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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_ugg/src/branch/master/content/case_dative.rst
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.. _case_dative:
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Case dative
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===========
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Summary
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-------
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In Koiné Greek, the ``dative`` case ending can serve a wide range of functions.
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It can indicate the indirect object (or recipient) of a verbal action.
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It can also express a variety of adverbial meanings, including location, instrument, manner, or relation.
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Article
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-------
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The Dative case serves three primary functions. It may also indicate the direct object for some verbs
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1. **Indirect object** or **personal interest** - It serves as the case of personal interest by indicating the indirect object
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of the verb. It points to whom something was done or for whom something was done. It can also be used to indicate someone or something that is being
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referred to by the verb, including possession. [See `Dative_Indirect Object <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/case_dative.html#dative-indirect-object-personal-interest>`_]
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2. **Location** - It may indicate the location (in place, sphere, or time) of an event. [See `Dative_location <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/case_dative.html#dative-locative-location>`_]
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3. **Instrumental** - It may indicate the means, cause, manner, agent of an action. [See `Dative_Instrumental <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/case_dative.html#id2>`_]
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4. **Direct object**- Some verbs take their direct object in the dative case. [See `Dative_Direct_Object <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/case_dative.html#id3>`_]
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*Note:* An indirect object is the person(s) or thing(s) toward which the verbal action of a verb or verb form is directed.
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Form
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~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: Luke 24:42
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οἱ,δὲ,ἐπέδωκαν,**αὐτῷ**,ἰχθύος,ὀπτοῦ,μέρος
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hoi,de,epedōkan,**autō**,ichthyos,optou,meros
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They,and,they gave,**to him**,of a fish,broiled,part
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*They gave* **him** *a piece of a broiled fish*
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The Dative case is formed by adding the Dative case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel).
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.. raw:: html
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<style type="text/css">
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.tg {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}
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.tg td{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
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.tg th{font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:normal;padding:10px 5px;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;overflow:hidden;word-break:normal;border-color:black;}
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.tg .tg-c3ow{border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-f8tv{font-style:italic;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-0pky{border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-3xi5{background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-mqn7{font-weight:bold;font-family:serif !important;;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-fymr{font-weight:bold;border-color:inherit;text-align:left;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-7btt{font-weight:bold;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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.tg .tg-7g6k{font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;border-color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}
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</style>
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<table class="tg">
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<tr>
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<th class="tg-c3ow" colspan="7"><span style="font-weight:bold">Dative Case Ending</span></th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-c3ow"></td>
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<td class="tg-f8tv" colspan="3">First and Second Declension</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-f8tv" colspan="2">Third Declencion</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Masculine</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Feminine</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Neuter</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Masculine/Feminine</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky">Neuter</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Singular</span></td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5" colspan="6"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-f8tv">Dative</td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5"><span style="font-weight:bold">ι</span></td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5"><span style="font-weight:bold"> ι</span></td>
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<td class="tg-3xi5"><span style="font-weight:bold"> ι</span></td>
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<td class="tg-fymr"></td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">ι</td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">ι</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Plural</span></td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td class="tg-0pky"><span style="font-style:italic">Dative</span></td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k">ις</td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k">ις</td>
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<td class="tg-7g6k">ις</td>
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<td class="tg-0pky"></td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">σι (ν)</td>
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<td class="tg-7btt">σι (ν)</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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[Note]
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* The iota (ι) in the first and second singular declension will often subscript because it is a short vowel.
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* The Nu (ν) in the third declension plural is a movable Nu and may or may not be present.
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The movable Nu may be present when (1) it appears at the end of a sentence or (2) when the following word begins with a vowel.
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However, sometimes it appears when the following word begins with a consonant. **There is no fixed rule that determines**
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**when a moveable Nu will be present. The reader/translator must be aware that it may or may not be present.**
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[ For example there are early Greek manuscripts that include or exclude the moveable Nu for Acts 20:34 "καὶ τοῖς **οὖσι** μετ' ἐμοῦ
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or καὶ τοῖς **οὖσιν** μετ' ἐμοῦ."
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See `NounParadigm <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#nouns>`_ for a complete listing of the noun paradigms and
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`AdjectiveParadigm <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/paradigms.html#adjectives>`_ for the adjective paradigms.
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Dative – Indirect object /personal interest
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The *Dative- Indirect object* will only occur with a transitive verb. The noun or pronoun in the dative case receives the object
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of the verb. Example: *He hit the ball to Tom.* In this example, “ball” is the object of the verb. “Tom” would be in the dative case
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and receives the object of the verb.
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However, if the verb is passive, the word in the dative case will receive the subject of the verb. [See the second example below for
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further explaination.]
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The *Dative-Indirect Object/personal Interest* is the most common use of the dative case when a preposition is not used. Often,
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the translator will use the key words *“to”* or *“for”* in the translation. As an indirect object, the dative case is used to point out
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the person *“to whom”* or *“for whom”* something is done. If the dative case is treating an object as if it were a person, then the
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dative case is used to point out the thing *“to which”* or *“for which”* something is done.
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.. csv-table:: Example: John 6:29
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ὁ,Ἰησοῦς,καὶ,εἶπεν,**αὐτοῖς**
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ho,Iēsous,kai,eipen,**autois**
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The,Jesus,and,he said,**to them**
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*and Jesus said* **to them**,
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.. csv-table:: Example: 2 Corinthians 12:7
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ἐδόθη,**μοι**,**σκόλοψ**,τῇ,σαρκί
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edothē,**moi**,**skolops**,tē,sarki
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it was given,**to me**,**thorn**,in the,flesh
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a thorn in the flesh was given to me
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**Note:** In this example the verb (ἐδόθη) is in the passive voice. **Σκὀλοψ** is in the nominative case and is the subject of the sentence.
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**μοι** is in the dative case. The word in the dative case *μοι* receives the subject of the clause (*σκόλοψ*) which is in the nominative
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case. “τῃ σαρκί” is an example of `Dative_Locative <https://ugg.readthedocs.io/en/latest/case_dative.html#dative-locative-location>`_ which
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is described below. In 2 Corinthians 12:7, Paul receives the “thorn” in his body
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Indirect Object of Advantage (or Disadvantage)
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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A sub-category of the Dative of Indirect Object is the *Indirect Object of Advantage* or (*Disadvantage*). It may be to the advantage
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(or disadvantage) of the person who receives the object. If it is to the persons advantage, it is referred to as the *Indirect Object of*
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*Advantage*. If it is to their disadvantage (or harm), it is referred to as the *Indirect Object of Disadvantage.*
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Example: Indirect Object of Advantage
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.. csv-table:: Example John 4:5
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πλησίον,τοῦ,χωρίου,ὃ,ἔδωκεν,Ἰακὼβ,**τῷ**,**Ἰωσὴφ**
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plēsion,tou,chōriou,ho,edōken,Iakōb,**tō**,**Iōsēph**
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near,the,land,that,he gave,Jacob,**to**,**Joseph**
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*near the piece of land that Jacob had given* **to Joseph**
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Example: Indirect object of Disadvantage
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1 Corinthians 11:29
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ὁ,γὰρ,ἐσθίων,καὶ,πίνων,κρίμα,**ἑαυτῷ**,ἐσθίει,καὶ,πίνει
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ho,gar,esthiōn,kai,pinōn,krima,**heautō**,esthiei,kai,pinei
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the,for,he who is eating,and,he who is drinking,judgment,**to himself**,he is eating,and,he is drinking
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*For he who eats and drinks ..., eats and drinks judgment* **to himself.**
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Dative of Reference
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The Dative of Reference is a subcategory of the Indirect Object of Personal Interest. Sometimes the meaning is better conveyed
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with a key word; “concerning”, “about”, “in regard to”, “with reference to”, or "in respect to”. The Dative of Reference is often
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used when describing the effect of the action on a thing or a personification of something.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Romans 6:2
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οἵτινες,ἀπεθάνομεν,**τῇ**,**ἁμαρτίᾳ**,πῶς,ἔτι,ζήσομεν,ἐν,αὐτῇ?
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hoitines,apethanomen,**tē**,**hamartia**,pōs,eti,zēsomen,en,autē?
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We,we have died,**to**,**sin**,how,still,will we live,in,it
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*We who died* **to sin**, *how can we still live in it?*
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Note: This verse could easily be translated “With reference to sin, we have died.” or “in respect to sin”
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See also:
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.. csv-table:: Romans 6:11
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λογίζεσθε,ἑαυτοὺς,εἶναι,νεκροὺς,μὲν,**τῇ**,**ἁμαρτίᾳ**,ζῶντας,δὲ,**τῷ**,**Θεῷ**
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logizesthe,heautous,einai,nekrous,men,**tē**,**hamartia**,zōntas,de,**tō**,**Theō**
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You reckon,yourselves,to be,dead,on the one hand,**to**,**to sin**,alive,but,**to**,**to God**
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*you also must consider yourselves to be dead* **to sin**, *but alive* **to God**.
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Dative of Possession
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Possession is a form of personal interest. Therefore, the dative case, in some instances, is used to indicate possession.
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Possession is generally indicated by use of the genitive case, but in some instances the dative case is used.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Luke 1:7
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καὶ,οὐκ,ἦν,**αὐτοῖς**,τέκνον...
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kai,ouk,ēn,**autois**,teknon
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and,not,it/there was,**to them**,a child
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*But they had no child*
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**Note:** In this instance, our smooth translation drops the indirect object of possession.
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It is awkward to say “And there was not to them a child.” The sentence is entirely rephrased to result in a smooth translation.
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Dative -Locative (location)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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* Locative of place - The dative case may be used to indicate the location (or place) of an object in the physical world.
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* Locative of Sphere - When the place is more metaphorical or logical, it is referred to as the Locative of Sphere
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* Locative of Time - The dative case may also be used to indicate the location of an object in time.
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Example for Locative of place (Note: the place is a physical location - "in a boat")
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.. csv-table:: Example: John 21:8
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οἱ,δὲ,ἄλλοι,μαθηταὶ,**τῷ**,**πλοιαρίῳ**,ἦλθον
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hoi,de,alloi,mathētai,**tō**,**ploiariō**,ēlthon
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the,but,other,disciples,**in**,**a boat**,they came
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*The other disciples came* **in the boat**
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Example for Locative of Sphere (Note: the location is metaphorical or logical in nature)
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.. csv-table:: Example: Matthew 5:3
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μακάριοι,οἱ,πτωχοὶ,**τῷ**,**πνεύματι**
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makarioi,hoi,ptōchoi,**tō**,**pneumatic**
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Blessed,the,poor,**in**,**spirit**
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*Blessed are the poor* **in spirit.**
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Example for Locative of time
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.. csv-table:: John 2:1
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καὶ,**τῇ**,**ἡμέρᾳ**,**τῇ**,**τρίτῃ**,γάμος,ἐγένετο,ἐν,Κανὰ
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kai,**tē**,**hēmera**,**tē**,**tritē**,gamos,egeneto,en,Kana
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and,**the**,**day**,**the**,**third**,a wedding,there was,in,Cana
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*Three days later, there was a wedding in Cana*
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Note: In this instance “**on the third day**” is translated “Three days later...”
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Dative – Instrumental
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The *Dative-Instrumental* may be used to indicate the **Means, Cause, Manner, or Agent** by which an event occurs. The *Dative-Instrumental*
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may also be used to indicate an association with the main subject of the action. Making distinctions between Means, Cause, Manner, Agent,
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or Association can be very difficult and often the choice between one category and another is a matter of personal interpretation.
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Instrumental of Means
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The *Instrumental of Means* is used to indicate the means (or the process or method) by which the action of the verb is accomplished.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Matthew 8:16
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καὶ,ἐξέβαλεν,τὰ,πνεύματα,**λόγῳ**
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kai,exebalen,ta,pneumata,**logo**
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and,he cast out,the,spirit,**with a word**
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*He drove out the spirits* **with a word**
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Instrumental of Cause
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The *Instrumental of Cause* is used to indicate the cause, the motivating event, or reason something occurred. Therefore, the key word
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“because” may help in translation.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Romans 11:20
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**τῇ**,**ἀπιστίᾳ**,ἐξεκλάσθησαν
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**tē**,**apistia**,exeklasthēsan
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**because (of)**,**unbelief**,they were broken off
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**Because of their unbelief** *they were broken off*
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Instrumental of Manner
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The *Instrumental of Manner* is used to indicate the method or manner used to accomplish something. This is very closely related
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to the *Instrumental of Means*.
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.. csv-table:: Example: 1 Corinthians 11:5
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πᾶσα,δὲ,γυνὴ,προσευχομένη,ἢ,προφητεύουσα,**ἀκατακαλύπτῳ**,**τῇ**,**κεφαλῇ**
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pasa,de,gynē,proseuchomenē,ē,prophēteuousa,**akatakalyptō**,**tē**,**kephalē**
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every,but,woman,who prays,or,who prophecies,**with uncovered**,**the**,**head**
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*But every woman who prays or prophesies* **with her head uncovered**
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Instrumental of Agent
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The *Instrumental of Agent* is used with a verb in the middle or passive voice to express the agent or person by which an action
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is accomplished. Agency may also be expressed by using the preposition ὑπὸ with the genitive case or δία with the accusative case.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Galatians 5:18
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εἰ,δὲ,**Πνεύματι**,ἄγεσθε
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ei,de,**Pneumati**,agesthe
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if,but,**by Spirit**,you are led
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*But if you are led* **by the Spirit**
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Instrumental of Association
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The *Instrumental of Association* is used to indicate an association, relation, or affiliation of some kind with the subject carrying
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out the action of the verb.
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.. csv-table:: Example: Mark 2:15
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πολλοὶ,τελῶναι,καὶ,ἁμαρτωλοὶ,συνανέκειντο,**τῷ**,**Ἰησοῦ**,καὶ,**τοῖς**,**μαθηταῖς**,αὐτοῦ
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polloi,telōnai,kai,hamartōloi,synanekeinto,**tō**,**Iēsou**,kai,**tois**,**mathētais**,autou
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many,tax collectors,and,sinners,they were reclining at table,**with**,**Jesus**,and,**with**,**disciples**,of him
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*many tax collectors and sinners were dining* **with Jesus** and **his disciples**
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Dative-Direct object
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Certain verbs take their object in the dative case. This often happens with verbs that indicate some sort of personal relation to the action.
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The following is a list of 47 verbs that may take their object in the dative case:
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.. csv-table:: Verbs that use Dative case for Direct Object
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ἀκολοθέω (to follow), ἀνθομολογέομαι (to praise), ἀνίστημι (to resist)
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ἀντιπίπτω (to resist), ἀντιτάσσω (to resist), ἀπιστέω (to disbelieve)
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ἀρέσκω (to please), βοηθέω (to help), διακατελέγχομαι (to refute)
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διακονέω (to serve), διαμαρτύρομαι (to warn), διαστέλλω (to order)
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διατάσσω (to instruct), διδάσκω (to teach), δουλεύω (to serve)
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ἐγκαλέω (to accuse), ἐμβριμάομαι (to rebuke), ἐξακολουθέω (to follow)
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ἐξομολογέω (to praise), ἐπιπλἠσσω (to rebuke),ἐπιτάσσω (to command)
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ἐπιτιμάω (to warn), ἐπισκιάζω (to cover), εὐχαριστέω (to thank)
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κοινωνέω (to share), λατρεύω (to serve), μετριοπαθέω (to deal gently)
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ὁμολογέω (to profess), ὀργιζω (to be angry at),παραγγέλλω (to command)
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παρακολολουθέω (to follow), παρενοχλέω (to trouble),πείθω (to obey)
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πιστεύω (to believe),προσκυνέω (to worship),προστάσσω (to command)
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προσψαύω (to touch), συλλαμβάννω (to help), συμβουλεύω (to advise)
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συνακολουθέω (to follow),συνεργέω (to assist), συνευδοκέω (to approve)
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ὑπακούω (to obey), ὑπηρετέω (to serve),χαρίζομαι (to forgive)
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χράομαι (to make use of), ψάλλω (to sing praise to)
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.. csv-table:: Example: Luke 16:28
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ὅπως,διαμαρτύρηται,**αὐτοῖς**
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hopōs,diamartyrētai,**autois**
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so that,he could warn,**them**
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*in order that he might warn* **them**
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