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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_relative.rst
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.. _particle_relative:
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Particle Relative
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=================
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Summary
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-------
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Relative particles introduce clauses or phrases that usually describe nouns but can also sometimes
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describe adjectives and/or verbs. In English, relative particles are usually translated as “who,”
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“that,” “which,” "when," or "where."
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Article
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-------
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Biblical Hebrew utilizes three different particles that introduce relative clauses or phrases. The particle אֲשֶׁר and the
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prefix -שֶׁ function as synonyms: they usually immediately follow nouns and sometimes adjectives. When functioning as a relative
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particle, the word כִּי usually immediately follows a verb of seeing or perceiving.
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אֲשֶׁר
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----
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אֲשֶׁר follows a
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:ref:`noun<noun>`
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and introduces a relative clause. Its translation depends on the noun.
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For example, if the noun is a place, אֲשֶׁר means “where,” if the noun
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is a person, it means “who”, and if the noun is an object, it means
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“that”, “what” or “which.”
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 3:5
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הַמָּק֗וֹם \ **אֲשֶׁ֤ר** אַתָּה֙ עוֹמֵ֣ד עָלָ֔יו
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hammaqom **'asher** 'attah 'omed 'alayw
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the-place **where** you are-standing on-it
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the place **where** you are standing
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 21:4
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"וַיָּבֹא֩ אַחְאָ֨ב אֶל־בֵּיתֹ֜ו סַ֣ר וְזָעֵ֗ף עַל־הַדָּבָר֙
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**אֲשֶׁר**\ ־דִּבֶּ֣ר אֵלָ֗יו נָבֹות֙ הַיִּזְרְעֵאלִ֔י"
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"wayyavo' 'ah'av 'el-bethow sar weza'ef 'al-haddavar **'asher**-dibber
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'elayw navowth hayyizre'eli"
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"And-he-went-in Ahab to\_his-house resentful and-angry on\_the-word
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**that**\ \_had-spoken to-him Naboth the-Jezreelite"
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"So Ahab went into his palace resentful and angry **because of** the
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answer Naboth the Jezreelite gave him"
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Sometimes there is no noun as an antecedent.
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.. csv-table:: Example: NUM 22:6
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כִּ֣י יָדַ֗עְתִּי אֵ֤ת \ **אֲשֶׁר**\ ־תְּבָרֵךְ֙ מְבֹרָ֔ךְ \ **וַאֲשֶׁ֥ר** תָּאֹ֖ר יוּאָֽר
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ki yada'ti 'eth **'asher**-tevarekh mevorakh **wa'asher** ta'or yu'ar
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"For I-know [dir.obj] **whom**\ \_you-bless is-blessed **and-whom**
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you-curse will-be-cursed."
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"For I know that **whomever** you bless will be blessed, and
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**whomever** you curse will be cursed."
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-שֶׁ
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----
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-שֶׁ has the same function as אֲשֶׁר, but is a prefix. It also doubles
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the next consonant and follows similar rules regarding the vowel
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patterns as the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:7
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אֶל־מְקֹ֗ום \ **שֶׁ֤הַנְּחָלִים֙** הֹֽלְכִ֔ים
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'el-meqowm **shehannehalim** holekhim
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To\_place **where-the-rivers** go
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To the place **where the rivers** go
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.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:9
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מַה־\ **שֶּֽׁהָיָה֙** ה֣וּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶ֔ה
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mah-\ **shehayah** hu **sheyyihyeh**
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What\_\ **that-has-been** that **which-will-be**
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**Whatever has been** is **what will be**
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כִּי
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----
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.. include:: includes/ci_flexible.txt
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Biblical Hebrew uses the particle כִּי to introduce relative clauses or phrases
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that describe something that is seen, known, or somehow perceived by a
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person. Therefore, כִּי usually follows verbs of seeing/perceiving where
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a reader might expect to find אֲשֶׁר. In English, it is usually
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translated as “that” in these cases.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:3
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וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָא֖וֹר **כִּי**\ ־ט֑וֹב
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wayyar 'elohim 'eth-ha'or **ki**-tov
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And-he-saw God [dir.obj]\_the-light **that**\ \_good
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"God saw the light, **that** it was good."
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 22:12
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עַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֗עְתִּי **כִּֽי**\ ־יְרֵ֤א אֱלֹהִים֙ אַ֔תָּה
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'attah yada'ti **ki**-yere 'elohim 'attah
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now I-know **that**\ \_fearful-of God you
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now I know **that** you respect and obey God
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