זֶּ֖ה אִתְּ⁠כֶֽם 1 This is an almost exact quote of what Joseph said in Genesis 50:25; reference your translation there when translating this.
13:20 qob9 מִ⁠סֻּכֹּ֑ת וַ⁠יַּחֲנ֣וּ בְ⁠אֵתָ֔ם 1 Alternate translation: “from a place named Succoth, and they camped at a place named Etham”
13:21 yi2p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַֽ⁠יהוָ֡ה הֹלֵךְ֩ לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֨ם 1 Here, **before their faces** means “in front of the people.” Alternate translation: “And Yahweh led them by going in front of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
13:21 nr02 לְ⁠הָאִ֣יר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם 1 Alternate translation: “to be light for them”
13:21 i7yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אֵ֖שׁ לְ⁠הָאִ֣יר לָ⁠הֶ֑ם לָ⁠לֶ֖כֶת יוֹמָ֥ם וָ⁠לָֽיְלָה 1 They could travel either by day or night because God provided light at night. You could reorder the cause and effect if that is more natural in your language. Alternate translation: “fire. They could go by day or by night because he was light to them.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
13:22 iiuj עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙ יוֹמָ֔ם וְ⁠עַמּ֥וּד הָ⁠אֵ֖שׁ לָ֑יְלָה 1 See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
13:22 qxks rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י הָ⁠עָֽם 1 Here, **from the face of the people** means “from in front of the people” where they could see it. Alternate translation: “from where they could see it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14:2 b5qq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks דַּבֵּר֮ 1 This verse begins a direct quote which continues into [13:4](../13/04.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. There may be other quotations in this chapter; they will be marked by the same punctuation, but they will not have their own notes unless there is something unique about them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
14:2 ue2o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵל֒ וְ⁠יָשֻׁ֗בוּ וְ⁠יַחֲנוּ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ פִּ֣י הַחִירֹ֔ת בֵּ֥ין מִגְדֹּ֖ל וּ⁠בֵ֣ין הַ⁠יָּ֑ם לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ בַּ֣עַל צְפֹ֔ן 1 The portion after **that** could be translated as a direct quotation. That would make a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. Alternate translation: “the sons of Israel, ‘Turn and camp before the face of Pi Hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, before the face of Baal Zephon.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
14:4 a7m2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּ⁠פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־חֵיל֔⁠וֹ 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh and to all his army” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:5 go8u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ֠⁠יֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַ֨ב פַּרְעֹ֤ה וַ⁠עֲבָדָי⁠ו֙ אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and Pharaoh and his servants turned their hearts to the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:5 wljw אֶל־הָ⁠עָ֔ם 1 Alternate translation: “against the Israelites”
14:5 dnj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
14:7 g2d9 וְ⁠שָׁלִשִׁ֖ם 1 The precise meaning of this term is not known. Alternate translations: “and officers” or “and shield-bearers” or “and three men”
14:8 doa5 בְּ⁠יָ֥ד רָמָֽה 1 Alternate translation: “boldly” or “defiantly”
14:9 x9x0 כָּל־סוּס֙ רֶ֣כֶב פַּרְעֹ֔ה וּ⁠פָרָשָׁ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠חֵיל֑⁠וֹ 1 It is unclear exactly what the groupings are here. **Horses of the chariots** (probably meaning “horse-drawn chariots”) and **horsemen** could be two groups or two references to the same group. **Army** could mean another group, perhaps on foot (see [15:19](../15/19.md)), or it could be a summary grouping. Furthermore, most translations render **horses of the chariots** as “horses and chariots,” suggesting four total groups (possibly because of [v. 23](../14/23.md)). Alternate translation: “all the horse-drawn chariots of Pharaoh and his horsemen and his foot soldiers”
14:9 q0jo rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns אוֹתָ⁠ם֙ 1 Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
14:10 vyp9 וַ⁠יִּשְׂאוּ֩ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֨ל אֶת־עֵינֵי⁠הֶ֜ם 1 Alternate translation: “and the sons of Israel looked up” or “and the sons of Israel looked back”
14:13 phy1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠רְאוּ֙ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַ֣ת יְהוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂ֥ה לָ⁠כֶ֖ם הַ⁠יּ֑וֹם 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **salvation**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “and see what Yahweh will do for you today, he will save you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
14:14 vcdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns יְהוָ֖ה יִלָּחֵ֣ם 1 The form **Yahweh himself** emphasizes what Yahweh will do in contrast to what the Israelites will do. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this emphasis. Alternate translation: “As for Yahweh, he will fight” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
14:14 hx1f תַּחֲרִישֽׁוּ⁠ן 1 Here, **silent** could mean “still.” The Israelites’ lack of action is in contrast to Yahweh’s fighting. It is not a total lack of motion or sound. Alternate translation: “you will not fight”
14:16 stla הָרֵ֣ם אֶֽת־מַטְּ⁠ךָ֗ וּ⁠נְטֵ֧ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֛ 1 See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding **hand** and **staff**.
14:17 hjyh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה בְּ⁠פַרְעֹה֙ וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־חֵיל֔⁠וֹ בְּ⁠רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠פָרָשָֽׁי⁠ו 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [14:4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “And I will be glorified because of what I do to Pharaoh, all his army, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:17 asfq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠אִכָּבְדָ֤ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “And people will glorify me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:18 ytnm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּ⁠הִכָּבְדִ֣⁠י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “when I cause people to glorify me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
14:18 cji1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בְּ⁠הִכָּבְדִ֣⁠י בְּ⁠פַרְעֹ֔ה בְּ⁠רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וּ⁠בְ⁠פָרָשָֽׁי⁠ו 1 Yahweh is leaving out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. See how you translated a similar phrase in [14:4](../14/04.md) Alternate translation: “when I get glory because of what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” or “when I show my glory by what I do to Pharaoh, his chariots, and his horsemen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
14:19 hsih rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי֙ מַחֲנֵ֣ה & מִ⁠פְּנֵי⁠הֶ֔ם 1 Here, **face** means “front.” Alternate translation: “in front of the camp of … from in front of them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14:19 m1do עַמּ֤וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָן֙ 1 See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
14:19 ysv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
14:20 jyz2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
14:21 qbzp וַ⁠יֵּ֨ט מֹשֶׁ֣ה אֶת־יָד⁠וֹ֮ עַל־הַ⁠יָּם֒ 1 See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
14:24 kjg9 בְּ⁠עַמּ֥וּד אֵ֖שׁ וְ⁠עָנָ֑ן 1 See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
14:24 zyp4 מַחֲנֵ֣ה מִצְרַ֔יִם & מַחֲנֵ֥ה מִצְרָֽיִם 1 Alternate translation: “the army of the Egyptians … the army of the Egyptians”
14:25 qzkw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל 1 Here, **the face of Israel** means the presence of Israel. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14:26 pw8g נְטֵ֥ה אֶת־יָדְ⁠ךָ֖ עַל־הַ⁠יָּ֑ם 1 See note in the [introduction to chapter 8](../08/intro.md) regarding the hand and staff.
14:26 d46y rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns עַל־רִכְבּ֖⁠וֹ וְ⁠עַל־פָּרָשָֽׁי⁠ו 1 Here, **his** refers to Pharaoh, king of Egypt. Alternate translation: “on Pharaoh’s chariots and on Pharaoh’s horsemen” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
14:27 cosa rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנ֥וֹת בֹּ֨קֶר֙ 1 Here, **before the face of** means “before the occurrence of.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “before it was morning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
14:28 o9qo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes לֹֽא־נִשְׁאַ֥ר בָּ⁠הֶ֖ם עַד־אֶחָֽד 1 This negative statement is meant to strongly convey the idea that all the Egyptians were gone. If this is confusing in your language, you can express the meaning positively. Alternate translation: “Every one of them was gone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
14:30 zvbe rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
14:31 o1oc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל 1 This is a collective singular noun. If your language would not refer to a group of people in this way, you may need to translate it as plural. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
14:31 np6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־הַ⁠יָּ֣ד הַ⁠גְּדֹלָ֗ה 1 Here, **hand** refers to power. Alternate translation: “the great power” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15:1 bpyj גָאֹ֣ה גָּאָ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “he is highly exalted” or “he is extremely high” or “he is exaltedly exalted”
15:2 rgtu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism זֶ֤ה אֵלִ⁠י֙ וְ⁠אַנְוֵ֔⁠הוּ אֱלֹהֵ֥י אָבִ֖⁠י וַ⁠אֲרֹמְמֶֽ⁠נְהוּ 1 These lines are expressing very similar ideas for emphasis. If that is a normal way to make an emphatic (poetic) statement or if it would be understood in your language, you could translate in a similar way. If, however, repetition like this would create a different meaning, find a structure in your language that would fit. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:4 pc8d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism מַרְכְּבֹ֥ת פַּרְעֹ֛ה וְ⁠חֵיל֖⁠וֹ יָרָ֣ה בַ⁠יָּ֑ם וּ⁠מִבְחַ֥ר שָֽׁלִשָׁ֖י⁠ו טֻבְּע֥וּ בְ⁠יַם־סֽוּף 1 These lines are synonymous parallels where the second strengthens what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “He threw all of Pharaoh’s army into the sea, including the chariots; even his chosen officers sank in the sea of reeds” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:5 yefe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תְּהֹמֹ֖ת יְכַסְיֻ֑⁠מוּ יָרְד֥וּ בִ⁠מְצוֹלֹ֖ת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן׃ 1 These lines are synonymous parallels where the second clarifies what is said in the first. Alternate translation: “The deeps covered them because they had descended into the depths like a stone” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:6 jx52 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֣ יְהוָ֔ה נֶאְדָּרִ֖י בַּ⁠כֹּ֑חַ יְמִֽינְ⁠ךָ֥ יְהוָ֖ה תִּרְעַ֥ץ אוֹיֵֽב׃ 1 These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you show how majestic in power your right hand is by shattering the enemy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:7 i2x4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תַּהֲרֹ֣ס קָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔ יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ 1 These lines are synonymous parallels where the second takes the abstract idea in the first portion (**you overthrow those who rise up against you**) and makes it concrete (though still with poetic imagery). Alternate translation: “you overthrow those who rise up against you by sending out your heat to devour them like stubble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:7 kmv4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠רֹ֥ב גְּאוֹנְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **abundance** and **majesty**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You are abundantly majestic and” or “Because you are abundantly majestic,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:7 kst4 חֲרֹ֣נְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Alternate translation: “your wrath” or “your fury”
15:7 guap rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile יֹאכְלֵ֖⁠מוֹ כַּ⁠קַּֽשׁ 1 Here the enemies (or **those who rise up against** Yahweh) are pictured as if they were a highly flammable piece of dried grass. Alternate translation: “it devours the enemy as if they were stubble” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
15:8 qg9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וּ⁠בְ⁠ר֤וּחַ אַפֶּ֨י⁠ךָ֙ נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “The blast from your nostrils piled the waters up and made the flowing waters stand upright in a heap” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
15:8 tguh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נֶ֣עֶרְמוּ מַ֔יִם נִצְּב֥וּ כְמוֹ־נֵ֖ד נֹזְלִ֑ים קָֽפְא֥וּ תְהֹמֹ֖ת בְּ⁠לֶב־יָֽם 1 These lines are synonymous parallels where each line means basically the same thing, but each gives the reader a different poetic image. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:8 uevt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠לֶב־יָֽם 1 The center or deepest part of the sea is spoken of as if the sea had a **heart**. Alternate translation: “in the center of the sea” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:9 lu0e תּוֹרִישֵׁ֖⁠מוֹ יָדִֽ⁠י 1 The meaning of this phrase is unclear. The word translated **dispossess** could also mean “possess” or “inherit.” What seems clear is that the Egyptians plan to use their power to prevent the Israelites from possessing good things. Whether this is a reference back to **plunder** earlier in the verse or to recapturing them as slaves or to taking over the Israelites’ place in the land of Goshen or to keeping them from reaching the promised land (of Yahweh’s possession, see [15:17](../15/17.md) regarding where Yahweh will bring his people) or something else is not so clear. It could also refer to taking away their life and breath. **Dispossess** was chosen rather than another term because the verb is in a causative form here. Alternate translation: “my hand will possess them” or “my hand will inherit them” or “my hand will kill them”
15:11 uhfj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns נֶאְדָּ֣ר בַּ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “majestic and holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:13 cvea rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism נָחִ֥יתָ בְ⁠חַסְדְּ⁠ךָ֖ עַם־ז֣וּ גָּאָ֑לְתָּ נֵהַ֥לְתָּ בְ⁠עָזְּ⁠ךָ֖ 1 These lines are structural parallels where the lines are saying similar things, but the parallelism is more in the construction of the lines. **In your** is repeated and the concepts of **led** and **guided** are very similar to one another. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:13 znbr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָדְשֶֽׁ⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
15:14 qlpy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism tremble 0 Verses 14–16a form a complex parallel structure where things are repeated in reverse. (See the [introduction to chapter 15](../15/intro.md) and [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
15:15 qyix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֵילֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב יֹֽאחֲזֵ֖⁠מוֹ רָ֑עַד 1 Moses speaks of **trembling** as if it were a person that could forcefully grab hold of someone and make them extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “the leaders of Moab will be afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
15:16 kbt5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּפֹּ֨ל עֲלֵי⁠הֶ֤ם אֵימָ֨תָ⁠ה֙ וָ⁠פַ֔חַד 1 **Terror and dread** are pictured as physical objects that could **fall on** people. The image might be of them crushing people or being a heavy weight that people struggle under (however, the image is not specified). It means that the people will feel the emotions of terror and dread very strongly. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “They will be overwhelmed with feelings of terror and dread” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
15:17 u26j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go תְּבִאֵ֗⁠מוֹ 1 Since Moses was not already in Canaan, some languages would use “take” rather than **bring.** Alternate translation: “You will take them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
15:18 ue6p יְהוָ֥ה׀ יִמְלֹ֖ךְ לְ⁠עֹלָ֥ם וָ⁠עֶֽד 1 Alternate translation: “Yahweh reigns forever and ever”
15:20 hut1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וַ⁠תֵּצֶ֤אןָ כָֽל־הַ⁠נָּשִׁים֙ אַחֲרֶ֔י⁠הָ בְּ⁠תֻפִּ֖ים וּ⁠בִ⁠מְחֹלֹֽת 1 Here, **all** may be a generalization; it may not have been every woman. It could be better to translate as a restrictive clause as in the UST. Alternate translation: “and every woman who went out after her had a tambourine and danced” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
15:26 oh8c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠ק֣וֹל׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Yahweh’s voice represents what he says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
15:26 bgcf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠הַֽאֲזַנְתָּ֙ לְ⁠מִצְוֺתָ֔י⁠ו 1 The **ear** represents listening, and listening represents obeying. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent idiom from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you carefully obey his commands” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
16:1 u2aq rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בַּ⁠חֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֥ר יוֹם֙ לַ⁠חֹ֣דֶשׁ הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day 15 of month 2” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
16:9 pqgo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן אֱמֹ֗ר אֶֽל־כָּל־עֲדַת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל קִרְב֖וּ 1 There are two layers of quotations here. You may want to translate one or the other as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “And Moses told Aaron to tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel, ‘Approach’” or “And Moses told Aaron, ‘Tell all of the congregation of the sons of Israel to approach’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
16:14 jern rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠כְּפֹ֖ר 1 The original readers knew what frost is like, so this phrase would help them understand what the flakes were like. Alternate translation: “flakes that looked like frost” or “flakes that were fine like frost” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
16:16 gotf אִ֖ישׁ לְ⁠פִ֣י אָכְל֑⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “according to how much each will eat”
16:16 mnwy עֹ֣מֶר לַ⁠גֻּלְגֹּ֗לֶת מִסְפַּר֙ נַפְשֹׁ֣תֵי⁠כֶ֔ם אִ֛ישׁ לַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּ⁠אָהֳל֖⁠וֹ תִּקָּֽחוּ 1 Alternate translation: “take an omer per person according to how many people are in the gatherer’s tent”
16:19 v499 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֕ישׁ אַל 1 **A man** refers to people in general, not to one particular man. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “No one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
16:20 itjo וַ⁠יָּ֥רֻם תּוֹלָעִ֖ים 1 Alternate translation: “and it decayed with worms”
16:21 jd5t אִ֖ישׁ כְּ⁠פִ֣י אָכְל֑⁠וֹ 1 Alternate translation: “everyone according to how much they would eat” or “everyone according to how many people they had to feed”
16:23 cqjd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שַׁבַּת־קֹ֛דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy Sabbath” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
16:29 x6gh יוֹמָ֑יִם 1 Alternate translation: “for 2 days”
16:33 ggba rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
16:34 x9vr rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background wafers 0 Verses 34–36 provide a later commentary on the chapter. If your language has a way of marking background information you may want to use it starting from verse 34 or verse 35. You may want to leave verse 34 more connected to verse 33 even though it references the **Covenant**, which has not been given yet. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
16:34 jzcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠עֵדֻ֖ת 1 Here, **face** represents being near the **Covenant.** Alternate translation: “near the Covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
16:36 a9uh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction וְ⁠הָ⁠עֹ֕מֶר עֲשִׂרִ֥ית הָ⁠אֵיפָ֖ה הֽוּא 1 For languages that do not use fractions, this can be reworded. Alternate translation: “Now ten omers equal one ephah” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
17:1 jzz5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ֠⁠יִּסְעוּ כָּל־עֲדַ֨ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל 1 A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
17:1 e7jv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־פִּ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **mouth** refers to Yahweh’s commands (that is, what he says to do). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “at the command of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
17:6 nspc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֨י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **before your face** means “in front of you.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
17:7 m55e אִם־אָֽיִן 1 In some languages it may be unnatural to explicitly have the negative option included in this question or to have it at the end. It may be omitted or relocated in the question if that is the case.
17:8 nyt1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יָּבֹ֖א עֲמָלֵ֑ק 1 A new scene begins here which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
17:8 pu7i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֲמָלֵ֑ק & יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 **Amalek** and **Israel** both refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual by simply using the name of the ancestor. If your readers would not understand this, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
17:8 hi3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns עֲמָלֵ֑ק & יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 **Amalek** and **Israel** are both collective nouns that refer to the nations (people groups) descended from that individual. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “the Amalekites … the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
17:8 srdq rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants עֲמָלֵ֑ק 1 **Amalek** or the Amalekites are a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
17:9 dscc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants יְהוֹשֻׁ֨עַ֙ 1 **Joshua** is a completely new participant in the story. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new character. Later he becomes a major character, but not really in the book of Exodus. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
17:10 itcx rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וְ⁠ח֔וּר 1 **Hur** is a new participant in the story, which you may need to point out in your translation. However, he is a very minor character. He only appears in this passage and once much later in the book, so you may not need to highlight him at all. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
17:12 js2p מִ⁠זֶּ֤ה אֶחָד֙ וּ⁠מִ⁠זֶּ֣ה אֶחָ֔ד 1 Alternate translation: “one on one side, and one on the other”
17:14 n42j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole מִ⁠תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠שָּׁמָֽיִם 1 This phrase makes an intentionally broad image and represents all people everywhere. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “from all people everywhere” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
17:15 fneg נִסִּֽ⁠י 1 A **banner** is something lifted up high, perhaps like a flag, that people can see from a distance and follow. Alternate translation: “is my military standard” or “is my guidon”
17:16 lr14 כִּֽי־יָד֙ עַל־כֵּ֣ס יָ֔הּ 1 The Hebrew here is very difficult, and there are a variety of opinions regarding the meaning. Questions include: (1) Whose hand is referred to? Amalek’s, Yahweh’s, or Moses’? (2) What is the hand on (or against)? Yahweh’s throne or banner? (3) What is the meaning of the Hebrew preposition meaning on, against, or above? What does that signify? Rebellion, or taking an oath, or holding onto a symbol of power? If there is another translation in your region, it may be best to simply follow the interpretation it gives. Alternate translation: “Because a hand was on the throne of Yah” or “Because a hand was on the banner of Yah”
17:16 sw1q מִלְחָמָ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה בַּֽ⁠עֲמָלֵ֑ק 1 This phrase has no verbs in Hebrew. You may need to translate the noun **war** as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make war with Amalek” or “Yahweh will war against Amalek”
18:5 zzab וּ⁠בָנָ֥י⁠ו 1 Alternate translation: “with his sons”
18:11 kmk7 כִּ֣י בַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר 1 Here, **because of the matter** probably refers back to Yahweh’s rescue of Israel. Alternate translation: “because of what he did”
18:11 ljj6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אֲשֶׁ֥ר זָד֖וּ עֲלֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 The most natural referent for **they** is **the gods**, who, perhaps through their agents (Pharaoh and the Egyptians), fought against Yahweh and oppressed the Israelites (**them**). This would connect back to [Exodus 12:12](../12/12.md) where Yahweh declares that he is bringing judgment on the gods of Egypt. You may need to make some part of this explicit. Alternate translation: “in which they proudly fought Yahweh by oppressing Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
18:12 voi9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֱלֹהִֽים 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of God. In this case it likely means that this was a worship event. Alternate translation: “in the presence of God” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
18:13 ni2b rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִי֙ מִֽ⁠מָּחֳרָ֔ת 1 A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
18:13 ano2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וַ⁠יֵּ֥שֶׁב מֹשֶׁ֖ה לִ⁠שְׁפֹּ֣ט 1 Sitting was symbolic of having a position of authority. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “Moses sat down as a judge” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
18:13 wzea מִן־הַ⁠בֹּ֖קֶר עַד־הָ⁠עָֽרֶב 1 Alternate translation: “all day”
18:14 tiqs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit נִצָּ֥ב עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 The people came to be near Moses so that they could get a chance for him to hear their petitions. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “petition you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
18:21 xprc rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠שַׂמְתָּ֣ עֲלֵ⁠הֶ֗ם 1 Here, **them** refers to the Israelites. Moses is advised to place good men in charge of groups of Israelites. Alternate translation: “And you must appoint these men over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
18:23 bt5p כָּל־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה עַל־מְקֹמ֖⁠וֹ יָבֹ֥א בְ⁠שָׁלֽוֹם 1 Here, getting **to their place** could mean each person’s home tent or it could mean the whole group gets to the promised land. If you cannot leave it ambiguous, it would be best to indicate something like “harmony in the camp.” Alternate translation: “all these people will live in harmony”
19:3 kgev rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism תֹאמַר֙ לְ⁠בֵ֣ית יַעֲקֹ֔ב וְ⁠תַגֵּ֖יד לִ⁠בְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 These two phrases have exactly the same meaning. This may be for poetic effect, as Yahweh’s statement here through [19:6](../19/06.md) is somewhat artfully crafted. You may need to use a strategy other than parallelism to achieve a similar poetic effect in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
19:7 xjbb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶ֗ם 1 Here, **face** means the person. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
19:9 ih2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הָ⁠עָ֖ם 1 Here, **words** refers to what the people said. Alternate translation: “what the people said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
19:11 tdg9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י 1 Here, **before the eyes** means “so they can see.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
19:12 hhv5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֛ם 1 A second-level direct quotation begins with **watch**. It is not clear where this command that Moses is to give the Israelites ends. Most English translations end it in [19:13](../19/13.md) before the last sentence. For that reason, it may be most helpful to translate the instruction as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “telling them to watch themselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
19:12 xct0 הִשָּׁמְר֥וּ לָ⁠כֶ֛ם עֲל֥וֹת בָּ⁠הָ֖ר וּ⁠נְגֹ֣עַ בְּ⁠קָצֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 Here, the negative command is implied from the **watch yourselves** command. Alternate translation: “Watch yourselves against climbing on the mountain or touching on its edge”
19:13 ezpm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go יַעֲל֥וּ 1 If you translate this with come or go, consider which would be the correct perspective for your language and the text context. Yahweh is speaking, so “come up” is valid; however, the people will be the ones moving, so “go up” is valid as well. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
19:15 z0aq אִשָּֽׁה 1 This word means both “woman” and “wife.” Context dictates the correct translation. Since wife would make it a narrower command, **woman** was chosen here.
19:20 zx5p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go וַ⁠יֵּ֧רֶד & וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל 1 You may need to consider your language’s rules for perspective regarding going or coming up or down in this verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
19:21 oht2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism וְ⁠נָפַ֥ל 1 Here, **fall** refers to dying. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
19:22 pq8j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפְרֹ֥ץ בָּ⁠הֶ֖ם יְהוָֽה 1 Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will **burst** through a boundary. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh kills them in anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
19:23 gagp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes בָּ֨⁠נוּ֙ לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר הַגְבֵּ֥ל אֶת־הָ⁠הָ֖ר וְ⁠קִדַּשְׁתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 This quoted command could be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “us to set boundaries on the mountain to keep it separate” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
19:24 p1yq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִפְרָץ־בָּֽ⁠ם 1 Yahweh’s anger and judgment are pictured as something that will **burst** forth from him. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 19:22](../19/22.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “he kill them in anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20:4 s7n3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism וְ⁠כָל־תְּמוּנָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֤ר בַּ⁠שָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ מִ⁠מַּ֔עַל וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בָּ⁠אָ֖רֶץ מִ⁠תָּ֑חַת וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֥ר בַּ⁠מַּ֖יִם מִ⁠תַּ֥חַת לָ⁠אָֽרֶץ 1 This list means all created things wherever they are. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor anything that looks like anything created, whether that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
20:5 hx93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis בָּנִ֛ים עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֥ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִ֖ים 1 Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by **sons**, therefore **third and fourth** refers to the grandchildren and great-grandchildren. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “the sons down to the third and fourth generations” or “and even on the grandchildren and great-grandchildren” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
20:6 oyh7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַ⁠אֲלָפִ֑ים 1 Alternate translation: “Generation” is implied by the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply necessary words from the context. Alternate translation: “to the thousandth generation” or “for a thousand generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
20:7 o96b תִשָּׂ֛א & יִשָּׂ֥א 1 To **lift up**, take, or use the name of Yahweh (with emptiness, i.e. improperly) covers many sorts of speaking or invoking his name or making a claim to him or attempting to manipulate him or misrepresenting him. A broad word should be used in translation of this term.
20:20 hocw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תִּהְיֶ֧ה יִרְאָת֛⁠וֹ עַל־פְּנֵי⁠כֶ֖ם 1 Here, **fear** is spoken of as something that could be **above their faces**. This means that they would be continually thinking about honoring God. It is similar to the image in [Exodus 13:16](../13/16.md). If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live always reverencing him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
20:24 zmc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אַזְכִּ֣יר אֶת־שְׁמִ֔⁠י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I choose for you to remember me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
20:26 e28y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אֲשֶׁ֛ר לֹֽא־תִגָּלֶ֥ה עֶרְוָתְ⁠ךָ֖ עָלָֽי⁠ו 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “so that you do not expose your nakedness over it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:1 xxf4 you must set before them 0 Yahweh continues speaking to Moses. There is no quote break between chapters.
21:1 ddql rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵי⁠הֶֽם 1 Here, **faces** represents the presence of the nation. Alternate translation: “before them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
21:2 wj0e rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כִּ֤י תִקְנֶה֙ עֶ֣בֶד עִבְרִ֔י 1 This is the first of many hypothetical situations, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction to chapter 21](../21/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
21:6 vnjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ֣⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. Texts other than the standard Hebrew text support this reading. See [Exodus 22:8–9](../22/08.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
21:8 lpqh has designated 0 This verse is the first of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
21:9 h9ni he has treated her deceitfully 0 This verse is the second of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
21:9 suz0 כְּ⁠מִשְׁפַּ֥ט הַ⁠בָּנ֖וֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽ⁠הּ 1 Alternate translation: “he must do to her according to the manner in which daughters are customarily treated”
21:10 i0xh designates her as a wife for his son 0 This verse and the next are the third of three possible situations between a master and his female slave.
21:14 mvpx לָ⁠מֽוּת 1 Alternate translation: “to execute him”
21:17 kvbc וּ⁠מְקַלֵּ֥ל 1 The word translated **acts contemptuously** means the opposite of “honor” (as in the commandment to honor one’s parents). Alternate translation: “Whoever acts dishonorably toward”
21:19 tv0z וְ⁠נִקָּ֣ה 1 Alternate translation: “then … is innocent”
21:22 w4p3 אָס֑וֹן 1 Alternate translation: “hurt”
21:23 ya82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠נָתַתָּ֥ה נֶ֖פֶשׁ תַּ֥חַת נָֽפֶשׁ 1 This means that if someone is hurt, the person who caused the hurt must be hurt in the same way. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you must take the killer’s life for the murdered person’s life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
21:29 zgll rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠הוּעַ֤ד בִּ⁠בְעָלָי⁠ו֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔⁠נּוּ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state **its owner was warned** in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and someone warned its owner but he did not keep it in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:29 x2y0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הוּעַ֤ד בִּ⁠בְעָלָי⁠ו֙ וְ⁠לֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔⁠נּוּ 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express the content of the warning explicitly. Alternate translation: “and its owner was warned that it gores but he did not keep it in” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
21:30 py37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive אִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑י⁠ו & יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽי⁠ו 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. However, you must make a decision regarding who is imposing the ransom or use an unspecified pronoun, if that is possible in your language (this second option would not make sense in English). Alternate translation: “If the judges impose a ransom on him … they impose on him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
21:31 to8k rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **him** probably refers to the ox’s owner. Alternate translation: “to the owner” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
21:32 qy0g rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit אִם־עֶ֛בֶד יִגַּ֥ח הַ⁠שּׁ֖וֹר 1 Because they are to kill the ox, the slave must have died. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “If an ox kills a male servant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
21:34 ip1n יְשַׁלֵּ֔ם 1 Alternate translation: “must make restitution”
22:1 onm0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical כִּ֤י יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ֙ שׁ֣וֹר אוֹ־שֶׂ֔ה וּ⁠טְבָח֖⁠וֹ א֣וֹ מְכָר֑⁠וֹ 1 This is the first of many hypothetical situations in this chapter, introduced by “when” or **if,** which you will encounter over the next several chapters. See the [introduction](../22/intro.md). You will need to translate these consistently in a manner that expresses that these situations have not actually happened. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
22:1 bc03 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה & וְ⁠אַרְבַּע 1 Alternate translation: “5 … and 4” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
22:5 nlxc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns בְּעִיר֔וֹ 1 **Livestock** is a collective singular noun that could refer to cows, goats, sheep, or basically any domesticated animals. In some languages you will need to translate it as a plural. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
22:8 c812 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 The word for **God** at its most literal means “great ones.” Here and in the [next verse](../22/09.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
22:9 fgz1 כִּי־ה֣וּא זֶ֔ה 1 Alternate translation: “This is mine” or “This is my missing property”
22:9 m31k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָֽ⁠אֱלֹהִ֔ים & אֱלֹהִ֔ים 1 The word used here for **God**, at its most literal, means “great ones.” Here and in the [previous verse](../22/08.md) it may have this basic meaning and refer to human judges or other leaders in Israel. It may also be a metonym and refer to the judges because they represent God to the people and have his authority. See [Exodus 21:6](../21/06.md) for another example of this. Alternate translation: “the judges” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
22:10 h7ms rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive נִשְׁבַּ֥ר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּ֖ה 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
22:10 hzow נִשְׁבָּ֖ה 1 Here, **carried away** means that it is not a thief but a wild animal that takes the ox or sheep away (to eat it). See [22:12](../22/12.md) for cases where the animal is stolen while in another’s care.
22:14 wu3u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠נִשְׁבַּ֣ר אוֹ־מֵ֑ת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST.(See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
22:19 b807 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive כָּל־שֹׁכֵ֥ב עִם־בְּהֵמָ֖ה מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state **be put to death** in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “You must surely execute whoever lies with an animal” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
22:21 eoa5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit כִּֽי־גֵרִ֥ים הֱיִיתֶ֖ם בְּ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 The Israelites are called to remember their previous condition, that they lived as foreign guests in Egypt. They came first to avoid the famine in Jacob and Joseph’s time and were dependent on Egyptian hospitality. Later they were wronged and oppressed, and they are not to do that to those who sojourn with them. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “for you were wronged and oppressed as sojourners in the land of Egypt” or “for you also depended on hospitality while you lived as sojourners in Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
22:24 zszz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠חָרָ֣ה אַפִּ֔⁠י 1 This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh will be angry. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will became very angry” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
22:31 jjhn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠אַנְשֵׁי־קֹ֖דֶשׁ תִּהְי֣וּ⁠ן לִ֑⁠י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “And you shall be holy men to men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
23:1 eeoc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לֹ֥א תִשָּׂ֖א שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **report** and **emptiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “You must not report emptily” or “You must not report falsely” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
23:1 l4xr שֵׁ֣מַע שָׁ֑וְא 1 Alternate translation: “a false testimony”
23:1 fu5k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אַל־תָּ֤שֶׁת יָֽדְ⁠ךָ֙ עִם־רָשָׁ֔ע 1 Here, to **put your hand with the wicked** means to support the lies that he is telling in order to harm someone else. The image is of putting out your hand to help him, to make him stronger than he would be on his own. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “You must not assist the wicked” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
23:2 nuag rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לִ⁠נְטֹ֛ת & לְ⁠הַטֹּֽת 1 The phrase “from justice” is omitted twice but should be understood in both cases. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “to turn aside from justice … that turns aside from justice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
23:7 ljdw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מִ⁠דְּבַר־שֶׁ֖קֶר תִּרְחָ֑ק 1 Here distance is used to tell the Israelites to have no part in deception. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak deceptively” or “Do not join a false matter” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:7 c6xl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וְ⁠נָקִ֤י וְ⁠צַדִּיק֙ 1 These two terms mean very similar things, both of which contrast with **the wicked** later in the verse. If your language does not use repetition in this way, you can combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “and … the person who has not done anything wrong or the person who always does what is right” or “and … the person who does right and not wrong” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
23:8 ai37 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor כִּ֤י הַ⁠שֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽ⁠יסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים 1 To **blind the clear-sighted** is a metaphor that means causing those who know what is right to act like they do not. And **perverts the words of the righteous** could mean causes those who would speak the truth (in court) to lie or causes the judge to give an evil judgment or causes those listening to **the words of the righteous** to choose to act as if they had heard something different. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “for a bribe causes those who understand the right thing to do not to do it and causes good men to speak lies” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:10 gjya rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וְ⁠שֵׁ֥שׁ 1 Alternate translation: “And 6” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
23:11 waxp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְ⁠הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֞ת 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “But year 7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
23:12 tajk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שֵׁ֤שֶׁת 1 Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
23:12 u07q rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “and on day 7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
23:13 va2j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠שֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ 1 These two instructions mean almost the same thing. If saying the same thing twice might be confusing for your readers, you can combine the phrases into one. Alternate translation: “Be sure never to speak the names of other gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
23:13 apnw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ 1 To be **on your mouth** means to speak. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “nor speak them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:13 s86p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽי⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also see previous note. Alternate translation: “nor speak them so someone could hear them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
23:14 ezgh rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שָׁלֹ֣שׁ 1 Alternate translation: “3” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
23:15 i88n rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שִׁבְעַ֣ת 1 Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
23:16 ybsb וְ⁠חַ֤ג הַ⁠קָּצִיר֙ 1 Elsewhere this is called the “Festival of Weeks.” See [Exodus 34:22](../34/22.md) and Deuteronomy 16:9 and following.
23:16 wgxm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בְּ⁠צֵ֣את הַ⁠שָּׁנָ֔ה 1 The phrase **in the exiting of the year** means at the end of the year. The year is pictured as something that is leaving. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “as the year goes out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
23:20 bssx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 This means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:21 mpfy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הִשָּׁ֧מֶר מִ⁠פָּנָ֛י⁠ו 1 This means to respect him; **from his face** refers to his person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “Show respect to him” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:21 gt76 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠שְׁמַ֥ע בְּ⁠קֹל֖⁠וֹ 1 Here, **voice** represents what the angel says. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “and obey what he says” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:23 x2nh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶי⁠ךָ֒ 1 This phrase, **before your face**, means “in front of you.” Alternate translation: “in front of you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:26 geqg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶת־מִסְפַּ֥ר יָמֶ֖י⁠ךָ אֲמַלֵּֽא 1 This is an idiom that means to live a long time. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “I will give you a long life” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
23:27 yps8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:27 q901 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וְ⁠נָתַתִּ֧י אֶת־כָּל־אֹיְבֶ֛י⁠ךָ אֵלֶ֖י⁠ךָ עֹֽרֶף 1 This is an idiom meaning that the enemies will turn and run away (showing the Israelites the backs of their necks). If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and I will make all of your enemies flee” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
23:28 t0r1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ & מִ⁠לְּ⁠פָנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “before you … from before you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:28 oocw rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הַ⁠צִּרְעָ֖ה & וְ⁠גֵרְשָׁ֗ה 1 Here, **hornet** is used in the singular but refers to a large group of the flying, stinging insects. **It** agrees in number with **hornet**. It may be necessary to translate as a plural. Alternate translation: “hornets … and they will drive out” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
23:29 wfdi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:30 mne7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
23:31 my2e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠פָּנֶֽי⁠ךָ 1 This means “ahead of you.” Alternate translation: “from before you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
24:1 hji6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent Nadab … Abihu 0 A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
24:1 zukb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶל־יְהוָ֗ה 1 Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
24:1 ymip rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠הִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶ֖ם 1 Here, after **bow down,** “to me” is implied. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and you shall bow down to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
24:2 p06o rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וְ⁠הֵ֖ם 1 Here, **they** refers to all the other people mentioned in [24:1](../24/01.md). Alternate translation: “and Aaron, Nadab, Abihu, and the elders” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
24:2 dqnp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֶל־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
24:3 sbc3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent with one voice 0 Verses 3–8 tell of a different scene than the rest of the chapter, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. It seems that there were some preparations needed before Moses and the elders could go up to meet Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
24:3 nuqr with one voice 0 See [Exodus 19:8](../19/08.md) for how you translated a very similar event.
24:4 uipf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers וּ⁠שְׁתֵּ֤ים עֶשְׂרֵה֙ & לִ⁠שְׁנֵ֥ים עָשָׂ֖ר 1 Alternate translation: “and 12 … according to the 12” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
24:7 c9tm rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown סֵ֣פֶר הַ⁠בְּרִ֔ית 1 Here, **book** does not mean something in our modern format. It was likely a piece of papyrus (an early form of paper made from reeds) or animal skin that rolled up. Alternate translation: “the Covenant he had written down” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
24:8 juxf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַ֥ל כָּל־הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֖ים הָ⁠אֵֽלֶּה׃ 1 **These words** refers to what Moses just read aloud to them, that is, Yahweh’s commands. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “which I just read aloud to you and you agreed to” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
24:9 izl5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent Nadab … Abihu 0 A new scene begins with this verse, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. Here the narrative is connected to [24:2](../24/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
24:9 nuq7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וַ⁠יַּ֥עַל 1 The men **went up** the mountain. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
24:11 b398 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ⁠אֶל־אֲצִילֵי֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א שָׁלַ֖ח יָד֑⁠וֹ 1 What would be expected is that they would die if they saw God. The Israelite elders ability to see God and live is unexpected. Be sure your translation conveys that. Alternate translation: “However, he did not send out his hand to the leaders of the sons of Israel” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
24:13 flw7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וִ⁠יהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ 1 **Joshua** is introduced here again. Use the natural form in your language for reintroducing a character. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
24:14 mhvj rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential וְ⁠אֶל־הַ⁠זְּקֵנִ֤ים אָמַר֙ 1 The structure of the Hebrew indicates but does not require that this speech by Moses happened before [24:13](../24/13.md) (hence **had said**). The ULT takes this view, however, for languages where it is hard to express events out of order, the UST reflects the other grammatical possibility and says in [24:13](../24/13.md) that Moses started up the mountain and in [24:15](../24/15.md) that he went the rest of the way up the mountain. Following this, you can view this verse as if Moses paused and gave these final instructions as he was leaving the elders behind, thus keeping a sequential structure. Either approach is permissible by the text, but the approach of the ULT is preferred, if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-sequential]])
24:14 jyh8 וְ⁠הִנֵּ֨ה 1 **Behold** is used to draw attention to important information that Moses is about to tell them. It is frequently omitted. If your language uses a statement to draw attention to important information, you should consider using it here. Alternate translation: “Remember”
24:14 dqhj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִי־בַ֥עַל דְּבָרִ֖ים 1 This is an idiom that means that someone has a legal dispute or complaint. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Whoever has a legal claim” or “Anyone with a law case” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
24:16 sb1o rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שֵׁ֣שֶׁת 1 Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
24:16 uwdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בַּ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “on day number 7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
25:2 ygtd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks דַּבֵּר֙ 1 The beginning of this verse marks the start of a very long direct quote which continues until the end of [Exo 30:10](../30/10.md). It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with an opening first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the beginning of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
25:2 tktu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations דַּבֵּר֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְ⁠יִקְחוּ־לִ֖⁠י תְּרוּמָ֑ה 1 In some languages you may have to make **and they shall take a contribution for me** a direct quote. Note that this will make it a second-level quotation and you will need to mark it with second-level quotation marking if your language uses them. Alternate translation: “Say to the sons of Israel, ‘You shall take a contribution for me.’” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
25:5 ayup rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown מְאָדָּמִ֛ים 1 When animal skins are tanned (processed into usable leather), they become reddish in color. It is not clear whether these hides are dyed red or simply reddened in the tanning process. Alternate translation: “tanned” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
25:5 va28 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תְּחָשִׁ֖ים 1 The meaning of this word is not known. It may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
25:5 d4fa rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שִׁטִּֽים 1 A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
25:9 tc2k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person תַּעֲשֽׂוּ 1 Since Moses does not construct these items himself, you may consider shifting the instructions to the third person if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “they shall make it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
25:10 o8dl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שִׁטִּ֑ים 1 These trees, **acacias**, are small trees with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
25:10 saf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction וָ⁠חֵ֜צִי & וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙ & וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי 1 A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
25:13 i5mc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שִׁטִּ֑ים 1 A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
25:15 aea1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive בְּ⁠טַבְּעֹת֙ הָ⁠אָרֹ֔ן יִהְי֖וּ הַ⁠בַּדִּ֑ים לֹ֥א יָסֻ֖רוּ מִמֶּֽ⁠נּוּ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as seen in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
25:17 c8o7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction וָ⁠חֵ֨צִי֙ & וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי 1 A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
25:23 a2o9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction וָ⁠חֵ֖צִי 1 A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
25:24 f20e two cubits … one cubit … a cubit and a half 0 This verse is almost identical to [25:11](../25/11.md).
25:29 nrmp rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown קְּעָרֹתָ֜י⁠ו וְ⁠כַפֹּתָ֗י⁠ו וּ⁠קְשׂוֹתָי⁠ו֙ וּ⁠מְנַקִּיֹּתָ֔י⁠ו 1 We do not know precisely what these dishes were. It is likely that the **plates** were mostly flat dishes for holding the bread that would be on the table. The **pans** may have been shallow bowls or deep plates for holding incense, or they may have been something more like a ladle or spoon. The **pitchers** probably held wine to be poured into the **bowls** for the drink offerings. You will need to translate using the closest word for each such item in your culture. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
25:30 kh7c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנַ֥⁠י 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
25:35 lk10 וְ⁠כַפְתֹּ֡ר תַּחַת֩ שְׁנֵ֨י הַ⁠קָּנִ֜ים מִמֶּ֗⁠נָּה וְ⁠כַפְתֹּר֙ תַּ֣חַת שְׁנֵ֤י הַ⁠קָּנִים֙ מִמֶּ֔⁠נָּה וְ⁠כַפְתֹּ֕ר תַּחַת־שְׁנֵ֥י הַ⁠קָּנִ֖ים מִמֶּ֑⁠נָּה לְ⁠שֵׁ֨שֶׁת֙ הַ⁠קָּנִ֔ים הַ⁠יֹּצְאִ֖ים מִן־הַ⁠מְּנֹרָֽה 1 Alternate translation: “There must be a leafy base under the first pair of branches—made as one piece with it, and a leafy base under the second pair of branches—also made as one piece with it. In the same way there must be a leafy base under the third pair of branches, made as one piece with it. It must be the same for all six branches extending out from the lampstand.”
25:36 r7yz מִקְשָׁ֥ה 1 Alternate translation: “of beaten gold” See how you translated this in [Exodus 25:18](../25/18.md).
25:40 y081 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠רְאֵ֖ה וַ⁠עֲשֵׂ֑ה 1 All the items described in this chapter are included in what Moses is told to **see and make**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “See and make everything I have described” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
25:40 gyte rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וּ⁠רְאֵ֖ה וַ⁠עֲשֵׂ֑ה 1 Here, **see** relates to observing or overseeing. Essentially, Yahweh is telling Moses to be careful as he observes the pattern on the mountain and as he sees the craftsmen of Israel working on these items, so that they are made correctly. Alternate translation: “Observe carefully and work exactly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
26:1 vre7 וּ⁠תְכֵ֤לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָן֙ וְ⁠תֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י 1 This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:4](../25/04.md).
26:1 ni5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֵׁ֣שׁ מָשְׁזָ֗ר 1 This was cloth made from fine linen threads that someone twisted together to make a stronger thread. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
26:4 wdum rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal הָ⁠אֶחָ֔ת & הַ⁠שֵּׁנִֽית 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
26:4 d0sl בַּ⁠חֹבָ֑רֶת 1 Alternate translation: “in one set of five curtains”
26:4 gjt1 בַּ⁠מַּחְבֶּ֖רֶת הַ⁠שֵּׁנִֽית 1 Alternate translation: “in the other set of five curtains”
26:5 nkr7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָֽ⁠הּ 1 This is an idiom meaning “to each other.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “one to the other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
26:6 k12s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִשָּׁ֤ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ⁠הּ֙ 1 This is the same idiom as in the previous verse, meaning together. Alternate translation: “to each other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
26:6 b242 אֶחָֽד 1 Alternate translation: “as though it were one piece”
26:7 jeaz לְ⁠אֹ֖הֶל 1 This refers to an outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “for an outer tent”
26:9 kb9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶל־מ֖וּל פְּנֵ֥י הָ⁠אֹֽהֶל 1 Here, **face** is probably referring to the entrance of the tent. The opening for the protective tent and the sacred tent would have been coordinated so they were in the same place. Alternate translation: “in front of the entrance of the tent” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
26:9 q3og הָ⁠אֹֽהֶל 1 As in [26:7](../26/07.md), **the tent** refers to the outer tent over the sacred tent. Alternate translation: “the outer tent”
26:12 hftk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction חֲצִ֤י 1 A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
26:14 kii8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תְּחָשִׁ֖ים 1 The meaning of this word, **sea cows**, is not known. It may refer to a water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 25:5](../25/05.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
26:15 tw2h rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שִׁטִּ֖ים 1 The **acacias** are relatively small trees with spreading foliage and durable wood. See how you translated this in [25:5](../25/05.md). [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
26:16 z2rv rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance עֶ֥שֶׂר אַמּ֖וֹת & וְ⁠אַמָּה֙ וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י הָֽ⁠אַמָּ֔ה 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 4.6 meters … 69 centimeters. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
26:16 p3av rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction וַ⁠חֲצִ֣י 1 A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
26:17 zwfj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown יָד֗וֹת 1 Here, the term **tenons** means a part of the wood sticking out from the rest of the frame so that it can be put into a hole in another object. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
26:17 xf6s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶל־אֲחֹתָ֑⁠הּ 1 This is an idiom meaning “to each other.” See how you translated this in [26:5](../26/05.md). Alternate translation: “one to the other” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
26:19 o357 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁנֵ֨י אֲדָנִ֜ים תַּֽחַת־הַ⁠קֶּ֤רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָד֙ לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֣י יְדֹתָ֔י⁠ו וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֧י אֲדָנִ֛ים תַּֽחַת־הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָ֖ד לִ⁠שְׁתֵּ֥י יְדֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. This same phrasing occurs again in [26:21](../26/21.md) and [26:25](../26/25.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame for its two tenons, and then two bases under the next frame for its two tenons, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
26:21 rlcf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָֽ⁠אֶחָ֔ד וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד 1 The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
26:25 cbpl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֗ים תַּ֚חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֣רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָ֔ד וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֣י אֲדָנִ֔ים תַּ֖חַת הַ⁠קֶּ֥רֶשׁ הָ⁠אֶחָֽד 1 The effect of this is to start a list, and the hearer will assume it should be completed. Try to translate this in the way that a speaker of your language would give instructions that are meant to be carried out on a whole group of objects. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md). Alternate translation: “two bases under the first frame, and then two bases under the next frame, and so on for all the frames” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
26:33 x28l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קֹ֥דֶשׁ הַ⁠קֳּדָשִֽׁים 1 Here, **Holy of Holies** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. Alternate translation: “the Most Holy Place” or “the Extraordinarily Holy Place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
26:34 u3tu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession בְּ⁠קֹ֖דֶשׁ הַ⁠קֳּדָשִֽׁים 1 Here, **Holy of Holies** means extremely holy, as in, the holiest of the holy places. If this form would not express that this place would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “in the Most Holy Place” or “in the Extraordinarily Holy Place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
26:36 tiz7 The table must be on the north side 0 See how you translated very similar text in [Exodus 26:1](../26/01.md).
26:37 av60 an embroiderer 0 See how you translated very similar instructions in [26:32](../26/32.md).
27:4 vlau וְ⁠עָשִׂ֣יתָ עַל־הָ⁠רֶ֗שֶׁת אַרְבַּע֙ טַבְּעֹ֣ת נְחֹ֔שֶׁת עַ֖ל אַרְבַּ֥ע קְצוֹתָֽי⁠ו 1 You may want to refer back to several other passages regarding making rings for carrying poles when translating this verse. See [Exo 25:12](../25/12.md), [Exo 25:26](../25/26.md), and [Exo 25:27](../25/27.md).
27:8 ecmh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הֶרְאָ֥ה 1 Here, **he** refers to Yahweh in the third person. If it would be unnatural in your language for someone to refer to himself in this way, you may need to change it. Alternate translation: “I showed” or “Yahweh showed” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
27:8 frcs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יַעֲשֽׂוּ 1 Here, **they** refers to whoever will make all these items. It is an indication that even though Yahweh has been speaking to Moses in the singular throughout, these instructions are meant to be conveyed to Israelite craftsmen. See [25:intro](../25/intro.md) for more. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
27:10 qq8f וְ⁠עַמֻּדָ֣י⁠ו עֶשְׂרִ֔ים וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֥ם עֶשְׂרִ֖ים נְחֹ֑שֶׁת 1 Here, **bronze** may refer to both the **pillars** and the **bases**, or just to the **bases.** The pillars inside the tent were of wood overlaid with gold; these may be wood overlaid with bronze.
27:11 ynao rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵ֣אָה 1 Here, “cubits” is omitted because it is understood as a repetition of the instructions in verse 9. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “100 cubits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
27:11 xev2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance מֵ֣אָה 1 You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46 meters (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
27:15 s2cc rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance חְמֵ֥שׁ עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה 1 You can convert this length to a measurement system familiar to your people if that is the style of translation that you are using. A cubit is approximately 46 centimeters. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 6.9 meters. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
27:15 hlzp עַמֻּדֵי⁠הֶ֣ם 1 These **posts** were strong pieces of wood set upright and used as supports. See how you translated these in [Exodus 27:10](../27/10.md).
27:15 o49h וְ⁠אַדְנֵי⁠הֶ֖ם 1 The **bases** were metal blocks that had a slot in them to keep the board in place. See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:19](../26/19.md).
27:17 wtng rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מְחֻשָּׁקִ֣ים 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Among other options not so relevant here, Wiktionary suggests that a **fillet** could be a “thin strip of any material, in various technical uses,” “thin featureless molding used as separation between broader decorative moldings,” or a rounded corner. Alternate translation: “you shall fillet” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
27:18 mu6b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים בַּ⁠חֲמִשִּׁ֗ים 1 Here, “cubits” is omitted because it is understood as a repetition of the instructions in verse 9. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “50 cubits” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
27:21 nlwz יַעֲרֹךְ֩ אֹת֨⁠וֹ 1 Here, **it** refers to the lamp mentioned in the previous verse and **arrange** means to set it up for burning, and light it. Alternate translation: “shall set up the lampstand and light it”
27:21 j41s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in front of me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
28:1 w9ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship אַהֲרֹ֨ן אָחִ֜י⁠ךָ 1 Aaron is older than Moses. If your language uses a different term for the sibling relationship based on gender and age order, choose the appropriate one. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-kinship]])
28:1 ofgr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names נָדָ֧ב וַ⁠אֲבִיה֛וּא אֶלְעָזָ֥ר וְ⁠אִיתָמָ֖ר 1 These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
28:3 n17y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular וְ⁠אַתָּ֗ה 1 Here, **you** refers to Moses; in this case, it is used to highlight that he is the person who must do the next thing. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
28:3 c9pv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖י⁠ו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה 1 There is a little bit of parallelism here. Yahweh is clarifying who causes someone to be **wise of heart**. You could translate this in a more causative way if that would make more sense. Alternate translation: “to anyone whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, making them wise of heart” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
28:3 wt7m rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶל־כָּל־חַכְמֵי־לֵ֔ב אֲשֶׁ֥ר מִלֵּאתִ֖י⁠ו ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֑ה 1 Here, **heart** and **spirit** are both referring to things innately possessed by a person that is, traits of a person. **Wisdom** refers to skill or talent with crafting in this case. Together **wise of heart** and **filled with the spirit of wisdom** both essentially mean “a talented craftsman.” If it would be more clear to your readers, you may consider making some of this more explicit. Alternate translation: “to every talented craftsman, those whom I have made skilled in their work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
28:4 jqtg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִגְדֵי־קֹ֜דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
28:5 rxke rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠אֶת־הַ⁠תְּכֵ֖לֶת וְ⁠אֶת־הָֽ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֑ן וְ⁠אֶת־תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י 1 This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or “thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in [25:4](../25/04.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
28:5 pfq5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תּוֹלַ֥עַת הַ⁠שָּׁנִ֖י 1 A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
28:7 dpph שְׁתֵּ֧י כְתֵפֹ֣ת חֹֽבְרֹ֗ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּ֛⁠וֹ אֶל־שְׁנֵ֥י קְצוֹתָ֖י⁠ו וְ⁠חֻבָּֽר 1 This likely meant creating some sort of fastening up by the shoulders to attach the front of the ephod to its back. Alternate translation: “They shall make it so that the front and back attach to each other at the shoulders”
28:7 wt20 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠חֻבָּֽר 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “join it together that way” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
28:8 u5av אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָלָ֔י⁠ו כְּ⁠מַעֲשֵׂ֖⁠הוּ מִמֶּ֣⁠נּוּ 1 This is saying that the sash should be attached to the ephod, perhaps cut from the same material used to make the rest of the ephod.
28:9 s2yd rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שְׁתֵּ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “2” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
28:10 h5mr rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שִׁשָּׁה֙ & הַ⁠שִּׁשָּׁ֧ה 1 Alternate translation: “6 of … the 6” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
28:10 zlte כְּ⁠תוֹלְדֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 Alternate translation: “according to their birth order”
28:12 ypfd זִכָּרֹ֖ן & לְ⁠זִכָּרֹֽן 1 The text does not specify if Yahweh or Aaron or someone else is the one being reminded by the stones. It also does not specify exactly what the reminder is of. Try to maintain this ambiguity if possible in your translation.
28:12 shn5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֧י 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
28:16 onj6 רָב֥וּעַ יִֽהְיֶ֖ה כָּפ֑וּל 1 Alternate translation: “Fold it in half so it will be square”
28:18 qq9g rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְ⁠הַ⁠טּ֖וּר הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֑י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 2:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
28:19 uw42 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְ⁠הַ⁠טּ֖וּר הַ⁠שְּׁלִישִׁ֑י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 3:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
28:20 ekaf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וְ⁠הַ⁠טּוּר֙ הָ⁠רְבִיעִ֔י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “And row 4:” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
28:27 f2nn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy פָּנָ֔י⁠ו 1 Here, **face** simply refers to the object (the ephod). Alternate translation: “on its front side” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
28:30 fep5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה & לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָ֖ה 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh … before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
28:32 t60l rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תַחְרָ֛א 1 We do not know what this term means, but the implication seems to be that the collar should be made strong. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
28:32 ubhg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive לֹ֥א יִקָּרֵֽעַ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
28:33 qm1f rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תְּכֵ֤לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָן֙ וְ⁠תוֹלַ֣עַת שָׁנִ֔י 1 This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or “thread” may be the best understanding. See how you translated this in [25:4](../25/04.md) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
28:35 fmqu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֧י יְהוָ֛ה 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
28:35 ky8s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יְהוָ֛ה 1 Here, Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
28:36 mzej rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown צִּ֖יץ 1 We do not know exactly what this was. It was probably a thin piece of gold smaller than the palm of someone’s hand. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
28:37 lxq8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֶל־מ֥וּל פְּנֵֽי־הַ⁠מִּצְנֶ֖פֶת 1 Here, **face** means the front. Alternate translation: “to the front of the turban” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
28:38 frqm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נָשָׂ֨א אַהֲרֹ֜ן אֶת־עֲוֺ֣ן הַ⁠קֳּדָשִׁ֗ים 1 Here, **iniquity** is pictured as something that can be carried or worn like the turban. It also seems to picture handing off the iniquity from the people to Aaron. Also here, **iniquity** actually seems to refer to the punishment for anything that might be wrong regarding the things the Israelites offer Yahweh. You may need to use a different word than **bear** to convey the transfer of responsibility for wrongs from the people to Aaron. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and Aaron shall be responsible for any wrong related to the holy things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
28:38 chuz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
28:38 jbt4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person יְהוָֽה 1 Here, Yahweh refers to himself in the third person. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the first person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
28:41 agey rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֧ אֶת־יָדָ֛⁠ם 1 This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “and you shall ordain them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
28:42 m1bi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism בְּשַׂ֣ר עֶרְוָ֑ה 1 This refers to the male genitalia. This is a polite way of referring to something unpleasant. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a different polite way of referring to this or you could state this plainly. Alternate translation: “their private parts” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
29:1 jhj3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֶּן־בָּקָ֛ר 1 This is an idiom meaning young. If you do not have a similar idiom you may translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “a young one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
29:2 wkyb וּ⁠רְקִיקֵ֥י מַצּ֖וֹת מְשֻׁחִ֣ים בַּ⁠שָּׁ֑מֶן 1 These may have been rubbed with oil before or after baking.
29:6 n4bt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns אֶת־נֵ֥זֶר הַ⁠קֹּ֖דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “the holy crown” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
29:7 rwuj rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שֶׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָ֔ה 1 See how you translated **oil of anointing** in [25:6](../25/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
29:9 zbzk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֥ יַֽד־אַהֲרֹ֖ן וְ⁠יַד־בָּנָֽי⁠ו 1 The phrase, **fill the hand**, seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “And you shall ordain Aaron and his sons” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
29:9 jhwb וּ⁠מִלֵּאתָ֥ יַֽד־אַהֲרֹ֖ן וְ⁠יַד־בָּנָֽי⁠ו 1 The phrase, **fill the hand** may be (1) a summary and reminder statement of the whole ordination process, (2) referring to the previous description, meaning that the priests have been ordained, or (3) referring to the following description, meaning that the priests are about to be ordained. It would probably be best to translate this in the way a mid-text summary reminder phrase would be spoken in your language, avoiding any indication that it refers only to the previous or following text.
29:10 wjko tent of meeting 0 The purpose of the sacrifice explained here through verse 14 is to purify or cleanse the altar. This is made more clear in [29:36–37](../29/36.md).
29:10 sgur rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד 1 Here, **face** refers to the front of the tent. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
29:10 rf0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וְ⁠סָמַ֨ךְ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו אֶת־יְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הַ⁠פָּֽר 1 The slaughter of the bull in the next verse occurs while the priests continue to have their hands on the bull’s head. Take care to arrange the phrases and to use words or forms that indicate that the two events happened at the same time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
29:14 o262 מִ⁠ח֖וּץ לַֽ⁠מַּחֲנֶ֑ה 1 Alternate translation: “outside the borders of where the Israelites are camped”
29:15 pd0t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous וְ⁠סָ֨מְכ֜וּ אַהֲרֹ֧ן וּ⁠בָנָ֛י⁠ו אֶת־יְדֵי⁠הֶ֖ם עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ הָ⁠אָֽיִל 1 The slaughter of the ram in the next verse occurs while they continue to have their hands on the ram’s head. Take care to arrange the phrases and to use words or forms that indicate that the two events happened at the same time. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
29:18 qc2i וְ⁠הִקְטַרְתָּ֤ אֶת־כָּל־הָ⁠אַ֨יִל֙ 1 Alternate translation: “and burn all of the ram to make smoke”
29:18 pwjk rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism עֹלָ֥ה ה֖וּא לַֽ⁠יהוָ֑ה רֵ֣יחַ נִיח֔וֹחַ אִשֶּׁ֥ה לַ⁠יהוָ֖ה הֽוּא 1 These phrases are in parallel, with the second expanding and clarifying the first. In some languages, you may need to use a different structure to expand and clarify the **burnt offering**. Alternate translation: “It is a pleasant smelling burnt offering made by fire to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
29:19 zzsi הַ⁠שֵּׁנִ֑י 1 Except for **the second,** this verse is identical to [29:15](../29/15.md).
29:21 bxs6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לָקַחְתָּ֞ מִן־הַ⁠דָּ֨ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַֽל־הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּחַ֮ וּ⁠מִ⁠שֶּׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָה֒ וְ⁠הִזֵּיתָ֤ 1 Moses would mix the blood and oil. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “And you shall take some of the blood that is on the altar and mix it with some of the oil of anointing and sprinkle it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
29:23 mcko וְ⁠כִכַּ֨ר לֶ֜חֶם אַחַ֗ת וַֽ⁠חַלַּ֨ת לֶ֥חֶם שֶׁ֛מֶן אַחַ֖ת וְ⁠רָקִ֣יק אֶחָ֑ד מִ⁠סַּל֙ הַ⁠מַּצּ֔וֹת אֲשֶׁ֖ר לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 All of these items were in the basket mentioned in [29:2](../29/02.md), not just the wafer. Be sure this is clear in your translation. Alternate translation: “and from the basket of bread without yeast that is before the face of Yahweh: one round loaf of bread, and one cake of bread of oil, and one wafer”
29:24 q6k5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person וְ⁠הֵנַפְתָּ֥ 1 While the text reads, **you shall raise**, logically, it is Aaron and his sons who will raise the offerings at this point. If this is confusing in your language, you may use the third person. Alternate translation: “and they shall raise” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
29:24 xhhf rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction וְ⁠הֵנַפְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֛⁠ם תְּנוּפָ֖ה לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 The act of raising the meat and bread symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out the process of handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “and they shall show that they are giving them to me by holding them up to me” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
29:24 ypit rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה 1 This means in the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
29:25 e6bj וְ⁠הִקְטַרְתָּ֥ הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֖חָ⁠ה עַל־הָ⁠עֹלָ֑ה לְ⁠רֵ֤יחַ נִיח֨וֹחַ֙ לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה אִשֶּׁ֥ה ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 See how you translated similar phrases in [29:18](../29/18.md).
29:27 dzkx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction הַ⁠תְּנוּפָ֗ה וְ⁠אֵת֙ שׁ֣וֹק הַ⁠תְּרוּמָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הוּנַ֖ף וַ⁠אֲשֶׁ֣ר הוּרָ֑ם 1 The act of raising the meat symbolized dedicating it to Yahweh. The priests would be acting out handing the offering to him. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. See how you translated this in [29:24](../29/24.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
29:28 q3ms מֵ⁠אֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּ֥י תְרוּמָ֖ה ה֑וּא וּ⁠תְרוּמָ֞ה יִהְיֶ֨ה מֵ⁠אֵ֤ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ מִ⁠זִּבְחֵ֣י שַׁלְמֵי⁠הֶ֔ם תְּרוּמָתָ֖⁠ם לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 The amount of repetition in this verse may make it difficult to translate smoothly. You may consider combining some phrases if that would work better in your language. Alternate translation: “for the Israelites must offer this portion from what they bring to Yahweh as peace offerings to him”
29:29 qta8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בִגְדֵ֤י הַ⁠קֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
29:29 a59z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom וּ⁠לְ⁠מַלֵּא־בָ֖⁠ם אֶת־יָדָֽ⁠ם 1 **Fill their hand** seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “to ordain them in the clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
29:33 mcdc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠מַלֵּ֥א אֶת־יָדָ֖⁠ם 1 This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). Alternate translation: “to ordain them” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
29:35 yo59 כָּ֔כָה 1 Here, **thus** means “like this” and, as the next verses make clear, refers to the sacrificial ceremony outlined in this chapter which they must repeat seven times.
29:35 wrfs rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שִׁבְעַ֥ת 1 Alternate translation: “7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
29:36-37 r5tx 0 This verse and the next explain the purpose of the sacrifice detailed in [29:10–14](../29/10.md).
29:36 s81n rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וּ⁠פַ֨ר חַטָּ֜את תַּעֲשֶׂ֤ה לַ⁠יּוֹם֙ עַל־הַ⁠כִּפֻּרִ֔ים וְ⁠חִטֵּאתָ֙ עַל־הַ⁠מִּזְבֵּ֔חַ בְּ⁠כַפֶּרְ⁠ךָ֖ עָלָ֑י⁠ו 1 The phrase **and you shall purify the altar by making atonement for it** describes the purpose of offering the bull. You may want to use a stronger connector. In languages that need to put purpose first, you may need to re-order the clauses. Alternate translation: “And you shall offer a bull of purification for atonement daily, thus you shall purify the altar, by making atonement for it.” or “You shall purify the altar by making atonement for it: you shall offer a bull of purification daily for its atonement.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
29:39 qxst rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּֽיִם 1 The exact meaning of this phrase is debated. Since the priests ate many of the sacrifices, it may have been offered around the time of the evening meal. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
29:40 nd8q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠עִשָּׂרֹ֨ן סֹ֜לֶת 1 Many commentators suggest that this means one tenth of an “ephah” even though “ephah” is not written. If your translation style retains the original measurement words, you may need to insert the word you are using for “ephah” here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
29:40 oxsl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume וְ⁠עִשָּׂרֹ֨ן סֹ֜לֶת & רֶ֣בַע הַ⁠הִ֔ין & רְבִעִ֥ית הַ⁠הִ֖ין 1 The values given in the UST are approximations as the exact size of an ephah and a hin is not precisely known. An ephah (the implied measurement) may have been around 22 liters, so this is about 2.2 liters of flour. A hin may have been around 3.7 liters, so this is about one liter of both oil and wine. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
29:41 ibch rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֵּ֣ין הָ⁠עַרְבָּ֑יִם 1 The exact meaning of the phrase **between the evenings** is debated. Since the priests ate many of the sacrifices, it may have been offered around the time of the evening meal. See how you translated it in [29:39](../29/39.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
30:2 a39m rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance אַמָּ֨ה & וְ⁠אַמָּ֤ה & וְ⁠אַמָּתַ֖יִם 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express this in terms of modern measurements, either in the text or a footnote. A **cubit** is approximately 46cm. For your reference, a more precise conversion to metric is: 46cm … 46cm … 94cm (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
30:4 bvxi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom לְ⁠בָתִּ֣ים 1 Here, the word **housings** means that the rings will hold the poles. Since they are where the poles belong for use, they are their house. If you have a similar idiom meaning “place of belonging,” you may use it or you may translate the idea. Alternate translation: “a place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
30:6 ulvn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י & לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י 1 Here, **before the face of** means in front of. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
30:6 e87s rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular לְ⁠ךָ֖ 1 Here, **you** refers to Moses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-yousingular]])
30:7 o1zo בַּ⁠בֹּ֣קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּ֗קֶר 1 Alternate translation: “Each morning” or “Daily, in the morning”
30:8 nrgk וּ⁠בְ⁠הַעֲלֹ֨ת אַהֲרֹ֧ן אֶת־הַ⁠נֵּרֹ֛ת 1 This may indicate that in the morning Aaron had taken the lamps down, and he would light them and then put them up on the holders in the evening.
30:8 sq7x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בֵּ֥ין הָ⁠עֲרְבַּ֖יִם 1 The exact meaning of this phrase is debated. See how you translated it in [29:39](../29/39.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
30:10 dgny rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal קֹֽדֶשׁ־קָֽדָשִׁ֥ים ה֖וּא לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 This last clause defines the purpose of the ritual described in this verse. See [Exo 29:37](../29/37.md). Use a natural way in your language for indicating purpose. Alternate translation: “This is to make it holy of holies to Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
30:10 jxn0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קֹֽדֶשׁ־קָֽדָשִׁ֥ים 1 Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
30:10 uxb4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks לַ⁠יהוָֽה 1 After **Yahweh**, the direct quote that began in [Exo 25:2](../25/02.md) ends. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with a closing first-level quotation mark or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate the end of a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
30:12 dprx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִשָּׂ֞א אֶת־רֹ֥אשׁ 1 In this context, **lift up the head** means to take a census. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “take a census” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
30:13 y1kn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּל־הָ⁠עֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֔ים 1 This is an idiom that suggests that the men were counted by walking past someone who was counting people as they walked by. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “Everyone counted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
30:13 a2py rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney הַ⁠שֶּׁ֖קֶל & בְּ⁠שֶׁ֣קֶל & הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל & הַ⁠שֶּׁ֔קֶל 1 The **shekel** was used as both a weight and a unit of money. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]])
30:13 w3hx rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction מַחֲצִ֥ית & מַחֲצִ֣ית 1 A **half** means one part out of two equal parts. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
30:14 uqt6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּ֗ל הָ⁠עֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֔ים 1 This is an idiom that suggests that the men were counted by walking past someone who was counting people as they walked by. It is the same phrase as in the [previous verse](../30/13.md). Alternate translation: “Everyone counted” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
30:14 vhim rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִ⁠בֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה 1 This is an idiom that refers to age. See the UST and how you translated the same idiom in [Exo 7:7](../07/07.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
30:15 ew8p rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person נַפְשֹׁתֵי⁠כֶֽם 1 The plural form of you is used here. In many cases, since Yahweh is speaking to Moses about the people that will be counted, it may make more sense to change to the third person. However, Moses would be counted as well and would have to pay the ransom, so a form of you that could include Moses and all the other Israelite men would also be an appropriate translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
30:16 mwix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה 1 Here, **face** represents the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
30:20 dyku rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ 1 The priests might die if they do not wash because God would kill them for being defiled in his presence. If your readers would not understand this you may want to include it in a footnote or in the text. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
30:20 it0h rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וְ⁠לֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ 1 Not dying is the goal of the priests’ washing. If the goal of some action needs to be placed elsewhere in the structure of your language move it to the usual location. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
30:23 t2me rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וּ⁠קְנֵה 1 This plant is unknown to scholars. Alternate translation: “and reed of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
30:25 ioem rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֥מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “a holy oil of anointment” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
30:29 m062 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֑ים 1 Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
30:31 e2ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns שֶׁ֠מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֨דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [30:25](../30/25.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
30:32 it0x rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result קֹ֣דֶשׁ ה֔וּא קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִהְיֶ֥ה לָ⁠כֶֽם 1 The second half of this statement (**it shall be holy to you**) explains to the people the result of this oil being holy, which is, they must respect it as a holy thing. It may make more sense in some languages to move this whole statement to the beginning of the verse, because the rule about pouring on someone’s body is an application of the result. Alternate translation (placed at the beginning of the verse): “Because it is sacred, you must treat it like it is sacred, therefore” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
30:33 yhgi rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו 1 See how you translated **cut off** in [12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
30:34 uo57 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown נָטָ֤ף׀ וּ⁠שְׁחֵ֨לֶת֙ וְ⁠חֶלְבְּנָ֔ה 1 Here is a brief description of these materials, though we really do not know exactly what they are: **stacte** is a resin from certain gum plants, **onycha** is from certain shellfish or mollusks, and **galbanum** is another kind of gum resin. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
30:36 oj2r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֤י 1 Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
30:36 mxww rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy הָ⁠עֵדֻת֙ 1 Here, **testimony** probably refers to the sacred chest that contained the tablets of the law. See UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
30:36 i71b rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים 1 Here, **holiest holy** means extremely or uniquely holy. If this form would not express that this item would become uniquely holy in your language you may need to find another way to express this idea. See how you translated this in [Exodus 29:37](../29/37.md). Alternate translation: “a most holy thing” or “extraordinarily holy” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]])
30:38 o6v0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠נִכְרַ֖ת מֵ⁠עַמָּֽי⁠ו 1 See how you translated **cut off** in [12:15](../12/15.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
31:3 hley rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠חָכְמָ֛ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
31:3 my4f rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בִ⁠תְבוּנָ֥ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
31:3 emp5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠דַ֖עַת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
31:11 iusb rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns יַעֲשֽׂוּ 1 **They** refers to Bezalel and Oholiab as well as the unnamed other “skilled of heart” (talented craftsmen) referred to in [31:2](../31/02.md) and [30:6](../30/06.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
31:13 bveg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks לֵ⁠אמֹ֔ר 1 A second-level direct quotation starts after **saying**. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. There are multiple possible endings for this quotation, which will be addressed in later verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
31:14 dsya rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks לָ⁠כֶ֑ם 1 One possible ending place for the second-level quotation that began in the previous verse is after **to you**. The rest of Yahweh’s instructions to Moses in this section do not use the second person to address Israel directly, so you may close the second-level quotation here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
31:15 fvga rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֣וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֗י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but day 7” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
31:15 lrat שַׁבַּ֧ת שַׁבָּת֛וֹן 1 Alternate translation: “a Sabbath of complete rest”
31:15 fxuo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “you must surely kill” or “you must surely execute” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
31:17 oc30 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וַ⁠יִּנָּפַֽשׁ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and he refreshed himself” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
32:1 oan6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent the people saw 0 This chapter begins with a major scene shift, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
32:1 lnau rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וַ⁠יִּקָּהֵ֨ל הָ⁠עָ֜ם 1 This means the people both decided to gather and were the ones gathering. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
32:1 wulk כִּי־זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה 1 People showed disrespect by putting the word **this** before his name, as if Moses were someone they did not know and could not trust. They were creating social distance between him and themselves. When translating, use a form in your language that communicates the same sense of disassociation between people.
32:4 cc7s rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמְר֔וּ 1 The identity of the speakers, referred to as **they**, remains unknown. Alternate translation: “And someone said” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
32:4 ence rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ & הֶעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ 1 Because the speaker of this sentence is unknown and mentioned in the plural, it is possible that it is the people speaking. In that case, it would be possible for a translation to use the first person rather than second person here. Alternate translation: “These are our gods … brought us up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
32:4 n17v אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 In the text, there only appears to be one “god” (the golden calf idol) presented to Israel. If it would be clearer to your audience, you may consider translating **these … gods** as singular. Alternate translation: “this is your god”
32:5 odaq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **before its face** means in front of. Alternate translation: “in front of it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
32:5 p2df rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠פָנָ֑י⁠ו 1 Here, **it** is the golden bull-calf. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “in front of the bull-calf idol” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
32:7 iajs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent to carouse in wild celebration 0 Here there is a scene shift back to the top of the mountain with Moses and Yahweh, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
32:7 tcek rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns שִׁחֵ֣ת 1 Here, **themselves** is used to indicate that the Israelites actions made the Israelites corrupt. Use a way that is natural in your language to indicate this. Alternate translation: “have acted corruptly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
32:8 tg9e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 This is a second-level direct quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this by marking it with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotemarks]])
32:8 w7v8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ מֵ⁠אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם 1 You may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “that these are your gods, Israel, that brought you up from the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
32:8 sjj1 אֵ֤לֶּה אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ 1 In the text, there only appears to be one “god” (the golden calf idol) presented to Israel. If it would be clearer to your audience, you may consider translating **these … gods** as singular. See how you translated this in [32:4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “This is your god”
32:8 f62v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person אֱלֹהֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ & הֶֽעֱל֖וּ⁠ךָ 1 Because the speaker of this sentence is unknown and mentioned in the plural, it is possible that it is the people speaking. In that case, it would be possible for a translation to use the first person rather than second person here. See how you translated this in [32:4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “our gods … brought us up” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
32:9 my87 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה & הֽוּא 1 The word **people** is a collective noun, so the pronouns referring to the people are singular. You may use plural pronouns if that is the normal usage in your language. Alternate translation: “these … they” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
32:11 nuwf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom יֶחֱרֶ֤ה אַפְּ⁠ךָ֙ בְּ⁠עַמֶּ֔⁠ךָ 1 This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh is angry with his people. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “are you angry with your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
32:12 yvez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes יֹאמְר֨וּ מִצְרַ֜יִם לֵ⁠אמֹ֗ר בְּ⁠רָעָ֤ה הֽוֹצִיאָ⁠ם֙ לַ⁠הֲרֹ֤ג אֹתָ⁠ם֙ בֶּֽ⁠הָרִ֔ים וּ֨⁠לְ⁠כַלֹּתָ֔⁠ם מֵ⁠עַ֖ל פְּנֵ֣י הָֽ⁠אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 After **saying,** this is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. However, you may want to translate this as an indirect quotation in order to reduce the layers of quotations in this passage. Alternative translation: “the Egyptians say that you brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains and to destroy them from on the face of the ground” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
32:12 iz5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שׁ֚וּב מֵ⁠חֲר֣וֹן אַפֶּ֔⁠ךָ וְ⁠הִנָּחֵ֥ם עַל־הָ⁠רָעָ֖ה לְ⁠עַמֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 Here, Yahweh’s anger (burning nose) and plan to punish the people are spoken of as things that he could turn away from and repent of (repentance also means to turn from). This imagery may not translate into your language, and you may need to use a different expression. Alternate translation: “Calm down, and please do not stay determined to do evil to your people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
32:18 r0gm rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry אֵ֥ין קוֹל֙ עֲנ֣וֹת גְּבוּרָ֔ה וְ⁠אֵ֥ין ק֖וֹל עֲנ֣וֹת חֲלוּשָׁ֑ה ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ 1 These lines are widely considered to be poetic. It is not clear why a poetic form is used here. In some languages it may not be appropriate to convey this response in poetic form, in which case another form may be used. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
32:18 m4k0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism אֵ֥ין קוֹל֙ עֲנ֣וֹת גְּבוּרָ֔ה וְ⁠אֵ֥ין ק֖וֹל עֲנ֣וֹת חֲלוּשָׁ֑ה ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ 1 The poetic form here is parallelism in the repetition of **sound of singing**. If it would be unclear to say that Moses heard **the sound of singing** in the third line after saying he didn’t hear the sound of singing twice before, something more like the more contrastive UST may be followed. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
32:18 fdg8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit ק֣וֹל עַנּ֔וֹת אָנֹכִ֖י שֹׁמֵֽעַ 1 If it is unclear to say that Moses hears **the sound of singing** after twice saying he didn’t hear that, you may want to make the type of singing explicit. Consider referring to your translation of the last word of [32:6](../32/06.md) (to play in the ULT). Alternate translation: “the sound of playful singing I hear” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
32:19 d8zo תַּ֥חַת 1 Alternate translation: “at the bottom of”
32:22 h6dm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person הֽוּא 1 Here, **it** is used because **people** is grammatically singular in Hebrew. Alternate translation: “they are” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
32:23 w91d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes עֲשֵׂה־לָ֣⁠נוּ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֵלְכ֖וּ לְ⁠פָנֵ֑י⁠נוּ כִּי־זֶ֣ה׀ מֹשֶׁ֣ה הָ⁠אִ֗ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֤ר הֶֽעֱלָ֨⁠נוּ֙ מֵ⁠אֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם לֹ֥א יָדַ֖עְנוּ מֶה־הָ֥יָה לֽ⁠וֹ׃ 1 This is a second-level quotation. It may be helpful to your readers to indicate this with second-level quotation marks or with whatever other punctuation or convention your language uses to indicate a quotation within a quotation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]])
32:24 yy82 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns הִתְפָּרָ֖קוּ 1 Aaron instructs people to take their own gold off. Alternate translation: “you take off your own” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
32:24 wvin rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וָ⁠אַשְׁלִכֵ֣⁠הוּ בָ⁠אֵ֔שׁ וַ⁠יֵּצֵ֖א הָ⁠עֵ֥גֶל הַ⁠זֶּֽה 1 Aaron claims an unusual sequence of events here. The translation should surprise an audience unfamiliar with the story. He states that the result of simply throwing gold in the fire is the apperance (by its own power or volition it seems) of the calf. This is a lie. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
32:25 csg0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns כִּ֥י פָרֻ֖עַ ה֑וּא כִּֽי־פְרָעֹ֣⁠ה אַהֲרֹ֔ן 1 Here, the pronoun **it** agrees with the grammatical number of **people** (singular). If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “that they were let loose, for Aaron had let them loose” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
32:29 to5d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְ⁠כֶ֤ם 1 This seems to be an idiom for giving authority to someone. See how you translated this in [Exodus 28:41](../28/41.md). However, this usage is different from that text, as here it is not specified what authority they are given or what they are consecrated for other than **for Yahweh**. Alternate translation: “Consecrate yourselves” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
32:29 rkp6 מִלְא֨וּ יֶדְ⁠כֶ֤ם הַ⁠יּוֹם֙ לַֽ⁠יהוָ֔ה 1 Here it is unclear if **fill** should be rightly understood as in the past or as a new command. You may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “You have filled your hand for Yahweh today”
32:29 l54l וְ⁠לָ⁠תֵ֧ת עֲלֵי⁠כֶ֛ם הַ⁠יּ֖וֹם בְּרָכָֽה 1 This phrase is difficult to interpret. Several options depend on exactly how the conjunction, preposition, and verb combination are interpreted. The first difficulty is related to the difficulty with the previous verb: have they already been blessed or are they going to be blessed? (Alternate translation: “to have put a blessing on yourselves today”) The second difficulty is: should the clause connections be understood to say that the blessing is because of their actions, or more strongly, that a desire for blessing motivated them to take action? (Alternate translation: “and therefore a blessing is put on you today” or “so that a blessing may be put over you today”) The third difficulty is: while ultimately all blessing is from Yahweh, which is the subject here, Yahweh or the Levites? (Alternate translation: “and so Yahweh is putting a blessing on you today”) As with the previous clause, you may want to follow the decision of another translation your people are familiar with. Alternate translation: “, by that you brought blessing on yourselves”
32:30 kvj4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֲטָאתֶ֖ם חֲטָאָ֣ה גְדֹלָ֑ה 1 Here, **sin** used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with **great**, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “You have sinned extremally badly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
32:31 ccpg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חָטָ֞א הָ⁠עָ֤ם הַ⁠זֶּה֙ חֲטָאָ֣ה 1 Here, **sin** is used as a verb and then repeated as a noun for emphasis. Along with **great**, it suggests that the people sinned very, very badly. If the repetition of words in this way would not create emphasis, use another form in your language that would. Alternate translation: “this people has sinned extremely badly” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
32:31 y049 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֲטָאָ֣ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for **sin**, you can express the idea behind it in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
32:31 yeta אֱלֹהֵ֥י 1 Alternate translation: “a god”
32:32 brpu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠עַתָּ֖ה אִם־תִּשָּׂ֣א חַטָּאתָ֑⁠ם 1 Moses leaves out his conclusion, perhaps as a way of making this conditional phrase into a request, or perhaps to avoid suggesting to God what would be good for him to do. However, if leaving out a conclusion would be misunderstood in your language you may need to rephrase it or add the implied conclusion. Alternate translation: “But now, if you forgive their sin, good!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
32:35 h3kl rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּגֹּ֥ף יְהוָ֖ה אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֑ם עַ֚ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשׂ֣וּ אֶת־הָ⁠עֵ֔גֶל אֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשָׂ֖ה אַהֲרֹֽן 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “And because they had made the calf (that Aaron made), Yahweh plagued the people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
33:2 tlen וְ⁠שָׁלַחְתִּ֥י לְ⁠פָנֶ֖י⁠ךָ מַלְאָ֑ךְ וְ⁠גֵֽרַשְׁתִּ֗י אֶת־הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִי֙ הָֽ⁠אֱמֹרִ֔י וְ⁠הַֽ⁠חִתִּי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי 1 See how you translated these in [Exodus 23:20](../23/20.md) and [23:23](../23/23.md).
33:4 jemj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠לֹא־שָׁ֛תוּ אִ֥ישׁ עֶדְי֖⁠וֹ עָלָֽי⁠ו 1 Here, **his** and **him** refer to both men and women. Alternate translation: “and the men and women did not put on their ornaments” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
33:4 qwuu rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge jewelry 0 Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4, so in some languages you may need to reverse them. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-versebridge]])
33:5 rn40 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events וַ⁠יֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה 1 The word **had** places Yahweh’s statement back in time. It can be understood from context as Yahweh’s statement to Moses in verse 5 seems to have happened before the people’s reaction in verse 4. If you are reversing the order of the verses for your language, you should adjust the verbal sequencing in your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-events]])
33:5 ndhx rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אֱמֹ֤ר אֶל־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 You may want to make the introductory portion of this quotation,**Say to the sons of Israel**, indirect to keep from having a quote inside a quote. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
33:5 hakp rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical רֶ֧גַע אֶחָ֛ד אֶֽעֱלֶ֥ה בְ⁠קִרְבְּ⁠ךָ֖ וְ⁠כִלִּיתִ֑י⁠ךָ וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה 1 Because the surrounding narrative clearly shows that this is not what Yahweh did or will do, this is a hypothetical situation. Some languages may need to reorder the clauses. Alternate translation: “Since I would destroy if I went up among you for one moment, then” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
33:5 l6ax rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה הוֹרֵ֤ד עֶדְיְ⁠ךָ֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ וְ⁠אֵדְעָ֖ה מָ֥ה אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לָּֽ⁠ךְ 1 The goal of the Israelites removing their ornaments is so that Yahweh can consider his reaction. Some languages may need to reorder this structure. Alternate translation: “So that I will know what I will do to you, take your ornaments down from on you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
33:5 gb16 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וְ⁠עַתָּ֗ה הוֹרֵ֤ד עֶדְיְ⁠ךָ֙ מֵֽ⁠עָלֶ֔י⁠ךָ 1 This was a way for the Israelites to show that they were sorry for sinning. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
33:6 tomy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וַ⁠יִּֽתְנַצְּל֧וּ 1 Here, **themselves** refers to the Israelites; they are both the ones doing the action and the ones to whom the action is done. A special form of verb or pronoun may be required to translate this in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
33:6 i0c5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מֵ⁠הַ֥ר חוֹרֵֽב׃ 1 Here, **from** means “from that point of time and continuing into the future.” Try to find a form in your language that means “from then on” for your translation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
33:7 wsfe rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background a stubborn people 0 Verses 7–11 seem to be background, general information about a somewhat unspecified time period. Be sure this is clear in how you structure these verses. See the beginning of verse 7 in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
33:7 fb65 הָ⁠אֹ֜הֶל 1 The word **tent** in verses 7–11 refers either to this temporary “tent of meeting” that Moses set up, or to the tents that the Israelites lived in. Pay attention throughout these verses to which tent is being referenced. Here it refers to the “tent of meeting.”
33:8 h2us אָהֳל֑⁠וֹ 1 This refers to the people’s tents.
33:9 ghf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠דִבֶּ֖ר 1 Grammatically, the most likely referent for this pronoun is the **pillar of cloud**. By metonymy and based on [33:11](../33/11.md), this probably refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
33:10 nyoe rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠רָאָ֤ה כָל־הָ⁠עָם֙ אֶת־עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָ֔ן עֹמֵ֖ד פֶּ֣תַח הָ⁠אֹ֑הֶל וְ⁠קָ֤ם כָּל־הָ⁠עָם֙ וְ⁠הִֽשְׁתַּחֲוּ֔וּ אִ֖ישׁ פֶּ֥תַח אָהֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 This verse uses contrastive parallelism. The presence of Yahweh is represented in the cloud that stands at the entrance of the tent, while the people prostrate themselves at the entrance to their tents. It would be good to try to retain the contrasting image in your translation if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
33:10 zvaf עַמּ֣וּד הֶֽ⁠עָנָ֔ן 1 See how you translated this in [13:21](../13/21.md).
33:10 dm01 אָהֳלֽ⁠וֹ 1 This refers to the people’s tents.
33:11 lqe0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile כַּ⁠אֲשֶׁ֛ר יְדַבֵּ֥ר אִ֖ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 The metaphor of speaking **face to face** is explained by the simile here. How you translated **face to face** in your language may determine how you should translate this explanation. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
33:11 rcsu rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants וּ⁠מְשָׁ֨רְת֜⁠וֹ יְהוֹשֻׁ֤עַ בִּן־נוּן֙ נַ֔עַר 1 **Joshua** has been introduced before but not mentioned since [Exodus 32:17](../32/17.md). Consider if your language will need to re-introduce Joshua in any way here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
33:12 ohra rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent See 0 A new scene begins here, which may need to be marked in a certain way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
33:12 hlsl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations הַ֚עַל אֶת־הָ⁠עָ֣ם הַ⁠זֶּ֔ה & דַעְתִּ֣י⁠ךָֽ בְ⁠שֵׁ֔ם וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י 1 You may want to make these two second-level quotations indirect to reduce the levels of quotation. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
33:12 uhjs rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and my eyes find you favorable” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
33:12 y281 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **in my eyes** is a metaphor representing God’s evaluation. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you have also found favor in my evaluation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
33:12 es6z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וְ⁠גַם־מָצָ֥אתָ חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינָֽ⁠י 1 Here, **favor** is an abstract noun that you could express in another way if necessary in your language. Alternate translation: “and you have also been found approved in my eyes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
33:13 gtv4 אֶמְצָא־חֵ֖ן בְּ⁠עֵינֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 This instance of the phrase **find favor in your eyes** means in the future. Consider how to translate it in your language to convey an on-going situation. Alternate translation: “I can always find favor in your eyes”
33:13 o1ew וּ⁠רְאֵ֕ה כִּ֥י עַמְּ⁠ךָ֖ הַ⁠גּ֥וֹי הַ⁠זֶּֽה׃ 1 Moses is requesting that Yahweh would again **see**, perceive, consider, or recognize the Israelites as his special people. In this way, Moses would know that Yahweh had truly forgiven them.
33:14 esdd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit פָּנַ֥⁠י יֵלֵ֖כוּ וַ⁠הֲנִחֹ֥תִי לָֽ⁠ךְ 1 The preposition connected to **you** here has a very flexible meaning and seems to be connected to both **will go** and **will cause rest**. If this would be unclear, consider repeating it in both clauses. Alternate translation: “My face will go with you and I will cause rest for you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
33:15 a2hc rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical אִם־אֵ֤ין פָּנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הֹלְכִ֔ים 1 **If your face is not going** is a hypothetical situation in which Moses makes a request that they not go anywhere without Yahweh. In some languages you may need to place the request first. Alternate translation: “Do not take us up from here if your face is not going” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
33:15 m5cq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אִם־אֵ֤ין פָּנֶ֨י⁠ךָ֙ הֹלְכִ֔ים 1 Yahweh’s **face** represents his presence, which represents himself. Alternate translation: “If you are not going” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
33:17 chua rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result גַּ֣ם אֶת־הַ⁠דָּבָ֥ר הַ⁠זֶּ֛ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתָּ אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֑ה כִּֽי־מָצָ֤אתָ חֵן֙ בְּ⁠עֵינַ֔⁠י וָ⁠אֵדָעֲ⁠ךָ֖ בְּ⁠שֵֽׁם 1 Here, **for** signals a reason clause. If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these phrases, since the second phrase gives the reason for the result that the first phrase describes. Alternate translation: “Because you have found favor in my eyes, and I know you by name, I will also do this thing that you have spoken” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
33:18 w73v rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כְּבֹדֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
33:19 e3o3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns טוּבִ⁠י֙ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **goodness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
33:19 gzr5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־פָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ & לְ⁠פָנֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **face** means “you.” Alternate translation: “above you … before you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
33:19 d4z9 וְ⁠קָרָ֧אתִֽי בְ⁠שֵׁ֛ם יְהוָ֖ה 1 The meaning of the phrase is unclear. It may mean that Yahweh will disclose something about his character to Moses. Alternate translation: “and I will proclaim my name, ‘Yahweh,’”
33:19 vqq6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וְ⁠חַנֹּתִי֙ אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֣ר אָחֹ֔ן וְ⁠רִחַמְתִּ֖י אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲרַחֵֽם 1 These statements use parallelism internally and between each other. They stress Yahweh’s divine prerogative to do whatever he wants. The structure also parallels Yahweh’s I AM statements in [Exodus 3:14](../03/14.md). If this form of parallelism would be misunderstood in your language, consider another form that emphasizes that Yahweh is graciously kind to exactly those and only those to whom he chooses to show kindness, and he does so without outside influence. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
33:20 c20q rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֕אמֶר 1 In some languages it may be better to omit **And he said** at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19–34:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
33:20 fyc0 כִּ֛י לֹֽא־יִרְאַ֥⁠נִי הָ⁠אָדָ֖ם וָ⁠חָֽי 1 Alternate translation: “because no person can live after he has seen me”
33:21 loep rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 In some languages it may be better to omit **And Yahweh said** at the start of this verse to avoid stopping and restarting the quotation. Yahweh is speaking from 33:19–34:3. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
33:22 qhe6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בַּ⁠עֲבֹ֣ר כְּבֹדִ֔⁠י 1 Yahweh speaks of his **glory** as if it were an object that he could move over Moses. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “while I pass over gloriously” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
33:22 o5as rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns כְּבֹדִ֔⁠י 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **glory**, you can express the same idea in another way. See the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
33:22 ivf5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification וְ⁠שַׂכֹּתִ֥י כַפִּ֛⁠י עָלֶ֖י⁠ךָ 1 Here Yahweh speaks as if he, like a person, had hands that could cover things. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a simile to retain the image, as this figure is important to retain and extends into the next verse. Alternate translation: “I will cover you as with a hand” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
33:23 jq7t rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וּ⁠פָנַ֖⁠י 1 Here, **but my face** is moved to the front of the clause to emphasize contrast with **my back**. If your language has a certain way of contrasting elements, be sure to make a strong contrast between Yahweh’s face and back. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
34:1 ppyw rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה 1 Yahweh continues to speak to Moses, but there is a change of topic here, so you may want to retain the speech introduction. However, if it would be misunderstood, you could simply continue the quotation from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Yahweh continued” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
34:1 zf77 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֲשֶׁ֥ר שִׁבַּֽרְתָּ 1 This clause reminds the reader of what tablets are being mentioned by reminding you of what had happened to the previous tablets. If it would be more helpful in your language to attach it to the first mention of the tablets in this verse, you could rearrange it like the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
34:6 t0kd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet רַח֖וּם וְ⁠חַנּ֑וּן 1 This is emphasizing that Yahweh cares for people and acts kindly toward them. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
34:6 f7iq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אֶ֥רֶךְ אַפַּ֖יִם 1 The phrase **long of nostril** is an idiom that means Yahweh does not get angry easily or quickly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “slow to anger” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
34:6 d1qj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet חֶ֥סֶד וֶ⁠אֱמֶֽת 1 This is emphasizing that Yahweh always does what he promises toward the people he loves. If doubling would not strengthen the statement here in your language, consider another form that would. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
34:7 x90l rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole לָ⁠אֲלָפִ֔ים 1 This large number is used to mean “forever” or “to all descendants forever.” It is deliberately contrasted with **third** and **fourth** later in the verse to emphasize how much longer God’s covenant faithfulness is than his anger. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that conveys a very long time. Alternate translation: “for every generation” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
34:7 dxkb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לָ⁠אֲלָפִ֔ים 1 The word **thousands** is a metonym for a number too many to count. Alternate translation: “to innumerable people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
34:7 hllt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany עָוֺ֛ן וָ⁠פֶ֖שַׁע וְ⁠חַטָּאָ֑ה 1 This list is meant to convey the idea of every kind of wrong. If a list like this would be misunderstood in your language you may need to use other terms or forms to make this point. Alternate translation: “every kind of sin” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
34:7 e2qc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns עָוֺ֛ן וָ⁠פֶ֖שַׁע וְ⁠חַטָּאָ֑ה & עֲוֺ֣ן 1 If your language does not use abstract nouns for the ideas of **iniquity, transgression, and sin**, you can express the same ideas in another way., as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
34:7 lyrg rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עֲוֺ֣ן 1 Here, **iniquity** refers to the consequences or the punishment for iniquity. Alternate translation: “the punishment for the iniquity of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
34:7 d462 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִֽים 1 Here, “generation” is implied after **third** and **fourth**. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
34:7 pacu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy עַל־שִׁלֵּשִׁ֖ים וְ⁠עַל־רִבֵּעִֽים 1 Here, **third** and **fourth** means “several.” If this would not be understood and your language has a way of referring to an unspecified (but approximately 3–4) number, you may have to use it here. Alternate translation: “on a few generations” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
34:8 c1qt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns וַ⁠יִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ 1 Here, **himself** means that Moses did this action to his own body. Some languages may use a special form to indicate this. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
34:8 mf8o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet וַ⁠יִּקֹּ֥ד אַ֖רְצָ⁠ה וַ⁠יִּשְׁתָּֽחוּ 1 These two verbs have very similar meanings and are often used together to express people’s physical and spiritual posture in worship. If such repetition would be misunderstood in your language, you may need to express the physical action and spiritual action explicitly. Alternate translation: “and bowed to the ground in worship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
34:9 vhu5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹ֨רֶף֙ ה֔וּא 1 Moses speaks of the people being rebellious as if they had **hard necks**. See how you translated this in [Exodus 32:9](../32/09.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
34:10 zwsm your people 0 Starting in this verse, the covenant is largely repeated and consists of two parts: (1) what Yahweh will do, which is detailed in verses 10–11 (and briefly restated in verse 24) and (2) what is required of the Israelites, which is detailed in verses 12–26. For further context, see [Exodus 19:5 and following](../19/05.md), and [23:20–24:8](../23/20.md). Verses 12–26 are another list of ten commandments.
34:10 ps7o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּרֵ֣ת בְּרִית֒ 1 To **cut a covenant** means to make a covenant. The terminology refers to ancient rituals around making covenants, which is illustrated in Genesis 15. See the imagery and how you translated there. Alternate translation: “am about to make a covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
34:10 itdx כָל־הָ֠⁠עָם אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּ֨ה בְ⁠קִרְבּ֜⁠וֹ 1 This phrase is ambiguous and could refer to: (1) the nations that surrounded Israel or (2) the Israelites (who surrounded Moses). Attempt to maintain the ambiguity if you can; otherwise you may choose one, perhaps following another locally known translation’s choice.
34:11 xtkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy גֹרֵ֣שׁ מִ⁠פָּנֶ֗י⁠ךָ 1 Here, **from before your faces** means “ahead of you” or “on your behalf.” Yahweh is emphasizing who is doing the driving out. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
34:11 kfix rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names אֶת־הָ⁠אֱמֹרִי֙ וְ⁠הַֽ⁠כְּנַעֲנִ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִתִּי֙ וְ⁠הַ⁠פְּרִזִּ֔י וְ⁠הַ⁠חִוִּ֖י וְ⁠הַ⁠יְבוּסִֽי 1 See how you translated these in [Exodus 33:2](../33/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
34:12-16 fmc9 0 Verses 12–16 are the first of these ten commandments. The original language is structured such that every clause in these verses is subordinate to the initial, **Guard yourself**. That sort of structure may not be possible in your language (as it is not in English).
34:12 mnpv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns לְ⁠ךָ֗ 1 Here, **yourself** means that each Israelite should guard against committing these sins. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
34:12 n1il rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה בָּ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 This sentence contains two hypotheticals as a warning. Each is introduced by **lest**. Use a marker in your language that introduces a hypothetical situation, but also see the next note. Alternate translation: “If you were to cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land where you are about to go into, probably he would become as a trap in your midst.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
34:12 t1hz rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֤ת בְּרִית֙ לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַתָּ֖ה בָּ֣א עָלֶ֑י⁠הָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶ֥ה לְ⁠מוֹקֵ֖שׁ בְּ⁠קִרְבֶּֽ⁠ךָ 1 The second of these hypothetical statements is logically dependent on and follows after the first as a result. As you mark these hypotheticals, use a form that communicates that the second is a result of the first. Alternate translation: “because if you cut a covenant with the inhabitant of the land where you are about to go into, then he will become as a trap in your midst” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
34:12 tnka rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב & יִהְיֶ֥ה 1 The word **inhabitant** is a singular noun that refers to any individual inhabitant or group of inhabitants from the peoples mentioned in the previous verse. The pronoun **he** is agreeing with that singular noun. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. Alternate translation: “with the inhabitants of … they become” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
34:13 wkbx rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast כִּ֤י 1 This word marks a strong contrast with the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language for introducing a strong contrast. Alternate translation, followed by a new sentence: “Do the opposite!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
34:13 tfd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָ⁠ם֙ תִּתֹּצ֔וּ⁠ן וְ⁠אֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָ֖⁠ם תְּשַׁבֵּר֑וּ⁠ן וְ⁠אֶת־אֲשֵׁרָ֖י⁠ו תִּכְרֹתֽוּ⁠ן 1 This unusual word order reflects the original in bringing each item the Israelites must destroy into focus. You should use whatever form in your language would emphasize or focus on each item that they must destroy. Alternate translation, as separate sentences: “as for their altars, break them down! As for their stone pillars, smash them to pieces! As for their trees where they worship the goddess Asherah, cut them all down!” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
34:13 gbp0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns תִּכְרֹתֽוּ⁠ן 1 For some reason only this pronoun is singular, referring back the singular “inhabitant” in the previous verse. Translate it based on your decision in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
34:14 fzjz rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction לֹ֥א תִֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶ֖ה 1 To **bow to another god** means to worship it. This imagery is throughout scripture and should be retained in translation. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express that explicitly. Alternate translation: “you shall not bow to worship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
34:15 r70f rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב & וְ⁠קָרָ֣א & מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ 1 The word **inhabitant** is a singular noun that refers to any individual inhabitant or group of inhabitants from the peoples mentioned in the previous verse. The pronouns **he** and **his** are agreeing with that singular noun. If your language does not use singular nouns in that way, you can use a different expression. See how you translated this in [34:12](../34/12.md). Alternate translation: “with the inhabitants of … and they invite … from their sacrifice” or “with the inhabitants of … and one of them invites … from his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
34:15 udz0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo פֶּן־תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית לְ⁠יוֹשֵׁ֣ב הָ⁠אָ֑רֶץ וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֗ם וְ⁠זָבְחוּ֙ לֵ⁠אלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ם וְ⁠קָרָ֣א לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nMost of this verse is a sort of chain of logically consecutive hypothetical events that Yahweh is warning the Israelites against. Your language may have a specific way this sort of argument must be structured or phrased. One way to see this would be to repeat **lest** before every verb in verse 15–16. Alternate translation: “If you cut a covenant the inhabitant of the land, and if they then prostitute after their gods and sacrifice to their gods, and if he then invites you” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
34:15 n4nt rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom תִּכְרֹ֥ת בְּרִ֖ית 1 # Connecting Statement:\n\nSee how you translated this in [34:12](../34/12.md). Alternate translation: “you make a covenant” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
34:15 d1m0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ׀ אַחֲרֵ֣י אֱלֹֽהֵי⁠הֶ֗ם 1 This phrase may also be seen as a metonymy because sexual sin was a regular part of worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “and they worship by fornicating with their gods’ cult prostitutes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
34:15 vijl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וְ⁠קָרָ֣א לְ⁠ךָ֔ 1 Here, what the inhabitant will invite the Israelite to is not stated, but can be inferred from context. At the most basic level it is an invitation to eat food the Israelites were forbidden to eat. It is unclear how much more participation in worshiping false gods is implied. If your language requires that you specify what the Israelite is being invited into you may have to add some information. Alternate translation: “and he will invite you to eat from his sacrifice” or “and he will invite you to a feast to honor his gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
34:15 ygd9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ 1 The first part of the sin Yahweh is warning against in this and the next verse is to **eat from his sacrifice**. This clause is the result of disobedience regarding the **covenant** and the logical conclusion of the series of hypothetical events Yahweh presents before this. Alternate translation: “as a result, you will eat from his sacrifice” or “then you will eat from his sacrifice” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
34:15 hhbc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וְ⁠אָכַלְתָּ֖ מִ⁠זִּבְחֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **and you eat from his sacrifice** may represent any and all parts of the worship of the other nations’ false gods. If it would be helpful in your language, you could translate the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you feast to honor his gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
34:16 jaic rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical you will eat some of his sacrifice 0 The string of hypothetical actions, each with its logical result continues throughout this verse. Continue translating the transitions between clauses as you decided in the previous verses. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-condition-hypothetical]])
34:16 d4ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠זָנ֣וּ בְנֹתָ֗י⁠ו אַחֲרֵי֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵי⁠הֶ֔ן 1 In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. This metaphor is most often used regarding the unfaithfulness of the Israelites. The metaphor is not quite as clear with the other nations because while Yahweh is the only true God, he is not in special covenant with the other nations as their god. However, since the worship is still impurely following false gods, the metaphor is used here. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. See how you translated it in the previous verse. Alternate translation: “and his daughters worship their gods” or “and his daughters worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
34:16 k0lr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠הִזְנוּ֙ אֶת־בָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽן 1 In this metaphor, Yahweh speaks of people worshiping other gods as if they were prostitutes going to other men. The metaphor is clear here since it is referring to Israelite men who should be Yahweh worshipers. This is an important Biblical metaphor that should be kept in translation if at all possible. Alternate translation: “and cause your sons to worship their gods” or “and cause your sons to worship their gods like prostitutes who go to other men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
34:16 p98a rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠הִזְנוּ֙ אֶת־בָּנֶ֔י⁠ךָ אַחֲרֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵי⁠הֶֽן 1 This is the climatic consequence of living in peace the nations God is driving out before them: complete apostacy from Yahweh and loss of the next generation to wickedness. Specifically it is the result of intermarriage with the pagans, which God has explicitly forbidden for this very reason. If your language marks the final consequence of a string of actions in a particular way it may be appropriate to use it here. Alternate translation: “and in the end, they will cause even your sons to prostitute after their gods” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
34:17 lgab you will eat some of his sacrifice 0 The prohibition here is focused on making gods. In your translation make sure that the focus is not on the method, but the god-making.
34:17 rux0 מַסֵּכָ֖ה 1 See how you translated **molten metal** in [Exodus 32:4](../32/04.md).
34:20 sbrs buy back 0 This verse is very similar to [Exodus 13:13](../13/13.md).
34:20 j4tv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְ⁠שֶׂ֔ה & וַ⁠עֲרַפְתּ֑⁠וֹ 1 If it would be helpful to your readers, you could express explicitly that either the **lamb** or **donkey** must be killed, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
34:20 c5ow לֹ֥א תִפְדֶּ֖ה 1 Alternate translation: “you do not ransom the donkey”
34:21 n2ka rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal וּ⁠בַ⁠יּ֥וֹם הַ⁠שְּׁבִיעִ֖י 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “but on day seven” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
34:22 lhxb Festival of Ingathering 0 This verse is similar to [Exodus 23:16](../23/16.md), however the first festival is named **Festival of Weeks** here and “Festival of the Harvest” in 23:16.
34:22 xqy4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor תְּקוּפַ֖ת הַ⁠שָּׁנָֽה 1 Like “the exiting of the year” in [Exodus 23:16](../23/16.md), this refers to the end of the year. Here, the year is pictured as something that can turn. Which, thinking of the planet, is highly astronomically accurate. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
34:23 iagy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy יֵרָאֶה֙ & אֶת־פְּנֵ֛י הָֽ⁠אָדֹ֥ן 1 Here to **appear before the face of the Lord Yahweh** means to gather to worship. **Before the face** is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence, referring to worship. Alternate translation: “must come to worship the Lord” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
34:26 bv0a the blood of my sacrifice 0 This verse is identical to [Exodus 23:19](../23/19.md).
34:27 x6j9 כִּ֞י עַל־פִּ֣י׀ הַ⁠דְּבָרִ֣ים הָ⁠אֵ֗לֶּה 1 Alternate translation: “for in accordance with these words” or “for according to these words”
34:27 ybz6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כָּרַ֧תִּי אִתְּ⁠ךָ֛ בְּרִ֖ית 1 See how you translated this in [34:12](../34/12.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
34:29 t1s0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent וַ⁠יְהִ֗י 1 This marks a change of scene which you should mark in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
34:29 x70x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וַ⁠יְהִ֗י בְּ⁠רֶ֤דֶת מֹשֶׁה֙ מֵ⁠הַ֣ר סִינַ֔י וּ⁠שְׁנֵ֨י לֻחֹ֤ת הָֽ⁠עֵדֻת֙ בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֔ה בְּ⁠רִדְתּ֖⁠וֹ מִן־הָ⁠הָ֑ר 1 The statement about Moses’ descent from the mountain is repeated almost verbatim, but does not refer to two events. If this would be misunderstood you may need to state it only once in translation as in the UST. Alternate translation: “Then Moses came down from Mount Sinai. As he was coming down from the mountain, he was carrying the two tablets of the testimony in his hands.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
34:29 yagj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure וּ⁠מֹשֶׁ֣ה לֹֽא־יָדַ֗ע כִּ֥י קָרַ֛ן ע֥וֹר פָּנָ֖י⁠ו בְּ⁠דַבְּר֥⁠וֹ אִתּֽ⁠וֹ 1 In some languages it will make more sense to state that Moses’ **face shone** before saying that he **did not know that** as in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
34:30 yn9s rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וַ⁠יִּֽירְא֖וּ 1 They were afraid because of his bright face. Alternate translation: “because of that, they were afraid” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
35:2 hfaq 0 This verse is very similar to [Exodus 31:15](../31/15.md).
35:2 g6oe rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers שֵׁ֣שֶׁת 1 Alternate translation: “6” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
35:2 ax6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive שֵׁ֣שֶׁת יָמִים֮ תֵּעָשֶׂ֣ה מְלָאכָה֒ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “Six days you shall work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
35:5-19 ugn4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations וַ⁠יֹּ֣אמֶר מֹשֶׁ֔ה אֶל־כָּל־עֲדַ֥ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵ⁠אמֹ֑ר זֶ֣ה הַ⁠דָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּ֥ה יְהוָ֖ה לֵ⁠אמֹֽר 1 Verses 5–19 are a second-level direct quotation. If it would be better to reduce the quotation level in your language, you may want to make this introductory comment (everything after the first **saying**) an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “And Moses told all of the congregation of the sons of Israel the things that Yahweh commanded, saying,” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
35:5 qq0a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis כֹּ֚ל 1 Here, “from” is omitted but suggested by the sentence grammar. Also, **every** means “every person.” If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “from every person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
35:5 pqa2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom כֹּ֚ל נְדִ֣יב לִבּ֔⁠וֹ 1 This is an idiom that indicates a person’s desire to give an offering. Many languages will have a similar idiom, though the body part often varies. Alternate translation: “from everyone who wants to give one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
35:5 gx87 0 After this verse, a list begins. You may need to mark the end of this verse with punctuation or another way that your language marks the start of a list.
35:6 g615 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וּ⁠תְכֵ֧לֶת וְ⁠אַרְגָּמָ֛ן וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י 1 This could mean: (1) “material that is dyed blue, purple, and scarlet,” probably wool yarn, or (2) “blue, purple and scarlet dye” to dye the linen. The original audience would have known what was meant. This material seems to have been used for embroidery later, so “yarn” or “thread” may be the best understanding. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
35:6 cad9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠תוֹלַ֥עַת שָׁנִ֖י 1 A bright red color for dying cloth was extracted from these worms. Alternate translation: “and bright red” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
35:7 wmsl rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown תְּחָשִׁ֖ים 1 The meaning of this word is not known; it may refer to some water mammal that has skin that can be made into a high-quality leather. [Sea cows on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenia) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
35:7 tzrk rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown שִׂטִּֽים 1 A small tree with spreading foliage and durable wood. [See on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shittah_tree) (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
35:8 y11w rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וּ⁠בְשָׂמִים֙ 1 Here, **spices** are made from parts of plants that people dry and then grind into a powder to put in oil or food, giving it a particular smell or flavor. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
35:9 hcs9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown וְ⁠אַ֨בְנֵי־שֹׁ֔הַם 1 An **onyx stone** is a valuable stone that has layers of white and black, red, or brown. If this stone is unknown to your people, consider translating it by using a word for a familiar stone with a similar pattern, if possible. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
35:9 kk7z וְ⁠אַבְנֵ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “and valuable gems for” or “and treasured gems for”
35:10 lkp4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis צִוָּ֖ה 1 Here, some the words that a sentence would need to be complete in some languages are left out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context, as modeled in the UST. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
35:10 ugjb Every skilled man 0 After this verse, a list begins. You may need to mark the end of this verse with punctuation or another way that your language marks the start of a list.
35:11 s0ip מִכְסֵ֑⁠הוּ 1 See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:14](../26/14.md).
35:11 u022 קְרָשָׁ֔י⁠ו 1 See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:15](../26/15.md).
35:11 pvft בְּרִיחָ֖יו 1 See how you translated this in [Exodus 26:26](../26/26.md).
35:11 f1gk עַמֻּדָ֖י⁠ו 1 See how you translated this in [26:32](../26/32.md).
35:14 obmd bread of the presence 0 See [25:31–37](../25/31.md) for these items.
35:15 ht7x מִזְבַּ֤ח הַ⁠קְּטֹ֨רֶת֙ & שֶׁ֣מֶן הַ⁠מִּשְׁחָ֔ה & קְטֹ֣רֶת הַ⁠סַּמִּ֑ים 1 For the **altar**, see [30:1](../30/01.md). For the **oil**, see [30:25](../30/25.md). For the **incense**, see [30:7](../30/07.md).
35:21 p2ls rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַ⁠יָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ 1 These two phrases parallel each other and mean the same thing. It would be good to keep this poetic repetition in your translation unless it would be misunderstood. If repetition here would not highlight the joyful giving spirit of the Israelites in your language, you may need to combine the phrases. Alternate translation: “Everyone who was motivated, body and soul, came and gave” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
35:21 r34y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche וַ⁠יָּבֹ֕אוּ כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ הֵ֠בִיאוּ 1 Here, **heart** and **spirit** both refer to a person’s will, their desire to do something. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using different body and spirit words or concepts which you can use. If your language would not express a person’s will in this way, you could translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “And every man whose will lifted him came, and all who felt impelled brought” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
35:21 ckmu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **heart lifted** is a metaphor for being willing or excited. Many languages will have similar expressions, perhaps using a different body part or a different action. If your readers would not understand what this image means in this context, you could use an equivalent metaphor from your culture. Alternatively, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “who was excited” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
35:21 u7kq rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations כָּל־אִ֖ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נְשָׂא֣⁠וֹ לִבּ֑⁠וֹ וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נָדְבָ֨ה רוּח֜⁠וֹ אֹת֗⁠וֹ 1 Here, **man, whose,** and **him** all refer to men and women in a general way. This is made explicit in the next verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you may use terms that include men and women. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
35:21 kew0 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠לְ⁠בִגְדֵ֖י הַ⁠קֹּֽדֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **holiness** in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “and for the holy clothing” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
35:22 yzsw ל׀ נְדִ֣יב 1 Alternate translation: “who were impelled of”
35:22 frci rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠כָל־אִ֕ישׁ 1 Although the term **men** is used, the word here is used in a generic sense that includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “And every person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
35:23 dweo rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֣א אִתּ֗⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, the meaning of this phrase is simple possession. Alternate translation: “And every man who owned” or “And every man having” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
35:23 hg0d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ 1 Here **man** includes both men and women. Alternate translation: “And every person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
35:23 t3ti rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠כָל־אִ֞ישׁ 1 The phrase **every man** is used here without the restriction, “who was willing,” from previous verses. The exaggeration is used to emphasize what a large portion of the Israelites gave willingly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that expresses a large number or a majority. Alternate translation: “And very many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
35:24 qpep rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠כֹ֡ל אֲשֶׁר֩ נִמְצָ֨א אִתּ֜⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Also, the meaning of this phrase is simple possession. Alternate translation: “and everyone who owned” or “and everyone having” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
35:24 zk6i כָּל־מֵרִ֗ים 1 Here, **all** is limited by **presenters**, meaning only everyone who brought contributions. Avoid implying that every single Israelite did this (though very many did). Alternate translation: “All who decided to offer”
35:24 loob rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וְ⁠כֹ֡ל 1 The phrase **all** is used here without the restriction, “who were willing,” from previous verses. The exaggeration is used to emphasize what a large portion of the Israelites gave willingly. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your language that expresses a large number or a majority. Alternate translation: “and very many people” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
35:24 bab9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠כָל־מְלֶ֥אכֶת הָ⁠עֲבֹדָ֖ה 1 Here, **service** refers to worshiping Yahweh, and the phrase **work of the service** refers to building the Dwelling as a place for worshiping Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for any of the building of a place for worship” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
35:25 ae9d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חַכְמַת־לֵ֖ב 1 Here, **heart** is referring to something innately possessed by a person, that is, a trait of a person. The phrase essentially means “a talented craftswoman.” If this is unclear to your readers you may consider making it more explicit. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Exodus 28:3](../28/03.md). Alternate translation: “who possessed the skill” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
35:29 hqle rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure whose heart was willing 0 The order of clauses in the ULT is reversed from the original because of required English sentence structure. In the original, **The sons of Israel brought a freewill offering to Yahweh** is at the end of the verse. Other languages may be able to retain the original order. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure]])
35:29 w582 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה לַ⁠עֲשׂ֖וֹת בְּ⁠יַד־מֹשֶׁ֑ה 1 Here, **by the hand of Moses** refers to Moses as a messenger for Yahweh’s commands, not to Moses being the one who would build all these things. If this imagery of carrying a message would be misunderstood in your language, you may use another figure or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “which Yahweh had told Moses to tell them to do” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
35:30 kx4o rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל & אוּרִ֥י & ח֖וּר 1 These are men’s names. See [31:2](../31/02.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
35:31 jsd7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בְּ⁠חָכְמָ֛ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. Alternate translation: “so he can work skillfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
35:31 hnju rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠דַ֖עַת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
35:31 qx5o rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠דַ֖עַת 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **knowledge** in another way. Alternate translation: “and so he knows his work well” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
35:31 cf63 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠בְ⁠כָל־מְלָאכָֽה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for **craftsmanship**, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun in another way. Alternate translation: “and for making all kinds of crafts” or “and so that he can make all kinds of things” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
35:35 ehu7 filled them with skill 0 This verse summarizes and pulls together many previously mentioned things. See [28:3](../28/03.md) (**skill of heart**), [25:4](../25/04.md) (for materials), [26:36](../26/36.md) (**embroiderer**), [28:32](../28/32.md) (**weaver**), [26:31](../26/31.md) (**skillful workman**), [31:3](../31/03.md) (**craftsman**), [28:6](../28/06.md) (**designer of designs**).
35:35 jvtd rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche חָכְמַת־לֵ֗ב 1 Here, **of heart** refers to possessing something, in this case ability or skill. Some languages will use a different body part for this image. Alternate translation: “with ability” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
36:1 y1h1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִ֣ישׁ 1 We know from [35:25](../35/25.md) that women were included in the skilled workers, so **man** means every person. Alternate translation: “person” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
36:1 ah6j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֤ה 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **skill** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “the ability to work skillfully” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
36:1 d6os rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns וּ⁠תְבוּנָה֙ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for this idea, you can express the idea behind the abstract noun **understanding** in another way. See [35:31](../35/31.md). Alternate translation: “and so he can understand his work” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
36:2 vvtz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָכְמָ֖ה 1 See how you translated **skill** in the [previous verse](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
36:3 est0 וַ⁠יִּקְח֞וּ 1 Alternate translation: “and the craftsmen took”
36:3 xkix rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy מִ⁠לִּ⁠פְנֵ֣י 1 Here, **before the face** means with Moses. Moses had received and kept the building materials. Alternate translation: “from the custody of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
36:3 mtkr rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom בַּ⁠בֹּ֥קֶר בַּ⁠בֹּֽקֶר 1 This is an idiom meaning every morning or every day. Use a similar expression or translate the meaning. Alternate translation: “morning by morning” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
36:4 b772 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj הַ֣⁠חֲכָמִ֔ים 1 Here the adjective **skilled** is used as a noun in order to describe the group of craftsmen. Your language may use adjectives in the same way. If not, you could translate this with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the skilled workers” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
36:4 pz6u rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom אִֽישׁ־אִ֥ישׁ 1 Here, **every single man** translates an idiom that cannot be rendered literally and sensibly in English. The original is “a man a man.” If your language would use repetition to emphasize that each and every man came to see Moses, you could follow the original; otherwise use a phrase or structure that emphasizes that they all came. Alternate translation: “every man without exception” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
36:4 gjrz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations אִֽישׁ־אִ֥ישׁ 1 As previously, noted, there were some women who contributed (particularly in the cloth crafts) so this use of **man** may include women. Alternate translation: “every single worker” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
36:6 es1y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations אִ֣ישׁ וְ⁠אִשָּׁ֗ה אַל־יַעֲשׂוּ־ע֛וֹד מְלָאכָ֖ה לִ⁠תְרוּמַ֣ת הַ⁠קֹּ֑דֶשׁ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could express this as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that no one should bring any more contributions for the work of the Holy Place” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
36:6 k3g1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy וַ⁠יַּעֲבִ֨ירוּ ק֥וֹל 1 Here, **sound** refers to the message. This means they spread Moses’ message orally. Alternate translation: “everyone to share this message” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
36:6 ak26 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun אִ֣ישׁ וְ⁠אִשָּׁ֗ה אַל־יַעֲשׂוּ 1 Here, **man and woman** is intended to mean everyone, or in this case because of the negation, no one. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression or plain language. Alternate translation: “No one shall make” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
36:6 k1qm מְלָאכָ֖ה 1 Here, **work** means the sorts of crafted items listed in the previous chapter.
36:6 utcw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מֵ⁠הָבִֽיא 1 In some languages you may need to provide an object for this sentence. Alternate translation: “from bringing contributions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
36:7 ipiu וְ⁠הַ⁠מְּלָאכָ֗ה 1 Here, **work** means the sorts of crafted items listed in the previous chapter.
36:8 zz0w rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun עָשָׂ֥ה 1 Throughout verses 8–38 the word **he** used. This is a generic noun referring to any of the team of skilled craftsmen. If this would be misunderstood in your language, use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “they made” or “a craftsman made” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
37:25 el8w 0 This verse is very similar to [Exodus 30:1–2](../30/01.md).
38:1 r81c General Information 0 This verse is very similar to [Exodus 27:1](../27/01.md).
38:21 qivw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom עַל־פִּ֣י מֹשֶׁ֑ה 1 This is an idiom referring to Moses telling them to make these records. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent idiom or use plain language. Alternate translation: “following Moses’ instructions” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
38:21 op5h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy בְּ⁠יַד֙ אִֽיתָמָ֔ר בֶּֽן־אַהֲרֹ֖ן הַ⁠כֹּהֵֽן 1 Here, **by the hand of** could mean: (1) Ithamar was in charge of the group that recorded these records (2) Ithamar was the scribe who actually wrote these records. Alternate translation: “under the direction of Ithamar son of Aaron the priest” or “written down by Ithamar son of Aaron the priest” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
38:26 rp46 one hundred talents 0 See how you translated many of the same things in [Exodus 30:13–14](../30/13.md).
38:26 nvf8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לְ⁠כֹ֨ל הָ⁠עֹבֵ֜ר עַל־הַ⁠פְּקֻדִ֗ים מִ⁠בֶּ֨ן עֶשְׂרִ֤ים שָׁנָה֙ וָ⁠מַ֔עְלָ⁠ה לְ⁠שֵׁשׁ־מֵא֥וֹת אֶ֨לֶף֙ וּ⁠שְׁלֹ֣שֶׁת אֲלָפִ֔ים וַ⁠חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת וַ⁠חֲמִשִּֽׁים 1 Here the account leaves out some of the words that a sentence would need in many languages to be complete. The idea that this silver was “received” **from** these “men” is left out. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply these words from the context. Alternate translation: “received from every passer over to the counted ones from a son of 20 years and older—received from 603,550 men” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
38:28 rcda Bezalel 0 See how you translated some of these in [Exodus 27:17](../27/17.md).
39:1 e1xh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּגְדֵ֤י הַ⁠קֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **holiness**, you can express the same idea in another way. See how you translated this in [28:2](../28/02.md). Alternate translation: “the holy clothes” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
39:6 k7vw 0 See how you translated many of these words in [Exodus 28:9](../28/09.md) and especially [Exodus 28:11](../28/11.md). Here, as there, the **sons of Israel** literally means the twelve sons, Rueben through Benjamin, not the Israelite nation.
39:9 lkt1 0 This verse is almost identical to [Exodus 28:16](../28/16.md); a few words are added or repeated here.
39:22 vdw1 0 This verse is almost identical to most of [Exodus 28:31–32](../28/31.md).
39:32 et19 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism וַֽ⁠יַּעֲשׂוּ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כְּ֠⁠כֹל אֲשֶׁ֨ר צִוָּ֧ה יְהוָ֛ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֖ה כֵּ֥ן עָשֽׂוּ 1 Here, **thus they did** parallels the whole rest of the sentence. Like the doubling of the terms for **tabernacle** this brings the narrative of building to an emphatic conclusion. If this sort of parallelism would convey a meaning other than this emphatic conclusion in your language you may need to use another natural way to close the narrative with emphasis on the Israelites complete obedience. Alternate translation: “And the sons of Israel faithfully did exactly according to all that Yahweh had commanded Moses” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
39:33 ri54 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent So the work on the Dwelling, the tent of meeting, was finished. The people of Israel did everything 0 This verse starts a short narrative of the Israelites bringing and presenting the items for the Dwelling to Moses for inspection. It is a summary of the construction and extended conclusion to the last few chapters. Your team may need to decide how to group verse 32, as it both closes the construction narrative and introduces this next section, which ends with a very similar summary statement in [39:42–43](../39/42.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
39:34 l0fi פָּרֹ֥כֶת הַ⁠מָּסָֽךְ 1 See how you translated similar phrases to this in [35:12](../35/12.md).
39:37-38 nzph bread of the presence 0 These verses are very similar to [35:14–15](../35/14.md).
39:41 z3ip the Dwelling, the tent of meeting 0 This verse is identical to [35:19](../35/19.md).
40:1 ea7j rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent 0 There is a transition to a new event at the beginning of this chapter. Use the natural form in your language for introducing a new event. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
40:2 bgv1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal בְּ⁠יוֹם־הַ⁠חֹ֥דֶשׁ הָ⁠רִאשׁ֖וֹן בְּ⁠אֶחָ֣ד לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 If your language does not use ordinal numbers, you can use cardinal numbers here. Alternate translation: “On day one of the month, in month one” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
40:2 gzk3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִשְׁכַּ֖ן אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד 1 These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in [39:32](../39/32.md). Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
40:2 clkf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis לַ⁠חֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 Here, the new or next year is omitted because it can be inferred from context. However, if that would be misunderstood by your readers (perhaps they would think it just meant “next month” or something), you could add a phrase to make it clear that it is the first month of the year. This refers to exactly one year after God rescued his people from Egypt. See [Exodus 12:2](../12/02.md). Alternate translation: “month of the year” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
40:5 b3ct rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֖י 1 Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
40:6 o5sz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֕י 1 Alternate translation: “in front of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
40:6 nqha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet מִשְׁכַּ֥ן אֹֽהֶל־מוֹעֵֽד 1 These refer to the same place. See how you translated the doubling in [39:32](../39/32.md). Alternate translation: “the Dwelling, that is the tent of meeting” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
40:12 gqld 0 Verses 12–15 are similar to [Exodus 29:4–9](../29/04.md).
40:16 xl61 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent 0 This statement starts a new section in which Moses does all the things **just as Yahweh had commanded**; this poetic obedience statement was seen so often in the previous chapter. You may wish to mark this transition and poetic statement in a particular way in your language that is similar to how you did in the last chapter. See [39:32](../39/32.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
40:20 chx4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יִּקַּ֞ח & וַ⁠יָּ֥שֶׂם 1 In this verse and the next, there may be an exception to the word **he** meaning someone who was helping Moses, because these items were especially sacred. If you have been using a form that indicates that people are helping Moses construct the Dwelling, you may consider switching to “Moses” here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
40:21 yhbs rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns וַ⁠יָּבֵ֣א & וַ⁠יָּ֗שֶׂם 1 In this verse and the previous verse, there may be an exception to the word **he** meaning someone who was helping Moses, because these items were especially sacred. If you have been using a form that indicates that people are helping Moses construct the Dwelling, you may consider switching to “Moses” here. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
40:23 b3pp rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י 1 Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
40:25 t2o2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לִ⁠פְנֵ֣י 1 Alternate translation: “in the presence of” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
40:27 iwuo in front of the curtain 0 See [30:7](../30/07.md).
40:38 i8hu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy לְ⁠עֵינֵ֥י כָל־בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Here, **before the eyes of** refers to being able to see. All the Israelites could see the cloud and fire. Alternate translation: “and all the house of Israel could see it” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
40:38 bhi5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor בֵּֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל 1 Here, **house** represents a people group, the Israelites, who were descended from Jacob, who was also named Israel. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a metaphor from your language or translate the meaning. This is a common biblical metaphor, so you may want to check other places this occurs. The **house of Israel** is equivalent to “sons of Israel” or “Israelites.” (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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