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front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the Book of Proverbs about?\n\nThe Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. A proverb is a saying that gives wise advice or teaches something that is generally true about life. Most societies have their own proverbs and may use specific language that indicates something is a proverb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Sayings for Wise People,” “Wise Sayings,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” However, Solomon did not write all of the proverbs in this book. Unnamed wise men wrote the proverbs in [22:17](../22/17.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md). Agur the son of Jakeh wrote the proverbs in [30:1–33](../30/01.md) and King Lemuel wrote the proverbs in [31:1–31](../31/01.md).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” refers to understanding and doing what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh considers to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Parallelism\n\nMany proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say what seems to be the opposite of the first part. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Personification\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and stupidity are often represented as if they were human. [Proverbs 1:20–33](../01/20.md), [3:15–18](../03/15.md), [4:6–9](../04/06.md), and [8:1](../08/01.md)–[9:12](../09/12.md) refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. [Proverbs 9:13–18](../09/13.md) refers to stupidity as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom or folly would be presented as being like a wise or stupid woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduction\n\n### Outline of Proverbs\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n3. Proverbs from Solomon (10:1–22:16)\n4. Sayings from wise men (22:17–24:22)\n5. More sayings from wise men (24:23–34)\n6. Hezekiah’s proverbs from Solomon (25:1–29:27)\n7. Sayings from Agur (30:1–33)\n8. Sayings from Lemuel (31:1–9)\n9. Description of a good and capable wife (31:10–31)\n\n### What is the Book of Proverbs about?\n\nThe Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. A proverb is a saying that gives wise advice or teaches something that is generally true about life. Most societies have their own proverbs and may use specific language that indicates something is a proverb. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])\n\n### How should the title of this book be translated?\n\nThe title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Sayings for Wise People,” “Wise Sayings,” or something similar.\n\n### Who wrote the Book of Proverbs?\n\nProverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” However, Solomon did not write all of the proverbs in this book. Unnamed wise men wrote the proverbs in [22:17](../22/17.md)–[24:34](../24/34.md). Agur the son of Jakeh wrote the proverbs in [30:1–33](../30/01.md) and King Lemuel wrote the proverbs in [31:1–31](../31/01.md).\n\n## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts\n\n### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?\n\n“Wisdom” refers to understanding and doing what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh considers to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])\n\n## Part 3: Important Translation Issues\n\n### Parallelism\n\nMany proverbs have two parts that have a relationship to each other. The second part may strengthen the first part, give more details about the first part, or say what seems to be the opposite of the first part. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])\n\n### Personification\n\nIn Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and stupidity are often represented as if they were human. [Proverbs 1:20–33](../01/20.md), [3:15–18](../03/15.md), [4:6–9](../04/06.md), and [8:1](../08/01.md)–[9:12](../09/12.md) refer to wisdom as if it were a woman. [Proverbs 9:13–18](../09/13.md) might also refer to stupidity as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom or folly would be presented as being like a wise or stupid woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1:intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 1 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n1. Introduction and purpose for Proverbs (1:1–7)\n * Title (1:1)\n * The Purpose of Proverbs (1:2–6)\n * Main Theme: Fearing Yahweh is essential to being wise (1:7)\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Personification\n\nIn [1:20–33](../01/20.md), wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent an abstract concept like wisdom, the translator should translate the personification directly. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate these personifications as similes instead. In that case, wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
1:1 ej1t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 The author is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from earlier in the sentence if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “These are the proverbs of Solomon”
1:1 q6pn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession מִ֭שְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹ֣ה 1 Here, the author is using the possessive form to describe **proverbs** that were written by **Solomon**. If this is not clear in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The proverbs that were written by Solomon”
@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
5:intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 5 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### My Son\n\nOccasionally, Solomon addresses a series of proverbs to “my son” or “sons.” This does not mean that those proverbs only apply to males. Instead, these phrases are forms used to pass on advice from a father to his son, and the kind of advice in these proverbs is about common temptations of young men.\n\n### Adulteress\n\nThis chapter repeatedly warns young men to avoid any adulterous woman, who is called “strange” and “foreign.” (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])\n\n## Important figures of speech in this chapter\n\n### Euphemism\n\nIn [5:15–20](../05/15.md), Solomon uses several euphemisms to refer to sexual activity between a man and his wife or an adulterous woman. Although the UST expresses the meaning of these euphemisms plainly, only do so if sexual language would not be offensive in your culture. It is usually best to use a euphemism from your own language that means the same thing.
5:1 lh1j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י הַקְשִׁ֑יבָ⁠ה לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 These two clauses mean basically the same thing. The second clause emphasizes the meaning of the first by repeating the same idea with different words. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could connect the clauses with a word that shows that the second clause is repeating the first one, not saying something additional. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to my wisdom, yes, incline your ear to my understanding”\n
5:1 vi27 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
5:1 ks50 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **my wisdom** and **my understanding** refer to the wise lessons that Solomon teaches his **son** and what he tells his **son** to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to my wise lessons …\n to what I tell you to understand”
5:1 t72r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לְ⁠חָכְמָתִ֣⁠י & לִ֝⁠תְבוּנָתִ֗⁠י 1 Here, **my wisdom** and **my understanding** refer to the wise lessons that Solomon teaches his **son** and what he tells his **son** to understand. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “to my wise lessons … to what I tell you to understand”
5:1 nl9h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַט־אָזְנֶֽ⁠ךָ 1 See how you translated this idiom in [4:20](../04/20.md).
5:2 ntln rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לִ⁠שְׁמֹ֥ר מְזִמּ֑וֹת וְ֝⁠דַ֗עַת & יִנְצֹֽרוּ 1 In this verse, Solomon speaks of **discretion** as if it were an object that someone should **keep**, and **knowledge** as if it were an object that someone’s **lips** should **guard**. He means that he wants his son to preserve or remember what he has taught him. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “in order to preserve discretion, and your lips may preserve knowledge”
5:2 cei4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מְזִמּ֑וֹת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **discretion** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
@ -980,58 +980,72 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
8:36 w73k rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy נַפְשׁ֑⁠וֹ 1 Here, **life** refers to the person himself. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “himself”
8:36 yl6t rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חֹמֵ֣ס & מָֽוֶת 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **violence** in [3:31](../03/31.md) and **death** in [2:18](../02/18.md).
8:36 tttn rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole אָ֣הֲבוּ מָֽוֶת 1 This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that people who hate wisdom choose to live in a way that will cause them to die. It does not mean that people who hate wisdom actually **love death**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile. Alternate translation: “show by their actions that they choose to die” or “act as if they love death”
9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n * Wisdom and folly (9:1–18)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter and the previous chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who prepares a meal and calls out for all to come and learn from her. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead. In that case wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [9:4–12](../09/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md) and [8:4–36](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n\n### The woman of insolence\n\nIn [9:13–18](../09/13.md), Solomon refers to insolent women in general when he describes the actions and words of “the insolent woman.” If you would not refer to types of people in that way in your language, then you can use plural forms. (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חָ֭כְמוֹת בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 In this verse, **Wisdom** is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has built her house and has hewn out her seven pillars”\n
9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 This clause refers to part of the process of building the **house** that was mentioned in the previous verse. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has hewn out seven pillars to support the roof of her house”
9:intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 9 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\n2. A father teaches his son about wisdom (1:8–9:18)\n * Avoid evil companions (1:8–19)\n * Do not reject wisdom (1:20–33)\n * Wisdom prevents people from committing crime or adultery (2:1–22)\n * Humbly trust Yahweh (3:1–12)\n * The value of wisdom (3:13–20)\n * Do not act wickedly (3:21–35)\n * Wisdom will benefit you (4:1–9)\n * Behave wisely and avoid those who do not (4:10–19)\n * Live righteously (4:20–27)\n * Avoid temptation to commit adultery (5:1–23)\n * Practical warnings (6:1–19)\n * Adultery will be punished (6:20–35)\n * The Story of an Adulterer (7:1–27)\n * Wisdom benefits the wise (8:1–36)\n * Wisdom and folly (9:1–18)\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Wisdom calls out\n\nIn this chapter and the previous chapter, wisdom is referred to as if it were a woman who prepares a meal and calls out for all to come and learn from her. In languages where it is possible for something like wisdom to be spoken of as if it were a person who speaks, the translator should translate in this way. However, if direct translation is not possible in your language, you may translate the personification as similes instead. In that case wisdom would be presented as being like a wise woman. When wisdom speaks in [9:4–12](../09/04.md), the notes will use the proper noun “Wisdom” to indicate that the personification of wisdom is speaking. See how you translated similar references to wisdom in [1:20–33](../01/20.md) and [8:4–36](../08/04.md). (See: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\n
9:1 m12a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification חָ֭כְמוֹת בָּנְתָ֣ה בֵיתָ֑⁠הּ חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 In [9:1–12](../09/01.md), **Wisdom** is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of this in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has built her house and has hewn out her seven pillars”\n
9:1 s64d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit חָצְבָ֖ה עַמּוּדֶ֣י⁠הָ שִׁבְעָֽה 1 This clause refers to part of the process of building the **house** that was mentioned in the previous clause. A **house** with **seven pillars** would have been very large. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has hewn out seven pillars to support the roof of her house”
9:2 zr00 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has slaughtered her slaughter, mixed her wine, and arranged her table”
9:2 hk6e rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ אַ֝֗ף עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 All three of these clauses refer to parts of the process to prepare a special meal for guests. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has prepared a meal for guests by slaughtering her slaughter, mixing her wine, and arranging her table”
9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ 1 Here, **slaughter** refers to the animals that Wisdom has **slaughtered** so that their meat may be eaten at a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She has slaughtered the animals for meat at the meal”
9:2 x5sw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy טָבְחָ֣ה טִ֭בְחָ⁠הּ 1 Here, **slaughter** refers to the animals that Wisdom has **slaughtered** so that their meat may be eaten at a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “She has slaughtered the animals so that their meat may be eaten at the meal”
9:2 ywr6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מָסְכָ֣ה יֵינָ֑⁠הּ 1 In ancient Israel, people often prepared **wine** for drinking by mixing it with water. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her wine by mixing it with water”
9:2 h2zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 This phrase refers to putting the food and eating utensils on the table in preparation for a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table for people to eat a meal”
9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to give the message of Wisdom, who is personified as a woman.
9:3 akl3 She has sent out her maids 0 These maids went out and invited people to come to the feast that Wisdom had prepared.
9:3 ugn5 her maids 0 Young women or girls who are in the service of a respectable, adult woman, such as Wisdom.
9:3 n6ha she calls out 0 Alternate translation: “she loudly recites her invitation”
9:3 x798 the highest points of the city 0 The invitation is shouted from the highest points so that it will be best heard by all the people.
9:4 h6sj Who is naive? Let … the one lacking good sense 0 These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let … anyone lacking good sense”
9:4 dj7m is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature”
9:4 s4da turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come into my house”
9:5 h6ck 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom.
9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Come … eat … drink 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time.
9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit the wine I have mixed 0 In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water”
9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you Leave … live … walk 0 All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time.
9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Leave your naive actions 0 Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior”
9:6 f53k naive actions 0 Alternate translation: “inexperienced, immature actions”
9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the path of understanding 0 Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. Alternate translation: “the manner of living that a wise person has”
9:7 x5sc 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses continue the message of Wisdom.
9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Whoever disciplines … whoever rebukes 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing.
9:7 kjm2 a mocker 0 Someone who habitually mocks people. Alternate translation: “someone who says insulting things about other people” or “someone who likes to make other people look bad”
9:7 m22a receives abuse 0 Alternate translation: “receives harsh treatment”
9:7 g88g whoever rebukes 0 Alternate translation: “whoever corrects”
9:8 fpc4 Do not reprove 0 Alternate translation: “Do not correct”
9:9 c8r2 Give to a wise person, and he … teach a righteous person, and he 0 These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he … if you teach a righteous person, he”
9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism Give to a wise person … teach a righteous person 0 These two phrases basically say the same thing.
9:9 n1f2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit Give to a wise person 0 This refers to giving instruction to a wise person.
9:10 s7rg 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses finish the message of Wisdom.
9:10 l6yl The fear of Yahweh 0 See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md).
9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive through me your days will be multiplied 0 This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “I will multiply your days” or “I will cause you to live many more days”
9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification through me 0 Wisdom, personified as a woman, continues to speak here.
9:11 rk9c rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you 0 These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are used to emphasize the great benefits wisdom has.
9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor years of life will be added to you 0 Wisdom speaks of years of life as if they were physical objects. If your language does not use the passive form in this way, you can state this in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “I will add years of life to you” or “I will add years to your life” or “I will enable you to live longer” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
9:12 z3ez If you are wise … and if you mock 0 These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior.
9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor you will carry it 0 This speaks of the consequence of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy load that one had to carry on his back.
9:13 q38d rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification 0 # General Information:\n\nThese verses begin to describe foolishness, which is also personified as a woman.
9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification The woman of foolishness 0 It is possible to translate “foolishness” as a description such as “A foolish woman.” However, if a language allows wisdom to be personified, as in the previous part of this chapter, it may also allow foolishness to be personified. Alternate translation: “The woman Foolishness”
9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism she is untaught and knows nothing 0 These two expressions basically mean the same thing, which is repeated to show how useless the foolish woman is. Alternate translation: “she does not know anything at all”
9:13 tk38 she is untaught 0 Alternate translation: “she has not learned from experience” or “she is young and naive”
9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom walking straight on their way 0 This seems to be an idiom for “thinking only of their own affairs” or “minding their own business.”
9:16 ck1n is naive 0 Alternate translation: “is inexperienced or immature”
9:16 rs92 turn aside here 0 Alternate translation: “leave his path and come here”
9:16 zyq4 she says 0 This is the foolish woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 9:13](./13.md).
9:16 lfx9 those who have no sense 0 Alternate translation: “those who do not have wisdom” or “those who are not wise”
9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecy is delicious 0 The foolish woman speaks of the pleasure of stolen waters and bread of secrecy to tell men that if they sleep with her, they will have pleasure. This can be stated clearly in a simile: “You can enjoy me just as you enjoy water that you have stolen or bread that is secret”
9:18 kg4h that the dead are there 0 Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her are now dead”
9:18 k1fh in the depths of Sheol 0 “Sheol” refers to the world of the dead.
9:2 h2zm rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עָֽרְכָ֥ה שֻׁלְחָנָֽ⁠הּ 1 This phrase refers to putting the food and eating utensils on a table in order to prepare for a meal. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “she has prepared her table for people to eat a meal”
9:3 p6e2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ תִקְרָ֑א 1 In this verse, wisdom is spoken of as if it were a wealthy woman who has servants and **calls out** in public. See the discussion of such personification in the General Notes for this chapter. Alternate translation: “It is as if wisdom were a woman who has sent out her young women and calls out”
9:3 akl3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit שָֽׁלְחָ֣ה נַעֲרֹתֶ֣י⁠הָ 1 Solomon implies that the **young women** were **sent out** in order to invite people to the meal that Wisdom had prepared. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “She has sent out her young women to invite people to the meal”
9:3 n6ha rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit עַל־גַּ֝פֵּ֗י מְרֹ֣מֵי 1 See how you translated the similar phrase “the head of the heights” in [8:2](../08/02.md).
9:4 vxav rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-infostructure מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 If it would be more natural in your language, you could reverse the order of these clauses. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, let him turn aside here”
9:4-5 dv2y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ & לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ בְֽ⁠לַחֲמִ֑⁠י וּ֝⁠שְׁת֗וּ בְּ⁠יַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי 1 In these two verses, Wisdom speaks of people acquiring wisdom as they were turning **aside** from a path to enter Wisdom’s house, **eat** Wisdom’s **bread**, and **drink** Wisdom’s **wine**. Just as **bread** and **wine**are good and keep people alive, so wisdom also is good and something that enables people to live for a long time. If it would be helpful to your readers, you could explain the comparison. Alternate translation: “She says to him lacking of heart, ‘Whoever is naive, benefit your lives by acquiring wisdom. Doing so is like turning aside here, coming to me, eating my bread, and drinking the wine I have mixed”
9:4 s4da rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה 1 Here, Wisdom implies that the **naive** person should **turn aside** and come to her house. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let him leave his path and come to my house”
9:4 bjtb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations יָסֻ֣ר & לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 Although **him** is masculine, here it refers to any **naive** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “let that person turn aside … to that person”\n
9:4 ea5r rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב 1 See how you translated the same use of this phrase in [7:7](../07/07.md).
9:5 h6ck rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche בְֽ⁠לַחֲמִ֑⁠י 1 Here, **bread** is used to refer to food in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use an equivalent expression from your culture or express the meaning plainly, as in the UST.\n
9:5 n3eu rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you לְ֭כוּ לַחֲמ֣וּ & וּ֝⁠שְׁת֗וּ 1 All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the “naive” people at the same time.
9:5 stm9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit בְּ⁠יַ֣יִן מָסָֽכְתִּי 1 See how you translated the similar phrase in [9:2](../09/02.md).
9:6 b9ma rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-you עִזְב֣וּ & וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ וְ֝⁠אִשְׁר֗וּ 1 All three of these commands are plural because Wisdom is addressing all the **naive** people at the same time.
9:6 ejw3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification עִזְב֣וּ פְתָאיִ֣ם 1 Here, Wisdom tells people to stop doing **naive things** as if those **things** were people whom a person could **Forsake**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” or “Stop doing naive things”
9:6 f53k rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is the purpose for doing what Wisdom commands people to do earlier in this verse. Use a connector in your language that indicates a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of living”\n
9:6 d5j8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit וִֽ⁠חְי֑וּ 1 Here, **live** refers to living a long life. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “and live a long life”
9:6 lpn8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ֝⁠אִשְׁר֗וּ בְּ⁠דֶ֣רֶךְ בִּינָֽה 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of a people behaving in a manner that will enable them to acquire **understanding** as if they were striding on a path. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and behave in a manner that will enable you to acquire understanding”
9:6 ycu8 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md).
9:7 xm8y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣⁠וֹ קָל֑וֹן וּ⁠מוֹכִ֖יחַ לְ⁠רָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Here, **The instructor**, **a mocker**, **himself**, **the rebuker**, **a wicked one**, and **his** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “Any instructor of any mocker receives disgrace for that person, and any rebuker of any wicked one, that person’s injury”
9:7 k7j1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit יֹ֤סֵ֨ר ׀ לֵ֗ץ 1 Since **a mocker** does not accept instruction, this phrase implies that someone attempted to be an **instructor of a mocker**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “The one who attempts to instruct a mocker”
9:7 x5sc rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לֹקֵ֣חַֽ ל֣⁠וֹ קָל֑וֹן 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of **disgrace** as if it were an object that a person **receives**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “will himself be disgraced”
9:7 oad5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns קָל֑וֹן 1 See how you translated the abstract noun **disgrace** in [6:33](../06/33.md).
9:7 vif7 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis וּ⁠מוֹכִ֖יחַ לְ⁠רָשָׁ֣ע מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 Wisdom is leaving out some of the words that in many languages a clause would need in order to be complete. You could supply these words from the previous clause if it would be clearer in your language. Alternate translation: “and the rebuker of a wicked one receives his injury”\n
9:7 k4b9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns מוּמֽ⁠וֹ 1 If your language does not use an abstract noun for the idea of **injury**, you could express the same idea in another way. Alternate translation: “his being injured”\n
9:8 fpc4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result אַל־תּ֣וֹכַח 1 This clause states what Wisdom wants people to do as a result of what Wisdom said in the previous verse. Use the most natural way to express an intended result in your language. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not rebuke”
9:8 mjq3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לֵ֭ץ פֶּן־יִשְׂנָאֶ֑⁠ךָּ & לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם וְ⁠יֶאֱהָבֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Here, **a mocker**, **he**, and **a wise one** do not refer to specific people, but refer to types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “any mocker, lest that person hate you … any wise one and that person will love you”
9:8 g1qu rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast הוֹכַ֥ח לְ֝⁠חָכָ֗ם 1 This clause says something that is in contrast to what was said in the previous clause. Use a natural way in your language to express a strong contrast. Alternate translation: “By contrast, rebuke a wise one”\n
9:8 rpxq rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result וְ⁠יֶאֱהָבֶֽ⁠ךָּ 1 Here, **and** introduces the result of obeying the command stated in the previous phrase. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate result. Alternate translation: “and it will result in him loving you”\n
9:9 y95j rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis תֵּ֣ן 1 Wisdom is leaving out a word that a clause would need in many languages to be complete. If it would be helpful in your language, you could supply this word from the context. Alternate translation: “Give instruction” or “Give what is wise”\n
9:9 c8r2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun לְ֭⁠חָכָם וְ⁠יֶחְכַּם־ע֑וֹד & לְ֝⁠צַדִּ֗יק וְ⁠י֣וֹסֶף 1 Here, **a wise one**, **he**, and **a righteous one** do not refer to specific people, but refer to these types of people in general. If it would be helpful in your language, you could use a more natural phrase. Alternate translation: “to any wise one and that person will become more wise … any righteous one and that person will increase”
9:10 zryv rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession תְּחִלַּ֣ת 1 See how you translated the same use of **beginning** in [1:7](../01/07.md).
9:10 oxjy rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns חָ֭כְמָה & וְ⁠דַ֖עַת & בִּינָֽה 1 See how you translated the abstract nouns **wisdom** and **understanding** in [1:2](../01/02.md) and **knowledge** in [1:4](../01/04.md).
9:10 l6yl rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession יִרְאַ֣ת יְהוָ֑ה 1 See how you translated this phrase in [1:7](../01/07.md).
9:11 xbl2 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases כִּי 1 **For** here indicates that Wisdom is emphasizing what follows in this verse. Use a connector in your language that makes that emphasis clear. Alternate translation: “Truly”\n
9:11 uv8i rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor יִרְבּ֣וּ יָמֶ֑י⁠ךָ 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the **days** that they are alive were something that could **increase** in number. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you will live many more days”
9:11 jt1z rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor וְ⁠יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝⁠ךָ֗ שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of people living for a long time as if the **years** that they are alive were something that could **be added** to their lives. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and you will live many more years”
9:11 wpx5 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom שְׁנ֣וֹת חַיִּֽים 1 See how you translated this idiom in [3:2](../03/02.md).
9:11 u5qf rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive וְ⁠יוֹסִ֥יפוּ לְּ֝⁠ךָ֗ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “and … I will add to you”\n
9:12 z3ez rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit לָּ֑⁠ךְ 1 Here, **for** implies that being **wise** is for the benefit of the **wise** person. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “for the benefit of yourself”
9:12 sr5q rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְ֝⁠לַ֗צְתָּ 1 Here, **and** indicates that what follows is a strong contrast to what was stated in the previous clause. In your translation, indicate this strong contrast in a way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “however, if you mock”\n
9:12 zei6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor לְֽ⁠בַדְּ⁠ךָ֥ תִשָּֽׂא 1 Here, Wisdom speaks of someone experiencing the consequences of one’s bad behavior as if **it** were a heavy object that one had to carry on one’s back. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “you alone will experience the consequences”
9:13 ix9a rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-personification אֵ֣שֶׁת כְּ֭סִילוּת הֹֽמִיָּ֑ה פְּ֝תַיּ֗וּת וּ⁠בַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה 1 The phrase **woman of insolence** could refer to: (1) a **woman** who is characterized by **stupidity**, in which case this phrase would refer to stupid women in general. Alternate translation: “A stupid woman is loud, naive, and she does not know anything” or “Stupid women are loud, naive, and do not know anything” (2) **stupidity** as if it were a **woman**, which is how wisdom was spoken of in the previous part of this chapter. Alternate translation: “Lady Stupidity is loud, naive, and she does not know anything”
9:13 lbv9 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole וּ⁠בַל־יָ֥דְעָה מָּֽה 1 This phrase is an exaggeration that Solomon uses to emphasize how ignorant this **woman** is. It does not mean that **she does not know anything** at all. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “and she does not know much” or “and she knows very little”\n
9:14 tk38 וְֽ֭⁠יָשְׁבָה לְ⁠פֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת 1 If you translated the phrase “woman of stupidity” as a plural form in the previous verse, then you should use plural forms in this verse. Alternate translation: “And they sit at the opening of their houses, on seats by the heights of the city”
9:14 h74g לְ⁠פֶ֣תַח בֵּיתָ֑⁠הּ 1 See how you translated this phrase in [5:8](../05/08.md).
9:14 mz9x rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis עַל־כִּ֝סֵּ֗א 1 This clause could refer to: (1) the specific location of **the opening of her house**. Alternate translation: “which is on a seat” (2) a second location where **she sits**. Alternate translation: “or on a seat”\n
9:14 sqcz rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מְרֹ֣מֵי קָֽרֶת 1 See how you translated this phrase in [9:3](../09/03.md).
9:15 zygf rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal לִ⁠קְרֹ֥א 1 Here, **to** indicates that what follows is the purpose for the “woman of stupidity” sitting in a public place, as stated in the previous verse. Use a natural way in your language to express a purpose. Alternate translation: “for the purpose of calling”
9:15 tcdj לְ⁠עֹֽבְרֵי־דָ֑רֶךְ 1 Alternate translation: “to those walking by on the road”
9:15 cqd1 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom הַֽ֝⁠מְיַשְּׁרִ֗ים אֹֽרְחוֹתָֽ⁠ם 1 This clause is an idiom that describes people who are only thinking of their own affairs. If this clause does not have that meaning in your language, you could use an idiom from your language that does have this meaning or state the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “the ones minding their own business” or “the ones only thinking about their own affairs”
9:16 ck1n rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit מִי־פֶ֭תִי יָסֻ֣ר הֵ֑נָּה וַ⁠חֲסַר־לֵ֝֗ב וְ⁠אָ֣מְרָה לּֽ⁠וֹ 1 See how you translated the nearly identical clauses in [9:4](../09/04.md).
9:17 gr7d rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ 1 The stupid woman implies that what she says in this verse is the reason why the “naive” should “turn aside” to her. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn aside here because stolen waters are sweet”
9:17 jsi6 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor מַֽיִם־גְּנוּבִ֥ים יִמְתָּ֑קוּ וְ⁠לֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים יִנְעָֽם 1 In this verse, the foolish woman refers to the pleasure of having sex with someone to whom one is not married as if it were as **sweet** as **stolen waters** or as **pleasant** as **bread of secrecies**. Water and food are also used as euphemisms for sexual activity in [5:15–19](../05/15.md) and [30:20](../30/20.md). If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly or use a simile: “Having sex with me is truly enjoyable” or “Having sex with me is as enjoyable as drinking stolen waters or eating bread of secrecies”
9:17 v8z3 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-possession וְ⁠לֶ֖חֶם סְתָרִ֣ים 1 The phrase **bread of secrecies** could refer to: (1) **bread** that is eating secretly by oneself. Alternate translation: “and bread that is eaten in secrecy” (2) **bread** that one obtains through secret deeds, which implies stealing the **bread**. Alternate translation: “and bread obtained secretly”
9:18 zo93 rc://*/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast וְֽ⁠לֹא־יָ֭דַע 1 **And** here indicates that was follows is in contrast with what the foolish woman stated in the previous verses. Use the most natural way in your language to indicate a contrast. Alternate translation: “However, he does not know”
9:18 kjuw rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun וְֽ⁠לֹא־יָ֭דַע 1 Here, **he** refers to any naive man to whom the stupid woman calls. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “And any naive man does not know”
9:18 kg4h rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor רְפָאִ֣ים שָׁ֑ם 1 Here, Solomon speaks of those men who died because they went to the stupid woman’s house as if their dead **spirits** were **there**. If it would be helpful in your language, you could express the meaning plainly. Alternate translation: “that the men who have gone to her house are now dead”
9:18 m5oj rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive קְרֻאֶֽי⁠הָ 1 If your language does not use this passive form, you could express the idea in active form or in another way that is natural in your language. Alternate translation: “the ones whom she called”
9:18 k1fh rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit קְרֻאֶֽי⁠הָ 1 This phrase refers to the men who went to the stupid woman’s house to commit adultery with her in response to her calling them. If it would be helpful in your language, you could state this explicitly. Alternate translation: “the men whom she called and they accepted her call” or “the men who went to her house after she called them”
10:intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes\n\n## Structure and formatting\n\nChapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.\n\n## Special concepts in this chapter\n\n### Themes\n\nThere are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://*/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])
10:1 i2yb rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism 0 # General Information:\n\nMany verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms
10:1 tab7 The proverbs of Solomon 0 After the introduction of Chapters 1–9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom.
@ -2437,3 +2451,4 @@ front:intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs\n\n## Part 1: General Introduct
31:30 k9e4 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive she will be praised 0 This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise her”
31:31 df11 rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor the fruit of her hands 0 The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See also: [[rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
31:31 ef6y rc://*/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy let her works praise her in the gates 0 She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done”
9:3 ugn5 her maids 0

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