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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/person_third.rst
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.. _person_third:
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Person third
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============
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Glossary
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--------
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**Third person** is a grammatical feature indicating that the speaker is talking about a person (or thing) other than the speaker
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or writer or the person being addressed (the reader or listener) (e.g., he ran, she ran, they ran).
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.. csv-table::
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Mark 1:8
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αὐτὸς,δὲ,**βαπτίσει**,ὑμᾶς,ἐν,Πνεύματι,Ἁγίῳ
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autos,de,**baptisei**,hymas,en,Pneumati,Hagiō
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he,but,**he** will baptize,you,with,Spirit,Holy
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*...but* **he** *will baptize you with the Holy Spirit.*
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Summary
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-------
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Third person is used when the narrator or speaker refers to someone
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besides himself or the listener (or reader).
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Article
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-------
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The third person is used when the person or thing referred to does not include either the speaker(or writer) or the person (or people)
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being addressed. Pronouns in the third person (*he*, *him*, *his*, *she*, *her*, or *it* or group of people/things *they*, *them*,
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or *their*) refer to someone or something that is spoken about.
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The third person can be used in both direct and indirect speech.
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Third person references appear in both :ref:`Verb<verb>` forms, and :ref:`Pronoun_Personal<pronoun_personal>` forms.
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Form
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----
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When a word is in the third person, it can be recognized by a variety of
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changes to the form. These changes differ greatly from each other and
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are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way. These changes can be classified into Verbal Conjugation forms and Personal Pronouns.
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The third person of a verb is formed by adding a third person personal ending (or sufformative) to the verb stem.
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These endings can be divided into eight basic types: primary active, secondary active, primary middle/passive and
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secondary middle/passive. There are also singular and plural endings. The paradigm below shows a sample of the kinds of changes that
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indicate a third person verbal form.
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Paradigm
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~~~~~~~~
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**Eight common Third Person Verbal Conjugation Forms**
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.. csv-table::
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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Third person present active indicative singular,λύει,lyei,He/she/it is loosing
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Third person present active indicative plural,λύουσι(ν),lyousi(n),They are loosing
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Third person present passive indicative singular,λύεται,lyetai,He/she/it is being loosed
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Third person present passive indicative plural,λύονται,lyontai,They are being loosed
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Third person imperfect active indicative singular,ἒλυε(ν),elye(n),He/she/it was loosing
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Third person imperfect active indicative plural,ἒλυον,elyon,They were loosing
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Third person imperfect passive indicative singular,ἐλύετο,elyeto,He/she/it was being loosed
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Third person imperfect passive indicative plural,ἐλύοντο,elyonto,They were being loosed
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**Personal pronouns also have person and appear in various forms.**
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Greek distinguishes between :ref:`Number Singular<number_singular>` and :ref:`Number Plural<number_plural>` , AND between
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:ref:`Gender Masculine<gender_masculine>` , :ref:`Gender Feminine<gender_feminine>` ,and :ref:`Gender Neuter<gender_neuter>`
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in the third person.
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**Third Person Independent Personal Pronoun Forms**
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.. csv-table::
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*Masculine*,,,
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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Third person nominative singular,αὐτός,autos,he
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Third person nominative plural,αὐτοί,autoi,they
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Third person genitive singular,αὐτοῦ,autou,his
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Third person genitive plural,αὐτῶν,autōn,their
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Third person dative singular,αὐτῷ,auto,him
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Third person dative plural,αὐτοῖς,autois,them
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Third person accusative singular,αὐτόν,auton,him (or it)
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Third person accusative plural,αὐτούς,autous,them
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,,,
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*Feminine*,,,
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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Third person nominative singular,αὐτή,autē,she
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Third person nominative plural,αὐταί,autai,they
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Third person genitive singular,αὐτῆς,autēs,her
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Third person genitive plural,αὐτῶν,autōn,their
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Third person dative singular,αὐτῇ,autē,her
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Third person dative plural,αὐταῖς,autais,them
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Third person accusative singular,αὐτήν,autēn,her (or it)
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Third person accusative plural,αὐτάς,autas,them
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,,,
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*Neuter*,,,
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Parsing,Greek,Transliteration,Gloss
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Third person nominative singular,αὐτό,auto,it
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Third person nominative plural,αὐτά,autα,they
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Third person genitive singular,αὐτοῦ,autou,its
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Third person genitive plural,αὐτῶν,autōn,their
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Third person dative singular,αὐτῷ,auto,it
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Third person dative plural,αὐτοῖς,autois,them
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Third person accusative singular,αὐτό,auto,it
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Third person accusative plural,αὐτά,autα,them
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The third person can be found in
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:ref:`verb<verb>` forms, and in :ref:`Pronoun_Personal<pronoun_personal>` forms.
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Function
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--------
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In the verb form
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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As stated above a suffix is added to the verb stem to indicate the person and number for the subject of the verb. The subject in a
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sentence is the person or thing that does the action of the verb. However, if the verb is in the :ref:`passive voice<voice_passive>` ,
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the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb.
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.. csv-table::
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John 1:14
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καὶ,ὁ,λόγος,σὰρξ,ἐγένετο,καὶ,ἐσκήνωσεν,ἐν,ἡμῖν
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kai,ho,logos,sarx,egeneto,kai,eskēnōsen,en,hemin
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and,the,word,flesh,**it** became,and,**it** lived,among,us
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*The Word became flesh and lived among us.*
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The personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show the person and number of the subject of the sentence.
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Therefore, an emphasis is being made when the nominative case of the personal pronoun is used in conjunction with the verb.
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.. csv-table::
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Ephesians 4:11
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καὶ,**αὐτὸς**,ἔδωκεν,τοὺς,μὲν,,ἀποστόλους
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kai,**autos**,edōken,tous,men,,apostolous
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and,**he**,he gave,some,,(to be),apostles
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**He** *gave some to be apostles*
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As a Personal Pronoun
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The third person :ref:`Personal Pronoun<pronoun_personal>` can be used as a subject, an object, or to indicate possession.
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Personal pronouns may also be used as the object of a preposition. The :ref:`number<number>` (singular or plural) and the :ref:`gender<gender>` (masculine, feminine,
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or neuter) will agree with its antecedent. However, the :ref:`case<case>` will depend on its function in the sentence.
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**Prepositions**
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Third person personal pronouns can be the object of a preposition. They therefore can occur in the Genitive, Dative, or Accusative case
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depending upon the preposition.
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*Third person personal pronoun - preposition*
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.. csv-table::
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Romans 1:17
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δικαιοσύνη,γὰρ,Θεοῦ,ἐν,**αὐτῷ**,ἀποκαλύπτεται,ἐκ,πίστεως,εἰς,πίστιν
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dikaiosynē,gar,Theou,en,**autō**,apokalyptetai,ek,pisteōs,eis,pistin
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righteousness,for,of God,in,**it**,it is being revealed,from,faith,into,faith
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*For in* **it** *God's righteousness is revealed from faith to faith*
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**Subject of a sentence or clause** (including predicate nominative)
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Third person personal pronoun – nominative case αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό, αὐτοί, αὐταί, αὐτά
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As stated above, the personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show the person and number of the subject of the sentence.
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Therefore, an emphasis is being made when the nominative case of the personal pronoun is used in conjunction with the verb.
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.. csv-table::
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Matthew 5:8
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Μακάριοι,,οἱ,καθαροὶ,τῇ,καρδίᾳ,ὅτι,**αὐτοὶ**,τὸν,Θεὸν,ὄψονται
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Makarioi,,hoi,katharoi,tē,kardia,hoti,**autoi**,ton,Theon,opsontai
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Blessed,(are),the,pure,in the,heart,because,**they**,the,God,**they** will see
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*Blessed are the pure in heart, for* **they** *will see God.*
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Possession
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~~~~~~
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Third Person personal pronoun – Genitive case αὐτοῦ, αὐτῆς, αὐτοῦ, αὐτῶν, αὐτῶν, αὐτῶν
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.. csv-table:: Example: Matthew 5:2
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καὶ,ἀνοίξας,τὸ,στόμα,**αὐτοῦ**,ἐδίδασκεν,αὐτοὺς
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kai,anoixas,to,stoma,**autou**,edidasken,autous
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and,he opened,the,mouth,**his**,he was teaching,them
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*He opened* **his** *mouth and taught them*
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Objective Cases
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Third person personal pronoun – Dative case αὐτῷ, αὐτῇ, αὐτῷ, αὐτοῖς, αὐταῖς, αὐτοῖς
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.. csv-table::
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Matthew 8:20
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καὶ,λέγει,**αὐτῷ**,ὁ,Ἰησοῦς
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kai,legei,**autō**,ho,Iēsous
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and,he says,**to him**,the,Jesus
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*Jesus said* **to him**
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Third person personal pronoun – Accusative case αὐτόν, αὐτήν, αὐτό, αὐτούς, αὐτάς, αὐτά
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.. csv-table::
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Mark 1:37
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καὶ,εὗρον,**αὐτὸν**,καὶ,λέγουσιν,αὐτῷ,ὅτι,πάντες,ζητοῦσίν,σε
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kai,heuron,**auton**,kai,legousin,autō,hoti,pantes,zētousin,se
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and,they found,**him**,and,they said,to him,that,everyone,is seeking,you
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*They found* **him** *and they said to him, "Everyone is looking for you."*
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Reflexive use of the third person personal pronoun – εἀυτοῦ, εἀυτῆς, εἀυτοῦ
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The third person reflexive pronoun occurs 317 times in the New Testament. It occurs in the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative forms.
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αὐτός, αὐτή, and αὐτό are used as a reflexive pronoun 119 times.
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.. csv-table::
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Romans 14:7
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οὐδεὶς,γὰρ,ἡμῶν,**ἑαυτῷ**,ζῇ,καὶ,οὐδεὶς,**ἑαυτῷ**,ἀποθνῄσκει
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oudeis,gar,hēmōn,**heautō**,zē,kai,oudeis,**heautō**,apothnēskei
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no one,for,of us,**to himself**,he lives,and,no one,**to himself**,he dies
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*For none of us lives for* **himself**, and none dies for* **himself.**
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