Update 'translate/figs-metaphor/01.md' (#302)

translate/figs-metaphor/01.md

@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ Usually, a writer or speaker uses a metaphor in order to express something about
 
 Speakers often use metaphors in order to strengthen their message, to make their language more vivid, to express their feelings better, to say something that is hard to say in any other way, or to help people remember their message. 
 
-Sometimes speakers use metaphors that are very common in their language. However, sometimes speakers use metaphors that are uncommon, and even some metaphors that are unique. When a metaphor has become very common in a language, often it becomes a "passive" metaphor, in contrast to uncommon metaphors, which we describe as being "active". Passive metaphors and active metaphors each present a different kind of translation problem, which we will discuss below.
+Sometimes speakers use metaphors that are very common in their language. However, sometimes speakers use metaphors that are uncommon, and even some metaphors that are unique. When a metaphor has become very common in a language, often it becomes a "passive" metaphor, in contrast to uncommon metaphors, which we describe as being "active." Passive metaphors and active metaphors each present a different kind of translation problem, which we will discuss below.
 
 ### Passive Metaphors
 
-A passive metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Passive metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English include the terms “table <u>leg</u>", “family <u>tree</u>”, “book <u>leaf</u>” (meaning a page in a book), or the word “crane” (meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads). English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples of passive metaphors in Biblical Hebrew include using the word “hand” to represent “power”, using the word “face” to represent “presence”, and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were “clothing.” 
+A passive metaphor is a metaphor that has been used so much in the language that its speakers no longer regard it as one concept standing for another. Passive metaphors are extremely common. Examples in English include the terms “table <u>leg</u>", “family <u>tree</u>”, “book <u>leaf</u>” (meaning a page in a book), or the word “crane” (meaning a large machine for lifting heavy loads). English speakers simply think of these words as having more than one meaning. Examples of passive metaphors in Biblical Hebrew include using the word “hand” to represent “power,” using the word “face” to represent “presence,” and speaking of emotions or moral qualities as if they were “clothing.” 
 
 #### Patterned Pairs of Concepts acting as Metaphors
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Active metaphors are the metaphors that need special care to translate correctly
 
 > Jesus said to them, “I am the bread of life; he who comes to me will not be hungry, and he who believes in me will never be thirsty.” (John 6:35 ULT)
 
-In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **Topic** is “I” (meaning Jesus himself) and the **Image** is “bread”. Bread was the primary food that people ate in that place and time. The similarity between bread and Jesus is that people need both to live. Just as people need to eat food in order to have physical life, people need to trust in Jesus in order to have eternal life. The **Idea** of the metaphor is "life".  In this case, Jesus stated the central Idea of the metaphor, but often the Idea is only implied. 
+In this metaphor, Jesus called himself the bread of life. The **Topic** is “I” (meaning Jesus himself) and the **Image** is “bread.” Bread was the primary food that people ate in that place and time. The similarity between bread and Jesus is that people need both to live. Just as people need to eat food in order to have physical life, people need to trust in Jesus in order to have eternal life. The **Idea** of the metaphor is "life."  In this case, Jesus stated the central Idea of the metaphor, but often the Idea is only implied. 
 
 ### Purposes of Metaphor
 
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ NOTE: Amos does not actually mean that the women are cows. He speaks to them as
 
 > And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; <u>we are the clay</u>. <u>You are our potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand. (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
 
-The example above has two related metaphors. The Topic(s) are “we” and “you,” and the Image(s) are “clay and “potter”. The similarity between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material. The potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The Idea being expressed by the comparison between the potter’s clay and “us” is that <u>neither the clay nor God’s people have a right to complain about what they are becoming</u>. 
+The example above has two related metaphors. The Topic(s) are “we” and “you,” and the Image(s) are “clay" and “potter.” The similarity between a potter and God is the fact that both make what they wish out of their material. The potter makes what he wishes out of the clay, and God makes what he wishes out of his people. The Idea being expressed by the comparison between the potter’s clay and “us” is that <u>neither the clay nor God’s people have a right to complain about what they are becoming</u>. 
 
 > Jesus said to them, “Take heed and beware of <u>the yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees</u>.” The disciples reasoned among themselves and said, “It is because we took no bread.” (Matthew 16:6-7 ULT)
 
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
 
 1. If the metaphor is a common expression in the source language or expresses a patterned pair of concepts in a biblical language (that is, it is a passive metaphor), then express the **Idea** in the simplest way preferred by your language. 
 1. If the metaphor seems to be an active metaphor, you can translate it literally <u>if you think that the target language also uses this metaphor in the same way to mean the same thing as in the Bible</u>. If you do this, be sure to test it to make sure that the language community understands it correctly.
-1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as”. See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
+1. If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.” See [Simile](../figs-simile/01.md).
 1. If the target audience would not know the **Image**, see [Translate Unknowns](../translate-unknown/01.md) for ideas on how to translate that image.
 1. If the target audience would not use that **Image** for that meaning, use an image from your own culture instead. Be sure that it is an image that could have been possible in Bible times.
 1. If the target audience would not know what the **Topic** is, then state the topic clearly. (However, do not do this if the original audience did not know what the Topic was.)
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ If people do not or would not understand it, here are some other strategies.
 
 We made no change to this one, but it must be tested to make sure that the target audience correctly understands this metaphor.
 
-(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as”.
+(3) If the target audience does not realize that it is a metaphor, then change the metaphor to a simile. Some languages do this by adding words such as “like” or “as.”
 
 > **And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are the <u>clay</u>. You are our <u>potter</u>; and we all are the work of your hand.** (Isaiah 64:8 ULT)
 >> And yet, Yahweh, you are our father; we are <u>like</u> clay. You are <u>like</u> a potter; and we all are the work of your hand.