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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/adjective.rst
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.. _adjective:
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Adjective
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=========
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Glossary
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--------
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An adjective is a part of speech which describes a noun or pronoun.
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.. csv-table:: Example: TIT 1:13
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ἡ μαρτυρία αὕτη ἐστὶν ἀληθής
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hē martyria hautē estin alēthēs
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The testimony this one it is true
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This statement is true
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Article
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-------
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An describes, or modifies, a noun or a pronoun. An adjective may give
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more information about a noun, or it may define which noun the writer is
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talking about.
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Form
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~~~~
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Greek adjectives must match the noun they modify in **case**,
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**number**, and **gender**. Because of this, they can take the form of
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all three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. (When listed in a
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lexicon, the will be in its nominative, singular, masculine form.)
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Adjectives will show these forms by using the same endings as nouns.
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(The set of suffixes used by each adjective is determined by its stem,
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just as is true with nouns. The paradigm below shows one of the most
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common sets of adjective endings, but some adjectives will use other
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suffixes.)
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If an is functioning as a **substantive** (see below), its case will be
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determined by its function within the sentence, and its number and
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gender will be determined by the noun it represents.
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Paradigm
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^^^^^^^^
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.. csv-table::
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Form,Greek,Transliteration,Translation
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Nominative Singular Masculine,καλός,kalos,beautiful
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Genitive Singular Masculine,καλοῦ,kalou,beautiful
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Dative Singular Masculine,καλῷ,kalō,beautiful
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Accusative Singular Masculine,καλόν,kalon,beautiful
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Vocative Singular Masculine,καλέ,kale,beautiful
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,,,
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Nom./Voc. Plural Masculine,καλοί,kaloi,beautiful
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Genitive Plural Masculine,καλῶν,kalōn,beautiful
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Dative Plural Masculine,καλοῖς,kalois,beautiful
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Accusative Plural Masculine,καλούς,kalous,beautiful
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,,,
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Nominative Singular Feminine,καλή,kalē,beautiful
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Genitive Singular Feminine,καλῆς,kalēs,beautiful
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Dative Singular Feminine,καλῇ,kalē,beautiful
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Accusative Singular Feminine,καλήν,kalēn,beautiful
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Vocative Singular Feminine,καλή,kalē,beautiful
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,,,
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Nominative Plural Feminine,καλαί,kalai,beautiful
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Genitive Plural Feminine,καλῶν,kalōn,beautiful
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Dative Plural Feminine,καλαῖς,kalais,beautiful
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Accusative Plural Feminine,καλάς,kalas,beautiful
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,,,
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Nominative Singular Neuter,καλόν,kalon,beautiful
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Genitive Singular Neuter,καλοῦ,kalou,beautiful
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Dative Singular Neuter,καλῷ,kalō,beautiful
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Accusative Singular Neuter,καλόν,kalon,beautiful
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Vocative Singular Neuter,καλόν,kalon,beautiful
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,,,
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Nominative Plural Neuter,καλά,kala,beautiful
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Genitive Plural Neuter,καλῶν,kalōn,beautiful
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Dative Plural Neuter,καλοῖς,kalois,beautiful
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Accusative Plural Neuter,καλά,kala,beautiful
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Note that the adjective's feminine form depends on its own stem, not on
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the noun it is modifying. (For example, an that takes η (eta) feminine
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endings will do so even when modifying a noun that has α (alpha)
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endings, and vice versa.) As long as the adjective agrees with its noun
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in case, number, and gender, the specific form of its endings makes no
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difference to translation.
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.. csv-table::
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τῆς δικαίας τῆς ἀναστροφῆς
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tēs dikaias tēs anastrophēs
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the righteous the conduct-of
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of the righteous conduct
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If a noun declines using suffixes that do not match its true gender, the
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adjective, like the article, will take the form that represents the true
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gender of the noun.
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.. csv-table::
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τούς ἀγαθούς τούς προφήτας
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tous agathous tous prophētas
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the good the prophet
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the good prophet
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In this example, the word προφήτας appears feminine, but is actually
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masculine. The takes a masculine form to match the true gender of the
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noun.
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Function
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~~~~~~~~
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Attributive and Restrictive
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If the is giving more information about its noun, it is functioning as
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an **attributive** adjective. If it is identifying which noun the writer
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is speaking about, it is functioning as a **restrictive** adjective. An
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adjective functioning as attributive or restrictive may come before or
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after the noun it modifies. It will usually have an article.
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.. csv-table::
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ὁ πιστός ὁ οἰκονόμος
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ho **pistos** ho oikonomos
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the faithful the steward
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the faithful steward
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.. csv-table::
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ὁ οἰκονόμος ὁ πιστός
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ho oikonomos ho pistos
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the steward the faithful
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the faithful steward
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Predicative
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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If an does not have an article, but the modified noun does have an
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article, the adjective is probably functioning as a **predicate**, which
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completes a statement about the noun by following a being or sensing
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verb, or a verb that explains the noun's appearance. In this type of
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construct, the Greek sometimes leaves out the verb. The verb is
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understood, but not stated. Some languages need a verb in every
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sentence, so the understood verb may be added to the translation in
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order to make the sentence grammatically correct in the new language.
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.. csv-table::
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πιστός ὁ οἰκονόμος
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pistos ho oikonomos
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faithful the steward
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The steward is faithful.
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Substantive
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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Sometimes, an is used without any noun that it could be modifying, so
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the adjective functions as a noun by itself. In this case, the reader
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understands that the writer is referring to some unnamed person or
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object, but the adjective is the only identifying term given to the
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person or object. An adjective functioning in this way is called a
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**substantive** (because the substance of a noun is implied by the
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adjective). A substantive adjective will usually have an article.
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.. csv-table::
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ὁ πιστός
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ho pistos
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the faithful
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the faithful man/person
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.. csv-table::
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ἡ πιστή
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hē pistē
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the faithful
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the faithful woman/person
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.. csv-table::
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οἱ πιστοι
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hoi pistoi
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the faithful
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the faithful people/ones
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Comparative
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^^^^^^^^^^^
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When an is used to compare its noun to another noun, it is functioning
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as a **comparative** adjective. Comparatives are formed by adding -τερος
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(masc.), -τερα (fem.), or -τερον (neut.) to the end of the adjective.
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(Some irregular adjectives take the suffixes -(ι)ων or -ον instead.)
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.. csv-table::
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τό ἐλαχιστότερον τό θηρίον
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to elachistoteron to thērion
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the smaller the animal
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the smaller animal
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Superlative and Elative
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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An that compares a noun to two or more other nouns is a **superlative**
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adjective. The suffixes that show the superlative form are -τατος (m.),
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-τατη (f.), and -τατον (n.) or -ιστος (m.), -ιστη (f.), and -ιστον (n.).
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(In some instances, ancient Greeks would use the superlative form of an
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adjective to compare two things, rather than to express a true
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superlative quality. Adjectives used in this way are called **elative**,
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and function as comparative adjectives.)
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.. csv-table::
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τό ἐλάχιστον τό τέκνον
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to elachiston to teknon
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the smallest the child
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the smallest child
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