j_aleksandrovich_en_uhg/content/stem_hiphil.rst

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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/stem_hiphil.rst
.. _stem_hiphil:
Stem Hiphil
===========
Summary
-------
The Hiphil stem generally expresses causative action in active voice,
but it can also express other kinds of verbal action depending on the
context and the specific verb.
Article
-------
The Hiphil form is a verbal :ref:`stem formation<stem>` in Biblical Hebrew, usually indicated by a הִ prefix before
the 1st radical and a hireq-yod (or sometimes tsere) vowel under the 2nd
radical of the
:ref:`verb<verb>`.
(This ה changes in the
:ref:`participle<participle_active>` and :ref:`Imperfect<verb_imperfect>`
forms.) The Hiphil stem is generally used to express causative action in
active voice. In many cases the
:ref:`noun<noun>`
derived from the same root is the object or result of the hiphil verb
associated with that root. For example, the Hiphil verb הִמְטִיר means
"to cause to rain down"; the noun מָטָר means "rain".
.. include:: includes/consult_dictionary.txt
Form
----
Paradigm
~~~~~~~~
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Perfect Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,הִקְטִיל,hiqtil,he caused to kill
feminine singular third person,הִקְטִילָה,hiqtilah,she caused to kill
masculine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתָּ,hiqtalta,you caused to kill
feminine singular second person,הִקְטַלְתְּ,hiqtalt,you caused to kill
common singular first person,הִקְטַלְתִּי,hiqtalti,I caused to kill
common plural third person,הִקְטִילוּ,hiqtilu,they caused to kill
masculine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּם,hiqtaltem,you caused to kill
feminine plural second person,הִקְטַלְתֶּן,hiqtalten,you caused to kill
common plural first person,הִקְטַלְנוּ,hiqtalnu,we caused to kill
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperfect Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,יַקְטִיל,yaqtil,he will cause to kill
feminine singular third person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,she will cause to kill
masculine singular second person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,you will cause to kill
feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqtili,you will cause to kill
common singular first person,אַקְטִיל,'aqtil,I will cause to kill
masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtilu,they will cause to kill
feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,they will cause to kill
masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtilu,you will cause to kill
feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,you will cause to kill
common plural first person,נַקְטִיל,naqtil,we will cause to kill
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Perfect Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,וְהִקְטִיל,wehiqtil,(and) he will cause to kill
feminine singular third person,וְהִקְטִילָה,wehiqtilah,(and) she will cause to kill
masculine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתָּ,wehiqtalta,(and) you will cause to kill
feminine singular second person,וְהִקְטַלְתְּ,wehiqtalt,(and) you will cause to kill
common singular first person,וְהִקְטַלְתִּי,wehiqtalti,(and) I will cause to kill
common plural third person,וְהִקְטִילוּ,wehiqtilu,(and) they will cause to kill
masculine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּם,wehiqtaltem,(and) you will cause to kill
feminine plural second person,וְהִקְטַלְתֶּן,wehiqtalten,(and) you will cause to kill
common plural first person,וְהִקְטַלְנוּ,wehiqtalnu,(and) we will cause to kill
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Sequential Imperfect Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,וַיַּקְטֵל,wayyaqtil,(and) he caused to kill
feminine singular third person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) she caused to kill
masculine singular second person,וַתַּקְטֵל,wattaqtil,(and) you caused to kill
feminine singular second person,וַתַּקְטִילִי,wattaqtili,(and) you caused to kill
common singular first person,וָאַקְטֵל,wa'aqtil,(and) I caused to kill
masculine plural third person,וַיַּקְטִילוּ,wayyaqtilu,(and) they caused to kill
feminine plural third person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) they caused to kill
masculine plural second person,וַתַּקְטִילוּ,wattaqtilu,(and) you caused to kill
feminine plural second person,וַתַּקְטֵלְנָה,wattaqtelenah,(and) you caused to kill
common plural first person,וַנַּקְטֵל,wannaqtil,(and) we caused to kill
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Infinitive Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
Infinitive Construct,הַקְטִיל,haqtil,cause to kill
Infinitive Absolute,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,cause to kill
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperative Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular,הַקְטֵל,haqtel,you must cause to kill
feminine singular,הַקְטִילִי,haqtili,you must cause to kill
masculine plural,הַקְטִילוּ,haqtilu,you must cause to kill
feminine plural,הַקְטֵלְנָה,haqtelenah,you must cause to kill
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Jussive Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular third person,יַקְטֵל,yaqtel,may he cause to kill
feminine singular third person,תַּקְטֵל,taqtel,may she cause to kill
masculine singular second person,תַּקְטֵל,taqtel,may you cause to kill
feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqteli,may you cause to kill
masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtelu,may they cause to kill
feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,may they cause to kill
masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtelu,may you cause to kill
feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,may you cause to kill
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Cohortative Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
common singular first person,אַקְטִילָה,'aqtilah,let me cause to kill
common plural first person,נַקְטִילָה,naqtilah,let us cause to kill
.. csv-table:: Hiphil Participle (active voice) Paradigm
:header-rows: 1
Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
masculine singular,מַקְטִיל,maqtil,causing to kill
feminine singular,מַקְטֶלֶת,maqteleth,causing to kill
masculine plural,מַקְטִילִים,maqtilim,causing to kill
feminine plural,מַקְטִילוֹת,maqtiloth,causing to kill
Function
--------
The Hiphil stem can express any of the following kinds of verbal action:
Expresses causative action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Causative action means that the subject of the verb is causing the
object of the verb either to perform the verbal action (for :ref:`dynamic<verb-dynamic>` verb)
or to be in the state described by the verb (for :ref:`stative<verb-stative>` verbs).
The Hiphil stem usually serves this causative function with dynamic
verbs (and sometimes with stative verbs also). A good example is the
verb בּוֹא. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses the simple action
"to come" or "to go". But in the Hiphil stem, the verb בּוֹא expresses
the causative action "to bring" (meaning, *to cause something to
come/go*). In English, causative action is expressed using the main verb
"to cause" paired with the infinitive of the verbal action in view. In
Biblical Hebrew, the causative nature of the verbal action is expressed
by the Hiphil form of the verb itself with no additional verbal element.
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 4:3
וַיָּבֵ֨א קַ֜יִן מִפְּרִ֧י הָֽאֲדָמָ֛ה מִנְחָ֖ה לַֽיהוָֽה
**wayyave** qayin mipperi ha'adamah minhah layhwah
**And-he-brought** Cain from-fruit-of the-ground offering to-Yahweh
"Cain **brought** some of the fruit of the ground as an offering to
Yahweh."
.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 1:43
אֲבָ֕ל אֲדֹנֵ֥ינוּ הַמֶּֽלֶךְ־דָּוִ֖ד **הִמְלִ֥יךְ** אֶת־שְׁלֹמֹֽה
'aval 'adonenu hammelekh-dawid **himlikh** 'eth-shelomoh
But our-lord the-king\_David **he-made-king** [dir.obj]\_Solomon
But king David our lord **crowned** Solomon **king**
Expresses various kinds of simple or causative action
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In Biblical Hebrew, some verbs are found only in the Hiphil stem (and/or
its derivative stem formations). In these cases, the Hiphil usually
expresses a simple action which is causative by its very nature. A good
example is the Hebrew verb סוּת, which occurs only in the Hiphil stem
and means "to incite" or "to entice". A dictionary or lexicon will
indicate all the stem formations in which a particular verb is found as
well as the appropriate meaning(s).
.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:3
כִּ֗י בָּרוּךְ֙ בֶּן־נֵ֣רִיָּ֔ה **מַסִּ֥ית** אֹתְךָ֖ בָּ֑נוּ
ki barukh ben-neriyyah **massith** 'othekha banu
for Baruch son-of\_Neriah **is-inciting** [dir.obj]-you in-us
For Baruch son of Neriah **is inciting** you against us
Some verbs express *different* meanings in *different* stem formations.
A good example is the verb גָּלָה. In the :ref:`Qal<stem_qal>` stem,
the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to uncover" or "to reveal".
But in the Hiphil stem, the verb גָּלָה expresses the simple action "to
exile". Again, this will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.
.. csv-table:: Example: AMO 5:27
וְהִגְלֵיתִ֥י אֶתְכֶ֖ם מֵהָ֣לְאָה לְדַמָּ֑שֶׂק
**wehiglethi** 'ethkhem mehal'ah ledammaseq
**And-I-will-exile** [dir.obj]-you from-beyond to-Damascus
Therefore **I will exile you** beyond Damascus
Some verbs express the *same* meaning in *multiple* stem formations. A
good example is the verb יָדַע, which expresses the causative action "to
make known" (meaning, *to cause to know*) in both the :ref:`Piel<stem_piel>` stem
and the Hiphil stem. This also will be indicated by a dictionary or
lexicon.
.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 98:2
הוֹדִ֣יעַ יְ֭הוָה יְשׁוּעָת֑וֹ
**hodia'** yehwah yeshu'atho
**He-made-known** Yahweh his-salvation
Yahweh **has made known** his salvation
The Hiphil stem can also be used to express miscellaneous kinds of
simple or causative action that might not follow any of the other
descriptions listed above. As always, the specific meaning of the verb
will be indicated by a dictionary or lexicon.
Hiphil stem expressing idiomatic action:
.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 6:12
"וַיַּ֧רְא אֱלֹהִ֛ים אֶת־הָאָרֶץ וְהִנֵּ֣ה נִשְׁחָ֑תָה
כִּֽי־\ **הִשְׁחִ֧ית** כָּל־בָּשָׂ֛ר אֶת־דַּרְכּ֖וֹ עַל־הָאָרֶץ"
"wayyar 'elohim 'eth-ha'arets wehinneh nishhathah ki-\ **hishhith**
kol-basar 'eth-darko 'al-ha'arets"
"And-he-saw God [dir.obj]\_the-land and-behold it-was-corrupt
because\_\ **made-corrupt** all\_flesh [dir.obj]\_his-way
on\_the-land."
"And God saw the land and behold it was corrupt because all flesh
**had corrupted** its ways upon the land."
Hiphil stem declaring a state rather than expressing an action:
.. csv-table:: Example: 1KI 8:32
"לְהַרְשִׁ֣יעַ רָשָׁ֔ע לָתֵ֥ת דַּרְכּ֖וֹ בְּרֹאשׁ֑וֹ
**וּלְהַצְדִּ֣יק** צַדִּ֔יק לָ֥תֶת ל֖וֹ כְּצִדְקָתֽוֹ׃"
"**leharshia'** rasha' latheth darko berosho **ulehatsdiq** tsaddiq
latheth lo ketsidqatho"
"**to-condemn** evil-person to-give his-way on-his-head
**and-to-declare-righteous** righteous-person to-give to-him
according-to-his-righteousness"
"**To condemn** the evildoer, to punish him according to his actions,
**and to vindicate** the righteous man, to reward him according to
his righteousness."