See in Reader
Initial reformat to RST for readthedocs (#317)
This commit is contained in:
Jesse Griffin
Gogs
parent
dfbbd2d586
commit
c2eca364c2
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content/_build/
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.DS_Store
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# Makefile for Sphinx documentation
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#
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# You can set these variables from the command line.
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SPHINXOPTS =
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SPHINXBUILD = sphinx-build
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PAPER =
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BUILDDIR = _build
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# Internal variables.
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PAPEROPT_a4 = -D latex_paper_size=a4
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PAPEROPT_letter = -D latex_paper_size=letter
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ALLSPHINXOPTS = -d $(BUILDDIR)/doctrees $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
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# the i18n builder cannot share the environment and doctrees with the others
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I18NSPHINXOPTS = $(PAPEROPT_$(PAPER)) $(SPHINXOPTS) .
|
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|
||||
.PHONY: help
|
||||
help:
|
||||
@echo "Please use \`make <target>' where <target> is one of"
|
||||
@echo " html to make standalone HTML files"
|
||||
@echo " dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories"
|
||||
@echo " singlehtml to make a single large HTML file"
|
||||
@echo " pickle to make pickle files"
|
||||
@echo " json to make JSON files"
|
||||
@echo " htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project"
|
||||
@echo " qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project"
|
||||
@echo " applehelp to make an Apple Help Book"
|
||||
@echo " devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project"
|
||||
@echo " epub to make an epub"
|
||||
@echo " epub3 to make an epub3"
|
||||
@echo " latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter"
|
||||
@echo " latexpdf to make LaTeX files and run them through pdflatex"
|
||||
@echo " latexpdfja to make LaTeX files and run them through platex/dvipdfmx"
|
||||
@echo " text to make text files"
|
||||
@echo " man to make manual pages"
|
||||
@echo " texinfo to make Texinfo files"
|
||||
@echo " info to make Texinfo files and run them through makeinfo"
|
||||
@echo " gettext to make PO message catalogs"
|
||||
@echo " changes to make an overview of all changed/added/deprecated items"
|
||||
@echo " xml to make Docutils-native XML files"
|
||||
@echo " pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes"
|
||||
@echo " linkcheck to check all external links for integrity"
|
||||
@echo " doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
|
||||
@echo " coverage to run coverage check of the documentation (if enabled)"
|
||||
@echo " dummy to check syntax errors of document sources"
|
||||
|
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.PHONY: clean
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clean:
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rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
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|
||||
.PHONY: html
|
||||
html:
|
||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
|
||||
@echo
|
||||
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."
|
||||
|
||||
.PHONY: dirhtml
|
||||
dirhtml:
|
||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dirhtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml
|
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@echo
|
||||
@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/dirhtml."
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|
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.PHONY: singlehtml
|
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singlehtml:
|
||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b singlehtml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml
|
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@echo
|
||||
@echo "Build finished. The HTML page is in $(BUILDDIR)/singlehtml."
|
||||
|
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.PHONY: pickle
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pickle:
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||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pickle $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pickle
|
||||
@echo
|
||||
@echo "Build finished; now you can process the pickle files."
|
||||
|
||||
.PHONY: json
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json:
|
||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b json $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/json
|
||||
@echo
|
||||
@echo "Build finished; now you can process the JSON files."
|
||||
|
||||
.PHONY: htmlhelp
|
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htmlhelp:
|
||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b htmlhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp
|
||||
@echo
|
||||
@echo "Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the" \
|
||||
".hhp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/htmlhelp."
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|
||||
.PHONY: qthelp
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||||
qthelp:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b qthelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the" \
|
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".qhcp project file in $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp, like this:"
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@echo "# qcollectiongenerator $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/ResourceContainer.qhcp"
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@echo "To view the help file:"
|
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@echo "# assistant -collectionFile $(BUILDDIR)/qthelp/ResourceContainer.qhc"
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|
||||
.PHONY: applehelp
|
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applehelp:
|
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b applehelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/applehelp
|
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@echo
|
||||
@echo "Build finished. The help book is in $(BUILDDIR)/applehelp."
|
||||
@echo "N.B. You won't be able to view it unless you put it in" \
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"~/Library/Documentation/Help or install it in your application" \
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"bundle."
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.PHONY: devhelp
|
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devhelp:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b devhelp $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp
|
||||
@echo
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@echo "Build finished."
|
||||
@echo "To view the help file:"
|
||||
@echo "# mkdir -p $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/ResourceContainer"
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@echo "# ln -s $(BUILDDIR)/devhelp $$HOME/.local/share/devhelp/ResourceContainer"
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@echo "# devhelp"
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.PHONY: epub
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epub:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub
|
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The epub file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub."
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.PHONY: epub3
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epub3:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b epub3 $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/epub3
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The epub3 file is in $(BUILDDIR)/epub3."
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.PHONY: latex
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latex:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
|
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@echo
|
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@echo "Build finished; the LaTeX files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
|
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@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through (pdf)latex" \
|
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"(use \`make latexpdf' here to do that automatically)."
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|
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.PHONY: latexpdf
|
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latexpdf:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
|
||||
@echo "Running LaTeX files through pdflatex..."
|
||||
$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf
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@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
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.PHONY: latexpdfja
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latexpdfja:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b latex $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/latex
|
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@echo "Running LaTeX files through platex and dvipdfmx..."
|
||||
$(MAKE) -C $(BUILDDIR)/latex all-pdf-ja
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@echo "pdflatex finished; the PDF files are in $(BUILDDIR)/latex."
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|
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.PHONY: text
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text:
|
||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b text $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/text
|
||||
@echo
|
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@echo "Build finished. The text files are in $(BUILDDIR)/text."
|
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|
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.PHONY: man
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man:
|
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b man $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/man
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The manual pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/man."
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|
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.PHONY: texinfo
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texinfo:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
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@echo
|
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@echo "Build finished. The Texinfo files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
|
||||
@echo "Run \`make' in that directory to run these through makeinfo" \
|
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"(use \`make info' here to do that automatically)."
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.PHONY: info
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info:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b texinfo $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo
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@echo "Running Texinfo files through makeinfo..."
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make -C $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo info
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@echo "makeinfo finished; the Info files are in $(BUILDDIR)/texinfo."
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.PHONY: gettext
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gettext:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b gettext $(I18NSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/locale
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@echo
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||||
@echo "Build finished. The message catalogs are in $(BUILDDIR)/locale."
|
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|
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.PHONY: changes
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changes:
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||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b changes $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/changes
|
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@echo
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||||
@echo "The overview file is in $(BUILDDIR)/changes."
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||||
|
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.PHONY: linkcheck
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linkcheck:
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||||
$(SPHINXBUILD) -b linkcheck $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck
|
||||
@echo
|
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@echo "Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output " \
|
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"or in $(BUILDDIR)/linkcheck/output.txt."
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.PHONY: doctest
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doctest:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b doctest $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/doctest
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@echo "Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the " \
|
||||
"results in $(BUILDDIR)/doctest/output.txt."
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.PHONY: coverage
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coverage:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b coverage $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/coverage
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@echo "Testing of coverage in the sources finished, look at the " \
|
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"results in $(BUILDDIR)/coverage/python.txt."
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.PHONY: xml
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xml:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b xml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/xml
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/xml."
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.PHONY: pseudoxml
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pseudoxml:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b pseudoxml $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in $(BUILDDIR)/pseudoxml."
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.PHONY: dummy
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dummy:
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$(SPHINXBUILD) -b dummy $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/dummy
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@echo
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@echo "Build finished. Dummy builder generates no files."
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@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
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{# Support for Sphinx 1.3+ page_source_suffix, but don't break old builds. #}
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{% if page_source_suffix %}
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{% set suffix = page_source_suffix %}
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{% else %}
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{% set suffix = source_suffix %}
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{% endif %}
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{% if meta is defined and meta is not none %}
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{% set check_meta = True %}
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{% else %}
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{% set check_meta = False %}
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{% endif %}
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{% if check_meta and 'github_url' in meta %}
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{% set display_github = True %}
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{% endif %}
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{% if check_meta and 'bitbucket_url' in meta %}
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{% set display_bitbucket = True %}
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{% endif %}
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{% if check_meta and 'gitlab_url' in meta %}
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{% set display_gitlab = True %}
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{% endif %}
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<div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
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<ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
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{% block breadcrumbs %}
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<li><a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">{{ _('Docs') }}</a> »</li>
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{% for doc in parents %}
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<li><a href="{{ doc.link|e }}">{{ doc.title }}</a> »</li>
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{% endfor %}
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<li>{{ title }}</li>
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{% endblock %}
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{% block breadcrumbs_aside %}
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<li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
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{% if hasdoc(pagename) %}
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{% if display_github %}
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{% if check_meta and 'github_url' in meta %}
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<!-- User defined GitHub URL -->
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<a href="{{ meta['github_url'] }}" class="fa fa-pencil"> {{ _('Edit on DCS') }}</a>
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{% else %}
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<a href="https://{{ github_host|default("github.com") }}/{{ github_user }}/{{ github_repo }}/{{ theme_vcs_pageview_mode|default("blob") }}/{{ github_version }}{{ conf_py_path }}{{ pagename }}{{ suffix }}" class="fa fa-pencil"> {{ _('Edit on DCS') }}</a>
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{% endif %}
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{% elif display_bitbucket %}
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{% if check_meta and 'bitbucket_url' in meta %}
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<!-- User defined Bitbucket URL -->
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<a href="{{ meta['bitbucket_url'] }}" class="fa fa-bitbucket"> {{ _('Edit on Bitbucket') }}</a>
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{% else %}
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<a href="https://bitbucket.org/{{ bitbucket_user }}/{{ bitbucket_repo }}/src/{{ bitbucket_version}}{{ conf_py_path }}{{ pagename }}{{ suffix }}?mode={{ theme_vcs_pageview_mode|default("view") }}" class="fa fa-bitbucket"> {{ _('Edit on Bitbucket') }}</a>
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{% endif %}
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{% elif display_gitlab %}
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{% if check_meta and 'gitlab_url' in meta %}
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<!-- User defined GitLab URL -->
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<a href="{{ meta['gitlab_url'] }}" class="fa fa-gitlab"> {{ _('Edit on GitLab') }}</a>
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{% else %}
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<a href="https://{{ gitlab_host|default("gitlab.com") }}/{{ gitlab_user }}/{{ gitlab_repo }}/{{ theme_vcs_pageview_mode|default("blob") }}/{{ gitlab_version }}{{ conf_py_path }}{{ pagename }}{{ suffix }}" class="fa fa-gitlab"> {{ _('Edit on GitLab') }}</a>
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{% endif %}
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{% elif show_source and source_url_prefix %}
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<a href="{{ source_url_prefix }}{{ pagename }}{{ suffix }}">{{ _('View page source') }}</a>
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{% elif show_source and has_source and sourcename %}
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<a href="{{ pathto('_sources/' + sourcename, true)|e }}" rel="nofollow"> {{ _('View page source') }}</a>
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{% endif %}
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{% endif %}
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</li>
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{% endblock %}
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</ul>
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{% if (theme_prev_next_buttons_location == 'top' or theme_prev_next_buttons_location == 'both') and (next or prev) %}
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<div class="rst-breadcrumbs-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumb navigation">
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{% if next %}
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<a href="{{ next.link|e }}" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="{{ next.title|striptags|e }}" accesskey="n">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
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{% endif %}
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{% if prev %}
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<a href="{{ prev.link|e }}" class="btn btn-neutral" title="{{ prev.title|striptags|e }}" accesskey="p"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
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{% endif %}
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</div>
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{% endif %}
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<hr/>
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</div>
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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adjective.rst
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.. _adjective:
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Adjective
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=========
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Summary
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-------
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An adjective is a word that describes another word in the sentence,
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usually a noun. In Biblical Hebrew, an adjective can sometimes function
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as an adverb or even as a noun.
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Article
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-------
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In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives always match the noun they describe in
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gender
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(:ref:`gender_masculine`
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or
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:ref:`gender_feminine`)
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and number
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(:ref:`number_singular`
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or
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:ref:`number_plural`).
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However, there are some exceptions to this rule. If a noun is
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:ref:`number_dual`,
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its accompanying adjective will be plural. Also, the gender of some
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nouns does not match their apparent form (as in נָשִׁים "women", which is
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grammatically-feminine although it appears grammatically-masculine); in
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these cases, an accompanying adjective will match the gender of the noun
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itself rather than the apparent form. Similarly, if a noun is collective
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(as in עַם, meaning "people") or if a plural noun refers to one person
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(as in אֱלֹהִים, meaning "God"), the accompanying adjective may match
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the implied number rather than the apparent form.
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Form
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----
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The forms of the adjective closely resemble the forms of the
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:ref:`noun_common`.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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.. raw:: html
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<table border="1" class="docutils">
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.. raw:: html
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<tr class="row-odd">
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.. raw:: html
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<th>
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word
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.. raw:: html
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</th>
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.. raw:: html
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<th>
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Hebrew
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.. raw:: html
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</th>
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.. raw:: html
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<th>
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Transliteration
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.. raw:: html
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</th>
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.. raw:: html
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<th>
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Gloss
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.. raw:: html
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</th>
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.. raw:: html
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</tr>
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.. raw:: html
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<tr class="row-even" align="center">
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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masculine singular absolute
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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טוֹב
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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tov
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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<td>
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good
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.. raw:: html
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</td>
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.. raw:: html
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</tr>
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.. raw:: html
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|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹב
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tov
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular determined
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַטּוֹב
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hattov
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
the good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבַת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovath
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular determined
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַטּוֹבָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hattovah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
the good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural contruct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבֵי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tove
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mascuuline plural determined
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַטּוֹבִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hattovim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
the good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural determined
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַטּוֹבוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hattovoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
the good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
.. _adjective-attributive:
|
||||
|
||||
Attributive
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
An attributive adjective is an adjective that describes a noun. This is
|
||||
the most common use of adjectives in Biblical Hebrew. In almost all
|
||||
instances, attributive adjectives immediately follow the noun that they
|
||||
describe and have the same form. Thus, if the noun is masculine, the
|
||||
adjective is also masculine; if the noun is singular, the adjective is
|
||||
also singular; if the noun is
|
||||
:ref:`state_determined`,
|
||||
the adjective is also definite; and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: When
|
||||
:ref:`adjective_cardinal_number`
|
||||
and
|
||||
:ref:`adjective_ordinal_number`
|
||||
numbers are used as attributive adjectives, they sometimes come *before*
|
||||
the noun they describe instead of *after* the noun.
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 18:17
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בִתִּ֨י הַגְּדוֹלָ֤ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
vitti **haggedolah**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
my-daughter **the-old**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
my **older** daughter
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- JOS 10:2
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
כִּ֣י עִ֤יר **גְּדוֹלָה֙** גִּבְע֔וֹן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for city **great** Gibeon
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
because Gibeon was a **large** city
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Predicative
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
A predicative adjective is an adjective that describes a noun using a
|
||||
:ref:`verb-linking-verbs`.
|
||||
Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be
|
||||
supplied when translating into English. Like attributive adjectives,
|
||||
predicative adjectives usually have the same form as the noun they
|
||||
describe in both gender (masculine/feminine) and number
|
||||
(singular/plural). Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative
|
||||
adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a definite noun.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Sometimes, predicative adjectives and attributive adjectives look
|
||||
identical and must be distinguished based only on the context.
|
||||
|
||||
- 2SA 14:20
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַאדֹנִ֣י חָכָ֗ם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wadoni **hakham**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-my-lord **wise**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
My master is **wise**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 2KI 20:19
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
.. _adjective-substantive:
|
||||
|
||||
Substantive
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
A substantive adjective is an adjective that functions as a noun in the
|
||||
sentence. This is a common occurrence in Biblical Hebrew.
|
||||
|
||||
- PSA 3:2
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
רַ֝בִּ֗ים קָמִ֥ים עָלָֽי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**rabbim** qamim 'alay
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**many** are-rising-up against-me
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**many people** are rising up against me
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- ISA 30:12
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָכֵ֗ן כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ **קְד֣וֹשׁ** יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore thus he-says **holy-of** Israel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore the **Holy One** of Israel says,
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Adverbial
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
An adverbial adjective is an adjective that functions as an adverb,
|
||||
meaning that it describes a verb instead of a noun. This is a rare
|
||||
occurrence in Biblical Hebrew.
|
||||
|
||||
- JOS 21:10
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
כִּ֥י לָהֶ֛ם הָיָ֥ה הַגּוֹרָ֖ל רִיאשֹׁנָֽה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for to-them it-was the-lot **first**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Other Uses
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Comparative
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, adjectives are often used with either the
|
||||
preposition מִן ("from") or the phrase מִכֹּל ("from all") to express a
|
||||
comparison between two or more items.
|
||||
|
||||
- JDG 14:18
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מַה־\ **מָּת֣וֹק** מִדְּבַ֔שׁ וּמֶ֥ה **עַ֖ז** מֵאֲרִ֑י
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mah-\ **mmathoq** middevash umeh **'az** me'ari
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
What\_\ **sweet** than-honey and-what **strong** from-lion
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
What is **sweeter** than honey, and what is **stronger** than a lion
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 3:1
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְהַנָּחָשׁ֙ הָיָ֣ה **עָר֔וּם מִכֹּל֙** חַיַּ֣ת הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wehannahash hayah **'arum mikkol** hayyath hassadeh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-the-serpent was **shrewd from-all** beings-of the-field
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Now the serpent was **more shrewd than any other** beast of the field
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Intensive
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, the meaning of an adjective can be strengthened by
|
||||
pairing it either with the word מְאֹד ("very") or with the phrase
|
||||
לֵאלֹהִים ("to God").
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:31
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְהִנֵּה־ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wehinneh-\ **tov me'od**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-behold\_\ **good very**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Behold, it was **very good**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- JON 3:3
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'ir-**gedolah lelohim**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
city\_\ **great to-God**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
a **very large** city
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
.. _adjective-superlative:
|
||||
|
||||
Superlative
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew utilizes different ways to strengthen an adjective to
|
||||
its greatest degree ("the smallest", "the greatest", etc.). Usually, the
|
||||
superlative meaning of an adjective must be determined from the context.
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 16:11 –– adjective with the :ref:`preposition_definite_article`
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
עֹ֚וד שָׁאַ֣ר הַקָּטָ֔ן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'owd sha'ar **haqqatan**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Still remains **the-young**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
There remains yet **the youngest**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- MIC 7:4 –– adjective with a :ref:`suffix_pronominal`
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבָ֣ם כְּחֵ֔דֶק
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**tovam** kehedeq
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**good-their** like-brier
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**the best of them** is like a brier
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- SNG 1:8 –– adjective with a prepositional phrase
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַיָּפָ֖ה בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**hayyafah** bannashim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**the-fair** among-women
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**the fairest** among women
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
An adjective is a word that describes another word in the sentence, usually a noun. In Biblical Hebrew, an adjective can sometimes function as an adverb or even as a noun.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
In Bibical Hebrew, adjectives always match the noun they describe in gender ([masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) or [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md)) and number ([singular](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_singular/02.md) or [plural](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_plural/02.md)). However, there are some exceptions to this rule. If a noun is [dual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_dual/02.md), its accompanying adjective will be plural. Also, the gender of some nouns does not match their apparent form (as in נָשִׁים "women", which is grammatically-feminine although it appears grammatically-masculine); in these cases, an accompanying adjective will match the gender of the noun itself rather than the apparent form. Similarly, if a noun is collective (as in עַם, meaning "people") or if a plural noun refers to one person (as in אֱלֹהִים, meaning "God"), the accompanying adjective may match the implied number rather than the apparent form.
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
|
||||
The forms of the adjective closely resemble the forms of the [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/noun_common/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
### Paradigm
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>טוֹב</td><td>tov</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>טוֹב</td><td>tov</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular determined</td><td>הַטּוֹב</td><td>hattov</td><td>the good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>טוֹבָה</td><td>tovah</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>טוֹבַת</td><td>tovath</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular determined</td><td>הַטּוֹבָה</td><td>hattovah</td><td>the good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural absolute</td><td>טוֹבִים</td><td>tovim</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine plural contruct</td><td>טוֹבֵי</td><td>tove</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>mascuuline plural determined</td><td>הַטּוֹבִים</td><td>hattovim</td><td>the good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural absolute</td><td>טוֹבוֹת</td><td>tovoth</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine plural construct</td><td>טוֹבוֹת</td><td>tovoth</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural determined</td><td>הַטּוֹבוֹת</td><td>hattovoth</td><td>the good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Function
|
||||
|
||||
### Attributive
|
||||
An attributive adjective is an adjective that describes a noun. This is the most common use of adjectives in Biblical Hebrew. In almost all instances, attributive adjectives immediately follow the noun that they describe and have the same form. Thus, if the noun is masculine, the adjective is also masculine; if the noun is singular, the adjective is also singular; if the noun is [definite](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_determined/02.md), the adjective is also definite; and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: When [cardinal](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_cardinal_number/02.md) and [ordinal](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_ordinal_number/02.md) numbers are used as attributive adjectives, they sometimes come *before* the noun they describe instead of *after* the noun.
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 18:17
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בִתִּ֨י <b>הַגְּדוֹלָ֤ה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>vitti **haggedolah**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>my-daughter **the-old**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>my **older** daughter</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 10:2
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כִּ֣י עִ֤יר **גְּדוֹלָה֙** גִּבְע֔וֹן </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>for city **great** Gibeon</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>because Gibeon was a **large** city</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Predicative
|
||||
A predicative adjective is an adjective that describes a noun using a [linking verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#linking-verbs). Often the linking verb is not present in the Hebrew text and must be supplied when translating into English. Like attributive adjectives, predicative adjectives usually have the same form as the noun they describe in both gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural). Unlike attributive adjectives, however, a predicative adjective can be indefinite even if it describes a definite noun.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Sometimes, predicative adjectives and attributive adjectives look identical and must be distinguished based only on the context.
|
||||
|
||||
* 2SA 14:20
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַאדֹנִ֣י <b>חָכָ֗ם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wadoni **hakham**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-my-lord **wise**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>My master is **wise**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 2KI 20:19
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>טֹ֥וב</b> דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Good** word-of_Yahweh that you-spoke.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Substantive
|
||||
A substantive adjective is an adjective that functions as a noun in the sentence. This is a common occurrence in Biblical Hebrew.
|
||||
|
||||
* PSA 3:2
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>רַ֝בִּ֗ים</b> קָמִ֥ים עָלָֽי</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**rabbim** qamim 'alay</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**many** are-rising-up against-me</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**many people** are rising up against me</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* ISA 30:12
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>לָכֵ֗ן כֹּ֤ה אָמַר֙ **קְד֣וֹשׁ** יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Therefore thus he-says **holy-of** Israel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Therefore the **Holy One** of Israel says,</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Adverbial
|
||||
|
||||
An adverbial adjective is an adjective that functions as an adverb, meaning that it describes a verb instead of a noun. This is a rare occurrence in Biblical Hebrew.
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 21:10
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כִּ֥י לָהֶ֛ם הָיָ֥ה הַגּוֹרָ֖ל <b>רִיאשֹׁנָֽה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>for to-them it-was the-lot **first**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Uses
|
||||
|
||||
#### Comparative
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, adjectives are often used with either the preposition מִן ("from") or the phrase מִכֹּל ("from all") to express a comparison between two or more items.
|
||||
|
||||
* JDG 14:18
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>מַה־**מָּת֣וֹק** מִדְּבַ֔שׁ וּמֶ֥ה **עַ֖ז** מֵאֲרִ֑י</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>mah-**mmathoq** middevash umeh **'az** me'ari</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>What_**sweet** than-honey and-what **strong** from-lion</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>What is **sweeter** than honey, and what is **stronger** than a lion</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 3:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהַנָּחָשׁ֙ הָיָ֣ה **עָר֔וּם מִכֹּל֙** חַיַּ֣ת הַשָּׂדֶ֔ה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehannahash hayah **'arum mikkol** hayyath hassadeh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-the-serpent was **shrewd from-all** beings-of the-field</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Now the serpent was **more shrewd than any other** beast of the field</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Intensive
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, the meaning of an adjective can be strengthened by pairing it either with the word מְאֹד ("very") or with the phrase לֵאלֹהִים ("to God").
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:31
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהִנֵּה־<b>ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehinneh-**tov me'od**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-behold_**good very**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Behold, it was **very good**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JON 3:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עִיר־<b>גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'ir-**gedolah lelohim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>city_**great to-God**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>a **very large** city</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Superlative
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew utilizes different ways to strengthen an adjective to its greatest degree ("the smallest", "the greatest", etc.). Usually, the superlative meaning of an adjective must be determined from the context.
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 16:11 –– adjective with the [definite article](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/preposition_definite_article/02.md)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עֹ֚וד שָׁאַ֣ר <b>הַקָּטָ֔ן</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'owd sha'ar **haqqatan**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Still remains **the-young**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>There remains yet **the youngest**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* MIC 7:4 –– adjective with a [pronominal suffix](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix_pronominal/02.md)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>טוֹבָ֣ם</b> כְּחֵ֔דֶק</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**tovam** kehedeq</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**good-their** like-brier</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**the best of them** is like a brier</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* SNG 1:8 –– adjective with a prepositional phrase
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>הַיָּפָ֖ה</b> בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**hayyafah** bannashim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**the-fair** among-women</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**the fairest** among women</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Adjective
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, cardinal numbers are used to describe quantity or to express the name of a number itself ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,598 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew does not contain numerals ("1", "2", "3", etc.) but rather uses words to express numbers ("one", "two", "three", etc.). There are two different kinds of numbers: cardinal numbers and [ordinal numbers](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_ordinal_number/02.md). Cardinal numbers are used either to express the name of a number itself or to express the quantity of a thing ("one", "two", "three", etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
Cardinal numbers function as [attributive adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_attributive/02.md), but they do not always follow the same grammatical rules. They may appear either before or after the noun they describe, and they may not always have the same grammatical form (gender, number, definiteness) as the noun they describe. As with other adjectives in Biblical Hebrew, a cardinal number can function as a noun and can appear in the [absolute state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_absolute/02.md), the [construct state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_construct/02.md), and/or the [determined state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_determined/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Sometimes a cardinal form ("one", "two", "three", etc.) is used, but an ordinal meaning ("first", "second", "third", etc.) is clearly indicated from the context.
|
||||
|
||||
## "One"
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Form</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>אֶחָד</td><td>'ehad</td><td>one</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>אַחַד</td><td>'ahad</td><td>one of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>אַחַת</td><td>'ahath</td><td>one</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>אַחַת</td><td>'ahath</td><td>one of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JDG 18:19
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>אִ֣ישׁ <b>אֶחָ֔ד</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'ish **'ehad**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>man **one**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**one** man</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 13:17
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הָרֹ֨אשׁ <b>אֶחָ֥ד</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>harosh **'ehad**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>The-group **one**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**One** group</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 19:9 –– cardinal number "one" functioning as a noun
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>הָאֶחָ֤ד</b> בָּֽא־לָגוּר֙</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**ha'ehad** ba-lagur</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**The-one** came-in_to-live-as-a-foreigner</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**This one** came here to live as a foreigner</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## "Two"
|
||||
|
||||
As would be expected, the number “two” in Biblical Hebrew always takes the [dual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_dual/02.md) form.
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Form</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine dual absolute</td><td>שְׁנַיִם</td><td>shenayim</td><td>two</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine dual construct</td><td>שְׁנֵי</td><td>shene</td><td>two of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine dual absolute</td><td>שְׁתַּיִם</td><td>shetayim</td><td>two</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine dual construct</td><td>שְׁתֵּי</td><td>shete</td><td>two of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1CH 4:5
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>שְׁתֵּ֣י</b> נָשִׁ֑ים</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**shete** nashim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**two** women</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**two** women</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 2CH 3:15
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עַמּוּדִ֣ים <b>שְׁנַ֔יִם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'ammudim **shenayim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>pillars **two**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**two** pillars</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 3:7 –– a cardinal number with a [pronoun suffix](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix_pronominal/02.md)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>שְׁנֵיהֶ֔ם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**shenehem**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**two of them**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**both of them**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## 3-10
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: These numbers have specialized uses when they take either a [dual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_dual/02.md) ending or a [plural](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_plural/02.md) ending. When these numbers take a dual ending, they become simple multiples ("three-fold", "four-fold", "five-fold", etc.); but when they take a plural ending, they become multiples of ten ("thirty", "forty", "fifty", etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Form</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>שָׁלֹשׁ</td><td>shalosh</td><td>three</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>שְׁלֹשׁ</td><td>shelosh</td><td>three of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>שְׁלֹשָׁה</td><td>sheloshah</td><td>three</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>שְׁלֹשֶׁת</td><td>shelosheth</td><td>three of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>אַרְבַּע</td><td>'arba'</td><td>four</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>אַרְבַּע</td><td>'arba'</td><td>four of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>אַרְבָּעָה</td><td>'arba'ah</td><td>four</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>אַרְבַּעַת</td><td>'arba'ath</td><td>four of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>חָמֵשׁ</td><td>hamesh</td><td>five</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>חֲמֵשׁ</td><td>hamesh</td><td>five of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>חֲמִשָּׁה</td><td>hamishah</td><td>five</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>חֲמֵשֶׁת</td><td>hameshet</td><td>five of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>שֵׁשׁ</td><td>shesh</td><td>six</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>שֵׁשׁ</td><td>shesh</td><td>six of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>שִׁשָּׁה</td><td>shishah</td><td>six</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>שֵׁשֶׁת</td><td>sheshet</td><td>six of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>שֶׁבַע</td><td>sheva'</td><td>seven</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>שֶׁבַע</td><td>sheva'</td><td>seven of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>שִׁבְעָה</td><td>shiv'ah</td><td>seven</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>שִׁבְעַת</td><td>shiv'at</td><td>seven of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>שְׁמֹנֶה</td><td>shemoneh</td><td>eight</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>שְׁמֹנֶה</td><td>shemoneh</td><td>eight of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>שְׁמֹנָה</td><td>shemonah</td><td>eight</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>שִׁמֹנַת</td><td>shimonath</td><td>eight of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>תֵּשַׁע</td><td>tesha'</td><td>nine</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>תֵּשַׁע</td><td>tesha'</td><td>nine of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>תִּשְׁעָה</td><td>tish'ah</td><td>nine</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>תִּשְׁעַת</td><td>tish'ath</td><td>nine of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>עֶשֶׂר</td><td>'eser</td><td>ten</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>עֶשֶׂר</td><td>'eser</td><td>ten of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>עֲשָׂרָה</td><td>'asarah</td><td>ten</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular construct</td><td>עֲשֶׂרֶת</td><td>'asereth</td><td>ten of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 21:18
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עָרִ֖ים <b>אַרְבַּֽע׃</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'arim **'arba'**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>cities **four**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**four** cities</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOB 1:2
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>שִׁבְעָ֥ה</b> בָנִ֖ים **וְשָׁל֥וֹשׁ** בָּנֽוֹת</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**shiv'ah** vanim **weshalosh** banoth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**seven** sons **and-three** daughters</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**seven** sons **and three** daughters</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 4:15
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כָּל־הֹרֵ֣ג קַ֔יִן **שִׁבְעָתַ֖יִם** יֻקָּ֑ם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>kol-horeg qayin **shiv'athayim** yuqqam</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>all_he-who-kills Cain **sevenfold** he-will-be-avenged</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>If anyone kills Cain, vengeance will be taken on him **sevenfold**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 2SA 12:6
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְאֶת־הַכִּבְשָׂ֖ה יְשַׁלֵּ֣ם <b>אַרְבַּעְתָּ֑יִם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>we'eth-hakkivsah yeshallem **'arba'tayim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-[dir.obj]-the-lamb he-will-restore **fourfold** </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>He must pay back the lamb **four times over**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## 11-19
|
||||
The numbers 11-19 are formed by writing the number 1-9 followed by the number 10. Thus, in Biblical Hebrew the number "eleven" is written as "one ten"; the number "seventeen" is written as "seven ten", etc.
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Form</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>אַחַד עָשָׂר</td><td>'ahad 'asar</td><td>eleven</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>'ahath 'esreh</td><td>eleven</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר</td><td>shenem 'asar</td><td>twelve</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>shetem 'esreh</td><td>twelve</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר</td><td>sheloshah 'asar</td><td>thirteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>שָׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>shalosh 'esreh</td><td>thirteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר</td><td>'arba'ah 'asar</td><td>fourteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>'arba' 'esreh</td><td>fourteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר</td><td>hamishah 'asar</td><td>fifteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>חָמֵשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>hamesh 'esreh</td><td>fifteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שִׁשָּׁה עָשָׂר</td><td>shishah 'asar</td><td>sixteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>shesh 'esreh</td><td>sixteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר</td><td>shiv'ah 'asar</td><td>seventeen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>שְׁבַע עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>sheva' 'esreh</td><td>seventeen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר</td><td>shemonah 'asar</td><td>eighteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>שְׁמֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>shemoneh 'esreh</td><td>eighteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>תִּשְׁעָה עָשָׂר</td><td>tish'ah 'asar</td><td>nineteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine</td><td>תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה</td><td>tesha' 'esreh</td><td>nineteen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 15:41
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עָרִ֥ים <b>שֵׁשׁ־עֶשְׂרֵ֖ה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'arim **shesh-'esreh**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>cities **six_ten**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**sixteen** cities</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 2SA 9:10
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>חֲמִשָּׁ֥ה עָשָׂ֛ר</b> בָּנִ֖ים</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**hamishah 'asar** banim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**five ten** sons</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**fifteen** sons</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 4:4
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיִּקְרָ֣א יְהֹושֻׁ֗עַ אֶל־**שְׁנֵ֤ים הֶֽעָשָׂר֙** אִ֔ישׁ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyiqra yehowshua' 'el-**shenem he'asar** 'ish</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-called Joshua to_**two ten** man</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Then Joshua called the **twelve** men</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## 20-99
|
||||
|
||||
### Multiples of ten (20, 30, 40, etc.)
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Form</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>gender both</td><td>עֶשְׂרִים</td><td>'esrim</td><td>twenty</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both</td><td>שְׁלֹשִׁים</td><td>sheloshim</td><td>thirty</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>gender both</td><td>אַרְבָּעִים</td><td>'arba'im</td><td>forty</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both</td><td>חֲמִשִּׁים</td><td>hamishim</td><td>fifty</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both</td><td>שִׁשִּׁים</td><td>shishim</td><td>sixty</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both</td><td>שִׁבְעִים</td><td>shiv'im</td><td>seventy</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both</td><td>שְׁמֹנִים</td><td>shemonim</td><td>eighty</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both</td><td>תִּשְׁעִים</td><td>tish'im</td><td>ninety</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 18:31
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>לֹ֣א אַשְׁחִ֔ית בַּעֲב֖וּר <b>הָֽעֶשְׂרִֽים׃</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>lo 'ashhith ba'avur **ha'esrim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>not I-will-destroy for-sake-of **the-twenty**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I will not destroy it for **the twenty**'s sake</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 7:4 –– the nouns "day" and "night" are singular in form but plural in meaning
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אַרְבָּעִ֣ים</b> יֹ֔ום **וְאַרְבָּעִ֖ים** לָ֑יְלָה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'arba'im** yowm **we'arba'im** laylah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**forty** day **and-forty** night</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**forty** days **and forty** nights</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Multiples of ten plus units (21, 32, 43, etc.)
|
||||
|
||||
These numbers are written following the same rules as the numbers 11-19. Thus, the number "twenty-one" is written as "one twenty"; the number "thirty-two" is written as "two thirty"; the number "forty-three" is writen as "three forty", etc.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 5:20
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>שְׁתַּ֤יִם וְשִׁשִּׁים֙</b> שָׁנָ֔ה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**shetayim weshishim** shanah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**two and-sixty** year</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**sixty-two** years</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* DAN 9:26
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְאַחֲרֵ֤י הַשָּׁבֻעִים֙ <b>שִׁשִּׁ֣ים וּשְׁנַ֔יִם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>we'ahare hashavu'im **shishim ushenayim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-after the-weeks **sixty and-two**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>After the **sixty-two** weeks</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Multiples of 100, 1000, 10000, etc.
|
||||
The nouns "hundred" (100) and "thousand" (1000) function the same as any other common noun with singular, dual, and plural forms. Although the number for "hundred" uses feminine endings and the number for "thousand" uses masculine endings, both numbers should be classified as "gender both" because the same form can be both grammatically-masculine and grammatically-feminine.
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Form</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>gender both singular absolute</td><td>מֵאָה</td><td>me'ah</td><td>hundred</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both singular construct</td><td>מְאַת</td><td>me'ath</td><td>hundred of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>gender both dual absolute</td><td>מָאתַיִם</td><td>mathayim</td><td>two hundred</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>gender both plural absolute</td><td>מֵאוֹת</td><td>me'oth</td><td>hundreds</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both plural construct</td><td>מֵאוֹת</td><td>me'oth</td><td>hundreds of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both singular absolute</td><td>אֶלֶף</td><td>'elef</td><td>thousand</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both singular construct</td><td>אֶלֶף</td><td>'elef</td><td>thousand of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both dual absolute</td><td>אַלְפַּיִם</td><td>'alpayim</td><td>two thousand</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both plural absolute </td><td>אֲלָפַיִם</td><td>'alafayim</td><td>thousands</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>gender both plural construct</td><td>אַלְפֵי</td><td>'alfe</td><td>thousands of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 5:5
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיִּֽהְי֞וּ כָּל־יְמֵ֤י אָדָם֙ אֲשֶׁר־חַ֔י <b>תְּשַׁ֤ע מֵאוֹת֙</b> שָׁנָ֔ה <b>וּשְׁלֹשִׁ֖ים</b> שָׁנָ֑ה וַיָּמֹֽת</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyiheyu kol-yeme 'adam 'asher-hay <b>tesha' me'oth</b> shanah <b>usheloshim</b> shanah wayyamoth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-it-was all_days-of Adam which_he-lived <b>nine hundred</b> year <b>and-thirty</b> year and-he-died.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Adam lived <b>930</b> years altogether, and then he died.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 11:17
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַֽיְחִי־עֵ֗בֶר ... <b>שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים</b> שָׁנָ֔ה <b>וְאַרְבַּ֥ע מֵא֖וֹת</b> שָׁנָ֑ה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayehi-'ever ... <b>sheloshim</b> shanah <b>we'arba' me'oth</b> shanah </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-lived Eber ... <b>thirty</b> year <b>and-four hundred</b> year</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Eber ... lived <b>430</b> more years</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 20:16
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>נָתַ֜תִּי <b>אֶ֤לֶף</b> כֶּ֙סֶף֙ לְאָחִ֔יךְ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>nathatti <b>'elef</b> kesef le'ahikh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>I-have-given <b>thousand</b>-of silver to-your-brother</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I have given your brother a <b>thousand</b> pieces of silver.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 29:2
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְסַרְנֵ֤י פְלִשְׁתִּים֙ עֹֽבְרִ֔ים <b>לְמֵא֖וֹת</b> <b>וְלַאֲלָפִ֑ים</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wesarne felishtim 'overim <b>leme'oth wela'alafim</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-the-lords-of the-Philistines were-passing-over by-<b>hundreds and-by-thousands</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The princes of the Philistines passed on by <b>hundreds and by thousands</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JDG 1:4 –– multiples of 1,000 are expressed by numbers in a construct phrase
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיַּכּ֣וּם בְּבֶ֔זֶק </b>עֲשֶׂ֥רֶת אֲלָפִ֖ים<b> אִֽישׁ׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyakkum bevezeq <b>'asereth 'alafim</b> 'ish</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-they-defeated in-Bezek <b>ten-of thousands</b> man</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>They killed <b>ten thousand</b> of them at Bezek.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Adjective Cardinal Number
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adjective_gentilic.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _adjective_gentilic:
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective Gentilic
|
||||
==================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A gentilic adjective is another name for a gentilic noun that functions
|
||||
like an attributive adjective.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, some gentilic nouns that follow nouns in the
|
||||
absolute state function like attributive
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`.
|
||||
Some scholars call these "gentilic adjectives" instead of gentilic
|
||||
nouns, and either term is grammatically correct.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 16:1
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְלָ֛הּ שִׁפְחָ֥ה מִצְרִ֖ית
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-to-her slave-girl **Egyptian**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
but she had a female servant, **an Egyptian,**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- LEV 24:10
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֵּצֵא֙ בֶּן־אִשָּׁ֣ה **יִשְׂרְאֵלִ֔ית** וְהוּא֙ בֶּן־אִ֣ישׁ
|
||||
מִצְרִ֔י
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-he-went-out son-of\_woman **Israelite** and-he son-of\_man
|
||||
**Egyptian**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Now it happened that the son of an Israelite woman, whose father was
|
||||
an Egyptian, went
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
A gentilic adjective is another name for a gentilic noun that functions like an attributive adjective.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, some gentilic nouns that follow nouns in the absolute state function like attributive [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md). Some scholars call these "gentilic adjectives" instead of gentilic nouns, and either term is grammatically correct.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 16:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְלָ֛הּ שִׁפְחָ֥ה <b>מִצְרִ֖ית</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-to-her slave-girl **Egyptian**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>but she had a female servant, **an Egyptian,**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* LEV 24:10
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֵּצֵא֙ בֶּן־אִשָּׁ֣ה **יִשְׂרְאֵלִ֔ית** וְהוּא֙ בֶּן־אִ֣ישׁ <b>מִצְרִ֔י</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-went-out son-of_woman **Israelite** and-he son-of_man **Egyptian**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Now it happened that the son of an Israelite woman, whose father was an Egyptian, went</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Adjective Gentilic
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,1297 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/adjective_ordinal_number.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _adjective_ordinal_number:
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective Ordinal Number
|
||||
========================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Bibliel Hebrew, ordinal numbers are used to express a rank or order
|
||||
of items in a series (first, second, third, etc.) or to express a part
|
||||
of a whole (a third, a fourth, a fifth, etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew contains two sets of numbers: :ref:`adjective_cardinal_number`
|
||||
and ordinal numbers. Ordinal numbers describe either a numeric
|
||||
rank/order or a portion of a whole. "First" through "tenth" have unique
|
||||
ordinal forms, but the cardinal forms are used from "eleventh" and
|
||||
higher. Ordinal numbers function as :ref:`adjective_attributive`,
|
||||
but they may not always have the same grammatical form (gender, number,
|
||||
definiteness) as the noun they describe.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Sometimes a cardinal form is used, but an ordinal meaning is
|
||||
clearly indicated from the context (see examples below).
|
||||
|
||||
"First" through "Tenth"
|
||||
-----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
רִאֹשׁוֹן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ri'oshon
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
first
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
שֵׁנִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
sheni
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
second
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
שְׁלִישִׁי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
shelishi
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
third
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
רְבִיעִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
rebi'i
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
fourth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
חֲמִישִׁי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hamishi
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
fifth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
שִׁשִּׁי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
shishi
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
sixth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
שְׁבִיעִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
shevi'i
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
seventh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
שְׁמִינִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
shemini
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
eighth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תְּשִׁיעִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
teshi'i
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ninth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
עֲשִׂירִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'asiri
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tenth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 47:18
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בַּשָּׁנָ֣ה הַשֵּׁנִ֗ית
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
bashanah **hashenith**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
in-the-year **the-second**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
in **the second** year
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- DEU 5:14 –– a
|
||||
:ref:`state_determined`
|
||||
ordinal number describing an indefinite noun
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְי֙וֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
weyom **hashevi'i**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-day **the-seventh**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and **the seventh** day
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 2KI 15:32 –– a cardinal number functioning as an ordinal number
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בִּשְׁנַ֣ת שְׁתַּ֔יִם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
bishnath **shetayim**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
in-year two
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
in **the second** year
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 2SA 4:2 –– cardinal numbers functioning as ordinal numbers
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
שֵׁם֩ **הָאֶחָ֨ד** ... וְשֵׁ֧ם הַשֵּׁנִ֣י
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ushene **'anashim** ... weshem **hasheni**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
name-of **the-one** ... and-name-of **the-two**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
the name of **the first** ... and the name of **the second**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
"Eleventh" and higher
|
||||
---------------------
|
||||
|
||||
The
|
||||
:ref:`adjective_cardinal_number`
|
||||
forms are used for ordinal numbers higher than ten ("eleventh",
|
||||
"twelfth", etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 7:11
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בְּשִׁבְעָֽה־עָשָׂ֥ר יֹ֖ום
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**beshiv'ah-'asar** yowm
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**in seven\_ten** day
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**on the seventeenth** day
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 1KI 19:19
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְה֖וּא בִּשְׁנֵ֣ים הֶעָשָׂ֑ר
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wehu **bishnem he'asar**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-he **in-two the-ten**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and he was **with the twelfth**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Part of a whole
|
||||
---------------
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 47:24
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וּנְתַתֶּ֥ם **חֲמִישִׁ֖ית** לְפַרְעֹ֑ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
unethattem **hamishith** lefar'oh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-you-must-give **a-fifth** to-Pharaoh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you must give **one fifth** of the crop to the king
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
In Bibliel Hebrew, ordinal numbers are used to express a rank or order of items in a series (first, second, third, etc.) or to express a part of a whole (a third, a fourth, a fifth, etc.).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew contains two sets of numbers: [cardinal numbers](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_cardinal_number/02.md) and ordinal numbers. Ordinal numbers describe either a numeric rank/order or a portion of a whole. "First" through "tenth" have unique ordinal forms, but the cardinal forms are used from "eleventh" and higher. Ordinal numbers function as [attributive adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_attributive/02.md), but they may not always have the same grammatical form (gender, number, definiteness) as the noun they describe.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Sometimes a cardinal form is used, but an ordinal meaning is clearly indicated from the context (see examples below).
|
||||
|
||||
## "First" through "Tenth"
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>רִאֹשׁוֹן</td><td>ri'oshon</td><td>first</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שֵׁנִי</td><td>sheni</td><td>second</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שְׁלִישִׁי</td><td>shelishi</td><td>third</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>רְבִיעִי</td><td>rebi'i</td><td>fourth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>חֲמִישִׁי</td><td>hamishi</td><td>fifth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שִׁשִּׁי</td><td>shishi</td><td>sixth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שְׁבִיעִי</td><td>shevi'i</td><td>seventh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>שְׁמִינִי</td><td>shemini</td><td>eighth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>תְּשִׁיעִי</td><td>teshi'i</td><td>ninth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine</td><td>עֲשִׂירִי</td><td>'asiri</td><td>tenth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 47:18
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בַּשָּׁנָ֣ה <b>הַשֵּׁנִ֗ית</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>bashanah **hashenith**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>in-the-year **the-second**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>in **the second** year</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* DEU 5:14 –– a [definite](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_determined/02.md) ordinal number describing an indefinite noun
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְי֙וֹם֙ <b>הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>weyom **hashevi'i**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-day **the-seventh**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>and **the seventh** day</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 2KI 15:32 –– a cardinal number functioning as an ordinal number
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בִּשְׁנַ֣ת <b>שְׁתַּ֔יִם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>bishnath **shetayim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>in-year two</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>in **the second** year</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 2SA 4:2 –– cardinal numbers functioning as ordinal numbers
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>שֵׁם֩ **הָאֶחָ֨ד** ... וְשֵׁ֧ם <b>הַשֵּׁנִ֣י</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ushene **'anashim** ... weshem **hasheni**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>name-of **the-one** ... and-name-of **the-two**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>the name of **the first** ... and the name of **the second**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## "Eleventh" and higher
|
||||
The [cardinal](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_cardinal_number/02.md) forms are used for ordinal numbers higher than ten ("eleventh", "twelfth", etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 7:11
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>בְּשִׁבְעָֽה־עָשָׂ֥ר</b> יֹ֖ום</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**beshiv'ah-'asar** yowm</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**in seven_ten** day</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**on the seventeenth** day</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1KI 19:19
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְה֖וּא <b>בִּשְׁנֵ֣ים הֶעָשָׂ֑ר</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehu **bishnem he'asar**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-he **in-two the-ten**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>and he was **with the twelfth**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Part of a whole
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 47:24
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וּנְתַתֶּ֥ם **חֲמִישִׁ֖ית** לְפַרְעֹ֑ה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>unethattem **hamishith** lefar'oh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-you-must-give **a-fifth** to-Pharaoh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>you must give **one fifth** of the crop to the king</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Adjective Ordinal Number
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
An adverb is a word that describes the verb, or sometimes describes the sentence as a whole. Particles in Biblical Hebrew are closely related to adverbs.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,709 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew does not contain many words that are classified directly as adverbs. However, many different kinds of words have potential to function as adverbs, including [particles](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle/02.md), [infinitives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/infinitive_absolute/02.md), [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md), and even [nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md). Many adverbs in Biblical Hebrew have the potential to serve multiple functions. For example, כֹּה can function as an adverb of place, an adverb of time, or an adverb of manner; פֹּה can function as an adverb of time or an adverb of place, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
Many particles are closely related to adverbs in Biblical Hebrew. A general rule is that when a particle occurs after the verb, it functions as an adverb; but when a particle appears before the verb, then it functions in some other way (usually as a particle or conjunction). But this rule is not universal; both adverbs and adverbial particles sometimes appear before the verb rather than after the verb, as in the example below (GEN 32:11).
|
||||
|
||||
## Adverbs of place
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 22:5
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>שְׁבוּ־לָכֶ֥ם **פֹּה֙** עִֽם־הַחֲמ֔וֹר וַאֲנִ֣י וְהַנַּ֔עַר נֵלְכָ֖ה עַד־<b>כֹּ֑ה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>shevu-lakhem **poh** 'im-hahamor wa'ani wehanna'ar nelekhah 'ad-**koh**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Stay\_to-you **here** with\_the-donkey and-I and-the-lad will-go to\_**there**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>You two stay **here** with the donkey while the boy and I go over **there**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* DEU 31:26
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהָֽיָה־**שָׁ֥ם** בְּךָ֖ לְעֵֽד׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehayah-**sham** bekha le'ed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>it-may-be **there** as-a-witness against-you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>it may remain **there** to testify about what Yahweh will do to the people if they disobey him</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* EZE 40:30
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְאֵֽלַמּ֖וֹת **סָבִ֣יב ׀ סָבִ֑יב** אֹ֗רֶךְ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>we'elammoth **saviv saviv** 'orekh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-porticos **surrounding surrounding** length</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>There were also porticos **all around** the inner wall</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Adverbs of time
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 32:11
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְעַתָּ֥ה</b> הָיִ֖יתִי לִשְׁנֵ֥י מַחֲנֽוֹת</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-now** I-have-become to-two companies</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**and now** I have become two camps</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 4:26
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אָ֣ז</b> הוּחַ֔ל לִקְרֹ֖א בְּשֵׁ֥ם יְהוָֽה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Then** he-began to-call-out in-name-of Yahweh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**At that time** people began to call on the name of Yahweh.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Adverbs of quantity
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 31:41
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיִּ֤חַר לְקַ֙יִן֙ מְאֹ֔ד</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-it-burned for-Cain **greatly**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>So Cain was **very** angry</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 22:15
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיִּקְרָ֛א מַלְאַ֥ךְ יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־אַבְרָהָ֑ם **שֵׁנִ֖ית** מִן־הַשָּׁמָֽיִם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-called-out angel-of Yahweh to_Abraham **second** from_the-heavens</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The angel of Yahweh called to Abraham **a second time** from heaven</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Adverbs of manner
|
||||
|
||||
* JDG 21:14
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְלֹֽא־מָצְא֥וּ לָהֶ֖ם <b>כֵּֽן׃</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>but-not they-found for-them **thus**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>but there were not **enough** women for all of them.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* ZEP 1:14
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>מַ֥ר</b> צֹרֵ֖חַ שָׁ֥ם גִּבּֽוֹר׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**mar** tsoreah sham gibbor</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**bitterly** cries there hero.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>even brave soldiers will cry **loudly**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Substantive adverbs
|
||||
|
||||
Because there are not many direct adverbs in Biblical Hebrew, other kinds of words often function as adverbs.
|
||||
|
||||
### Particles
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 3:22
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְלָקַ֕חַת **גַּ֥ם** אֶת־דּוּדָאֵ֖י בְּנִ֑י</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-to-take **also** [dir.obj]_mandrakes-of my-son</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Do you now want to take away my son's mandrakes, **too**?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 6:5
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְכָל־יֵ֙צֶר֙ מַחְשְׁבֹ֣ת לִבּ֔וֹ **רַ֥ק** רַ֖ע כָּל־הַיּֽוֹם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-all-of_intentions-of thoughts-of his-heart **only** evil all-of_the-day</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>every inclination of the thoughts of their hearts was **only** evil continually</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Infinitives (absolute state)
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 2:16
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן **אָכֹ֥ל** תֹּאכֵֽל</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>mikkol 'ets-haggan **'akhol** tokhel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>from-every tree-of_the-garden **eating** you-may-eat</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>From every tree in the garden you may **freely** eat.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 3:12
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>אָקִ֣ים אֶל־עֵלִ֔י אֵ֛ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּ֖רְתִּי אֶל־בֵּיתֹ֑ו **הָחֵ֖ל וְכַלֵּֽה**׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'aqim 'el-'eli 'eth kol-'asher dibbarti 'el-bethow **hahel wekhalleh**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>I-will-fulfill to\_Eli [dir.obj] all\_that I-have-spoken to\_his-house **beginning and-ending**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I will fulfill against Eli everything that I have spoken concerning his house, **from beginning to end**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Adjectives
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 21:10
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כִּ֥י לָהֶ֛ם הָיָ֥ה הַגּוֹרָ֖ל <b>רִיאשֹׁנָֽה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>for to-them it-was the-lot **first**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>For the **first** casting of lots had fallen to them.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 1:7
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֹּ֥אמֶר עֵשָׂ֖ו יֶשׁ־לִ֣י **רָ֑ב** אָחִ֕י</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-said Esau 'There-is_for-me **enough** my-brother'</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Esau said, "I have **enough**, my brother."</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Nouns
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 12:11
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַתֵּשְׁב֖וּ **בֶּֽטַח**׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>watteshevu **betah**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-you-lived **safety**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>and you lived **safely**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* HOS 14:4 (in Hebrew: HOS 14:5)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>אֹהֲבֵ֖ם <b>נְדָבָ֑ה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'ohavem **nedavah**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>I-will-love **free**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I will love them **freely**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
---------------------------------------------
|
||||
***Editor's note (Joel): this material is for deletion.***
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### לֹא
|
||||
|
||||
לֹא is for general negation, especially in a verbal clause.
|
||||
|
||||
* EXO 6:9
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְלֹ֤א</b> שָֽׁמְעוּ֙ אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֔ה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**welo** shame'u 'el-mosheh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-not** they-listened to\_Moses</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**but** they **did not** believe what Moses said</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* PRO 1:29
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְיִרְאַ֥ת יְ֝הֹוָ֗ה **לֹ֣א** בָחָֽרוּ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>weyir'ath yehowah **lo** vaharu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-fear Yahweh **not** they-chose</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>and **did not** choose the fear of Yahweh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### אַל
|
||||
|
||||
אַל is used for negative [imperatives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb_imperative/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 35:17
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַתֹּ֨אמֶר לָ֤הּ הַמְיַלֶּ֙דֶת֙ **אַל**־תִּ֣ירְאִ֔י</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wattomer lah hamyalledeth **'al**-tire'i</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-she-said to-her the midwife **not** you-will-fear</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>the midwife said to Rachel, "**Do not** be afraid"</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* NEH 4:5 (NEH 3:37 in Hebrew)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְאַל</b>־תְּכַס֙ עַל־עֲוֺנָ֔ם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**we'al**-tekhas 'al-'awonam</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**And-not**\_you-will-cover over\_their-iniquity</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Do not** take away their guilt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### אֵין/אַיִן
|
||||
|
||||
אֵין/אַיִן for "there is not".
|
||||
|
||||
* DEU 28:29
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְאֵ֥ין</b> מוֹשִֽׁיעַ׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**we'en** moshia'</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-not** to-save-you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**and there will not be anyone** to help you.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 6:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אֵ֥ין</b> יוֹצֵ֖א וְאֵ֥ין בָּֽא׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'en** yotse we'en ba</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**No-one** going-out and-no-one coming-in.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**No one** could go enter or leave the city.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### בַּל
|
||||
|
||||
* בַּל is a negative adverb used in poetry.
|
||||
|
||||
* PSA 10:6
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>אָמַ֣ר בְּ֭לִבּוֹ **בַּל**־אֶמּ֑וֹט</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'amar belibbo **bal**-'emmot</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>He-says in-his-heart **not** I-will-fail"</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>In his mind he thinks, "**Nothing** bad can happen to me!"</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### בְּלִי֙
|
||||
|
||||
* בְּלִי֙ is a negative adverb usually used in poetry.
|
||||
|
||||
* PSA 19:3 (PSA 19:4 in Hebrew)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>בְּ֝לִ֗י</b> נִשְׁמָ֥ע קוֹלָֽם׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**beli** nishma' qolam</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**not** it-is-heard their-voice.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>There is **no** sound from them for anyone to hear.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### בִּלְתִּ֣י
|
||||
|
||||
* בִּלְתִּ֣י can mean "not," "except," or "unless"
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 43:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>לֹֽא־תִרְא֣וּ פָנַ֔י **בִּלְתִּ֖י** אֲחִיכֶ֥ם אִתְּכֶֽם׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>lo-thir'u fanay **bilti** 'ahikhem 'ittekhem</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Not\_you-will-see my-face **unless** your-brother with-you.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I will not let you see me again **if** you come and your younger brother is **not** with you.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### emphasis
|
||||
|
||||
In Hebrew, adverbs of negation can combine with another negative word to add emphasis.
|
||||
|
||||
* 2KI 1:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הַֽמִבְּלִ֤י **אֵין**־אֱלֹהִים֙ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hamibbeli **'en**-'elohim beyisra'el</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Because **there-is-no**\_God in-Israel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Is it because **there is no** God in Israel?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 3:6
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַתִּתֵּ֧ן **גַּם**־לְאִישָׁ֛הּ עִמָּ֖הּ וַיֹּאכַֽל׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wattitten **gam**-le'ishah 'immah wayyokhal</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-she-gave **also** to-her-husband with-her and-he-ate.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Then she gave some to her husband, and he ate it.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
Here the smooth translation does not represent the word גַּם.
|
||||
|
||||
גַּם ... גַּם can mean "both... and"
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 44:16
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>גַּם</b>־אֲנַ֕חְנוּ **גַּ֛ם** אֲשֶׁר־נִמְצָ֥א הַגָּבִ֖יעַ בְּיָדֽוֹ׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**gam**-'anahnu **gam** 'asher-nimtsa haggavia' beyado</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**both**_we **and** who it-was-found the-cup in-his-hand</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**both** we **and** the one in whose sack the cup was found.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
##### Emphatic
|
||||
|
||||
* גַּם can mean "even"
|
||||
|
||||
* EXO 4:9
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהָיָ֡ה אִם־לֹ֣א יַאֲמִ֡ינוּ **גַּם֩** לִשְׁנֵ֨י הָאֹת֜וֹת הָאֵ֗לֶּה וְלֹ֤א יִשְׁמְעוּן֙</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehayah 'im-lo ya'aminu **gam** lishne ha'othoth ha'elleh welo yishme'un</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-it-is if\_not they-believe **even** in-two-of the-signs the-these and-not they-listen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>But if they do not believe you or listen to what you say even after you show them these two miracles</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
Here the smooth translation does not represent the word גַּם.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Rhetorical
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 27:33
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וָאֲבָרֲכֵ֑הוּ **גַּם**־בָּר֖וּךְ יִהְיֶֽה׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wa'avarakhehu **gam**-barukh yihyeh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-I-will-bless-him **indeed** being-blessed he-will-be.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I cannot take back that blessing.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
Here the smooth translation does not represent the word גַּם.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Correlative
|
||||
|
||||
* גַּם can mean "on one's part"
|
||||
|
||||
* 2SA 12:13
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>גַּם</b>־יְהוָ֛ה הֶעֱבִ֥יר חַטָּאתְךָ֖</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**gam**-yehwah he'evir hattathekha</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**on his part** Yahweh has-passed-over your-sin</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Yahweh has overlooked your sin.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
Here the smooth translation does not represent the word גַּם.
|
||||
|
||||
##### Concessive
|
||||
|
||||
* גַּם can show contrast
|
||||
|
||||
* ISA 1:15
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>גַּ֛ם</b> כִּֽי־תַרְבּ֥וּ תְפִלָּ֖ה אֵינֶ֣נִּי שֹׁמֵ֑עַ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**gam** ki-tharbu thefillah 'enenni shomea'</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Even** though\_you-make-many prayer not-I I-will-listen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Even** though you offer many prayers, I will not listen.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### אַךְ
|
||||
|
||||
##### Restrictive
|
||||
|
||||
* אַךְ can mean "only" or "however"
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 9:4
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אַךְ</b>־בָּשָׂ֕ר בְּנַפְשׁ֥וֹ דָמ֖וֹ לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'akh**-basar benafsho damo lo thokhelu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**However**\_meat in-its-life its-blood not you-shall-eat</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**But** you must not eat meat with its life—that is its blood—in it.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### רַ֥ק
|
||||
|
||||
##### Restrictive
|
||||
|
||||
* רַ֥ק can mean "only"
|
||||
|
||||
* NUM 12:2
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>הֲרַ֤ק</b> אַךְ־בְּמֹשֶׁה֙ דִּבֶּ֣ר יְהוָ֔ה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**haraq** 'akh-bemosheh dibber yehwah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**only** really\_with-Moses spoken Yahweh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Is Moses the **only** one to whom Yahweh has spoken messages to tell to us?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
##### Emphatic
|
||||
|
||||
* רַ֥ק can mean "if only"
|
||||
|
||||
* DEU 15:5
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>רַ֚ק</b> אִם־שָׁמ֣וֹעַ תִּשְׁמַ֔ע בְּק֖וֹל יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**raq** 'im-shamoa' tishma' beqol yehwah 'eloheykha</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**only** if\_listening you-will-listen to-voice-of Yahweh your-God</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>if **only** you diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Adverb
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,26 +1,40 @@
|
|||
## Bibliography
|
||||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/back.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _back:
|
||||
|
||||
Bibliography
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
||||
The following resources were consulted in the creation and revision of the Unlocked Hebrew Grammar.
|
||||
The following resources were consulted in the creation and revision of
|
||||
the Unlocked Hebrew Grammar.
|
||||
|
||||
Arnold, B.T., and J. H. Choi. *A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax.* Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2003.
|
||||
Arnold, B.T., and J. H. Choi. *A Guide to Biblical Hebrew Syntax.*
|
||||
Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2003.
|
||||
|
||||
*Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics.* G. Khan, general editor. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
|
||||
*Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics.* G. Khan, general
|
||||
editor. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
Gesenius, W., E. Kautzsch, and A. E. Cowley. *Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar.* Dover ed. Dover Books on Language. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2006.
|
||||
Gesenius, W., E. Kautzsch, and A. E. Cowley. *Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar.*
|
||||
Dover ed. Dover Books on Language. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications,
|
||||
2006.
|
||||
|
||||
Joüon, P. and T. Muraoka. *A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew.* Rome: Pontifical Bible Institute, 1996.
|
||||
Joüon, P. and T. Muraoka. *A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew.* Rome:
|
||||
Pontifical Bible Institute, 1996.
|
||||
|
||||
Pratico, G. D., and M. V. Van Pelt. *Basics of Biblical Hebrew Grammar.* Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007.
|
||||
Pratico, G. D., and M. V. Van Pelt. *Basics of Biblical Hebrew Grammar.*
|
||||
Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2007.
|
||||
|
||||
Ross, A. P. *Introducing Biblical Hebrew.* Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001.
|
||||
Ross, A. P. *Introducing Biblical Hebrew.* Grand Rapids, MI: Baker
|
||||
Academic, 2001.
|
||||
|
||||
Seow, C. L. *Grammar for Biblical Hebrew,* Revised Edition. Place of publication not identified: Abingdon Press, 2013.
|
||||
Seow, C. L. *Grammar for Biblical Hebrew,* Revised Edition. Place of
|
||||
publication not identified: Abingdon Press, 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
Van der Merwe, C.H.J., J.A. Naudé, and J.H. Kroeze. *Biblical Hebrew Reference Grammar.* Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic, 1999.
|
||||
Van der Merwe, C.H.J., J.A. Naudé, and J.H. Kroeze. *Biblical Hebrew
|
||||
Reference Grammar.* Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic, 1999.
|
||||
|
||||
Waltke, B. K., and M. P. O’Connor. *An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax.* Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990.
|
||||
|
||||
Williams, R. J., and J. C. Beckman. *Williams’ Hebrew Syntax.* 3rd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
|
||||
Waltke, B. K., and M. P. O’Connor. *An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew
|
||||
Syntax.* Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1990.
|
||||
|
||||
Williams, R. J., and J. C. Beckman. *Williams’ Hebrew Syntax.* 3rd ed.
|
||||
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
|
|||
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
|
||||
#
|
||||
# This file is execfile()d with the current directory set to its
|
||||
# containing dir.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Note that not all possible configuration values are present in this
|
||||
# autogenerated file.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# All configuration values have a default; values that are commented out
|
||||
# serve to show the default.
|
||||
|
||||
# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
|
||||
# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
|
||||
# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# import os
|
||||
# import sys
|
||||
# sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
|
||||
|
||||
# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
# If your documentation needs a minimal Sphinx version, state it here.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# needs_sphinx = '1.0'
|
||||
|
||||
# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
|
||||
# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
|
||||
# ones.
|
||||
extensions = []
|
||||
|
||||
# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
|
||||
templates_path = ['_templates']
|
||||
|
||||
# The suffix(es) of source filenames.
|
||||
# You can specify multiple suffix as a list of string:
|
||||
#
|
||||
# source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
|
||||
source_suffix = '.rst'
|
||||
|
||||
# The encoding of source files.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
|
||||
|
||||
# The master toctree document.
|
||||
master_doc = 'index'
|
||||
|
||||
# General information about the project.
|
||||
project = u'unfoldingWord Hebrew Grammar'
|
||||
copyright = u'2018, unfoldingWord'
|
||||
author = u'unfoldingWord'
|
||||
|
||||
# The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
|
||||
# |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
|
||||
# built documents.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# The short X.Y version.
|
||||
# version = u'0.1'
|
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# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
|
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|
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|
||||
# for a list of supported languages.
|
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#
|
||||
# This is also used if you do content translation via gettext catalogs.
|
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# Usually you set "language" from the command line for these cases.
|
||||
language = None
|
||||
|
||||
# There are two options for replacing |today|: either, you set today to some
|
||||
# non-false value, then it is used:
|
||||
#
|
||||
# today = ''
|
||||
#
|
||||
# Else, today_fmt is used as the format for a strftime call.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# today_fmt = '%B %d, %Y'
|
||||
|
||||
# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
|
||||
# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
|
||||
# This patterns also effect to html_static_path and html_extra_path
|
||||
exclude_patterns = ['_build', 'Thumbs.db', '.DS_Store']
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|
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# The reST default role (used for this markup: `text`) to use for all
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||||
# documents.
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#
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# default_role = None
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||||
|
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# If true, '()' will be appended to :func: etc. cross-reference text.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# add_function_parentheses = True
|
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|
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# If true, the current module name will be prepended to all description
|
||||
# unit titles (such as .. function::).
|
||||
#
|
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# add_module_names = True
|
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|
||||
# If true, sectionauthor and moduleauthor directives will be shown in the
|
||||
# output. They are ignored by default.
|
||||
#
|
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# show_authors = False
|
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# The name of the Pygments (syntax highlighting) style to use.
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pygments_style = 'sphinx'
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# A list of ignored prefixes for module index sorting.
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# modindex_common_prefix = []
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|
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# If true, keep warnings as "system message" paragraphs in the built documents.
|
||||
# keep_warnings = False
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, `todo` and `todoList` produce output, else they produce nothing.
|
||||
todo_include_todos = False
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages. See the documentation for
|
||||
# a list of builtin themes.
|
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#
|
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#html_theme = 'alabaster'
|
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import sphinx_rtd_theme
|
||||
html_theme = "sphinx_rtd_theme"
|
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html_theme_path = [sphinx_rtd_theme.get_html_theme_path()]
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|
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# Theme options are theme-specific and customize the look and feel of a theme
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# further. For a list of options available for each theme, see the
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# documentation.
|
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#
|
||||
# html_theme_options = {}
|
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|
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# Add any paths that contain custom themes here, relative to this directory.
|
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# html_theme_path = []
|
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|
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# The name for this set of Sphinx documents.
|
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# "<project> v<release> documentation" by default.
|
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#
|
||||
# html_title = u''
|
||||
|
||||
# A shorter title for the navigation bar. Default is the same as html_title.
|
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#
|
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# html_short_title = None
|
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|
||||
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top
|
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# of the sidebar.
|
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#
|
||||
# html_logo = None
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|
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# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to use as a favicon of
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# the docs. This file should be a Windows icon file (.ico) being 16x16 or 32x32
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# pixels large.
|
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#
|
||||
# html_favicon = None
|
||||
|
||||
# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
|
||||
# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
|
||||
# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
|
||||
html_static_path = ['_static']
|
||||
|
||||
# Add any extra paths that contain custom files (such as robots.txt or
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# .htaccess) here, relative to this directory. These files are copied
|
||||
# directly to the root of the documentation.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_extra_path = []
|
||||
|
||||
# If not None, a 'Last updated on:' timestamp is inserted at every page
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# bottom, using the given strftime format.
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# The empty string is equivalent to '%b %d, %Y'.
|
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#
|
||||
# html_last_updated_fmt = None
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, SmartyPants will be used to convert quotes and dashes to
|
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# typographically correct entities.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_use_smartypants = True
|
||||
|
||||
# Custom sidebar templates, maps document names to template names.
|
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#
|
||||
# html_sidebars = {}
|
||||
|
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# Additional templates that should be rendered to pages, maps page names to
|
||||
# template names.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_additional_pages = {}
|
||||
|
||||
# If false, no module index is generated.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_domain_indices = True
|
||||
|
||||
# If false, no index is generated.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_use_index = True
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, the index is split into individual pages for each letter.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_split_index = False
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, links to the reST sources are added to the pages.
|
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#
|
||||
# html_show_sourcelink = True
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, "Created using Sphinx" is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_show_sphinx = True
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, "(C) Copyright ..." is shown in the HTML footer. Default is True.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_show_copyright = True
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, an OpenSearch description file will be output, and all pages will
|
||||
# contain a <link> tag referring to it. The value of this option must be the
|
||||
# base URL from which the finished HTML is served.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_use_opensearch = ''
|
||||
|
||||
# This is the file name suffix for HTML files (e.g. ".xhtml").
|
||||
# html_file_suffix = None
|
||||
|
||||
# Language to be used for generating the HTML full-text search index.
|
||||
# Sphinx supports the following languages:
|
||||
# 'da', 'de', 'en', 'es', 'fi', 'fr', 'hu', 'it', 'ja'
|
||||
# 'nl', 'no', 'pt', 'ro', 'ru', 'sv', 'tr', 'zh'
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_search_language = 'en'
|
||||
|
||||
# A dictionary with options for the search language support, empty by default.
|
||||
# 'ja' uses this config value.
|
||||
# 'zh' user can custom change `jieba` dictionary path.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_search_options = {'type': 'default'}
|
||||
|
||||
# The name of a javascript file (relative to the configuration directory) that
|
||||
# implements a search results scorer. If empty, the default will be used.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# html_search_scorer = 'scorer.js'
|
||||
|
||||
# Output file base name for HTML help builder.
|
||||
htmlhelp_basename = 'GLManual'
|
||||
|
||||
# -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
latex_elements = {
|
||||
# The paper size ('letterpaper' or 'a4paper').
|
||||
#
|
||||
# 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
|
||||
|
||||
# The font size ('10pt', '11pt' or '12pt').
|
||||
#
|
||||
# 'pointsize': '10pt',
|
||||
|
||||
# Additional stuff for the LaTeX preamble.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# 'preamble': '',
|
||||
|
||||
# Latex figure (float) alignment
|
||||
#
|
||||
# 'figure_align': 'htbp',
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
|
||||
# (source start file, target name, title,
|
||||
# author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
|
||||
latex_documents = [
|
||||
(master_doc, 'GLManual.tex', u'unfoldingWord Hebrew Grammar',
|
||||
u'unfoldingWord', 'manual'),
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
# The name of an image file (relative to this directory) to place at the top of
|
||||
# the title page.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# latex_logo = None
|
||||
|
||||
# For "manual" documents, if this is true, then toplevel headings are parts,
|
||||
# not chapters.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# latex_use_parts = False
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, show page references after internal links.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# latex_show_pagerefs = False
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# latex_show_urls = False
|
||||
|
||||
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# latex_appendices = []
|
||||
|
||||
# It false, will not define \strong, \code, itleref, \crossref ... but only
|
||||
# \sphinxstrong, ..., \sphinxtitleref, ... To help avoid clash with user added
|
||||
# packages.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# latex_keep_old_macro_names = True
|
||||
|
||||
# If false, no module index is generated.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# latex_domain_indices = True
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# -- Options for manual page output ---------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
|
||||
# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
|
||||
man_pages = [
|
||||
(master_doc, 'unfoldingWordHebrewGrammar', u'unfoldingWord Hebrew Grammar',
|
||||
[author], 1)
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, show URL addresses after external links.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# man_show_urls = False
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# -- Options for Texinfo output -------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
|
||||
# (source start file, target name, title, author,
|
||||
# dir menu entry, description, category)
|
||||
texinfo_documents = [
|
||||
(master_doc, 'unfoldingWordHebrewGrammar', u'unfoldingWord Hebrew Grammar',
|
||||
author, 'unfoldingWordHebrewGrammar', 'One line description of project.',
|
||||
'Miscellaneous'),
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
# Documents to append as an appendix to all manuals.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# texinfo_appendices = []
|
||||
|
||||
# If false, no module index is generated.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# texinfo_domain_indices = True
|
||||
|
||||
# How to display URL addresses: 'footnote', 'no', or 'inline'.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
|
||||
|
||||
# If true, do not generate a @detailmenu in the "Top" node's menu.
|
||||
#
|
||||
# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
Conjunctions connect words, clauses, or phrases. Common conjunctions are "and," "but," "or."
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,617 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew contains only one primary conjunction (the prefix וְ), but a whole family of other words also function as conjunctions. A conjunction is a word that shows a relationship between two different things within a text; these "things" can be individual words or phrases, or even entire sentences or paragraphs. In Biblical Hebrew, particles are often combined with each other to form compound conjunctions. Compound conjunctions should not be considered merely as the sum of the components, but rather as a single grammatical entity with its own range of meanings which may or may not be different than the individual component words.
|
||||
|
||||
## -וְ
|
||||
|
||||
Sentences in Biblical Hebrew often begin with the conjunction ו (as either a consonant or a shureq vowel). This conjunction וְ ("and") cannot stand alone as an independent word but must be connected to another word as a prefix. This can be added to a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), a [verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), a [pronoun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun/02.md), or a [particle](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle/02.md). The shewa in וְ can lengthen to a vowel, usually pathah (when paired with the definite article) or qamets (when paired with both the article and a ה prefix), but others are also possible.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: This conjunction is often left untranslated when it begins a sentence or clause, or when it appears within the sequential verbal forms ([Sequential Suffix Conjugation](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb_sequential_perfect/02.md) and [Sequential Prefix Conjugation](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb_sequential_imperfect/02.md)). Also, the conjunction is often added between every item of a list in Biblical Hebrew; but in English the וְ is not translated for each item.
|
||||
|
||||
### Form
|
||||
|
||||
The conjunction וְ can appear either as a prefix to a word or particle, or as part of a sequential verbal form.
|
||||
|
||||
* ZEC 3:3 –– as a prefix to a separate word
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְעֹמֵ֖ד</b> לִפְנֵ֥י הַמַּלְאָֽךְ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**we'omed** lifne hammal'akh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-he-was-standing** to-face-of the-angel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**and he was standing** in front of the angel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:13 –– as part of a sequential verbal form
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וַֽיְהִי</b>־עֶ֥רֶב **וַֽיְהִי**־בֹ֖קֶר י֥וֹם שְׁלִישִֽׁי׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**wayehi**-'erev **wayehi**voqer yom shelishi</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**And-there-was**_evening, **and-there-was**_morning, day third.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**This was** evening and morning, the third day.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Function
|
||||
The conjunction וְ can express any of the following connective relationships:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Copulative
|
||||
This connects two similar ideas and is usually translated as "and" in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:5
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיִּקְרָ֨א אֱלֹהִ֤ים ׀ לָאוֹר֙ י֔וֹם **וְלַחֹ֖שֶׁךְ** קָ֣רָא לָ֑יְלָה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyiqra 'elohim la'or yom **welahoshekh** qara laylah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-called God to-the-light day **and-to-the-darkness** he-called night</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>He named the light "day," **and** he named **the darkness** "night."</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Disjunctive
|
||||
This connects two opposite ideas and is usually translated as "and" in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 2:17
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וּמֵעֵ֗ץ הַדַּ֙עַת֙ ט֣וֹב **וָרָ֔ע** לֹ֥א תֹאכַ֖ל מִמֶּ֑נּוּ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ume'ets hadda'ath tov **wara'** lo thokhal mimmennu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>But-from-tree-of the-knowledge-of good **and-evil** not you-shall-eat from-it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>But from the tree of the knowledge of good **and evil** you may not eat</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Adversative
|
||||
This contrasts two different ideas and is usually translated as “but” in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 6:8
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְנֹ֕חַ</b> מָ֥צָא חֵ֖ן בְּעֵינֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**wenoah** matsa hen be'ene yehwah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**But-Noah** found favor in-eyes-of Yahweh.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**But Noah** found favor in the eyes of Yahweh.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Alternative
|
||||
This compares two ideas as potentially equivalent and is usually translated as “or” in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* EXO 20:10
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>לֹֽ֣א־תַעֲשֶׂ֨ה כָל־מְלָאכָ֜ה אַתָּ֣ה ׀ **וּבִנְךָֽ֣־וּבִתֶּ֗ךָ** עַבְדְּךָ֤ **וַאֲמָֽתְךָ֙ וּבְהֶמְתֶּ֔ךָ וְגֵרְךָ֖** אֲשֶׁ֥ר בִּשְׁעָרֶֽיךָ׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>lo-tha'aseh khol-melakhah 'attah **uvinkha-wwvittekha** 'avdekha **wa'amathekha uvehemtekha wegerekha** 'asher bish'areykha</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Not_you-shall-do any_work you **nor-your-son_nor-your-daughter** your-male-servant **nor-your-female-servant nor-your-cattle nor-foreigner** who in-your-gates.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>On it you must not do any work, you, **or your son, or your daughter, or your male servant, or your female servant, or your cattle, or the foreigner** who is within your gates.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Explicative
|
||||
This provides additional information about one idea and is translated “even” (or is sometimes left untranslated) in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 4:4
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהֶ֨בֶל הֵבִ֥יא גַם־ה֛וּא מִבְּכֹר֥וֹת צֹאנ֖וֹ <b>וּמֵֽחֶלְבֵהֶ֑ן</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehevel hevi gam-hu mibbekhoroth tsono **umehelvehen**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-Abel brought also_he from-firstborn-of his-flock **even-from-fat**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>As for Abel, he brought some of the firstborn of his flock **and some of the fat**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Circumstantial
|
||||
This connects clauses/phrases that happen at the same time; it is usually translated as “while” or “when” in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 45:14
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיִּפֹּ֛ל עַל־צַוְּארֵ֥י בִנְיָמִֽן־אָחִ֖יו וַיֵּ֑בְךְּ **וּבִנְיָמִ֔ן** בָּכָ֖ה עַל־צַוָּארָֽיו׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyippol 'al-tsawwere vinyamin-'ahiw wayyevk **uvinyamin** bakhah 'al-tsawwarayw</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-fell on\_neck-of Benjamin\_his-brother and-he-wept **and-Benjamin** wept on\_his-neck.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>He hugged his brother Benjamin's neck and wept, **while Benjamin** wept on his neck.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## ֹאו
|
||||
The word אוֹ is the standard alternative conjunction in Biblical Hebrew, usually translated as "or" in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* EXO 21:32
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>אִם־עֶ֛בֶד יִגַּ֥ח הַשּׁ֖וֹר **א֣וֹ** אָמָ֑ה׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'im-'eved yiggah hashor **'o** 'amah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>If_male-servant gores the-ox **or** female-servant</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>If a bull attacks and gores a male **or** female slave</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## כִּי
|
||||
[NOTE: כִּי is one of the most flexible words in Biblical Hebrew in terms of its meaning. It can function either as a conjunction or as a particle, with many different potential meanings. If in doubt, it is recommended to *always* consult a dictionary or lexicon to confirm how the word is being used in any specific instance.]
|
||||
|
||||
The word כִּי is the standard causal conjunction in Biblical Hebrew, and is usually translated as "for" in English. However, it is also commonly used as a conditional conjunction (usually translated, "if"). Often, כִּי is conditional when it occurs at the beginning of a sentence and causal when it occurs in the middle (or toward the end) of a sentence, but there are notable exceptions to this general rule.
|
||||
|
||||
### Causal
|
||||
|
||||
This is the most common use of the word כִּי. However, sometimes it is extremely difficult to distinguish between a causal conjunction that expresses purpose and one that expresses result. When כִּי functions as a causal conjunction, it is often translated into English simply as "for", which can express either purpose or result.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expresses purpose
|
||||
This means to express the purpose, reason, or cause for an action/event. In English, this kind of causal conjunction is usually translated as "for" or "because".
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 3:14
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֹּאמֶר֩ יְהֹוָ֨ה אֱלֹהִ֥ים ׀ אֶֽל־הַנָּחָשׁ֮ **כִּ֣י** עָשִׂ֣יתָ זֹּאת֒ אָר֤וּר אַתָּה֙׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyomer yehowah 'elohim 'el-hannahash **ki** 'asitha zoth 'arur 'attah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-said Yahweh God to_the-serpent **because** you-have-done this cursed you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Then Yahweh God said to the snake, "**Because** you did this, I will curse you."</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expresses result
|
||||
This means to express the result or intended outcome of an action/event. In English, this kind of causal conjunction is usually translated as "for" or “so that”.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 20:10
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>מָ֣ה רָאִ֔יתָ **כִּ֥י** עָשִׂ֖יתָ אֶת־הַדָּבָ֥ר הַזֶּֽה׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>mah ra'itha **ki** 'asitha 'eth-haddavar hazzeh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>What did-you-see **so-that** you-did [dir.obj]_the-thing the-this?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>What prompted you **to** do this thing?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Conditional
|
||||
|
||||
This is also a very common use of the word כִּי in Biblical Hebrew. This conjunction can describe either a hypothetical condition or an actual condition, as determined by the context.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expresses a hypothetical condition
|
||||
A hypothetical condition expresses an imaginary action or event that has not actually happened in reality. This kind of conditional conjunction is usually translated as "if" in English. Hypothetical conditions have potential to convey many different nuances of possibility and/or desirability.
|
||||
|
||||
* 2KI 4:29
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>כִּֽי</b>־תִמְצָ֥א אִישׁ֙ לֹ֣א תְבָרְכֶ֔נּוּ **וְכִֽי**־יְבָרֶכְךָ֥ אִ֖ישׁ לֹ֣א תַעֲנֶנּ֑וּ </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**ki**-thimtsa 'ish lo thevorkhennu **wekhi**-yevarekhkha 'ish lo tha'anennu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**If**_you-meet man not_greet-him **and-if**_greets-you man not answer-him.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**If** you meet any man, do not greet him, and **if** anyone greets you, do not answer him.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expresses an actual condition
|
||||
An actual condition expresses an action or event that has actually happened in reality, and is usually translated as "when" or "while" in English. Usually, this kind of condition indicates something that is happening concurrently with the main action/event being described, or something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 27:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיְהִי֙ **כִּֽי**־זָקֵ֣ן יִצְחָ֔ק וַתִּכְהֶ֥יןָ עֵינָ֖יו מֵרְאֹ֑ת</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayhiy **ki**-zaqen yitshaq wattikhheyna 'enayw mere'oth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-it-happened **when**_old Isaac and-were-dim his-eyes from-seeing</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**When** Isaac was old and his eyes were dim so that he could not see</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Other uses
|
||||
The word כִּי can also express other conjunctive meanings, often as an adversative following a negated statement. If in doubt, it is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of the word in any specific instance.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 17:15
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>שָׂרַ֣י אִשְׁתְּךָ֔ לֹא־תִקְרָ֥א אֶת־שְׁמָ֖הּ שָׂרָ֑י **כִּ֥י** שָׂרָ֖ה שְׁמָֽהּ׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>saray 'ishtekha lo-thiqra 'eth-shemah saray **ki** sarah shemah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Sarai your-wife not_call [dir.obj]_her-name Sarai **but** Sarah her-name.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>As for Sarai your wife, do not call her Sarai any more. **Instead**, her name will be Sarah.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## אִם
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Like the word כִּי, the word אִם in Biblical Hebrew is also extremely flexible in its meaning. If in doubt, it is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of the word in any specific instance.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conditional
|
||||
|
||||
The word אִם is the standard conditional conjunction in Biblical Hebrew. It is most often used to describe a hypothetical condition and translated as "if" in English. However, this term can can be nuanced and translated in a variety of specific ways, and it can be joined with various other particles to form different compound conjunctions. Therefore, this word must be translated always with senstivity to the context to express the correct nuance.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expresses a hypothetical condition
|
||||
A hypothetical condition expresses an imaginary action or event that has not actually happened in reality. This kind of conditional conjunction is usually translated as "if" in English. Hypothetical conditions have potential to convey many different nuances of possibility and/or desirability.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 18:26
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אִם</b>־אֶמְצָ֥א בִסְדֹ֛ם חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים צַדִּיקִ֖ם בְּת֣וֹךְ הָעִ֑יר</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'im**-'emtsa visdom hamishim tsaddiqim bethokh ha'ir</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**If**_I-find in-Sodom fifty righteous in-place the-city</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**If** I find fifty people in Sodom who have done nothing wrong</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JER 15:1 –– hypothetical condition as affirmation of an actual condition
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אִם</b>־יַעֲמֹ֨ד מֹשֶׁ֤ה וּשְׁמוּאֵל֙ לְפָנַ֔י</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'im**-ya'amod mosheh ushemu'el lefanay</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Though**_stood Moses and-Samuel before-me</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Even if** Moses or Samuel were standing in front of me</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expresses an actual condition
|
||||
An actual condition expresses an action or event that has actually happened in reality, and is usually translated as "when" or "while" in English. Usually, this kind of condition indicates something that is happening concurrently with the main action/event being described, or something that has happened in the past in certain circumstances.
|
||||
|
||||
* NUM 21:9
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהָיָ֗ה **אִם**־נָשַׁ֤ךְ הַנָּחָשׁ֙ אֶת־אִ֔ישׁ וְהִבִּ֛יט אֶל־נְחַ֥שׁ הַנְּחֹ֖שֶׁת וָחָֽי׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehayah **'im**-nashakh hannahash 'eth-'ish wehibbit 'el-nehash hannehosheth wahay</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-it-happened **when**_he-had-bitten the-serpent [dir.obj]_man and-he-looked to_serpent-of the-bronze and-he-lived</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**When** a snake bit any person, if he looked at the bronze snake, he survived.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 31:8
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אִם</b>־כֹּ֣ה יֹאמַ֗ר נְקֻדִּים֙ יִהְיֶ֣ה שְׂכָרֶ֔ךָ וְיָלְד֥וּ כָל־הַצֹּ֖אן נְקֻדִּ֑ים</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'im**-koh yomar nequddim yihyeh sekharekha weyoldu khol-hatson nequddim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**When**_thus he-said speckled-ones it-will-be your-wages and-they-bore all_the-flock speckled-ones</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**If** he said, 'The speckled animals will be your wages,' then all the flock bore speckled young.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Alternative
|
||||
This use of the conjunction אִם is often found in a question and is usually translated as "or" in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 5:13
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הֲלָ֥נוּ אַתָּ֖ה **אִם**־לְצָרֵֽינוּ׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>halanu 'attah **'im**-letsarenu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Are-for-us you **or**_for-our-enemies?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Are you for us **or** for our enemies?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## וְעַתָּה
|
||||
|
||||
The word עַתָּה ("now") in Biblical Hebrew often functions as an adverb in a sentence. However, when עַתָּה appears at the beginning of a sentence or clause, it usually functions not as an adverb but as a conjunction, either standing alone or as a compound conjunction (when paired with the prefix וְ or with particles such as גַּם or כִּי). In either case, the term functions as a causal conjunction, indicating that what follows is based upon what has come before. This conjunction must be translated always with great sensitivity to the context to express the correct nuance; in English, this conjunction can be translated as "now", "so", "so now", "and now", "therefore", and others. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the specific nuance of this term in individual contexts.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 31:13 –– as a stand-alone conjunction
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>עַתָּ֗ה</b> ק֥וּם צֵא֙ מִן־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַזֹּ֔את</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'attah** qum tse' min-ha'arets hazzoth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Now** rise-up go-out from_the-land the-this</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Now** rise up and leave this land</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1KI 8:26 –– with prefix וְ
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְעַתָּ֖ה</b> אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל יֵאָ֤מֶן נָא֙ דְּבָרֶיךָ אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֔רְתָּ לְעַבְדְּךָ֖ דָּוִ֥ד אָבִֽי </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**we'attah** 'elohe yisra'el ye'amen na' devareykha 'asher dibbarta le'avdekha dawid 'avi </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**And-now** God-of Israel let-it-be-true [exh.prtc] your-words that you-spoke to-your-servant David my-father</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Now then**, God of Israel, I pray that the promise you made to your servant David my father, will come true.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 44:10 –– in compound conjunction with גַּם
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֹּ֕אמֶר **גַּם־עַתָּ֥ה** כְדִבְרֵיכֶ֖ם כֶּן־ה֑וּא</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyomer **gam-'attah** khedivrekhem ken-hu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-said **also_now** as-your-words thus_it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Now also** let it be according to your words.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 13:13 –– in compound conjunction with כִּי
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>כִּ֣י</b><b> עַתָּ֗ה</b> הֵכִ֨ין יְהוָ֧ה אֶת־מַֽמְלַכְתְּךָ֛</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**ki 'attah** hekhin yehwah 'eth-mamelakhtekha</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**For now** he-established Yahweh [dir.obj]_your-reign</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**For then** Yahweh would have established your rule</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## לֽוּ
|
||||
This term is a conditional conjunction, similar to אִם but used only to express hypothetical conditions. The word can also appear in the alternate forms לוּא and לֻא. This conjunction either: 1) expresses a condition that cannot (or probably will not) happen, usually translated "if" in English; or 2) conveys a strong desire for something to happen that cannot (or probably will not) be realized, usually translated "if only" in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* JDG 13:23
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>לוּ֩</b> חָפֵ֨ץ יְהוָ֤ה לַהֲמִיתֵ֙נוּ֙</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**lu** hafets yehwah lahamithenu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**If** he-wanted Yahweh to-kill-us</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**If** Yahweh intended to kill us</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* NUM 14:2
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>לוּ֩</b>־מַ֙תְנוּ֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**lu**-mathnu be'erets mitsrayim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**If-only** we-had-died in-the-land-of Egypt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**We wish** we had died in the land of Egypt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## פֶּן
|
||||
This term is also a conditional conjunction, and it expresses a certain kind of hypothetical condition. The word can be used in two different ways: either 1) in warnings to express a potential condition that will take place if the warning is not heeded, usually translated "lest" in English; or 2) to express the reason for a certain action to prevent a possible condition from taking place, usually translated as "so that...not" (or similar phrasing) in English.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 3:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְלֹ֥א תִגְּע֖וּ בּ֑וֹ **פֶּן**־תְּמֻתֽוּן׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>welo thigge'u bo **pen**-temuthun</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-not you-will-touch in-it **so-that-not**_you-will-die</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>nor may you touch it, **or** you will die.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 31:24
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הִשָּׁ֧מֶר לְךָ֛ **פֶּן**־תְּדַבֵּ֥ר עִֽם־יַעֲקֹ֖ב מִטּ֥וֹב עַד־רָֽע</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hishamer lekha **pen**-tedabber 'im-ya'aqov mittov 'ad-ra'</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Be-guarded to-you **so-that-not**_you-speak with_Jacob from-good until_bad.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Be careful **that** you speak to Jacob **neither** good **nor** bad.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Compound conjunctions
|
||||
|
||||
### כִּי אִם
|
||||
|
||||
This compound conjunction functions most often as a strong adversative or a strong concessive. In English, it is usually translated as "but", "but if", or "except". It is recommended to always consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of any specific occurrence of this compound conjunction.
|
||||
|
||||
* 2KI 23:9
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>כִּ֛י אִם</b>־אָכְל֥וּ מַצֹּ֖ות בְּתֹ֥וךְ אֲחֵיהֶֽם׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**ki 'im**-'okhlu matsowth bethowkh 'ahehem</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**but if**_they-ate unleavened-bread in-midst-of their-brothers.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**but** they ate unleavened bread among their brothers.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### אַף כִּי
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes the words אַף and כִּי are paired together to form a compound conjunction that functions much like an [ַaffirmation particle](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_affirmation/02.md), conveying a strong sense of affirmation or addition. This compound conjunction can appear with or without the prefix conjunction וְ ("and").
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Like other particles, the words אַף and כִּי sometimes appear together but do NOT form a compound conjunction; in such cases, each word retains its individual meaning, usually as an affirmation particle (אַף) and a conditional conjunction (כִּי). These instances must be determined from the context. If in doubt, consult a dictionary or lexicon for the exact meaning of any specific occurrence.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 3:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אַ֚ף כִּֽי</b>־אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֔ים</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'af ki**-'amar 'elohim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**indeed** he-has-said God</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Has God **really** said</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* EZK 23:40
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְאַ֗ף כִּ֤י</b>־אַחֲרֵ֥י מוֹתִֽי׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**we'af ki**-'ahare mothi</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-more** after my-death</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**how much more** after my death?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Conjunction
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/front.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _front:
|
||||
|
||||
Unlocked Hebrew Grammar
|
||||
=======================
|
||||
|
||||
Introduction
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
||||
The Unlocked Hebrew Grammar (UHG) is a biblical Hebrew reference grammar
|
||||
based on the `morphologycodes <http://openscriptures.github.io/morphhb/parsing/HebrewMorphologyCodes.html>`__
|
||||
that appear in the `Open Scriptures HebrewBible <https://github.com/openscriptures/morphhb>`__. It enables the
|
||||
global Church to gain the best possible understanding of the Hebrew
|
||||
grammar of the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
Rationale
|
||||
---------
|
||||
|
||||
The rationale behind creating the first version of the UHG was to
|
||||
provide an openly licensed and up to date reference grammar for direct
|
||||
use with the Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible. Such a grammar may be used in
|
||||
software to provide students and translators of Scripture with up to
|
||||
date and accurate descriptions of Hebrew grammar on an as needed basis.
|
||||
Because the articles are directly patterned after the morphological
|
||||
categories of the OSHB, it is easy for software to link directly to
|
||||
them.
|
||||
|
||||
Methodology
|
||||
-----------
|
||||
|
||||
A team of scholars and technicians worked together to create and revise
|
||||
each of the articles in the UHG over the course of a year and a half.
|
||||
The creation process included individuals drafting glossary and article
|
||||
entries for each grammatical topic and then a series of peer reviews of
|
||||
each. Several meetings were held to help standardize the format of the
|
||||
articles and to discuss difficult issues as they arose.
|
||||
|
||||
The differentiation between the glossary entries and the articles is
|
||||
similar to the approach of many Wikipedia articles. The glossary entry
|
||||
is a one or two sentence summary of the grammatical topic, while the
|
||||
article goes into much more detail and includes several examples. This
|
||||
has the effect of being useful in a pop up or tooltip in software
|
||||
applications, which may provide immediate access to the glossary in the
|
||||
pop up and then link to the full article.
|
||||
|
||||
A unique design goal was to make the language of the grammar as simple
|
||||
as possible so that the resource can more easily be translated into the
|
||||
`Gateway Languages <https://unfoldingword.org/gateway/>`__ of the world.
|
||||
This should also have the effect of rendering the grammar accessible to
|
||||
people of varied educational backgrounds and varied proficiency in the
|
||||
English language.
|
||||
|
||||
The work was completed using an online content creation and translation
|
||||
platform, the `Door43 Content Service <https://git.door43.org>`__.
|
||||
Because of this, all the work is under revision control, you can go back
|
||||
and see the `commithistory <https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/commits/branch/master>`__
|
||||
if you'd like (it totals over 2500 commits at the time of writing).
|
||||
|
||||
Future
|
||||
------
|
||||
|
||||
We plan to extend the UHG, in conjunction with the Unlocked Hebrew
|
||||
Bible, to cover higher level syntactic and semantic information. Rather
|
||||
than replacing the existing form-centric morphology of the OSHB, we
|
||||
would add another parsing layer on top of it that focuses on the
|
||||
function of the words and phrases. This will generate a new list of
|
||||
categories that will need explanations in the UHG. Some examples of new
|
||||
categories are discourse markers, specific uses of imperfect forms,
|
||||
context sensitive gender identification and the like.
|
||||
|
||||
A further extension may be to take the raw material from this work and
|
||||
augment and format it to be useful as a teaching grammar. Again, the
|
||||
idea here would be to provide a resource that could easily be translated
|
||||
and adapted into other Gateway Languages.
|
||||
|
||||
If either of these ideas intrigue you, let us know at
|
||||
https://unfoldingword.org/contact/, we'd love to have your involvement!
|
||||
|
||||
Contributors
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
||||
This resource was designed by the `unfoldingWordProject <https://unfoldingword.org/>`__ and built by the `Door43 WorldMissions Community <https://door43.org/>`__. At least the following
|
||||
people were instrumental in the creation of the UHG:
|
||||
|
||||
- Bram van den Heuvel (BA Theology, Utrecht University; MA Biblical
|
||||
Studies, Utrecht University / University of Amsterdam; Ph.D.
|
||||
Candidate Old Testament, Evangelische Theologische Faculteit)
|
||||
- Chapel Presson (BA Pre-Seminary Studies/Bible, Central Bible College;
|
||||
MDiv, Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary)
|
||||
- Daniel Bowman (BA Ancient Languages, Cornerstone University; MDiv,
|
||||
Grand Rapids Theological Seminary)
|
||||
- Ethan Knapp
|
||||
- Joel D. Ruark (M.A.Th. Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary; Th.M.
|
||||
Stellenbosch University; Ph.D. Candidate in Old Testament Studies,
|
||||
Stellenbosch University)
|
||||
- Jesse Griffin (BA Biblical Studies, Liberty University; MA Biblical
|
||||
Languages, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary)
|
||||
- Kenny E. Hilliard III (BA Christian Studies, North Greenville
|
||||
University; MDiv Christian Ministry: Biblical Languages, Southeastern
|
||||
Baptist Theological Seminary; PHD Candidate Biblical Studies: Old
|
||||
Testament, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary)
|
||||
- Perry Oakes (BA Biblical Studies, Taylor University; MA Theology,
|
||||
Fuller Seminary; MA Linguistics, University of Texas at Arlington;
|
||||
PhD Old Testament, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary)
|
||||
- Stephen J. Andrews (BA Carson-Newman; M.Div. Eastern Baptist
|
||||
Theological Seminary; Th.M. Southeastern Baptist Theological
|
||||
Seminary; Ph.D. Hebrew Union College)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
The Unlocked Hebrew Grammar (UHG) is a biblical Hebrew reference grammar based on the [morphology codes](http://openscriptures.github.io/morphhb/parsing/HebrewMorphologyCodes.html) that appear in the [Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible](https://github.com/openscriptures/morphhb). It enables the global Church to gain the best possible understanding of the Hebrew grammar of the Old Testament.
|
||||
|
||||
## Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The rationale behind creating the first version of the UHG was to provide an openly licensed and up to date reference grammar for direct use with the Open Scriptures Hebrew Bible. Such a grammar may be used in software to provide students and translators of Scripture with up to date and accurate descriptions of Hebrew grammar on an as needed basis. Because the articles are directly patterned after the morphological categories of the OSHB, it is easy for software to link directly to them.
|
||||
|
||||
## Methodology
|
||||
|
||||
A team of scholars and technicians worked together to create and revise each of the articles in the UHG over the course of a year and a half. The creation process included individuals drafting glossary and article entries for each grammatical topic and then a series of peer reviews of each. Several meetings were held to help standardize the format of the articles and to discuss difficult issues as they arose.
|
||||
|
||||
The differentiation between the glossary entries and the articles is similar to the approach of many Wikipedia articles. The glossary entry is a one or two sentence summary of the grammatical topic, while the article goes into much more detail and includes several examples. This has the effect of being useful in a pop up or tooltip in software applications, which may provide immediate access to the glossary in the pop up and then link to the full article.
|
||||
|
||||
A unique design goal was to make the language of the grammar as simple as possible so that the resource can more easily be translated into the [Gateway Languages](https://unfoldingword.org/gateway/) of the world. This should also have the effect of rendering the grammar accessible to people of varied educational backgrounds and varied proficiency in the English language.
|
||||
|
||||
The work was completed using an online content creation and translation platform, the [Door43 Content Service](https://git.door43.org). Because of this, all the work is under revision control, you can go back and see the [commit history](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/commits/branch/master) if you'd like (it totals over 2500 commits at the time of writing).
|
||||
|
||||
## Future
|
||||
|
||||
We plan to extend the UHG, in conjunction with the Unlocked Hebrew Bible, to cover higher level syntactic and semantic information. Rather than replacing the existing form-centric morphology of the OSHB, we would add another parsing layer on top of it that focuses on the function of the words and phrases. This will generate a new list of categories that will need explanations in the UHG. Some examples of new categories are discourse markers, specific uses of imperfect forms, context sensitive gender identification and the like.
|
||||
|
||||
A further extension may be to take the raw material from this work and augment and format it to be useful as a teaching grammar. Again, the idea here would be to provide a resource that could easily be translated and adapted into other Gateway Languages.
|
||||
|
||||
If either of these ideas intrigue you, let us know at [https://unfoldingword.org/contact/](https://unfoldingword.org/contact/), we'd love to have your involvement!
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Contributors
|
||||
|
||||
This resource was designed by the [unfoldingWord Project](https://unfoldingword.org/) and built by the [Door43 World Missions Community](https://door43.org/). At least the following people were instrumental in the creation of the UHG:
|
||||
|
||||
* Bram van den Heuvel (BA Theology, Utrecht University; MA Biblical Studies, Utrecht University / University of Amsterdam; Ph.D. Candidate Old Testament, Evangelische Theologische Faculteit)
|
||||
* Chapel Presson (BA Pre-Seminary Studies/Bible, Central Bible College; MDiv, Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary)
|
||||
* Daniel Bowman (BA Ancient Languages, Cornerstone University; MDiv, Grand Rapids Theological Seminary)
|
||||
* Ethan Knapp
|
||||
* Joel D. Ruark (M.A.Th. Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary; Th.M. Stellenbosch University; Ph.D. Candidate in Old Testament Studies, Stellenbosch University)
|
||||
* Jesse Griffin (BA Biblical Studies, Liberty University; MA Biblical Languages, Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary)
|
||||
* Kenny E. Hilliard III (BA Christian Studies, North Greenville University; MDiv Christian Ministry: Biblical Languages, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary; PHD Candidate Biblical Studies: Old Testament, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary)
|
||||
* Perry Oakes (BA Biblical Studies, Taylor University; MA Theology, Fuller Seminary; MA Linguistics, University of Texas at Arlington; PhD Old Testament, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary)
|
||||
* Stephen J. Andrews (BA Carson-Newman; M.Div. Eastern Baptist Theological Seminary; Th.M. Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary; Ph.D. Hebrew Union College)
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
# Unlocked Hebrew Grammar
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/gender_both.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _gender_both:
|
||||
|
||||
Gender Both
|
||||
===========
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A word is classified as "both gender" if it contains both a masculine
|
||||
and a feminine form, or if a single form is grammatically-masculine in
|
||||
some contexts and grammatically-feminine in other contexts.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Some words appear in both a
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
and a
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`
|
||||
form. Other words have only one form, but that single form can be either
|
||||
grammatically-masculine or grammatically-feminine. These kinds of words
|
||||
are classified as "gender both", and they are usually nouns or
|
||||
adjectives. Sometimes the context can determine the gender of a
|
||||
particular instance of a "gender both" noun (see examples below for
|
||||
שֶׁמֶשׁ), but sometimes the context is inconclusive (see example below for
|
||||
נֹגַהּ).
|
||||
|
||||
Examples
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
A single word with both masculine and feminine forms
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:3 –– the noun אוֹר (light) is masculine in form and takes
|
||||
grammatically-masculine verbs (יְהִ֣י and וַֽיְהִי).
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י **אֹ֑ור** וַֽיְהִי־\ **אֹֽור**\ ׃
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyomer 'elohim yehi **'owr** wayehi-\ **'owr**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-he-said God there-will-be **light** and-there-was\_\ **light**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
God said, "Let there be **light**," and there was **light**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- EST 8:16 –– the noun אוֹרָה (light) is feminine in form and takes a
|
||||
grammatically-feminine verb (הָֽיְתָ֥ה).
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לַיְּהוּדִ֕ים הָֽיְתָ֥ה אֹורָ֖ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
layyehudim hayethah **'owrah**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
To-the-Jews there-was **light**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The Jews had **light**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
A single form that can be either masculine or feminine
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 15:17 –– the noun שֶׁמֶשׁ (sun) can be grammatically feminine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיְהִ֤י **הַשֶּׁ֙מֶשׁ֙** בָּ֔אָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayhi **hashemesh** ba'ah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-it-happened **the-sun** it-went
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
When **the sun** had gone down
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 19:23 –– the noun שֶׁמֶשׁ (sun) can be grammatically masculine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁ יָצָ֣א עַל־הָאָ֑רֶץ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**hashemesh** yatsa 'al-ha'arets
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**The-sun** it-went-out over\_the-earth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**The sun** had risen upon the earth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- JOL 4:15 –– the noun נֹגַהּ (brightness) could be either masculine or
|
||||
feminine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְכוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-stars they-withdraw their-\ **brightness**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
the stars keep back their **brightness**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
A word is classified as "both gender" if it contains both a masculine and a feminine form, or if a single form is grammatically-masculine in some contexts and grammatically-feminine in other contexts.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
Some words appear in both a [masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) and a [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md) form. Other words have only one form, but that single form can be either grammatically-masculine or grammatically-feminine. These kinds of words are classified as "gender both", and they are usually nouns or adjectives. Sometimes the context can determine the gender of a particular instance of a "gender both" noun (see examples below for שֶׁמֶשׁ), but sometimes the context is inconclusive (see example below for נֹגַהּ).
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
#### A single word with both masculine and feminine forms
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:3 –– the noun אוֹר (light) is masculine in form and takes grammatically-masculine verbs (יְהִ֣י and וַֽיְהִי).
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֹּ֥אמֶר אֱלֹהִ֖ים יְהִ֣י **אֹ֑ור** וַֽיְהִי־**אֹֽור**׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyomer 'elohim yehi **'owr** wayehi-**'owr**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-said God there-will-be **light** and-there-was_**light**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>God said, "Let there be **light**," and there was **light**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* EST 8:16 –– the noun אוֹרָה (light) is feminine in form and takes a grammatically-feminine verb (הָֽיְתָ֥ה).
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>לַיְּהוּדִ֕ים הָֽיְתָ֥ה <b>אֹורָ֖ה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>layyehudim hayethah **'owrah**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>To-the-Jews there-was **light**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The Jews had **light**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### A single form that can be either masculine or feminine
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 15:17 –– the noun שֶׁמֶשׁ (sun) can be grammatically feminine
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיְהִ֤י **הַשֶּׁ֙מֶשׁ֙** בָּ֔אָה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayhi **hashemesh** ba'ah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-it-happened **the-sun** it-went</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>When **the sun** had gone down</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 19:23 –– the noun שֶׁמֶשׁ (sun) can be grammatically masculine
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>הַשֶּׁ֖מֶשׁ</b> יָצָ֣א עַל־הָאָ֑רֶץ </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**hashemesh** yatsa 'al-ha'arets </td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**The-sun** it-went-out over_the-earth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**The sun** had risen upon the earth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JOL 4:15 –– the noun נֹגַהּ (brightness) could be either masculine or feminine
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְכוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ <b>נָגְהָֽם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-stars they-withdraw their-**brightness**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>the stars keep back their **brightness**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Gender Both
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,335 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/gender_common.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _gender_common:
|
||||
|
||||
Gender Common
|
||||
=============
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A word is classified as "common gender" if it can refer to either a
|
||||
grammatically-masculine or a grammatically-feminine person/thing.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A word is parsed as "common" (in other systems sometimes "unmarked"),
|
||||
when it has potential to refer to either a
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
or a
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`
|
||||
person or thing. Words classified as "common gender" are usually
|
||||
pronouns or verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
Examples
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
- 1KI 18:22 - with a :ref:`pronoun_personal`
|
||||
:ref:`person_fist`
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֲנִ֞י נֹותַ֧רְתִּי נָבִ֛יא לַיהוָ֖ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**'ani** nowtharti navi layhwah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**I** I-am-left prophet for-Yahweh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I, **I alone**, am left as a prophet of Yahweh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- ISA 2:5 - with a
|
||||
:ref:`verb`
|
||||
first person
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בֵּ֖ית יַעֲקֹ֑ב לְכ֥וּ **וְנֵלְכָ֖ה** בְּא֥וֹר יְהוָֽה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
beth ya'aqov lekhu **wenelekhah** be'or yehwah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
House-of Jacob come **and-let-us-walk** in-light-of Yahweh.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
House of Jacob, come, **and let us walk** in the light of Yahweh.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- ISA 28:7 - with the plural "near" form of the :ref:`pronoun_demonstrative`
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְגַם־\ **אֵ֨לֶּה֙** בַּיַּ֣יִן שָׁג֔וּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wegam-\ **'elleh** bayyayin shagu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-also\_\ **these** in-the-wine reel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
But even **these** reel with wine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
A word is classified as "common gender" if it can refer to either a grammatically-masculine or a grammatically-feminine person/thing.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
A word is parsed as "common" (in other systems sometimes "unmarked"), when it has potential to refer to either a [masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) or a [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md) person or thing. Words classified as "common gender" are usually pronouns or verbs.
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
* 1KI 18:22 - with a [personal pronoun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun_personal/02.md) [first person](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/person_fist/02.md)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>אֲנִ֞י</b> נֹותַ֧רְתִּי נָבִ֛יא לַיהוָ֖ה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'ani** nowtharti navi layhwah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**I** I-am-left prophet for-Yahweh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I, **I alone**, am left as a prophet of Yahweh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* ISA 2:5 - with a [verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md) first person
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בֵּ֖ית יַעֲקֹ֑ב לְכ֥וּ **וְנֵלְכָ֖ה** בְּא֥וֹר יְהוָֽה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>beth ya'aqov lekhu **wenelekhah** be'or yehwah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>House-of Jacob come **and-let-us-walk** in-light-of Yahweh.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>House of Jacob, come, **and let us walk** in the light of Yahweh.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* ISA 28:7 - with the plural "near" form of the [demonstrative pronoun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun_demonstrative/02.md)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְגַם־**אֵ֨לֶּה֙** בַּיַּ֣יִן שָׁג֔וּ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wegam-**'elleh** bayyayin shagu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-also_**these** in-the-wine reel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>But even **these** reel with wine</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Gender Common
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,1232 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/gender_feminine.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _gender_feminine:
|
||||
|
||||
Gender Feminine
|
||||
===============
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, all
|
||||
:ref:`noun`,
|
||||
finite
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`,
|
||||
`pronouns <https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun/01.md>`__,
|
||||
:ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
|
||||
and some
|
||||
`particles <https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle/01.md>`__
|
||||
are grammatically marked for gender. This gender marking can be
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`,
|
||||
:ref:`gender_common`,
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`gender_both`.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, every
|
||||
:ref:`noun`
|
||||
is classified according to gender, either
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
or feminine or
|
||||
:ref:`gender_both`.
|
||||
Adjectives and other descriptors change endings when they refer to a
|
||||
noun. This is because
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`
|
||||
agree with the gender of the noun they refer to. The gender of a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`
|
||||
agrees with its subject. All references to female persons in Biblical
|
||||
Hebrew are grammatically masculine. However, other entities apart from
|
||||
people can also be classified as grammatically-masculine. For example,
|
||||
the `propernames <https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun_proper_name/01.md>`__
|
||||
of places are often feminine in Biblical Hebrew, as well as body parts
|
||||
that exist as pairs (hand, foot, etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Feminine
|
||||
:ref:`number_singular``nouns <(https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md)>`__
|
||||
and
|
||||
`adjectives <(https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md)>`__
|
||||
usually end in either ה or ת. Feminine
|
||||
:ref:`number_dual`
|
||||
nouns end in patach-yod-hireq-final mem, as in יָדַיִם (hands). Feminine
|
||||
:ref:`number_plural`
|
||||
nouns and adjectives usually end in וֹת, as in תּוֹרוֹת (laws).
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Some feminine nouns do NOT take feminine endings, even some common
|
||||
nouns such as אֵם (mother) and אֶרֶץ (earth). They appear to be
|
||||
masculine nouns, but they are actually feminine nouns. A dictionary or
|
||||
lexicon will indicate the proper gender for each word.
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Besides nouns, a feminine word can be recognized by a variety of changes
|
||||
to the form. This paradigm shows a sample of the kinds of changes that
|
||||
signal a feminine form.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, feminine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mare
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, feminine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסַת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susat
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mare of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, feminine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mares
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, feminine plural construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mares of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטַלְתְּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatalt
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קְטַלְתֶּן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qetalten
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטְלָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatlah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
she killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטְלִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqteli
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטֹלְנָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtolenah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
she will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטֹלְנָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtolenah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַתְּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'at
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַתֵּנָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'attenah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִיא / הִוא
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hi / hiw
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
she / it
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הֵן / הֵנָּה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hen / hennah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתָךְ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'othakh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתְכֶֶן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'thekhem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתָהּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'othah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
her / it
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, third person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'ethhen / 'othan
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָךְ / - ָךְ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lakh / -akh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָכֶן / -כֶן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lakhen / -khen
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָהּ / - ָהּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lah / -ah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) her
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, third person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָהֶן / -הֶן / - ָן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lahen / -hen / -an
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, all [nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), finite [verbs](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md), [pronouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun/01.md), [pronominal suffixes](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix_pronominal/02.md), and some [particles](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle/01.md) are grammatically marked for gender. This gender marking can be [masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md), [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md), [common](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_common/02.md), or [both](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_both/02.md).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, every [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md) is classified according to gender, either [masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) or feminine or [both](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_both/02.md). Adjectives and other descriptors change endings when they refer to a noun. This is because [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md) agree with the gender of the noun they refer to. The gender of a [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs) agrees with its subject. All references to female persons in Biblical Hebrew are grammatically masculine. However, other entities apart from people can also be classified as grammatically-masculine. For example, the [proper names](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun_proper_name/01.md) of places are often feminine in Biblical Hebrew, as well as body parts that exist as pairs (hand, foot, etc.).
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
|
||||
Feminine [singular](https://via.hypothes.is/https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_singular/02.md) [nouns]((https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md)) and [adjectives]((https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md)) usually end in either ה or ת. Feminine [dual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_dual/02.md) nouns end in patach-yod-hireq-final mem, as in יָדַיִם (hands). Feminine [plural](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_plural/02.md) nouns and adjectives usually end in וֹת, as in תּוֹרוֹת (laws).
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Some feminine nouns do NOT take feminine endings, even some common nouns such as אֵם (mother) and אֶרֶץ (earth). They appear to be masculine nouns, but they are actually feminine nouns. A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the proper gender for each word.
|
||||
|
||||
### Paradigm
|
||||
Besides nouns, a feminine word can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form. This paradigm shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a feminine form.
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, feminine singular absolute</td><td>סוּסָה</td><td>susah</td><td>mare</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, feminine singular construct</td><td>סוּסַת</td><td>susat</td><td>mare of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, feminine plural absolute</td><td>סוּסוֹת</td><td>susoth</td><td>mares</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, feminine plural construct</td><td>סוּסוֹת</td><td>susoth</td><td>mares of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine singular</td><td>קָטַלְתְּ</td><td>qatalt</td><td>you killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine plural</td><td>קְטַלְתֶּן</td><td>qetalten</td><td>you killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, third person feminine singular</td><td>קָטְלָה</td><td>qatlah</td><td>she killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine singular</td><td>תִּקְטְלִי</td><td>tiqteli</td><td>you will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine plural</td><td>תִּקְטֹלְנָה</td><td>tiqtolenah</td><td>you will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine singular</td><td>תִּקְטֹל</td><td>tiqtol</td><td>she will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine plural</td><td>תִּקְטֹלְנָה</td><td>tiqtolenah</td><td>they will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine singular</td><td>אַתְּ</td><td>'at</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine plural</td><td>אַתֵּנָה</td><td>'attenah</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine singular</td><td>הִיא / הִוא</td><td>hi / hiw</td><td>she / it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine plural</td><td>הֵן / הֵנָּה</td><td>hen / hennah</td><td>they</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, second person feminine singular</td><td>אֹתָךְ</td><td>'othakh</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, second person feminine plural</td><td>אֹתְכֶֶן</td><td>'thekhem</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, third person feminine singular</td><td>אֹתָהּ</td><td>'othah</td><td>her / it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, third person feminine plural</td><td>אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן</td><td>'ethhen / 'othan</td><td>them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, second person feminine singular</td><td>לָךְ / - ָךְ </td><td>lakh / -akh</td><td>(to) you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, second person feminine plural</td><td>לָכֶן / -כֶן</td><td>lakhen / -khen</td><td>(to) you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, third person feminine singular</td><td>לָהּ / - ָהּ</td><td>lah / -ah</td><td>(to) her</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, third person feminine plural</td><td>לָהֶן / -הֶן / - ָן</td><td>lahen / -hen / -an</td><td>(to) them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Gender Feminine
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,1230 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/gender_masculine.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _gender_masculine:
|
||||
|
||||
Gender Masculine
|
||||
================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, all
|
||||
:ref:`noun`,
|
||||
finite
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`,
|
||||
`pronouns <https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun/01.md>`__,
|
||||
:ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
|
||||
and some
|
||||
`particles <https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle/01.md>`__
|
||||
are grammatically marked for gender. This gender marking can be
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`,
|
||||
:ref:`gender_common`,
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`gender_both`.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, every
|
||||
:ref:`noun`
|
||||
is classified according to gender, either masculine or
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`gender_both`.
|
||||
Many other words change the way they look when they refer to that noun.
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`
|
||||
agree with the gender of the noun they refer to. The gender of a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`
|
||||
agrees with its subject. All references to male persons in Biblical
|
||||
Hebrew are grammatically marked as masculine. However, other things
|
||||
besides people can also be classified as grammatically-masculine. For
|
||||
example, abstract ideas are often expressed with a masculine
|
||||
:ref:`number_plural`
|
||||
form.
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Masculine
|
||||
:ref:`number_singular``nouns <(https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md)>`__
|
||||
and
|
||||
`adjectives <(https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md)>`__
|
||||
have no special endings; they are the standard dictionary form.
|
||||
Masculine
|
||||
:ref:`number_dual`
|
||||
nouns end in pataq-yod-hireq-final mem, as in צָהֳרַיִם (noon).
|
||||
Masculine
|
||||
:ref:`number_plural`
|
||||
nouns and adjectives usually end in hireq-yod-final mem, as in אֲנָשִׁים
|
||||
(men).
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Besides nouns, a masculine word can be recognized by a variety of
|
||||
changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and
|
||||
are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a
|
||||
sample of the kinds of changes that signal a masculine form.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, masculine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּס
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
sus
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallion
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, masculine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּס
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
sus
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallion of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, masculine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallions
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, masculine plural construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסֵי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
suse
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallions of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטַלְתָּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatalta
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קְטַלְתֶּם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qetaltem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטַל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
he killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטְל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtelu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יִקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yiqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
he will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יִקְטְלוּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yiqtelu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַתָּה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'attah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַתֶּם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'attem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הוּא
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
he / it
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הֵם / הֵמָּה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hem / hemmah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתְךָ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'othekha
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתְכֶֶם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'othekhem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתוֹ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'otho
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
him / it
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, third person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'ethhem / 'otham
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לְךָ / - ְךָ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lekha / -ekha
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָכֶם / -כֶם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lakhem / -khem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לוֹ / -וֹ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lo / -o
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) him
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, third person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lahem / -hem / -am
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, all [nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), finite [verbs](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md), [pronouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/pronoun/01.md), [pronominal suffixes](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix_pronominal/02.md), and some [particles](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle/01.md) are grammatically marked for gender. This gender marking can be [masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md), [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md), [common](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_common/02.md), or [both](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_both/02.md).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, every [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md) is classified according to gender, either masculine or [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md) or [both](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_both/02.md). Many other words change the way they look when they refer to that noun. [Adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md) agree with the gender of the noun they refer to. The gender of a [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs) agrees with its subject. All references to male persons in Biblical Hebrew are grammatically marked as masculine. However, other things besides people can also be classified as grammatically-masculine. For example, abstract ideas are often expressed with a masculine [plural](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_plural/02.md) form.
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
Masculine [singular](https://via.hypothes.is/https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_singular/02.md) [nouns]((https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md)) and [adjectives]((https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md)) have no special endings; they are the standard dictionary form. Masculine [dual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_dual/02.md) nouns end in pataq-yod-hireq-final mem, as in צָהֳרַיִם (noon). Masculine [plural](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_plural/02.md) nouns and adjectives usually end in hireq-yod-final mem, as in אֲנָשִׁים (men).
|
||||
|
||||
### Paradigm
|
||||
Besides nouns, a masculine word can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a masculine form.
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, masculine singular absolute</td><td>סוּס</td><td>sus</td><td>stallion</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, masculine singular construct</td><td>סוּס</td><td>sus</td><td>stallion of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, masculine plural absolute</td><td>סוּסִים</td><td>susim</td><td>stallions</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, masculine plural construct</td><td>סוּסֵי</td><td>suse</td><td>stallions of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine singular</td><td>קָטַלְתָּ</td><td>qatalta</td><td>you killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine plural</td><td>קְטַלְתֶּם</td><td>qetaltem</td><td>you killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, third person masculine singular</td><td>קָטַל</td><td>qatal</td><td>he killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine singular</td><td>תִּקְטֹל</td><td>tiqtol</td><td>you will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine plural</td><td>תִּקְטְל</td><td>tiqtelu</td><td>you will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine singular</td><td>יִקְטֹל</td><td>yiqtol</td><td>he will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine plural</td><td>יִקְטְלוּ</td><td>yiqtelu</td><td>they will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine singular</td><td>אַתָּה</td><td>'attah</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine plural</td><td>אַתֶּם</td><td>'attem</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine singular</td><td>הוּא</td><td>hu</td><td>he / it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine plural</td><td>הֵם / הֵמָּה</td><td>hem / hemmah</td><td>they</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, second person masculine singular</td><td>אֹתְךָ</td><td>'othekha</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, second person masculine plural</td><td>אֹתְכֶֶם</td><td>'othekhem</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, third person masculine singular</td><td>אֹתוֹ</td><td>'otho</td><td>him / it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, third person masculine plural</td><td>אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם</td><td>'ethhem / 'otham</td><td>them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, second person masculine singular</td><td>לְךָ / - ְךָ</td><td>lekha / -ekha</td><td>(to) you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, second person masculine plural</td><td>לָכֶם / -כֶם</td><td>lakhem / -khem</td><td>(to) you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, third person masculine singular</td><td>לוֹ / -וֹ</td><td>lo / -o</td><td>(to) him</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, third person masculine plural</td><td>לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם</td><td>lahem / -hem / -am</td><td>(to) them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Gender Masculine
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/index.rst
|
||||
|
||||
unfoldingWord Hebrew Grammar
|
||||
============================
|
||||
|
||||
.. toctree::
|
||||
:maxdepth: 2
|
||||
|
||||
front
|
||||
adjective
|
||||
adjective_cardinal_number
|
||||
adjective_gentilic
|
||||
adjective_ordinal_number
|
||||
adverb
|
||||
conjunction
|
||||
gender_both
|
||||
gender_common
|
||||
gender_feminine
|
||||
gender_masculine
|
||||
infinitive_absolute
|
||||
infinitive_construct
|
||||
noun
|
||||
noun_common
|
||||
noun_gentilic
|
||||
noun_proper_name
|
||||
number_dual
|
||||
number_plural
|
||||
number_singular
|
||||
particle
|
||||
participle_active
|
||||
participle_passive
|
||||
particle_affirmation
|
||||
particle_definite_article
|
||||
particle_demonstrative
|
||||
particle_direct_object_marker
|
||||
particle_exhortation
|
||||
particle_interjection
|
||||
particle_interrogative
|
||||
particle_negative
|
||||
particle_relative
|
||||
person_fist
|
||||
person_second
|
||||
person_third
|
||||
preposition_definite_article
|
||||
pronoun
|
||||
pronoun_demonstrative
|
||||
pronoun_indefinite
|
||||
pronoun_interrogative
|
||||
pronoun_personal
|
||||
pronoun_relative
|
||||
state_absolute
|
||||
state_construct
|
||||
state_determined
|
||||
stem
|
||||
stem_hiphil
|
||||
stem_hishtaphel
|
||||
stem_hithpael
|
||||
stem_hithpalpel
|
||||
stem_hithpoel
|
||||
stem_hithpolel
|
||||
stem_hophal
|
||||
stem_hothpaal
|
||||
stem_niphal
|
||||
stem_nithpael
|
||||
stem_palel
|
||||
stem_pealal
|
||||
stem_piel
|
||||
stem_pilel
|
||||
stem_pilpel
|
||||
stem_poal
|
||||
stem_poel
|
||||
stem_polal
|
||||
stem_polel
|
||||
stem_polpal
|
||||
stem_pual
|
||||
stem_pulal
|
||||
stem_qal_passive
|
||||
stem_qal
|
||||
stem_tiphil
|
||||
suffix
|
||||
suffix_directional_he
|
||||
suffix_paragogic_he
|
||||
suffix_paragogic_nun
|
||||
suffix_pronominal
|
||||
verb
|
||||
verb_cohortative
|
||||
verb_imperative
|
||||
verb_imperfect
|
||||
verb_jussive
|
||||
verb_perfect
|
||||
verb_sequential_imperfect
|
||||
verb_sequential_perfect
|
||||
word_order
|
||||
back
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,1719 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/infinitive_absolute.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _infinitive_absolute:
|
||||
|
||||
Infinitive Absolute
|
||||
===================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive absolute is an extremely flexible verbal form and can
|
||||
function as an adverb, a verb, or a noun. Its most common use is to
|
||||
express intensity or certainty of verbal action.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Of all the verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew, the infinitive
|
||||
absolute is the simplest in form but the most complex in function,
|
||||
demanding the most sensitivity to its context to determine its meaning.
|
||||
The infinitive absolute is described as being in the :ref:`state_absolute`
|
||||
because it always stands entirely on its own as an independent
|
||||
grammatical entity. The form never occurs in any kind of construction
|
||||
with a prefix or
|
||||
:ref:`suffix`,
|
||||
an attached preposition, or even another
|
||||
:ref:`noun`
|
||||
in a construct chain. The infinitive absolute generally has only one
|
||||
form in each
|
||||
:ref:`stem`
|
||||
(Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.), and it does not conjugate according to
|
||||
person, gender, or number like the :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`
|
||||
forms. Grammatically, the infinitive absolute can function as an
|
||||
:ref:`adverb`,
|
||||
a finite verb, or even as a noun. The context must be carefully
|
||||
investigated to discern the precise meaning of an infinitive absolute in
|
||||
each instance.
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטוֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Niphal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִקָּטֹל / נִקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hiqqatol / niqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
be killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Hiphil
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַקְטֵל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
haqtel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
cause to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Hophal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הָקְטֵל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hoqtel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
causing to be killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Piel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קַטֵּל / קַטֹּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qattel / qattol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
slaughter
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pual
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קֻטֹּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
quttol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
be slaughtered
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Hithpael
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִתְקַטֵּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hitqattel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
kill oneself
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive absolute can express the following range of meanings:
|
||||
|
||||
Expresses intensity or certainty of verbal action
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
In most cases, the infinitive absolute is paired with a finite verb of
|
||||
the same root. When used in this way, the infinitive absolute functions
|
||||
adverbially, either certifying or intensifying the action of the main
|
||||
verb, depending on the context. Normally the infinitive absolute
|
||||
precedes the main verb, except with
|
||||
:ref:`verb_imperative`
|
||||
and
|
||||
:ref:`participle_active`;
|
||||
in those cases, the infinitive absolute follows.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 2:16 – Infinitive absolute expressing intensity of action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן **אָכֹ֥ל** תֹּאכֵֽל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mikkol 'ets-haggan **'akhol** tokhel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
from-every tree-of\_the-garden **eating** you-may-eat
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
From every tree in the garden you may **freely** eat.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 2:17 – Infinitive absolute expressing certainty of action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בְּי֛וֹם אֲכָלְךָ֥ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ **מ֥וֹת** תָּמֽוּת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
beyom 'akholkha mimmennu **moth** tamuth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
in-day-of your-eating from-it **dying** you-will-die
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
on the day that you eat from it, you will **surely** die.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive absolute often substitutes for a finite verb. In these
|
||||
cases, the infinitive absolute can carry an emotive sense and should be
|
||||
treated with great sensitivity to the context for precise nuance of
|
||||
meaning. The examples listed below are not comprehensive, but only
|
||||
provide a sampling of potential options for the exact meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
- JOB 40:2
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הֲ֭רֹב עִם־שַׁדַּ֣י יִסּ֑וֹר
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
harov 'im-shadday **yissor**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
[quest.]-contend with\_Almighty **faultfinder**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Should anyone who wishes to criticize **try to correct** the
|
||||
Almighty?
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 41:43 – an infinitive absolute continuing the action of the
|
||||
preceding verb
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְנָת֣וֹן אֹת֔וֹ עַ֖ל כָּל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**wenathon** 'otho 'al kol-'erets mitsrayim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**and-placing** [dir.obj]-him over whole\_land-of Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pharaoh **put** him over all the land of Egypt.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- EXO 20:8 – infinitive absolute functioning as an emphatic command
|
||||
(either direct or indirect)
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
זָכ֛וֹר אֶת־י֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**zakhor** 'eth-yom hashabbath
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Remember** [dir.obj]\_day the-Sabbath
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Remember** the Sabbath day
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- HOS 10:4 – a pair of infinitive absolutes functioning ambiguously
|
||||
(could be
|
||||
:ref:`adverb`
|
||||
or finite verbs)
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
דִּבְּר֣וּ דְבָרִ֔ים **אָל֥וֹת** שָׁ֖וְא **כָּרֹ֣ת** בְּרִ֑ית
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
dibberu devarim **'aloth** shawe **karoth** berith
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they-speak words **swearing** emptiness **cutting** covenant
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
They speak empty words and **make** covenants by **swearing**
|
||||
falsely.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Complements the action of the main verb
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
An infinitive absolute (or a pair of infinitive absolutes) can follow a
|
||||
finite verb of a different root to describe complementary action.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 30:32 – a single infinitive absolute functioning adverbially
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֶֽעֱבֹ֨ר בְּכָל־צֹֽאנְךָ֜ הַיּ֗וֹם **הָסֵ֨ר** מִשָּׁ֜ם כָּל־שֶׂ֣ה׀
|
||||
נָקֹ֣ד וְטָל֗וּא
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'e'evor bekhol-tsonekha hayyom **haser** misham kol-seh naqod wetalu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
let-me-pass though-all\_your-flock today **turning aside** from-there
|
||||
every\_sheep speckled and-spotted
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Let me walk through all your flock today, **removing** from it every
|
||||
speckled and spotted sheep
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 3:12 – a pair of infinitive absolutes functioning adverbially
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בַּיּ֤וֹם הַהוּא֙ אָקִ֣ים ... הָחֵ֖ל וְכַלֵּֽה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
bayyom hahu' 'aqim ... **hahel wekhalleh**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
in-the-day the-that I-will-carry-out ... **beginning and-ending**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
On that day I will carry out ... **from beginning to end**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Expresses progression or continuance of verbal action (הלךְ)
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive absolute (and sometimes the
|
||||
:ref:`participle_active`)
|
||||
of the specific root הלךְ can be used to express a sense of progression
|
||||
or continuance of the action of a main verb.
|
||||
|
||||
- Gen 8:3
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיָּשֻׁ֧בוּ הַמַּ֛יִם מֵעַ֥ל הָאָ֖רֶץ הָל֣וֹךְ וָשׁ֑וֹב
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyashuvu hammayim me'al ha'arets **halokh washov**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-they-returned the-waters from-over the-earth **going
|
||||
and-returning**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The flood waters receded from off the earth **continually**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 2SA 18:25
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ הָל֖וֹךְ וְקָרֵֽב
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyelekh **halokh weqarev**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-he-walked **going and-approaching**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The runner came **closer and neared** the city.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- JDG 14:9
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ הָלוֹךְ֙ וְאָכֹ֔ל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyelekh **halokh we'akhol**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-he-walked **going and-eating**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
He ... went on, **eating as he went**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
This is an extremely rare use of the infinitive absolute. \* ISA 22:13
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְהִנֵּ֣ה׀ שָׂשׂ֣וֹן וְשִׂמְחָ֗ה **הָרֹ֤ג**\ ׀ בָּקָר֙ **וְשָׁחֹ֣ט**
|
||||
צֹ֔אן **אָכֹ֥ל** בָּשָׂ֖ר **וְשָׁת֣וֹת** יָ֑יִן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wehinneh sason wesimhah **harog** baqar **weshahot** tson **'akhol**
|
||||
basar **weshathoth** yayin
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-behold joy and-gladness **killing** flesh **and-slaughtering** sheep
|
||||
**eating** flesh **and-drinking** wine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
But look, instead, celebration and gladness, **killing** cattle **and
|
||||
slaughtering** sheep, **eating** meat **and drinking** wine
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
The infinitive absolute is an extremely flexible verbal form and can function as an adverb, a verb, or a noun. Its most common use is to express intensity or certainty of verbal action.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
Of all the verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew, the infinitive absolute is the simplest in form but the most complex in function, demanding the most sensitivity to its context to determine its meaning. The infinitive absolute is described as being in the [absolute state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_absolute/02.md) because it always stands entirely on its own as an independent grammatical entity. The form never occurs in any kind of construction with a prefix or [suffix](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix/02.md), an attached preposition, or even another [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md) in a construct chain. The infinitive absolute generally has only one form in each [stem](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/stem/02.md) (Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.), and it does not conjugate according to person, gender, or number like the [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs) forms. Grammatically, the infinitive absolute can function as an [adverb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adverb/02.md), a finite verb, or even as a noun. The context must be carefully investigated to discern the precise meaning of an infinitive absolute in each instance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal</td><td>קָטוֹל</td><td>qatol</td><td>kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Niphal</td><td>הִקָּטֹל / נִקְטֹל</td><td>hiqqatol / niqtol</td><td>be killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Hiphil</td><td>הַקְטֵל</td><td>haqtel</td><td>cause to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Hophal</td><td>הָקְטֵל</td><td>hoqtel</td><td>causing to be killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Piel</td><td>קַטֵּל / קַטֹּל</td><td>qattel / qattol</td><td>slaughter</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pual</td><td>קֻטֹּל</td><td>quttol</td><td>be slaughtered</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Hithpael</td><td>הִתְקַטֵּל</td><td>hitqattel</td><td>kill oneself</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Function
|
||||
The infinitive absolute can express the following range of meanings:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expresses intensity or certainty of verbal action
|
||||
In most cases, the infinitive absolute is paired with a finite verb of the same root. When used in this way, the infinitive absolute functions adverbially, either certifying or intensifying the action of the main verb, depending on the context. Normally the infinitive absolute precedes the main verb, except with [imperatives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb_imperative/02.md) and [participles](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/participle_active/02.md); in those cases, the infinitive absolute follows.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 2:16 – Infinitive absolute expressing intensity of action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן **אָכֹ֥ל** תֹּאכֵֽל</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>mikkol 'ets-haggan **'akhol** tokhel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>from-every tree-of_the-garden **eating** you-may-eat</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>From every tree in the garden you may **freely** eat.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 2:17 – Infinitive absolute expressing certainty of action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בְּי֛וֹם אֲכָלְךָ֥ מִמֶּ֖נּוּ **מ֥וֹת** תָּמֽוּת</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>beyom 'akholkha mimmennu **moth** tamuth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>in-day-of your-eating from-it **dying** you-will-die</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>on the day that you eat from it, you will **surely** die.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs)
|
||||
The infinitive absolute often substitutes for a finite verb. In these cases, the infinitive absolute can carry an emotive sense and should be treated with great sensitivity to the context for precise nuance of meaning. The examples listed below are not comprehensive, but only provide a sampling of potential options for the exact meaning.
|
||||
|
||||
* JOB 40:2
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הֲ֭רֹב עִם־שַׁדַּ֣י <b>יִסּ֑וֹר</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>harov 'im-shadday **yissor**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>[quest.]-contend with_Almighty **faultfinder**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Should anyone who wishes to criticize **try to correct** the Almighty?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 41:43 – an infinitive absolute continuing the action of the preceding verb
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְנָת֣וֹן</b> אֹת֔וֹ עַ֖ל כָּל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**wenathon** 'otho 'al kol-'erets mitsrayim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-placing** [dir.obj]-him over whole_land-of Egypt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Pharaoh **put** him over all the land of Egypt.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* EXO 20:8 – infinitive absolute functioning as an emphatic command (either direct or indirect)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>זָכ֛וֹר</b> אֶת־י֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**zakhor** 'eth-yom hashabbath</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Remember** [dir.obj]_day the-Sabbath</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Remember** the Sabbath day</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* HOS 10:4 – a pair of infinitive absolutes functioning ambiguously (could be [adverbs](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adverb/02.md) or finite verbs)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>דִּבְּר֣וּ דְבָרִ֔ים **אָל֥וֹת** שָׁ֖וְא **כָּרֹ֣ת** בְּרִ֑ית</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>dibberu devarim **'aloth** shawe **karoth** berith</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>they-speak words **swearing** emptiness **cutting** covenant</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>They speak empty words and **make** covenants by **swearing** falsely.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Complements the action of the main verb
|
||||
An infinitive absolute (or a pair of infinitive absolutes) can follow a finite verb of a different root to describe complementary action.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 30:32 – a single infinitive absolute functioning adverbially
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>אֶֽעֱבֹ֨ר בְּכָל־צֹֽאנְךָ֜ הַיּ֗וֹם **הָסֵ֨ר** מִשָּׁ֜ם כָּל־שֶׂ֣ה׀ נָקֹ֣ד וְטָל֗וּא</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'e'evor bekhol-tsonekha hayyom **haser** misham kol-seh naqod wetalu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>let-me-pass though-all_your-flock today **turning aside** from-there every_sheep speckled and-spotted</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Let me walk through all your flock today, **removing** from it every speckled and spotted sheep</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 3:12 – a pair of infinitive absolutes functioning adverbially
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בַּיּ֤וֹם הַהוּא֙ אָקִ֣ים ... <b>הָחֵ֖ל וְכַלֵּֽה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>bayyom hahu' 'aqim ... **hahel wekhalleh**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>in-the-day the-that I-will-carry-out ... **beginning and-ending**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>On that day I will carry out ... **from beginning to end**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Expresses progression or continuance of verbal action (הלךְ)
|
||||
The infinitive absolute (and sometimes the [participle](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/participle_active/02.md)) of the specific root הלךְ can be used to express a sense of progression or continuance of the action of a main verb.
|
||||
|
||||
* Gen 8:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיָּשֻׁ֧בוּ הַמַּ֛יִם מֵעַ֥ל הָאָ֖רֶץ <b>הָל֣וֹךְ וָשׁ֑וֹב</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyashuvu hammayim me'al ha'arets **halokh washov**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-they-returned the-waters from-over the-earth **going and-returning**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The flood waters receded from off the earth **continually**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 2SA 18:25
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֵּ֥לֶךְ <b>הָל֖וֹךְ וְקָרֵֽב</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyelekh **halokh weqarev**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-he-walked **going and-approaching**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The runner came **closer and neared** the city.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JDG 14:9
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ <b>הָלוֹךְ֙ וְאָכֹ֔ל</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyelekh **halokh we'akhol**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-he-walked **going and-eating**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>He ... went on, **eating as he went**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a [verbal noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#verbal-nouns)
|
||||
This is an extremely rare use of the infinitive absolute.
|
||||
* ISA 22:13
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהִנֵּ֣ה׀ שָׂשׂ֣וֹן וְשִׂמְחָ֗ה **הָרֹ֤ג**׀ בָּקָר֙ **וְשָׁחֹ֣ט** צֹ֔אן **אָכֹ֥ל** בָּשָׂ֖ר **וְשָׁת֣וֹת** יָ֑יִן</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehinneh sason wesimhah **harog** baqar **weshahot** tson **'akhol** basar **weshathoth** yayin</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-behold joy and-gladness **killing** flesh **and-slaughtering** sheep **eating** flesh **and-drinking** wine</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>But look, instead, celebration and gladness, **killing** cattle **and slaughtering** sheep, **eating** meat **and drinking** wine</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Infinitive Absolute
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,1803 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/infinitive_construct.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _infinitive_construct:
|
||||
|
||||
Infinitive Construct
|
||||
====================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive construct modifies a finite verb, usually providing extra
|
||||
information regarding the purpose, result, or temporal frame of the
|
||||
verbal action of the main verb. In rare cases, the infinitive construct
|
||||
functions independently as a verbal noun.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive construct generally functions as a verbal complement to a
|
||||
:ref:`verb-finite-verbs`,
|
||||
but in rare cases it also functions independently as a :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`.
|
||||
The infinitive construct is described as being in the construct state
|
||||
because it can occur in various constructions with prepositions,
|
||||
:ref:`suffix`,
|
||||
and other
|
||||
:ref:`noun`
|
||||
in a construct chain. The infinitive construct generally has only one
|
||||
form in each
|
||||
:ref:`stem`
|
||||
(Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.), and it does not conjugate according to
|
||||
person, gender, or number as do the finite verb forms.
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qetol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Niphal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִקָּטֵל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hiqqatel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
be killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Hiphil
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַקְטִיל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
haqtil
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
cause to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Hophal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Not found
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Piel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קַטֵּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qattel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
slaughter
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pual
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Not found
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Hithpael
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִתְקַטֵּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hitqattel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
kill oneself
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive construct can carry the following range of meanings:
|
||||
|
||||
Expresses purpose, result, or complementary action of a main verb (with preposition לְ)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
This is by far the most common use of the infinitive construct, as a
|
||||
standard grammatical infinitive. NOTE: The infinitive construct can also
|
||||
be used with other prepositions to complement the main verb (such as the
|
||||
preposition עַל in the example below).
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 11:5 – expressing purpose for the action of the main verb
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֵּ֣רֶד יְהוָ֔ה **לִרְאֹ֥ת** אֶת־הָעִ֖יר וְאֶת־הַמִּגְדָּ֑ל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyered yehwah **lir'oth** 'eth-ha'ir we'eth-hammigdal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-he-came-down Yahweh **to-see** [dir.obj]\_the-city
|
||||
and-[dir.obj]\_the-tower
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
So Yahweh came down **to see** the city and the tower
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- EXO 3:4 – expressing result of the action of the main verb
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיַּ֥רְא יְהוָ֖ה כִּ֣י סָ֣ר לִרְא֑וֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyar yehwah ki sar **lir'oth**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-he-saw Yahweh that he-had-turned-aside **to-see**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
When Yahweh saw that he had turned aside **to look**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- EXO 3:8 – expressing complementary action of the main verb
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וָאֵרֵ֞ד **לְהַצִּיל֣וֹ**\ ׀ מִיַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם **וּֽלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ֮**
|
||||
מִן־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַהִוא֒
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wa'ered **lehatsilo** miyyad mitsrayim **uleha'alotho** min-ha'arets
|
||||
hahiw'
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-I-have-come-down **to-deliver-them** from-hand-of Egypt
|
||||
**and-to-bring-them-up** from-the-land the-that
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I have come down **to free them** from the Egyptians' power and **to
|
||||
bring them up** from that land
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 14:33 – also expressing complementary action, but with a more
|
||||
nuanced meaning
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִנֵּ֥ה הָעָ֛ם חֹטִ֥אים לַֽיהוָ֖ה **לֶאֱכֹ֣ל** עַל־הַדָּ֑ם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hinneh ha'am hotiym layhwah **le'ekhol** 'al-haddam
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
behold the-people are-sinning to-Yahweh **to-eat** on\_the-blood
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Look, the people are sinning against Yahweh **by eating** with the
|
||||
blood.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- AMO 1:11 – with preposition עַל to express purpose for the action of
|
||||
the main verb
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לֹ֣א אֲשִׁיבֶ֑נּוּ עַל־\ **רָדְפ֨וֹ** בַחֶ֤רֶב אָחִיו֙
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lo 'ashivennu 'al-**rodfo** vaherev 'ahiw
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
not I-will-revoke-it on\_\ **his-pursuing** with-the-sword
|
||||
his-brother
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I will not turn away punishment, because **he pursued** his brother
|
||||
with the sword
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Provides temporal reference for the action of the main verb (with various prepositions)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive construct can be used with other prepositions (besides
|
||||
those included below) to provide temporal reference. In those cases, the
|
||||
context and the meaning of the preposition generally make clear the
|
||||
specific temporal nuance being indicated.
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 2:27 – with preposition בְּ to express simultaneous action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הֲנִגְלֹ֤ה נִגְלֵ֙יתִי֙ אֶל־בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֔יךָ **בִּֽהְיוֹתָ֥ם**
|
||||
בְּמִצְרַ֖יִם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hanigloh niglethiy 'el-beth 'avikha **biheyotham** bemitsrayim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
[quest.]-indeed I-revealed-myself to\_house-of your-father
|
||||
**while-they-were** in-Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Did I not reveal myself to the house of your ancestor, **when they
|
||||
were** in Egypt?
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 12:14 – with preposition כְּ to express commencing action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיְהִ֕י **כְּב֥וֹא** אַבְרָ֖ם מִצְרָ֑יְמָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayhi **kevo** 'avram mitsraymah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-it-happened **as-coming** Abram to-Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
It came about that **when** Abram **entered** into Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- JDG 6:18 – with preposition עַד to express durative action (until a
|
||||
specified time of ending)
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֹּאמַ֕ר אָנֹכִ֥י אֵשֵׁ֖ב עַ֥ד שׁוּבֶֽךָ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyomar 'anokhi 'eshev 'ad **shuvekha**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-he-said myself I-will-remain until **you-return**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Yahweh said, "I will wait until **you return**"
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
The infinitive construct sometimes functions as an independent
|
||||
:ref:`noun`
|
||||
or introduces an entire clause that functions as a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 15:22 – functioning as a noun
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
שְׁמֹ֙עַ֙ מִזֶּ֣בַח ט֔וֹב
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**shemo'a** mizzevah tov
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**obeying** from-sacrifice good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Obedience** is better than sacrifice
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 2:17 – introducing a clause functioning as a noun
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
כִּ֗י בְּי֛וֹם **אֲכָלְךָ֥** מִמֶּ֖נּוּ מ֥וֹת תָּמֽוּת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ki beyom **'akholkha** mimmennu moth tamuth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for in-day-of **your-eating** from-it dying you-will-die
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for on the day that **you eat** from it, you will surely die
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Introduces direct speech (אמר + לְ)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:22
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיְבָ֧רֶךְ אֹתָ֛ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים לֵאמֹ֑ר
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayvarekh 'otham 'elohim **lemor**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-he-blessed [dir.obj]-them God **to-say**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
God blessed them, **saying**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Regarding a :ref:`suffix_pronominal`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
When the infinitive construct takes a pronominal suffix, that suffix can
|
||||
be either the subject or the object of the infinitive itself (not the
|
||||
main verb), as determined by the context.
|
||||
|
||||
- JER 2:17 – infinitive construct with suffix as *subject* of the
|
||||
action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הֲלוֹא־זֹ֖את תַּעֲשֶׂה־לָּ֑ךְ **עָזְבֵךְ֙** אֶת־יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהַ֔יִךְ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
halo-zoth ta'aseh-llakh **'ozvekh** 'eth-yehwah 'elohayikh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
[quest.]-not\_this you-have-done\_to-yourself **your-forsaking**
|
||||
[dir.obj]\_Yahweh your-God
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Did you not do this to yourselves when **you abandoned** Yahweh your
|
||||
God?
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- RUT 1:16 – infinitive construct with suffix as *object* of the action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַתֹּ֤אמֶר רוּת֙ אַל־תִּפְגְּעִי־בִ֔י לְעָזְבֵ֖ךְ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wattomer ruth 'al-tifge'i-vi **le'ozvekh**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-she-said Ruth not\_you-press\_on-me **to-forsake-you**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
But Ruth said, "Do not make me **go away from you**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
The infinitive construct modifies a finite verb, usually providing extra information regarding the purpose, result, or temporal frame of the verbal action of the main verb. In rare cases, the infinitive construct functions independently as a verbal noun.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,262 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
The infinitive construct generally functions as a verbal complement to a [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs), but in rare cases it also functions independently as a [verbal noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#verbal-nouns). The infinitive construct is described as being in the construct state because it can occur in various constructions with prepositions, [suffixes](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix/02.md), and other [nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md) in a construct chain. The infinitive construct generally has only one form in each [stem](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/stem/02.md) (Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.), and it does not conjugate according to person, gender, or number as do the finite verb forms.
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal</td><td>קְטֹל</td><td>qetol</td><td>kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Niphal</td><td>הִקָּטֵל</td><td>hiqqatel</td><td>be killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Hiphil</td><td>הַקְטִיל</td><td>haqtil</td><td>cause to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Hophal</td><td>Not found</td><td></td><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Piel</td><td>קַטֵּל</td><td>qattel</td><td>slaughter</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pual</td><td>Not found</td><td></td><td></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Hithpael</td><td>הִתְקַטֵּל</td><td>hitqattel</td><td>kill oneself</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Function
|
||||
The infinitive construct can carry the following range of meanings:
|
||||
|
||||
### Expresses purpose, result, or complementary action of a main verb (with preposition לְ)
|
||||
This is by far the most common use of the infinitive construct, as a standard grammatical infinitive. NOTE: The infinitive construct can also be used with other prepositions to complement the main verb (such as the preposition עַל in the example below).
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 11:5 – expressing purpose for the action of the main verb
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֵּ֣רֶד יְהוָ֔ה **לִרְאֹ֥ת** אֶת־הָעִ֖יר וְאֶת־הַמִּגְדָּ֑ל</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyered yehwah **lir'oth** 'eth-ha'ir we'eth-hammigdal</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-he-came-down Yahweh **to-see** [dir.obj]_the-city and-[dir.obj]_the-tower</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>So Yahweh came down **to see** the city and the tower</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* EXO 3:4 – expressing result of the action of the main verb
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיַּ֥רְא יְהוָ֖ה כִּ֣י סָ֣ר <b>לִרְא֑וֹת</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyar yehwah ki sar **lir'oth**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-he-saw Yahweh that he-had-turned-aside **to-see**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>When Yahweh saw that he had turned aside **to look**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* EXO 3:8 – expressing complementary action of the main verb
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וָאֵרֵ֞ד **לְהַצִּיל֣וֹ**׀ מִיַּ֣ד מִצְרַ֗יִם **וּֽלְהַעֲלֹתוֹ֮** מִן־הָאָ֣רֶץ הַהִוא֒</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wa'ered **lehatsilo** miyyad mitsrayim **uleha'alotho** min-ha'arets hahiw'</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-I-have-come-down **to-deliver-them** from-hand-of Egypt **and-to-bring-them-up** from-the-land the-that</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I have come down **to free them** from the Egyptians' power and **to bring them up** from that land</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 14:33 – also expressing complementary action, but with a more nuanced meaning
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הִנֵּ֥ה הָעָ֛ם חֹטִ֥אים לַֽיהוָ֖ה **לֶאֱכֹ֣ל** עַל־הַדָּ֑ם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hinneh ha'am hotiym layhwah **le'ekhol** 'al-haddam</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>behold the-people are-sinning to-Yahweh **to-eat** on_the-blood</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Look, the people are sinning against Yahweh **by eating** with the blood.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* AMO 1:11 – with preposition עַל to express purpose for the action of the main verb
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>לֹ֣א אֲשִׁיבֶ֑נּוּ עַל־**רָדְפ֨וֹ** בַחֶ֤רֶב אָחִיו֙</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>lo 'ashivennu 'al-**rodfo** vaherev 'ahiw</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>not I-will-revoke-it on_**his-pursuing** with-the-sword his-brother</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I will not turn away punishment, because **he pursued** his brother with the sword</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Provides temporal reference for the action of the main verb (with various prepositions)
|
||||
The infinitive construct can be used with other prepositions (besides those included below) to provide temporal reference. In those cases, the context and the meaning of the preposition generally make clear the specific temporal nuance being indicated.
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 2:27 – with preposition בְּ to express simultaneous action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הֲנִגְלֹ֤ה נִגְלֵ֙יתִי֙ אֶל־בֵּ֣ית אָבִ֔יךָ **בִּֽהְיוֹתָ֥ם** בְּמִצְרַ֖יִם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hanigloh niglethiy 'el-beth 'avikha **biheyotham** bemitsrayim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>[quest.]-indeed I-revealed-myself to_house-of your-father **while-they-were** in-Egypt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Did I not reveal myself to the house of your ancestor, **when they were** in Egypt?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 12:14 – with preposition כְּ to express commencing action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיְהִ֕י **כְּב֥וֹא** אַבְרָ֖ם מִצְרָ֑יְמָה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayhi **kevo** 'avram mitsraymah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-it-happened **as-coming** Abram to-Egypt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>It came about that **when** Abram **entered** into Egypt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JDG 6:18 – with preposition עַד to express durative action (until a specified time of ending)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיֹּאמַ֕ר אָנֹכִ֥י אֵשֵׁ֖ב עַ֥ד <b>שׁוּבֶֽךָ</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyomar 'anokhi 'eshev 'ad **shuvekha**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-he-said myself I-will-remain until **you-return**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Yahweh said, "I will wait until **you return**"</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Functions as a [verbal noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#verbal-nouns)
|
||||
The infinitive construct sometimes functions as an independent [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md) or introduces an entire clause that functions as a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 15:22 – functioning as a noun
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>שְׁמֹ֙עַ֙</b> מִזֶּ֣בַח ט֔וֹב</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**shemo'a** mizzevah tov</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**obeying** from-sacrifice good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Obedience** is better than sacrifice</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 2:17 – introducing a clause functioning as a noun
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כִּ֗י בְּי֛וֹם **אֲכָלְךָ֥** מִמֶּ֖נּוּ מ֥וֹת תָּמֽוּת</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ki beyom **'akholkha** mimmennu moth tamuth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>for in-day-of **your-eating** from-it dying you-will-die</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>for on the day that **you eat** from it, you will surely die</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Introduces direct speech (אמר + לְ)
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:22
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיְבָ֧רֶךְ אֹתָ֛ם אֱלֹהִ֖ים <b>לֵאמֹ֑ר</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayvarekh 'otham 'elohim **lemor**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-he-blessed [dir.obj]-them God **to-say**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>God blessed them, **saying**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Regarding a [pronominal suffix](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix_pronominal/02.md)
|
||||
When the infinitive construct takes a pronominal suffix, that suffix can be either the subject or the object of the infinitive itself (not the main verb), as determined by the context.
|
||||
|
||||
* JER 2:17 – infinitive construct with suffix as *subject* of the action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הֲלוֹא־זֹ֖את תַּעֲשֶׂה־לָּ֑ךְ **עָזְבֵךְ֙** אֶת־יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהַ֔יִךְ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>halo-zoth ta'aseh-llakh **'ozvekh** 'eth-yehwah 'elohayikh</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>[quest.]-not_this you-have-done_to-yourself **your-forsaking** [dir.obj]_Yahweh your-God</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Did you not do this to yourselves when **you abandoned** Yahweh your God?</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* RUT 1:16 – infinitive construct with suffix as *object* of the action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַתֹּ֤אמֶר רוּת֙ אַל־תִּפְגְּעִי־בִ֔י <b>לְעָזְבֵ֖ךְ</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wattomer ruth 'al-tifge'i-vi **le'ozvekh**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-she-said Ruth not\_you-press\_on-me **to-forsake-you**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>But Ruth said, "Do not make me **go away from you**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Infinitive Construct
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
|
|||
@ECHO OFF
|
||||
|
||||
REM Command file for Sphinx documentation
|
||||
|
||||
if "%SPHINXBUILD%" == "" (
|
||||
set SPHINXBUILD=sphinx-build
|
||||
)
|
||||
set BUILDDIR=_build
|
||||
set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-d %BUILDDIR%/doctrees %SPHINXOPTS% .
|
||||
set I18NSPHINXOPTS=%SPHINXOPTS% .
|
||||
if NOT "%PAPER%" == "" (
|
||||
set ALLSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %ALLSPHINXOPTS%
|
||||
set I18NSPHINXOPTS=-D latex_paper_size=%PAPER% %I18NSPHINXOPTS%
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "" goto help
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "help" (
|
||||
:help
|
||||
echo.Please use `make ^<target^>` where ^<target^> is one of
|
||||
echo. html to make standalone HTML files
|
||||
echo. dirhtml to make HTML files named index.html in directories
|
||||
echo. singlehtml to make a single large HTML file
|
||||
echo. pickle to make pickle files
|
||||
echo. json to make JSON files
|
||||
echo. htmlhelp to make HTML files and a HTML help project
|
||||
echo. qthelp to make HTML files and a qthelp project
|
||||
echo. devhelp to make HTML files and a Devhelp project
|
||||
echo. epub to make an epub
|
||||
echo. epub3 to make an epub3
|
||||
echo. latex to make LaTeX files, you can set PAPER=a4 or PAPER=letter
|
||||
echo. text to make text files
|
||||
echo. man to make manual pages
|
||||
echo. texinfo to make Texinfo files
|
||||
echo. gettext to make PO message catalogs
|
||||
echo. changes to make an overview over all changed/added/deprecated items
|
||||
echo. xml to make Docutils-native XML files
|
||||
echo. pseudoxml to make pseudoxml-XML files for display purposes
|
||||
echo. linkcheck to check all external links for integrity
|
||||
echo. doctest to run all doctests embedded in the documentation if enabled
|
||||
echo. coverage to run coverage check of the documentation if enabled
|
||||
echo. dummy to check syntax errors of document sources
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "clean" (
|
||||
for /d %%i in (%BUILDDIR%\*) do rmdir /q /s %%i
|
||||
del /q /s %BUILDDIR%\*
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
REM Check if sphinx-build is available and fallback to Python version if any
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% 1>NUL 2>NUL
|
||||
if errorlevel 9009 goto sphinx_python
|
||||
goto sphinx_ok
|
||||
|
||||
:sphinx_python
|
||||
|
||||
set SPHINXBUILD=python -m sphinx.__init__
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% 2> nul
|
||||
if errorlevel 9009 (
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.The 'sphinx-build' command was not found. Make sure you have Sphinx
|
||||
echo.installed, then set the SPHINXBUILD environment variable to point
|
||||
echo.to the full path of the 'sphinx-build' executable. Alternatively you
|
||||
echo.may add the Sphinx directory to PATH.
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.If you don't have Sphinx installed, grab it from
|
||||
echo.http://sphinx-doc.org/
|
||||
exit /b 1
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
:sphinx_ok
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "html" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b html %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/html
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/html.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "dirhtml" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b dirhtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/dirhtml.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "singlehtml" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b singlehtml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The HTML pages are in %BUILDDIR%/singlehtml.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "pickle" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b pickle %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pickle
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished; now you can process the pickle files.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "json" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b json %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/json
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished; now you can process the JSON files.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "htmlhelp" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b htmlhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished; now you can run HTML Help Workshop with the ^
|
||||
.hhp project file in %BUILDDIR%/htmlhelp.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "qthelp" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b qthelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/qthelp
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished; now you can run "qcollectiongenerator" with the ^
|
||||
.qhcp project file in %BUILDDIR%/qthelp, like this:
|
||||
echo.^> qcollectiongenerator %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\ResourceContainer.qhcp
|
||||
echo.To view the help file:
|
||||
echo.^> assistant -collectionFile %BUILDDIR%\qthelp\ResourceContainer.ghc
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "devhelp" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b devhelp %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/devhelp
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "epub" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b epub %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/epub
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The epub file is in %BUILDDIR%/epub.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "epub3" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b epub3 %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/epub3
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The epub3 file is in %BUILDDIR%/epub3.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "latex" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished; the LaTeX files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "latexpdf" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
|
||||
cd %BUILDDIR%/latex
|
||||
make all-pdf
|
||||
cd %~dp0
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished; the PDF files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "latexpdfja" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b latex %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/latex
|
||||
cd %BUILDDIR%/latex
|
||||
make all-pdf-ja
|
||||
cd %~dp0
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished; the PDF files are in %BUILDDIR%/latex.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "text" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b text %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/text
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The text files are in %BUILDDIR%/text.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "man" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b man %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/man
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The manual pages are in %BUILDDIR%/man.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "texinfo" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b texinfo %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/texinfo
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The Texinfo files are in %BUILDDIR%/texinfo.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "gettext" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b gettext %I18NSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/locale
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The message catalogs are in %BUILDDIR%/locale.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "changes" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b changes %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/changes
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.The overview file is in %BUILDDIR%/changes.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "linkcheck" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b linkcheck %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Link check complete; look for any errors in the above output ^
|
||||
or in %BUILDDIR%/linkcheck/output.txt.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "doctest" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b doctest %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/doctest
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Testing of doctests in the sources finished, look at the ^
|
||||
results in %BUILDDIR%/doctest/output.txt.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "coverage" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b coverage %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/coverage
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Testing of coverage in the sources finished, look at the ^
|
||||
results in %BUILDDIR%/coverage/python.txt.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "xml" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b xml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/xml
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The XML files are in %BUILDDIR%/xml.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "pseudoxml" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b pseudoxml %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/pseudoxml
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. The pseudo-XML files are in %BUILDDIR%/pseudoxml.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if "%1" == "dummy" (
|
||||
%SPHINXBUILD% -b dummy %ALLSPHINXOPTS% %BUILDDIR%/dummy
|
||||
if errorlevel 1 exit /b 1
|
||||
echo.
|
||||
echo.Build finished. Dummy builder generates no files.
|
||||
goto end
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
:end
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/noun.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _noun:
|
||||
|
||||
Noun
|
||||
====
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A noun is a person, a thing, a place, or an idea.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Every noun also has a number, which can be
|
||||
:ref:`number_plural`,
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`number_dual`.
|
||||
It also has a state, which can be
|
||||
:ref:`state_construct`
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`state_absolute`.
|
||||
The dictionary form is singular absolute. Nouns can also have a variety
|
||||
of prefixes and
|
||||
:ref:`suffix`
|
||||
that give extra information.
|
||||
|
||||
The form of the noun often, but not always, indicates its gender, which
|
||||
can be
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes an
|
||||
:ref:`adjective-substantive`
|
||||
or a
|
||||
:ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`
|
||||
can function like a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
In Hebrew, nouns do not change their form based on the function (or
|
||||
case) they have in a sentence (subject/nominative, direct
|
||||
object/accusative, etc.). They only change if they are in :ref:`state_construct`.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
A noun is a person, a thing, a place, or an idea.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
|
||||
Every noun also has a number, which can be [singular](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_singular/02.md), [plural](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_plural/02.md), or [dual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_dual/02.md). It also has a state, which can be [construct](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_construct/02.md) or [absolute](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_absolute/02.md). The dictionary form is singular absolute. Nouns can also have a variety of prefixes and [suffixes](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/suffix/02.md) that give extra information.
|
||||
|
||||
The form of the noun often, but not always, indicates its gender, which can be [masculine ](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) or [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes an [adjective](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md#substantive) or a [verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#verbal-nouns) can function like a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
In Hebrew, nouns do not change their form based on the function (or case) they have in a sentence (subject/nominative, direct object/accusative, etc.). They only change if they are in [construct state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_construct/02.md).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Noun
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/noun_common.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _noun_common:
|
||||
|
||||
Noun Common
|
||||
===========
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Common nouns are nouns that are not proper names (i.e. names of people
|
||||
or places).
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A common noun is any noun that is not a :ref:`noun_proper_name`.
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Every noun is either
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`
|
||||
by its nature, often the form of a word is a strong indicator which
|
||||
gender it is. All nouns are either
|
||||
:ref:`number_singular`
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`number_plural`,
|
||||
or in some cases
|
||||
:ref:`number_dual`;
|
||||
and they appear either in the :ref:`state_absolute`
|
||||
or the :ref:`state_construct`.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _noun_common-paradigm:
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּס
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
sus
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallion
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּס
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
sus
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallion of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mare
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular contruct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסַת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susat
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mare of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallions
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסֵי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
suse
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallions of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mares
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural contruct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mares of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Examples
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
אִ֖ישׁ "man" is a common noun, but מֹשֶׁ֗ה "Moses" is not because it is
|
||||
a name.
|
||||
|
||||
- NUM 12:3
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְהָאִ֥ישׁ מֹשֶׁ֖ה ענו מְאֹ֑ד
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
weha'ish mosheh 'nw me'od
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-the-man Moses humble very
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The truth was that Moses was a very humble person
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
In Hebrew, nouns do not change their form based on the function (or
|
||||
case) they have in a sentence (subject/nominative, direct
|
||||
object/accusative, etc.). They only change if they are in construct
|
||||
state.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
Common nouns are nouns that are not proper names (i.e. names of people or places).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
A common noun is any noun that is not a [proper noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun_proper_name/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
Every noun is either [masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) or [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md) by its nature, often the form of a word is a strong indicator which gender it is. All nouns are either [singular](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_singular/02.md) or [plural](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_plural/02.md), or in some cases [dual](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_dual/02.md); and they appear either in the [absolute state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_absolute/02.md) or the [construct state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_construct/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
### Paradigm
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular absolute</td><td>סוּס</td><td>sus</td><td>stallion</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine singular construct</td><td>סוּס</td><td>sus</td><td>stallion of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine singular absolute</td><td>סוּסָה</td><td>susah</td><td>mare</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular contruct</td><td>סוּסַת</td><td>susat</td><td>mare of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural absolute</td><td>סוּסִים</td><td>susim</td><td>stallions</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>masculine plural construct</td><td>סוּסֵי</td><td>suse</td><td>stallions of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>feminine plural absolute</td><td>סוּסוֹת</td><td>susoth</td><td>mares</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural contruct</td><td>סוּסוֹת</td><td>susoth</td><td>mares of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Examples
|
||||
|
||||
אִ֖ישׁ "man" is a common noun, but מֹשֶׁ֗ה "Moses" is not because it is a name.
|
||||
|
||||
* NUM 12:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְהָאִ֥ישׁ</b> מֹשֶׁ֖ה ענו מְאֹ֑ד</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td><b>weha'ish</b> mosheh 'nw me'od</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td><b>and-the-man</b> Moses humble very</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The truth was that Moses was a very humble <b>person</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
In Hebrew, nouns do not change their form based on the function (or case) they have in a sentence (subject/nominative, direct object/accusative, etc.). They only change if they are in construct state.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Noun Common
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/noun_gentilic.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _noun_gentilic:
|
||||
|
||||
Noun Gentilic
|
||||
=============
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A gentilic noun is a noun that describes the place of the noun, such as
|
||||
its nationality.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew technically does not have gentilic nouns, but sometimes a
|
||||
:ref:`adjective_gentilic`
|
||||
is parsed as a
|
||||
:ref:`adjective_gentilic`.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
A gentilic noun is a noun that describes the place of the noun, such as its nationality.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
Hebrew technically does not have gentilic nouns, but sometimes a [gentilic adjective](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_gentilic/02.md) is parsed as a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective_gentilic/02.md).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Noun Gentilic
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/noun_proper_name.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _noun_proper_name:
|
||||
|
||||
Noun Proper Name
|
||||
================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Proper nouns are names (usually, of people or places).
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In the example below, מֹשֶׁ֗ה "Moses" is a proper noun (because it is a
|
||||
name), but אִ֖ישׁ "man" is a :ref:`noun_common`.
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew does not have capital letters to signify proper names.
|
||||
Proper nouns always appear in the :ref:`state_absolute`
|
||||
and are considered :ref:`person_third`
|
||||
:ref:`number_singular`
|
||||
when used as subjects of verbs, direct objects, or referred to by
|
||||
personal pronouns or pronominal suffixes. They can be either
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`.
|
||||
|
||||
- NUM 12:3
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְהָאִ֥ישׁ **מֹשֶׁ֖ה** ענו מְאֹ֑ד
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
weha'ish \ **mosheh** 'nw me'od
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-the-man **Moses** humble very
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The truth was that **Moses** was a very humble person
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
Proper nouns are names (usually, of people or places).
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
|
||||
In the example below, מֹשֶׁ֗ה "Moses" is a proper noun (because it is a name), but אִ֖ישׁ "man" is a [common noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun_common/02.md). Biblical Hebrew does not have capital letters to signify proper names. Proper nouns always appear in the [absolute state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_absolute/02.md) and are considered [third person](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/person_third/02.md) [singular](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_singular/02.md) when used as subjects of verbs, direct objects, or referred to by personal pronouns or pronominal suffixes. They can be either [masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) or [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
* NUM 12:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהָאִ֥ישׁ **מֹשֶׁ֖ה** ענו מְאֹ֑ד</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>weha'ish **mosheh** 'nw me'od</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-the-man **Moses** humble very</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The truth was that **Moses** was a very humble person</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Noun Proper Name
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_dual.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _number_dual:
|
||||
|
||||
Number Dual
|
||||
===========
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Dual (two, pair) refers to more than a group of items that happens to be
|
||||
two, but specifically to things that almost always come in pairs, like
|
||||
hands and eyes.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Both
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
and
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`
|
||||
dual
|
||||
:ref:`noun`
|
||||
have the same ending, ־ַ֫ יִם ("-ayim"). They have a pataq before the
|
||||
yod and a hireq under it.
|
||||
|
||||
Dual nouns use
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`.
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Masculine dual absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אָזְנַיִם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'aznayim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(both) ears
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Masculine dual contruct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אָזְנֵי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'azney
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(both) ears of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Female dual absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יָדַיִם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yadayim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(both) hands
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Feminine dual construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יְדֵי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yede
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(both) hands of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
Dual does not just mean two. It means that the two usually come in
|
||||
pairs, such as eyes עֵינַ֥יִם or ears אָזְנַ֣יִם.
|
||||
|
||||
- DEU 29:4 (DEU 29:3 in Hebrew)
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְלֹֽא־נָתַן֩ יְהוָ֨ה לָכֶ֥ם לֵב֙ לָדַ֔עַת **וְעֵינַ֥יִם** לִרְא֖וֹת
|
||||
**וְאָזְנַ֣יִם** לִשְׁמֹ֑עַ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
welo-nathan yehwah lakhem lev lada'ath **we'enayim** lir'oth
|
||||
**we'oznayim** lishmoa'
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-not\_has-given Yahweh to-them heart to-know **and-eyes** to-see
|
||||
**and-ears** to hear.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Yahweh has not given you a heart to know, **eyes** to see **or ears**
|
||||
to hear.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
Dual (two, pair) refers to more than a group of items that happens to be two, but specifically to things that almost always come in pairs, like hands and eyes.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
Both [masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) and [feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md) dual [nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md) have the same ending, ־ַ֫ יִם ("-ayim"). They have a pataq before the yod and a hireq under it.
|
||||
|
||||
Dual nouns use [plural](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/number_plural/02.md) [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
### Paradigm
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Masculine dual absolute</td><td>אָזְנַיִם</td><td>'aznayim</td><td>(both) ears</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Masculine dual contruct</td><td>אָזְנֵי</td><td>'azney</td><td>(both) ears of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Female dual absolute</td><td>יָדַיִם</td><td>yadayim</td><td>(both) hands</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Feminine dual construct</td><td>יְדֵי</td><td>yede</td><td>(both) hands of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Function
|
||||
Dual does not just mean two. It means that the two usually come in pairs, such as eyes עֵינַ֥יִם or ears אָזְנַ֣יִם.
|
||||
|
||||
* DEU 29:4 (DEU 29:3 in Hebrew)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְלֹֽא־נָתַן֩ יְהוָ֨ה לָכֶ֥ם לֵב֙ לָדַ֔עַת **וְעֵינַ֥יִם** לִרְא֖וֹת **וְאָזְנַ֣יִם** לִשְׁמֹ֑עַ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>welo-nathan yehwah lakhem lev lada'ath **we'enayim** lir'oth **we'oznayim** lishmoa'</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-not_has-given Yahweh to-them heart to-know **and-eyes** to-see **and-ears** to hear.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Yahweh has not given you a heart to know, **eyes** to see **or ears** to hear.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Number Dual
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,2737 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_plural.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _number_plural:
|
||||
|
||||
Number Plural
|
||||
=============
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Hebrew, a noun is plural if there are two or more of something, or if
|
||||
it refers to something really big.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A word can be plural if it refers to multiple persons or objects.
|
||||
|
||||
If it is a
|
||||
:ref:`noun`,
|
||||
it refers to the persons or objects directly. Other words, like
|
||||
:ref:`verb`,
|
||||
:ref:`pronoun_personal`,
|
||||
or :ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
|
||||
also signal they refer to more than one person or object with the form
|
||||
they have.
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Nouns and adjectives
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`
|
||||
plural
|
||||
:ref:`noun`
|
||||
usually end in ות.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
plural nouns usually end in ים ִ with a hireq before the yod.
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, masculine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallions
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, masculine plural construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסֵי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
suse
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallions of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, feminine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mares
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, feminine plural construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mares of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective, masculine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective, masculine plural construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבֵי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tove
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective, feminine plural absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective, feminine plural construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovoth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Other words
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Besides nouns, a plural word can be recognized by a variety of changes
|
||||
to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
|
||||
to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
|
||||
kinds of changes that signal a plural form.
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, common plural first person
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטַלְנוּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatalnu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
we killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קְטַלְתֶּם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qetaltem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קְטַלְתֶּן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qetalten
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, common plural third person
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטְלוּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatlu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, common plural first person
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
נִקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
niqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
we will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטְל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtelu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטֹלְנָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtolenah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יִקְטְלוּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yiqtelu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטֹלְנָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtolenah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַתֶּם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'attem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַתֵּנָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'attenah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הֵם / הֵמָּה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hem / hemmah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הֵן / הֵנָּה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hen / hennah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתְכֶֶם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'othekhem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתְכֶֶן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'thekhem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, third person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'ethhem / 'otham
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, third person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'ethhen / 'othan
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, second person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָכֶם / -כֶם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lakhem / -khem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, second person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָכֶן / -כֶן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lakhen / -khen
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, third person masculine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lahem / -hem / -am
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, third person feminine plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָהֶן / -הֶן / - ָן
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lahen / -hen / -an
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
Noun
|
||||
~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
More than one
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
This is the normal kind of plural, meaning more than one of a thing.
|
||||
|
||||
- ECC 10:7
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
רָאִ֥יתִי **עֲבָדִ֖ים** עַל־סוּסִ֑ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ra'ithi **'avadim** 'al-**susim**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I-have-seen **servants** on\_\ **horses**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I have seen **servants** on **horses**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Plural of extension
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look plural.
|
||||
Heaven/heavens and water/waters are common examples.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:1
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
bereshith bara 'elohim 'eth **hashamayim**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
In-beginning he-created God [dir.obj] **the-heavens**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
In the beginning God created the **heavens**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:2
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י **הַמָּֽיִם**\ ׃
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
weruah 'elohim merahefeth 'al-pene **hammayim**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-the-Spirit-of God was-moving on\_the-face-of **the-waters**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The Spirit of God was moving on the surface of the **waters**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Abstract plurals
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
Some plural words in Hebrew are translated as singular in other
|
||||
languages. In English, abstract plurals are often singular and have
|
||||
endings like -ness, -hood, and -ship.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 19:11
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִכּוּ֙ בַּסַּנְוֵרִ֔ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hikku **bassanwerim**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they-hit **with-the-blindnesses**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
they struck them **with blindness**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 21:7
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
כִּֽי־יָלַ֥דְתִּי בֵ֖ן **לִזְקֻנָֽיו**\ ׃
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ki-yaladti ven **lizqunayw**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for\_I-bore son **to-his-old-ages**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yet I have borne him a son **in his old age**!
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Summing up different parts of an action.
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew uses plurals for actions that have multiple parts, such as
|
||||
embalming or committing adultery.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 50:3
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
כִּ֛י כֵּ֥ן יִמְלְא֖וּ יְמֵ֣י הַחֲנֻטִ֑ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ki ken yimle'u yeme **hahanutim**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for so are-filled days-of **the-embalmings**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for that was the full time for **embalming**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- JER 13:27
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
נִֽאֻפַ֤יִךְ וּמִצְהֲלוֹתַ֙יִךְ֙ ... רָאִ֖יתִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**ni'ufayikh umitshalothayikh** ... ra'ithi
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Your-adulteries and-your-neighings** ... I-have-seen
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I have seen **your adultery and neighing**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjectives
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is plural, the
|
||||
adjective is also plural.
|
||||
|
||||
- DEU 8:12
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וּבָתִּ֥ים **טֹובִ֛ים** תִּבְנֶ֖ה וְיָשָֽׁבְתָּ׃
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
uvottim **towvim** tivneh weyashavetta
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-houses **good** you-will-built and-you-will-live
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and when you build **good** houses and live in them
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Verbs
|
||||
~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
If the noun or person to which the verb relates is plural, the verb is
|
||||
also plural.
|
||||
|
||||
- JER 43:7
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
כִּ֛י לֹ֥א **שָׁמְע֖וּ** בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ki lo **shom'u** beqol yehwah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for not **they-listened** to-voice-of Yahweh.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
because **they** did not **listen** to Yahweh's voice.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Personal pronouns and suffixes
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
- JOS 2:18
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִנֵּ֛ה **אֲנַ֥חְנוּ** בָאִ֖ים בָּאָ֑רֶץ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hinneh **'anahnu** va'im ba'arets
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
behold **we** coming-in in-the-land
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
behold, when **we** come into the land
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- EZR 9:12
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְ֠עַתָּה **בְּֽנֹותֵיכֶ֞ם** אַל־תִּתְּנ֣וּ **לִבְנֵיהֶ֗ם
|
||||
וּבְנֹֽתֵיהֶם֙** אַל־תִּשְׂא֣וּ לִבְנֵיכֶ֔ם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
we'attah **benowthekhem** 'al-tittenu **livnehem uvenothehem**
|
||||
'al-tis'u **livnekhem**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-now **your-daughters** not\_give **to-their-sons
|
||||
and-their-daughters** not\_take **for-your-sons**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
So now, do not give **your daughters to their sons**; do not take
|
||||
**their daughters for your sons**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
In Hebrew, a noun is plural if there are two or more of something, or if it refers to something really big.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,303 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
A word can be plural if it refers to multiple persons or objects.
|
||||
|
||||
If it is a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), it refers to the persons or objects directly. Other words, like [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md), [verbs](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), [personal pronouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/pronoun_personal/02.md), or [pronominal suffixes](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/suffix_pronominal/02.md), also signal they refer to more than one person or object with the form they have.
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
|
||||
### Nouns and adjectives
|
||||
[Feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md) plural [nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md) usually end in ות.
|
||||
|
||||
[Masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) plural nouns usually end in ים ִ with a hireq before the yod.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Paradigm
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, masculine plural absolute</td><td>סוּסִים</td><td>susim</td><td>stallions</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, masculine plural construct</td><td>סוּסֵי</td><td>suse</td><td>stallions of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, feminine plural absolute</td><td>סוּסוֹת</td><td>susoth</td><td>mares</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, feminine plural construct</td><td>סוּסוֹת</td><td>susoth</td><td>mares of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Adjective, masculine plural absolute</td><td>טוֹבִים</td><td>tovim</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Adjective, masculine plural construct</td><td>טוֹבֵי</td><td>tove</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Adjective, feminine plural absolute</td><td>טוֹבוֹת</td><td>tovoth</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Adjective, feminine plural construct</td><td>טוֹבוֹת</td><td>tovoth</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Other words
|
||||
Besides nouns, a plural word can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a plural form.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Paradigm
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, common plural first person</td><td>קָטַלְנוּ</td><td>qatalnu</td><td>we killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine plural</td><td>קְטַלְתֶּם</td><td>qetaltem</td><td>you killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine plural</td><td>קְטַלְתֶּן</td><td>qetalten</td><td>you killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, common plural third person</td><td>קָטְלוּ</td><td>qatlu</td><td>they killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, common plural first person</td><td>נִקְטֹל</td><td>niqtol</td><td>we will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine plural</td><td>תִּקְטְל</td><td>tiqtelu</td><td>you will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine plural</td><td>תִּקְטֹלְנָה</td><td>tiqtolenah</td><td>you will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine plural</td><td>יִקְטְלוּ</td><td>yiqtelu</td><td>they will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine plural</td><td>תִּקְטֹלְנָה</td><td>tiqtolenah</td><td>they will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine plural</td><td>אַתֶּם</td><td>'attem</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine plural</td><td>אַתֵּנָה</td><td>'attenah</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine plural</td><td>הֵם / הֵמָּה</td><td>hem / hemmah</td><td>they</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine plural</td><td>הֵן / הֵנָּה</td><td>hen / hennah</td><td>they</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, second person masculine plural</td><td>אֹתְכֶֶם</td><td>'othekhem</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, second person feminine plural</td><td>אֹתְכֶֶן</td><td>'thekhem</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, third person masculine plural</td><td>אֶתְהֶם / אֹתָם</td><td>'ethhem / 'otham</td><td>them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, third person feminine plural</td><td>אֶתְהֶן / אֹתָן</td><td>'ethhen / 'othan</td><td>them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, second person masculine plural</td><td>לָכֶם / -כֶם</td><td>lakhem / -khem</td><td>(to) you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, second person feminine plural</td><td>לָכֶן / -כֶן</td><td>lakhen / -khen</td><td>(to) you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, third person masculine plural</td><td>לָהֶם / -הֶם / - ָם</td><td>lahem / -hem / -am</td><td>(to) them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, third person feminine plural</td><td>לָהֶן / -הֶן / - ָן</td><td>lahen / -hen / -an</td><td>(to) them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Function
|
||||
|
||||
### Noun
|
||||
|
||||
#### More than one
|
||||
This is the normal kind of plural, meaning more than one of a thing.
|
||||
|
||||
* ECC 10:7
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>רָאִ֥יתִי **עֲבָדִ֖ים** עַל־<b>סוּסִ֑ים</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ra'ithi **'avadim** 'al-**susim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>I-have-seen **servants** on_**horses**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I have seen **servants** on **horses**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Plural of extension
|
||||
|
||||
Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look plural. Heaven/heavens and water/waters are common examples.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת <b>הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>bereshith bara 'elohim 'eth **hashamayim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>In-beginning he-created God [dir.obj] **the-heavens**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>In the beginning God created the **heavens**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:2
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י **הַמָּֽיִם**׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>weruah 'elohim merahefeth 'al-pene **hammayim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-the-Spirit-of God was-moving on_the-face-of **the-waters**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The Spirit of God was moving on the surface of the **waters**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Abstract plurals
|
||||
|
||||
Some plural words in Hebrew are translated as singular in other languages. In English, abstract plurals are often singular and have endings like -ness, -hood, and -ship.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 19:11
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הִכּוּ֙ <b>בַּסַּנְוֵרִ֔ים</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hikku **bassanwerim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>they-hit **with-the-blindnesses**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>they struck them **with blindness**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 21:7
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כִּֽי־יָלַ֥דְתִּי בֵ֖ן **לִזְקֻנָֽיו**׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ki-yaladti ven **lizqunayw**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>for_I-bore son **to-his-old-ages**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>yet I have borne him a son **in his old age**!</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Summing up different parts of an action.
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew uses plurals for actions that have multiple parts, such as embalming or committing adultery.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 50:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כִּ֛י כֵּ֥ן יִמְלְא֖וּ יְמֵ֣י <b>הַחֲנֻטִ֑ים</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ki ken yimle'u yeme **hahanutim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>for so are-filled days-of **the-embalmings**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>for that was the full time for **embalming**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* JER 13:27
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>נִֽאֻפַ֤יִךְ וּמִצְהֲלוֹתַ֙יִךְ֙</b> ... רָאִ֖יתִי</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**ni'ufayikh umitshalothayikh** ... ra'ithi</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Your-adulteries and-your-neighings** ... I-have-seen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I have seen **your adultery and neighing**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Adjectives
|
||||
|
||||
If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is plural, the adjective is also plural.
|
||||
|
||||
* DEU 8:12
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וּבָתִּ֥ים **טֹובִ֛ים** תִּבְנֶ֖ה וְיָשָֽׁבְתָּ׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>uvottim **towvim** tivneh weyashavetta</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-houses **good** you-will-built and-you-will-live</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>and when you build **good** houses and live in them</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Verbs
|
||||
|
||||
If the noun or person to which the verb relates is plural, the verb is also plural.
|
||||
|
||||
* JER 43:7
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כִּ֛י לֹ֥א **שָׁמְע֖וּ** בְּק֣וֹל יְהוָ֑ה</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ki lo **shom'u** beqol yehwah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>for not **they-listened** to-voice-of Yahweh.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>because **they** did not **listen** to Yahweh's voice.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Personal pronouns and suffixes
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 2:18
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הִנֵּ֛ה **אֲנַ֥חְנוּ** בָאִ֖ים בָּאָ֑רֶץ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hinneh **'anahnu** va'im ba'arets</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>behold **we** coming-in in-the-land</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>behold, when **we** come into the land</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* EZR 9:12
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְ֠עַתָּה **בְּֽנֹותֵיכֶ֞ם** אַל־תִּתְּנ֣וּ **לִבְנֵיהֶ֗ם וּבְנֹֽתֵיהֶם֙** אַל־תִּשְׂא֣וּ <b>לִבְנֵיכֶ֔ם</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>we'attah **benowthekhem** 'al-tittenu **livnehem uvenothehem** 'al-tis'u **livnekhem**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-now **your-daughters** not_give **to-their-sons and-their-daughters** not_take **for-your-sons**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>So now, do not give **your daughters to their sons**; do not take **their daughters for your sons**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Number Plural
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,2785 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/number_singular.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _number_singular:
|
||||
|
||||
Number Singular
|
||||
===============
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A noun is singular if there is only one of something or when a
|
||||
collection is described as a unit. Singular is the standard dictionary
|
||||
form of a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
A word can be singular if it refers to just one person or object.
|
||||
|
||||
If it is a
|
||||
:ref:`noun`,
|
||||
it refers to the person or object directly. Other words, like
|
||||
:ref:`verb`,
|
||||
:ref:`pronoun_personal`,
|
||||
or :ref:`suffix_pronominal`,
|
||||
also signal they refer to only one person or object with the form they
|
||||
have.
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Nouns and adjectives
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`gender_masculine`
|
||||
singular nouns have no special endings.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`gender_feminine`
|
||||
singular nouns usually end in either ה or ת.
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, masculine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּס
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
sus
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallion
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, masculine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּס
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
sus
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
stallion of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, feminine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mare
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Noun, feminine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
סוּסַת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
susat
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mare of
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective, masculine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹב
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tov
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective, masculine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹב
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tov
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective, feminine singular absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjective, feminine singular construct
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טוֹבַת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tovath
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
good
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Other words
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Besides nouns, a singular word can be recognized by a variety of changes
|
||||
to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard
|
||||
to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the
|
||||
kinds of changes that signal a singular form.
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Word
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, common singular first person
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטַלְתִּי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatalti
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטַלְתָּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatalta
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטַלְתְּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatalt
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטַל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
he killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal suffix conjugation, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטְלָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatlah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
she killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, common singular first person
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֶקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'eqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטְלִי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqteli
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יִקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yiqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
he will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
תִּקְטֹל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tiqtol
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
she will kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַתָּה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'attah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַתְּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'at
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הוּא
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
he / it
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִיא / הִוא
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hi / hiw
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
she / it
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתְךָ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'othekha
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתָךְ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'othakh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתוֹ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'otho
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
him / it
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Object pronoun, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אֹתָהּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'othah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
her / it
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, second person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לְךָ / - ְךָ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lekha / -ekha
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, second person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָךְ / - ָךְ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lakh / -akh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) you
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, third person masculine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לוֹ / -וֹ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lo / -o
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) him
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Pronomial suffix, third person feminine singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לָהּ / - ָהּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
lah / -ah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
(to) her
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
Noun
|
||||
~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Normal singular
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
- ISA 1:3
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יָדַ֥ע שֹׁור֙ קֹנֵ֔הוּ וַחֲמֹ֖ור אֵב֣וּס בְּעָלָ֑יו
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yada' **showr qonehu wahamowr 'evus be'alayw**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
He-knows **ox his-owner and-the-donkey manger-of his-master**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The **ox** knows **his owner**, **and the donkey his master's feeding
|
||||
trough**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Proper nouns (names) are always singular, even if the referent is
|
||||
plural:
|
||||
|
||||
- OBA 1:1
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
חֲזֹ֖ון עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hazown **'ovadyah**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Vision-of **Obadiah**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The vision of **Obadiah**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 29:1
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל חֹנִ֔ים בַּעַ֖יִן אֲשֶׁ֥ר **בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל**\ ׃
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**weyisra'el** honim ba'ayin 'asher **beyizre'el**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**and-Israel** camped at-the-spring which-is **in-Jezreel**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**the Israelites** camped by the spring that is **in Jezreel**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Collective
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look singular. For
|
||||
example, עוֹף֙ can mean bird or birds.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:21 singular
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְאֵ֨ת כָּל־ע֤וֹף **כָּנָף֙** לְמִינֵ֔הוּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
we'eth kol-'of **kanaf** leminehu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-[dir.obj] every\_winged **bird** after-its-kind.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
every kind of **bird** that has wings
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 40:17 plural
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְהָע֗וֹף אֹכֵ֥ל אֹתָ֛ם מִן־הַסַּ֖ל מֵעַ֥ל רֹאשִֽׁי
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**weha'of** 'okhel 'otham min-hassal me'al roshi
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**and-the-birds** ate them out-of\_the-basket from-on my-head.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**but birds** were eating them from the top basket that was on my
|
||||
head
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
אֱלֹהִים
|
||||
^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
Name
|
||||
''''
|
||||
|
||||
אֱלֹהִים looks like a plural, but every time God is the subject of a
|
||||
sentence, the verb is singular, and so are the adjectives that are
|
||||
connected with it.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:1
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
bereshith bara **'elohim**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
In-beginning he-created **God**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
In the beginning **God** created
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
plural
|
||||
''''''
|
||||
|
||||
אֱלֹהִים can also mean "gods"
|
||||
|
||||
- JDG 5:8
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יִבְחַר֙ **אֱלֹהִ֣ים** חֲדָשִׁ֔ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yivhar **'elohim** hadashim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-they-chose **gods** new
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
When they chose new **gods**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Adjectives
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is singular, the
|
||||
adjective is also singular.
|
||||
|
||||
- 2KI 20:19
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
טֹ֥וב דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Good** word-of\_Yahweh that you-spoke.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Verbs
|
||||
~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
If the noun or person to which the verb relates is singular, the verb is
|
||||
also singular.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 13:1
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיַּעַל֩ אַבְרָ֨ם מִמִּצְרַ֜יִם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**wayya'al** 'avram mimmitsrayim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**and-he-went-up** Abram from-Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**So** Abram **went up** from Egypt
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Personal pronouns and suffixes
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
- JER 37:2
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְלֹ֥א שָׁמַ֛ע **ה֥וּא** וַעֲבָדָ֖יו וְעַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
welo shama' **hu** wa'avadayw we'am ha'arets
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-not he-listened **he** and-his-servants and-people-of the-land
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
but he, his servants, and the people of the land did not listen
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew)
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
בְּנִ֤י אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
A noun is singular if there is only one of something or when a collection is described as a unit. Singular is the standard dictionary form of a noun.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
A word can be singular if it refers to just one person or object.
|
||||
|
||||
If it is a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), it refers to the person or object directly. Other words, like [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md), [verbs](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), [personal pronouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/pronoun_personal/02.md), or [pronominal suffixes](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/master/content/suffix_pronominal/02.md), also signal they refer to only one person or object with the form they have.
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
|
||||
### Nouns and adjectives
|
||||
[Masculine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_masculine/02.md) singular nouns have no special endings.
|
||||
|
||||
[Feminine](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/gender_feminine/02.md) singular nouns usually end in either ה or ת.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Paradigm
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, masculine singular absolute</td><td>סוּס</td><td>sus</td><td>stallion</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, masculine singular construct</td><td>סוּס</td><td>sus</td><td>stallion of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, feminine singular absolute</td><td>סוּסָה</td><td>susah</td><td>mare</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Noun, feminine singular construct</td><td>סוּסַת</td><td>susat</td><td>mare of</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Adjective, masculine singular absolute</td><td>טוֹב</td><td>tov</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Adjective, masculine singular construct</td><td>טוֹב</td><td>tov</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Adjective, feminine singular absolute</td><td>טוֹבָה</td><td>tovah</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Adjective, feminine singular construct</td><td>טוֹבַת</td><td>tovath</td><td>good</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Other words
|
||||
Besides nouns, a singular word can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. This paradigm shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a singular form.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Paradigm
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Word</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, common singular first person</td><td>קָטַלְתִּי</td><td>qatalti</td><td>I killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, second person masculine singular</td><td>קָטַלְתָּ</td><td>qatalta</td><td>you killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, second person feminine singular</td><td>קָטַלְתְּ</td><td>qatalt</td><td>you killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, third person masculine singular</td><td>קָטַל</td><td>qatal</td><td>he killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal suffix conjugation, third person feminine singular</td><td>קָטְלָה</td><td>qatlah</td><td>she killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, common singular first person</td><td>אֶקְטֹל</td><td>'eqtol</td><td>I will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, second person masculine singular</td><td>תִּקְטֹל</td><td>tiqtol</td><td>you will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, second person feminine singular</td><td>תִּקְטְלִי</td><td>tiqteli</td><td>you will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, third person masculine singular</td><td>יִקְטֹל</td><td>yiqtol</td><td>he will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Qal prefix conjugation, third person feminine singular</td><td>תִּקְטֹל</td><td>tiqtol</td><td>she will kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, second person masculine singular</td><td>אַתָּה</td><td>'attah</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, second person feminine singular</td><td>אַתְּ</td><td>'at</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, third person masculine singular</td><td>הוּא</td><td>hu</td><td>he / it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Independent personal pronoun, third person feminine singular</td><td>הִיא / הִוא</td><td>hi / hiw</td><td>she / it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, second person masculine singular</td><td>אֹתְךָ</td><td>'othekha</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, second person feminine singular</td><td>אֹתָךְ</td><td>'othakh</td><td>you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, third person masculine singular</td><td>אֹתוֹ</td><td>'otho</td><td>him / it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Object pronoun, third person feminine singular</td><td>אֹתָהּ</td><td>'othah</td><td>her / it</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, second person masculine singular</td><td>לְךָ / - ְךָ</td><td>lekha / -ekha</td><td>(to) you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, second person feminine singular</td><td>לָךְ / - ָךְ </td><td>lakh / -akh</td><td>(to) you</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, third person masculine singular</td><td>לוֹ / -וֹ</td><td>lo / -o</td><td>(to) him</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>Pronomial suffix, third person feminine singular</td><td>לָהּ / - ָהּ</td><td>lah / -ah</td><td>(to) her</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Function
|
||||
|
||||
### Noun
|
||||
|
||||
#### Normal singular
|
||||
|
||||
* ISA 1:3
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>יָדַ֥ע <b>שֹׁור֙ קֹנֵ֔הוּ וַחֲמֹ֖ור אֵב֣וּס בְּעָלָ֑יו</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>yada' **showr qonehu wahamowr 'evus be'alayw**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>He-knows **ox his-owner and-the-donkey manger-of his-master**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The **ox** knows **his owner**, **and the donkey his master's feeding trough**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Proper nouns (names) are always singular, even if the referent is plural:
|
||||
|
||||
* OBA 1:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>חֲזֹ֖ון <b>עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hazown **'ovadyah**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Vision-of **Obadiah**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The vision of **Obadiah**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 29:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְיִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל</b> חֹנִ֔ים בַּעַ֖יִן אֲשֶׁ֥ר **בְּיִזְרְעֶֽאל**׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**weyisra'el** honim ba'ayin 'asher **beyizre'el**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-Israel** camped at-the-spring which-is **in-Jezreel**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**the Israelites** camped by the spring that is **in Jezreel**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Collective
|
||||
Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they look singular. For example, עוֹף֙ can mean bird or birds.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:21
|
||||
singular
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְאֵ֨ת כָּל־ע֤וֹף **כָּנָף֙** לְמִינֵ֔הוּ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>we'eth kol-'of **kanaf** leminehu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-[dir.obj] every_winged **bird** after-its-kind.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>every kind of **bird** that has wings</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 40:17
|
||||
plural
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וְהָע֗וֹף</b> אֹכֵ֥ל אֹתָ֛ם מִן־הַסַּ֖ל מֵעַ֥ל רֹאשִֽׁי</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**weha'of** 'okhel 'otham min-hassal me'al roshi</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-the-birds** ate them out-of_the-basket from-on my-head.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**but birds** were eating them from the top basket that was on my head</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### אֱלֹהִים
|
||||
|
||||
##### Name
|
||||
|
||||
אֱלֹהִים looks like a plural, but every time God is the subject of a sentence, the verb is singular, and so are the adjectives that are connected with it.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א <b>אֱלֹהִ֑ים</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>bereshith bara **'elohim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>In-beginning he-created **God**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>In the beginning **God** created</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
##### plural
|
||||
|
||||
אֱלֹהִים can also mean "gods"
|
||||
|
||||
* JDG 5:8
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>יִבְחַר֙ **אֱלֹהִ֣ים** חֲדָשִׁ֔ים</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>yivhar **'elohim** hadashim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>And-they-chose **gods** new</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>When they chose new **gods**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Adjectives
|
||||
|
||||
If the noun or person to which the adjective relates is singular, the adjective is also singular.
|
||||
|
||||
* 2KI 20:19
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>טֹ֥וב</b> דְּבַר־יְהוָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר דִּבַּ֑רְתָּ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**towv** devar-yehwah 'asher dibbarta</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**Good** word-of_Yahweh that you-spoke.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The word of Yahweh that you have spoken is **good**.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Verbs
|
||||
|
||||
If the noun or person to which the verb relates is singular, the verb is also singular.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 13:1
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>וַיַּעַל֩</b> אַבְרָ֨ם מִמִּצְרַ֜יִם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**wayya'al** 'avram mimmitsrayim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**and-he-went-up** Abram from-Egypt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**So** Abram **went up** from Egypt</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Personal pronouns and suffixes
|
||||
|
||||
* JER 37:2
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְלֹ֥א שָׁמַ֛ע **ה֥וּא** וַעֲבָדָ֖יו וְעַ֣ם הָאָ֑רֶץ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>welo shama' **hu** wa'avadayw we'am ha'arets</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-not he-listened **he** and-his-servants and-people-of the-land</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>but he, his servants, and the people of the land did not listen</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 2SA 19:4 (2SA 19:1 in Hebrew)
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>בְּנִ֤י</b> אַבְשָׁלֹום֙ <b>בְּנִ֣י בְנִ֣י</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**beni** 'avshalowm **beni veni**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**My-son** Absalom **my-son my-son**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**My son** Absalom, **my son**, **my son**!</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Number Singular
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,1886 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_active.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _participle_active:
|
||||
|
||||
Participle Active
|
||||
=================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, a participle is a verbal noun that can function as a
|
||||
verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. When used as a
|
||||
verb, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent
|
||||
action.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Properly speaking, participles in Biblical Hebrew are :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`.
|
||||
Like the infinitive forms, they conjugate in the various
|
||||
:ref:`stem`
|
||||
formations. They also inflect for person and gender like both
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`
|
||||
and
|
||||
:ref:`noun`.
|
||||
Furthermore, they can also appear in either the :ref:`state_absolute`
|
||||
or the :ref:`state_construct`,
|
||||
like nouns. Thus, active participles are extremely flexible in their
|
||||
grammatical use and can function as a verbal complement, a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`,
|
||||
an adjective, or a noun. In most cases, the context will clearly show
|
||||
how the participle is being used in the sentence. The meaning of a
|
||||
participle is usually clear, even in cases where its specific
|
||||
grammatical function cannot be determined precisely.
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
**Qal**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קֹטֵל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qotel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killing / killer
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קֹטֶלֶת / קֹטְלָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qotelet / qotelah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killing / killer
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קֹטְלִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qotelim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killing / killers
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קֹטְלוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qoteloth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killing / killers
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Hiphil**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מַקְטִיל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
maqtil
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
causing to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מַקְטֶלֶת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
maqteleth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
causing to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מַקְטִילִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
maqtilim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
causing to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מַקְטִילוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
maqtiloth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
causing to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Piel**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מְקַטֵּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
meqattel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
slaughtering
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מְקַטֶּלֶת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
meqatteleth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
slaughtering
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מְקַטְּלִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
meqattelim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
slaughtering
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מְקַטְּלוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
meqatteloth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
slaughtering
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, it is helpful to classify participles according to
|
||||
their function in the sentence as a whole: as a
|
||||
:ref:`verb`
|
||||
(or verbal complement); as an adjective; or as a noun. Participles can
|
||||
function independently as their own grammatical entity, but they often
|
||||
introduce entire clauses that function either as adjectives or nouns.
|
||||
When used verbally, the active participle is closely related in meaning
|
||||
to the prefix conjugation; they are both often used to describe
|
||||
frequentive or durative action and can function as either a verbal
|
||||
complement or a finite verb.
|
||||
|
||||
The active participle can function in a sentence in any of the following
|
||||
ways:
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a verbal complement
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
When functioning as a verbal complement, the participle is governed by
|
||||
the main verb of the sentence and has potential to be translated as past
|
||||
time, present time, or future time. A verbal participle can express
|
||||
stative, frequentive, durative, or imminent action as determined by the
|
||||
context. The subject of a participle usually precedes the participle, in
|
||||
contrast to the normal conventions of :ref:`word_order`.
|
||||
|
||||
- HOS 2:10 –– expressing stative action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יָעַ֥צְתָּ בֹּ֖שֶׁת לְבֵיתֶ֑ךָ קְצוֹת־עַמִּ֥ים רַבִּ֖ים **וְחוֹטֵ֥א**
|
||||
נַפְשֶֽׁךָ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ya'atsta bosheth levethekha qetsoth-'ammim rabbim **wehote**
|
||||
nafshekha
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
you-have-devised shame to-your-house cutting-off\_peoples many
|
||||
**and-making-guilty** your-soul
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
You have devised shame for your house by cutting off many people,
|
||||
**and have sinned** against yourself
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 28:14 –– expressing simple durative action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
עוֹדֶ֖נּוּ **מְדַבֵּ֣ר** עִמָּ֑ם וְרָחֵ֣ל׀ בָּ֗אָה עִם־הַצֹּאן֙
|
||||
אֲשֶׁ֣ר לְאָבִ֔יהָ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'odennu **medabber** 'immam werahel ba'ah 'im-hatson 'asher le'aviha
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
still-he **was-speaking** with-them and-Rachel came with\_the-sheep
|
||||
that to-her-father
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
While Jacob **was** still **speaking** with them, Rachel came with
|
||||
her father's sheep,
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- NEH 1:4 –– two participles paired with finite verb היה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וָֽאֱהִ֥י **צָם֙ וּמִתְפַּלֵּ֔ל** לִפְנֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵ֥י הַשָּׁמָֽיִם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wa'ehi **tsam umithpallel** lifne 'elohe hashamayim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-I-was **fasting and-praying** before God-of the-heavens
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
I **was fasting and praying** before the God of heaven.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
When functioning as a verb, the participle is governed by the context
|
||||
and has the potential to be translated as past time, present time,
|
||||
future time, or even without a specified timeframe. A verbal participle
|
||||
can express stative, frequentive, durative, or imminent action as
|
||||
determined by the context. NOTE: The subject of a participle usually
|
||||
precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of
|
||||
:ref:`word_order`.
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 3:8 –– expressing frequentive action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיָּ֣בֶן עֵלִ֔י כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה **קֹרֵ֥א** לַנָּֽעַר
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyaven 'eli ki yehwah **qore** lanna'ar
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-he-understood Eli that Yahweh **was-calling** to-the-boy
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Then Eli realized that Yahweh **had called** the boy.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 28:14 –– expressing simple durative action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַתֹּ֗אמֶר אִ֤ישׁ זָקֵן֙ עֹלֶ֔ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wattomer 'ish zaqen **'oleh**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-she-said man old **is-going-up**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
She said, "An old man **is coming up**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 3:11 –– expressing imminent action
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִנֵּ֧ה אָנֹכִ֛י **עֹשֶׂ֥ה** דָבָ֖ר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hinneh 'anokhi **'oseh** davar beyisra'el
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Behold I **am-doing** thing in-Israel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
See, I **am about to do** something in Israel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a verbal :ref:`adjective`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
When functioning as an adjective, a participle follows the noun in the
|
||||
attributive position and matches the noun in gender, number, and
|
||||
:ref:`state_determined`.
|
||||
The participle can either function as an adjective by itself or
|
||||
introduce a clause that functions as an adjective.
|
||||
|
||||
- DEU 4:24 –– a participle functioning by itself as an adjective
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
כִּ֚י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ אֵ֥שׁ אֹכְלָ֖ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ki yehwah 'eloheykha 'esh **'okhelah**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
for Yahweh your-God fire **eating**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
For Yahweh your God is a **devouring** fire
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:12 –– a participle introducing a clause functioning as an
|
||||
adjective
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַתּוֹצֵ֨א הָאָ֜רֶץ דֶּ֠שֶׁא עֵ֣שֶׂב **מַזְרִ֤יעַ** זֶ֙רַע֙
|
||||
לְמִינֵ֔הוּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wattotse ha'arets deshe 'esev **mazria'** zera' leminehu
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-it-sprouted-forth the-earth grass crops **yielding** seed
|
||||
to-its-kind
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The earth produced vegetation, plants **producing** seed after their
|
||||
kind
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
When functioning as a noun, a participle will often take the
|
||||
:ref:`particle_definite_article`
|
||||
(but not always). The participle can either function as a noun by itself
|
||||
or introduce a relative clause that functions as a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 1:30 –– a participle functioning by itself as a noun
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וּלְכֹ֣ל׀ **רוֹמֵ֣שׂ** עַל־הָאָ֗רֶץ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
ulekhol **romes** 'al-ha'arets
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-to-all **crawlers** on\_the-earth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and to everything **that creeps** upon the earth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 26:11 –– a participle introducing a relative clause functioning
|
||||
as a noun
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הַנֹּגֵ֜עַ בָּאִ֥ישׁ הַזֶּ֛ה וּבְאִשְׁתּ֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**hannogea'** ba'ish hazzeh uve'ishto moth yumath
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**the-one-touching** in-the-man the-this and-in-his-wife dying
|
||||
he-will-be-made-dead
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Whoever touches** this man or his wife will surely be put to death.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, a participle is a verbal noun that can function as a verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. When used as a verb, an active participle most often expresses continuous or imminent action.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,237 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
Properly speaking, participles in Biblical Hebrew are [verbal nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#verbal-nouns). Like the infinitive forms, they conjugate in the various [stem](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/stem/02.md) formations. They also inflect for person and gender like both [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md) and [nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md). Furthermore, they can also appear in either the [absolute state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_absolute/02.md) or the [construct state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_construct/02.md), like nouns. Thus, active participles are extremely flexible in their grammatical use and can function as a verbal complement, a [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs), an adjective, or a noun. In most cases, the context will clearly show how the participle is being used in the sentence. The meaning of a participle is usually clear, even in cases where its specific grammatical function cannot be determined precisely.
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
|
||||
**Qal**
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular Absolute</td><td>קֹטֵל</td><td>qotel</td><td>killing / killer</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular Absolute</td><td>קֹטֶלֶת / קֹטְלָה</td><td>qotelet / qotelah</td><td>killing / killer</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural Absolute</td><td>קֹטְלִים</td><td>qotelim</td><td>killing / killers</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural Absolute</td><td>קֹטְלוֹת</td><td>qoteloth</td><td>killing / killers</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Hiphil**
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular Absolute</td><td>מַקְטִיל</td><td>maqtil</td><td>causing to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular Absolute</td><td>מַקְטֶלֶת</td><td>maqteleth</td><td>causing to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural Absolute</td><td>מַקְטִילִים</td><td>maqtilim</td><td>causing to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural Absolute</td><td>מַקְטִילוֹת</td><td>maqtiloth</td><td>causing to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Piel**
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular Absolute</td><td>מְקַטֵּל</td><td>meqattel</td><td>slaughtering</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular Absolute</td><td>מְקַטֶּלֶת</td><td>meqatteleth</td><td>slaughtering</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural Absolute</td><td>מְקַטְּלִים</td><td>meqattelim</td><td>slaughtering</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural Absolute</td><td>מְקַטְּלוֹת</td><td>meqatteloth</td><td>slaughtering</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Function
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, it is helpful to classify participles according to their function in the sentence as a whole: as a [verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md) (or verbal complement); as an adjective; or as a noun. Participles can function independently as their own grammatical entity, but they often introduce entire clauses that function either as adjectives or nouns. When used verbally, the active participle is closely related in meaning to the prefix conjugation; they are both often used to describe frequentive or durative action and can function as either a verbal complement or a finite verb.
|
||||
|
||||
The active participle can function in a sentence in any of the following ways:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a verbal complement
|
||||
When functioning as a verbal complement, the participle is governed by the main verb of the sentence and has potential to be translated as past time, present time, or future time. A verbal participle can express stative, frequentive, durative, or imminent action as determined by the context. The subject of a participle usually precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of [Hebrew word order](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/word_order/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
* HOS 2:10 –– expressing stative action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>יָעַ֥צְתָּ בֹּ֖שֶׁת לְבֵיתֶ֑ךָ קְצוֹת־עַמִּ֥ים רַבִּ֖ים **וְחוֹטֵ֥א** נַפְשֶֽׁךָ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ya'atsta bosheth levethekha qetsoth-'ammim rabbim **wehote** nafshekha</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>you-have-devised shame to-your-house cutting-off_peoples many **and-making-guilty** your-soul</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>You have devised shame for your house by cutting off many people, **and have sinned** against yourself</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 28:14 –– expressing simple durative action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עוֹדֶ֖נּוּ **מְדַבֵּ֣ר** עִמָּ֑ם וְרָחֵ֣ל׀ בָּ֗אָה עִם־הַצֹּאן֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לְאָבִ֔יהָ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>'odennu **medabber** 'immam werahel ba'ah 'im-hatson 'asher le'aviha</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>still-he **was-speaking** with-them and-Rachel came with_the-sheep that to-her-father</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>While Jacob **was** still **speaking** with them, Rachel came with her father's sheep,</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* NEH 1:4 –– two participles paired with finite verb היה
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וָֽאֱהִ֥י **צָם֙ וּמִתְפַּלֵּ֔ל** לִפְנֵ֖י אֱלֹהֵ֥י הַשָּׁמָֽיִם</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wa'ehi **tsam umithpallel** lifne 'elohe hashamayim</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-I-was **fasting and-praying** before God-of the-heavens</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>I **was fasting and praying** before the God of heaven.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs)
|
||||
When functioning as a verb, the participle is governed by the context and has the potential to be translated as past time, present time, future time, or even without a specified timeframe. A verbal participle can express stative, frequentive, durative, or imminent action as determined by the context. NOTE: The subject of a participle usually precedes the participle, in contrast to the normal conventions of [Hebrew word order](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/word_order/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 3:8 –– expressing frequentive action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַיָּ֣בֶן עֵלִ֔י כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה **קֹרֵ֥א** לַנָּֽעַר</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wayyaven 'eli ki yehwah **qore** lanna'ar</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-he-understood Eli that Yahweh **was-calling** to-the-boy</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>Then Eli realized that Yahweh **had called** the boy.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 28:14 –– expressing simple durative action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַתֹּ֗אמֶר אִ֤ישׁ זָקֵן֙ <b>עֹלֶ֔ה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wattomer 'ish zaqen **'oleh**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-she-said man old **is-going-up**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>She said, "An old man **is coming up**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 3:11 –– expressing imminent action
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הִנֵּ֧ה אָנֹכִ֛י **עֹשֶׂ֥ה** דָבָ֖ר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hinneh 'anokhi **'oseh** davar beyisra'el</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>Behold I **am-doing** thing in-Israel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>See, I **am about to do** something in Israel</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a verbal [adjective](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md)
|
||||
When functioning as an adjective, a participle follows the noun in the attributive position and matches the noun in gender, number, and [definiteness](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_determined/02.md). The participle can either function as an adjective by itself or introduce a clause that functions as an adjective.
|
||||
|
||||
* DEU 4:24 –– a participle functioning by itself as an adjective
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כִּ֚י יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ אֵ֥שׁ <b>אֹכְלָ֖ה</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ki yehwah 'eloheykha 'esh **'okhelah**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>for Yahweh your-God fire **eating**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>For Yahweh your God is a **devouring** fire</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:12 –– a participle introducing a clause functioning as an adjective
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וַתּוֹצֵ֨א הָאָ֜רֶץ דֶּ֠שֶׁא עֵ֣שֶׂב **מַזְרִ֤יעַ** זֶ֙רַע֙ לְמִינֵ֔הוּ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wattotse ha'arets deshe 'esev **mazria'** zera' leminehu</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-it-sprouted-forth the-earth grass crops **yielding** seed to-its-kind</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The earth produced vegetation, plants **producing** seed after their kind</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a [verbal noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#verbal-nouns)
|
||||
When functioning as a noun, a participle will often take the [article](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_definite_article/02.md) (but not always). The participle can either function as a noun by itself or introduce a relative clause that functions as a noun.
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 1:30 –– a participle functioning by itself as a noun
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וּלְכֹ֣ל׀ **רוֹמֵ֣שׂ** עַל־הָאָ֗רֶץ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>ulekhol **romes** 'al-ha'arets</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-to-all **crawlers** on_the-earth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>and to everything **that creeps** upon the earth</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 26:11 –– a participle introducing a relative clause functioning as a noun
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td><b>הַנֹּגֵ֜עַ</b> בָּאִ֥ישׁ הַזֶּ֛ה וּבְאִשְׁתּ֖וֹ מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**hannogea'** ba'ish hazzeh uve'ishto moth yumath</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**the-one-touching** in-the-man the-this and-in-his-wife dying he-will-be-made-dead</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**Whoever touches** this man or his wife will surely be put to death.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Participle Active
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,2070 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/participle_passive.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _participle_passive:
|
||||
|
||||
Participle Passive
|
||||
==================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, a participle is a verbal noun that can function as a
|
||||
verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. The passive
|
||||
participle most often functions as an attributive adjective or predicate
|
||||
adjective.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Properly speaking, participles in Biblical Hebrew are :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`.
|
||||
Like the infinitive forms, they conjugate in the passive
|
||||
:ref:`stem`
|
||||
(Niphal, Pual, Hophal, etc.). They also inflect for person and gender
|
||||
like both
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`
|
||||
and
|
||||
:ref:`noun`.
|
||||
Furthermore, they can also appear in either the :ref:`state_absolute`
|
||||
or the :ref:`state_construct`,
|
||||
like nouns. Thus, participles have potential to function as a verbal
|
||||
complement, a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`,
|
||||
an adjective, or a noun. In most cases, the context will clearly show
|
||||
how the participle is being used in the sentence. Generally speaking,
|
||||
the meaning of the participle is clear even in cases where its specific
|
||||
grammatical function cannot be determined precisely.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Only the :ref:`stem_qal`
|
||||
has a distinct passive form for the participle; in all other cases, the
|
||||
passive (sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the stem
|
||||
formation and the specific verb.
|
||||
|
||||
Form
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
**Qal passive**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קָטוּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qatul
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killer / killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קְטוּלָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qetulah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killer / killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קְטוּלִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qetulim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killers / killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
קְטוּלוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
qetuloth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killers / killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Niphal (usually passive or reflexive voice)**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
נִקְטָל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
niqtal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
נִקְטָלָה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
niqtalah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
נִקְטָלִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
niqtalim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
נִקְטָלוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
niqtaloth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being killed
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Hophal**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מָקְטָל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
moqtal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being caused to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מָקְטֶלֶת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
moqteleth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being caused to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מָקְטָלִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
moqtalim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being caused to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מָקְטָלוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
moqtaloth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being caused to kill
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Pual**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מְקֻטַּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mequttal
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being slaughtered
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מְקֻטֶּלֶת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mequtteleth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being slaughtered
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מְקֻטְּלִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mequttelim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being slaughtered
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מְקֻטְּלוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mequtteloth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
being slaughtered
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Hithpael (usually reflexive voice)**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Parsing
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Transliteration
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<th>
|
||||
|
||||
Gloss
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</th>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מִתְקַטֵּל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mithqattel
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killing oneself
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine singular Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מִתְקַטֶּלֶת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mithqatteleth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killing oneself
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
masculine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מִתְקַטְּלִים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mithqattelim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killing oneself
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
feminine plural Absolute
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מִתְקַטְּלוֹת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mithqatteloth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
killing oneself
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
Participles in passive/reflexive voice are often used as an independent
|
||||
grammatical entity, although it can introduce relative clauses, like
|
||||
active participles. Passive participles are generally more limited in
|
||||
meaning than :ref:`participle_active`,
|
||||
usually functioning descriptively or expressing stative actions. Passive
|
||||
participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the
|
||||
context; thus, they can express action in past time, present time,
|
||||
future time, or without any specified timeframe.
|
||||
|
||||
A passive participle can function in a sentence in any of the following
|
||||
ways:
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a verbal adjective
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical
|
||||
Hebrew. When a passive participle functions as an adjective, it is
|
||||
usually either an :ref:`adjective-attributive`
|
||||
or a :ref:`adjective-predicative-or-verbal-adjective`.
|
||||
The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning
|
||||
as a predicate adjective or as a finite verb, because both appear the
|
||||
same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
|
||||
|
||||
- PSA 149:9 –– functioning as an attributive adjective
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת בָּהֶ֨ם׀ מִשְׁפָּ֬ט כָּת֗וּב
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
la'asoth bahem mishpat **kathuv**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
to-do to-them judgment **written**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
They will execute the judgment **that is written**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- EXO 5:16 –– functioning as a predicate adjective
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְהִנֵּ֧ה עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ מֻכִּ֖ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wehinneh 'avadeykha **mukkim**\
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-behold your-servants **beaten**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
We, your servants, are even **beaten** now
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- PSA 22:7 –– introducing clauses functioning as predicate adjectives
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ **חֶרְפַּ֥ת** אָ֝דָ֗ם **וּבְז֥וּי**
|
||||
עָֽם׃
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
we'anokhi thola'ath welo-'ish **herpath** 'adam **uvezuy** 'am
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-I worm and-not\_man **scorned-of** humanity **and-despised-of**
|
||||
people
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and
|
||||
despised** by the people.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a :ref:`verb-finite-verbs`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning
|
||||
as a finite verb or as a predicate adjective, because both appear the
|
||||
same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16).
|
||||
|
||||
- ISA 17:2 –– NOTE: the participle is in the first position here, which
|
||||
is the normal :ref:`word_order`
|
||||
for finite verbs
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
עֲזֻב֖וֹת עָרֵ֣י עֲרֹעֵ֑ר
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**'azuvoth** 'are 'aro'er
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**being-forsaken** cities-of Aroer
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
The cities of Aroer **will be abandoned**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- 1SA 19:11
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מָחָ֖ר אַתָּ֥ה מוּמָֽת
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
mahar 'attah **mumath**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tomorrow you **being-made-dead**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
tomorrow you **will be killed**
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a verbal complement
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 38:25
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
הִ֣וא **מוּצֵ֗את** וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hiw **mutseth** wehi sholhah 'el-hamiha lemor
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
she **being-brought-out** and-she sent to\_her-father-in-law saying
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
When she **was brought out**, she sent to her father-in-law a message
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
Functions as a :ref:`verb-verbal-nouns`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
- JOS 8:34
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
כְּכָל־\ **הַכָּת֖וּב** בְּסֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
kekhol-\ **hakkathuv** besefer hattowrah
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
like-all\_\ **the-written** in-book-of the-law
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
just as **had been written** in the book of the law
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, a participle is a verbal noun that can function as a verb (or verbal complement), an adjective, or a noun. The passive participle most often functions as an attributive adjective or predicate adjective.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,216 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
Properly speaking, participles in Biblical Hebrew are [verbal nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#verbal-nouns). Like the infinitive forms, they conjugate in the passive [stems](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/stem/02.md) (Niphal, Pual, Hophal, etc.). They also inflect for person and gender like both [adjectives](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md) and [nouns](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md). Furthermore, they can also appear in either the [absolute state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_absolute/02.md) or the [construct state](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_construct/02.md), like nouns. Thus, participles have potential to function as a verbal complement, a [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs), an adjective, or a noun. In most cases, the context will clearly show how the participle is being used in the sentence. Generally speaking, the meaning of the participle is clear even in cases where its specific grammatical function cannot be determined precisely.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Only the [Qal stem](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/stem_qal/02.md) has a distinct passive form for the participle; in all other cases, the passive (sometimes reflexive) meaning is determined by the stem formation and the specific verb.
|
||||
|
||||
## Form
|
||||
|
||||
**Qal passive**
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular Absolute</td><td>קָטוּל</td><td>qatul</td><td>killer / killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular Absolute</td><td>קְטוּלָה</td><td>qetulah</td><td>killer / killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural Absolute</td><td>קְטוּלִים</td><td>qetulim</td><td>killers / killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural Absolute</td><td>קְטוּלוֹת</td><td>qetuloth</td><td>killers / killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Niphal (usually passive or reflexive voice)**
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular Absolute</td><td>נִקְטָל</td><td>niqtal</td><td>being killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular Absolute</td><td>נִקְטָלָה</td><td>niqtalah</td><td>being killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural Absolute</td><td>נִקְטָלִים</td><td>niqtalim</td><td>being killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural Absolute</td><td>נִקְטָלוֹת</td><td>niqtaloth</td><td>being killed</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Hophal**
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular Absolute</td><td>מָקְטָל</td><td>moqtal</td><td>being caused to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular Absolute</td><td>מָקְטֶלֶת</td><td>moqteleth</td><td>being caused to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural Absolute</td><td>מָקְטָלִים</td><td>moqtalim</td><td>being caused to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural Absolute</td><td>מָקְטָלוֹת</td><td>moqtaloth</td><td>being caused to kill</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Pual**
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular Absolute</td><td>מְקֻטַּל</td><td>mequttal</td><td>being slaughtered</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular Absolute</td><td>מְקֻטֶּלֶת</td><td>mequtteleth</td><td>being slaughtered</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural Absolute</td><td>מְקֻטְּלִים</td><td>mequttelim</td><td>being slaughtered</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural Absolute</td><td>מְקֻטְּלוֹת</td><td>mequtteloth</td><td>being slaughtered</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
**Hithpael (usually reflexive voice)**
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><th>Parsing</th><th>Hebrew</th><th>Transliteration</th><th>Gloss</th>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine singular Absolute</td><td>מִתְקַטֵּל</td><td>mithqattel</td><td>killing oneself</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine singular Absolute</td><td>מִתְקַטֶּלֶת</td><td>mithqatteleth</td><td>killing oneself</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even" align="center"><td>masculine plural Absolute</td><td>מִתְקַטְּלִים</td><td>mithqattelim</td><td>killing oneself</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="center"><td>feminine plural Absolute</td><td>מִתְקַטְּלוֹת</td><td>mithqatteloth</td><td>killing oneself</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## Function
|
||||
Participles in passive/reflexive voice are often used as an independent grammatical entity, although it can introduce relative clauses, like active participles. Passive participles are generally more limited in meaning than [active participles](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/participle_active/02.md), usually functioning descriptively or expressing stative actions. Passive participles are governed either by the main verb of a sentence or by the context; thus, they can express action in past time, present time, future time, or without any specified timeframe.
|
||||
|
||||
A passive participle can function in a sentence in any of the following ways:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a verbal adjective
|
||||
This is the most common use of the passive participle in Biblical Hebrew. When a passive participle functions as an adjective, it is usually either an [attributive adjective](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md#attributive) or a [predicate adjective](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md#predicative-or-verbal-adjective). The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a predicate adjective or as a finite verb, because both appear the same in many instances (compare EXO 5:16 and 1SA 19:11).
|
||||
|
||||
* PSA 149:9 –– functioning as an attributive adjective
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>לַעֲשׂ֤וֹת בָּהֶ֨ם׀ מִשְׁפָּ֬ט <b>כָּת֗וּב</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>la'asoth bahem mishpat **kathuv**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>to-do to-them judgment **written**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>They will execute the judgment **that is written**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* EXO 5:16 –– functioning as a predicate adjective
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְהִנֵּ֧ה עֲבָדֶ֛יךָ <b>מֻכִּ֖ים</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>wehinneh 'avadeykha **mukkim**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-behold your-servants **beaten**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>We, your servants, are even **beaten** now</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
* PSA 22:7 –– introducing clauses functioning as predicate adjectives
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>וְאָנֹכִ֣י תוֹלַ֣עַת וְלֹא־אִ֑ישׁ **חֶרְפַּ֥ת** אָ֝דָ֗ם **וּבְז֥וּי** עָֽם׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>we'anokhi thola'ath welo-'ish **herpath** 'adam **uvezuy** 'am</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>and-I worm and-not_man **scorned-of** humanity **and-despised-of** people</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>But I am a worm and not a man, a **disgrace** to humanity **and despised** by the people.</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a [finite verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#finite-verbs)
|
||||
The context must determine whether a passive participle is functioning as a finite verb or as a predicate adjective, because both appear the same in many instances (compare 1SA 19:11 and EXO 5:16).
|
||||
|
||||
* ISA 17:2 –– NOTE: the participle is in the first position here, which is the normal [Hebrew word order](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/word_order/02.md) for finite verbs
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>עֲזֻב֖וֹת עָרֵ֣י <b>עֲרֹעֵ֑ר</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>**'azuvoth** 'are 'aro'er</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>**being-forsaken** cities-of Aroer</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>The cities of Aroer **will be abandoned**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
* 1SA 19:11
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>מָחָ֖ר אַתָּ֥ה <b>מוּמָֽת</b></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>mahar 'attah **mumath**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>tomorrow you **being-made-dead**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>tomorrow you **will be killed**</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a verbal complement
|
||||
|
||||
* GEN 38:25
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>הִ֣וא **מוּצֵ֗את** וְהִ֨יא שָׁלְחָ֤ה אֶל־חָמִ֙יהָ֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>hiw **mutseth** wehi sholhah 'el-hamiha lemor</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>she **being-brought-out** and-she sent to_her-father-in-law saying</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>When she **was brought out**, she sent to her father-in-law a message</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
#### Functions as a [verbal noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md#verbal-nouns)
|
||||
|
||||
* JOS 8:34
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right"><td>כְּכָל־**הַכָּת֖וּב** בְּסֵ֥פֶר הַתּוֹרָֽה׃</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>kekhol-**hakkathuv** besefer hattowrah</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd"><td>like-all_**the-written** in-book-of the-law</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr class="row-even"><td>just as **had been written** in the book of the law</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Participle Passive
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _particle:
|
||||
|
||||
Particle
|
||||
========
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Particles are auxiliary words that do not fit into any strict
|
||||
grammatical categorization. They often mark grammatical structures
|
||||
and/or show how other words within a sentence are related to each other.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Particles are auxiliary words in a language that do not describe or
|
||||
refer to a specific object or action. Rather, they either describe how
|
||||
the other words in a sentence relate to each other, or emphasize a
|
||||
particular word or aspect of meaning within a sentence. Some Hebrew
|
||||
particles are prefixes that are attached to another word. Some particles
|
||||
are extremely flexible in their meaning and can also serve other
|
||||
functions within a sentence, especially as conjunctions or adverbs. For
|
||||
example, the word כִּי can function as either a particle or a
|
||||
conjunction; the word עַתָּה can function as either a particle or an
|
||||
adverb; and there are others as well.
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, particles are sometimes paired together to form
|
||||
compound conjunctions. Compound conjunctions are best understood as a
|
||||
single unit with its own range of meanings which may or may not overlap
|
||||
with the meanings of the individual particles themselves. When in doubt,
|
||||
it is recommended to consult and dictionary or lexicon to determine
|
||||
whether any particular occurrence of a particle stands alone or as part
|
||||
of a compound conjunction.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: The classification of these words (i.e. words called "particles"
|
||||
in this grammar) is a subject of much debate among Hebrew linguists.
|
||||
This is true even for particles which have a clear meaning and function.
|
||||
Other parsing systems may have different names for these groups of
|
||||
particles, may have different groupings, or may even parse an individual
|
||||
particle as another kind of word such as a
|
||||
:ref:`noun`,
|
||||
an
|
||||
:ref:`adverb`,
|
||||
a
|
||||
:ref:`conjunction`,
|
||||
or others.
|
||||
|
||||
Types
|
||||
-----
|
||||
|
||||
The parsing system used by this grammar identifies the following types
|
||||
of particles:
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_affirmation`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
These particles usually convey a sense of "affirmation of" or "addition
|
||||
to" some idea within the sentence. In English, they are commonly
|
||||
translated using words such as "yes" or "also" or "even" or "really",
|
||||
etc.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_definite_article`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
This is a prefix that makes a word
|
||||
:ref:`state_determined`
|
||||
(or determined).
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_demonstrative`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
These particles focus the attention of the reader/listener to the word,
|
||||
phrase, or sentence that immediately follows. In English, they are
|
||||
commonly translated using words such as "See!" or "Look!" or "Behold!",
|
||||
etc.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_direct_object_marker`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
This particle precedes the direct object in a sentence, used especially
|
||||
in places where there might be confusion.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_exhortation`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Exhortation particles are used to emphasize or strengthen a request or
|
||||
command. They are often left untranslated in English.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_interjection`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
These particles are exclamations of emotion. In English, they are
|
||||
commonly translated using words such as "Oh!" or "Woe!" or "Aha!", etc.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_interrogative`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
This prefix indicates that the sentence is a question and not a
|
||||
statement.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_negative`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
These particles negate some word in the sentnce, usually a
|
||||
:ref:`verb`,
|
||||
or
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`.
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`particle_relative`
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
These particles introduce a relative clause or phrase, often more fully
|
||||
describing a preceding noun or verb.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Summary
|
||||
Particles are auxiliary words that do not fit into any strict grammatical categorization. They often mark grammatical structures and/or show how other words within a sentence are related to each other.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
|
|||
## Article
|
||||
Particles are auxiliary words in a language that do not describe or refer to a specific object or action. Rather, they either describe how the other words in a sentence relate to each other, or emphasize a particular word or aspect of meaning within a sentence. Some Hebrew particles are prefixes that are attached to another word. Some particles are extremely flexible in their meaning and can also serve other functions within a sentence, especially as conjunctions or adverbs. For example, the word כִּי can function as either a particle or a conjunction; the word עַתָּה can function as either a particle or an adverb; and there are others as well.
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, particles are sometimes paired together to form compound conjunctions. Compound conjunctions are best understood as a single unit with its own range of meanings which may or may not overlap with the meanings of the individual particles themselves. When in doubt, it is recommended to consult and dictionary or lexicon to determine whether any particular occurrence of a particle stands alone or as part of a compound conjunction.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: The classification of these words (i.e. words called "particles" in this grammar) is a subject of much debate among Hebrew linguists. This is true even for particles which have a clear meaning and function. Other parsing systems may have different names for these groups of particles, may have different groupings, or may even parse an individual particle as another kind of word such as a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), an [adverb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adverb/02.md), a [conjunction](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/conjunction/02.md), or others.
|
||||
|
||||
## Types
|
||||
The parsing system used by this grammar identifies the following types of particles:
|
||||
|
||||
### [Affirmation](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_affirmation/02.md)
|
||||
These particles usually convey a sense of "affirmation of" or "addition to" some idea within the sentence. In English, they are commonly translated using words such as "yes" or "also" or "even" or "really", etc.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Definite article](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_definite_article/02.md)
|
||||
This is a prefix that makes a word [definite](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/state_determined/02.md) (or determined).
|
||||
|
||||
### [Demonstrative](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_demonstrative/02.md)
|
||||
These particles focus the attention of the reader/listener to the word, phrase, or sentence that immediately follows. In English, they are commonly translated using words such as "See!" or "Look!" or "Behold!", etc.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Direct object marker](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_direct_object_marker/02.md)
|
||||
This particle precedes the direct object in a sentence, used especially in places where there might be confusion.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Exhortation](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_exhortation/02.md)
|
||||
Exhortation particles are used to emphasize or strengthen a request or command. They are often left untranslated in English.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Interjection](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_interjection/02.md)
|
||||
These particles are exclamations of emotion. In English, they are commonly translated using words such as "Oh!" or "Woe!" or "Aha!", etc.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Interrogative](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_interrogative/02.md)
|
||||
This prefix indicates that the sentence is a question and not a statement.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Negative](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_negative/02.md)
|
||||
These particles negate some word in the sentnce, usually a [noun](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/noun/02.md), [verb](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/verb/02.md), or [adjective](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/adjective/02.md).
|
||||
|
||||
### [Relative](https://git.door43.org/Door43/en-uhg/src/master/content/particle_relative/02.md)
|
||||
These particles introduce a relative clause or phrase, often more fully describing a preceding noun or verb.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1 +0,0 @@
|
|||
Particle
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,1095 @@
|
|||
:github_url: https://git.door43.org/Door43/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/particle_affirmation.rst
|
||||
|
||||
.. _particle_affirmation:
|
||||
|
||||
Particle Affirmation
|
||||
====================
|
||||
|
||||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Affirmation particles express a sense of "addition to" or "affirmation
|
||||
of" something in a text.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Biblical Hebrew contains three major particles that, used either
|
||||
individually or in combination, express an "affirmation of" or "addition
|
||||
to" some aspect of the text. These particles can have a scope as narrow
|
||||
as a single word or phrase, or as broad as an entire sentence or
|
||||
paragraph.
|
||||
|
||||
אַף
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
This word is flexible in meaning; sometimes it appears to function more
|
||||
like a :ref:`conjunction` and sometimes more like an :ref:`adverb`.
|
||||
This word does not have a single translation value, but must be
|
||||
translated with great sensitivity to its context. In English, אַף is
|
||||
often translated with a family of different words, including "also",
|
||||
"even", "only", "truly", and/or other terms that can convey the general
|
||||
concepts of affirmation or addition. Sometimes it is left untranslated,
|
||||
in instances where there is no satisfactory way to communicate the sense
|
||||
of the word as used in its specific context.
|
||||
|
||||
- ISA 40:24
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַ֣ף בַּל־נִטָּ֗עוּ **אַ֚ף** בַּל־זֹרָ֔עוּ **אַ֛ף** בַּל־שֹׁרֵ֥שׁ
|
||||
בָּאָ֖רֶץ גִּזְעָ֑ם
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**'af** bal-nitta'u **'af** bal-zora'u **'af** bal-shoresh ba'arets
|
||||
giz'am
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Really** not\_they-are-planted **really** not\_they-are-sown
|
||||
**really** not\_taken-root in-the-earth their-stem
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**See**, they are barely planted; **see**, they are barely sown;
|
||||
**see**, their stem has barely taken root in the earth
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- PSA 65:14 (PSA 65:13 in Hebrew)
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
יִ֝תְרוֹעֲע֗וּ **אַף**\ ־יָשִֽׁירוּ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
yithro'a'u **'af**-yashiru
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
They-shout-for-joy **yes**\ \_they-sing.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
They shout for joy, **and** they sing.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 40:16
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ אֶל־יוֹסֵ֔ף **אַף**\ ־אֲנִי֙ בַּחֲלוֹמִ֔י
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyomer 'el-yosef **'af**-'aniy bahalomi
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
and-he-said to\_Joseph **also**\ \_I in-my-dream
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
he also said to Joseph, "I **also** had a dream
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- JOB 14:3
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַף־עַל־זֶ֭ה פָּקַ֣חְתָּ עֵינֶ֑ךָ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**'af**-'al-zeh paqahta 'enekha
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Even**\ \_on\_this you-open your-eyes
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Yahweh, why do you keep watching me to see if I am doing something
|
||||
that is wrong?
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
גַּם
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
Like אַף, this word appears to function sometimes more like a
|
||||
:ref:`conjunction` and sometimes more like an :ref:`adverb`.
|
||||
This word does not have a single translation value, but must be
|
||||
translated with great sensitivity to its context. In English, גַּם is
|
||||
often translated with a family of different words, including "also",
|
||||
"indeed", "even", and/or other terms that can convey the general
|
||||
concepts of affirmation or addition.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 27:33
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
גַּם־בָּר֖וּךְ יִהְיֶֽה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**gam**-barukh yihyeh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Indeed**\ \_blessed he.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**Indeed**, he will be blessed.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- JOB 21:7
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
מַדּ֣וּעַ רְשָׁעִ֣ים יִחְי֑וּ עָ֝תְק֗וּ **גַּם**\ ־גָּ֥בְרוּ חָֽיִל
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
maddua' resha'im yihyu 'othqu **gam**-gavru hayil
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Why wicked live become-old **yes**\ \_become-mighty power?
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
Why do wicked people continue to live, become old, **also** grow
|
||||
mighty in power?
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
כִּי
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: כִּי is one of the most flexible words in Biblical Hebrew in terms
|
||||
of its meaning. It can function either as a conjunction or as a
|
||||
particle, with many different potential meanings. If in doubt, it is
|
||||
recommended to *always* consult a dictionary or lexicon to confirm how
|
||||
the word is being used in any specific instance.
|
||||
|
||||
- EXO 3:12
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
וַיֹּ֙אמֶר֙ **כִּֽי**\ ־אֶֽהְיֶ֣ה עִמָּ֔ךְ
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
wayyomer **ki**-'eheyeh 'immakh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
And-he-said **yes**\ \_I-will-be with-you.
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
God replied, "I will **certainly** be with you."
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
אַף כִּי
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
When paired together, these two particles function as a single unit,
|
||||
expressing a strong sense of affirmation or addition. Again, this
|
||||
compound particle must be translated with extreme sensitivity to the
|
||||
context in order to convey its precise nuance.
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 3:1
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
אַ֚ף כִּֽי־אָמַ֣ר אֱלֹהִ֔ים
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**'af ki**-'amar 'elohim
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**really**\ \_has-said God
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
has God **really** said
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
אִם (after oath formulas)
|
||||
-------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
When the word אִם follows oath formulas, it functions as an affirmation
|
||||
particle to strengthen the force of the oath, either negatively (as אִם
|
||||
alone) or positively (as אִם־לֹא).
|
||||
|
||||
- GEN 42:15 —— expressing emphatic negation
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
חֵ֤י פַרְעֹה֙ **אִם**\ ־תֵּצְא֣וּ מִזֶּ֔ה
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
he far'oh **'im**-tetse'u mizzeh
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
life-of pharaoh **if**\ \_you-will-go-out from-this
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
**by** the life of Pharaoh, you will not leave here
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
- NUM 14:28 –– expressing emphatic affirmation
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<table border="1" class="docutils">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<col width="100%" />
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</colgroup>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tbody valign="top">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd" align="right">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
חַי־אָ֨נִי֙ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֔ה **אִם**\ ־לֹ֕א
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
hay-'aniy ne'um-yehwah **'im**-lo
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-odd">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
alive\_I saying-of\_Yahweh **if**\ \_not
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<tr class="row-even">
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
<td>
|
||||
|
||||
'**as** I live,' says Yahweh, '(...) I will
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</td>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
|
||||
.. raw:: html
|
||||
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Loading…
Reference in New Issue