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:github_url: https://git.door43.org/unfoldingWord/en_uhg/src/branch/master/content/verb_imperfect.rst
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.. _verb_imperfect:
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Verb Imperfect
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==============
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Summary
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-------
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An Imperfect verb is used generally to indicate an action
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that is not complete, or an action that either occurs in the present or
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will occur in the future. However, an Imperfect verb can also be
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used to describe other kinds of actions.
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Article
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-------
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In Biblical Hebrew the Imperfect conjugation is used generally to describe
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actions that are not completed or actions that occur in the present or
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future. However, the Imperfect conjugation is also used to describe several
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other kinds of actions as determined by the context. These include
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frequentive or durative actions, negative commands, indirect commands,
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potential actions, and actions of greater or lesser desirability
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(similar to :ref:`Jussive<verb_jussive>` verbs and :ref:`Cohortative<verb_cohortative>` verbs).
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The normal Imperfect conjugation with the
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:ref:`conjunction<conjunction>`
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*waw* (וְ "and") as a prefix is different from the :ref:`Sequential Imperfect<verb_sequential_imperfect>`,
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which utilizes a specialized form of the conjunction and contains a
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different meaning. Sometimes a
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:ref:`verb<verb>`
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with Imperfect conjugation occurs within a clause after another :ref:`finite verb<verb-finite>`
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(as in Gen 49:27 below, supplying the linking verb *to be*). In these
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cases, the context must determine whether the Imperfect verb is
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functioning as a :ref:`non-finite<verb-non-finite>` verb to complement the preceding main verb, or whether it is functioning as a
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second main verb.
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Form
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----
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.. csv-table:: Qal Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִקְטֹל,yiqtol,he will kill
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feminine singular third person,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,she will kill
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masculine singular second person,תִּקְטֹל,tiqtol,you will kill
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feminine singular second person,תִּקְטְלִי,tiqteli,you will kill
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common singular first person,אֶקְטֹל,'eqtol,I will kill
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masculine plural third person,יִקְטְלוּ,yiqtelu,they will kill
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feminine plural third person,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,they will kill
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masculine plural second person,תִּקְטְלוּ,tiqtelu,you will kill
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feminine plural second person,תִּקְטֹלְנָה,tiqtolenah,you will kill
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common plural first person,נִקְטֹל,niqtol,we will kill
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.. csv-table:: Niphal Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִקָּטֵל,yiqqatel,he will be killed
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feminine singular third person,תִּקָּטֵל,tiqqatel,she will be killed
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masculine singular second person,תִּקָּטֵל,tiqqatel,you will be killed
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feminine singular second person,תִּקָּטְלִי,tiqqatli,you will be killed
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common singular first person,אֶקָּטֵל,'eqqatel,I will be killed
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masculine plural third person,יִקָּטְלוּ,yiqqatlu,they will be killed
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feminine plural third person,תִּקָּטַלְנָה,tiqqatalnah,they will be killed
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masculine plural second person,תִּקָּטְלוּ,tiqqatlu,you will be killed
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feminine plural second person,תִּקָּטַלְנָה,tiqqatalnah,you will be killed
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common plural first person,נִקָּטֵל,niqqatel,we will be killed
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.. csv-table:: Hiphil Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יַקְטִיל,yaqtil,he will cause to kill
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feminine singular third person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,she will cause to kill
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masculine singular second person,תַּקְטִיל,taqtil,you will cause to kill
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feminine singular second person,תַּקְטִילִי,taqtili,you will cause to kill
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common singular first person,אַקְטִיל,'aqtil,I will cause to kill
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masculine plural third person,יַקְטִילוּ,yaqtilu,they will cause to kill
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feminine plural third person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,they will cause to kill
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masculine plural second person,תַּקְטִילוּ,taqtilu,you will cause to kill
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feminine plural second person,תַּקְטֵלְנָה,taqtelenah,you will cause to kill
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common plural first person,נַקְטִיל,naqtil,we will cause to kill
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.. csv-table:: Hophal Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יָקְטַל,yoqtal,he will be caused to kill
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feminine singular third person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,she will be caused to kill
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masculine singular second person,תָּקְטַל,toqtal,you will be caused to kill
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feminine singular second person,תָּקְטְלִי,toqteli,you will be caused to kill
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common singular first person,אָקְטַל,'oqtal,I will be caused to kill
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masculine plural third person,יָקְטְלוּ,yoqtelu,they will be caused to kill
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feminine plural third person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,they will be caused to kill
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masculine plural second person,תָּקְטְלוּ,toqtelu,you will be caused to kill
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feminine plural second person,תָּקְטַלְנָה,toqtalnah,you will be caused to kill
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common plural first person,נָקְטַל,noqtal,we will be caused to kill
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.. csv-table:: Piel Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְקַטֵּל,yiqattel,he will slaughter
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feminine singular third person,תְּקַטֵּל,tiqattel,she will slaughter
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masculine singular second person,תְּקַטֵּל,tiqattel,you will slaughter
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feminine singular second person,תְּקַטְּלִי,tiqatteli,you will slaughter
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common singular first person,אֲקַטֵּל,'eqattel,I will slaughter
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masculine plural third person,יְקַטְּלוּ,yiqattelu,they will slaughter
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feminine plural third person,תְּקַטַּלְנָה,tiqattalnah,they will slaughter
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masculine plural second person,תְּקַטְּלוּ,tiqattelu,you will slaughter
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feminine plural second person,תְּקַטַּלְנָה,tiqattalnah,you will slaughter
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common plural first person,נְקַטֵּל,niqattel,we will slaughter
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.. csv-table:: Pual Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יְקֻטַּל,yequttal,he will be slaughtered
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feminine singular third person,תְּקֻטַּל,tequttal,she will be slaughtered
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masculine singular second person,תְּקֻטַּל,tequttal,you will be slaughtered
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feminine singular second person,תְּקֻטְּלִי,tequtteli,you will be slaughtered
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common singular first person,אֲקֻטַּל,'aquttal,I will be slaughtered
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masculine plural third person,יְקֻטְּלוּ,yequttelu,they will be slaughtered
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feminine plural third person,תְּקֻטַּלְנָה,tequttalnah,they will be slaughtered
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masculine plural second person,תְּקֻטְּלוּ,tequttelu,you will be slaughtered
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feminine plural second person,תְּקֻטַּלְנָה,tequttalnah,you will be slaughtered
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common plural first person,נְקֻטַּל,nequttal,we will be slaughtered
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.. csv-table:: Hithpael Imperfect Paradigm
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:header-rows: 1
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Parsing,Hebrew,Transliteration,Gloss
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masculine singular third person,יִתְקַטֵּל,yithqattel,he will kill himself
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feminine singular third person,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,she will kill herself
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masculine singular second person,תִּתְקַטֵּל,tithqattel,you will kill yourself
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feminine singular second person,תִּתְקַטְּלִי,tithqatteli,you will kill yourself
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common singular first person,אֶתְקַטֵּל,'ethqattel,I will kill myself
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masculine plural third person,יִתְקַטְּלוּ,yithqattelu,they will kill themselves
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feminine plural third person,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,they will kill themselves
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masculine plural second person,תִּתְקַטְּלוּ,tithqattelu,you will kill yourselves
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feminine plural second person,תִּתְקַטֵּלְנָה,tithqattelnah,you will kill yourselves
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common plural first person,נִתְקַטֵּל,nithqattel,we will kill ourselves
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Function
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--------
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The Imperfect conjugation can indicate any of the following kinds of actions:
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Actions in future time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:13
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וְאֶת־בָּתֵּ֥י אֱלֹהֵֽי־מִצְרַ֖יִם **יִשְׂרֹ֥ף** בָּאֵֽשׁ
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we'eth-botte 'elohe-mitsrayim **yisrof** ba'esh
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and-[dir.obj]\_houses-of gods-of\_Egypt **he-burns** in-the-fire
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**He will burn** the temples of Egypt's gods.
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Actions in present time
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 32:30
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לָ֥מָּה זֶּ֖ה **תִּשְׁאַ֣ל** לִשְׁמִ֑י
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lammah zeh **tish'al** lishmi
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why this **you-ask** for-my-name
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Why is it that **you ask** my name?
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.. _verb_imperfect-frequentive:
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.. _verb_imperfect-durative:
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Frequentive or durative actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These may be in past time, present time, future time, or without a
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specified time frame.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 49:27
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בִּנְיָמִין֙ זְאֵ֣ב יִטְרָ֔ף
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binyamin ze'ev **yitraf**
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Benjamin wolf **he-tears**
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Benjamin is a **hungry** wolf.
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:12
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כַּאֲשֶׁר־\ **יַעְטֶ֤ה** הָֽרֹעֶה֙ אֶת־בִּגְד֔וֹ
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ka'asher-\ **ya'teh** haro'eh 'eth-bigdo
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as-how\_\ **he-picks-clean** the-shepherd [dir.obj]\_his-garment
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just as shepherds **clean** vermin off their clothes
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.. _verb_imperfect-negative-directive:
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Direct negative commands (with :ref:`לֹא<particle_negative-lo>` to express an emphatic prohibition)
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: JER 43:2
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לֹֽא־\ **תָבֹ֥אוּ** מִצְרַ֖יִם לָג֥וּר שָֽׁם
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lo-\ **thavo'u** mitsrayim lagur sham
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not\_\ **you-go** Egypt to-sojourn there
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Do not **go** to Egypt to live there.
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.. _verb_imperfect-possibility:
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Potential actions
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.. csv-table:: Example: PSA 23:4
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גַּ֤ם כִּֽי־\ **אֵלֵ֨ךְ** בְּגֵ֪יא צַלְמָ֡וֶת
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gam ki-\ **'elekh** bege tsalmaweth
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even if\_\ **I-walk** in-valley-of deep-darkness
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Even though **I walk** through a valley of darkest shadow
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.. _verb_imperfect-desirability:
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Actions of greater or lesser desirability
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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These may include instructions, requests, permissions, invitations,
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assurances, wishes, etc.
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.. csv-table:: Example: GEN 3:16
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מִכֹּ֥ל עֵֽץ־הַגָּ֖ן אָכֹ֥ל **תֹּאכֵֽל**\ ׃
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mikkol 'ets-haggan 'akhol **tokhel**
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from-every tree-of\_the-garden eating **you-eat**
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From every tree in the garden **you may** freely **eat**.
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