added folder figs-crowd - writing-politeness

README.md

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 1. [figs-cometaphor](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-cometaphor/title.md)
 1. [bita-part3title](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/bita-part3title/title.md)
 1. [translate-blessing](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-blessing/title.md)
+1. [figs-crowd](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-crowd/title.md)
+1. [figs-imperative3p](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/figs-imperative3p/title.md)
+1. [grammar-collectivenouns](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/grammar-collectivenouns/title.md)
+1. [translate-key-terms](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-key-terms/title.md)
+1. [translate-kinship](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/translate-kinship/title.md)
+1. [writing-oathformula](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-oathformula/title.md)
+1. [writing-politeness](https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ta/src/branch/master/translate/writing-politeness/title.md)
 
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translate/figs-crowd/01.md

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+### Description
+
+This is the placeholder for an article about discussion of crowds in biblical literature. This article is still being developed.
+
+
+#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue:
+
+Text
+
+### Examples From the Bible
+
+Text
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+Text
+
+### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+Text

translate/figs-crowd/sub-title.md

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+How do I translate narrative with crowds into my language?

translate/figs-crowd/title.md

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+Crowd

translate/figs-imperative3p/01.md

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+### Description
+
+This is the placeholder for an article about third-person imperatives in biblical literature. This article is still being developed.
+
+
+#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue:
+
+Text
+
+### Examples From the Bible
+
+Text
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+Text
+
+### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+Text

translate/figs-imperative3p/sub-title.md

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+How do I translate third-person imperatives into my language?

translate/figs-imperative3p/title.md

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+Third-Person Imperatives

translate/grammar-collectivenouns/01.md

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+### Description
+
+A collective noun is a singular noun that refers to a group of something. Examples: a **family, clan,** or **tribe** is a group of people who are related to each other; a **flock** is a group of birds or sheep; a **fleet** is a group of ships; and an **army** is a group of soldiers.
+
+Many collective nouns are used exclusively as a singular replacement for a group as in the examples above. Frequently in the Bible the name of an ancestor is used, through a process of metonymy, as a collective noun referencing the group of his descendants. In the Bible, sometimes the singular noun will take a singular verb form, other times it will take a plural verb form. This may depend on how the author is thinking about the group, or whether the action is being done as a group or as individuals.
+
+### Reason This is a Translation Issue
+
+There are several issues that require care when translating collective nouns. Further care is needed because the language you are translating into may not use collective nouns in the same way as the language you are translating from. Issues include:
+
+1. The source language may have a collective noun for a group that the target language does not and vice-versa. You may have to translate a collective noun with a plural noun in your language, or you may need to translate a plural noun with a collective noun in your language.
+2. Subject-verb agreement. Different languages or dialects may have different rules about using singular or plural verbs with collective nouns.
+   Examples (from Wikipedia):  
+   - a singular noun with a singular verb: The team *is* in the dressing room.
+   - a singular noun with a plural verb which is correct in British, but not American, English: The team *are* fighting among themselves. The team *have* finished the project.
+3. Pronoun agreement. Similar to the previous, care needs to be taken to use the correct pronoun plurality and possibly gender or noun class to agree with the number/gender/class of the noun used. See the biblical examples below.
+4. Clarity of referent. Especially if there is a mismatch in your translation between the verb and noun or pronoun concerning any of the factors above, readers may be confused about who or what is being referenced. 
+
+### Examples from the Bible
+
+> And Joab and all the **army** which was with him arrived (2 Samuel 3:23a ULT)
+
+The word in bold is written in singular form in both Hebrew and English, but it refers to a group of warriors that fight together.
+
+> and though the **flock** is cut off from the fold and there are no cattle in the stalls. (Habakkuk 3:17b ULT)
+
+The word in bold is singular and refers to a group of sheep.
+
+> And he went out again beside the sea, and all the **crowd** was coming to him, and he was teaching **them**. (Mark 2:13 ULT)
+
+Note in this example that the noun is singular but the pronoun is plural. This may or may not be allowed or natural in your language.
+
+> Do not let **your heart** be troubled. **You** believe in God; believe also in me. (John 14:1 ULT)
+
+In this verse, the words translated “your” and “you” are plural, referring to many people. The word “heart” is singular in form, but it refers to all of their hearts as a group.
+
+> And he shall take the **hair** of the head of his separation. And he shall put **it** on the fire that is under the sacrifice of the peace offerings. (Num 6:18b ULT)
+
+ The word **hair** is singular, but it refers to many hairs, not just one.
+
+> And Pharaoh said, “Who is Yahweh that I should listen to his voice to let **Israel** go? I do not know Yahweh; and moreover, I will not let **Israel** go.” (Exodus 5:2 ULT)
+
+Here, “Israel” is singular, but means “the Israelites” by metonymy.
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+If your language has a collective (singular) noun that refers to the same group as referenced by the collective noun in the source text, then translate the word using that term. If not, here are some strategies to consider:
+
+(1) Translate the collective noun with a plural noun.  
+(2) Add a plural word to the collective noun so that you can use a plural verb and pronouns.   
+(3) Use a phrase to describe the group that the collective noun references. A useful strategy here can be to use a general collective noun that refers to a group of people or things.   
+(4) If your language uses a collective noun for something that is a plural noun in the source language, you can translate the plural noun as a collective noun and, if necessary, change the form of the verb and any pronouns so that they agree with the singular noun. 
+
+### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+(1) Translate the collective noun with a plural noun.
+
+> And Pharaoh said, “Who is Yahweh that I should listen to his voice to let **Israel** go? I do not know Yahweh; and moreover, I will not let **Israel** go.” (Exodus 5:2 ULT)
+
+And Pharaoh said, “Who is Yahweh that I should listen to his voice to let **the Israelites** go? I do not know Yahweh; and moreover, I will not let **the Israelites** go.”
+
+> And he shall take the **hair** of the head of his separation. And he shall put **it** on the fire that is under the sacrifice of the peace offerings. (Num 6:18b ULT)
+
+And he shall take the **hairs** of the head of his separation. And he shall put **them** on the fire that is under the sacrifice of the peace offerings.
+
+(2) Add a plural word to the collective noun so that you can use a plural verb and pronouns.
+
+> And Joab and all the **army** which was with him arrived (2 Samuel 3:23a ULT)
+
+And Joab and all the **army men who were** with him arrived
+
+> And he went out again beside the sea, and all the **crowd** was coming to him, and he was teaching **them**. (Mark 2:13 ULT)
+
+And he went out again beside the sea, and all the **people of the crowd were** coming to him, and he was teaching **them**. 
+
+(3) Use a phrase to describe the group that the collective noun references. A useful strategy here can be to use a general collective noun that refers to a group of people or things.
+
+> and though the **flock** is cut off from the fold and there are no cattle in the stalls. (Habakkuk 3:17b ULT)
+
+and though the **group of sheep** is cut off from the fold and there are no cattle in the stalls.
+
+> And Pharaoh said, “Who is Yahweh that I should listen to his voice to let **Israel** go? I do not know Yahweh; and moreover, I will not let **Israel** go.” (Exodus 5:2 ULT)
+
+And Pharaoh said, “Who is Yahweh that I should listen to his voice to let **the people of Israel** go? I do not know Yahweh; and moreover, I will not let **the people of Israel** go.” 
+
+(4) If your language uses a collective noun for something that is a plural noun in the source language, you can translate the plural noun as a collective noun and, if necessary, change the form of the verb and any pronouns so that they agree with the singular noun.
+
+> Now this John had his clothing from the **hairs** of a camel and a leather belt around his waist (Matthew 3:4a ULT)
+
+Now this John had his clothing from the **hair** of a camel and a leather belt around his waist
+
+> You shall not make for yourself a carved figure nor any likeness that {is} in **the heavens** above, or that {is} in the earth beneath, or that {is} in **the waters** under the earth. (Deuteronomy 5:8 ULT)
+
+You shall not make for yourself a carved figure nor any likeness that is in **heaven** above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in **the water** under the earth. 

translate/grammar-collectivenouns/sub-title.md

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+What are collective nouns and how can I translate them?

translate/grammar-collectivenouns/title.md

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+Collective Nouns

translate/translate-key-terms/01.md

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+### Making a Key Terms Spreadsheet
+
+* Make a list of the key terms in the story or Bible passage that you translate, along with the term that you choose for each of them in the target language. It is best if you can do this on a spreadsheet so that you can list the source word or phrase in one column and the target word or phrase in another column. Further columns could list equivalent terms in other languages and the references where these terms occur in the Bible. Make sure that everyone translating Bible books that use these terms has access to the spreadsheet, or a chart on paper, so that you can all use the same words or phrases in your translation.
+* Use the list of words and definitions in the unfoldingWord® translation Words resource to help you to make a list of these words and to understand what they mean. The translationStudio tool will show you these words and their definitions as you encounter them in the source text, and the translationWords tool in translationCore will give you a list of all of the key terms in each book of the Bible.
+* Each time the key word occurs in the source text, make sure that the term you have chosen for the translation still makes sense in that context. If it does not, discuss the problem with others on the translation team and try to find a solution together. You may need to use a different term, or you may need to use more than one term for the different contexts, or you may need to find another way to communicate the term that includes all of the meanings, such as using a longer phrase.
+* When you have decided that you need to use different target language words or phrases to translate one source language word in different contexts, then make a new line on the spreadsheet for each different way that you are translating the source word. Repeat the source term in the source column, and put the new translation in the next column, under the first translation. Share this spreadsheet with everyone on the translation team so that they can choose the right translation for the key term in the context that they are translating.

translate/translate-key-terms/sub-title.md

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+How do I make a key terms spreadsheet?

translate/translate-key-terms/title.md

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+Making a Key Terms Spreadsheet

translate/translate-kinship/01.md

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+### Description
+
+Kinship terms refer to those words used to describe people related to one another in familial relationships. These terms vary widely in their specificity from language to language. They range from the (Western) nuclear or immediate family (father-son, husband-wife) out to broad clan relationships in other cultures.
+
+#### Reason This Is a Translation Issue
+
+Depending on the language translators may need to use specific terms to designate the accurate kinship relationship. In some languages a different term may be used based on siblings’ birth order. In others, the side of the family (father’s or mother’s), age, marital status, etc. may determine the term used. Different terms may be used based on the gender of the speaker and/or addressee. Translators may need to make sure they know the exact relationship between two related people in the Bible to find the correct term. Sometimes these terms are difficult even for native speakers to remember and translators may need to seek community help in finding the correct term. Another complicating issue is that the Bible may not give enough information about the relationship for translators to determine the correct term in the language being translated into. In this case, translators will have to use a more general term or simply pick a satisfactory term based on the limited information available.
+
+Sometimes terms that seem like kinship terms are used for people who are not necessarily related. For instance, an older person may refer to a younger man or woman as “my son” or “my daughter.”
+
+### Examples from the Bible
+
+> Then Yahweh said to Cain, “Where is Abel **your brother**?” He said, “I do not know. Am I **my brother’s** keeper?” (Genesis 4:9 ULT)
+
+Abel was Cain’s younger brother.
+
+> Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to the field to his flock and said to them, “I see **your father’s** attitude toward me has changed, but the God of my father has been with me.” (Genesis 31:4-5 ULT)
+
+Jacob is referring here to his father-in-law. In some languages there may be a specific term for a man’s father-in-law, however, in this case it is better to retain the form **your father** as Jacob may be using it to distance himself from Laban.
+
+> And Moses was shepherding the flock of Jethro **his father-in-law**, the priest of Midian. (Exodus3:1a ULT)
+
+Unlike the previous instance, if your language has a term for a man’s father-in-law this is a good place to use it.
+
+> And **his sister** stationed herself at a distance to know what would be done to him. (Exodus 2:4 ULT)
+
+From context we know that this was Miriam, Moses’s older sister. In some languages this may require a specific term. In others, the term for older sister may be only used when the younger sibling is addressing and/or referring to his or her sister.
+
+> Then she and **her daughters-in-law** arose to return from the fields of Moab (Ruth 1:6a ULT)
+
+Ruth & Orpah are Naomi’s daughters-in-law.
+
+> Then she said, “Look, your sister-in-law has turned back to her people and to her gods.” (Ruth 1:15 ULT)
+
+Orpah had been the wife of Ruth’s husband’s brother. This may be a different term in your language than if she had been Ruth’s husband’s sister.
+
+> Then Boaz said to Ruth, “Will you not listen to me, **my daughter**?” (Ruth 2:8a ULT)
+
+Boaz is not Ruth’s father; he is simply using the term to address a younger woman.
+
+> And behold, **your relative** Elizabeth—she also has conceived a son in her old age, and this is the sixth month for her who was called barren. (Luke 1:36 ULT)
+
+While the KJV translated this as **cousin**, the term simply means a related woman.
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+(1) Find out the exact relationship specified and translate using the term your language uses.
+
+(2)  If the text does not specify the relationship as clearly as your language would, either:
+
+   (a) settle on a more general term.
+
+   (b) use a specific term if required by your language, choosing the one that is most likely to be correct.
+
+### Translation Strategies Applied
+
+This is not an issue in English, so the following illustrations draw on other languages.
+
+In Korean, there are several terms for brother and sister, the use of them depends on the speaker’s (or referent’s) sex and birth order. Examples are from the Korean Living Bible, found on biblegateway.com
+
+> Genesis 30:1 Rachel is jealous of her “eonni,” which is the term a woman uses for her older sister.
+>
+> Genesis 34:31 Simeon and Levi refer to Dinah as “nui,” a general term for sister.
+>
+> Genesis 37:16 Joseph refers to his brothers as “hyeong,” which is the term a man uses for his older brother(s).
+>
+> Genesis 45:12 Joseph refers to Benjamin as “dongsaeng,” which roughly means sibling, usually younger.
+
+In Russian, in-law terms are complex. For instance, “nevéstka” is the term for a brother’s (or brother-in-law’s) wife; a woman uses the same term for her daughter-in-law but her husband would call the same daughter-in-law “snoxá.”
+Examples from the Russian Synodal Version.
+
+> Genesis 38:25 Tamar sends a message to her father-in-law, Judah. The term used is “svekor.” This is used for a woman’s husband’s father.
+>
+> Exodus 3:1 Moses is watching his father-in-law’s herd. The term used is “test’.” This is used for a man’s wife’s father.

translate/translate-kinship/sub-title.md

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+What are kinship terms and how can I translate them?

translate/translate-kinship/title.md

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+Kinship

translate/writing-oathformula/01.md

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+### Description
+
+This is the placeholder for an article about oath formulas in biblical literature. This article is still being developed.
+
+
+#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue:
+
+Text
+
+### Examples From the Bible
+
+Text
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+Text
+
+### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+Text

translate/writing-oathformula/sub-title.md

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+How do I translate oath formulas into my language?

translate/writing-oathformula/title.md

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+Oath Formulas

translate/writing-politeness/01.md

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+### Description
+
+This is the placeholder for an article about politeness in biblical literature. This article is still being developed.
+
+
+#### Reasons This Is a Translation Issue:
+
+Text
+
+### Examples From the Bible
+
+Text
+
+### Translation Strategies
+
+Text
+
+### Examples of Translation Strategies Applied
+
+Text

translate/writing-politeness/sub-title.md

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+How do I translate politeness into my language?

translate/writing-politeness/title.md

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+Politeness