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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_imperative.rst
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.. _verb_imperative:
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Verb Imperative
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===============
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Summary
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-------
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An imperative verb is used to express direct commands, instructions, and
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other similar actions with varying degrees of desirability as determined
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by the context.
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, the Imperative form is used to express positive
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commands or instructions directed to another person(s). Thus, Imperative
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:ref:`verbs<verb>`
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always appear only in the :ref:`second person<person_second>`.
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(Similarly,
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:ref:`Cohortative<verb_cohortative>`
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verbs appear only in the :ref:`first person<person_first>`,
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and
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:ref:`Jussive<verb_jussive>`
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verbs usually appear in the :ref:`third person<person_third>`.)
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Imperative verbs can express actions with varying degrees of
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desirability, including instructions, requests, permissions,
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invitations, assurances, wishes, etc. The context must determine the
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nuanced meaning of each instance of an Imperative verb.
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Biblical Hebrew does not use the Imperative form to express negative
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commands. Rather, prohibitions are expressed either with the :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
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(with :ref:`particle_negative-lo`)
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or with a Jussive verb in the 2nd person (with :ref:`particle_negative-al`).
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Occasionally, the Imperative form will appear with a :ref:`paragogic ה suffix<suffix_paragogic_he>`;
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in these cases, the meaning of the ה suffix is unknown but probably functions to strengthen the force of the verb in some way.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,כְּבַד,kevad,you must be heavy
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feminine singular,כִּבְדִי,kivdi,you must be heavy
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masculine plural,כִּבְדוּ,kivdu,you must be heavy
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feminine plural,כְּבַדְנָה,kevadnah,you must be heavy
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,הִקָּטֵל,hiqqatel,you must be killed
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feminine singular,הִקָּטְלִי,hiqqatli,you must be killed
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masculine plural,הִקָּטְלוּ,hiqqatlu,you must be killed
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feminine plural,הִקָּטַלְנָה,hiqqatalnah,you must be killed
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,you must cause to kill
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feminine singular,הַקְטִילִי,haqtili,you must cause to kill
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masculine plural,הַקְטִילוּ,haqtilu,you must cause to kill
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feminine plural,הַקְטֵלְנָה,haqtelenah,you must cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Piel Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,קַטֵּל,qattel,you must slaughter
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feminine singular,קַטְּלִי,qatteli,you must slaughter
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masculine plural,קַטְּלוּ,qattelu,you must slaughter
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feminine plural,קַטֵּלְנָה,qattelnah,you must slaughter
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperative Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular,הִתְקַטֵּל,hitqattel,he must kill himself
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feminine singular,הִתְקַטְּלִי,hitqatteli,she must kill herself
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masculine plural,הִתְקַטְּלוּ,hitqattelu,they must kill themselves
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feminine plural,הִתְקַטֵּלְנָה,hitqattelnah,they must kill themselves
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Function
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--------
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The Imperative form can indicate any of the following kinds of actions:
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Direct commands or instructions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:9
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קַ֣ח בְּיָדְךָ֞ אֲבָנִ֣ים גְּדֹל֗וֹת
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**qah** beyodkha 'avanim gedoloth
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**Take** in-your-hand stones large
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**Take** some large stones in your hand
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 60:1
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ק֥וּמִי א֖וֹרִי כִּ֣י בָ֣א אוֹרֵ֑ךְ
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**qumiy 'oriy** kiy ba' 'orekh
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**Arise shine** for it-has-come your-light
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**Arise, shine;** for your light has come
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.. csv-table:: Example: JON 1:2
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ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה
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**qum** lekh 'el-niyneveh
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**Rise go** to_Nineveh
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Get up, go to Nineveh
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Actions of greater or lesser desirability
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 12:13
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אִמְרִי־נָ֖א אֲחֹ֣תִי אָ֑תְּ
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**'imri**-na 'ahothi 'at
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**Say**\ \_oh my-sister you
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**Say** that you are my sister
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 18:23
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וִיהִי־מָ֣ה אָר֔וּץ וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ ר֑וּץ
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wihi-mah 'aruts wayyomer lo **ruts**
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And-it-will-be\_whatever I-will-run and-he-said to-him **run**
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"""Whatever happens,"" said Ahimaaz, ""I will run."" So Joab answered him,
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""**Run**""."
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 8:10
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עֻ֥צוּ עֵצָ֖ה וְתֻפָ֑ר
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**'utsu** 'etsah wethufar
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**Advise** counsel and-it-will-be-made-ineffectual
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**Form** a plan, but it will not be carried out
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 2:22
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וְשַֽׁאֲלִי־לוֹ֙ אֶת־הַמְּלוּכָ֔ה
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**wesha'ali**-lo 'eth-hammelukhah
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**And-ask**\ \_for-him [dir.obj]\_the-kingdom
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**Why do you not ask** the kingdom for him also?
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