See in Reader
Joel's edits to UHG v.1 (#452)
This commit is contained in:
Joel D. Ruark
Gogs
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9d3d8d6735
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@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ functions. For example, כֹּה can function as an adverb of place, an
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adverb of time, or an adverb of manner; פֹּה can function as an adverb
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of time or an adverb of place, etc.
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.. _adverb-place:
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describes a place or location
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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@ -69,6 +71,8 @@ describes a place or location
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And-porticos **surrounding surrounding** length
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There were also porticos **all around** the inner wall
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.. _adverb-time:
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describes time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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@ -86,6 +90,8 @@ describes time
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**Then** he-began to-call-out in-name-of Yahweh
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**At that time** people began to call on the name of Yahweh.
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.. _adverb_quantity:
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describes quantity
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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@ -105,6 +111,8 @@ describes quantity
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from\_the-heavens"
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The angel of Yahweh called to Abraham **a second time** from heaven
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.. _adverb-manner:
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describes manner of action
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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@ -174,7 +182,7 @@ Other words functioning as adverbs
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Because Biblical Hebrew does not contain many adverbs, sometimes other kinds of words can function as adverbs.
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:ref:`Particles<particle>` functioning as adverbs
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:22
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@ -499,11 +499,13 @@ Compound conjunctions
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determined from the context. If in doubt, consult a dictionary or
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lexicon for the exact meaning of any specific occurrence.
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.. _conjunction-concessive:
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כִּי אִם
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~~~~~~~~
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Sometimes the words כִּי and אִם are paired together to form a compound conjunction that functions most often as a strong contrastive
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or a strong concessive. In English, it is usually translated as "but",
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or a strong concessive ("except"). In English, it is usually translated as "but",
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"but if", or "except". It is recommended to always consult a dictionary
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or lexicon for the exact meaning of any specific occurrence of this
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compound conjunction.
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@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Particle Definite Article
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Summary
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew, the definite article (the prefix הַ) is added to a
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word to make that word definite, i.e. in the *determined* state.
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In Biblical Hebrew, the definite article (the prefix הַ) is added to a term either to make that term definite, or to match that
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term to the noun it describes, or both.
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Article
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-------
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@ -33,40 +33,28 @@ in different languages, so this particle must always be translated according to
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Form
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----
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Standard form with pathah vowel and daghesh in the following consonant
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Definite Article Standard Form
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.. csv-table:: Standard form, with pathah vowel and daghesh in the following consonan
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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noun,סוּס,sus,a horse
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noun + definite article,הַסּוּס,hassus,the horse
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Alternate form with pathah vowel, no daghesh in gutteral consonant
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Definite Article Alternate Form 1
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.. csv-table:: Alternate form with pathah vowel, no daghesh in gutteral consonant
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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noun,חֹשֶׁק,hosheq,darkness
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noun + definite article,הַחֹשֶׁק,hahosheq,the darkness
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Alternate form with qamets vowel, no daghesh in gutteral consonant
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Definite Article Alternate Form 2
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.. csv-table:: Alternate form with qamets vowel, no daghesh in gutteral consonant
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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noun,אִישׁ,'ish,a man
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noun + definite article,הָאִישׁ,ha'ish,the man
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Alternate form with seghol vowel, no daghesh in gutteral consonant
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''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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.. csv-table:: Definite Article Alternate Form 3
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.. csv-table:: Alternate form with seghol vowel, no daghesh in gutteral consonant
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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@ -8,27 +8,31 @@ Particle Demonstrative
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Summary
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-------
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Demonstrative particles are used to direct the attention of the reader or the listener.
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Demonstrative particles function to direct the attention of a listener or reader.
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Article
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-------
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Biblical Hebrew has only a few demonstrative particles, with the two most common ones
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being הִנֵּה and הֵ֣ן. The specific function of a demonstrative particle is to draw attention to what comes immediately
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after it. Similar to the :ref:`exhortation particle<particle_exhortation>`, the demonstrative particle is often left untranslated.
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Biblical Hebrew has only a few demonstrative particles, with the two most common ones being הִנֵּה and הֵ֣ן. The specific function
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of a demonstrative particle is to draw attention to whatever immediately follows the particle, either a single word or an entire
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phrase. Similar to the :ref:`exhortation particle<particle_exhortation>`, demonstrative particles are sometimes left untranslated.
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Demonstrative particles can stand alone or take a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>` and/or a prefixed
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`.
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Function
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--------
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Independently
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Directs the attention of the listener
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The demonstrative particle occurs at the beginning of a clause
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When used in direct speech, the demonstrative particle functions to direct the attention of the person listening to the speech.
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This function of the demonstrative particle also serves to make a presentation of a person/thing from one person to another
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(see GEN 12:19 below).
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 3:11 - in front of a verbal clause
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.. csv-table:: Example: JOS 3:11
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"הִנֵּה֙ אֲרֹ֣ון הַבְּרִ֔ית אֲדֹ֖ון כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ עֹבֵ֥ר לִפְנֵיכֶ֖ם
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בַּיַּרְדֵּֽן׃"
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הִנֵּה֙ אֲרֹ֣ון הַבְּרִ֔ית אֲדֹ֖ון כָּל־הָאָ֑רֶץ עֹבֵ֥ר לִפְנֵיכֶ֖ם
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בַּיַּרְדֵּֽן׃
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"**hinneh** 'arown habberith 'adown kol-ha'arets 'over lifnekhem
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bayyarden"
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"**Look** ark-of the-covenant-of lord-of all\_the-earth is-crossing
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@ -36,21 +40,45 @@ The demonstrative particle occurs at the beginning of a clause
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"**Look!** The ark of the covenant of the Lord of all the earth
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crosses over ahead of you into the Jordan."
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 40:10 - in front of a verbless clause
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:1
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אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ **הִנֵּ֣נִי הִנֵּ֔נִי** אֶל־גֹּ֖וי לֹֽא־קֹרָ֥א
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בִשְׁמִֽי׃
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'amartiy **hinneni hinneni** 'el-gowy lo-qora vishmi
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I-said **look-me look-me** to\_nation not\_called by-my-name.
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I said ""**Here I am! Here I am!**"" to a nation that did not call on my name.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 12:19
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וְעַתָּ֕ה הִנֵּ֥ה אִשְׁתְּךָ֖ קַ֥ח וָלֵֽךְ׃
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insert transliteration
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and-now **behold** your-wife take and-go
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Now therefore **here is** your wife. Take her, and go your way.
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Directs the attention of the reader
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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When used in narrative or poetry (not in direct speech), the demonstrative particles functions to direct the attention of the
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person reading the text. This function of the demonstrative particle often directs the attention of the reader to a scene that
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a person within the narrative is observing at that moment (see GEN 1:31 and GEN 8:13 below).
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 40:10
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הִנֵּ֤ה שְׂכָרֹו֙ אִתֹּ֔ו
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**hinneh** sekharow 'ittow
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**Look** his-reward with-him
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"**See**, his reward is with him"
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With a :ref:`suffix_pronominal`
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 1:31
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 65:1
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וַיַּ֤רְא אֱלֹהִים֙ אֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָשָׂ֔ה וְהִנֵּה־ט֖וֹב מְאֹ֑ד
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insert transliteration
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And-he-saw God [dir.obj]\_all\_that he-made **and-behold**\_good very
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God saw everything that he had made. **Behold,** it was very good.
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"אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ **הִנֵּ֣נִי הִנֵּ֔נִי** אֶל־גֹּ֖וי לֹֽא־קֹרָ֥א
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בִשְׁמִֽי׃"
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'amartiy **hinneni hinneni** 'el-gowy lo-qora vishmi
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I-said **look-me look-me** to\_nation not\_called by-my-name.
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"I said, ""**Here I am! Here I am!**"" to a nation that did not call on
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my name."
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 8:13
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וַיַּ֕רְא וְהִנֵּ֥ה חָֽרְב֖וּ פְּנֵ֥י הָֽאֲדָמָֽה
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insert transliteration
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And-he-saw **and-behold** it-was-dry face-of [def.art]-ground
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looked out, and saw that **behold** the surface of the ground was dry
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@ -8,33 +8,26 @@ Particle Direct Object Marker
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Summary
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-------
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This particle precedes the noun that functions as the direct object of a
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verb.
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This particle immediately precedes the term that functions as the direct object of a verb.
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Article
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-------
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As the name suggests, this particle indicates the direct object of some
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verb. It does this by directly preceding the
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:ref:`noun`
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or phrase that functions as the direct object of a finite or non-finite
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:ref:`verb`.
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The direct object marker does not occur before *every* direct object,
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but it usually appears in places where there might be confusion. Thus,
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grammatically speaking, the direct object marker is optional in Biblical
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Hebrew. Many languages, including English, do not have any specific word
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or written symbol that serves a similar function. Therefore, this
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particle is usually not translated.
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As the name suggests, the direct object marker indicates the direct object of some verb. It does this by directly preceding
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the :ref:`noun<noun>` or phrase that functions as the direct object of a :ref:`verb<verb>` (either :ref:`finite<verb-finite>` or
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:ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>`). The direct object marker does not occur before *every* direct object, but it usually appears
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in places where there might be confusion. Thus, the direct object marker is not strictly necessary in Biblical Hebrew. Many
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languages, including English, do not have any specific word or symbol that serves a similar function; instead, those languages
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use other means of indicating the direct object of a verb (such as word order). Therefore, in many translations this particle
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is never translated.
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The standard form of the direct object marker is אֵת. It can take both
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the attached
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:ref:`conjunction`
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(i.e. the *waw* prefix, "and") and/or a :ref:`suffix_pronominal`.
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The standard form of the direct object marker is אֵת. It can take both the prefixed :ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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and/or a :ref:`pronominal suffix<suffix_pronominal>`.
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.. note:: the direct object marker is easily confused with the preposition
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.. note:: The direct object marker is easily confused with the preposition
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אֵת ("with") which has an identical standard form. When taking a
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pronominal suffix, however, the two words can be distinguished by the
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vowel they each select. The direct object marker takes a holem/holem-waw
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vowel they each select. The direct object marker takes a holem or holem-waw
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vowel with an attached suffix (אוֹתִי or אֹתִי), whereas the preposition
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takes a hireq vowel (אִתִּי) with an attached suffix.
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@ -8,26 +8,20 @@ Particle Exhortation
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Summary
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-------
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Exhortative particles are small words that can be translated as a sigh
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("och", or "ah"), an interjection ("now", or "please"), or left
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untranslated.
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Exhortative particles strengthen the emotion of a command or request.
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Article
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-------
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Exhortation
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:ref:`particle`
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are words that add emotive force to a command or request. These
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particles are more specific than
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:ref:`particle_interjection`
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but are in nature quite similar; the difference is that an exhortation
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particle strengthens a specific call to action, while an interjection is
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a more general expression of emotion.
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Exhortation :ref:`particles<particle>` are words that add emotive force to a command or request. These particles are similar to
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:ref:`interjections<particle_interjection>` but function to strengthen a specific call to action, while an interjection is used
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as a more general expression of emotion. Similar to :ref:`demonstrative<particle_dmonstrative>` particles, exhortation particles
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are sometime left untranslated, depending on the specific context.
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נָא
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---
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When used with a command, נָא is usually translated as "now" in English
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When used with a *command*, נָא is usually translated as "now" in English
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(or left untranslated).
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.. csv-table:: Example: ISA 51:21
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@ -37,7 +31,7 @@ When used with a command, נָא is usually translated as "now" in English
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Therefore listen\_\ **now** this
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But **now** hear this
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When used as part of a request, נָא is usually translated as "please" in
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When used as part of a *request*, נָא is usually translated as "please" in
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English (or left untranslated).
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.. csv-table:: Example: AMO 7:2
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@ -62,11 +56,11 @@ untranslated.
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אָנָּא
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------
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This is an even stronger and more emotive form of the particle נָא. The
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This is a stronger and more emotive form of the particle נָא. The
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two particles are sometimes paired together to express extreme urgency
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or desperation, as in the example below. In some instances, this
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particle could also be classified as an
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:ref:`particle_interjection`.
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:ref:`interjection<particle_interjection>`.
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 118:25
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@ -8,18 +8,16 @@ Particle Interjection
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Summary
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-------
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An interjection is an auxiliary word that expresses strong emotion.
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An interjection is a word that expresses strong emotion.
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Article
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-------
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As in many other languages, interjections in Biblical Hebrew are most
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likely "natural sounds", i.e. vocal gestures or sounds that a person
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utters when experiencing certain emotions. Interjections can be used to
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express both positive and negative emotions; but in the Hebrew Bible, it
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is usually some kind of sadness. There is a whole family of
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interjections in Biblical Hebrew, and none of them occur very
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frequently.
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Interjections usually appear at the beginning of a sentence or clause and are grammatically disconnectedfrom the rest of the
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sentence. As in many other languages, interjections in Biblical Hebrew are most likely "natural sounds", i.e. vocal gestures or
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sounds that a person utters when experiencing certain emotions. Interjections can be used to express both positive and negative
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emotions; but in the Hebrew Bible, it is usually some kind of sadness. There is a whole family of interjections in Biblical
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Hebrew, and none of them occur very frequently.
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הָהּ or אֲהָהּ
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--------------
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@ -54,7 +52,7 @@ frequently.
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אָנָּא
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------
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This term can potentially function as an interjection, an :ref:`particle_exhortation`,
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This term can function as an interjection, an :ref:`exhortation<particle_exhortation>` particle,
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or perhaps both.
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.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 32:31
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@ -8,32 +8,27 @@ Particle Interrogative
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Summary
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-------
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The interrogative particle shows that a sentence is a question.
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Interrogative particles indicate that a sentence is a question. The standard interrogative prefix -הֲ (he with
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hateph pathah vowel) should not be confused with the definite article. The interrogative particles מִי and מָה can also
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function as interrogative pronouns ("who?" and "what?") or indefinite pronouns ("whoever" and "whatever").
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Article
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-------
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The interrogative particle can be a ה-prefix, but also appears in the
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form of separate words such as מָה and מִי and לָמָה. The interrogative
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particle typically appears at the beginning of a clause in order to
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indicate that the following clause or sentence is a question.
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The interrogative prefix ה-prefix is the standard interrogative particle in Biblie Hebrew and can be differentiated
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from the :ref:`definite article<particle_definite_article>` by the context and the lack of a daghesh in the consonant immediately
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following the prefix. The interrogative prefix, as well as interrogative particles in general, nearly always appear at the
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beginning of a clause to indicate that the clause is a question and not a statement. However, as in many languages, in Biblical Hebrew a question can be asked rhetorically as a way
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of making a strong statement. As an example, a person might ask "How can that be?" as a way of expressing a strong sense of
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disbelief in something that has just been said.
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Form
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There are several different interrogative particles in Biblical Hebrew.
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-הֲ
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----
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The interrogative particle appearing as a ה-prefix can be differentiated
|
||||
from the :ref:`particle_definite_article`
|
||||
by checking the context and also the vowels under the ה, and the lack of
|
||||
a dagesh since the radical after the interrogative ה is not doubled.
|
||||
Also, the definite article can only occur before
|
||||
:ref:`adjective`,
|
||||
:ref:`pronoun`,
|
||||
and
|
||||
:ref:`participle_active`,
|
||||
while the interrogative particle can appear before other words as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Paradigm
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
Form
|
||||
~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Interrogative Particle With a standard noun
|
||||
:header-rows: 1
|
||||
|
|
@ -68,7 +63,7 @@ Paradigm
|
|||
noun + interrogative particle,הֶאָב,he'av,a father?
|
||||
|
||||
Examples
|
||||
--------
|
||||
~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 43:7
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -84,110 +79,12 @@ Examples
|
|||
**[quest.]-are-you** Joab
|
||||
**Are you** Joab\ **?**
|
||||
|
||||
איך and איכה
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
מִי
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
איך and איכה = how? why? how!
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 137:4
|
||||
|
||||
אֵ֗יךְ נָשִׁ֥יר
|
||||
**'ekh** nashir
|
||||
**How** will-we-sing
|
||||
**How** could we sing?
|
||||
|
||||
אי and איה
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
אי and איה = where? where is?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:9
|
||||
|
||||
אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל
|
||||
**'e** hevel
|
||||
**Where** Abel
|
||||
**Where** is Abel?
|
||||
|
||||
מָתַי
|
||||
~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
The major temporal adverb is מָתַי "when?" It is often in the
|
||||
combination עַד־מָתַי "how long?"
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 7:4
|
||||
|
||||
מָתַ֣י אָ֭קוּם
|
||||
**mathay** 'aqum
|
||||
**When** will-I-get-up
|
||||
**How long will it be** until I get up?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:10
|
||||
|
||||
עַד־מָתַ֣י אֱ֭לֹהִים יְחָ֣רֶף צָ֑ר
|
||||
**'ad-mathay** 'elohim yeharef tsar
|
||||
**How\_long** God will-throw-insults enemy
|
||||
"God, **how long** will our enemies make fun of you?"
|
||||
|
||||
לָמָ֪ה and לָֽמָּה
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
לָמָ֪ה and לָֽמָּה "why?"
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 42:9 (PSA 42:10 in Hebrew)
|
||||
|
||||
"לָמָ֪ה שְׁכַ֫חְתָּ֥נִי **לָֽמָּה**\ ־קֹדֵ֥ר אֵלֵ֗ךְ בְּלַ֣חַץ
|
||||
אוֹיֵֽב׃"
|
||||
**lamah** shekhahtani **lammah**-qoder 'elekh belahats 'oyev
|
||||
"**Why** have-you-forgotten-me **why** mourning I-will-go
|
||||
because-of-oppression-of enemy"
|
||||
"**Why** have you forgotten me? You know the hardships that my enemies
|
||||
bring on me."
|
||||
|
||||
מַדּ֖וּעַ
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
מַדּ֖וּעַ why?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 8:12
|
||||
|
||||
מַדּ֖וּעַ אֲדֹנִ֣י בֹכֶ֑ה
|
||||
**maddua'** 'adoni vokheh
|
||||
**Why** my-master is-weeping
|
||||
"Sir, **why** are you crying?"
|
||||
|
||||
עַד־אָן
|
||||
~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
עַד־אָן how long?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 8:2
|
||||
|
||||
עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה
|
||||
**'ad-'an** temallel-'elleh
|
||||
**How\_long** will-you-say\_these-things
|
||||
**How much longer** will you talk like this?
|
||||
|
||||
אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה from where?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 25:11
|
||||
|
||||
לַֽאֲנָשִׁ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יָדַ֔עְתִּי **אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה** הֵֽמָּה׃
|
||||
la'anashim 'asher lo yada'ti **'e mizzeh** hemmah
|
||||
to-men who not I-know **where from this** they.
|
||||
to men who come **from** I do not know **where**?
|
||||
|
||||
----------------------------------
|
||||
Joel: the material below came from pronoun article and needs editing
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Asking for a person (מִי)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
"who?"
|
||||
This is the standard personal interrogative particle and can be translated as "who?". This particle can also function either as
|
||||
an :ref:`interrogative pronoun<pronoun_interrogative>` when used at the beginning of a verbal clause, or as an
|
||||
:ref:`indefinite pronoun<pronoun_indefinite>` ("whoever") when used in the middle of a clause or sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 24:65
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -203,11 +100,6 @@ Asking for a person (מִי)
|
|||
**Who**\ \_like-you among-the-gods Yahweh
|
||||
"**Who** is like you, Yahweh, among the gods?"
|
||||
|
||||
With לְ preposition
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
"to whom?"
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 32:18
|
||||
|
||||
לְמִי־אַ֙תָּה֙
|
||||
|
|
@ -215,11 +107,6 @@ With לְ preposition
|
|||
**To-whom**\ \_you
|
||||
**To whom** do you belong?
|
||||
|
||||
Wish or optative
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
"I wish that someone" or "if only someone"
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 2SA 15:4
|
||||
|
||||
מִי־יְשִׂמֵ֥נִי שֹׁפֵ֖ט בָּאָ֑רֶץ
|
||||
|
|
@ -234,22 +121,19 @@ Wish or optative
|
|||
**Who** will-give-me water
|
||||
**If only someone** would give me water!
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`adverb`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
Functioning like an interrogative adverb of manner "how"
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: AMO 7:2
|
||||
|
||||
מִ֥י יָק֖וּם יַֽעֲקֹ֑ב
|
||||
**mi** yaqum ya'aqov
|
||||
**How** will-survive Jacob
|
||||
**Who** he-will-raise Jacob
|
||||
**How** will Jacob survive?
|
||||
|
||||
Asking for a thing (מָה)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
מָה
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
"what?"
|
||||
This is the standard impersonal interrogative particle and can be translated as "what?". This particle can also function as
|
||||
either an :ref:`interrogative pronoun<pronoun_interrogative>` when used at the beginning of a verbal clause, or
|
||||
an :ref:`indefinite pronoun<pronoun_indefinite>` ("whatever") when used in the middle of a clause or sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 20:1
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -275,7 +159,7 @@ by what / how (בַּמָּה)
|
|||
|
||||
בַּמָּ֥ה אֵדַ֖ע
|
||||
**bammah** 'eda'
|
||||
**In-the-what** will-I-know
|
||||
**By-the-what** will-I-know
|
||||
**How** will I know?
|
||||
|
||||
like what / how many, how much (כַּמָּה)
|
||||
|
|
@ -318,11 +202,6 @@ upon what / why (עַל־מָה)
|
|||
**On\_what** did-you-strike [dir.obj]\_your-donkey
|
||||
**Why** have you struck your donkey?
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`adverb`
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
|
||||
Functioning like an interrogative adverb of manner "how"
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 44:16
|
||||
|
||||
וּמַה־נִּצְטַדָּ֑ק
|
||||
|
|
@ -330,9 +209,6 @@ Functioning like an interrogative adverb of manner "how"
|
|||
**and-what** we-will-justify-ourselves
|
||||
**or how** can we justify ourselves?
|
||||
|
||||
why
|
||||
^^^
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: EXO 14:15
|
||||
|
||||
מַה־תִּצְעַ֖ק אֵלָ֑י
|
||||
|
|
@ -340,13 +216,18 @@ why
|
|||
**what**\ \_you-cry-out to-me
|
||||
**why** are you continuing to call out to me?
|
||||
|
||||
:ref:`adverb` used to introduce a question
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
Adverb of manner "how?"
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
איך and איכה
|
||||
-----------
|
||||
|
||||
אֵיךְ
|
||||
These are particles of manner and can be translated as "how?", "why?", or even "how!".
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 137:4
|
||||
|
||||
אֵ֗יךְ נָשִׁ֥יר
|
||||
**'ekh** nashir
|
||||
**How** will-we-sing
|
||||
**How** could we sing?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 137:4
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -362,10 +243,17 @@ Adverb of manner "how?"
|
|||
**How** you advise
|
||||
**How** do you advise me
|
||||
|
||||
Adverb of place "where?"
|
||||
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
|
||||
אי and איה
|
||||
---------
|
||||
|
||||
אַיֵּה / אֵי
|
||||
These are particles of place and can be translated as "where?" or "where is?".
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:9
|
||||
|
||||
אֵ֖י הֶ֣בֶל
|
||||
**'e** hevel
|
||||
**Where** Abel
|
||||
**Where** is Abel?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 18:9
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -388,3 +276,75 @@ Adverb of place "where?"
|
|||
**Where** the-men that\_came-in to-you
|
||||
**Where** are the men that came in to you?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
מָתַי
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
This is a particle of time and can be translated as "when?". It is often used with the preposition עַד in the compound particle
|
||||
עַד־מָתַי which literally means "until when?" but is usually translated "how long?".
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 7:4
|
||||
|
||||
מָתַ֣י אָ֭קוּם
|
||||
**mathay** 'aqum
|
||||
**When** will-I-get-up
|
||||
**How long will it be** until I get up?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 74:10
|
||||
|
||||
עַד־מָתַ֣י אֱ֭לֹהִים יְחָ֣רֶף צָ֑ר
|
||||
**'ad-mathay** 'elohim yeharef tsar
|
||||
**How\_long** God will-throw-insults enemy
|
||||
"God, **how long** will our enemies make fun of you?"
|
||||
|
||||
לָמָ֪ה and לָֽמָּה
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
||||
These are particles of cause and literally mean "for what?", but they are usually translated as "why?".
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 42:9 (PSA 42:10 in Hebrew)
|
||||
|
||||
"לָמָ֪ה שְׁכַ֫חְתָּ֥נִי **לָֽמָּה**\ ־קֹדֵ֥ר אֵלֵ֗ךְ בְּלַ֣חַץ
|
||||
אוֹיֵֽב׃"
|
||||
**lamah** shekhahtani **lammah**-qoder 'elekh belahats 'oyev
|
||||
"**Why** have-you-forgotten-me **why** mourning I-will-go
|
||||
because-of-oppression-of enemy"
|
||||
"**Why** have you forgotten me? You know the hardships that my enemies
|
||||
bring on me."
|
||||
|
||||
מַדּ֖וּעַ
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
מַדּ֖וּעַ why?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 2KI 8:12
|
||||
|
||||
מַדּ֖וּעַ אֲדֹנִ֣י בֹכֶ֑ה
|
||||
**maddua'** 'adoni vokheh
|
||||
**Why** my-master is-weeping
|
||||
"Sir, **why** are you crying?"
|
||||
|
||||
עַד־אָן
|
||||
-----
|
||||
|
||||
עַד־אָן how long?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: JOB 8:2
|
||||
|
||||
עַד־אָ֥ן תְּמַלֶּל־אֵ֑לֶּה
|
||||
**'ad-'an** temallel-'elleh
|
||||
**How\_long** will-you-say\_these-things
|
||||
**How much longer** will you talk like this?
|
||||
|
||||
אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה
|
||||
------
|
||||
|
||||
אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה from where?
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: 1SA 25:11
|
||||
|
||||
לַֽאֲנָשִׁ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ לֹ֣א יָדַ֔עְתִּי **אֵ֥י מִזֶּ֖ה** הֵֽמָּה׃
|
||||
la'anashim 'asher lo yada'ti **'e mizzeh** hemmah
|
||||
to-men who not I-know **where from this** they.
|
||||
to men who come **from** I do not know **where**?
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ Particle Negative
|
|||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Negative particles are terms that negate a word or some aspect of a
|
||||
sentence.
|
||||
Negative particles are terms that negate some aspect of a sentence, either an individual word or an entire phrase.
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
|
@ -18,8 +17,8 @@ Article
|
|||
-------------
|
||||
|
||||
This term is used in verbless clauses to negate an entire clause or
|
||||
sentence. It is sometimes classified as a :ref:`noun_common`
|
||||
but usually appears in the :ref:`word_order`.
|
||||
sentence. It is sometimes classified as a :ref:`noun<noun_common>`
|
||||
but usually appears in the verbal position of normal :ref:`word order<word_order>`.
|
||||
Literally, the term is translated in English as "there is no" or "there
|
||||
is not"; but the English translation is often simplified to "is not"
|
||||
(see example below).
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,10 +53,10 @@ is not"; but the English translation is often simplified to "is not"
|
|||
The word לֹא is the standard negative particle in Biblical Hebrew. This
|
||||
term often negates verbs, but it has potential to negate other kinds of
|
||||
words as well. In English, it is usually translated as "no" or "not".
|
||||
When used with :ref:`person_second`
|
||||
:ref:`verb_imperfect-direct-negative-commands`
|
||||
When used with :ref:`2nd person<person_second>`
|
||||
:ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect-negative-directive`
|
||||
verbs to express a negative command, this particle signifies a more
|
||||
emphatic command than the use of the negative particle אַל.
|
||||
emphatic command than the use of the negative particle אַל (with an imperfect verb).
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 2:17
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -72,9 +71,9 @@ emphatic command than the use of the negative particle אַל.
|
|||
---
|
||||
|
||||
The term אַַל is almost exclusively used to negate verbs; it is also the
|
||||
standard particle used to negate jussive and cohortative verbs. When
|
||||
used with :ref:`person_second`
|
||||
:ref:`verb_imperfect`
|
||||
standard particle used to negate :ref:`jussive<verb_jussive>` and :ref:`cohortative<verb_cohortative>` verbs. When
|
||||
used with :ref:`2nd person<person_second>`
|
||||
:ref:`imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
|
||||
verbs to express a negative command, this particle signifies a less
|
||||
emphatic command than the use of the negative particle לֹא.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -88,10 +87,10 @@ emphatic command than the use of the negative particle לֹא.
|
|||
בִּלְתִּי
|
||||
---------
|
||||
|
||||
This term is used (especially with לְ) to negate :ref:`infinitive_construct`
|
||||
This term is sometimes used (especially with לְ) to negate :ref:`infinitive construct<infinitive_construct>`
|
||||
verbs, and is usually translated in English as "no" or "not".
|
||||
|
||||
.. note:: This term is most often used as a concessive conjunction;
|
||||
.. note:: This term is most often used as a concessive :ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`;
|
||||
a dictionary or lexicon will indicate the specific use of
|
||||
this particle in each individual context.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Particle Relative
|
|||
Summary
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
Relative particles introduce phrases that describe nouns (and sometimes
|
||||
adjectives or verbs). In English, they are usually translated as “who,”
|
||||
Relative particles introduce phrases that usually describe nouns but can also sometimes
|
||||
describe adjectives and/or verbs. In English, relative particles are usually translated as “who,”
|
||||
“that,” “which,” "when," or "where."
|
||||
|
||||
Article
|
||||
|
|
@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ and sometimes adjectives. When functioning as a relative particle, the
|
|||
word כִּי usually immediately follows a verb of seeing or perceiving.
|
||||
|
||||
אֲשֶׁר
|
||||
------
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
אֲשֶׁר follows a
|
||||
:ref:`noun`
|
||||
|
|
@ -60,6 +60,28 @@ Sometimes there is no noun as an antecedent.
|
|||
"For I know that **whomever** you bless will be blessed, and
|
||||
**whomever** you curse will be cursed."
|
||||
|
||||
-שֶׁ
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
-שֶׁ has the same function as אֲשֶׁר, but is a prefix. It also doubles
|
||||
the next consonant and follows similar rules regarding the vowel
|
||||
patterns as the :ref:`particle_definite_article`.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:7
|
||||
|
||||
אֶל־מְקֹ֗ום \ **שֶׁ֤הַנְּחָלִים֙** הֹֽלְכִ֔ים
|
||||
'el-meqowm **shehannehalim** holekhim
|
||||
To\_place **where-the-rivers** go
|
||||
To the place **where the rivers** go
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:9
|
||||
|
||||
מַה־\ **שֶּֽׁהָיָה֙** ה֣וּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶ֔ה
|
||||
mah-\ **shehayah** hu **sheyyihyeh**
|
||||
What\_\ **that-has-been** that **which-will-be**
|
||||
**Whatever has been** is **what will be**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
כִּי
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -84,24 +106,3 @@ translated as “that” in these cases.
|
|||
'attah yada'ti **ki**-yere 'elohim 'attah
|
||||
now I-know **that**\ \_fearful-of God you
|
||||
now I know **that** you respect and obey God
|
||||
|
||||
-שֶׁ
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
-שֶׁ has the same function as אֲשֶׁר, but is a prefix. It also doubles
|
||||
the next consonant and follows similar rules regarding the vowel
|
||||
patterns as the :ref:`particle_definite_article`.
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:7
|
||||
|
||||
אֶל־מְקֹ֗ום \ **שֶׁ֤הַנְּחָלִים֙** הֹֽלְכִ֔ים
|
||||
'el-meqowm **shehannehalim** holekhim
|
||||
To\_place **where-the-rivers** go
|
||||
To the place **where the rivers** go
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: ECC 1:9
|
||||
|
||||
מַה־\ **שֶּֽׁהָיָה֙** ה֣וּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶ֔ה
|
||||
mah-\ **shehayah** hu **sheyyihyeh**
|
||||
What\_\ **that-has-been** that **which-will-be**
|
||||
**Whatever has been** is **what will be**
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -150,8 +150,7 @@ Form
|
|||
Function
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
The Imperfect conjugation can indicate any of the following kinds of
|
||||
actions:
|
||||
The Imperfect conjugation can indicate any of the following kinds of actions:
|
||||
|
||||
Actions in future time
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
|
@ -173,7 +172,9 @@ Actions in present time
|
|||
why this **you-ask** for-my-name
|
||||
Why is it that **you ask** my name?
|
||||
|
||||
.. _verb_imperfect-frequentive-or-durative-actions:
|
||||
.. _verb_imperfect-frequentive:
|
||||
|
||||
.. _verb_imperfect-durative:
|
||||
|
||||
Frequentive or durative actions
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
|
@ -195,10 +196,10 @@ specified time frame.
|
|||
as-how\_\ **he-picks-clean** the-shepherd [dir.obj]\_his-garment
|
||||
just as shepherds **clean** vermin off their clothes
|
||||
|
||||
.. _verb_imperfect-direct-negative-commands:
|
||||
.. _verb_imperfect-negative-directive:
|
||||
|
||||
Direct negative commands (especially with :ref:`particle_negative-lo` to express an emphatic prohibition)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
Direct negative commands (with :ref:`לֹא<particle_negative-lo>` to express an emphatic prohibition)
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:2
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -207,6 +208,8 @@ Direct negative commands (especially with :ref:`particle_negative-lo` to express
|
|||
not\_\ **you-go** Egypt to-sojourn there
|
||||
Do not **go** to Egypt to live there.
|
||||
|
||||
.. _verb_imperfect-possibility:
|
||||
|
||||
Potential actions
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -217,6 +220,8 @@ Potential actions
|
|||
even if\_\ **I-walk** in-valley-of deep-darkness
|
||||
Even though **I walk** through a valley of darkest shadow
|
||||
|
||||
.. _verb_imperfect-desirability:
|
||||
|
||||
Actions of greater or lesser desirability
|
||||
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue