diff --git a/fr_tn_19-PSA.tsv b/fr_tn_19-PSA.tsv deleted file mode 100644 index c271568dc..000000000 --- a/fr_tn_19-PSA.tsv +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5220 +0,0 @@ -Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -PSA front intro rx9u 0 # Introduction to Psalms
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Psalms

1. Book One (Psalms 1-41)
1. Book Two (Psalms 42-72)
1. Book Three (Psalms 73-89)
1. Book Four (Psalms 90-106)
1. Book Five (Psalms 107-150)

### What is the Book of Psalms?

The Book of Psalms is a collection of songs. People called psalmists wrote them for different reasons. In some psalms, the psalmists expressed their praise for God. In other psalms, they asked God for help and expressed confidence in his love and power. In others, they confessed their sins and begged for mercy. The Israelites wrote some psalms to ask Yahweh to defeat their enemies. Other psalms celebrated the event of a new king beginning his reign. Psalmists also wrote to praise the city of Jerusalem. They wrote some psalms to instruct people on how to be wise by honoring Yahweh and obeying his law. Also, pilgrims sang some of the psalms while traveling to Jerusalem to worship there. Some psalms became songs of praise in the temple worship of Yahweh.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators can use the traditional title of this book, “The Book of Psalms” or just “Psalms.” Another title of this book is “Songs of Praise.” Translators may express this meaning in their own languages, or they may choose to use or transliterate the name from another language version if it is well known. For example, the French title “Les Psaumes” might be understood by everyone in a project language, if French is the language of wider communication in the region. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])

### When was the Book of Psalms written?

The Psalms were written over a long period of time. Moses probably wrote the earliest psalm around 1400 B.C. David and Asaph wrote their psalms between 1020 and 975 B.C. The Korahites may have written their psalms before Jerusalem was destroyed and the Jews were exiled to Babylon in 587 B.C. Psalm 126 appears to come from the period after the exile, which ended in 538 B.C.

### What are the Messianic psalms?

Some psalms are called “Messianic psalms.” New Testament writers considered these psalms to prophesy about the Messiah, Jesus Christ. They cited Psalms 2, 8, 16, 22, 34, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 109, 110, and 118 at least one time each in the New Testament.

### What are superscriptions in the Psalms?

Many psalms give some information called superscriptions before the beginning of the psalm. Some of the expressions in the superscriptions are difficult to understand, so modern versions often have different interpretations of them.

Seventy-three psalms are called “A psalm of David.” This may mean they were written by King David. Or, it could mean someone wrote them for David or in the style that David used when he composed poetry. The superscriptions of some psalms give the historical situations in which they were written.

Some superscriptions give instructions about how they should be played and sung. They tell which instruments, singers, or melodies that should be used for that psalm. Fifty-five psalms are addressed “to the choirmaster” or “chief musician.” The psalmists seem to have meant them to be used in temple worship.

Traditionally, English versions do not give verse numbers to the superscriptions. But many versions in other languages do. Whether or not translators give them verse numbers, they should consider the superscriptions in the Psalms as part of the divinely inspired biblical text.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What are some important ways in which Yahweh is pictured in the Book of Psalms?

The psalmists often pictured Yahweh as:

* a king who rules over the nation of Israel and over all the nations
* a shepherd who leads the people of Israel and also the individual psalm writers
* a “rock,” that is, a high rocky mountain on which people can be completely safe from their enemies
* a strong warrior who always defeats his enemies.

### What is the importance of honor and shame in the Book of Psalms?

When people honor someone, they think well of him and may even admire him. On the other hand, if people shame someone, that person loses honor and is disgraced.

Psalmists often expressed a great desire that Yahweh would be honored by the Israelites and also by the rest of the world.

Also, psalmists often expressed fear that they would be shamed by their enemies. When they felt this way, the psalmists wrote of their trust that Yahweh would not allow this to happen.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Why do the ULT and UST display the Book of Psalms as poetry, but some modern versions do not?

The psalmists wrote the Psalms as Hebrew poetry. The ULT and UST set each line farther to the right on the page than regular text is placed to show that the writing is poetry rather than prose.

This style typically uses pairs of poetic lines that relate to each other in different ways. Usually, poetic lines are said to be “parallel” to each other. A line that is indented farther to the right is paired with the line above it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])

Translators will have to decide whether to present the Psalms as poetry or as prose in their own language. Translators will need to consider whether their language has poetic forms that are suitable for expressing the Psalms.

### Why do some versions number the Psalms differently than others?

From ancient times, people have numbered the Psalms in different ways. The Jews numbered the Psalms in Hebrew in one way. When they translated the Psalms into Greek, they numbered them in a different way. As a result, the Hebrew numbering and the Greek numbering of Psalms were both passed down through the centuries. They are both still in use today. Translators will probably want to number the Psalms in the same way that most versions in their own country do.

### How should the translator view the terms Selah and Higgaion that occur in various psalms?

“Selah” and “Higgaion” seem to be musical terms inserted as directions for singers and musicians. Scholars do not agree as to their meaning. For this reason, translators may decide to transliterate them or leave them out but not try to translate them. -PSA 1 intro fan4 0 # Psalm 001 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 1 is usually considered to be a “wisdom psalm,” which gives advice to those who hear it read or sung. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Blessed
A main theme in this psalm is what it means to be blessed. Here “blessed” refers to anyone who is well off because of a good relationship to God. The contrasting theme is that there are ungodly people, those who refuse to honor God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### People who opposed Yahweh

There are several words in this psalm for those who oppose God: “the wicked” (those who do evil), “sinners” (those who ignore God’s law), and “mockers” (those who mock God and the righteous people). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PSA 1 1 w56f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 1 1 gz4n figs-metaphor 0 who does not walk in the advice of the wicked The “advice of the wicked” is spoken of as if it were a path to follow. Alternate translation: “who does not follow the advice of the wicked” or “who does not do what wicked people advise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 1 1 uqr7 figs-metaphor 0 stand in the pathway with sinners Here the word “pathway” represents the way people live. The word “stand” is in parallel with “walk.” Alternate translation: “imitate the behavior of sinful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 1 1 nk2a figs-metonymy 0 or sit in the assembly of mockers Sitting with people who mock God represents joining people who mock God. Alternate translation: “or join those who mock God” or “or mock God with others who mock him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 1 2 izu5 figs-abstractnouns 0 his delight is in the law of Yahweh The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. A person who can “delight … in the law” is happy because the law is good and because one is obeying it. Alternate translation: “what makes him truly happy is the law of Yahweh” or “what makes him truly happy is to know that he is obeying the law of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 1 2 ns4k 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -PSA 1 3 t59m 0 General Information: This passage introduces an elaborate image in which a righteous person is thought of in terms of a flourishing tree. -PSA 1 3 d83j figs-simile 0 He will be like a tree … fruit in its season In the Bible, people are often spoken of as trees. People who delight in Yahweh’s law can do all God wants them to do just as a tree that is planted by water produces good fruit. Alternate translation: “He will be prosperous like a tree … fruit in its season” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 1 3 wir5 0 planted by the streams of water A tree that is planted by a stream can get enough water to be healthy. -PSA 1 3 tag1 0 that produces its fruit in its season Healthy trees produce good fruit at the right time. -PSA 1 3 xf3j 0 whose leaves do not wither If a tree gets enough water, its leaves do not dry out and die. -PSA 1 3 c784 0 whatever he does will prosper “He will be successful at whatever he does” -PSA 1 4 g6a7 figs-explicit 0 The wicked are not so How they are not like that can be stated clearly. “The wicked are not prosperous” or “The wicked do not prosper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 1 4 lnx8 figs-simile 0 but are instead like the chaff How they are like chaff can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “but instead they are worthless like the chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 1 5 atv6 figs-metaphor 0 will not stand in the judgment This could mean: (1) not standing in the judgment is a metonym for being judged by God and having to leave his presence. Alternate translation: “will not continue to stay before God when he judges them” or “will have to leave God’s presence when he judges them as guilty” or (2) not standing in the judgment is a metaphor for being condemned in the judgment. “Alternate translation: “will be condemned in the judgment” or “will be condemned when God judges them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 1 5 va3s 0 in the judgment The noun judgment can be expressed as a verb. This probably refers to the final judgment when God judges all people. Alternate translation: “when God judges everyone” -PSA 1 5 x8sk figs-ellipsis 0 nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous Translators can supply the verb “stand.” Alternate translation: “neither will sinners stand in the assembly of the righteous” or “and sinners will not stand in the assembly of the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 1 5 nr84 figs-metonymy 0 nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous Being accepted by God as righteous is spoken of as standing with the group of righteous people. Alternate translation: “and God will not accept sinners along with the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 1 6 wmx7 figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh approves of the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish These two clauses contrast what happens to righteous people with what happens to wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 1 6 cxy6 figs-metaphor 0 the way of the righteous How people live is spoken of as if it were a “way” or “road” that they are walking on. Alternate translation: “how the righteous live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 1 6 jy56 figs-metaphor 0 the way of the wicked will perish How people live and what they do is spoken of as if it were a “way” or “road” that they walk on. This could mean: (1) the way perishing represents the wicked perishing because of how they live. Alternate translation: “The wicked will die because of how they live” or (2) the way perishing is a metaphor for no longer being able to live the way they do. Alternate translation: “the wicked will no longer be able to live the way they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 2 intro z14u 0 # Psalm 002 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 2 is usually considered a royal psalm because it is about the king. It was probably first sung when a new person became the king. It is often thought to be about the Messiah because of verse 6 and 7 reference the Son of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofgod]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection

The main theme of this psalm is that God is protecting and empowering the king he has appointed and that it is useless for the foreign nations to oppose God and his king.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
“Today I have begotten you” here is a metaphor meaning that God acknowledges the king as his special person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 2 1 bht4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 2 1 e4gn figs-rquestion 0 Why are the nations in turmoil, and why do the peoples make plots that will fail? These questions are used to show surprise that the people are doing things that are so wrong and foolish. Alternate translation: “The nations are in turmoil and the peoples are making plots that will fail.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 2 1 zq9d 0 are the nations in turmoil This probably means that the nations were making a noisy and angry commotion. -PSA 2 1 hd4h figs-metonymy 0 the nations This represents either the leaders or the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 2 1 jxy7 0 plots that will fail These are probably plots against God and his people. -PSA 2 2 ag3k figs-parallelism 0 The kings of the earth take their stand together … the rulers conspire together These two clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 2 2 pt5v figs-explicit 0 take their stand together … conspire together These phrases mean the same thing, implying that the leaders stand together in order to fight against Yahweh and his Messiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather to fight … plan together to revolt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 2 3 xw9h figs-metaphor 0 Let us tear off the shackles … throw off their chains The people of other nations speak of Yahweh and the Messiah’s rule over them as if it were shackles and chains. Alternate translation: “We should free ourselves from their control; we should not let them rule over us any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 2 4 e8l8 0 He … the Lord These phrases refer to Yahweh. Yahweh is often called “the Lord” but the words for “Yahweh” and “the Lord” are different. -PSA 2 4 t9zx figs-explicit 0 sits in the heavens Here sitting represents ruling. What he sits on can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rules in the heavens” or “sits on his throne in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 2 4 zyd3 figs-explicit 0 the Lord mocks them “the Lord mocks those people.” Why he mocks them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The Lord mocks them for their foolish plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 2 5 z631 figs-abstractnouns 0 terrify them in his rage The abstract noun “rage” can be stated as “furious.” Alternate translation: “he will be furious and terrify them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 2 5 jjb4 0 terrify greatly frighten -PSA 2 6 emc4 0 I myself Yahweh is emphasizing that he, and not someone else, has anointed his king. -PSA 2 6 v3q9 0 anointed my king “appointed my king to rule” -PSA 2 7 d5l7 figs-explicit 0 I will announce a decree of Yahweh. He The person saying this is the king. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The king says, ‘I will announce a decree of Yahweh.’ He” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 2 7 h869 0 He said to me “Yahweh said to me” -PSA 2 7 qp2j 0 You are my son! This day I have become your father Among many peoples in that part of the world then, men could decide to legally adopt children, who would become their heirs. Here Yahweh adopts a man and makes him king of Israel. Alternate translation: “I make you my son. This day I have become your father” or “Now you are my son and am your father” -PSA 2 8 sy59 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to the new king of Israel. -PSA 2 8 vjb5 figs-parallelism 0 the nations for your inheritance … the farthermost regions of the earth for your possession These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 2 8 cv7i 0 the farthermost regions of the earth “the lands that are very far away” -PSA 2 9 uaa7 figs-parallelism 0 You will break them with an iron rod; like a jar of a potter, you will smash them to pieces These phrases express very similar ideas. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 2 9 at9u figs-metaphor 0 You will break them with an iron rod Defeating the nations is spoken of as breaking them, and his power is spoken of as an iron rod. Alternate translation: “You will defeat them completely by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 2 9 a2x4 figs-metaphor 0 you will smash them to pieces Destroying nations is spoken of as if they could be smashed like a clay jar. Alternate translation: you will completely destroy them like a clay pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 2 9 ggd3 translate-unknown 0 a jar of a potter A potter is a person who makes clay pots and jars. These are fragile and can be broken easily. Alternate translation: “a clay jar” or “a clay pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 2 10 upx2 figs-parallelism 0 So now, you kings, be warned; be corrected, you rulers of the earth These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “So now, you kings and rulers of the earth, be warned and corrected” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 2 10 j2nx figs-activepassive 0 be warned This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “listen to this warning” or “be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 2 10 nyh6 figs-activepassive 0 be corrected This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “listen to this correction” or “take this correction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 2 12 w4m8 translate-symaction 0 Kiss the son People would show their king that they were loyal to him by kissing him, perhaps on the feet. Alternate translation: “Show the son that you are truly loyal to him” or “Bow down humbly before his son” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 2 12 v3bs 0 you will die in the way This may refer to dying right there, before the person has a chance to go away. Alternate translation: “you will die immediately” -PSA 2 12 l654 figs-metaphor 0 when his anger burns for just a moment The king’s anger is spoken of as if it were a fire that could burn. Alternate translation: “when he suddenly becomes very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 2 12 ty9p figs-metaphor 0 seek refuge in him Asking the king for protection is spoken of as seeking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “ask the king to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 3 intro py7j 0 # Psalm 003 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 3 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a morning song intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during morning worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
Although the psalmist has many enemies and is saying he is without help, God is protecting him and delivering him from danger. -PSA 3 1 ylp1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 3 1 g1yb 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 3 1 xp7i figs-exclamations 0 Yahweh, how many are my enemies! This exclamation shows that David is afraid of his enemies. Alternate translation: “Oh Yahweh, I have so many enemies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 3 1 cj3u figs-idiom 0 have risen against me Fighting against someone is spoken of as rising against him. Alternate translation: “come against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 3 3 mj2u figs-metaphor 0 you, Yahweh, are a shield around me A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, protect me like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 3 3 llc4 figs-metonymy 0 my glory “you are my glory.” By calling God his glory, David says that God is the one who gives him glory. Since David has just spoken about his enemies and God being his protector, he probably meant that God gives him glory by giving him victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “you are the one who gives me glory” or “you are the one who gives me victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 3 3 hj6j figs-metaphor 0 the one who lifts up my head “you are the one who lifts up my head.” Giving someone courage is spoken of as lifting up his head. Alternate translation: “the one who encourages me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 3 4 bz2m figs-metonymy 0 I lift up my voice Using one’s voice to cry out is spoken of as lifting up his voice. Alternate translation: “I cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 3 6 q7wy 0 have set themselves against me on every side “have surrounded me to destroy me” -PSA 3 7 zax2 figs-metonymy 0 Rise up David speaks of starting to do something as getting up. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 3 7 az5m figs-parallelism 0 hit all my enemies … break the teeth of the wicked These phrases say very similar things. The phrases “my enemies” and “the wicked” refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 3 7 r6xe translate-symaction 0 For you will hit all my enemies on the jaw This was a way of insulting people. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically hit his enemies. Alternate translation: “For you will insult all my enemies like someone hitting them on the jaw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 3 7 k36i figs-metaphor 0 you will break the teeth of the wicked Animals attack with their teeth. Breaking their teeth takes away their power to attack. David speaks as if Yahweh would come and physically fight against the wicked. Alternate translation: “you will make the wicked unable to harm me like someone breaking the teeth of a ferocious animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 3 8 x9bn figs-abstractnouns 0 Salvation comes from Yahweh The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh saves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 4 intro b2qk 0 # Psalm 004 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 4 is a psalm of deliverance. It is an evening song, intended to be sung in the temple accompanied by musical instruments during evening worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
God protects all those who truly trust in him for protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -PSA 4 1 zjj1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 4 1 q28k 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 4 1 k7md 0 on stringed instruments “people should play stringed instruments with this song” -PSA 4 1 f3xk 0 Answer me when I call “Respond to me when I call” or “Help me when I call” -PSA 4 1 dd31 0 God of my righteousness “God, who shows that I am righteous” -PSA 4 1 n99c figs-metaphor 0 give me room when I am hemmed in Being in danger is spoken of as being in a narrow space. Alternate translation: “rescue me when I am in danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 4 2 r39v 0 General Information: David sings this part of the song as if he is speaking to his enemies. -PSA 4 2 p3x5 figs-rquestion 0 You people, how long will you turn my honor into shame? David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You people continually turn my honor into shame!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 4 2 vy7i 0 turn my honor into shame Shaming him instead of honoring him is spoken of as making his honor become shame. Alternate translation: “shame me instead of honoring me” or “bring me shame when you should be honoring me” -PSA 4 2 i8ct figs-rquestion 0 How long will you love that which is worthless and seek after lies? David uses this question to rebuke his enemies. Alternate translation: “You continue to love things that are worthless and seek after lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 4 2 mvp9 figs-parallelism 0 love that which is worthless … seek after lies These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The lies are worthless. Alternate translation: “love worthless lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 4 3 w2gh 0 Yahweh has set apart the faithful ones for himself “Yahweh chooses godly people for himself” -PSA 4 4 api1 figs-explicit 0 Tremble in fear The relationship between “tremble” and “fear” and who people should fear can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Fear Yahweh so much that you tremble” or “Stand in awe of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 4 4 u9p9 0 Tremble shake from fear -PSA 4 4 l67w figs-metonymy 0 Meditate in your heart The heart represents a person’s thoughts. Thinking carefully is spoken of as meditating in one’s heart. Alternate translation: “Think carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 4 5 h8tj 0 Offer the sacrifices of righteousness “Offer the right sacrifices” -PSA 4 5 ul9j figs-metaphor 0 put your trust in Yahweh Here “trust” is spoken of as if it were an object that could be put somewhere. The abstract noun “trust” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh” or “trust Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 4 6 k53m figs-rquestion 0 Who will show us anything good? This question is used either to ask for something or to express a wish about something that has not happened. Alternate translation: “Please show us something good!” or “We wish someone would show us something good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 4 6 uvl3 figs-metonymy 0 Who will show us anything good? This could mean: (1) showing something good represents bringing good things. Alternate translation: “Who will bring good things to us?” or (2) showing something good represents saying that good things have happened. Alternate translation: “Who will say that anything good has happened?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 4 6 stu3 figs-metaphor 0 lift up the light of your face on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 4 7 v4vs figs-synecdoche 0 You have given my heart more gladness The heart represents the person. Alternate translation: “You have given me more gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 4 7 b9ht figs-metaphor 0 You have given my heart more gladness than others have Here “gladness” is spoken of as if it is an object that can be given. The abstract noun “gladness” can be stated as “glad.” Alternate translation: “You have made me more glad than others are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 4 7 izx5 figs-metonymy 0 when their grain and new wine abound “New wine” may represent grapes. Alternate translation: “when they reap plentiful harvests of grain and grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 4 8 b57u figs-metaphor 0 It is in peace that I will lie down and sleep Peace is spoken of as if it were a place. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “peace.” Alternate translation: “I will be peaceful when I lie down and sleep” or “I will not be afraid of danger when I lie down and sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 4 8 p2ce figs-doublet 0 make me safe and secure The words “safe” and “secure” mean basically the same thing and emphasize complete safety. Alternate translation: “make me completely safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 5 intro e67h 0 # Psalm 005 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 5 is a psalm of deliverance. Notice how the psalmist both praises God and asks Him for help in defeating the wicked. It was intended to be sung accompanied by flutes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
God does not help people who do evil but he blesses those who are good and trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -PSA 5 1 k92k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 5 1 q7tu 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 5 1 tu54 0 with wind instruments “This song should be accompanied by people who play wind instruments.” -PSA 5 1 xts1 figs-explicit 0 Listen to my call to you This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 5 1 i566 0 groanings low sounds that people make with the voice when they are suffering -PSA 5 3 i42x figs-parallelism 0 in the morning you hear my cry … in the morning I will bring my petition to you These two phrases are very similar in meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 5 3 q5qw 0 I will bring my petition to you “I will make my request” or “I will ask you for what I need” -PSA 5 3 rk6n 0 wait expectantly “wait, expecting you to do what I ask you to do” -PSA 5 6 qjt8 figs-123person 0 Yahweh despises violent and deceitful men Since David is speaking to God in this psalm, this sentence can be stated with the word “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you despise violent and deceitful men” or “Yahweh, you hate men who do violent acts and deceive others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 5 7 xxs4 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your great covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 5 7 wus9 0 your house This refers to God’s temple. Alternate translation: “your temple” -PSA 5 8 nj5y figs-metaphor 0 lead me in your righteousness David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path and of teaching as leading. The phrase “your righteousness” means that God is righteous Alternate translation: “teach me to do what is righteous as you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 5 8 f99i figs-metaphor 0 make your path straight before me David speaks of righteousness as if it were a path. A straight path is easy to see or walk on. Alternate translation: “show me clearly how to live in the right way” or “make it easy for me to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 5 9 vyp8 0 General Information: David talks about his enemies. -PSA 5 9 yu9i figs-metonymy 0 For there is no truth in their mouth Truth being in the mouth represents speaking truthfully. Alternate translation: “For they never say what is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 5 9 w7sn figs-metonymy 0 their inward being is wicked The inward being represents people’s thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “their thoughts and desires are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 5 9 t93l figs-metonymy 0 their throat The throat represents people’s speech. Alternate translation: “their speech” or “what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 5 9 aj6l figs-metaphor 0 their throat is an open tomb Their throat is spoken of as if it were an open tomb, ready for dead bodies to put into it. This could mean: (1) “they say that they will kill people” or (2) “What they say kills people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 5 9 c5lk 0 they flatter with their tongue “they say nice things about people without really meaning it” -PSA 5 9 w8tw figs-metonymy 0 their tongue The tongue represents what people say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 5 10 b8gr 0 may their schemes be their downfall “may their schemes cause them to experience disasters” or “may they become less important because of their schemes” -PSA 5 10 llj1 0 schemes plans to harm people -PSA 5 10 se86 figs-metaphor 0 downfall This is something that causes a person to experience disasters or to lose power. Experiencing disaster or becoming less important is spoken of as falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 5 11 p2xk figs-metaphor 0 may all those who take refuge in you rejoice God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “May all those who go to you for protection rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 5 11 w32e figs-parallelism 0 those who take refuge in you rejoice … shout for joy because you defend them These two clauses express similar thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 5 11 h7eq figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 5 11 jnt7 figs-metonymy 0 those who love your name God’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “those who love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 5 12 t1zz figs-simile 0 you will surround them with favor as with a shield God’s favor is spoken of as if it were a shield. Alternate translation: “you will favor them and protect them as a soldier protects himself with his shield” or “because you are kind to them, you will protect them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 6 intro gpl3 0 # Psalm 006 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 6 is a deliverance psalm: a call to God for help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trouble
He is in deep trouble and needs God to help him in his difficult situation. But then God hears his prayer and scatters his enemies.

### First Person

This psalm is written using first person making its perspective very personal. There are many uses of the first person in this Psalm. -PSA 6 1 qy9s writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 6 1 z78f 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 6 1 w19w 0 on stringed instruments “people should play stringed instruments with this song” -PSA 6 1 p2j3 0 set to the Sheminith style This may refer to a style of music. -PSA 6 2 at9c figs-synecdoche 0 my bones are shaking The bones represent the whole body. His body may have been shaking because he was sick or extremely tired. Alternate translation: “my whole body is shaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 6 3 sd1q 0 very troubled “terrified” or “worried” -PSA 6 3 vw88 figs-rquestion 0 how long will this continue? David uses this question to show that he does not want to continue feeling weak and troubled. Alternate translation: please, do not let this continue!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 6 4 rce3 figs-metaphor 0 Return, Yahweh David speaks of God being kind to him as God returning to him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, come back to me” or “Have mercy on me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 6 4 fuw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Save me because of your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 6 5 qb7p figs-parallelism 0 For in death there is no remembrance of you. In Sheol who will give you thanks? These two sentences express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 6 5 pn4j figs-metonymy 0 For in death there is no remembrance of you The abstract noun “remembrance” represents praise. Alternate translation: “For when people die, they no longer praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 6 5 mb1j figs-rquestion 0 In Sheol who will give you thanks? David uses this question to emphasize that no one in Sheol thanks God. Alternate translation: “No one in Sheol will give you thanks!” or “The dead cannot praise you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 6 6 ge93 figs-metonymy 0 I am weary with my groaning His groaning represents the pain or distress that he feels. Alternate translation: “I am very tired because of my pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 6 6 bay4 figs-parallelism 0 I drench my bed with tears; I wash my couch away with my tears These two sentences express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 6 6 c1qb 0 I drench my bed with tears “I make my bed wet with my tears” or “My bed is very wet because of my tears” -PSA 6 6 isr5 0 I wash my couch away with my tears “I make my couch wet with my tears” -PSA 6 7 fup4 figs-metonymy 0 My eyes grow dim The ability to see is spoken of in terms of the eyes. Alternate translation: “My vision is blurry” or “I cannot see clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 6 7 gny4 figs-metonymy 0 from grief Grief here represents crying. Alternate translation: “from crying” or “because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 6 9 j23z figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh has heard my appeal for mercy … Yahweh has accepted my prayer These two lines have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 6 9 dq36 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has accepted my prayer Being willing to do what David has prayed for is spoken of as accepting his prayer. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will respond to my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 7 intro zey1 0 # Psalm 007 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 7 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
The author had not wronged anyone, yet his enemy was trying to attack him. But he knew that God would protect him.

### Cush the Benjamite
Note the superscription and the specific circumstances. There is no other reference to this incident in the Scriptures. But there are references to David being opposed by those of the tribe of Benjamin during the time he was serving King Saul. -PSA 7 1 wzv4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 7 1 v239 0 A musical composition of David “This is a song that David wrote” -PSA 7 1 huv1 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you! Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 7 2 rzk1 figs-simile 0 they will rip me apart like a lion, tearing me in pieces David speaks of his enemies attacking him as if they would rip his body apart and tear it in pieces as a lion would. Alternate translation: “they will violently kill me like a lion ripping apart its victim’s body and tearing it in pieces” or “they will violently kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 7 2 x9fh 0 with no one else able to bring me to safety “and no one else will be able to save me” -PSA 7 5 ej18 figs-metonymy 0 my life The life represents the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 7 5 us9e figs-metonymy 0 overtake me This represents capturing him. Alternate translation: “capture me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 7 5 txr8 figs-metonymy 0 let him trample my life to the ground Here “my life” represents the writer. Alternate translation: “allow him to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 7 5 hav6 0 lay my honor in the dust This refers to lying dead and unburied in disgrace. -PSA 7 6 phd3 figs-metonymy 0 Arise, Yahweh, in your anger Arising represents doing something or taking action. Alternate translation: “Do something in your anger” or “Be angry at my enemies and take action: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 7 6 a9lp figs-metonymy 0 stand up against the rage of my enemies Fighting against people is spoken of as standing up against them. Alternate translation: “fight against the rage of my enemies” or “attack my enemies who rage against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 7 6 q1qt figs-metonymy 0 the rage of my enemies Their rage represents their attacks. Alternate translation: “the attacks of my enemies” or “my enemies who attack me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 7 6 x2us figs-metaphor 0 wake up Waking up represents starting to do something or take action. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 7 6 sml1 0 for my sake “for me” or “to help me” -PSA 7 7 pk8y figs-synecdoche 0 The countries are assembled Here the word “countries” represents all of the armies that have gathered to attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 7 7 rb6b figs-metaphor 0 take once more your rightful place over them Ruling people is spoken of as being over them. Yahweh’s rightful place refers either to heaven or to ruling in general. Alternate translation: “Rule over them from heaven” or “Rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 7 8 e8kb 0 vindicate me “show them that I am not guilty” -PSA 7 9 pw1n 0 establish the righteous people “make the righteous people strong” or “make the righteous people prosper” -PSA 7 9 zql9 figs-metonymy 0 you who examine hearts and minds The hearts and minds represent people’s desires and thoughts. Alternate translation: “you who know our inner thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 7 10 c7u4 figs-metaphor 0 My shield comes from God The word “shield” represents God’s protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 7 11 j5zn figs-explicit 0 a God who is indignant each day Who God is angry with can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “a God who is angry with the wicked every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 7 12 y4zk figs-metaphor 0 God will sharpen his sword and will prepare his bow for battle In verses 12 and 13, David speaks of God deciding to punish the wicked as if God were a warrior preparing to fight against them with weapons. Alternate translation: “God will take action against him like a warrior who sharpens his sword and prepares his bow for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 7 14 l54a figs-metaphor 0 one who is pregnant with wickedness … conceives destructive plans … gives birth to harmful lies David speaks of the things that a wicked person does as if the person were pregnant and wickedness was the baby. Alternate translation: “the wicked person. He makes plans to destroy people and produces harmful lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 7 16 p524 figs-metaphor 0 His own destructive plans return to his own head, for his violence comes down on his own head Destruction and violence are spoken of as if they hit a person’s head or fall down on it. Alternate translation: “His own destructive plans destroy him, for his violence attacks him” or “When he plans to destroy others, others destroy him; when he attacks others, others attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 8 intro rs24 0 # Psalm 008 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 8 is a psalm of worship and praise to God. This was to be sung by a choir.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s creation
God has made awesome things in the universe and has exalted humans to be rulers over this creation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/exalt]])

### A Little Lower than the Heavenly Beings

[Psalms Psalm 8:4-6](./003.md) is quoted in [Hebrews 2:6-8](../../heb/02/06.md), where it is applied to Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]]) -PSA 8 1 lk7t writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 8 1 i9hb 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 8 1 ye1p 0 set to the gittith style This may refer to a style of music. -PSA 8 1 hn59 figs-metonymy 0 how magnificent is your name in all the earth God’s “name” represents his whole being. Alternate translation: “people all over the world know that you are very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 8 2 u11e figs-metaphor 0 Out of the mouth of babies and infants you have established praise This could mean: (1) praise is spoken of as a solid object that God takes out of babies’ mouths and sets up as a defensive wall or (2) God has created the world so that true praise comes to him from babies. Alternate translation: “You have given babies and infants the ability to praise you” or “It is babies and infants who truly praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 8 3 uj2i figs-synecdoche 0 your heavens, which your fingers have made God’s fingers represent him. Alternate translation: “the heavens which you have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 8 4 yhh5 figs-rquestion 0 Of what importance is the human race that you notice them, or mankind that you pay attention to them? These remarks have been expressed in the form of a question to add emphasis. Alternate translation: “It is amazing that you think about people and are concerned about them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 8 4 k9i2 0 the human race … mankind Both of these phrases refer to people in general. -PSA 8 5 sr48 figs-metaphor 0 have crowned them with glory and honor Glory and honor are spoken of as if they were crowns. The words “glory” and “honor” are similar in meaning. Alternate translation: “have given them glory and honor” or “have caused them to be like kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 8 6 x6z3 figs-parallelism 0 You make him to rule over the works … you have put all things under his feet These two clauses express similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 8 6 rc4e 0 You make him … under his feet “you make them … under their feet.” The words “him” and “his” here refer to people. -PSA 8 6 xti1 figs-metonymy 0 the works of your hands The hands represent what God has done. Alternate translation: “the things that you made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 8 6 py2w figs-metaphor 0 you have put all things under his feet Having authority to rule others or control things is spoken of as having them under one’s feet. This means God gave people authority over all that he created. Alternate translation: “you have given him authority over all things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 8 9 y339 figs-exclamations 0 how magnificent is your name in all the earth With this exclamation, David shows his joy and awe about how great God is. Alternate translation: “your name is wonderfully magnificent in all the earth” or “people in all the earth know how magnificent you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 8 9 dvi7 figs-metonymy 0 your name God’s “name” represents him or his reputation. Alternate translation: “your reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 8 9 bf2u 0 magnificent excellent, great -PSA 9 intro zq96 0 # Psalm 009 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 9 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
God is a protector. He is all-powerful and his enemies cannot withstand him.

### Acrostic Psalm

This psalm along with Psalm 10 form an acrostic. Which means that each unit begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

### One Psalm or two

This psalm has a superscription but Psalm 10 doesn’t. This fact and the acrostic nature of the two psalms has lead some scholars to believe these two psalms may have originally been written as one psalm. -PSA 9 1 xxu5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 9 1 w9iy 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 9 1 nqw5 0 set to Muth Labben This may refer to a style of music. -PSA 9 1 lr4k figs-123person 0 I will give thanks to Yahweh with my whole heart Since this song is addressed to Yahweh, Yahweh can be referred to as “you.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I will give thanks to you with all my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 9 1 f4r1 figs-abstractnouns 0 all your marvelous deeds The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the verb “do.” Alternate translation: “all the marvelous things you do” or “all the marvelous things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 9 2 vh6j figs-metonymy 0 I will sing praise to your name Here God’s name represents God. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 3 j685 0 turn back “retreat” or “flee in fear” -PSA 9 4 nvz1 figs-metonymy 0 you sit on your throne, a righteous judge Kings had authority to judge people, and they would sit on their throne when they judged. David speaks as if God were an earthly king. Alternate translation: “you judge like a king who sits on his throne, and you are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 5 cw1j figs-metaphor 0 you have blotted out their name forever and ever Causing people to be forgotten is spoken of as blotting out their name. Alternate translation: “you have caused them to be forgotten as if their name was blotted out” or “no one will ever remember them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 9 5 bs94 0 blotted out “erased” -PSA 9 6 dj3h figs-simile 0 The enemy crumbled like ruins The enemy is spoken of as if it were a city full of broken down buildings. Alternate translation: “Our enemies were destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 9 6 b9n1 0 when you overthrew their cities “when you destroyed their cities” -PSA 9 6 pi7j figs-metaphor 0 All remembrance of them has perished Here “remembrance” is spoken of as if it were a living being that could die. Alternate translation: “All remembrance of them has stopped” or “There is no longer any remembrance of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 9 6 c6yp figs-abstractnouns 0 All remembrance of them has perished The abstract noun “remembrance” can be expressed with the verb “remember.” Alternate translation: “No one remembers them at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 9 7 x7xg figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh remains forever “Remain” probably represents sitting on the throne as king. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sits on his throne forever” or “Yahweh rules forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 7 h8nu figs-metonymy 0 he has established his throne for justice The phrase “his throne” represents God’s rule. This could mean: (1) “He rules in order to judge people” or (2) “He rules over people justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 8 pgg5 figs-parallelism 0 He will judge the world with righteousness … he will execute judgment for the nations with fairness These two clauses express the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 9 8 dz3w figs-metonymy 0 He will judge the world with righteousness Here “the world” refers to all the people in the world. Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 9 y7hd figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh also will be a stronghold for the oppressed God is spoken of as if he were a place that people could go to for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will also protect the oppressed” or “Yahweh will also provide safety for those who are oppressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 9 10 mb1z figs-metonymy 0 Those who know your name Here the words “your name” represent God. Alternate translation: “Those who know you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 10 dj61 0 do not abandon “do not forsake” or “do not leave” -PSA 9 11 nb7x 0 who rules in Zion “who lives in Jerusalem” -PSA 9 11 i7js figs-metonymy 0 tell the nations Here “the nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 12 lcs5 figs-explicit 0 For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers What he remembers can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “For the God who avenges bloodshed remembers those who were killed” or “For God remembers those who were killed and he punishes the killers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 9 12 wk9a 0 he does not forget the cry “He does not ignore the cry” -PSA 9 13 j8i9 figs-activepassive 0 see how I am oppressed by those who hate me This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “see how those who hate me oppress me” or “see how badly my enemies treat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 9 13 p41p figs-metaphor 0 you who can snatch me from the gates of death Death is spoken of as if it were a city that had gates through which people enter it. If someone is near the gates of death, it means that he will die soon. Keeping someone from dying is spoken of as taking him away from the gates of that city. Alternate translation: “you who can rescue me from death” or “you who can keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 9 15 re95 figs-metaphor 0 The nations have sunk down into the pit that they made People dig pits so they can catch animals that fall into them. Here digging a pit represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “The nations are like people who dig a pit for others and then fall into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 9 15 g4gq figs-metaphor 0 their feet are caught in the net that they hid People hide nets so they can catch animals that get caught in them. Here hiding a net represents making plans to destroy people. Alternate translation: “they are like people who hide a net and get trapped in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 9 16 fy3r figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked is ensnared by his own actions Here “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to any wicked person. A wicked person acting to harm other people is spoken of as if the wicked person had made a trap and then fallen into it and been unable to escape. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when a wicked person tries to harm other people, his actions will end up harming him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 9 16 z41t 0 is ensnared “is trapped” -PSA 9 17 bw3u 0 turned back “rejected” -PSA 9 17 wmb4 0 all the nations that forget God This refers to “the wicked.” -PSA 9 18 f28n figs-activepassive 0 For the needy will not always be forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not always forget the needy” or “God will remember the needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 9 18 ln7u figs-metaphor 0 nor will the hope of the oppressed be forever dashed Hopes are spoken of as if they were objects that could be broken or destroyed. Hopes being destroyed represents the things that people hope for never happening. Alternate translation: “and the oppressed will not hope forever without results” or “and someday what the oppressed hope for will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 9 19 zrv7 figs-metonymy 0 Arise Getting up represents starting to do something. Alternate translation: “Do something” or “Take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 19 dw6d 0 man people -PSA 9 19 f879 figs-metonymy 0 be judged Here judging represents punishing. Alternate translation: “be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 19 dca3 figs-metonymy 0 in your sight Here sight represents presence. Alternate translation: “in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 9 19 xin9 figs-activepassive 0 may the nations be judged in your sight This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “judge the nations in your presence” or “take the nations into your presence and punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 10 intro h366 0 # Psalm 010 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 10 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Evil people
The wicked people are prospering and think that God does not care. They think that he is not involved in these affairs. They destroy the innocent. The godly need God to come to their rescue and to punish the wicked people for the evil that they are doing to the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])

### Second half of Psalm 9

As noted in the intro to the last psalm, this one is part of an acrostic poem. This psalm covers the last half on the Hebrew alphabet. It also does not have a superscription to introduce it. However, the psalms do separate well on the subjects they address. One addresses thanksgiving and praise whereas Psalm 10 is a lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -PSA 10 1 he97 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 10 1 l729 figs-rquestion 0 Why, Yahweh, do you stand far off? Why do you hide yourself in times of trouble? The speaker uses these questions to express his distress that God has not helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems as though you are far away from me and you hide from me whenever I am in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 2 ml6r 0 schemes evil plans -PSA 10 3 hd9r figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked person This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 10 3 lk5v figs-abstractnouns 0 his deepest desires The noun “desires” can be expressed with the verb “want. “Alternate translation: “the things that he wants very much to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 10 3 bcd9 0 the greedy “greedy people” -PSA 10 4 nkz2 figs-genericnoun 0 The wicked man This refers here to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 10 4 es9w figs-metaphor 0 has a raised face A raised face represents pride or arrogance. Alternate translation: “has an arrogant attitude” or “is proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 4 je9x figs-metaphor 0 he does not seek God Here, seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “he does not ask God for help” or “he does not think about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 5 h3lz 0 He is secure at all times “He is safe at all times.” He is not really safe, but he thinks that he is. -PSA 10 5 ee2m figs-metaphor 0 your righteous decrees are too high for him Something that is hard to understand is spoken of as if it were too high to reach. Alternate translation: “he cannot understand your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 5 bbt7 translate-symaction 0 he snorts at all his enemies People snort at their enemies when they think that their enemies are weak and worthless. Alternate translation: “he thinks that all his enemies are weak and worthless” or “he sneers at all his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 10 5 dxb3 0 he snorts This means that he blows air out noisily through his nose. -PSA 10 6 j7qk 0 He says “The wicked man says” -PSA 10 6 xus1 0 throughout all generations This probably simply means “forever.” -PSA 10 6 y26y figs-metaphor 0 I will not meet adversity Experiencing adversity is spoken of as meeting it. Alternate translation: “I will not have any troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 7 d42j figs-metonymy 0 His mouth is full of curses and lies and oppression What people say is spoken of as being in their mouth. Alternate translation: “He always curses people, tells lies, and threatens to harm people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 10 7 xj9b figs-metonymy 0 under his tongue are mischief and evil Here the tongue represents speaking. Alternate translation: or “what he says injures and destroys people” or “he speaks words that threaten and hurt people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 10 8 x2zt 0 He waits in ambush The word “he” refers to the wicked man. -PSA 10 8 urg9 figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes look for some helpless victim The eyes represent him. Alternate translation: “he looks for some helpless victim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 10 9 sd5u figs-simile 0 He lurks in secret like a lion in the thicket This speaks of the wicked person as if he were a lion. Alternate translation: “He hides while he waits for the weak to walk near him, the same way a lion quietly waits in the bush for the animal it wants to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 10 9 jkf7 0 lurks This means to hide or wait with intent to harm or kill. -PSA 10 9 ug79 0 he lies in wait “lies down waiting” or “he hides and waits” -PSA 10 9 g5jl figs-metaphor 0 He catches the oppressed when he pulls in his net The writer speaks of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter using a net to catch animals. Alternate translation: “He catches the oppressed like a hunter that catches an animal in a net and drags it away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 10 bcg4 figs-metaphor 0 they fall into his strong nets The writer continues to speak of the wicked person catching people as if he were a hunter, his plans were nets, and the people were animals that fall into his net. Alternate translation: “his victims are caught by his plans like animals that fall into a hunter’s strong nets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 11 y4zx figs-genericnoun 0 He says The word “He” refers to the wicked person, and to wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 10 11 ty8w figs-metaphor 0 God has forgotten Refusing to pay attention to what people do is spoken of as forgetting. Alternate translation: “God does not pay attention” or “God does not care about what I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 11 vdi5 figs-metaphor 0 he covers his face Refusing to pay attention to what someone does is spoken of as covering one’s face. Alternate translation: “God refuses to see what is happening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 11 xd2r figs-metaphor 0 he will not bother to look Paying attention to what someone does is spoken of as looking at it. Alternate translation: “he will not bother to pay attention” or “he will not care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 12 l9k2 figs-metaphor 0 Arise Starting to do something is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 10 12 k3kx figs-metonymy 0 Lift up your hand Here lifting the hand to hit someone represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Hit him hard” or “Punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 10 13 w9gj figs-rquestion 0 Why does the wicked man reject God and say…“You will not hold me accountable”? The speaker uses this question to show that he is very sad that wicked people do these things. Alternate translation: “Wicked people are always rejecting God and saying…‘You will not hold me accountable.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 10 13 tfq6 figs-metonymy 0 You will not hold me accountable “You will not require me to tell you why I do what I do.” Holding someone accountable here represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “You will not punish me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 10 15 v9ju figs-metonymy 0 Break the arm of the wicked and evil man Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “Destroy the power of the wicked and evil man” or “Make the wicked and evil man weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 10 15 z4yy figs-doublet 0 wicked and evil These words have the same meaning. You can use one word to express both concepts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 10 15 m5mv figs-metonymy 0 Make him account for his evil deeds Making someone account for his evil deeds represents punishing him. Alternate translation: “Punish him for the evil things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 10 16 zc2f figs-activepassive 0 the nations are driven out of his land This can be stated in active form. “Yahweh forces the people of other nations to leave his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 10 17 d6nx figs-explicit 0 you have heard the needs of the oppressed It is implied that the oppressed people cried out to God. Alternate translation: “when oppressed people cried out to you, you listened to them tell you what they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 10 17 yqz9 figs-metonymy 0 you strengthen their heart A strong heart represents courage, and making people’s hearts strong represents encouraging them. Alternate translation: “you encourage them” or “you make them confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 10 18 w3s1 0 no man … will cause terror again “no one … will cause people to be afraid again” -PSA 11 intro zn9r 0 # Psalm 011 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 11 is a worship psalm. It tells how great God is and that God delivers the good people from the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice
The wicked people try to destroy the good people but God knows everything that is being done and he saves the good people and destroys the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 11 1 t2nr writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 11 1 ca3b 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 11 1 i5j2 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in Yahweh Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to Yahweh for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 11 1 dp1y figs-rquestion 0 how will you say to me, “Flee like a bird to the mountain”? This question is asked to provide emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “So do not ask me to run away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 11 2 lc13 0 For see! The wicked prepare their bows. They make ready their arrows on the strings to shoot in the darkness at the upright in heart “Look! the wicked are preparing to attack upright people” -PSA 11 2 td66 0 upright in heart Here “upright in heart” refers to godly or righteous people. -PSA 11 3 dyu6 figs-rquestion 0 For if the foundations are ruined, what can the righteous do? Here “the foundations” may refer to law and order. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Righteous people cannot do anything when evil people are not punished when they disobey the laws!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 11 4 je8v figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes watch, his eyes examine the children of mankind Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Yahweh is aware of everything that happens. Alternate translation: “He examines all that humanity does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 11 4 u9bt 0 children of mankind “humanity” -PSA 11 5 ars4 0 Yahweh examines “Yahweh watches carefully” -PSA 11 5 qa59 0 do violence “hurt others” -PSA 11 6 t8lu figs-metaphor 0 He rains burning coals and brimstone upon the wicked; a scorching wind will be their portion from his cup! God’s punishment is described as if it were burning coals and brimstone from a volcano. Alternate translation: “He punishes the wicked; there will be no relief for them!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 11 6 i1h8 0 brimstone sulphur -PSA 11 7 ai4r 0 see his face “be in his presence” -PSA 12 intro c38b 0 # Psalm 012 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 12 is a judgment psalm, where the author asks God to judge and punish the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh saves
There are so many wicked people now and they are proud of their evil. But God will save the poor who call out to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])

### Words
This relatively short psalm focuses on the words people use. -PSA 12 1 lrn6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 12 1 l7ap 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 12 1 d3jh 0 set to the Sheminith This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 6:1](../006/001.md). -PSA 12 1 w9wb 0 Help, Yahweh “Yahweh, come to my aid” -PSA 12 1 ckb5 0 those who have integrity have vanished “faithful people have all vanished” -PSA 12 2 p59u figs-hyperbole 0 Everyone says … everyone speaks The two occurrences of “everyone” are exaggerations, used to emphasize that this is true of very many people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 12 2 k6d8 figs-metonymy 0 everyone speaks with flattering lips and a double heart Here “lips” is a metonym for what people say, and “a double heart” is a metaphor for deception. Alternate translation: “everyone speaks with flattering words and deception” or “everyone praises people falsely and tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 12 3 cis2 figs-metaphor 0 cut off all flattering lips Here “flattering lips” is a metonym for people who flatter others. This could mean: (1) “cut off” is a metaphor for killing. Alternate translation: “kill all who flatter others” or (2) “cut off” is a metaphor for stopping something. Alternate translation: “stop all those who flatter others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 12 3 g9k2 figs-synecdoche 0 every tongue declaring great things Here “every tongue” represents every person who declares great things. Alternate translation: “every person who boasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 12 4 j1nx figs-metonymy 0 With our tongues will we prevail Here the word “tongues” represents what people say. Alternate translation: “We will prevail because of what we say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 12 4 ay1a 0 will we prevail “we will succeed” or “we will win” or “we will be victorious” -PSA 12 4 n8z2 figs-synecdoche 0 When our lips speak Here the “lips” represents the people who speak. Alternate translation: “When we speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 12 4 le51 figs-rquestion 0 who can be master over us? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that they believed no one could rule over them. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can rule over us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 12 5 bgl1 0 groans These are deep sounds that people make because of pain or some strong emotion. -PSA 12 5 qr86 0 I will arise,” says Yahweh This means Yahweh will do something to help the people. -PSA 12 6 jt35 figs-simile 0 like silver purified in a furnace on the earth, refined seven times Yahweh’s words are compared to silver that has been purified. Alternate translation: “they are without any imperfection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 12 7 txp6 0 You keep them “You keep the righteous people safe” -PSA 12 8 q4v9 0 walk on every side “surround us” -PSA 12 8 y7uy figs-activepassive 0 when evil is exalted among the children of mankind This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when people everywhere are praising evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 12 8 lrt6 0 children of mankind “human beings” or “people” -PSA 13 intro nza7 0 # Psalm 013 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 13 is a psalm of deliverance because the psalmist is calling on God to deliver him from death and his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
The author needs God to help him because his enemies will rejoice if they are able to defeat him. The string of rhetorical questions is very effective at heightening the fear David is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -PSA 13 1 vsr8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 13 1 hwf6 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 13 1 xg9c figs-rquestion 0 How long, Yahweh, will you keep forgetting about me? This question is asked to get the reader’s attention and to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, it seems that you have forgotten about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 13 1 v3px figs-synecdoche 0 How long … face from me? The words “your face” represent God’s whole being. This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems like you are hiding from me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 13 2 pg6n figs-rquestion 0 How long will my enemy triumph over me? This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely my enemies will not always defeat me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 13 3 vs9y 0 Look at me and answer me “Give me your attention and listen to me” -PSA 13 3 x789 figs-idiom 0 Give light to my eyes This is a way of asking for strength. Alternate translation: “Make me strong again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 13 3 t9hl figs-euphemism 0 or I will sleep in death To “sleep in death” means to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 13 4 ucm3 0 Do not let my enemy say … so that my enemy may not say “Do not let my enemy say about me … so that my enemy may not say about me” -PSA 13 4 x5p1 0 when I am brought down “when I fall” or “when they defeat me” -PSA 13 5 l1in figs-abstractnouns 0 I have trusted in your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have trusted that you are faithful to your covenant” or “I have trusted you because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 13 5 s3s4 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart rejoices in your salvation Here “my heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice because you have rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 14 intro a269 0 # Psalm 014 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 14 is a deliverance psalm because he is trusting God to deliver the poor. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Evil people
Wicked people do not even consider God when they make their plans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -PSA 14 1 ghg8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 14 1 l8jh 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 14 1 bwz9 figs-idiom 0 A fool says in his heart This is an idiom that means to say to oneself or to think to oneself. Alternate translation: “A foolish person says to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 14 1 r75x 0 They are corrupt The word “they” refers to all foolish human beings who say there is no God. -PSA 14 2 zm7b 0 children of mankind This phrase refers to all humans. -PSA 14 2 vw7w figs-metaphor 0 who seek after him This describes those who desire to know God as if they were actually following him on a path. Alternate translation: “who desire to know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 14 3 l4ef figs-metaphor 0 They have all turned away This describes people who have rejected God as if they had stopped walking on the right path and had gone in another direction. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 14 4 v11h figs-rquestion 0 Do they not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh? This rhetorical question is asked to add emphasis. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “They act as if they do not know anything … who do not call on Yahweh. But they know what they are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 14 4 a11q figs-abstractnouns 0 those who commit iniquity The abstract nouns “iniquity” can be stated as “evil deeds.” Alternate translation: “those who do evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 14 4 amq1 figs-metaphor 0 those who eat up my people This refers to those who do evil things and destroy God’s people as if they were eating food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 14 5 g962 0 They tremble The word “they” refers to those who do evil things. -PSA 14 5 p7fp figs-explicit 0 God is with the righteous assembly To say that “God is with” those who are righteous means that he helps them. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God helps those who act righteously” or “God helps those who do the right things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 14 6 a6ad 0 You want The word “you” here refers to the wicked people. -PSA 14 6 eb9r 0 to humiliate the poor person “to make the person who is poor feel ashamed” -PSA 14 6 ysx7 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is his refuge This speaks of the protection that Yahweh provides as if he were a shelter that one might seek in a storm. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shelter of protection to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 14 7 uji3 figs-exclamations 0 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion! This is an exclamation. The writer is saying what he wishes or longs for God to do. Alternate translation: “I wish so much that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 14 7 xxx6 figs-metonymy 0 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come from Zion! Here “the salvation of Israel” is a metonym for Yahweh, the one who saves Israel. Alternate translation: “Oh, that Yahweh would come from Zion and save Israel!” or “I wish that Yahweh would come from Zion and rescue his people Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 14 7 h25q figs-parallelism 0 then Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad These two phrases mean the same thing. Here both “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. The two phrases can be combined in the translation. Alternate translation: “then all the people of Israel will rejoice greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 15 intro j6s2 0 # Psalm 015 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 15 is a wisdom psalm telling how people who honor God should live. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Godliness
This psalm outlines a person who is godly and sees others from a godly perspective. There are several good actions mentioned. Such a person treats his neighbor right, does not slander him, does not take a bribe or interest from him, and keeps his promises even when it is difficult to do so. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### Moral Conditions for Worship

Scholars have noted that this psalm contains a list of ten different conditions for those who want to participate in worship at the temple. The list consists of three positives in verse 2, 3 negatives in verse 3, two positives in verse 4, followed by two negatives in verse 5. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -PSA 15 1 u6j8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 15 1 sql5 figs-metonymy 0 Who may live on your holy hill? God’s “holy hill” represents God’s temple, which was on Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “Who may live in your holy place?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 15 2 jg77 0 speaks truth from his heart “speaks honestly” -PSA 15 3 n4z5 figs-metonymy 0 He does not slander with his tongue Here “tongue” represents what a person says. The word “he” refers to the “righeous person” ([Psalms 15:2](../015/002.md)). Alternate translation: “He does not slander people with his speech” or “He does not say evil things about innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 15 3 ih3s 0 harm hurt -PSA 15 4 y2jl 0 The worthless person is despised in his eyes, but he honors those who fear Yahweh “Righteous people hate those who have rejected God, but they honor those who respect God” -PSA 15 4 y1aw 0 The worthless person “The wicked person” or “The person who has rejected Yahweh” -PSA 15 5 qq63 figs-metaphor 0 will never be shaken Here “to be shaken” represents not living safely any longer. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will live in safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 16 intro hm6c 0 # Psalm 016 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 16 is a psalm of praise, thanking God for all his mercies. The New Testament considers this psalm to be a messianic psalm: a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Messiah
God has been so good to the psalmist, who will worship no other god. The New Testament considers the tenth verse to be about Christ’s resurrection when it says that he is God’s anointed one, and that God will not leave his body in the grave to decay. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]])

### Superscription
The term “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this term, but in the end no one is certain what it means. So it is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you are welcome to translate it as “psalm.” -PSA 16 1 m94a writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 16 1 u6cp figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 16 3 b6f8 figs-explicit 0 the holy people who are on the earth Here “holy people” refers to God’s own people who trust him. Alternate translation: “your people who live in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 16 4 j4m1 figs-activepassive 0 Their troubles will be … gods This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The troubles of those who seek other gods will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 16 4 b7s4 0 pour out … blood to their gods “pour out blood as a sacrifice to their gods” -PSA 16 4 xj7h figs-exmetaphor 0 or lift up their names with my lips Lifting up their names is a metaphor for praising them, and “lips” is a metonym for what one says. Alternate translation: “or praise them with my words” or “and I will not praise their gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 16 5 v4p8 figs-metaphor 0 my chosen portion Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a portion of land that has been given to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 16 5 b3bh figs-metaphor 0 my cup Here David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a cup that contains many blessings. Alternate translation: “the one who blesses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 16 5 efb4 0 You hold onto my lot “You determine my future” or “You control what will happen to me” -PSA 16 6 qf7f figs-metonymy 0 Measuring lines … in pleasant places Here laying down measuring lines is a metonym for measuring land and giving it to someone, and here this is a metaphor for God blessing David in many great ways. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have measured off land for me in pleasant places” or “You have given me land in pleasant places” or “You bless me like one who gives land in pleasant places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 16 6 ag3m 0 Measuring lines These are ropes that people use to measure a plot of land and mark its boundaries. -PSA 16 6 af57 figs-metaphor 0 surely a pleasing inheritance is mine Here David speaks of Yahweh’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “I am delighted with all the things that he has given me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 16 8 z682 0 I set Yahweh before me at all times “I always remember that Yahweh is with me” -PSA 16 8 yj9i figs-activepassive 0 so I will not be shaken from his right hand This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing will take me away from his side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 16 9 in9q 0 General Information: David continues to speak to God. -PSA 16 9 p2bc figs-metonymy 0 my heart is glad Here the “heart” represents the speaker’s thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “Therefore I am glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 16 9 e6e1 0 my glory is rejoicing This could mean: (1) the word “glory” represents the honor a person feels. Alternate translation: “I am honored to rejoice in God” or (2) the word translated “glory” really means “liver” and represents the speaker’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I am rejoicing” -PSA 16 11 b54u 0 abundant joy “great joy” or “a large amount of joy” -PSA 16 11 hxq5 figs-personification 0 joy resides in your presence The writer speaks of “joy” as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 16 11 v4yr figs-idiom 0 in your right hand The words “right hand” indicate being in God’s special presence. Alternate translation: “when I am near you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 17 intro thd2 0 # Psalm 017 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 17 is a prayer for deliverance from all his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Innocence
The psalmist is innocent and needs God to rescue him from these enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/innocent]]) -PSA 17 1 y32y writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 17 1 z6y3 figs-metaphor 0 Give ear to my prayer from lips without deceit The phrase “give ear” is a metaphor for listening, and “lips without deceit” is synecdoche for a person who does not lie. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer for I speak without deceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 17 2 k4su figs-metaphor 0 Let my vindication come from your presence Vindication coming from God represents God judging someone and declaring him innocent. God’s “presence” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “Let my vindication come from you” or “Declare that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 17 2 t9kx figs-synecdoche 0 let your eyes see what is right! Here “your eyes” is synecdoche for God himself, and “see” is a metaphor for paying attention and firmly deciding to do something. Alternate translation: “please see what is right” or “do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 17 3 pi85 figs-idiom 0 If you test my heart, if you come to me in the night Here “test my heart” means to examine my thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “If you examine my thoughts in the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 17 3 w51q figs-personification 0 my mouth will not transgress Here the mouth is spoken of as if it were capable of acting on its own. It also represents the words that a person speaks. Alternate translation: “I will not tell lies or sin with my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 17 4 u1m8 figs-metonymy 0 it is at the word of your lips that I have kept myself from the ways of the lawless Here “the word of your lips” is a metonym for God’s instruction, and “the ways of the lawless” is a metaphor for the things that lawless people do. Alternate translation: “it is by obeying your instruction that I have kept myself from doing the things that lawless people do” or “your instruction has caused me to avoid doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 17 5 nw8l figs-parallelism 0 My steps have held firmly to your tracks; my feet have not slipped Both of these clauses mean the same thing. The repetition adds emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 17 5 ve61 figs-metaphor 0 my feet have not slipped The writer speaks of his obedience to God as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “I am determined to follow your ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 17 6 fh7p figs-parallelism 0 turn your ear to me … listen when I speak These phrases mean the same thing. Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. Alternate translation: “pay attention to me … listen when I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 17 7 m4v2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Show your covenant faithfulness in a wonderful way The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Show in a wonderful way that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 17 7 g2x5 figs-metonymy 0 your right hand The “right hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “your mighty power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 17 7 ll6h figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 17 8 ar64 figs-simile 0 Protect me like the apple of your eye The “apple of your eye” refers to something that is valuable. Alternate translation: “Protect me as you would something most valuable and precious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 17 8 f3hh figs-metaphor 0 hide me under the shadow of your wings David speaks of God’s protection as if he were a bird protecting its young under its wings. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe as a mother bird protects her babies by gathering them under her wing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 17 10 rd6l figs-synecdoche 0 their mouths speak with pride Here “their mouths speak” represents his enemies when they speak. Alternate translation: “they speak with pride” or “they are always boasting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 17 11 yzx5 figs-metonymy 0 They have surrounded my steps Here “surrounded my steps” represents how David’s enemies have followed him everywhere he goes in order to capture him. Alternate translation: “My enemies have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 17 12 iq89 figs-parallelism 0 like a lion eager for a victim, like a young lion crouching in hidden places These two phrases express very similar ideas. The repetition adds intensity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 17 12 c8wr figs-simile 0 They are like a lion … like a young lion The writer feels pursued the way a lion hunts its prey (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 17 13 p2s3 figs-metaphor 0 by your sword This is a metaphor for Yahweh’s power and for violent death in war. Alternate translation: “by having them die in war” or “by killing them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 17 14 mf1x figs-parallelism 0 Rescue me from men by your hand, Yahweh, from men of this world This clause adds intensity to the words “Rescue my life from the wicked by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 17 14 wh2m figs-metonymy 0 by your hand These words represent the power of Yahweh and add intensity to the words “by your sword” ([Psalms 17:13](../017/013.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 17 14 xg3n figs-metaphor 0 You will fill the bellies of your treasured ones with riches The ancient text is hard to understand. This could mean: (1) “treasured” is a metaphor for loved, and “your treasured ones” refers to the people whom God loves. Alternate translation: “you will fill the bellies of the people you love with riches” or (2) “your treasured ones” refers to treasures that God gives to people, the “men of this world” Alternate translation: “you will fill their bellies with rich treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 17 14 knu1 figs-metaphor 0 You will fill the bellies … with riches Here “fill the bellies … with riches” is a metaphor for giving them many valuable things. This could mean: (1) “You will give many riches to the people you love” or (2) “you will give the men of this world many riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 17 15 ck39 figs-synecdoche 0 I will see your face in righteousness Here “face” represents Yahweh in all of his being. David is confident he will see Yahweh. Alternate translation: “because I act in the right way, I will be with you one day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 17 15 bpx8 figs-explicit 0 I will be satisfied, when I awake, with a sight of you David believes that after he dies, he will be with Yahweh. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “After I die, I will be happy to wake up in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 18 intro enj7 0 # Psalm 018 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 18 is a psalm of praise to God for his strengthening David for war.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
God has tremendous power and he enabled David to prosper in war. This psalm, and its superscription, also appears in 1 Samuel 22 with some minor differences. -PSA 18 1 xfk3 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 18 1 ig1a 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 18 1 vm1x 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 18 1 p2da 0 he sang to Yahweh the words of this song “he sang this song to Yahweh” -PSA 18 1 rhv3 0 on the day that Yahweh rescued him “after Yahweh had rescued him” -PSA 18 1 hna8 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of Saul Here “hand” stands for the power of Saul. Alternate translation: “from Saul’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 2 tcf6 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my rock David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock. The word “rock” is a picture of a safe place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 2 bmi2 figs-doublet 0 my rock, my fortress Here the words “rock” and “fortress” share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh provides safety from enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 2 v8xz figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 2 k49n figs-metaphor 0 my shield, the horn of my salvation, and my stronghold David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a “shield,” “the horn” of his salvation, and his “stronghold.” Yahweh is the one who protects him from harm. Here a similar idea is repeated three ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 3 d5g1 0 I will be saved from my enemies “I will be rescued from my enemies” -PSA 18 4 fsd4 figs-metaphor 0 The cords of death surrounded me David speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. Alternate translation: “I was about to be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 18 4 m5rx figs-metaphor 0 rushing waters of worthlessness David is as helpless as if he were being carried away by a rushing flood of waters. Alternate translation: “I felt completely helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 5 e9l1 figs-personification 0 The cords of Sheol surrounded me; the snares of death trapped me Here “Sheol,” the place of the dead, and “death” are spoken of as if they were people who could surround and trap him. These two clauses have similar meanings and the idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I felt trapped and thought I was going to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 18 6 s721 0 In my distress “In my great need” or “In my despair” -PSA 18 6 jr71 figs-personification 0 my call for help went into his presence Here David speaks of his “call for help” as if it were a person who could come into the presence of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I prayed to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 18 6 fs4g figs-parallelism 0 it went into his ears Here David speaks of how Yahweh heard his cry for help. The idea is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “he heard my appeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 18 7 dal8 figs-metaphor 0 Then the earth … shaken because God was angry God’s being angry is spoken of as if the there was a terrible earthquake. Alternate translation: “God was so angry that it was as if the earth … shaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 7 xka3 figs-doublet 0 the earth shook and trembled The words “shook” and “trembled” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how greatly the earth shook. Alternate translation: “the land moved back and forth” or “the ground moved up and down” or “there was a violent earthquake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 18 7 svs2 figs-activepassive 0 the foundations of the mountains also trembled and were shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the foundations of the mountains also trembled and shook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 18 8 al4i figs-metaphor 0 Smoke went up from out of his nostrils … Coals were ignited by it David speaks of Yahweh as if he were breathing fire. This is a picture of how angry God was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 8 zsk4 figs-activepassive 0 blazing fire came out of his mouth. Coals were ignited by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “blazing fire came out of his mouth and ignited coals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 18 9 fkd8 0 He opened The word “He” refers to Yahweh. -PSA 18 9 aw5e figs-personification 0 thick darkness was under his feet Though Yahweh does not actually have feet, the Psalmist gives him human characteristics. Alternate translation: “thick darkness was beneath him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 18 10 wt4l figs-personification 0 wings of the wind Here the Psalmist speaks of the wind as if it had wings like an angel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 11 a2gi 0 He made darkness … him Here the words “He” and “him” refer to Yahweh. -PSA 18 11 edg2 figs-metaphor 0 He made darkness a tent Here darkness is spoken of as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He made darkness a covering” or “He made darkness a hiding place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 11 jnx8 0 heavy rainclouds “clouds heavy with rain” or “thick, dark rainclouds” -PSA 18 12 t3xj 0 Hailstones stones made of ice -PSA 18 13 dn6a figs-simile 0 Yahweh thundered in the heavens Yahweh’s voice sounded like thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 18 13 dvy3 0 the Most High “the Most High” refers to Yahweh. -PSA 18 14 cw24 figs-parallelism 0 He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies … lightning bolts dispersed them Both of these clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 18 14 h2p3 figs-metaphor 0 He shot his arrows and scattered his enemies Here lighting strikes are being spoken of as if they were arrows (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 14 p7tz 0 dispersed them “sent them in different directions” -PSA 18 15 b39a 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak of Yaweh’s great power. -PSA 18 15 jfu2 figs-parallelism 0 Then the water channels appeared; the foundations of the world were laid bare These two clauses have similar meanings. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then the water channels appeared and the bottom of the ocean became visible; you exposed the foundations of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 18 15 a125 figs-personification 0 at the blast of the breath of your nostrils Though God does not have human physical characteristics as described here, this pictures his mighty strength. The wind is spoken of here as if it came as a mighty blast from God’s nostrils. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 16 m4pi 0 He reached down … he took hold … He pulled me The word “He” in these verses refers to Yahweh. -PSA 18 16 kef1 figs-metaphor 0 surging water Here the Psalmist speaks of the dangers of his enemies as if they were huge waves or forceful waters, from which Yahweh has rescued him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 18 eej1 0 They came against me Here “They” refers to the strong enemies in verse 17. -PSA 18 18 s1sk figs-abstractnouns 0 They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support The abstract noun “distress” can be stated as an adjective. The abstract noun “support” can be stated as “protected.” Alternate translation: “Strong enemies attacked me on a day when I was distressed, but Yahweh protected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 18 20 a3vx figs-metonymy 0 my hands were clean Here having clean hands represents being innocent of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 21 y3m6 figs-metaphor 0 I have kept the ways of Yahweh The laws of Yahweh are spoken of as if they were the paths on which one should walk. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed Yahweh’s laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 21 tu8a figs-metaphor 0 have not wickedly turned away from my God Here being wicked is spoken of as if one left the right path and took the wrong path. Alternate translation: “have not done wickedly by turning away from my God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 22 t97s figs-parallelism 0 For all his righteous decrees … I have not turned away from them Both of these clauses have similar meanings. The writer repeats these ideas for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 18 22 gtv3 0 have been before me “have guided me” or “I have remembered” -PSA 18 23 gug9 0 innocent before him “innocent according to him” -PSA 18 23 gz4q 0 I have kept myself from sin “I have not sinned” -PSA 18 24 tu18 figs-metonymy 0 my hands were clean To have “clean hands” means that one is innocent of wrongdoing. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:20](../018/020.md): Alternate translation: “I was innocent” or “my actions were right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 24 t3bt figs-synecdoche 0 before his eyes This refers to God’s presence. Alternate translation: “before him” or “according to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 18 25 tb5y 0 General Information: The writer speaks to Yahweh. -PSA 18 25 h851 figs-explicit 0 To the one who is faithful Here “faithful” means to do what God commands one to do. You can state this clearly. Alternate translation: “to those who faithfully obey your commandments” or “to those who faithfully do your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 18 26 cn7t 0 you are clever toward anyone who is twisted “you outwit anyone who is not honest” -PSA 18 27 v6yq 0 you bring down “you humiliate” -PSA 18 27 w4ji figs-idiom 0 with proud, uplifted eyes This idiom refers to those who are proud. Alternate translation: “who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 18 28 w4pi figs-metaphor 0 For you give light to my lamp; Yahweh my God lights up my darkness The writer speaks of Yahweh’s presence as if he were a light. These clauses have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 18 29 jv31 0 For by you I can run over a barricade “For with your help I can cross any obstacle” -PSA 18 30 v53y figs-metaphor 0 He is a shield to everyone who takes refuge in him A shield protects a soldier. David speaks as if God were a shield protecting him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 3:3](../003/003.md). Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, protect like a shield everyone who takes refuge in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 31 d8xy figs-rquestion 0 For who is God except Yahweh? Who is a rock except our God? The implied answer is no one. Alternate translation: “Only Yahweh is God! Only our God is a rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 18 31 xn5i figs-metaphor 0 a rock David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that he could climb to get away from his enemies. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 32 w9ef figs-simile 0 puts strength on me like a belt God gives strength to David as if it were a piece of clothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 18 32 z4ka figs-metaphor 0 places the blameless person on his path Here David speaks of living a life that is pleasing to God as if he were being placed on the right path. Alternate translation: “causes the blameless person to live a righteous life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 33 w92y figs-synecdoche 0 makes my feet swift This refers to enabling a person to run fast. Alternate translation: “makes me run very fast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 18 33 g696 figs-simile 0 like a deer and places me on the heights The deer is especially quick and stable in the mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 18 34 q1v4 figs-synecdoche 0 He trains my hands Here “my hands” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “He trains me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 18 34 tq4k figs-synecdoche 0 my arms This refers to the person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 18 35 juz2 figs-metaphor 0 the shield of your salvation Here the writer speaks of God’s protection as if it were a shield. The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “your protection and saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 18 35 x6rm figs-metonymy 0 Your right hand has supported me Here God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “Your power has supported me” or “You have supported me by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 35 yr5f figs-metonymy 0 your favor has made me great Here God’s favor represents him acting according to his favor. Alternate translation: “You have made me great according to your favor” or “By your kindness, you have made me great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 36 ui92 figs-metaphor 0 a wide place for my feet beneath me The writer speaks of the safety that God has provided as if it were a wide place for him to stand. Here “my feet” represent the person. Alternate translation: “a safe place for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 18 36 qhq7 figs-synecdoche 0 my feet have not slipped Here “my feet” refers to the person. The writer refers to the safety of God’s protection as if he were standing on a place where he will not slip or fall. Alternate translation: “I have not slipped” or “I am doing well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 38 v638 0 I smashed them “I crushed them” or “I broke them to pieces” -PSA 18 38 z8w8 0 unable to rise “unable to stand” -PSA 18 38 af9q figs-idiom 0 they have fallen under my feet This idiom means the Psalmist has defeated his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated all of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 18 39 t3xr figs-simile 0 put strength on me like a belt The Psalmist says that Yahweh has given him strength that surrounds and supports him like a belt. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:32](../018/032.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 18 39 xyh3 figs-idiom 0 you put under me Here the Psalmist speaks of the defeat of his enemies as if he were standing on them. Alternate translation: “you defeat for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 18 39 xyp2 figs-idiom 0 those who rise up against me This refers to those who oppose the Psalmist. Alternate translation: “those who are my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 18 40 h5yv figs-metonymy 0 You gave me the back of my enemies’ necks This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Alternate translation: “You gave me victory over my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 40 m3tx figs-metonymy 0 You gave me the back of my enemies’ necks This represents God giving David victory over his enemies. Possible images are: (1) David could cut his enemies’ heads off at the neck or (2) David could put his foot down on his enemies’ necks or (3) David could see his enemies’ backs when they ran away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 40 gp8b 0 I annihilated those who hated me “I defeated those who hated me” or “I destroyed completely those who hated me” -PSA 18 41 whl5 figs-idiom 0 but he did not answer them This means Yahweh did not provide any help. Alternate translation: “but he did not help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 18 42 tjm8 figs-simile 0 I beat them into fine pieces like dust before the wind The psalmists enemies are compared to dust to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 18 42 vu6f figs-simile 0 I threw them out like mud in the streets The psalmist’s enemies are compared to mud in the streets to show how defeated they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 18 43 t95d 0 disputes disagreements, arguments -PSA 18 43 i9s6 figs-metonymy 0 have made me the head over nations Here “head” represents the ruler. Alternate translation: “appointed me to be the ruler over many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 44 c7dv figs-activepassive 0 foreigners were forced to bow This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God forced foreigners to bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 18 45 t4uc figs-explicit 0 foreigners came trembling Here “trembling” shows that they were very afraid. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “foreigners came shaking, showing that they were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 18 46 w5z5 figs-activepassive 0 may my rock be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is my rock and he should be praised” or “may people praise my rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 18 46 mv1z figs-metaphor 0 my rock Here the writer speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he were a rock that prevented his enemies from reaching him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 46 h9ey figs-activepassive 0 May the God of my salvation be exalted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people exalt the God of my salvation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 18 46 xf2h figs-abstractnouns 0 the God of my salvation The abstract nouns “salvation” can be stated as “saved” or “rescued.” Alternate translation: “the God who rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 18 47 v7ab figs-abstractnouns 0 the God who executes vengeance for me To “execute vengeance” means to punish people for their evil actions. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “vengeance.” Alternate translation: “the God who punishes people for the evil things they have done to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 18 48 l9y3 figs-activepassive 0 I am set free This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has set me free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 18 48 z54b figs-metaphor 0 you lifted me above Yahweh’s protection of the writer is spoken of as if he lifted the writer up so high that his enemies could not reach him to harm him. Alternate translation: “you put me in a safe place high above” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 18 48 k73f 0 who rose against me “who attacked me” or “who rebelled against me” -PSA 18 48 inl3 0 violent men “cruel men” or “savage men” -PSA 18 49 f8x9 figs-explicit 0 among the nations Here the writer means that he will give thanks to Yahweh so that all people will hear of Yahweh’s greatness. Alternate translation: “so all the nations will hear about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 18 49 qvh1 figs-metonymy 0 to your name Here “name” represents God himself. Alternate translation: “in honor of your name” or “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 18 50 ggt6 figs-123person 0 victory to his king By using the words “his king,” David is referring to himself as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 18 50 sw5u 0 he shows his covenant loyalty to his anointed one … to his descendants forever “he faithfully loves me as he promised in his covenant, and he will love my descendants forever” -PSA 19 intro sn29 0 # Psalm 019 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 19 is a praise psalm, praising God for his creation and for his law.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s law
God’s law keeps people from sinning. There are two distinct themes in this psalm. Verses 1-6 are God’s glory in the heavens and the second is praising God for his law. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]]) -PSA 19 1 s9h1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 19 1 j4zh 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 19 1 mn6q 0 The heavens declare The heavens are described as if they were a person. Alternate translation: “The heavens show” or “The heavens look like they declare” -PSA 19 1 iz5q figs-personification 0 the skies make his handiwork known The skies are described as if they were a teacher. Alternate translation: “The skies seem to make God’s handiwork known to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 19 1 a8iy 0 his handiwork “his creation” or “the world that he has made” -PSA 19 2 c72h figs-personification 0 speech pours out What is beautiful about creation is compared to speaking, as if creation were a person. Then those words are compared to water that flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “creation is like a person speaking to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 19 3 lmv7 0 There is no speech or spoken words; their voice is not heard These phrases express clearly that the first two verses were a metaphor. Alternate translation: “There is no real speech or spoken words; no one hears an actual voice with their ears” -PSA 19 3 pa4x 0 their voice is not heard Other translations read “where their voice is not heard,” emphasizing that creation’s “speech” is available everywhere. -PSA 19 4 w3s6 0 General Information: David has just said that creation shows God’s glory. -PSA 19 4 c2us 0 their words … their speech This refers to the unspoken “words” of creation that show God’s glory. -PSA 19 4 r4zj figs-personification 0 their words go out The words are described as if they were people who go out with a message. Alternate translation: “the words that creation speaks are like people who go out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 19 4 kf9h figs-ellipsis 0 their speech to the end of the world The implied words can be included in the translation. Alternate translation: “their speech goes out to the end of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 19 4 bdz7 figs-metaphor 0 He has pitched a tent for the sun Here the writer speaks of the place that Yahweh created for the sun as if it were a tent. Alternate translation: “He created a place for the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 19 4 n177 0 among them The word “them” probably refers to the heavens. -PSA 19 5 s244 figs-simile 0 The sun is like a bridegroom coming out of his chamber The writer speaks of the sun’s coming out as if it were a bridegroom. Alternate translation: “The sun is like a bridegroom walking joyfully toward his bride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 19 5 xes3 figs-simile 0 like a strong man who rejoices when he runs his race This compares the sun to an athlete to emphasize the strength and brightness of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 19 5 l7b8 0 a strong man “a fast runner” -PSA 19 6 tah2 0 horizon the line where the earth and the sky meet -PSA 19 6 wz8h figs-explicit 0 to the other Here “other” refers to the other horizon. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “to the other horizon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 19 6 unx8 figs-doublenegatives 0 nothing escapes its heat This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “everything feels its heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PSA 19 7 z9pg figs-synecdoche 0 restoring the soul The words “the soul” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “making a person strong again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 19 7 a789 0 the simple “those who have no experience” or “those who have not learned” -PSA 19 8 spr1 figs-synecdoche 0 the heart These words refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 19 8 nuk1 0 are right “are true” or “are correct” -PSA 19 8 t8c5 0 bringing light to the eyes This could mean: (1) “bringing understanding to a person” or (2) “making a person healthy again” -PSA 19 9 xac8 0 altogether right “completely right” -PSA 19 10 x983 figs-metaphor 0 They are of greater value than gold … they are sweeter than honey Yahweh’s decrees are spoken of as if they could be bought and tasted. Alternate translation: “If you could buy them, they would be of greater value than gold … if you could taste them, they would be sweeter than honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 19 10 e6s3 figs-ellipsis 0 even more than much fine gold The word “valuable” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated. Alternate translation: “even more valuable than a lot of fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 19 10 k6x4 0 fine gold “pure gold” or “expensive gold” -PSA 19 11 y6a9 0 Yes This word marks that there is more to the truth than what has just been said. Alternate translation: “Moreover” -PSA 19 11 s1f4 figs-activepassive 0 by them your servant is warned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they warn your servant” or “they are a warning for your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 19 11 e73b 0 by them … in obeying them The word “them” refers to Yahweh’s righteous decrees. -PSA 19 11 nk1k figs-123person 0 your servant is warned David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. Alternate translation: “I am warned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 19 12 uj5e figs-rquestion 0 Who can discern all his own errors? This appears in the form of a question to add emphasis and can be translated as a strong statement. Alternate translation: No one can be aware of his own errors!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 19 12 gsx9 0 from hidden faults “from secret mistakes I have made” -PSA 19 13 j82u figs-idiom 0 Keep your servant also from This idiom pictures the servant as being removed from the sins he does not wish to commit. Alternate translation: “Also, protect your servant from doing” or “Also, make sure that I do not commit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 19 13 z1tt figs-123person 0 your servant David calls himself “your servant” when speaking to God as a sign of respect. See how you translated this in [Psalms 19:11](../019/011.md). Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 19 13 b3bd figs-personification 0 let them not rule over me Sins are described as if they were a king that could rule over someone. Alternate translation: “do not let my sins become like a king who rules over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 19 13 axe2 0 innocent from many transgressions “innocent of rebelling against you” or “innocent of committing many sins” -PSA 19 14 l16r figs-metonymy 0 the words of my mouth and the thoughts of my heart These expressions taken together describe everything a person says and thinks. Alternate translation: “the things I say and the things I think about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 19 14 t28d 0 be acceptable in your sight “receive approval in your sight” or “be pleasing to you” -PSA 19 14 bu1w figs-metaphor 0 in your sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 19 14 vn8k figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, my rock The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that one could climb and be protected from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you are like my rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 20 intro h99t 0 # Psalm 020 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 20 is a royal psalm. It is probably a prayer for the king, perhaps when he first became king.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Trust
Trusting God is much better than trusting in military might. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -PSA 20 1 v6pl writing-poetry 0 General Information: This Psalm begins with a group of people speaking to the king of Israel. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 20 1 h9gw 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 20 1 vrb5 0 help you The word “you” in this Psalm is singular and refers to the king. -PSA 20 1 pt3b 0 in the day of trouble “in times of trouble” or “when you are in trouble” -PSA 20 1 dp3k figs-metonymy 0 may the name of the God of Jacob protect you This could mean: (1) here “name” is a metonym for God’s power. Alternate translation: “may the power of the God of Jacob protect you” or “may the God of Jacob protect you by his power” or (2) here “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “may the God of Jacob protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 20 2 b9ek figs-metaphor 0 send help from the holy place God helping from his holy place is spoken of as if God were sending help. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh help you from his holy place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 20 2 y51h figs-doublet 0 holy place … Zion Both of these refer to God’s temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 20 3 yz44 figs-idiom 0 May he call to mind The phrase “call to mind” is a way of saying “remember.” It does not mean God forgot. It means to consider or think about. Alternate translation: “May he remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 20 3 kyh3 0 May he The word “he” refers to Yahweh. -PSA 20 4 r6y3 0 May he grant “May he give” -PSA 20 4 wht8 figs-synecdoche 0 your heart’s desire Here “heart” stands for the entire person. The abstract noun “desire” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “what you desire” or “what you want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 20 4 u619 figs-abstractnouns 0 fulfill all your plans The abstract noun “plans” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “may he help you to accomplish everything that you plan to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 20 5 h4h3 figs-exclusive 0 we will rejoice in your victory Here “we” refers to the people. They will rejoice in the king’s victory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 20 5 bw3j figs-metonymy 0 in the name of our God Here “name” represents honor or reputation. Alternate translation: “in honor of our God” or “for the reputation of our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 20 5 p9n1 translate-symaction 0 we will raise banners “we will raise victory flags.” They would do this to show that they were praising God because he gave their king victory over his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 20 5 k3dy 0 grant all your petitions “give you everything you request from him” -PSA 20 6 zm9a 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the psalm. It transitions from the people speaking to the king speaking. -PSA 20 6 nu7b 0 I know The word “I” probably refers to the king who is speaking in this section. -PSA 20 6 d8xz figs-123person 0 his anointed one … answer him … rescue him The king is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “me, his anointed one … answer me … rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 20 6 bd3g 0 from his holy heaven God dwells in heaven as well as in the temple in Jerusalem ([Psalms 20:2](../020/002.md)). -PSA 20 6 xcm6 figs-metonymy 0 with the strength of his right hand that can rescue him God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “with his great strength he will rescue him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 20 7 f9cd figs-metonymy 0 Some trust in chariots and others in horses Here “chariots” and “horses” represent a king’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 20 7 xr24 figs-ellipsis 0 others in horses The word “trust” is understood. Alternate translation: “other trust in horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 20 7 mwu6 figs-exclusive 0 we call Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 20 8 e7uq figs-exclusive 0 we will rise Here “we” refers to the writer and the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 20 8 q1tp figs-activepassive 0 They will be brought down and fall The word “They” refers to the people who trust in chariots and horses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bring them down and make them fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 20 8 g7uv figs-doublet 0 brought down and fall Both these verbs mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for losing in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 20 8 y7lr figs-doublet 0 we will rise and stand upright “we will get up and stand up straight.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Both of these stand for victory in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 20 9 c5i4 0 Yahweh, rescue the king This could mean: (1) the people ask God to protect the king or (2) the king continues to speak about himself in the third person. -PSA 20 9 brk5 0 the king; help us when we call Some translations understand the Hebrew differently. Some translate it as the people speaking to Yahweh their king. Alternate translation: “King, help us when we call you” -PSA 21 intro mq8x 0 # Psalm 021 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 21 is a royal psalm. The king is praying for victory. Victory in war comes from the power and help from God.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pronouns
There is a shift in pronouns in this psalm. In verses 1-6 the psalm addresses Yahweh in second person but in verse 7 the psalmist uses third person before moving back to second person in the latter part. -PSA 21 1 k12k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 21 1 h69b 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 21 1 bt8s 0 in your strength, Yahweh It is implied that this is strength Yahweh has given the king to defeat his enemies. Alternate translation: because you, Yahweh, have made him strong enough to defeat his enemies” -PSA 21 1 bka2 0 How greatly he rejoices “He rejoices greatly” -PSA 21 1 r5nd figs-explicit 0 in the salvation you provide It is implied that God has saved the king from his enemies. The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you have saved him from his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 21 2 cey2 figs-synecdoche 0 his heart’s desire “his heart’s wish.” Here “heart” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his desire” or “what he wished for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 21 2 gez6 figs-doublenegatives 0 have not held back “have not refused him.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you have given him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PSA 21 2 f8dh figs-synecdoche 0 the request of his lips Here “lips” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “his request” or “what he requested of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 21 3 q3ts figs-abstractnouns 0 you bring him rich blessings The abstract noun “blessings” can be stated as “bless” or “good things.” Alternate translation: “you bless him greatly” or “you give him many good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 21 3 px6p translate-symaction 0 you placed on his head a crown of purest gold To place a crown on a person’s head is a symbol of making him a king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 21 3 za3g 0 a crown of purest gold Here “purest gold” represents the great honor given to the king. -PSA 21 4 yzs5 figs-abstractnouns 0 He asked you for life; you gave it to him The abstract noun “life” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “He asked that you cause him to live for a long time; you caused it to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 21 4 y4ml figs-idiom 0 the length of his days forever and ever The idiom “the length of his days” refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “a long life that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 21 5 i6i4 0 His glory “The king’s honor” or “The king’s fame” -PSA 21 5 k3gt figs-metaphor 0 you have bestowed on him splendor and majesty “you have placed on him splendor and majesty.” Causing the king to be wealthy and powerful is spoken of as if splendor and majesty are objects that are placed on him. Alternate translation: “you have made him wealthy and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 21 6 w2zk 0 you grant him “you allow him to have” or “you agree to give him” -PSA 21 6 rf4f 0 lasting blessings “a blessings that will last” or “a blessings that will stay” -PSA 21 6 v3m2 0 the joy of your presence “the joy of being in your presence” or “the joy that comes from you being near to you” -PSA 21 7 mbf3 figs-abstractnouns 0 through the covenant faithfulness of the Most High The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because the Most High is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 21 7 j1gh figs-activepassive 0 he will not be moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will remove him as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 21 8 w7ck figs-metonymy 0 Your hand will seize Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “Your power will seize” or “You will powerfully seize” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 21 8 irz4 0 Your hand … hate you Possible meaning of all occurrences of **your** and **you** are: (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God. -PSA 21 8 yew7 figs-parallelism 0 your right hand will seize those who hate you This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. It emphasizes that God will give the king the power to stop his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 21 9 lmc9 0 At the time of your anger “When you are angry and begin to act” -PSA 21 9 hhy3 0 your anger … you will burn The words **your** and **you** refers to either: (1) God or (2) the king. -PSA 21 9 xdq2 figs-metaphor 0 you will burn them up as in a fiery furnace Yahweh or the king destroying their enemies is spoken of as if their enemies are wood and Yahweh or the king will throw them into a furnace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 21 9 fc6d figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh will consume them in his wrath, and the fire will devour them Both clauses mean basically the same thing. Yahweh completely destroying his enemies is spoken of as if his wrath is a fire that completely burns up his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 21 10 wsu5 0 You will destroy The word **you** refers to either: (1) God or (2) the king. -PSA 21 10 i3zy figs-parallelism 0 from the earth … from among the human race Both phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that absolutely none of their enemies will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 21 11 fhu8 0 they intended “they planned.” The word “they” refers to the enemies of God and the king. -PSA 21 11 z63c 0 evil against you “to do evil things to you” -PSA 21 11 h29d 0 they conceived a plot “they made a plan” or “they created a scheme” -PSA 21 12 bsd1 figs-metaphor 0 For you will turn them back; you will draw your bow before them Possible meanings for **your** and **you** are: (1) they refer to the king or (2) they refer to God and speak about him as if he were a warrior with a bow and arrows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 21 12 ti25 figs-idiom 0 you will turn them back This is a way of saying that God and the king will defeat their enemies in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 21 12 ge87 figs-explicit 0 you will draw your bow before them This implies that he actually shoots his arrows at his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 21 13 aul7 0 Be exalted, Yahweh, in your strength This could mean: (1) “Yahweh, show us that you are very strong” or (2) “Yahweh, because you are strong we will exalt you” -PSA 21 13 w52b figs-doublet 0 we will sing and praise your power The words “sing” and “praise” share similar meanings. Here the word “power” represents God and his power. Alternate translation: “with singing we will praise you because you are powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 intro y7hl 0 # Psalm 022 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 22 is a messianic psalm. It contains references to events during the crucifixion of Christ. It is also a psalm of individual lament and praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/crucify]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Messiah
Christ was despised and taunted by his enemies; but finally people all over the earth will bow down to him.

### New Testament usage
This psalm is quoted in different places in the New Testament. Verse 1a is cited in Matthew 27:46 and Mark 15:34 as the words of Christ on the cross. Many of the events in the narratives of the crucifixion are mentioned in this psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]]) -PSA 22 1 lw3l writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 22 1 k951 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 22 1 ux16 0 The rhythm of the deer This may refer to a style of music. -PSA 22 1 smt9 0 My God, my God The writer repeats “My God” to emphasize that he is desperate for God to hear him. -PSA 22 1 a733 figs-rquestion 0 my God, why have you abandoned me? The writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God has abandoned him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “my God, I feel like you have abandoned me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 22 1 z48u 0 you abandoned me “you left me all alone” -PSA 22 1 fnk8 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you so far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish? Again the writer uses a question to emphasize that he feels like God is far away from him. It may be best to leave this as a question. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are far from saving me and far from the words of my anguish!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 22 1 y7ec figs-metaphor 0 far from the words of my anguish The writer feeling like God is not listening to him is spoken of as if God were far from his words of anguish. Alternate translation: “why do you not listen when I speak to you about the anguish I feel” or “I have told you about my suffering but you do not come to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 2 dzu2 figs-merism 0 in the daytime … at night The writer uses the words “daytime” and “night” to mean he prays to God all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 22 2 j5c4 figs-litotes 0 I am not silent This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I still speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 22 3 zle3 figs-metaphor 0 you sit as king with the praises of Israel “the praises of Israel are the throne on which you sit as king.” The praises of Israel are described as if they are a throne upon which God can sit and rule, or as a house in which God can live. Alternate translation: “you are king and the people of Israel praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 3 viy1 figs-metonymy 0 of Israel Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 5 u4pd figs-activepassive 0 were not disappointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you did not disappoint them” or “you did not fail them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 22 5 vjq8 figs-doublenegatives 0 were not disappointed This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you saved them” or “you did for them what they needed you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PSA 22 6 m3yz figs-metaphor 0 I am a worm and not a man The writer speaks of himself as if he were a worm. This emphasizes that he feels worthless or that the people treat him as if he were worthless. Alternate translation: “But it is like I am a worm and not a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 6 xml4 figs-parallelism 0 disgrace to humanity and despised by the people Both of these phrase mean basically the same thing. The phrase “despised by the people” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone thinks I am worthless and the people hate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 22 7 gq6v figs-parallelism 0 taunt me; they mock me; they shake their heads at me These three phrases share similar meanings and emphasize how much people disrespect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 22 7 nu8j translate-symaction 0 they shake their heads at me This describes an action used to mock someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 22 8 v7ta figs-irony 0 He trusts in Yahweh … delights in him The people are saying this to mock the writer. They do not really believe Yahweh will rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -PSA 22 8 ip8x 0 Let him rescue him “Let Yahweh rescue him” -PSA 22 8 h2ys 0 for he delights in him This could mean: (1) “for Yahweh delights in him” or (2) “for he delights in Yahweh” -PSA 22 9 lz9a figs-explicit 0 For you The writer uses the word “For” to begin explaining why he is confused and asking God why he is not coming to help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 22 9 g6i1 figs-idiom 0 you brought me from the womb This is a way of saying “you caused me to be born.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 22 9 h37n figs-idiom 0 when I was on my mother’s breasts This means that he has been trusting in Yahweh since he was very young. Alternate translation: “even from the time that I drank milk from my mother’s breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 22 10 ua28 figs-idiom 0 I have been thrown on you from the womb The phrase “have been thrown on” is a way of saying that Yahweh has taken care of him as if Yahweh had adopted him as his own child. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It was as though you had adopted me right when I was born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 22 10 qi4n figs-explicit 0 you are my God This implies that Yahweh has always taken care of the writer. Alternate translation: “you, God, have taken care of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 22 10 bd6c 0 since I was in my mother’s womb “since before I was born” -PSA 22 11 tz1y figs-litotes 0 Do not be far away from me This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come close to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 22 11 mc7w figs-metaphor 0 for trouble is near The writer speaks about “trouble” as if it were an object that is near him. Alternate translation: “for my enemies are near me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 11 sub2 0 there is no one to help “there is no helper” -PSA 22 12 e14p figs-metaphor 0 Many bulls surround me; strong bulls of Bashan surround me The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were bulls. This emphasizes how dangerous and powerful his enemies are. Alternate translation: “I have many enemies and they are like bulls that surround me; they are like strong bulls from Bashan that surround me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 22 13 tfu9 figs-metaphor 0 They open their mouths wide against me The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions with the mouths open ready to eat him. His enemies may be speaking lies to discredit him. Or they may be threatening him and attacking him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 13 qv8i figs-simile 0 like a roaring lion ripping its victim The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions. This emphasizes how powerful and dangerous his enemies are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 22 14 q64m figs-activepassive 0 I am being poured out like water This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is like someone is pouring me out like water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 22 14 d2h5 figs-simile 0 I am being poured out like water The writer speaks about feeling completely exhausted and weak as if he were water being poured out of a jar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 22 14 pjf3 figs-metaphor 0 all my bones are dislocated “all my bones are out of place.” It is possible the writer is in some kind of physical pain. Or he may be speaking of his emotional pain as if it were physical pain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 14 ws5l figs-simile 0 My heart is like wax … inner parts The writer speaks about no longer having courage as if his heart melted like wax. Here “heart” represents “courage.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 14 y32r 0 wax a soft substance that melts at a relatively low temperature -PSA 22 14 k6ki 0 within my inner parts “inside of me” -PSA 22 15 fpb6 figs-simile 0 My strength has dried up like a piece of pottery The writer speaks about feeling weak as if his strength were like a dry piece of pottery that can easily break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 22 15 w7be 0 piece of pottery an object made of baked clay that can be used in the house -PSA 22 15 g95x figs-metaphor 0 my tongue sticks to the roof of my mouth “my tongue sticks to the top of my mouth.” The writer may be describing his extreme thirst. Or he may be continuing to speak about being weak as if he were completely dry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 15 z793 figs-metaphor 0 You have laid me in the dust of death Possible meanings for **dust of death** are: (1) it refers to a person turning to dust after they die. Alternate translation: “You are about to let me die and become dust” or (2) it is a way of speaking about the grave, which would mean God is causing the writer to die. Alternate translation: “You have laid me in my grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 15 m487 figs-you 0 You have laid me The “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 22 16 un7f figs-metaphor 0 dogs have surrounded me The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs. His enemies are coming close to him like wild dogs do to a dying animal. Alternate translation: “my enemies are like dogs that have surrounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 16 np5i 0 a company of evildoers “a group of evildoers” or “a gang of evildoers” -PSA 22 16 i2n1 0 encircled stood in a circle -PSA 22 16 x42c figs-metaphor 0 they have pierced my hands and my feet This continues the dog metaphor. The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs that are biting and piercing his hands and feet with their teeth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 16 ai5d 0 pierced stabbed through something with a sharp object -PSA 22 17 est5 figs-metaphor 0 I can count all my bones This could mean: (1) the writer is so thin that he can see his bones. Alternate translation: “I can see all of my bones” or “I can feel each of my bones” or (2) this continues the dog metaphor and the writer can see his bones after the dogs have ripped his flesh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 17 ce23 figs-doublet 0 look and stare at me The words “look” and “stare” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that people look at him awkwardly and make fun of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 22 18 fb7u 0 my garments “my clothes” -PSA 22 19 v12t figs-litotes 0 Do not be far away This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Be very close” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 22 19 y71k figs-metonymy 0 my strength Here “strength” represents Yahweh who gives him strength. Alternate translation: “you who give me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 20 ly82 figs-synecdoche 0 Rescue my soul Here “soul” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 22 20 a8wk figs-metonymy 0 the sword The sword is a common way of referring to a violent enemy. Alternate translation: “those who want to kill me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 20 li5b 0 my only life “my precious life” or “the only life I have” -PSA 22 20 a1qv figs-metaphor 0 claws of wild dogs The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were dogs to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the claws stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes this part of the animal because it is what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 22 20 h8vu 0 wild dogs The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. -PSA 22 21 vl96 figs-metaphor 0 lion’s mouth … horns of the wild oxen The writer speaks about his enemies as if they were lions and wild oxen to emphasize how dangerous his enemies are. Also, the mouth and horns stand for the animals as a whole in a synecdoche. The writer emphasizes these parts of the animals because they are what the animals would use to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 22 21 wgw6 0 wild oxen The word “wild” here means that no one has captured and tamed the animal. -PSA 22 22 vq9v figs-metonymy 0 I will declare your name “I will make known your name.” Here “name” stands for God’s character or reputation. Alternate translation: “I will talk about your character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 22 k6ii 0 my brothers Here “brothers” means “my fellow Israelites” or “my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” -PSA 22 22 t5p8 0 in the midst of the assembly “when my fellow Israelites and I gather together” or “when I am surrounded by my fellow worshipers of Yahweh” -PSA 22 23 wl3v figs-you 0 You who fear Here “You” is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 22 23 yc8l figs-parallelism 0 you descendants of Jacob … you descendants of Israel Both of these refer to the same group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 22 23 rs9u 0 Stand in awe of him “Be full of awe for him” or “Let God’s power amaze you” -PSA 22 24 t6pw 0 he has not despised or abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one This could mean: (1) he has not despised the afflicted one because he is suffering or (2) he has not belittled the suffering of the afflicted one -PSA 22 24 q54x figs-doublet 0 despised or abhorred These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that God has not forgotten the one who is afflicted and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 22 24 w7tf 0 despised strongly disliked or hated -PSA 22 24 h5t5 figs-metonymy 0 he has not … abhorred the suffering of the afflicted one Here, suffering is a metonym for the person who suffers. To abhor something is to think of it as horrible. Alternate translation: “he has not … thought of the afflicted one who suffers as horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 24 y2dq figs-genericnoun 0 the suffering of the afflicted one … from him … the afflicted one cried This could mean: (1) the author was speaking about how God treats people who are suffering. Alternate translation: “those who suffer … from them … those who are suffering cried” or (2) the author was speaking specifically about how God treated him. Alternate translation: “my suffering because of my affliction … from me … I cried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 22 24 r4zy figs-metaphor 0 has not hidden his face from him Hiding one’s face from someone represents ignoring him. Alternate translation: “has not turned his attention away from him” or “has not ignored him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 24 fci1 figs-explicit 0 he heard “he listened.” It is implied that he responded when he heard their cry. Alternate translation: “he answered” or “he helped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 22 25 q298 figs-you 0 because of you Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 22 25 w4ny figs-explicit 0 I will fulfill my vows This refers to sacrifices the writer promised to offer to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 22 25 zq18 figs-123person 0 before those who fear him Here “him” refers to Yahweh. It can be stated as “you.” Alternate translation: “in the presence of those who fear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 22 26 fhl9 figs-explicit 0 The oppressed will eat and be satisfied This refers to the fellowship meal which occurs after the writer offers to God the sacrifices that he promised. He will invite those who were suffering to eat a part of the animal he sacrificed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 22 26 jvb2 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek Yahweh Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 26 x7ys figs-synecdoche 0 May your hearts live forever Here “hearts” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “May you live forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 22 26 lv3f figs-you 0 May your hearts Here “your” is plural and refers to the oppressed people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 22 27 sti4 figs-metaphor 0 will remember and turn to Yahweh Starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people physically turn toward Yahweh. Alternate translation: “will remember Yahweh and obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 27 s5k2 figs-parallelism 0 all the families of the nations will bow down before you This means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. The writer is emphasizing that everyone from every place will worship and obey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 22 27 ves3 translate-symaction 0 will bow down before you This is a sign of giving honor and respect to someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 22 27 n554 figs-you 0 before you Here “you” refers to Yahweh. It can be translated in the third person to match the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 22 28 yp9r figs-metonymy 0 For the kingdom is Yahweh’s “For the kingdom belongs to Yahweh.” Here “kingdom” represents God’s rule as king. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 28 y3zn figs-metonymy 0 he is the ruler over the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “he rules the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 29 pb3y 0 will feast The people will eat together at the feast. Alternate translation: “will eat together” or “will eat a festive meal together” -PSA 22 29 b7d2 figs-parallelism 0 all those who are descending into the dust … those who cannot preserve their own lives Both phrases refers to the same group. They both refer to all people because all people will die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 22 29 fkt1 figs-metonymy 0 those who are descending into the dust Here “dust” represents the grave. The phrase “descending into the dust” is a way of referring to someone dying. Alternate translation: “those who are dying” or “those who die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 22 29 wbb7 0 those who cannot preserve their own lives “those who cannot save their own lives” or “those who cannot keep themselves from dying” -PSA 22 30 tak2 figs-metonymy 0 A generation to come Here “A generation” represents the people of a generation. The phrase “to come” speaks about a future time as if it were something that travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “People in the future generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 22 30 l73k figs-metonymy 0 the next generation Here “generation” represents the people of that generation. Alternate translation: “the people of the next generation” or “their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 22 30 j95t 0 of the Lord “about the Lord” or “about what the Lord has done” -PSA 22 31 lt28 figs-abstractnouns 0 tell of his righteousness The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “tell of the righteous things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 23 intro r1f6 0 # Psalm 023 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 23 is a psalm of praise to God for his continued care and protection. The psalmist praises God for always being with him and for caring for him.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

Psalm 23 is an extended metaphor speaking of God as if he were a shepherd, and of the psalmist as if he were a sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 23 1 h1x8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: In much of this psalm, David writes as if he were a sheep and the Lord were his shepherd. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) -PSA 23 1 t39n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my shepherd The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. This emphasizes how God cares for people as a shepherd cares for his sheep. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is like a shepherd to me” or “Yahweh cares for me as a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 23 1 gb7q figs-litotes 0 I will lack nothing This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have everything that I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 23 2 ez87 figs-metaphor 0 He makes me to lie down in green pastures The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: He gives me rest like a shepherd who leads his sheep to lie down in green pastures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 23 2 p2p4 figs-metaphor 0 he leads me beside tranquil water The writer speaks about himself as if he were a sheep, and he speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: “he provides what I need like a shepherd who leads his sheep beside tranquil water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 23 2 l7sx 0 tranquil water “calm water” or “water that flows gently.” This water is safe to drink. -PSA 23 3 jdm7 figs-exmetaphor 0 General Information: This psalm continues to tell about how God cares for us as a shepherd cares for his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) -PSA 23 3 ic3m 0 He brings back my life This means God makes a person who is weak and tired to be strong and rested again. -PSA 23 3 nx5d figs-metaphor 0 he guides me along right paths Showing a person how to live in a way that pleases God is spoken of as if it were a shepherd showing a sheep the right path to take. Alternate translation: “He shows me how to live right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 23 3 ta7y figs-metonymy 0 for his name’s sake The phrase “his name” here refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for his reputation” or “so that people will honor him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 23 4 a7b6 figs-exmetaphor 0 General Information: This psalm continues to tell about how God cares for us as a shepherd cares for his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) -PSA 23 4 fi66 figs-metaphor 0 Even though I walk through a valley of darkest shadow The writer describes a person experiencing terrible trouble as if he were a sheep walking through a dark and dangerous valley. There a sheep could get lost or attacked by a wild animal. Alternate translation: “Though my life is like walking through a dark and dangerous valley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 23 4 me3c figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not fear harm The abstract noun “harm” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of something harming me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 23 4 hqa2 figs-you 0 you are with me Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 23 4 yre6 figs-metonymy 0 your rod and your staff comfort me The rod and staff represent protection because shepherds use them to protect their sheep from danger. Alternate translation: “I am not afraid because you protect me like a shepherd who protects his sheep with his rod and staff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 23 5 ksk5 figs-exmetaphor 0 General Information: Now the writer tells how God is like someone who welcomes a guest into his home and protects him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exmetaphor]]) -PSA 23 5 nqn4 figs-metonymy 0 You prepare a table A table represents a feast because people would put all the food on a table. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 23 5 b3bs 0 in the presence of my enemies The meaning here is that the writer is not worried about his enemies because he is an honored guest of the Lord and therefore protected from harm. Alternate translation: “despite the presence of my enemies” -PSA 23 5 hh1r 0 anointed my head with oil People sometimes put oil on their guests’ heads in order to honor them. -PSA 23 5 w1iw figs-idiom 0 my cup runs over Here a cup of wine that overflows represents many blessings. Alternate translation: “You fill my cup so much that it overflows” or “You give me many blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 23 6 y8zc figs-metaphor 0 Surely goodness and covenant faithfulness will pursue me Yahweh being good and faithful to a person is spoken of as if goodness and covenant faithfulness are things that pursue after a person. The abstract nouns “goodness” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Surely you will be good and faithful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 23 6 ep2g figs-abstractnouns 0 all the days of my life The abstract noun “life” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 23 6 u2bl 0 the house of Yahweh This could mean: (1) this refers to Yahweh’s eternal home, or (2) this refers to Yahweh’s temple in Jerusalem. If possible, translate it so that both meanings could be understood. -PSA 23 6 u53m figs-idiom 0 for the length of my days This idiom refers to the duration of his life. Alternate translation: “as long as I live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 24 intro cw5j 0 # Psalm 024 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 24 is a psalm of praise to God as the almighty God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/almighty]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Righteous people
Only the righteous come to worship God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical Questions
The psalmists uses several rhetorical questions. Each question forms a unit with a response. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 24 1 nne9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 24 1 hma5 figs-abstractnouns 0 its fullness The abstract noun “fullness” can be stated with the verb “fills.” Alternate translation: “everything that fills it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 24 2 v6lt figs-parallelism 0 For he has founded it upon the seas and established it on the rivers Here “founded it upon the seas” and “established it on the rivers” mean basically the same thing. The Hebrews of that time believed their land was supported by the oceans and deep underground rivers. Alternate translation: For he formed its foundation on the seas and built it on the deep waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 24 2 d2bq 0 the seas … the rivers These phrases are used together to refer to the huge deep ocean below the earth. -PSA 24 2 h6kl 0 on the rivers “the water that is deep below” -PSA 24 3 e3ya figs-parallelism 0 Who will ascend the mountain … in his holy place? Both of these questions mean basically the same thing. The speaker is asking about who is allowed to go and worship Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 24 3 bda3 0 will ascend “will go up” or “will climb” -PSA 24 3 mz8v 0 the mountain of Yahweh This refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem. -PSA 24 3 vj27 0 his holy place This refers Yahweh’s temple. His temple is on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. -PSA 24 4 g1lm figs-genericnoun 0 He who has … who has … and has not Here “He” does not refer to a specific person. Alternate translation: “Those who have … who have … and have not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 24 4 vsk8 figs-metonymy 0 who has clean hands The word “hands” represents what a person does. For his “hands” to be clean means he does what is right. Alternate translation: “who does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 24 4 ikc9 figs-metonymy 0 a pure heart Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts or motives. Alternate translation: “thinks good thoughts” or “does not think about doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 24 4 u76e figs-metonymy 0 who has not lifted up a falsehood Here “falsehood” represents a false idol. To “lift up” means to worship. Alternate translation: “who has not worshiped an idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 24 5 z3wj figs-genericnoun 0 He will receive a blessing from Yahweh The word “he” does not refer to a specific person. It refers to the ones with pure hearts mentioned in previous verse. The abstract noun “blessing” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 24 5 bc4f figs-abstractnouns 0 righteousness from the God of his salvation The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as “righteously.” And, “salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “God will deal righteously with him and save him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 24 6 n5aj figs-metonymy 0 Such is the generation of those who seek him Here “generation” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “The people who seek him are like this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 24 6 h9nq figs-parallelism 0 those who seek him, those who seek the face of the God of Jacob Both statements mean the same thing. They both refer to those who go to the temple to worship God. Alternate translation: “the ones who approach God, they are the ones who may worship God, the one we Israelites worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 24 6 fbc7 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek him Going to the temple to worship Yahweh is spoken of as if the person is literally seeking to find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 24 6 tsi7 figs-synecdoche 0 the face of the God of Jacob Here “face” stands for the whole person. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 24 7 yi4r figs-parallelism 0 Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 24 7 z61a figs-synecdoche 0 Lift up your heads It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 24 8 bp2e figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, strong and mighty; Yahweh, mighty in battle The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a mighty warrior who fights in battles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 24 9 hl69 figs-parallelism 0 Lift up your heads, you gates; be lifted up, everlasting doors The two phases are very similar in meaning. The words “gates” and “doors” refer to the gates of the temple. The writer is speaking to the gates as if they were a person. A gatekeeper would be the one to open the gates. See how you translated this in [Psalms 24:7](../024/007.md). Alternate translation: “Open up, you ancient gates” or “Open these ancient gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 24 9 fk49 figs-synecdoche 0 Lift up your heads It is uncertain what specific part of the gate is the “head.” But, it stands for the gate as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 25 intro utp4 0 # Psalm 025 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 25 is a prayer for God’s help.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The humble
God is very good to humble people who seek to obey him. -PSA 25 1 sq2m writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 25 1 z3ls figs-metaphor 0 I lift up my life The phrase “lift up my life” is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) the writer is giving himself to Yahweh, which means he is completely depending on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I give myself to you” or (2) he is offering prayer and adoration to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I worship and adore you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 2 m2b6 figs-activepassive 0 Do not let me be humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 25 2 ff1t figs-idiom 0 rejoice triumphantly over me “rejoice in triumph over me.” The phrase “over me” implies that his enemies have defeated him and stand above in victory. Alternate translation: “defeat me and rejoice about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 25 3 jw7y figs-explicit 0 May no one who hopes in you be disgraced “Do not let those who hope in you be disgraced.” Disgrace could come from being defeated by their enemies. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let enemies defeat those who hope in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 25 3 haz8 0 who hopes in you “who trusts you” -PSA 25 3 r1zd 0 act treacherously “act deceitfully” or “act with trickery” -PSA 25 3 le6f 0 without cause “without a reason” -PSA 25 4 a1rg figs-parallelism 0 Make known to me your ways, Yahweh; teach me your paths Both statements mean the same thing. God teaching a person how they should behave is spoken of as if he were showing a person the correct path on which a person should travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 5 ji5y 0 I hope in you “I depend on you” or “I wait patiently for you” -PSA 25 5 t3bw figs-doublet 0 Guide me into your truth and teach me Guide and teach mean the same thing, to give instruction. Alternate translation: “Instruct me to conduct my life by obeying your truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 25 5 zz1y figs-abstractnouns 0 the God of my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “saves.” Alternate translation: “the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 6 f922 figs-idiom 0 Call to mind This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about and consider his acts of compassion and faithfulness. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Think about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 25 6 uw7b figs-abstractnouns 0 your acts of compassion and of covenant faithfulness The abstract nouns “compassion” and “faithfulness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “how you have been compassionate and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 6 y7a2 figs-personification 0 for they have always existed Here “they” personifies God’s compassion and covenant faithfulness. Alternate translation: “for that is how you have always been” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 25 7 ym66 figs-abstractnouns 0 Do not think about the sins of my youth The abstract noun “sins” can be stated as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “Do not think about how I sinned against you when I was young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 7 ayg8 figs-abstractnouns 0 or my rebelliousness The abstract noun “rebelliousness” can be stated as “rebelled.” Alternate translation: or about how I have rebelled against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 7 rmx6 figs-idiom 0 Call me to mind This is an idiom. This does not mean God forgot something. The writer is asking God to think about him. Alternate translation: “Remember me” or “Think about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 25 7 dzp2 figs-abstractnouns 0 with covenant faithfulness because of your goodness The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “goodness” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “and be faithful to me because of your covenant, because you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 8 fe3c figs-metaphor 0 the way How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 9 sd77 figs-nominaladj 0 the humble This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “humble people” or “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 25 9 g5rh figs-metaphor 0 his way How God wants a person to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which a person travels. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 10 y1ce figs-metaphor 0 All the paths of Yahweh are steadfast love and faithfulness The word “paths” is a metaphor for ways. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always loves us because of his covenant and he is always trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 11 i29u figs-metonymy 0 For your name’s sake The phrase “your name” here refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For your reputation” or “So that people will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 25 11 zdw5 figs-abstractnouns 0 pardon my sin, for it is great The abstract noun “sin” can be stated as “sinned.” Alternate translation: “please forgive me, for I have sinned much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 12 uen3 figs-rquestion 0 Who is the man who fears Yahweh? This question introduces “the man who fears Yahweh” as a new topic. Alternate translation: “I will tell you about the man who fears Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 25 12 r5gg figs-genericnoun 0 is the man who fears … instruct him … he should These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “are those who fear … instruct them … they should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 25 12 e57l figs-metaphor 0 The Lord will instruct him in the way that he should choose Yahweh teaching people how they should behave is spoken of as if Yahweh were teaching the people what way or path they should travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 13 vwm7 figs-genericnoun 0 His life … his descendants These words refer to any person who fears Yahweh, not a specific person. Alternate translation: “Their lives … their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 25 13 f8pb 0 His life will go along in goodness “God will cause him to prosper” or “God will cause them to prosper” -PSA 25 14 m7sj 0 The friendship of Yahweh is for those “Yahweh is a friend to those.” Some translate it as “Yahweh confides in those.” His confiding in them shows the intimate friendship he has with them. -PSA 25 15 utj9 figs-metonymy 0 My eyes are always on Yahweh Here “eyes” represents looking. It is implied that he looks to Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I always look to Yahweh to help me” or “I always depend on Yahweh to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 25 15 mb6a figs-metaphor 0 for he will free my feet from the net A net is a trap. A person who is in danger is spoken of as if their feet are tangled in a net. Alternate translation: He will rescue me from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 16 jm85 figs-metaphor 0 Turn toward me Yahweh paying attention to a person and considering him is spoken of as if Yahweh were physically turning towards the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 17 lu85 figs-metonymy 0 The troubles of my heart are enlarged Here “heart” represents a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I feel more and more troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 25 17 t6l8 figs-metaphor 0 draw me out from my distress “bring me out of my distress.” This speaks of distress as if it were a place that a person can be brought out of. Alternate translation: “rescue me from my distress” or “relieve me of my distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 17 px9i figs-abstractnouns 0 my distress The word “distress” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that distress me” or “the things that cause me to be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 18 gp57 0 See my affliction “Notice my affliction” -PSA 25 18 kwp4 figs-abstractnouns 0 my affliction The abstract noun “affliction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the things that afflict me” or “how afflicted I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 18 my25 figs-abstractnouns 0 my toils The word “toils” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “the things that trouble me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 19 it1s 0 they hate me with cruel hatred “they hate me cruelly” or “they hate me fiercely” -PSA 25 20 zk7e figs-activepassive 0 do not let me be humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 25 20 y36b figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you! Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 25 21 b36j figs-personification 0 May integrity and uprightness preserve me This speaks about “integrity” and “uprightness” as if they were persons who could keep another person safe. These abstract nouns can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “May being honest and doing what is right preserve me” or “Preserve me, Lord, because I am honest and do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 25 21 d4fj 0 preserve me “keep me safe” -PSA 25 22 vj9z 0 Rescue Israel “Save Israel” or “Redeem Israel” -PSA 25 22 msf4 figs-metonymy 0 Israel … his troubles Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … our troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 26 intro q9dz 0 # Psalm 026 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 26 is a teaching psalm; showing people how they should live by the example of the psalmsist.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
The psalmist delights in praising God and doing good deeds. It is striking how this psalm uses the first person pronoun. This is an individual psalm of petition. Each of the four petitions are accompanied with various claims. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -PSA 26 1 h9z4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 26 1 b9cq figs-metaphor 0 I have walked The word “walked” is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I have behaved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 26 1 am7u figs-123person 0 in Yahweh The third person use of “Yahweh” can be stated in the second person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 26 1 a4v9 figs-metaphor 0 without wavering Doubting is spoken of as if it were losing balance and waving back and forth. Alternate translation: “without doubting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 26 2 zxg5 0 Examine me “Try me” -PSA 26 2 iqe7 figs-doublet 0 test the purity of my inner parts and my heart Here “inner parts” and “heart” mean motives. Alternate translation: “test whether my motives are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 26 3 qc7g figs-metaphor 0 For your covenant faithfulness is before my eyes Here “eyes” represent a person’s thoughts and having something before one’s eyes represents being aware of that thing. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For I am always aware of your covenant faithfulness” or “For I am always aware that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 26 3 am2g figs-metaphor 0 I walk about in your faithfulness The word “walk” is a metaphor for behavior. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I conduct my life according to your faithfulness” or “I behave the way I do because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 26 4 b17j 0 I do not associate with “I do not keep company with” or “I do not sit with” -PSA 26 4 j2s7 0 with deceitful people “with those who deceive others” -PSA 26 4 u6k2 figs-parallelism 0 nor do I mingle with dishonest people This means the same as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “and I do not join with dishonest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 26 4 t3xy 0 dishonest people “hypocrites” or “those who lie to others” -PSA 26 5 hc11 0 the assembly of evildoers “those who gather to do evil” -PSA 26 5 ees1 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 26 6 idg7 translate-symaction 0 I wash my hands in innocence This seems to refer to a ritual washing of hands in water to symbolize freedom from sin and guilt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 26 6 u7rx 0 I go around your altar This was an action of worship that the Israelites were accustomed to doing. -PSA 26 8 ywm8 0 the house where you live This could mean: (1) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem or (2) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there. -PSA 26 8 adz5 figs-metonymy 0 the place where your glory lives Here “glory” represents the presence and power of God, which is similar to a very bright light. Alternate translation: “the place where people can see the glorious light of your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 26 9 k89i figs-metaphor 0 Do not sweep me away with sinners “Sweep away” here is a metaphor for destruction. Alternate translation: “Do not destroy me along with sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 26 9 gb7w figs-ellipsis 0 or my life The word “sweep” is understood. Alternate translation: “or sweep my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 26 9 dsi8 figs-metonymy 0 people who are bloodthirsty The word “bloodthirsty” represents wanting to kill people. Alternate translation: “people who are eager to shed others’ blood” or “murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 26 10 gku4 figs-synecdoche 0 in whose hands “Hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “people in which” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 26 10 g7rx 0 a plot “a wicked plan” -PSA 26 11 qm5d 0 But as for me This phrase shows that the writer is changing from speaking about wicked people to talking about himself. -PSA 26 11 vu5m figs-metaphor 0 I will walk in integrity “Walk” here is a metaphor for behavior. Alternate translation: “I will behave with integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 26 12 xe4n figs-synecdoche 0 My foot stands Here “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 26 12 apj3 figs-metaphor 0 level ground Here, **level ground** could mean: (1) a safe place or (2) right behavior (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 26 12 p8c6 0 in the assemblies will I bless Yahweh “when I gather with the people of Israel I will praise you” -PSA 27 intro ru1e 0 # Psalm 027 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 27 is a psalm of praise to God because God keeps the psalmist safe from all his enemies.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
Because of God’s help, he has nothing to fear, no matter what happens. The psalmist shows his confidence in God; he also asks God for help. -PSA 27 1 cx3f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 27 1 pgd5 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh is my light Here “light” represents life. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the source of my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 27 1 f2iu figs-rquestion 0 whom should I fear? This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should fear. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid of anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 27 1 gdw7 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my life’s refuge This speaks about Yahweh as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 1 b7ym figs-rquestion 0 whom should I dread? This question emphasizes that there is no one that David should be afraid of. Alternate translation: “I will not dread anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 27 2 b8ta figs-metaphor 0 to devour my flesh Destroying someone completely is spoken of as if it were devouring a person’s flesh. He did not mean that they wanted to eat his body. Alternate translation: “to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 2 afd9 figs-doublet 0 my adversaries and my enemies These words mean the same thing. These are the evildoers who came near to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 27 2 gj21 figs-metaphor 0 stumbled and fell This represents the writer’s enemies failing to fulfill their plans to harm the writer. Alternate translation: “did not succeed” or “failed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 3 a7hp 0 Though an army encamps against me “though an army surrounds me” or “though an army puts its tents around me” -PSA 27 3 nqv6 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart will not fear Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 27 3 bf9y figs-metaphor 0 though war rises up against me The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they themselves were a war. Alternate translation: “though my enemies come to fight against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 3 z488 0 I will remain confident “I will continue to trust God to help me” -PSA 27 4 p5pc 0 have I asked of Yahweh “I have asked Yahweh to let me do” -PSA 27 4 vpq5 figs-metaphor 0 I will seek that A person really wanting something and continually asking God for it is spoken of as if he were seeking to find something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 4 gb9g figs-metaphor 0 to see the beauty of Yahweh The wonderful character of God is spoken of as if it were physical beauty. Alternate translation: “to see how wonderful Yahweh is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 4 c2a9 0 to meditate in his temple This could mean: (1) “to ask God what he wants me to do” or (2) “to think carefully about God in his temple.” -PSA 27 5 cv9f 0 in the day of trouble “in times of trouble” or “when I have troubles” -PSA 27 5 vjd7 0 he will hide me “he will protect me” -PSA 27 5 cc6r figs-parallelism 0 his shelter … his tent Both of these refer to the tabernacle where the writer is worshiping God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 27 5 mz3d 0 in the cover of his tent The word “cover” represents something that hides and protects. -PSA 27 5 j6tu figs-metaphor 0 He will lift me high on a rock God keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if God were placing him on a high rock where his enemies cannot reach him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 6 a3t2 figs-metonymy 0 my head will be lifted up above my enemies This represents the writer receiving pride or honor when he defeats his enemies. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will honor me when I win the fight against my enemies” or “God will honor me by enabling me to defeat my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 27 7 p3lq figs-metonymy 0 Hear, Yahweh, my voice The “voice” often represents a person who speak or calls out. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, hear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 27 7 q1ev figs-explicit 0 answer me This implies that Yahweh hears the writer’s prayer and Yahweh will do what the writer asks. Alternate translation: “answer my prayer” or “do what I request of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 27 8 jx52 figs-metonymy 0 My heart says Here “heart” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “In my heart I say” or “I say to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 27 8 kc98 figs-metaphor 0 Seek his face A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “Go and pray to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 27 8 lv4r figs-metaphor 0 I seek your face, Yahweh A person going to the temple to pray to Yahweh is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Here “face” represents all of God. Alternate translation: “I will come to your temple to pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 27 9 uv72 figs-metonymy 0 Do not hide your face from me The face here represents Yahweh’s attention, and hiding the face represents rejecting someone. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me” or “Do not stop taking care of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 9 n49l figs-123person 0 do not turn your servant away in anger David said “your servant” to refer to himself in a humble way. Alternate translation: “do not be angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 27 9 p7vh figs-doublet 0 forsake me or abandon me The words “forsake” and “abandon” mean the same thing. The writer is emphasizing that he does not want God to leave him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 27 9 j546 figs-ellipsis 0 or abandon me The words “and do not” are understood. Alternate translation: “and do not abandon me” or “and do not leave me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 27 9 sm12 figs-abstractnouns 0 God of my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “saves.” Alternate translation: God who saves me” or “because you are the God who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 27 10 w897 figs-hypo 0 Even if my father and my mother forsake me “Even if my father and my mother were to forsake me.” He is not saying that they actually have done this or that they would do it. His point is that even if they did that, God would not abandon him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 27 10 n75n 0 Yahweh will take me in “Yahweh will keep me” or “Yahweh will take care of me” -PSA 27 11 z7b8 figs-metaphor 0 Teach me your way How a person should behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path that person should travel. Alternate translation: “Teach me how you want me to live” or “Teach me to do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 11 r72j figs-metaphor 0 Lead me on a level path Yahweh keeping the writer safe from his enemies is spoken of as if Yahweh leads the writer on a level path where he will not stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “Keep me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 12 gs3s figs-abstractnouns 0 Do not give me up to the desires of my enemies The abstract noun “desires” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Do not let my enemies do to me what they desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 27 12 s7ry figs-idiom 0 have risen up against me “Risen up” here is an idiom meaning that a witness stood in court to present testimony. Alternate translation: “have stood up in order to speak against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 27 12 ez4n figs-metaphor 0 they breathe out violence Here violence is spoken for as if it was something a person could breathe out. Alternate translation: “they say that they will do violent things to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 27 13 ts3j figs-rquestion 0 What would have happened to me This rhetorical question can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Something bad would have happened to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 27 13 c72l figs-abstractnouns 0 the goodness of Yahweh The abstract noun “goodness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the good things that Yahweh does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 27 13 wld8 figs-idiom 0 in the land of the living This refers to being alive. Alternate translation: “while I am alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 27 14 g4pq 0 Wait for Yahweh … Wait for Yahweh! This verse may be: (1) the writer speaking to himself or (2) the writer speaking to others or (3) someone speaking to the writer. -PSA 27 14 m8gs figs-synecdoche 0 let your heart be courageous Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “be courageous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 27 14 yng1 0 Wait for Yahweh! This line is repeated at the end of the psalm as a way of ending the psalm. -PSA 28 intro a18t 0 # Psalm 028 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 28 is a psalm of prayer to God that he is not be punished along with the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
The psalmist trusted God completely and God rescued him. This is similar to psalm 7 and 17 because it is an individual lament psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]]) -PSA 28 1 p6ea writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 28 1 t7sd 0 I cry out “I call out loudly” -PSA 28 1 vx2c figs-metaphor 0 my rock This is a metaphor for strength. Alternate translation: “my strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 28 1 y82h 0 do not ignore me “do not be silent to me” or “do not leave me alone” -PSA 28 1 y255 figs-metaphor 0 I will join those who go down to the grave People who die are spoken of as if they are going down into the grave. Alternate translation: “I will die like those who are in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 28 2 i4h9 figs-metonymy 0 Hear the sound of my pleading Here “sound” refers to the content of his request. Alternate translation: “Hear my strong request” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 28 2 t7ig translate-symaction 0 I lift up my hands toward your most holy place Lifting up hands is a symbol of worship. The writer is not worshiping the holy place, but Yahweh who lives in the holy place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 28 2 a92a 0 your most holy place This could mean: (1) if David wrote this, then this refers to the tent that God told his people to set up so that they could worship him there, or (2) if a person wrote this after the time of David, then the writer is referring to the temple in Jerusalem. -PSA 28 3 r4t6 figs-metaphor 0 Do not drag me away God punishing people is spoken of as if he physically drags them away. In this metaphor Yahweh may be dragging them to prison, exile, or death. Alternate translation: “Do not remove me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 28 3 y9zp 0 who speak peace with their neighbors Here “neighbors” refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “who speak peacefully with other people” -PSA 28 3 y46g figs-metonymy 0 but have evil in their hearts Here “hearts” represents a person’s mind or thoughts. Alternate translation: “but are thinking something evil about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 28 4 g3b9 figs-parallelism 0 Give them what their deeds deserve … repay them what their wickedness demands These two phrases mean the same thing. They are used together to emphasize that they deserve for God to punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 28 4 z39d figs-metonymy 0 the work of their hands Here “hands” represent what the person has done. Alternate translation: “the things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 28 4 d21y 0 render to them their due “give them what they deserve” -PSA 28 5 vma7 0 Because they do not understand … never rebuild them This could mean: (1) David is confident about what God will do to wicked people or (2) David is asking God to destroy the wicked people. -PSA 28 5 b1cw figs-explicit 0 they do not understand the deeds of Yahweh It is implied that “do not understand” means they ignore or do not honor Yahweh’s works. Alternate translation: “they do not regard with honor what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 28 5 a757 figs-metonymy 0 the work of his hands Here “hands” represents what Yahweh has done or created. Alternate translation: “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 28 5 uqh3 figs-metaphor 0 he will tear them down and never rebuild them The punishment of the wicked people is spoken of as if they were a building or a city that God would destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 28 6 jfr4 figs-metonymy 0 he has heard the sound of my pleading Here “sound” represents what the writer said. Alternate translation: “has heard what I said when I pleaded to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 28 7 g4ne figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh is my strength The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 28 7 vh7h figs-metaphor 0 my shield This represents Yahweh’s protecting the writer. Alternate translation: “he protects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 28 7 r9jp figs-synecdoche 0 my heart trusts Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I trust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 28 7 bl9l figs-activepassive 0 I am helped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he helps me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 28 7 uts5 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart greatly rejoices Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I greatly rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 28 8 pd6u figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh is the strength of his people The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes his people strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 28 8 vd99 figs-metaphor 0 he is the saving refuge of his anointed one Yahweh keeping the king safe is spoken of as if Yahweh were a place that the king could go for safety. Alternate translation: “he keeps safe the one he appointed to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 28 8 yh2k figs-metonymy 0 his anointed one The represents the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 28 9 at1a figs-metaphor 0 your inheritance This speaks about the people of God as if they were something God inherited. Alternate translation: “your possession” or “those who belong to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 28 9 e7e7 figs-metaphor 0 Be their shepherd and carry them forever The writer speaks about Yahweh as if he were a shepherd and the people are his sheep. A shepherd would carry a sheep if it needed help or protection. Alternate translation: “Be like their shepherd and protect them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 29 intro b4tt 0 # Psalm 029 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 29 is a worship psalm. It tells how Yahweh rules all nature.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
God is powerful. All he has to do is to speak in order to control nature.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metonymy

The voice of the Yahweh stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 29 1 kq7e writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 29 1 bc7z figs-idiom 0 you sons of God The phrase “sons of” is a way of saying “having the characteristics of.” Alternate translation: “you mighty men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 29 1 i354 figs-abstractnouns 0 ascribe to Yahweh glory and strength The abstract nouns “glory” and “strength” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 29 2 yv1p figs-abstractnouns 0 Ascribe to Yahweh the glory his name deserves The abstract noun “glory” can be stated as a verb or adjective. Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 29 2 rcj6 figs-metonymy 0 his name deserves The phrase “his name” refers to Yahweh or his reputation. Alternate translation: “as is proper because of who he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 29 2 e4f6 figs-explicit 0 Bow down to Yahweh The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 29 2 da1b figs-abstractnouns 0 in the splendor of holiness The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 29 3 dml8 0 General Information: The psalm shows Yahweh’s power and glory. -PSA 29 3 t9g6 figs-activepassive 0 The voice of Yahweh is heard over the waters God’s voice is louder and clearer than all other sounds and noises. It can be heard over other loud sounds such as the sound of the waters. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks his voice is louder than the sound of the sea” or “Yahweh shouts louder than the sound of the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 29 3 z58f 0 over the waters This refers to the seas or the oceans. These waters make a very loud noise as the waves rise and fall. -PSA 29 3 u41c figs-metonymy 0 The voice of Yahweh All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. The writer is emphasizing that when Yahweh speaks, the sound is so loud it is heard over the waters, and it is so powerful it can destroy the largest trees. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, his voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 29 3 b7zk figs-metaphor 0 the God of glory thunders This speaks about God speaking as if it were the sound of thunder. Just like the sound of thunder, Yahweh’s voice can be heard over large distances. Alternate translation: “The voice of the glorious God is loud like thunder” or “When the glorious God speaks it rumbles like thunder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 29 3 srk7 0 over many waters “over the large bodies of water” -PSA 29 6 s8av 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues describing the power of God’s voice. -PSA 29 6 kdn3 figs-simile 0 He makes Lebanon skip like a calf The ground of Lebanon shaking is spoken of as if it were a young calf skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “He makes the land of Lebanon shake like a calf skipping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 29 6 y9uu 0 skip jump lightly back and forth -PSA 29 6 war4 figs-ellipsis 0 Sirion like a young ox The words “he makes” and “skip” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated here. The ground of Sirion shaking is spoken of as if it were a young ox skipping. This emphasizes that when Yahweh speaks, the power of his voice shakes the ground. Alternate translation: “he makes Sirion skip like a young ox” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 29 6 n725 translate-names 0 Sirion This is a mountain in Lebanon. It is also called Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 29 7 wk16 figs-metonymy 0 The voice of Yahweh sends out flames of fire All occurrences of “voice” here represent Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks he causes lightning to flash in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 29 7 rc8c 0 flames of fire This refers to lightning. -PSA 29 9 ht1n figs-metonymy 0 The voice of Yahweh causes Here “voice” represents Yahweh speaking. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh speaks, the sound causes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 29 9 sqa7 0 the oaks to twist “the large trees to shake” -PSA 29 9 f33q figs-metaphor 0 strips the forests bare Removing the leaves of the trees is spoken of as if it was removing their clothing. Alternate translation: “strips off the leaves from the trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 29 10 mk7u figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh sits as king This means that Yahweh rules. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rules” or “Yahweh is king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 29 10 b6k6 0 over the flood Here “flood” refers to waters that cover the earth. -PSA 29 11 vm7e figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh blesses his people with peace The word “peace” is an abstract noun. Alternate translation: “Yahweh blesses his people by causing them to prosper and to live peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 30 intro eee3 0 # Psalm 030 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 30 is a psalm of praise and thanksgiving to God. The psalmist was near death but God rescued him.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The psalmist’s death
If he had died, it would not have been a help to God. But since God rescued him he can praise God. -PSA 30 1 iaj9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 30 1 e8py 0 a song at the dedication of the temple “This song was sung when the temple was dedicated” -PSA 30 1 ig1t figs-metaphor 0 you have raised me up The writer speaks of God rescuing him and keeping him from dying as if God had drawn him up from a deep well. Alternate translation: “you rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 30 3 gel6 figs-metonymy 0 brought up my soul from Sheol Since “Sheol” was the place where dead people go, it refers to death. Alternate translation: “kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 30 3 sw64 figs-synecdoche 0 brought up my soul Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “brought me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 30 3 ryd7 figs-metonymy 0 from going down to the grave The “grave” represents death. Alternate translation: “from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 30 4 jui4 figs-abstractnouns 0 Give thanks when you remember his holiness The abstract nouns “thanks” and “holiness” can be stated as “thank” and “holy.” Alternate translation: “Remember that God is holy and thank him” or “Remember what God has done because he is holy and thank him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 30 5 n3py figs-abstractnouns 0 his anger is only for a moment “his anger lasts only a moment.” The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “he is angry for only a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 30 5 ls29 figs-metonymy 0 a moment Here “moment” represents a short amount of time. Alternate translation: “a short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 30 5 zm7v figs-abstractnouns 0 but his favor is for a lifetime The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as the adjective “good.” Alternate translation: “but he is good to us all of our lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 30 5 vw11 figs-metaphor 0 Weeping comes for a night, but joy comes in the morning This speaks about “weeping” and “joy” as if they were something that travels and arrives at a certain time. Alternate translation: “We may cry during the night, but the next morning we will be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 30 6 v3a5 figs-abstractnouns 0 In confidence The word “confidence” is an abstract noun. The writer recalls a time when he was prospering and felt confident and safe. Alternate translation: “When I was confident” or “When I felt safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 30 6 p1kl figs-metaphor 0 I will never be shaken The word “shaken” is a metaphor for defeat. Alternate translation: “No one will defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 30 7 d155 figs-abstractnouns 0 by your favor The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as the verb “favored” or the adjective “kind.” Alternate translation: “when you favored me” or “when you were kind to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 30 7 m53d figs-metaphor 0 you established me as a strong mountain The writer’s security is spoken of as if he were a strong mountain. Alternate translation: “you made me as secure as a high mountain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 30 7 q4uk figs-idiom 0 when you hid your face This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when you stopped helping me” or “when you rejected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 30 7 y2rt 0 I was troubled “I was fearful” or “I was worried” -PSA 30 8 m69p figs-metaphor 0 sought favor from my Lord The phrase “sought favor” means to ask for help. Alternate translation: “I pleaded for you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 30 8 n1hs figs-123person 0 from my Lord The writer is referring to Yahweh in third person. It can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “from you, my Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 30 9 npv8 figs-rquestion 0 What advantage is there in my death, if I go down to the grave? The writer uses this question to emphasize that he would be of no value to God if he were dead. Alternate translation: “There is no advantage if I die and go down to the grave.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 30 9 h9v9 figs-rquestion 0 Will the dust praise you? Will it declare your trustworthiness? The writer uses these questions to emphasize that his dead and decayed body cannot praise God. Alternate translation: “The dust will certainly not praise you or tell others about how trustworthy you are.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 30 9 ds6c figs-metonymy 0 the dust This refers to the body of the writer which will decay and become dust when he is dead. Alternate translation: “my decayed body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 30 11 fh4q figs-abstractnouns 0 You have turned my mourning into dancing It was customary for the Jews to dance when they were very happy. The abstract nouns “mourning” and “dancing” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to stop mourning and to dance with joy instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 30 11 y5wj figs-metonymy 0 you have removed my sackcloth Sackcloth was associated with mourning and sorrow. Alternate translation: “You have caused me to no longer be sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 30 11 l9jm figs-metaphor 0 clothed me with gladness The writer speaks of gladness as if it were a garment that he could put on. Alternate translation: “caused me to be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 30 12 b717 figs-synecdoche 0 my glory will sing praise to you Here “my glory” refers to the writer’s soul or heart or inner being. This represents the entire person of the writer, who worships God because God has made him glad. Alternate translation: “I will sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 31 intro j2an 0 # Psalm 031 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 31 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist’s enemies thought they had defeated him, but God protected him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Abandonment
Even though everyone deserted and despised the psalmist, God did not abandon him. -PSA 31 1 ggk4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 31 1 yu4y 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 31 1 fs4i figs-metaphor 0 In you, Yahweh, I take refuge Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 1 f8jw figs-activepassive 0 never let me be humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not let others humiliate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 31 2 x6bw figs-parallelism 0 be my rock of refuge, a stronghold to save me The phrase “be my rock of refuge” is a request for protection. The second phrase emphasizes the first phrase. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 31 2 tq1e figs-metaphor 0 my rock of refuge Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 2 p9xb figs-metaphor 0 a stronghold to save me Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 3 m5q1 figs-metaphor 0 my rock Yahweh is spoke of as if he were a huge rock that would protect the writer from attack. Alternate translation: “like a huge rock on which I can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 3 d9h8 figs-metaphor 0 my fortress Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a strong fortress in which the writer would be protected from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 3 kti8 figs-metonymy 0 for your name’s sake In this phrase “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “so that your name may be honored” or “so that I may worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 3 nm5d figs-doublet 0 lead and guide me The words “lead” and “guide” mean basically the same thing and strengthen the request that Yahweh lead him. Alternate translation: “lead me where you want me to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 31 4 xp2k figs-metaphor 0 Pluck me out of the net that they have hidden for me The writer is spoken of as if he were a bird caught in a hidden net, and waiting for Yahweh to free him from the trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 4 pg5z figs-metaphor 0 you are my refuge Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a place where the writer can hide from people who are attacking him. Alternate translation: “you always protect me” or “you give me constant protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 5 e3hz figs-personification 0 Into your hands God is spirit, but he is here spoken of as if he has hands. Here “your hands” refers to Yahweh’s care. Alternate translation: “Into your care” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 5 ez3i figs-synecdoche 0 I entrust my spirit Here “my spirit” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I place myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 31 5 m7ux 0 God of trustworthiness “you are a God I can trust” -PSA 31 6 d1f4 figs-distinguish 0 I hate those who serve worthless idols Here the word “worthless” refers to all idols. This can be clarified in translation. Alternate translation: “Idols are worthless. I hate those who serve them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -PSA 31 7 z4ew figs-doublet 0 I will be glad and rejoice in your covenant faithfulness The words “glad” and “rejoice” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of joy. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will be very glad because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 31 7 x1wl figs-parallelism 0 you saw my affliction … you knew the distress of my soul Both of these phrases express the idea that God knows about the writer’s troubles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 31 7 ji14 figs-synecdoche 0 the distress of my soul Here “my soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 31 8 x76g figs-synecdoche 0 You have set my feet Here “my feet” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “You have set me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 31 8 d4bb figs-metaphor 0 a wide open place The Hebrews thought of wide open spaces as a metaphor for safety and freedom. Alternate translation: “a place where I am free” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 9 iv54 0 I am in distress “I am suffering greatly” -PSA 31 9 amp8 figs-synecdoche 0 my soul and my body The terms “soul” and “body” are used to describe the complete person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 31 10 p8pm figs-metonymy 0 For my life is weary Here “my life” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 10 nw2b 0 with sorrow … with groaning “because of my sorrow … because of my groaning” -PSA 31 10 l7fj figs-ellipsis 0 my years with groaning The phrase “is weary” is missing, but is implied. Alternate translation: “my years are weary with groaning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 31 10 a1r3 figs-metonymy 0 My strength fails Here “My strength” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I have become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 10 b5c7 figs-metonymy 0 my bones are wasting away Here “my bones” refers to the physical health of the writer. Alternate translation: “my health is failing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 11 n8g3 0 people disdain me “people insult me” -PSA 31 11 w86t 0 are appalled at my situation “are shocked at my condition” -PSA 31 12 w6b3 figs-simile 0 as a dead man whom no one thinks about People do not think about dead people. The writer does not think people think about him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 31 12 dnb7 figs-simile 0 like a broken pot The writer speaks of himself as if he was completely useless. “as useless as a broken pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 31 13 ll6r figs-ellipsis 0 the whispering of many It is implied that “many” refers to people. Alternate translation: “many people talking about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 31 13 pf7q 0 terrifying news from every side “scary reports from many sources” -PSA 31 13 d84i figs-idiom 0 take away my life This idiom means to kill someone. Alternate translation: “kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 31 15 pr1h figs-metonymy 0 My times are in your hand Here “your hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “You have the power to decide my future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 15 c577 0 from those who pursue me “from people who try to capture me” -PSA 31 16 x22n figs-metaphor 0 Make your face shine on your servant The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 16 hjf7 figs-abstractnouns 0 save me in your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 31 17 fg5c figs-activepassive 0 Do not let me be humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not let others make me feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 31 17 vud9 0 May the wicked be humiliated! “I wish that God would disgrace wicked people!” -PSA 31 17 mw8m figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to “wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 31 17 n96w figs-metonymy 0 May they be silent in Sheol Here “in Sheol” represents death. Alternate translation: “Let them die so they cannot speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 18 rvr4 figs-activepassive 0 May lying lips be silenced This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “May someone make these lying lips silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 31 18 jqf6 figs-metonymy 0 lying lips These represent lying people. Alternate translation: “people who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 18 dig8 figs-nominaladj 0 that speak against the righteous defiantly Here “the righteous” refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “that say terrible things about righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 31 18 r22l 0 with arrogance and contempt These terms have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “with a complete lack of respect” -PSA 31 19 c7i2 figs-abstractnouns 0 is your goodness This can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “are the good things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 31 19 dge4 figs-metaphor 0 that you have stored up Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as if it was something that could be stored up like a harvest. Alternate translation: “that you are keeping ready to use” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 19 ld4z 0 those who revere you “those who respect you greatly” -PSA 31 19 iu38 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 31:1](../031/001.md). Alternate translation: “those who go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 20 q6pa figs-parallelism 0 In the shelter of your presence, you hide them … You hide them in a shelter These phrases both mean that God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 31 20 v252 figs-metaphor 0 In the shelter Yahweh’s presence is spoken of as if it is a strong building where the writer would be safe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 31 20 dx2q figs-metonymy 0 You hide them in a shelter Here a “shelter” represents a safe place. Alternate translation: “You provide a safe place for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 20 jre5 figs-metonymy 0 from the violence of tongues Here “tongues” refer to the people who are speaking violent things against the writer. Alternate translation: “where their enemies cannot speak evil at them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 31 21 jkp6 figs-abstractnouns 0 he showed me his marvelous covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he showed me that he is wonderfully faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 31 22 uq2j figs-activepassive 0 I am cut off from your eyes This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have removed me from your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 31 22 aku2 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes Here Yahweh is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 31 22 pa4l figs-abstractnouns 0 you heard my plea for help Here “plea” can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “you heard me plead for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 31 23 a8kd figs-nominaladj 0 the faithful This refers to the faithful people. Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 31 23 el6y figs-idiom 0 he pays back the arrogant in full Here “pay back” is an idiom that refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “he gives the proud people all of the punishment that they deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 32 intro le2f 0 # Psalm 032 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 32 is a psalm of confession of sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Confession of sin
This psalm tells of the sorrow of unconfessed sin; it also tells of the blessing of confession and of receiving God’s forgiveness. It is such a blessing when God forgives sin. Trouble comes when sin is hidden and not confessed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]]) -PSA 32 1 w4yz writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 32 1 tgw8 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 32 1 pzp9 figs-parallelism 0 whose transgression is forgiven, whose sin is covered These phrases have similar meanings. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who God forgives his transgression and covers his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 32 1 sch5 figs-metaphor 0 whose sin is covered Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “whose sin is ignored” or “whose sin is deliberately forgotten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 32 2 k682 figs-activepassive 0 to whom Yahweh reckons no guilt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom Yahweh sees as innocent” or “who is not guilty according to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 32 2 m29u figs-synecdoche 0 in whose spirit there is no deceit Here “spirit” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “in whom there is not deceit” or “who is completely honest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 32 3 s6cx figs-synecdoche 0 my bones were wasting away Here “my bones” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I was wasting away” or “I was getting weaker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 32 3 svq8 figs-idiom 0 all day long This idiom means “continually.” Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 32 4 j9jl figs-merism 0 day and night These extremes include everything in between. Alternate translation: “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 32 4 xw1r figs-synecdoche 0 your hand was heavy upon me Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. The entire phrase is an idiom that means “you afflicted me.” Alternate translation: “you made me suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 32 4 fkc1 figs-simile 0 My strength withered as in summer drought David’s strength is compared to a small, green plant that turns brown and crumbles in the dry season. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 32 6 rpw8 0 at a time of great distress “when they are in great trouble.” -PSA 32 6 yl7l figs-metaphor 0 When the surging waters overflow, the waters will not reach them Difficulties are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Then when difficulties come like a flood of water, those people will be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 32 7 r54z figs-metaphor 0 You are my hiding place Yahweh is spoken of as if he was a safe place from the attacks of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You are like a place where I can hide myself from my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 32 7 u3z7 figs-metaphor 0 You will surround me with the songs of victory This metaphor apparently means that Yahweh’s protection of the writer is the cause for songs of victory to be sung. Alternate translation: “Because of you I will sing songs of victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 32 8 x1lw figs-doublet 0 I will instruct you and teach you in the way The words “instruct” and “teach” mean basically the same thing and emphasize careful instruction. Alternate translation: “I will teach you everything about the way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 32 8 mh9j 0 I will instruct Here the “I” is probably Yahweh who talks directly to David. -PSA 32 8 s74m figs-metaphor 0 in the way which you should go Living in the correct way is spoken of as if it were a path that the writer should walk. Alternate translation: “how you should live your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 32 8 lj3f figs-metonymy 0 with my eye upon you Here “my eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “and direct my attention to you” or “and watch over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 32 9 ry6h figs-simile 0 Do not be like a horse … no understanding The writer compares people with no understanding to horses and mules. This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking Yahweh’s words to his readers, “You all must not be like a horse … no understanding” or (2) Yahweh is speaking to the writer as though to a group of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 32 9 g1b3 0 bridle and bit Two tools that are used by people to guide horses and mules go where the rider wants them to go. -PSA 32 9 cv6w 0 where you want them to “where anyone wants them to go.” The “you” here is singular and refers to no one in particular. -PSA 32 10 ann9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness will surround the one who trusts in him Yahweh being faithful to a person and protecting that person is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness surrounded the person. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant, he will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 32 11 zxp2 figs-idiom 0 Be glad in Yahweh Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 32 11 n71r figs-nominaladj 0 you righteous This refers to people. Alternate translation: “you righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 32 11 gs62 0 shout for joy “shout joyfully” or “shout because of joy” -PSA 32 11 ame7 figs-synecdoche 0 who are upright in heart Here “heart” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “people who are upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 33 intro m4ih 0 # Psalm 033 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 33 is a worship song. It tells how great God is.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s power
God is the creator and also the God of his people, Israel. Whatever he plans works out. He alone provides safety in battle. -PSA 33 1 b979 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 33 1 x3gc figs-idiom 0 Rejoice in Yahweh Here “in Yahweh” refers to what Yahweh has done for them. “Rejoice because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 33 1 jn1l 0 praise is appropriate for the upright “to praise Yahweh is appropriate for upright people” -PSA 33 4 mcg5 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 33 4 t8rm figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh’s word is upright Here “upright” is used as a metaphor for something that is true. Alternate translation: “Yahweh always does what he says that he will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 33 5 n6zg figs-abstractnouns 0 He loves righteousness and justice These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “He loves doing what is right and just” or “He loves those who do what is right and just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 33 5 e631 figs-metaphor 0 The earth is full of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. The abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 33 6 qhw8 figs-activepassive 0 By the word of Yahweh the heavens were made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “By using his word, Yahweh made the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 33 6 bb33 figs-metonymy 0 by the breath of his mouth This refers to Yahweh’s word. Alternate translation: “by his word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 33 7 xt7h figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 33 7 k6ey figs-simile 0 like a heap “like behind a dam.” The writer describes the creation of the sea as if God piles up all the waters together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 33 7 eg5a figs-metaphor 0 he puts the oceans in storehouses The writer describes the creation of the oceans as if God put them in a storehouse. Alternate translation: “he puts the oceans in their place, just like a man puts grain in a storehouse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 33 8 vc67 figs-metonymy 0 Let the whole earth This refers to the people on the earth. Alternate translation: “Let everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 33 8 ame6 figs-idiom 0 stand in awe of him Here “stand in awe” is an idiom that means “be in awe.” Alternate translation: “honor him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 33 9 c3h8 figs-idiom 0 stood in place Here “stood in place” is an idiom that means “was created.” Alternate translation: “started to exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 33 10 x22s figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Each verse consists of two lines that have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 33 10 zp3d 0 Yahweh frustrates “Yahweh destroys” or “Yahweh breaks” -PSA 33 10 r5ri figs-metonymy 0 the alliances of nations Here “nations” refers to the people of these nations. Alternate translation: “the alliances of the people of different nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 33 10 sn2l 0 alliances An alliance is an agreement between two or more nations to support each other in a war against a common enemy. -PSA 33 10 evm2 0 the plans of the peoples “the intentions of the peoples” Alternate translation: “the evil plans of the peoples” -PSA 33 11 gp8c figs-idiom 0 stand forever Here “stand” is an idiom that means “endure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 33 11 ww4p figs-ellipsis 0 the plans of his heart for all generations The missing term “stand” is implied. Alternate translation: “the plans of his heart stand for all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 33 11 vhg2 figs-synecdoche 0 the plans of his heart Here “his heart” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “his plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 33 11 lea7 figs-idiom 0 for all generations “for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 33 12 w4nk figs-metonymy 0 Blessed is the nation Here “the nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “Blessed are the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 33 12 ph21 0 whose God is Yahweh “who worship Yahweh as God” -PSA 33 12 k4jm figs-metaphor 0 as his own inheritance The people Yahweh has chosen to worship him are described here as if they were an inheritance that he has received. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 33 14 r7tm figs-metaphor 0 he looks down The place where Yahweh lives is spoken of as if it is above the earth where people live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 33 15 ch4n figs-metonymy 0 shapes the hearts of them all Here “hearts” refers to the thinking of these people. The writer speaks of Yahweh guiding the thinking of the people as if he were a potter who was shaping a bowl. Alternate translation: “guides their thinking as a potter shapes a bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 33 16 w54n figs-activepassive 0 No king is saved by a vast army This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A large army is not what saves a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 33 17 hgn8 figs-synecdoche 0 A horse is a false hope for victory Here “a horse” represents the strongest part of the army. Alternate translation: “Having an army with strong horses does not provide security” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 33 18 v87c 0 See This word shows that a new theme begins in this Psalm. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -PSA 33 18 fy9c figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s eye Here “eye” refers to Yahweh’s attention. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 33 18 y8yf figs-idiom 0 those who hope in his covenant faithfulness The idiom to “count on” means to “wait for” or to “expect.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “those who expect him to act faithfully because of his covenant” or “those who wait for him to act because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 33 19 z5yv figs-synecdoche 0 to deliver their lives from death Here “their lives” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “to keep them from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 33 20 j64c figs-idiom 0 We wait for Yahweh Here “wait” is an idiom that refers to trust. Alternate translation: “We trust in Yahweh” or “We hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 33 20 l55j figs-metaphor 0 he is our help and our shield Here Yahweh is spoken of as if he is a shield that protects soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “he is our helper and protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 33 21 ujv3 figs-synecdoche 0 Our hearts rejoice Here “hearts” refer to the people. Alternate translation: “We rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 33 21 eu9i figs-metonymy 0 in his holy name Here “holy name” refers to Yahweh’s holy character. Alternate translation: “in his holy character” or “in him because he is holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 33 22 nn9g figs-metaphor 0 Let your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, be with us Yahweh acting faithfully towards the people is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were with them. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “May you always act faithfully towards us because of your covenant, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 33 22 jye8 0 as we put our hope in you “as we hope for your help” -PSA 34 intro az5s 0 # Psalm 034 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 34 is a teaching psalm and includes thanksgiving. It teaches that living right leads to a good life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])

The psalm does not relate directly to the superscription given about Abimelech.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
Good people can have problems, but God brings them through these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -PSA 34 1 p9iv writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 34 1 w9ay 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 34 1 j36y 0 pretended to be insane “acted like a crazy person” -PSA 34 1 m4gs figs-explicit 0 before Abimelech This refers to a specific historical event that the Hebrews knew well. Alternate translation: “when he was in Abimelech’s house” or “when he was Abimelech’s prisoner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 34 1 klk3 figs-metonymy 0 his praise will always be in my mouth Here “in my mouth” refers to David speaking about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will always praise him out loud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 34 2 rk7h figs-nominaladj 0 the oppressed This refers to people who are oppressed. Alternate translation: “the oppressed people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 34 3 me7c 0 Praise Yahweh with me The verb “praise” is a command to a group. Alternate translation: “Everyone should praise Yahweh with me” -PSA 34 3 n56p figs-idiom 0 lift up his name Here “lift up” is an idiom that refers to exalting Yahweh. Alternate translation: “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 34 3 hjw1 figs-metonymy 0 his name Here “his name” refers to Yahweh’s character. Alternate translation: “his character” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 34 4 def1 figs-metaphor 0 I sought Yahweh Here “sought Yahweh” means David was asking Yahweh for help. Alternate translation: “I prayed to Yahweh” or “I asked Yahweh for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 5 t6s5 figs-metaphor 0 Those who look to him Here “look to” represents seeking help from him. Alternate translation: “Those who look at him for help” or “those who expect help only from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 5 ndy9 figs-idiom 0 are radiant This idiom refers to their appearance as being joyful. Alternate translation: “are joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 34 5 caz9 figs-synecdoche 0 their faces are not ashamed Here “their faces” refers to the people who look to Yahweh. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “they are not ashamed” or “they are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 34 6 cib3 figs-123person 0 This oppressed man David describes himself as an oppressed man. Alternate translation: “I was oppressed and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 34 6 qw3c figs-idiom 0 Yahweh heard him Here “heard” means that Yahweh helped him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh heard me” or “Yahweh helped him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 34 7 qu9z figs-metaphor 0 camps around The angel of Yahweh is spoken of as if he were an army that camps around someone in order to protect them. Alternate translation: “guards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 8 qed8 figs-metaphor 0 Taste and see that Yahweh is good Yahweh’s goodness is spoken of as something that can be tasted and seen. Alternate translation: “Try and experience that Yahweh is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 8 j8ma figs-metaphor 0 takes refuge Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a place where people can hide for protection from their enemies. Alternate translation: “trust him to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 9 vv95 figs-litotes 0 There is no lack for those who fear him This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Those who fear him will always have what they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 34 10 ch59 figs-litotes 0 will not lack anything good This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will always have the good things they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 34 11 ge81 0 sons Here this does not refer to literal sons of the writer, but to the people he is teaching about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “my students” -PSA 34 12 gmc4 figs-rquestion 0 What man is there who desires life and loves many days, that he may see good? The implicit answer to this question is “every man.” This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Every man desires life and desires to live many days and have a good life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 34 13 h79u figs-parallelism 0 keep your tongue from evil … keep your lips from speaking lies These two phrases refer to the same thing and it is said in different ways to emphasize its importance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 34 13 jy3g figs-synecdoche 0 Then keep your tongue from evil Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “Therefore, do not speak evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 34 13 d237 figs-synecdoche 0 keep your lips from speaking lies Here “lips” refers to the person speaking. Alternate translation: “do not speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 34 14 l778 figs-metaphor 0 Turn away from evil Here “Turn away” is a metaphor for avoiding evil. Alternate translation: “Refuse to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 14 sjg9 figs-metaphor 0 Seek peace Here “seek” means to be concerned about peace. Alternate translation: “Try hard to live in peace with other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 15 x87w figs-metonymy 0 The eyes of Yahweh are on the righteous Here “the eyes of Yahweh” refer to his careful watching. “The righteous” is a reference to righteous people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh carefully watches over the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 34 15 ihz6 figs-synecdoche 0 his ears are directed toward their cry Here Yahweh is represented by his “ears.” To be directed toward something means to pay attention to it. Alternate translation: “he pays attention to their cry” or “he answers their cry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 34 16 b3yv figs-metaphor 0 to cut off the memory of them from the earth Yahweh will cause people to so completely forget them when they die that it is as if he used a knife to cut off any memory of them. Alternate translation: “so that when they are dead, people will forget them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 17 ib9f figs-idiom 0 Yahweh hears Here “hears” means that Yahweh desires to respond to them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh pays attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 34 18 ers6 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh is close Here “is close” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is always ready to help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 34 18 km9m figs-metaphor 0 the brokenhearted This is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are brokenhearted. Deep sadness is spoken of as if the person’s heart is broken. Alternate translation: “people who are very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 34 18 zhw6 figs-metaphor 0 those who are crushed in spirit People who are deeply discouraged are spoken of as if their spirits are crushed. Alternate translation: “people who are deeply discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 34 19 s9nw figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 34 20 p78v figs-synecdoche 0 He keeps all his bones, not one of them will be broken Here “all his bones” is literal, but it also implies that Yahweh takes care of the entire person. Alternate translation: “He provides complete protection for him, he will not be harmed in any way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 34 21 zrq9 figs-personification 0 Evil will kill the wicked Evil is described as if it were a man who can kill people. Alternate translation: “The evil deeds of wicked people will kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 34 21 rj4c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 34 21 v5tb figs-activepassive 0 Those who hate the righteous will be condemned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will condemn those who hate the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 34 21 a6li figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 34 22 pl7j figs-activepassive 0 None of those who take refuge in him will be condemned This can be stated in active form. It can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive everyone who takes refuge in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 34 22 wb23 figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 intro d3ln 0 # Psalm 035 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 35 is a prayer for deliverance. His enemies are coming against him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Enemies
When his enemies were sick, he tried to comfort them, but when he was in trouble his enemies use this as a time to attack him. -PSA 35 1 u6dy writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 35 2 uj8w figs-metaphor 0 Grab your small shield and large shield The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 2 f9eb 0 small shield and large shield these are defensive weapons -PSA 35 3 e4ia figs-metaphor 0 Use your spear and battle ax The writer describes God as a warrior who is preparing himself for battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 3 qr78 0 spear and battle ax these are offensive weapons -PSA 35 3 z8vr figs-metaphor 0 those who chase me This could mean: (1) these enemies are literally chasing the writer or (2) this is a metaphor for people who are enemies of the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 3 k4rj figs-synecdoche 0 say to my soul This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “say to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 35 3 wz6p figs-abstractnouns 0 I am your salvation This can be stated without the abstract noun. Alternate translation: “I am your savior” or “I will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 35 4 w6yz figs-activepassive 0 May those who seek my life be shamed and dishonored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame and dishonor those who seek my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 35 4 pv5x 0 May those “I desire that” -PSA 35 4 s62m figs-metaphor 0 who seek my life Here “seek my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 35 4 fq9w figs-activepassive 0 May those who plan to harm me be turned back and confounded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh turn back and confound those who plan to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 35 4 g34u figs-metaphor 0 be turned back “be turned back” here is a metaphor for being unable to accomplish their goal. Alternate translation: “be unsuccessful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 4 mks4 0 confounded “confused” -PSA 35 5 wp56 figs-simile 0 as chaff before the wind The writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are chaff that is easily blown away. Alternate translation: “blown away by the wind like chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 35 6 ayu2 figs-metonymy 0 their way Here “their way” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “their lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 35 6 w5gp figs-metaphor 0 dark and slippery This refers to a way that is hidden and dangerous. Alternate translation: “hidden and full of dangers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 6 ehs5 figs-metaphor 0 chases them This refers to the angel of Yahweh being opposed to the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “works against them” or “opposes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 7 h8ne figs-metaphor 0 they set their net for me The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they set to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they want to catch me in a net like a small animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 7 j68b figs-metaphor 0 they dug a pit for my life The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a pit that they dug to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “they wanted to capture me in a pit like a big animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 7 kw8m figs-synecdoche 0 my life This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 35 8 iq5p figs-personification 0 Let destruction overtake them by surprise Destruction is spoken of as if it was a dangerous animal that would suddenly attack them. Alternate translation: “Let them be destroyed suddenly” or “Let them be surprised because you destroy them suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 35 8 d6rv figs-metaphor 0 the net that they have set The schemes of the wicked are spoken of as if they were a net that they place to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “the net that they placed in order to capture me like an animal and harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 8 e9d9 figs-metaphor 0 Let them fall into it This is the same metaphor as in verse 7. The net is intended to catch the writer. Alternate translation: “Let them fall into the pit that they dug for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 35 8 n85r 0 fall into it This could mean: (1) fall into the pit of verse 7 or (2) fall into destruction. -PSA 35 8 q1k1 figs-abstractnouns 0 to their destruction The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “so that they will be destroyed” or “that is how you should destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 35 9 gv3z figs-abstractnouns 0 in his salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you save me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 35 10 dy1n figs-metonymy 0 All my bones Here “bones” refers to the deepest inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “My whole inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 35 10 fcx1 figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, who is like you … those who try to rob them? The implicit answer to this question is that no one is like Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, there is no one like you … those who try to rob them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 35 10 kuz3 figs-doublet 0 the poor and needy The words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 35 11 j8nd figs-idiom 0 rise up This means they testify in a trial. Alternate translation: “volunteer to give a testimony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 35 12 ns9v figs-metaphor 0 They repay me evil for good This is a metaphor which means they give back evil in exchange for the good they have received. Alternate translation: “In return for my doing good things for them, they do evil things to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 12 j7e3 figs-abstractnouns 0 evil … good These abstract nouns can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “evil things … good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 35 12 v5ej 0 I am sorrowful “I am extremely sad” -PSA 35 13 jiu2 0 when they were sick The word “they” refers to the “unrighteous witnesses” ([Psalms 35:11](../035/011.md)). -PSA 35 13 t4yd 0 I wore sackcloth “I showed that I was sad” -PSA 35 13 gt7d translate-symaction 0 with my head bowed on my chest This was a symbol of prayer. “with my head bent down in prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 35 14 zuy5 figs-simile 0 in grief as for my brother The writer was as sad as if his own brother had died. Alternate translation: “grieving as if my own brother was ill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 35 14 kn9w figs-simile 0 I bent down in mourning as for my mother The writer mourned as if his own mother had died. Alternate translation: “I mourned as if my own mother had died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 35 14 zqf9 translate-symaction 0 I bent down This was a symbol of pain and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 35 15 ff5f 0 gathered together “assembled together” or “came together” -PSA 35 15 w4hv figs-idiom 0 against me This means they came together for the purpose of attacking the writer. Alternate translation: “to make plans against me” or “to plan my destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 35 15 qu3u figs-metaphor 0 They tore at me Here the treated the writer as if he were a piece of cloth that they could tear to pieces. Alternate translation: “They attacked me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 16 l7dx 0 With no respect at all they mocked me (1) “With the worthless people they ridiculed me” or (2) “Without respect they made fun of me” -PSA 35 16 j13z translate-symaction 0 they grind their teeth at me in rage This is a sign of anger and hate. “they made grinding noises with their teeth at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 35 17 x3er figs-rquestion 0 how long will you look on? This rhetorical question indicates that the writer wants God to stop simply looking on and to start to help him. Alternate translation: “how long will you only watch them doing this?” or “when will you help me?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 35 17 te6n figs-synecdoche 0 Rescue my soul Here “soul” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 35 17 ygg1 figs-ellipsis 0 my life from the lions The word “save” is implied. Alternate translation: “save my life from the lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 35 17 kep3 figs-synecdoche 0 my life This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 35 17 d2a8 figs-metaphor 0 from the lions Here the writer speaks of his enemies as if they were vicious lions. Alternate translation: “from my enemies who attack me like wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 19 p53g 0 Do not let my deceitful enemies “Do not let my enemies, who tell lies about me,” -PSA 35 19 a7lv 0 their wicked schemes “their evil plans” -PSA 35 20 pjw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 they do not speak peace The abstract noun “peace” can be stated as “peacefully.” Alternate translation: “they do not speak peacefully to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 35 20 sg2n 0 devise deceitful words “look for ways to tell lies” -PSA 35 20 e21a 0 those in our land who live in peace “those who live peacefully in our land” -PSA 35 20 p638 figs-abstractnouns 0 live in peace The abstract noun “peace” can be stated in other forms. Alternate translation: “live peacefully with others” or “do no harm to anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 35 21 vvg2 figs-explicit 0 They open their mouths wide against me The reason they open their mouths is to accuse the writer. Alternate translation: “They shout at me in order to accuse me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 35 21 b5wt figs-exclamations 0 Aha, Aha This is something an excited person says when he has suddenly seen or understood something, especially something other people did not expect him to see. It emphasizes the statement that follows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 35 21 s32p figs-synecdoche 0 our eyes have seen it Here “our eyes” refers to the enemies’ eyes. It is implied that they are saying they saw the writer do something wrong. Alternate translation: “we have seen it” or “we saw the wrong things that you did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 35 22 gn7x figs-explicit 0 You have seen it Here “it” refers to the false accusations of the writer’s enemies. Alternate translation: “You have seen how they falsely accused me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 35 22 tt5p figs-litotes 0 do not be silent “do not ignore what they did” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “judge them because of what they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 35 22 a6yk figs-litotes 0 do not be far from me This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “be very close to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 35 23 hkj2 figs-metaphor 0 Arouse yourself and awake This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer wants God to intervene. Both words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the urgency of this request. Alternate translation: “I feel like you are sleeping! Wake up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 35 23 g2zc figs-abstractnouns 0 to my defense This abstract noun “defense” can be stated as “defend.” Alternate translation: “to defend me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 35 23 qri7 figs-metonymy 0 my cause This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 35 24 h9ku 0 do not let them rejoice over me “do not let them be glad because I am suffering” -PSA 35 25 g22z figs-idiom 0 say in their heart This is an idiom that means to say to oneself. Alternate translation: “say to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 35 25 lj61 figs-exclamations 0 Aha This is an exclamation that is used when something is suddenly seen or understood. It emphasizes what follows. Alternate translation: “Yes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 35 25 vuc2 figs-explicit 0 we have what we wanted It is implied that the writer’s enemies wanted him to be declared guilty. Alternate translation: “he has been declared guilty just as we desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 35 25 p58l figs-metaphor 0 We have devoured him The writer’s enemies speak of his destruction as if they were wild animals who had eaten him. Alternate translation: “We have swallowed him up” or “We have destroyed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 26 fck7 0 May they be put to shame and may they be confounded who rejoice at my distress “May those who rejoice at my distress be put to shame and confounded” -PSA 35 26 p6id 0 May they be put to shame “May they feel shame” -PSA 35 26 m9cp 0 may they be confounded “may they be confused” or “may they be humiliated” -PSA 35 26 q1m6 figs-activepassive 0 May those who exalt themselves over me be clothed with shame and dishonor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you clothe with shame and dishonor those who exalt themselves over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 35 26 y2xu 0 exalt themselves over me “consider themselves better than I am” or “think they have the right to treat me badly” -PSA 35 26 j7j7 figs-abstractnouns 0 clothed with shame and dishonor Here shame and dishonor are spoken of as if they were shameful clothes that the writer could wear. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “shamed and dishonored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 35 26 he8a figs-doublet 0 shame and dishonor These terms mean about the same thing and are used to emphasize how degraded they will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 35 27 ywv7 0 my vindication Here “vindication” refers to Yahweh proclaiming or judging the psalmist innocent. -PSA 35 27 f434 0 may they say continually “may they always say” -PSA 35 27 zr5u figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let us praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 35 27 l9kp 0 who delights in “who is happy with” or “who is glad for” -PSA 35 27 ra7f 0 welfare well-being, happiness -PSA 35 28 b4q3 figs-abstractnouns 0 tell of your justice The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as “right.” Alternate translation: “proclaim that you act in the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 36 intro a634 0 # Psalm 036 General Notes
## Formatting in this chapter

Psalm 36 is a psalm of praise. It speaks of how good God is to those who love him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God and man
Evil people do not think about God; but he is such a pleasure to all who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -PSA 36 1 d19d writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 36 1 hw62 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 36 1 eg5r figs-genericnoun 0 An evil man This does not refer to a specific man, but to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “Evil people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 36 1 pzl6 figs-metonymy 0 from deep in his heart Here “heart” refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “from his inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 36 1 zm16 figs-synecdoche 0 in his eyes Here “eyes” refers to the wicked person. Alternate translation: “in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 36 2 fd1w 0 he comforts himself, thinking “he prefers to believe” or “he wants to think” -PSA 36 2 z7qc figs-activepassive 0 his sin will not be discovered and be hated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not discover and hate his sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 36 3 v6yt 0 His words are “What he says is” -PSA 36 3 pir7 0 do good “do things that are good” -PSA 36 4 d3zz figs-metaphor 0 he sets out on an evil way The sinful actions of the man are spoken of as if he was walking along a path that was evil. Alternate translation: “he begins to do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 36 4 w34n figs-abstractnouns 0 he does not reject evil Here “evil” can be stated in another form. Alternate translation: “he does not reject evil behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 36 5 wiw8 figs-metaphor 0 Your covenant faithfulness … reaches to the heavens The greatness of God’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if it were an object that reached as high as the heavens. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Your covenant faithfulness … is very great” or “You … are as faithful to your covenant as the heavens are high above the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 36 5 m314 figs-metaphor 0 reaches to the clouds The greatness of God’s loyalty is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “is as high as the clouds” or “is enormously great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 36 6 s49q figs-simile 0 like the mountains of God … like the great deep These phrases describe the greatness of God’s righteousness and judgments as if they were very high and deep. Alternate translation: “as high as the highest mountains … as deep as the deepest sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 36 6 e8gt 0 you preserve “you help” or “you save” -PSA 36 7 vs32 figs-abstractnouns 0 How precious is your covenant faithfulness The word “precious” refers to how greatly the writer values Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I greatly value how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 36 8 vy98 figs-metaphor 0 They feast upon the abundance of your house Eating much food as guests in a house is a metaphor for God providing all his people need. Alternate translation: “They will have all they need because you will provide it to them” or “You have plenty to give, and you will provide them with all they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 36 8 mw7h figs-metaphor 0 you let them drink from the river of your delights There are two metaphors here. God’s abundant blessings are spoken of as if they are the water in a flowing river. Also, those who receive those blessings are spoken of as if they are drinking them like water. Alternate translation: “your precious blessings are like a river from which you will let them drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 36 9 wc6m 0 fountain of life “source of life” -PSA 36 9 f7u5 figs-metaphor 0 in your light we will see light Here “light” is a metaphor for true knowledge. Alternate translation: “when you enlighten us, we will know the truth” or “your light is what enables us to know the truth about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 36 10 d1ua figs-metaphor 0 Extend your covenant faithfulness fully to those who know you The writer speaks of Yahweh continuing to act faithfully towards the people as if Yahweh were to extend his covenant faithfulness or make it longer. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “Continue to act faithfully to those who know you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 36 10 jtd4 figs-abstractnouns 0 your defense to the upright of heart The abstract noun “defense” can be stated as a verb. “Continue” is implied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Continue to protect the upright of heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 36 10 qms7 figs-synecdoche 0 the upright of heart Here “heart” refers to the people. Alternate translation: “the upright” or “people who act righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 36 11 z9yf figs-synecdoche 0 the foot of the arrogant man … the hand of the wicked Here “foot” and “hand” refer to the evil people. These are not specific men. This refers to evil people in general. Alternate translation: “arrogant people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 36 11 a5wg 0 drive me away “send me away” or “make me leave my place” -PSA 36 12 mm9r figs-metaphor 0 evildoers have fallen; they are knocked down and are not able to get up All three phrases describe the evildoers as defeated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 36 12 q7yf figs-activepassive 0 they are knocked down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have knocked them down” or “you have destroyed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 36 12 bmn7 0 are not able to get up “cannot get up” -PSA 37 intro tv7e 0 # Psalm 037 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 37 is a teaching psalm. It provides guidance about how to live a moral and God-fearing life. It teaches that evil people do not prosper in the future. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Envy
Do not envy evil people. Although it appears as though they prosper, soon they will be destroyed and the good people will continue on living. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) -PSA 37 1 bd2s writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 37 1 a1ye 0 Do not be irritated because of evildoers “Do not let wicked people upset you” or “Do not be bothered by what wicked people do” -PSA 37 2 y2vk figs-simile 0 dry up as the grass … wither as the green plants Evildoers are spoken of as if they are grass and plants that dry up and die in the hot weather. These two similes both mean they will die. Alternate translation: “die” or “come to an end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 37 3 eb2r figs-metaphor 0 graze in faithfulness Faithfulness is spoken of as if it was an animal that would be strengthened by feeding in good pasture. Alternate translation: “nourish faithfulness” or “increase your faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 4 pbq2 figs-metonymy 0 the desires of your heart Here “heart” represents the person’s inner being and thoughts. Alternate translation: “your deepest, inner desires” or “the things that you desire the most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 37 5 wt82 figs-idiom 0 Give your ways to Yahweh Here “give your ways” is an idiom that means to ask Yahweh to control your life. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh to guide your actions in life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 37 5 i61n figs-idiom 0 act on your behalf This is to represent another in legal issues. Here, when one trusts in Yahweh, he will defend that person and grant justice to that person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 37 6 lt22 figs-parallelism 0 like the daylight … like the day at noon Both of these phrases mean about the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 37 6 n8jl figs-simile 0 like the daylight This means “in full view of everyone.” Alternate translation: “as clear to see as the light of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 37 6 jt1t figs-simile 0 like the day at noon This means “as visible as the noon sun.” Alternate translation: “as visible as the light at the brightest time of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 37 7 vgp6 0 Be still “Be quiet” -PSA 37 9 qq5y figs-metaphor 0 will be cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 9 ijv6 0 but those who wait for Yahweh “but those who trust in Yahweh” -PSA 37 9 rvq6 figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 10 zbl4 figs-idiom 0 will disappear This idiom refers to the death of the evil man. Alternate translation: “will die and you will no longer see him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 37 11 ma58 figs-nominaladj 0 the meek This refers to the people who are meek. Alternate translation: “the meek people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 11 bs1x figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it will be received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 12 vej2 figs-genericnoun 0 The wicked man This does not refer to a specific man. It refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “The wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 37 12 k2zu figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This does not refer to specific people. This refers to people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 12 y9px writing-symlanguage 0 grinds his teeth The wicked man hates the righteous person so much that he grinds his teeth together to show his anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -PSA 37 13 g21a figs-explicit 0 his day is coming It is implied that “his day” will be a day of judgment. Alternate translation: “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish him” or “the day is coming when Yahweh will judge and punish the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 37 14 wde8 figs-nominaladj 0 The wicked This refers to the wicked people. Alternate translation: “The wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 14 yet9 figs-synecdoche 0 have drawn out their swords … have bent their bows Both “swords” and “bows” are weapons used to attack people. The fact that they are “drawn” and “bent” means they are ready to start attacking. Alternate translation: “have prepared their weapons in order to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 37 14 f2i7 figs-metaphor 0 to cast down This destruction of the needy people is spoken of as if they were clay pots that would break into pieces when thrown down on the ground. Alternate translation: “to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 14 r9uh figs-doublet 0 the oppressed and needy These terms both refer to people who are powerless to defend themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are not able to resist them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 37 15 p5xq figs-synecdoche 0 Their swords will pierce their own hearts Swords are examples of weapons and “hearts” represent the people. To “pierce the heart” is an idiom that means “to kill.” Alternate translation: “Their weapons will be turned against them and they will kill themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 37 16 d3e8 0 Better is the little that the righteous has than the abundance of many wicked people “It is better to be poor and righteous than to be wicked with great wealth” -PSA 37 16 brs7 figs-nominaladj 0 Better is the little that the righteous has The nominal adjective “the little” refers to few possessions. The nominal adjective “the righteous” refers to a righteous person. Alternate translation: “Better are the few possessions that a righteous person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 16 w4rb figs-nominaladj 0 the abundance This refers to the wealth of the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 17 psr9 figs-metonymy 0 For the arms of the wicked people will be broken Here “arms” represent the strength of the wicked people. Breaking their arms represents taking away their power. This could be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will remove the strength of the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 18 f64m figs-idiom 0 watches over the blameless To “watch over” means to protect someone. Here “the blameless” refers to the blameless people. Alternate translation: “protects the blameless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 18 ck1b figs-idiom 0 day by day This is an idiom that means “continually.” Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 37 19 itw1 figs-idiom 0 when times are bad This phrase refers to disasters, such as famine. Alternate translation: “when calamities occur” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 37 20 y7p7 figs-simile 0 Yahweh’s enemies will be like the glory of the pastures The writer compares Yahweh’s enemies to the flowers blooming in the fields. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 37 20 c5yy figs-metaphor 0 be consumed and disappear in the smoke The writer speaks of the destruction of the wicked as if they were weeds or wilted flowers in the field that are burned off after the harvest. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy them as fire turns the weeds of the field into smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 21 bz3p figs-doublet 0 is generous and gives These mean the same thing and emphasize the generosity of the righteous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 37 22 u3r4 figs-parallelism 0 Those who are blessed by God will inherit the land; those who are cursed by him will be cut off This is a contrastive form of Parallelism. Those who are blessed by God in contrast to those who are cursed by God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 37 22 bf1j figs-activepassive 0 Those who are blessed by God This can be stated as active. Alternate translation: “Those whom God blesses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 22 tev2 figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 22 u6uk figs-activepassive 0 those who are cursed by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh curses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 22 n6u3 figs-metaphor 0 will be cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 23 cq19 figs-activepassive 0 It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established … commendable in God’s sight These can be stated to show the logical connection and clarify the passive clause. Alternate translation: “If a man lives in a commendable way in Yahweh’s sight, Yahweh will establish his steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 23 fba1 figs-activepassive 0 It is by Yahweh that a man’s steps are established This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who enables a man to be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 23 c8pu figs-genericnoun 0 a man … the man This does not refer to a specific man, but to people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 37 23 na5m figs-metonymy 0 a man’s steps Steps represent the way a person lives. Alternate translation: “the way a man lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 37 24 c1m3 figs-metaphor 0 Though he stumbles, he will not fall down Here “stumble” and “fall” refer to the man’s reaction to difficult times. Alternate translation: “Though he has difficult times, he will not utterly fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 24 k1r7 figs-metonymy 0 holding him with his hand Here “his hand” refers to Yahweh’s power, and “holding him” refers to protecting him. Alternate translation: “protecting him with his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 37 25 g5w1 figs-activepassive 0 the righteous person abandoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh forsake the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 25 nq7e figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous person This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 37 25 rv2w figs-synecdoche 0 begging for bread Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: begging for food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 37 26 jp6j figs-idiom 0 All the day long he is This idiom means this action is a habit of his life. Alternate translation: “He is always (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 37 26 iry2 0 his children become a blessing “his children grow up to bless others” -PSA 37 27 v1dr figs-metaphor 0 Turn away from To stop doing something is spoken of as if the person turned away from it. Alternate translation: “Stop doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 28 ybg7 figs-activepassive 0 They are preserved forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 28 ga2f figs-metaphor 0 will be cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 29 t6ic figs-metaphor 0 will inherit the land The possession of the land is spoken of as if it had been received as an inheritance. See how you translated this in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). Alternate translation: “will receive the land as their own possession” or “will be allowed to live safely in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 30 u8ut figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to the people who are righteous. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 30 w34s figs-synecdoche 0 The mouth of the righteous person Here “mouth” represents the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “The righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 37 30 hy67 figs-abstractnouns 0 speaks wisdom The abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “gives wise advice to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 37 30 xy8u figs-abstractnouns 0 increases justice The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “encourages other people to live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 37 31 bga8 figs-metonymy 0 The law of his God is in his heart Here “in his heart” refers to his deepest inner being. Alternate translation: “He treasures the commands of his God in his inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 37 31 nf23 figs-metaphor 0 his feet will not slip Here failure to obey Yahweh is spoken of as slipping off a safe path and falling. Alternate translation: “he will walk safely in the way God wants him to walk” or “he will safely do the things God wants him to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 32 jz23 figs-genericnoun 0 The wicked person … the righteous person These words refer to any wicked or righteous person or to wicked and righteous people in general, not to specific people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people … righteous people” or “Any wicked person” or “any righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 37 32 w8bk figs-explicit 0 watches the righteous person Here the watching implies observing the righteous in order to do them harm. Alternate translation: “waits in ambush for the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 37 33 ea9s figs-genericnoun 0 the evil person’s hand These words refer to the hand of any evil person, not of any specific person. Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “evil people’s hands” or “the power of the evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 37 33 z9fb figs-activepassive 0 when he is judged This refers to Yahweh judging the righteous man. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh judges him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 34 eu5a figs-metaphor 0 he will raise you up to possess the land Here “raise you up” refers to God giving honor to those who wait for him. Alternate translation: “he will honor you by giving you the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 34 lj8c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 34 k2fq figs-metaphor 0 are cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 35 ec1h figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked and terrifying person This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 37 35 d6gn figs-simile 0 spread out like a green tree in its native soil Here the prosperity of the wicked man is spoken of as if he were a healthy tree growing in good soil. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 37 36 lz97 figs-activepassive 0 he could not be found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I could not find him” or “Yahweh had taken him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 37 pn9i figs-genericnoun 0 the man of integrity This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 37 37 cy8i 0 mark the upright “note carefully the good people” or “notice the good people” -PSA 37 38 dqj8 figs-activepassive 0 the future for the wicked man is cut off This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will end his family line” or “he will not have any descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 37 38 pn38 figs-metonymy 0 the future This refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “his descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 37 38 al71 figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked man This does not refer to a specific person. It is a general statement. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 37 38 a22i figs-metaphor 0 is cut off The destruction of the wicked is spoken of as if they were a branch of a plant that was cut off and thrown away. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 37:9](../037/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 37 39 m69g figs-abstractnouns 0 Salvation of the righteous comes from Yahweh The abstract noun “Salvation” can be expressed as an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh rescues the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 37 39 rjp3 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to the righteous people. Alternate translation: “the righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 37 40 jus5 figs-parallelism 0 helps … rescues … saves This same idea is repeated in several different ways to emphasize that Yahweh is dependable and able to give aid. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 37 40 qwg7 figs-metaphor 0 they have taken refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “they have gone to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 intro ysy3 0 # Psalm 038 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 38 is a confession of sin and a prayer for deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Author’s sickness
The author was very sick and his enemies were seeking ways to destroy him. -PSA 38 1 nsf9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 38 1 n1x9 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 38 1 nd38 figs-parallelism 0 do not rebuke me in your anger … do not punish me in your wrath These phrases mean basically the same thing and the idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 38 2 z5x4 figs-metaphor 0 your arrows pierce me The severity of Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh had shot arrows into the writer. Alternate translation: “Your punishment is as painful as if you had shot arrows into me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 2 w3fq figs-metaphor 0 your hand presses me down Yahweh’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if Yahweh was smashing the writer with his hand. Here, “hand” refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “your power knocks me down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 38 3 c6im 0 General Information: David continues describing what his guilt and shame does to his body. He uses hyperbole to emphasize the effects of this lesson. -PSA 38 3 m6l5 figs-synecdoche 0 there is no health in my bones because of my sin Here “my bones” represents the body of the writer. Alternate translation: “my whole body is diseased because of my sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 38 4 m7wm figs-metaphor 0 my iniquities overwhelm me The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a flood of water that covers him. Alternate translation: “my iniquities cover me like a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 4 p4hm figs-metaphor 0 they are a burden too heavy for me The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he cannot lift. Alternate translation: “they are like a load that is too heavy for me to lift” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 5 cy8n 0 General Information: David continues describing what his guilt and shame does to his body. He uses hyperbole to emphasize the effects of this lesson. -PSA 38 5 yf37 figs-explicit 0 My wounds are infected and smell Here “smell” refer to his sores having a bad smell that is associated with rotting flesh. Alternate translation: “My wounds are infected and stink as they rot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 38 6 z27f figs-metaphor 0 I am stooped over The pain of the writer’s wounds have caused him to be bent over as if he were an old, feeble man. Alternate translation: “I am bent over in pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 7 b2u7 figs-metaphor 0 I am filled with burning The writer’s is so sick with fever that it is as if he is burning inside. Alternate translation: “My body is burning with fever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 7 a9kv figs-synecdoche 0 there is no health in my flesh Here “my flesh” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “I am completely sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 38 8 zm7m figs-metaphor 0 utterly crushed The writer’s illness is so severe that it is as if a huge weight is pressing down on him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 8 z68c figs-synecdoche 0 anguish of my heart Here “my heart” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “my anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 38 9 f3ph figs-synecdoche 0 my heart’s deepest yearnings Here “my heart” refers to the writer. It may be helpful to state that the writer desires good health. Alternate translation: “My strongest desires” or “that I desire you to heal me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 38 9 dqp9 figs-activepassive 0 my groanings are not hidden from you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you are able to see all my moans of sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 38 10 ifg6 figs-idiom 0 My heart pounds This idiom means his heart beats intensely. Alternate translation: “My heart beats loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 38 10 xnw5 0 my strength fades “I become very weak” -PSA 38 10 e7ld 0 my eyesight dims “I can no longer see well” -PSA 38 12 bt4z figs-metaphor 0 lay snares for me The plots of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they were traps that they had set to catch him like an animal. Alternate translation: “set traps to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 12 xc5c figs-parallelism 0 speak destructive words and say deceitful words These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the hurtful nature of what these people say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 38 13 z4gn figs-simile 0 I am like a deaf man … hear nothing The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 38 13 hm4h figs-simile 0 I am like a mute man … says nothing The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 38 13 s5pm 0 a mute man a person who cannot speak -PSA 38 14 th66 0 does not hear The writer does not listen to what his enemies are saying. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) -PSA 38 14 ir1x 0 has no reply The writer does not speak evil words to or about his enemies. (See: rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile) -PSA 38 15 px8y 0 you will answer This could mean: (1) “you will answer me” or (2) “you will answer my enemies.” -PSA 38 16 gan3 0 will not gloat over me “will not delight over my trouble” -PSA 38 16 bq5f figs-synecdoche 0 If my foot slips Here “my foot” represents the writer. The slipping of his foot is a metaphor that refers to the writer’s troubles and misfortunes. Alternate translation: “If I make mistakes that cause me trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 17 s48p figs-metaphor 0 I am about to stumble This metaphor could mean: (1) “I am so sick that I am about to die” or (2) “I will soon be ruined.” It may be best not to interpret the metaphor in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 17 sbz5 0 I am in constant pain “I am always in pain” -PSA 38 19 ie1w figs-parallelism 0 But my enemies are numerous … are many These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 38 20 ca7b figs-metaphor 0 They repay me evil for good The actions of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as a financial transaction where they gave him evil things in exchange for good things. The abstract nouns “evil” and “good” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “They do evil thing to me after I was good to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 38 20 ai9q figs-metaphor 0 hurl accusations at me The way the writer’s enemies accuse him is spoken of as if they were throwing accusations at him like rocks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 20 bbb4 figs-metaphor 0 pursued what is good The writers desire for what is good is spoken of as if he were running after good things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 21 czy3 figs-parallelism 0 Do not abandon me … do not stay far away from me These two phrases have very similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 38 21 nrs8 figs-metaphor 0 do not stay far away from me Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 22 zv2x figs-metaphor 0 Come quickly to help me God is spoken of as if he is running to the writer to help him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 38 22 a3xa figs-abstractnouns 0 my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 39 intro z1zc 0 # Psalm 039 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 39 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Life
Life on earth is short. The psalmist wanted God’s healing so he can enjoy the rest of his life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]])

This psalm shares some characteristics of another wisdom book called Ecclesiastes or Koheleth but is more positive. -PSA 39 1 lx3e writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 39 1 rc8d 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship,” -PSA 39 1 br39 translate-names 0 Jeduthun One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 39 1 dv6b figs-idiom 0 I will watch what I say Here “watch” is an idiom that mean “pay attention to.” Alternate translation: “I will pay attention to the things that I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 39 1 s4wx figs-metonymy 0 so that I do not sin with my tongue Here “tongue” refers to the writer’s speech. Alternate translation: “so that I do not speak an offense against Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 39 1 e8kh figs-metaphor 0 muzzle To “muzzle” means to keep a mouth shut. Here David means that he will not speak while he is with an evil person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 2 fa7x figs-doublet 0 I kept silent; I kept back my words These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the writer did not speak at all. Alternate translation: “I was completely silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 39 2 k9fs 0 I kept back my words “I did not speak” -PSA 39 3 u5ie figs-synecdoche 0 My heart became hot … it burned like a fire Here “heart” represents the whole person. The anxious thoughts of the writer are spoken of as if they were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “I became very anxious when I thought about these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 4 vey1 figs-parallelism 0 the end of my life … the extent of my days These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 39 4 bac9 0 Show me how transient I am “Show me how brief my life is” or “Show me how soon I will die” -PSA 39 5 in3w figs-metaphor 0 only the width of my hand The writer speaks of his lifespan is if it could be measured by the width of his hand. Alternate translation: “only a very short time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 5 ej3j figs-simile 0 my lifetime is like nothing before you This simile states that the length of the writer’s life is so short that it does not exist. This is an exaggeration to stress how short it is. Alternate translation: “the length of my life is barely any time at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 39 5 l7in figs-metaphor 0 Surely every man is a single breath Life is short, and the psalmist speaks of it here as if it were only as long as the time it takes for a person to breathe one breath. Alternate translation: “The time that humans live is as short as a single breath of a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 6 wkn8 figs-simile 0 Surely every man walks about like a shadow The lives of people are spoken of as if they are as insignificant as shadows. Alternate translation: “Everyone disappears like shadows do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 39 6 i78f figs-explicit 0 although they do not know who will receive them Here it is implied that they do not know what will happen to their wealth after they die. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 39 7 y9ll figs-rquestion 0 Now, Lord, for what am I waiting? The writer asks this question to emphasize that people cannot help him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “So now, Yahweh, I can expect to receive nothing from anyone else.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 39 9 ll7d figs-parallelism 0 I am silent … cannot open my mouth These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 39 9 whi2 0 because it is you who has done it “because my punishment comes from you” -PSA 39 10 kf2h figs-metaphor 0 Stop wounding me God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was wounding him with a weapon. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 10 hd77 0 I am overwhelmed “I am defeated completely” -PSA 39 10 n2ex figs-metaphor 0 the blow of your hand God’s punishment of the writer is spoken of as if God was striking him with his fist. Here “hand” represents God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “your judgment on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 11 skf5 figs-simile 0 consume the things they desire like a moth God will take away the things they value in the same way as a moth eats a piece of cloth. Alternate translation: “consume the things they desire like a moth eats away at clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 39 11 uzd7 figs-metaphor 0 all people are nothing but vapor The writer speaks of the frailty of people as if they were mist that disappears quickly. Alternate translation: “everyone is completely fragile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 12 rx3j figs-parallelism 0 Hear my prayer … listen to me … listen to my weeping These three phrases mean basically the same thing and show how strongly the writer wants God to respond to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 39 12 ae4r figs-metaphor 0 Do not be deaf to me The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response to him as if Yahweh was deaf. Alternate translation: “Do not ignore me as if you could not hear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 39 12 nnj1 figs-simile 0 I am like a foreigner with you, a refugee The writer speaks of Yahweh’s lack of response as if Yahweh considered him to be a total stranger to him. Alternate translation: “I am like a complete stranger to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 39 13 k2nr figs-metonymy 0 Turn your gaze from me Here “your gaze” represents Yahweh’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Please stop punishing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 39 13 kfn1 figs-metonymy 0 so that I may smile again Here “smile” is associated with being happy. Alternate translation: “so that I can be happy again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 intro ik39 0 # Psalm 040 General Notes
## Type of psalm
Psalm 40 is a psalm of praise. Many also see it as a messianic psalm, a psalm about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sacrifices
God is not interested in sacrifices but wants people to obey him and fulfill his plans for them. -PSA 40 1 k46g writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 40 1 q9w4 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 40 1 yu4m 0 I waited patiently for Yahweh This means the writer was waiting for Yahweh to help him. -PSA 40 1 j6iw figs-doublet 0 he listened to me … heard my cry These mean the same thing, and can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “he listened to me when I called out to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 40 2 jcv4 figs-parallelism 0 out of a horrible pit, out of the miry clay These two metaphors mean the same thing. The writer’s danger is spoken of as if it was a deadly pit full of mud. This emphasizes the danger. Alternate translation: “from being trapped in a horrible pit full of sticky mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 40 2 yav8 figs-synecdoche 0 he set my feet on a rock Here “my feet” refers to the writer, and “a rock” refers a place of safety. Alternate translation: “he provided safety for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 3 kgu6 0 He has put a new song in my mouth This could mean: (1) “He has taught me the words to a new song” or (2) “He has given me a new reason to sing.” -PSA 40 3 bl9j figs-synecdoche 0 in my mouth Here “my mouth” refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 40 3 n4gq figs-abstractnouns 0 praise to our God The noun “praise” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “a song to praise our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 40 3 z44r figs-metonymy 0 Many will see it Here “see it” refers to hearing the writer sing his song about what God has done for him. Alternate translation: “Many people will hear me tell what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 4 cal5 0 Blessed is the man who makes Yahweh his trust “Blessed is the man who trusts in Yahweh” or “Those who trust in Yahweh are blessed” -PSA 40 4 z621 figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This refers to the people who are proud. Alternate translation: “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 40 4 f9yc 0 to lies The Hebrew word is unclear. This could mean: (1) “lies” or (2) “false gods.” -PSA 40 5 x7v4 figs-activepassive 0 your thoughts which are about us cannot be numbered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can count all the things you think about us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 40 5 kzt9 figs-parallelism 0 cannot be numbered … more than could be counted These phrases mean essentially the same thing. The first is stated in negative form, and the second is stated in positive form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 40 6 z1vh figs-hyperbole 0 You have no delight in sacrifice or offering This is an exaggeration to express that other things are much more important to God. Alternate translation: “Sacrifices and other offerings are not the things that delight you most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 40 6 xz9n figs-metonymy 0 you have opened my ears Here “ears” refers to the ability to hear. Alternate translation: “you have enabled me to hear your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 6 mi62 figs-hyperbole 0 you have not required burnt offerings or sin offerings This is an exaggeration to show that these things were not the most important to God. Alternate translation: “animals burned on the altar and other offerings for our sins are not what you require most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 40 7 jn6f figs-explicit 0 the scroll of the document This refers to a scroll on which was written the word of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the written scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 40 8 va1l figs-metonymy 0 your laws are in my heart Here “my heart” refers to the inner being of the writer. Alternate translation: “I am always thinking about your laws within my inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 9 k2b6 0 I have proclaimed good news of your righteousness in the great assembly “I have told a large assembly of people the good news of your righteousness.” -PSA 40 9 epq1 figs-ellipsis 0 good news of your righteousness This refers to the good news that God rescues his people. Alternate translation: “good news that because you are righteous, you rescue your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 40 9 gk2t figs-metonymy 0 my lips have not kept back from doing this Here “my lips” represents the writer, emphasizing his speech. Alternate translation: “I have not stopped myself from proclaiming these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 10 vb9c figs-litotes 0 I have not concealed your righteousness in my heart “I have not kept your righteousness a secret.” This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have openly told every one about your righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 40 10 am3c figs-metonymy 0 in my heart Here this refers to the writer’s inner being. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 10 cn4q figs-litotes 0 I have not concealed your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness from the great assembly This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I have told everyone in the great assembly about your covenant faithfulness or your trustworthiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 40 10 bp5z figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 40 10 u78d figs-abstractnouns 0 your trustworthiness This abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “how trustworthy you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 40 11 qc48 figs-personification 0 let your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness always preserve me Here “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were living people who could protect the writer. Alternate translation: “I want your covenant faithfulness and your trustworthiness to always preserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 40 12 c6b2 figs-metaphor 0 Troubles that cannot be numbered surround me Here troubles are spoken of as if they were objects that surround and trap the speaker. Alternate translation: “there are more troubles around me than I can count” or “more troubles come to me than I can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 40 12 ra9w figs-litotes 0 that cannot be numbered This is stated in negative form to intensify the number.See how you translated this in [Psalms 40:5](../040/005.md). Alternate translation: “that are vast in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 40 12 ff9r figs-metonymy 0 my iniquities This refers to the consequences of his sin. Alternate translation: “the consequences of my iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 12 qng1 figs-personification 0 have caught up with me The writer’s iniquities are spoken of as if they were his enemies who were harming him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 40 12 x56q 0 I am no longer able to see anything Versions differ in how to understand this difficult passage. It may mean that the speaker is crying so much that he cannot see anything because of his tears. -PSA 40 12 ixl8 figs-metonymy 0 my heart has failed me Here “heart” refers to the writer’s inner confidence. Alternate translation: “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 40 14 hl37 figs-activepassive 0 Let them be ashamed and completely disappointed who pursue my life to take it away This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who pursue my life to take it awy be ashamed and completely disappointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 40 14 l9j5 0 Let them be ashamed and completely disappointed “Please make them ashamed and completely disappointed” -PSA 40 14 ff5k figs-metaphor 0 who pursue my life to take it away Here “pursue my life” means they desire to kill the writer. The writer is represented by his “life.” Alternate translation: “who are trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 40 14 knx2 figs-activepassive 0 Let them be turned back and brought to dishonor, those who delight in hurting me This can be reordered and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let those who delight in hurting me be turned back and brought to dishonor” or “Please have someone turn back those who delight in hurting me and bring them to dishonor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 40 14 k5tz 0 turned back “unable to continue” -PSA 40 15 fqa6 0 Let them be shocked because of their shame, those who say to me, “Aha, aha!” “Let those who say to me, ‘Aha, aha!’ be shocked because of their shame” -PSA 40 15 i1aw 0 Let them be shocked because of their shame “I hope that they will be shocked when you shame them” -PSA 40 15 rbg9 figs-exclamations 0 Aha, aha! These words indicate that the speaker has seen the hearer doing evil that the hearer did not think anyone knew about. You can use here words in your language that mean the same thing but sound different. See how this is translated in [Psalms 35:21](../035/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 40 16 az21 figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 40 16 yq7n figs-abstractnouns 0 loves your salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 40 17 v567 figs-doublet 0 poor and needy These words mean the same thing and emphasize how helpless the writer is. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 40 17 ep4r 0 the Lord thinks about me “the Lord cares for me” -PSA 40 17 a8vb figs-parallelism 0 You are my help … you come to my rescue These phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 40 17 g2mh 0 You are my help “You are the one who helps me” -PSA 40 17 zf6l 0 you come to my rescue “you come to save me” -PSA 40 17 c1t7 figs-litotes 0 do not delay This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “respond quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 41 intro q9l9 0 # Psalm 041 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 41 is a psalm of deliverance. The author’s friends had become his enemies who wanted to see him die but he trusted God to rescue him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Enemies
The author’s best friend had become an enemy. His enemies were happy because they were sure his sickness would result in death. -PSA 41 1 y6js writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 41 1 ay4z 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 41 1 bd73 0 he who is concerned for the weak … rescue him The words “he” and “him” refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. -PSA 41 1 glk5 0 the weak “weak people” or “poor people” -PSA 41 2 j2lj 0 he … him … his These words refer to anyone who is concerned for the weak. -PSA 41 3 lt8b figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will support him on the bed of suffering The phrase “the bed of suffering” refers to when a person lies in bed because he is sick. Alternate translation: “When he is sick and in bed, Yahweh will support him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 41 3 ygd6 figs-metonymy 0 you will make his bed of sickness into a bed of healing The phrase “a bed of healing” refers to when a person rests in bed and recovers from his sickness. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, will heal him of his sickness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 41 5 yg22 figs-ellipsis 0 his name perish If a person’s name dies, it means that people forget that he had ever lived. Alternate translation: “when will his name perish” or “when will people forget about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 41 6 evn1 0 If my enemy comes to see me The words “my enemy” refers to any enemy in general, and not to one specific enemy. -PSA 41 6 m4zm figs-idiom 0 he says worthless things This could mean: (1) “he says meaningless things” or (2) his enemies say things to make him think that they are his friends when they are not. Alternate translation: “he says deceitful things” or “they pretend to be concerned about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 41 6 c5vp figs-synecdoche 0 his heart gathers up my disaster for itself His enemies try to learn all of the bad things about him. Here the word “heart” refers the whole person. Bad circumstances are spoken of as if they were objects that can be gathered. Alternate translation: “he tries to learn about all of my disasters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 41 7 sq8r 0 against me they hope for my hurt This could mean: (1) “they hope that very bad things will happen to me” or (2) “they are planning to hurt me.” -PSA 41 8 l22y figs-personification 0 An evil disease … to him His enemies speak of “disease” as if it were a person who has captured him. Alternate translation: “He is sick with a fatal disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 41 8 hfg4 0 An evil disease This could mean: (1) “A fatal disease” or (2) “Something evil” -PSA 41 8 cay3 figs-explicit 0 now that he is lying down, he will rise up no more Here the words “lying down” refer to lying in bed because of illness. That he will not “rise up” means that he will continue to lie down, which is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “now that he is sick in bed, he will die there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 41 9 jzy3 figs-idiom 0 has lifted up his heel against me This is an idiom that means his friend betrayed him. Alternate translation: “has betrayed me” or “has turned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 41 10 r3b3 figs-declarative 0 But you, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up This is a request. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, have mercy on me and raise me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-declarative]]) -PSA 41 10 cz3d figs-idiom 0 raise me up This means to raise him up from his bed, or to make him recover from his disease. Alternate translation: “make me well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 41 10 h6l4 figs-metaphor 0 so that I may pay them back The writer speaks of revenge on his enemies as if it were paying to them what he owes. Alternate translation: “so that I may take revenge on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 41 11 m2j9 figs-events 0 By this I know that you delight in me, for my enemy does not triumph over me The word “this” refers to what the writer will say next. For clarity, the clauses may be reversed. Alternate translation: “Because my enemy does not triumph over me, I know that you delight in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -PSA 41 11 h7zl figs-explicit 0 By this I know that you delight in me, for my enemy does not triumph over me This can also be translated in future tense, since Yahweh has not yet healed him. Alternate translation: “If you enable me to do that, with the result that my enemies do not defeat me, I will know that you are pleased with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 41 12 dfw3 0 you support me in my integrity “you support me because of my integrity” -PSA 41 12 jj35 figs-metaphor 0 will keep me before your face The writer speaks of being in Yahweh’s presence as being in a place where Yahweh can see him and he can see Yahweh’s face. Alternate translation: “will keep me with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 41 13 s4va 0 General Information: This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 1 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 1 and ends with Psalm 41. -PSA 41 13 xi7f figs-merism 0 from everlasting to everlasting This refers to two extremes and means for all time. Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 41 13 d4ws figs-doublet 0 Amen and Amen The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 42 intro mu68 0 # Psalm 042 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 42 is a psalm of praise for all that God has done and a prayer for deliverance from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Yahweh’s deliverance
The psalmist praises God as he remembers what God has done for him in the past, and he puts his trust in him. He needs rescuing from his enemies. Scholars believe that this psalm is about a man in exile longing for Jerusalem.

### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43
Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm.

### Superscription
This psalm is called “a Maschil of the sons of Korah.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 42 1 t39i writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 42 1 rt7c 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 42 1 c3mx 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 42 1 h2nj 0 As the deer pants after streams of water, so I thirst for you, God The author compares his desire for God to the desire of a thirsty deer for water. -PSA 42 1 mi8s 0 pants heavy breathing from an animal or person that is very tired or thirsty -PSA 42 1 flj9 figs-metaphor 0 I thirst for you, God The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 42 2 xe9q figs-metaphor 0 I thirst for God The author speaks of his strong desire for God as if it were a strong thirst for water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 42 2 bsl8 figs-rquestion 0 when will I come and appear before God? The author does not ask this question to get an answer but to show his strong desire to be before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 42 3 mfk4 figs-metaphor 0 My tears have been my food The author refers to his tears as if they are food that he eats. This means that he is so sad that he cannot eat. Alternate translation: “My tears are like my food and I eat nothing else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 42 3 nw17 figs-merism 0 day and night This phrase refers to the entire day by referring to both its beginning and end. Alternate translation: “all day long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 42 3 hy3m figs-hyperbole 0 my enemies are always saying to me This is an exaggeration. His enemies are not saying this constantly; they are saying it often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 42 3 sa8l figs-rquestion 0 Where is your God? The author’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see his God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 42 4 d12n figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom that means to remember or think about something. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 42 4 k59b figs-metonymy 0 I pour out my soul Here the word “soul” refers to the emotions. The author speaks of his soul as if it is a liquid that he pours out. The phrase means that he is expressing his emotional grief. Alternate translation: “I express my sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 42 4 c6f8 0 the throng “the crowd of people” -PSA 42 4 gv3q figs-hendiadys 0 joy and praise This phrase uses two different words to express one idea. Alternate translation: “joyful praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -PSA 42 5 xs1j figs-rquestion 0 Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 42 5 cc84 figs-metaphor 0 bowed down The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 42 5 fyf2 figs-imperative 0 Hope in God The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) -PSA 42 6 lp5z 0 My God, my soul The writer begins to speak to God about his soul. -PSA 42 6 s443 figs-idiom 0 I call you to mind This phrase means to remember or to think about something. Alternate translation: “I think of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 42 6 u6xn figs-explicit 0 the land of the Jordan This is probably a reference to northern Israel, where the Jordan river originates. Alternate translation: “the land where the Jordan river begins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 42 6 ka3s 0 peaks mountain tops -PSA 42 6 xh39 translate-names 0 hill of Mizar This is the name of a hill at the base of Mount Hermon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 42 7 c6aq figs-personification 0 Deep calls to deep at the noise of your waterfalls The word “deep” refers to deep waters, which here are likely the streams rushing down Mount Hermon. The writer speaks of them as if they are people calling out to one another as they hear the sound of their own descent from the mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 42 7 exq2 figs-metaphor 0 all your waves … have gone over me The author speaks of his great misfortune and sadness as if they are deep waters that drown him with one wave after another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 42 7 d5k7 figs-doublet 0 your waves and your billows The word “billows” is another word for “waves.” Together the two words emphasize the greatness of the waves. Alternate translation: “all of your great waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 42 8 ef4n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will command his covenant faithfulness in the daytime The writer speaks of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness as if it were a person whom he commands to be with him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will show me his covenant faithfulness in the daytime” or “Yahweh will show me in the daytime how faithful he is to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 42 8 jsc8 0 his song This could mean: (1) “the song that he gives me” or (2) “the song about him” -PSA 42 8 xm7t 0 the God of my life “the God who gives me life” -PSA 42 9 si6j figs-metaphor 0 I will say to God, my rock The writer speaks of God as if he were a huge rock that would provide protection from enemy attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 42 9 b1ik 0 Why do I go mourning To “go mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad. -PSA 42 10 bp1m figs-simile 0 As with a sword in my bones The writer describes his adversaries’ rebukes as his receiving a fatal wound. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 42 10 r4wg figs-hyperbole 0 they always say to me This is an exaggeration; his enemies are not saying this constantly but are saying it often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 42 10 ae82 figs-rquestion 0 Where is your God? The writer’s enemies use this question to mock him and to express that they do not see God helping him. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 42 11 evd8 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down, I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 42 11 wp6h figs-metaphor 0 bowed down The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 42 11 ghd7 figs-imperative 0 Hope in God The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) -PSA 43 intro x44y 0 # Psalm 043 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 43 is a psalm of deliverance. It is a plea for rescue from the psalmist’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Encouragement
The author should not be discouraged because he trusts in God to deliver him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

### Psalm 42 and Psalm 43
Some scholars believe that these two psalms were originally written together as one psalm. -PSA 43 1 il4d writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 43 2 quk8 0 the God of my strength This could mean: (1) “the God who protects me” or (2) “the God who gives me strength.” -PSA 43 2 a96e figs-rquestion 0 Why have you rejected me? Why do I go about in mourning because of the oppression of the enemy? The writer asks these questions in order to complain to God and express his emotions, not to receive an answer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 43 2 cpw2 0 Why do I go about in mourning To “go about in mourning” is to perform customs related to being very sad. -PSA 43 2 d84h figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the oppression of the enemy The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because my enemy oppresses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 43 3 e7jd figs-metaphor 0 send out your light and your truth The writer speaks of God’s deliverance as if it were a light that shows him the way and truth that teaches him how to live. Alternate translation: “guide me with your light and truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 43 3 uhy4 figs-metonymy 0 holy hill This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where the temple is located and thus to the temple itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 43 3 rr6l 0 to your dwelling “to the place where you live” -PSA 43 4 r8lp 0 God my exceeding joy “God who is my very great joy” or “God who gives me very great joy” -PSA 43 5 qb88 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you bowed down, my soul? Why are you upset within me? The author refers to his inner self as his “soul,” which represents himself. He asks these questions to rebuke himself. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “I should not be bowed down. I should not be worried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 43 5 wn18 figs-metaphor 0 bowed down The writer speaks of depression or discouragement as if it were his soul being bent over. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). Alternate translation: “discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 43 5 z1zd figs-imperative 0 Hope in God The writer continues to speak to his own soul and commands it to trust God. See how you translated this in [Psalms 42:5](../042/005.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) -PSA 43 5 dgl5 figs-doublet 0 my salvation and my God The phrase “my salvation” refers to God. If necessary the two phrases can be combined. Alternate translation: “my God who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 44 intro cu7e 0 # Psalm 044 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 44 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for God’s help against enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Enemies
When Israel entered the Promised Land, God fought for them and drove out their enemies. Since their enemies have now defeated them, they are in need of God’s help. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

### Superscription
This psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 44 1 gi44 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 44 1 n2t8 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 44 1 vwd3 0 A psalm of the sons of Korah “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.” -PSA 44 1 d1rs figs-idiom 0 We have heard with our ears, God The word “ears” adds emphasis to the statement that they have heard and understood the things that the writer is about to describe. The writer addresses this statement to God. Alternate translation: “God, we have heard clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 44 1 ifj6 figs-parallelism 0 in their days, in the days of old Both of these phrases use the word “days” to refer to the time period when the ancestors of the people of Israel were alive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 44 2 rd1l 0 You drove out the nations “You forced the people from other nations to leave” -PSA 44 2 w5ar figs-metonymy 0 with your hand Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 2 sst2 figs-metaphor 0 you planted our people The writer speaks of God’s causing the Israelites to live in the land as if he were planting them in the soil like he would a tree. Alternate translation: “you caused our people to live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 3 f15t figs-metonymy 0 by their own sword The word “sword” refers to military power. Alternate translation: “by fighting with their own swords” or “by their own army’s strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 3 ixc7 figs-metonymy 0 their own arm Here the word “arm” refers to power. Alternate translation: “their own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 3 cr9y figs-ellipsis 0 the light of your face You may supply a verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the light of your face obtained the land for their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 44 3 ekr9 figs-metonymy 0 your right hand, your arm Here the words “hand” and “arm” both refer to God’s power. Combined, they emphasize the greatness of God’s power. Alternate translation: “your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 44 3 a1dc figs-metaphor 0 the light of your face The writer speaks of Yahweh looking with favor upon them and being kind to them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “your kindness” or “your good favor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 4 md4f figs-metonymy 0 victory for Jacob The people of Israel are referred to by the name of their ancestor “Jacob.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 5 cn87 0 Through you … through your “By you … by your” -PSA 44 5 l9n9 figs-metaphor 0 push down … tread them under … rise up The writer speaks of his enemies’ defeat as if they are “down” and of their preparing to fight as if they are “up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 5 u2c5 figs-metonymy 0 through your name Here the word “name” refers to God’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 5 ze87 0 tread them under “tread them under our feet” or “walk on top of them” -PSA 44 8 ql57 figs-abstractnouns 0 we have made our boast The word “boast” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “we have boasted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 44 8 qb7z figs-metonymy 0 we will give thanks to your name Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. Alternate translation: “we will give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 9 tw86 figs-metaphor 0 thrown us off The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. Alternate translation: “rejected us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 10 bc8x 0 spoil resources and treasures that an army collects after winning a battle -PSA 44 11 cmt5 figs-simile 0 You have made us like sheep to be slaughtered The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have allowed our enemies to kill us like they would kill a sheep and eat it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 44 11 k8qj 0 scattered us among the nations “caused us to live in many different nations” -PSA 44 12 zm14 figs-metaphor 0 sell your people for nothing The writer speaks of Yahweh allowing Israel’s enemies to conquer them as if he were selling the people of Israel to their enemies but does not require any payment from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 13 j3ej figs-parallelism 0 You make us a rebuke to our neighbors, scoffed and mocked by those around us These two phrases are parallel emphasizing how the people among whom they live mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 44 13 ys4c figs-abstractnouns 0 You make us a rebuke to our neighbors The word “rebuke” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make us something that our neighbors rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 44 13 z6rm figs-activepassive 0 scoffed and mocked by those around us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those around us scoff at us and mock us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 44 14 d6zg figs-parallelism 0 an insult among … a shaking of the head These phrases are parallel emphasizing how intensely the nations around them mock them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 44 14 cf7w figs-abstractnouns 0 You make us an insult among the nations The word “insult” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You make the nations around us insult us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 44 14 l1b9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a shaking of the head among the peoples The phrase “a shaking of the head” can be translated in verbal form. Alternate translation: “something at which the peoples shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 44 14 d7ze 0 a shaking of the head This was a gesture that people used to show scorn to others. -PSA 44 15 lk1b figs-metaphor 0 my dishonor is before me The writer speaks of his dishonor as if it were an object that is always in front of him for him to see. The phrase means that he is always thinking about his dishonor. Alternate translation: “I think about my dishonor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 15 l48m figs-metaphor 0 the shame of my face has covered me The writer speaks of his shame as if it is an object that covers him like a blanket would cover him. Alternate translation: “the shame of my face has overwhelmed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 15 w1hq 0 the shame of my face “the shame that shows on my face.” This refers to his facial expressions that his shame causes. -PSA 44 16 p8lw figs-synecdoche 0 because of the voice of him who rebukes and insults Here the words “the voice” represents the person insulting him. Alternate translation: “because of what the person says who rebukes and insults me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 44 16 s49c figs-doublet 0 rebukes and insults These words have similar meanings and emphasize the harsh nature of what this person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 44 18 qi6w figs-parallelism 0 Our heart has not turned back … have not gone from your way These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of loyalty to God as if it were following him, and disloyalty as if it were turning away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 18 mf97 figs-metonymy 0 Our heart has not turned back Here the word “heart” refers to the emotions, and specifically to loyalty and devotion. Alternate translation: “We have not stopped being loyal to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 19 d4u4 figs-metaphor 0 you have severely broken us The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if it were breaking a fragile object. Alternate translation: “you have punished us severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 19 dfs9 figs-metaphor 0 in the place of jackals The writer speaks of Israel after God’s punishment as if it were a wild, uninhabitable place. Alternate translation: “and made our land like a place where jackals live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 19 c511 0 jackals a type of wild dog -PSA 44 19 v695 figs-metaphor 0 covered us with the shadow of death The writer speaks of death as if it is an object that casts a shadow over those who are about to die. Alternate translation: “made us so that we are about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 20 k5hu figs-metonymy 0 If we have forgotten the name of our God Here the word “name” refers to God, himself. To forget God is to stop worshiping him. This is something that did not happen. Alternate translation: “If we had forgotten our God” or “If we had stopped worshiping our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 44 20 g9jv translate-symaction 0 spread out our hands to a strange god Spreading out the hands is a gesture that people used to worship and pray to a god. Alternate translation: “worshiped a strange god” or “prayed to a strange god” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 44 21 rv5k figs-rquestion 0 would not God search this out? The writer uses this question to express that God would know if they worshiped another god. Alternate translation: “God would certainly find out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 44 21 ih8n figs-metonymy 0 he knows the secrets of the heart Here the word “heart” refers to the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “he knows what a person secretly thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 44 22 mxt3 figs-hyperbole 0 we are being killed all day long The phrase “all day long” is an exaggeration to emphasize that their people are being killed frequently. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we are always in danger of people killing us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 44 22 exg2 figs-activepassive 0 we are considered to be sheep for the slaughter This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people consider us to be sheep for the slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 44 22 vl87 figs-metaphor 0 sheep for the slaughter The writer compares the Israelites to sheep that people kill and eat. As sheep are helpless before those who kill them, so the Israelites are helpless before their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 23 b9h3 figs-rquestion 0 Awake, why do you sleep, Lord? This does not mean that God is actually asleep. The writer speaks of God’s seeming inactivity as if God is sleeping. He asks the question to rebuke God for appearing not to be concerned about their troubles. Alternate translation: “Wake up! I feel like you are sleeping, Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 23 z7sm figs-metaphor 0 do not throw us off The writer speaks of God’s rejection of Israel as if he were discarding an unwanted piece of clothing. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 44:9](../044/009.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 24 h91h figs-rquestion 0 Why do you hide your face … our oppression? The writer uses this question to complain that God appears to be ignoring them. Alternate translation: “Do not hide your face … our oppression.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 44 24 hj18 figs-metaphor 0 hide your face The writer speaks of God ignoring them as if God were hiding his face so that he could not see them. Alternate translation: “ignore us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 24 jb65 figs-abstractnouns 0 forget our affliction and our oppression The words “affliction” and “oppression” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the severity of their affliction. These words may also be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “forget that people afflict us and oppress us” or “forget that people greatly afflict us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 44 25 rzd7 figs-parallelism 0 For we have sunk down into the dust; our bodies cling to the earth These parallel phrases share similar meanings. The writer describes his people as lying on the ground in a posture of defeat and humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 44 25 f1gv figs-metaphor 0 For we have sunk down into the dust The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were objects, such as ice, that melt and soak into the dirt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 25 q4te figs-metaphor 0 our bodies cling to the earth The writer speaks of their humiliation as if their bodies were stuck to the ground and they could not raise themselves up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 44 26 gbh3 figs-idiom 0 Rise up This is a command to stand. This phrase refers to beginning to act on something. Alternate translation: “Take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 44 26 uu4n figs-abstractnouns 0 for the sake of your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “to show that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 45 intro hk23 0 # Psalm 045 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 45 is a royal psalm written for the king’s wedding day.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Beauty
The king has a beautiful palace, and his bride is also beautiful.

### Superscription
This psalm is called “a Maschil.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 45 1 v3sl writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 45 1 p8j6 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 45 1 f1a1 0 set to Shoshannim This may refer to a style or the tune of the music. Sometimes it is translated as “set to the tune of ‘Lilies.’” -PSA 45 1 ty3v 0 A psalm of the sons of Korah “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote.” -PSA 45 1 tug8 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 45 1 c73i figs-metaphor 0 My heart overflows on a good subject The writer speaks of his heart as if it were a container that overflows with liquid. The word “heart” represents his emotions, which are excited by the song that he sings. Alternate translation: “My emotions are excited about a good subject” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 45 1 puh2 0 a good subject “a noble theme” or “a beautiful word.” This refers to the song that he has written. -PSA 45 1 w2cc 0 composed to have written or created a song -PSA 45 1 chy8 figs-metaphor 0 my tongue is the pen of a ready writer The writer speaks of his tongue as if it were a pen. He speaks words as skillfully as an experienced writer writes words. Alternate translation: “my tongue is like the pen of person who writes well” or “I speak words as skillfully as an experienced writer can write words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 45 2 x1mq figs-hyperbole 0 You are fairer than the children of mankind This phrase is an exaggeration that emphasizes that the king is better looking than anyone else. The phrase “children of mankind” is an idiom and refers to all humans. Alternate translation: “You are more handsome than any other man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 45 2 an93 figs-metaphor 0 grace is poured onto your lips The writer speaks of grace as if it were oil that someone has used to anoint the king’s lips. The word “lips” refers to the king’s speech. The phrase means that the king speaks eloquently. Alternate translation: “it is as if someone has anointed your lips with oil” or “you speak eloquently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 45 3 y2u2 figs-explicit 0 Put your sword on your side Warriors carried their swords in a sheath that hung from a belt around their waist. The sword would rest against their side. This phrase describes an action of someone preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “Prepare yourself for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 45 4 cyr3 0 ride on triumphantly The writer tells the king to ride his horse or chariot to victory. -PSA 45 4 s46i figs-abstractnouns 0 because of trustworthiness, meekness, and righteousness The abstract nouns “trustworthiness,” “meekness,” and “righteousness” can be stated as adjectives. This could mean: (1) these are qualities of the mighty one. Alternate translation: “because you are trustworthy, meek, and righteous” or (2) these are virtues that he fights to uphold for the people whom he rules. Alternate translation: “in order to fight for what is trustworthy, meek, and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 45 4 td7g figs-metonymy 0 your right hand will teach you fearful things Most soldiers held their swords with their right hands when they fought. Here, the phrase “right hand” refers to his ability to fight, which the writer speaks of as if it were a person who can teach the king through the experience he gains in battle. Alternate translation: “You will learn to accomplish great military feats by fighting in many battles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 45 4 ij55 0 fearful things “awesome deeds.” This refers to military victories that cause his enemies to fear him and his allies to revere him. -PSA 45 5 k74n 0 the peoples fall under you This phrase refers to the king defeating his enemies. This could mean: (1) “the peoples fall at your feet in surrender” or (2) “the peoples fall dead at your feet.” -PSA 45 5 zn7a 0 your arrows are in the hearts of the king’s enemies “your arrows have pierced the hearts of your enemies.” The writer speaks to the king while referring to the king in the third person. -PSA 45 6 d479 figs-metonymy 0 Your throne … is forever and ever The word “throne” represents the kingdom and rule of the king. Alternate translation: “Your kingdom … is forever and ever” or “You will reign … forever and ever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 45 6 mh74 0 Your throne, God Possible meanings are that the word **God**: (1) is a title for the king, who is God’s representative or (2) modifies the word “throne” and means “Your kingdom that God has given you.” -PSA 45 6 h2tn figs-metonymy 0 a scepter of justice is the scepter of your kingdom The word “scepter” represents the king’s authority to rule his kingdom. Alternate translation: “you rule your kingdom with justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 45 7 w1rj figs-metaphor 0 God, your God, has anointed you with the oil of gladness The writer speaks of gladness as if it were an oil that God used to anoint the king. That God has anointed him is a symbolic action that represents God’s choosing him to be king. Alternate translation: “when God appointed you as king, he made you very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 45 8 s741 0 General Information: Here the writer begins to describe what appears to be the wedding ceremony of the king and his bride. -PSA 45 8 ggv6 translate-unknown 0 myrrh, aloes, and cassia These are aromatic plant substances that people used to make perfumes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 45 8 mam8 0 ivory palaces Ivory is a hard white substance that forms animal’s tusks. This phrase describes a palace with walls and furniture that people have decorated with ivory. -PSA 45 8 ldy1 figs-metonymy 0 stringed instruments have made you glad The words “stringed instruments” refers to the music that people make by playing the stringed instruments. Alternate translation: “the music of stringed instruments has made you glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 45 9 at3w 0 honorable women These women are wives of the king who receive his approval. -PSA 45 9 bvd2 figs-explicit 0 the queen This is a reference to the woman who will become queen. Alternate translation: “your bride, the queen” or “your bride, who will be the queen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 45 9 w8kb translate-names 0 Ophir This is the name of a place that had a reputation for its fine gold. The location is unknown. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 45 10 d768 0 Listen, daughter The writer begins to speak to the queen and refers to her as “daughter” because she is a young woman. -PSA 45 10 z8va figs-metaphor 0 incline your ear The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 45 10 u572 figs-metaphor 0 forget your own people The writer speaks of the queen no longer following the beliefs and customs of her native people as if it were forgetting them. Alternate translation: “no longer follow the customs of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 45 10 zi39 figs-metonymy 0 your father’s house Here the word “house” refers to family. Alternate translation: “your relatives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 45 11 vj28 0 In this way “and” or “so” -PSA 45 11 tyk3 figs-euphemism 0 the king will desire your beauty This is a polite way to say that the king will want to sleep with the queen as his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 45 12 y2m6 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak to the queen. -PSA 45 12 b5qz figs-metaphor 0 The daughter of Tyre The writer speaks of the people who live in Tyre as if they are Tyre’s children. Alternate translation: “The people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 45 13 z961 figs-explicit 0 The royal daughter This is a reference to the woman whom the king will marry. Alternate translation: “The king’s bride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 45 13 fc31 0 all glorious “very beautiful.” This refers to the woman’s appearance. -PSA 45 13 aze7 figs-activepassive 0 her clothing is worked with gold Her clothing is decorated or embroidered with gold. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she wears clothing that someone has embroidered with golden thread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 45 14 chm2 0 General Information: The author continues to speak about the queen but begins to address the king again. -PSA 45 14 v2p3 figs-activepassive 0 She will be led to the king in embroidered dress This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will lead her to the king as she wears an embroidered dress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 45 14 mrv3 0 embroidered a design made by sewing colored threads into cloth -PSA 45 14 ji2m figs-activepassive 0 the virgins, her companions who follow her, will be brought to you Here the word “you” refers to the king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will bring to you the virgins, her companions who follow her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 45 15 j9m5 figs-personification 0 They will be led by gladness and rejoicing This phrase describes “gladness and rejoicing” as a person who leads others to celebrate. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Gladness and rejoicing will lead them” or “They will proceed with gladness and rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 45 15 jxe5 figs-doublet 0 gladness and rejoicing These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “great gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 45 16 x1cw 0 Connecting Statement: The writer continues to address the king. -PSA 45 16 jy9e 0 In the place of your fathers will be your children This means that the king’s sons will replace him as king, just as he replaced his ancestors as king. -PSA 45 16 wu3k figs-hyperbole 0 you will make princes in all the earth The phrase “in all the earth” is an exaggeration to emphasize that they will rule over many nations. Alternate translation: “you will make rulers over many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 45 17 n62l figs-metonymy 0 I will make your name to be remembered in all generations Here the word “I” refers to the writer. The word “name” refers to the king’s character and reputation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause people in every generation to know about your greatness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 46 intro w4ye 0 # Psalm 046 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 46 is a psalm of praise to God.

## Special concepts in this chapter

God is all-powerful, controls nature, and protects his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -PSA 46 1 pye4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 46 1 b2mp 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 46 1 t2j8 0 A psalm of the sons of Korah “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote” -PSA 46 1 q7sv translate-unknown 0 set to Alamoth This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 46 1 sf97 figs-metaphor 0 God is our refuge and strength The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God gives us safety and strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 46 2 d2ga figs-metaphor 0 the mountains should be shaken into the heart of the seas The writer speaks of the deepest part of the sea as if it were the sea’s heart. Here he describes an earthquake that causes the mountains to crumble and fall into the sea. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the mountains should shake so violently that they fall into the depths of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 46 3 nvd8 0 though its waters roar and rage “though the waters of the sea roar and rage.” The words “roar” and “rage” describe the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. -PSA 46 3 v7sn figs-explicit 0 mountains tremble with their swelling The phrase “their swelling” refers to the waters of the sea as they rise and crash against the mountains. Alternate translation: “the swelling waters cause the mountains to tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 46 4 x5va writing-symlanguage 0 There is a river whose streams make the city of God happy The imagery of a running river symbolizes peace and prosperity for the city of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -PSA 46 4 n4fc figs-metonymy 0 make the city of God happy The phrase “the city of God” refers to Jerusalem, and represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: “make the people who live in Jerusalem happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 46 4 ft9r figs-explicit 0 the holy place where the Most High dwells This phrase describes “the city of God.” Alternate translation: “the holy place where the Most High lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 46 5 v4ku 0 in the middle of her; she will not be moved … help her The words “her” and “she” refer to “the city of God.” -PSA 46 5 kf8d figs-metaphor 0 she will not be moved Here, the word “moved” is the same word translated as “shaken” in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md). The writer speaks of the destruction of Jerusalem by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing will be able destroy her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 46 6 ese7 figs-metaphor 0 The nations raged Here, the word “raged” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 3](./001.md) to describe the waters of the sea. The writer speaks of the fear of the nations as if it was the violent movements of the sea during a strong storm. Alternate translation: “The nations are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 46 6 m4wd figs-metaphor 0 the kingdoms were shaken Here, the word “shaken” is the same word that the writer used in [Psalms v. 2](./001.md) to describe the effect of an earthquake on the mountains. The writer speaks of the overthrow of kingdoms by armies as if an earthquake were to destroy them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies overthrew the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 46 6 hp6t figs-metaphor 0 he lifted up his voice “God lifted up his voice.” The writer speaks of the “voice” as an object that a person can pick up and raise into the air. This means that the voice becomes louder. Alternate translation: “God shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 46 6 p2kl figs-metonymy 0 the earth melted The writer speaks of the earth as an object, such as ice, that can melt. Here “the earth” represents mankind, and to melt represents fear. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 46 7 lc6w figs-metaphor 0 the God of Jacob is our refuge The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob gives us safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 46 7 nkp6 figs-metonymy 0 the God of Jacob This could mean: (1) “the God whom Jacob worshiped” or (2) “Jacob” is a metonym for the nation of Israel and means “the God of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 46 9 lwa3 0 He makes wars cease “He makes nations stop fighting wars” -PSA 46 9 b5gh figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth This is an idiom that refers to everywhere in the word. Alternate translation: “everywhere in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 46 9 v24c 0 he breaks the bow … burns up the shields One way in which Yahweh will make all wars to cease is by destroying the weapons that the armies use to fight one another. -PSA 46 9 gst2 translate-textvariants 0 shields Some versions understand this Hebrew word as “chariots.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -PSA 46 10 y22y 0 Be quiet and know that I am God Here, God begins to speak. -PSA 46 10 ua4x figs-explicit 0 Be quiet In this context, these words are likely a command to the nations to stop their wars. Alternate translation: “Stop fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 46 10 u2j9 0 know that I am God Here the word “know” means to understand and to confess that Yahweh is the true God. -PSA 46 10 ssq3 figs-parallelism 0 I will be exalted among the nations; I will be exalted on the earth These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people of every nation in the world will exalt God. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People from every nation will exalt me; people all over the earth will exalt me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 46 11 gl4e figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is our refuge The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. See how you translated these lines in [Psalms 46:7](../046/007.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 47 intro j9a7 0 # Psalm 047 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 47 is a psalm of praise to God.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
God is powerful over all the nations in the world. -PSA 47 1 l66j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 47 1 xf2n 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 47 1 uqb5 figs-explicit 0 Clap your hands Clapping your hands is associated with celebration. Alternate translation: “Clap your hands in celebration” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 47 1 n5aa 0 shout to God with the sound of triumph “shout to God with joyful voices.” Here the word “triumph” refers to the joy associated with victory. -PSA 47 3 bqu5 figs-parallelism 0 He subdues peoples under us and nations under our feet These two phrases are parallel and mean that God enabled Israel to conquer their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 47 3 j5mi 0 subdues to conquer and place under the authority of another -PSA 47 3 sa4s figs-metaphor 0 under us … under our feet The writer speaks of conquering other nations as if it were putting those nations underneath their feet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 47 4 p3vm figs-metaphor 0 He chooses our inheritance for us The writer speaks of the land of Israel as if it were an inheritance that God has given the people as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “He chooses this land as an inheritance for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 47 4 e7vk figs-metonymy 0 the glory of Jacob Here the word “glory” refers to a source of pride and represents the land that God has given to his people as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land in which Jacob takes pride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 47 4 qvz6 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob whom he loved The word “Jacob” refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 47 5 y2zq figs-metaphor 0 God has gone up with a shout The writer speaks of God’s conquering the nations as if God were a king ascending his throne, which was located in the temple. Alternate translation: “God has gone up into the temple as people shouted” or “God has ascended to his throne as people shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 47 5 z2zz figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh with the sound of a trumpet This phrase parallels the previous phrase. The verb may be supplied for clarity. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has gone up as people blew trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 47 6 wn5w figs-parallelism 0 Sing praises to God, sing praises; sing praises to our King, sing praises The phrase “sing praises” is repeated for emphasis. You may omit the repetition if it is awkward in your language. Alternate translation: “Sing, sing praises to God; sing, sing praises to our King” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 47 9 vxi7 0 The princes of the peoples “The rulers of all the nations” -PSA 47 9 kg5b 0 gathered together to the people Possible meanings are that the rulers of the nations: (1) “gather in front of the people” or (2) “gathered together with the people” so that all may worship God as king. -PSA 47 9 eew2 figs-metaphor 0 the shields of the earth belong to God Possible meanings are that **shields**: (1) refers to instruments of war. Alternate translation: “God has more power than the weapons of all the kings on the earth” or (2) refers to the rulers of the nations who are spoken of as shields who protect their nations. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth are subject to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 48 intro wfx3 0 # Psalm 048 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 48 is a psalm of praise for Jerusalem.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jerusalem
Jerusalem has mighty defenses. Foreign nations will be amazed. It is something to remember and testify about. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/testimony]])

It is helpful to know that “Mount Zion” is often used to refer to the city of Jerusalem. -PSA 48 1 s5c1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song about Jerusalem being God’s dwelling place. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 48 1 az4y figs-activepassive 0 greatly to be praised This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “people are to praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 48 1 az2x 0 the city of our God on his holy mountain This is a reference to Jerusalem, which was built on Mount Zion. -PSA 48 1 dj9j 0 the city of our God This could mean: (1) “the city where our God lives” or (2) “the city that belongs to our God” -PSA 48 2 nl3f 0 Beautiful in elevation “Beautiful and high.” The word “elevation” refers to how high mount Zion is. -PSA 48 2 y3e3 figs-metonymy 0 the joy of the whole earth, is Mount Zion Here the word “earth” refers to everyone living on the earth. The word “joy” may be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Mount Zion gives joy to everyone on earth” or “everyone on earth rejoices because of Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 48 2 r8gx 0 on the sides of the north Possible meanings are that this phrase: (1) refers to the direction of the north or (2) is another name for Mount Zion meaning “the mountain of God.” -PSA 48 3 qb5z figs-metaphor 0 God has made himself known in her palaces as a refuge The writer speaks of God as if he were a place where people can go for safety. Alternate translation: “God has made himself known as one who gives safety to the people in Mount Zion’s palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 48 4 lw4p 0 see The word “see” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -PSA 48 4 fnx9 figs-metonymy 0 assembled themselves Here the kings represent their armies. Alternate translation: “assembled their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 48 4 yk23 0 they passed by together “together they passed by Jerusalem” -PSA 48 5 q1px 0 They saw it “They saw Jerusalem” -PSA 48 5 k5fi 0 dismayed greatly troubled -PSA 48 6 xy4p figs-personification 0 Trembling took hold of them there The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were a person who caused the kings and their armies to tremble. Alternate translation: “There they trembled with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 48 6 ees5 figs-metaphor 0 pain as when a woman is in labor The writer speaks of the kings’ fear as if it were the pain that a woman experiences in childbirth and speaks of that pain as if it were a person. The verb may be supplied from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “pain took hold of them, as when a woman is in labor” or “they became afraid, like a woman is afraid of experiencing labor pains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 48 7 e8iv figs-metaphor 0 With the east wind you break the ships of Tarshish This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the author describes the kings being afraid as if they were ships that shake because God destroys them with a strong wind. Alternate translation: “They shook with fear, as the ships of Tarshish shake when you break them with the east wind” or (2) this is an apostrophe in which the author describes God’s great power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 48 7 qp44 0 the east wind This could mean: (1) “a wind blowing from the east” or (2) “a strong wind.” -PSA 48 7 n4q7 0 the ships of Tarshish This could mean: (1) ships that sail to or are built in the city of Tarshish or (2) any large ocean-going ship. -PSA 48 8 b3ds figs-explicit 0 As we have heard It is implied that what they have heard is the great things that God has done in the past. Alternate translation: “As we have heard about the great things that God has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 48 8 g7aa figs-explicit 0 so have we seen This means that they have seen the proof that the things that they have heard are true. Alternate translation: “so we have seen God do great things now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 48 8 pr7i figs-parallelism 0 in the city of Yahweh of hosts, in the city of our God Both of these phrases refer to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “in the city of our God, Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 48 8 pa6r 0 establish it “make it secure.” Here the word “establish means to preserve and make something secure. -PSA 48 9 fec8 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “how faithful you are to your covenant” or “how faithful you are to us because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 48 9 wf6y 0 in the middle of your temple “as we are in your temple” -PSA 48 10 wrg5 figs-metonymy 0 As your name is … so is your praise to the ends of the earth Here the word “name” represents God’s character and reputation. The two phrases compare the greatness of God’s reputation with how greatly people praise him. Alternate translation: “Your name is very great … and so people throughout the world praise you greatly” or “People all throughout the world have heard of you … so people throughout the world praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 48 10 qf2g figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth This is an idiomatic expression that means everywhere in the word. See how you translated this in [Psalms 46:9](../046/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 48 10 w3p6 figs-metaphor 0 your right hand is full of righteousness The writer speaks of righteousness as if it were an object that God could hold in his hand. Here the word “hand” refers to God’s power and authority to rule. Alternate translation: “you rule with righteousness” or “you are righteous as you rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 48 11 w7c2 figs-personification 0 Let Mount Zion be glad The writer speaks of Mount Zion as if it were a person who could be glad. The phrase refers to the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Let those who live on Mount Zion be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 48 11 csq8 figs-metaphor 0 let the daughters of Judah rejoice The writer speaks of the towns in Judah as if they were Judah’s children. The phrase refers to the people who live in those towns. Alternate translation: “let the people who live in the cities of Judah rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 48 12 r196 figs-parallelism 0 Walk around Mount Zion, go round about her These two phrases are parallel. Alternate translation: “Walk all the way around Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 48 13 d5xm 0 notice well “notice in detail” -PSA 48 14 wub8 figs-abstractnouns 0 he will be our guide The word “guide” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he will guide us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 48 14 rmz8 0 to death This could mean: (1) “until we die” or (2) “forever.” -PSA 49 intro r9r3 0 # Psalm 049 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 49 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Riches
Riches do not last forever. They cannot save a person from death, and they cannot be taken from a person at death. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 49 1 wm6j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 49 1 f4gj 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 49 1 a8dr figs-parallelism 0 Hear this, all you peoples; give ear, all you inhabitants These two phrases are parallel. Together they strengthen the command for all people to listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 49 1 ski6 figs-idiom 0 give ear This idiomatic expression means to use one’s ears to listen. Alternate translation: “listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 49 2 f6b7 figs-metaphor 0 both low and high The writer speaks of people who are weak or insignificant in society as being low and of people who are important and powerful as being high. Together, the words “low” and “high” represent all people. Alternate translation: “both important people and unimportant people” or “people of every social class” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 49 2 cq6d figs-merism 0 rich and poor together Together the words “rich” and “poor” refer to all people, regardless of wealth. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 49 3 r7z1 figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will speak wisdom Here the word “mouth” refers to the whole person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I will speak wise words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 49 3 hx37 figs-metonymy 0 the meditation of my heart will be of understanding Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The abstract nouns “meditation” and “understanding” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “the thoughts upon which I meditate will help you to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 49 4 wva9 figs-metaphor 0 incline my ear The writer speaks of listening carefully to something as if it were bending one’s ear towards the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 49 4 ge9u 0 with the harp “as I play the harp” -PSA 49 5 yhr6 figs-rquestion 0 Why should I fear … heels? The writer asks this question to emphasize that he has no reason to fear when bad things happen. Alternate translation: “I have no reason to fear … heels.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 49 5 vu7z 0 the days of evil “when evil things happen.” Here the word “days” refers to general periods of time. -PSA 49 5 ug31 figs-metaphor 0 when iniquity surrounds me at my heels This could mean: (1) the writer speaks of the evil desires of his enemies as if it were a predator ready to overtake him. Alternate translation: “when the iniquity of sinful men is ready to overcome me” or (2) the writer’s enemies surround him as they commit their iniquity. Alternate translation: “when my enemies surround me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 49 6 z2gn figs-explicit 0 those who trust in their wealth These people trust their wealth will keep them from having to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 49 6 w369 0 about the amount of their riches a large amount of something -PSA 49 7 mmh3 0 It is certain that no one “There is no way that any of them can” or Alternate translation: “No one can” -PSA 49 7 cj1n figs-explicit 0 no one can redeem his brother or give God a ransom for him Both of these phrases express that a person cannot give God enough money to be able to avoid death. Alternate translation: “no one can pay money to God so that their brother will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 49 8 n5rb figs-abstractnouns 0 the redemption of one’s life is costly The word “redemption” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “it costs too much to redeem a person’s life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 49 9 nw4t 0 so that his body should not decay This refers to the body decomposing in the grave. -PSA 49 10 q1ib figs-metaphor 0 he will see decay The writer speaks of experiencing something as if it were seeing that thing. Alternate translation: “he will die and his body will decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 49 10 v4i4 figs-merism 0 Wise men die; the fool and the brute alike perish The author refers to all people by referring to those who have the most and least wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 49 10 vpc1 0 brute This means a person who is stupid or unintelligent. -PSA 49 11 lu71 0 Their inner thought “Their belief” -PSA 49 11 brb9 figs-ellipsis 0 the places where they live, to all generations The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the places where they live will continue to all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 49 11 zu1i figs-idiom 0 they call their lands after their own names “they name their lands after themselves.” This phrase expresses ownership. Alternate translation: “they own their own lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 49 12 ma8l 0 But man, having wealth “But man, even if he has wealth” -PSA 49 13 chs8 figs-metaphor 0 This, their way, is their folly The writer speaks of the fate of fools as if it is the destination at the end of the path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “This is the fate of those who practice folly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 49 13 aze6 0 yet after them “yet after they die” -PSA 49 14 z1qc 0 General Information: The author continues to describe people who believe their wealth will save them. -PSA 49 14 yp7j figs-simile 0 Like sheep The writer compares people who will all die to a flock of sheep. Just as sheep cannot escape when the butcher decides to slaughter them, so men will not escape when it is their time to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 49 14 le72 figs-activepassive 0 they are appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has appointed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 49 14 jp6p figs-personification 0 death will be their shepherd The writer speaks of men dying by personifying death as a shepherd who leads them into the grave. Alternate translation: “death will take them away as a shepherd leads away sheep to be slaughtered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 49 14 fu5c figs-metaphor 0 in the morning Here the word “morning” is a metaphor that refers to a time when God will vindicate righteous people and save them from evil people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 49 14 xwx2 figs-personification 0 their bodies will be consumed in Sheol The writer speaks of Sheol, the place of the dead, as if it were a person or animal. He speaks of the decay of dead bodies as if Sheol were eating them. Alternate translation: “their bodies will decompose in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 49 15 hdm9 figs-personification 0 God will redeem my life from the power of Sheol The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. From the context, it is implied that this power refers to consuming the bodies of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 49 15 vf45 figs-synecdoche 0 God will redeem my life Here the word “life” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “God will redeem me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 49 16 gm8v 0 the glory of his house increases The word “glory” here refers to wealth or riches. This could mean: (1) “when he gains more wealth in his house” or (2) “when his family becomes richer.” -PSA 49 17 a1l5 0 he will take nothing away “he will take nothing with him to the grave” -PSA 49 17 cz54 figs-euphemism 0 his glory will not go down after him The phrase “go down” refers to when the man dies. Alternate translation: “his glory will not go along with him when he dies” or “he will not keep his reputation when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 49 18 eq9c figs-synecdoche 0 He blessed his soul Here the word “soul” refers to the whole person. This phrase means that he considered himself to be happy and successful because of his riches. Alternate translation: “He congratulated himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 49 19 hq9g figs-euphemism 0 he will go to the generation of his fathers “he will go to where his fathers’ generation is.” This is a euphemism that means that the rich man will die and join his ancestors in the grave. Alternate translation: “he will join his ancestors in the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 49 19 dvh8 figs-metaphor 0 they will never see the light again The word “they” refers to the rich man and his ancestors. The word “light” may refer to the sun or be a metaphor for life. Alternate translation: “they will never see the sun again” or “they will never live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 50 intro cbd7 0 # Psalm 050 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 50 is a wisdom psalm. It tells what pleases God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sacrifices
God does not need animal sacrifices; he does not eat meat or drink blood. The world and everything in it belong to God. He wants people to be thankful and to depend on him. God rejects evil people who reject his covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blood]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -PSA 50 1 v4hj writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song that teaches people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 50 1 wpn8 0 The Mighty One, God, Yahweh The author uses three different names to speak of God. -PSA 50 1 s58x figs-metonymy 0 called the earth Here the word “earth” refers to the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “called all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 50 1 ycf8 figs-merism 0 from the rising of the sun to its setting This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 50 2 k7vg 0 Zion, the perfection of beauty This could mean: (1) “Zion, whose beauty is perfect” or (2) “Zion, the most beautiful city.” -PSA 50 2 k22a figs-metaphor 0 God has shone The writer speaks of God as if he were a light that shines. This refers to God causing people to know about his glory. Alternate translation: “God’s glory shines like a light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 50 3 ymh5 figs-litotes 0 does not stay silent The writer uses this negative statement to emphasize the positive. Alternate translation: “speaks so that everyone can hear him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 50 3 m31d figs-metaphor 0 a fire devours before him The writer speaks of a fire burning things as if it were eating them. Alternate translation: “a fire burns in front of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 50 3 pw8f 0 it is very stormy around him “there is a great storm around him” -PSA 50 4 d22v figs-metonymy 0 He calls to the heavens above and to the earth This could mean: (1) God is calling on all who live in heaven and on earth to be witnesses as he judges his people or (2) God is speaking to heaven and earth as if they are people, and he is calling them to be witnesses as he judges his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 50 6 fxq3 figs-metonymy 0 The heavens will declare This could mean: (1) the writer uses the word “heavens” to refer to the angels who live there or (2) the writer speaks of “the heavens” as if they are a person who testifies about God’s righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 50 8 ef2a 0 I will not reprove you for your sacrifices “I will reprove you, but not for your sacrifices.” God explains that their sacrifices are not the reason that he is reproving them. -PSA 50 8 s2pk 0 reprove tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong -PSA 50 8 m19c figs-idiom 0 your burnt offerings are always before me This explains why God is not rebuking them for their sacrifices. The phrase “are always before me” refers to being in God’s presence and means that his people are always sacrificing their burnt offerings to him. Alternate translation: “you are always sacrificing burnt offerings to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 50 9 a3jw 0 folds areas surrounded by walls in which sheep and goats are kept -PSA 50 10 sbr7 figs-hyperbole 0 the cattle on a thousand hills The phrase “on a thousand hills” does not represent the total number of cattle that God owns. The number is an exaggeration that emphasizes that God owns all of the cattle in the world. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “all the cattle in the world are mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 50 10 f9vg translate-numbers 0 thousand hills “1,000 hills” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 50 11 dx4m figs-idiom 0 I know all the birds Here the word “know” implies ownership. Alternate translation: “I own all the birds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 50 12 gaw2 figs-hypo 0 If I were hungry This describes something that could not happen, since God does not get hungry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 50 13 ybv9 figs-rquestion 0 Will I eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats? God asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that he does not do these things and so has no need for their sacrifices. Alternate translation: “I do not eat the flesh of bulls or drink the blood of goats.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 50 14 tja9 figs-123person 0 Offer to God Here God refers to himself. Alternate translation: “Offer to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 50 14 hz6p figs-metaphor 0 pay your vows to the Most High The writer speaks of “vows” as if they are currency which a person pays to God. Alternate translation: “fulfill your vows to the Most High” or “do what you have promised the Most High to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 50 15 si2v figs-idiom 0 in the day of trouble Here the word “day” refers to any period of time. Alternate translation: “whenever you have troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 50 16 ab6c figs-123person 0 But to the wicked God says Here God is still speaking and speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “But to the wicked I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 50 16 ww85 figs-nominaladj 0 to the wicked The word “wicked” refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “to wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 50 16 mat4 figs-metaphor 0 have taken my covenant in your mouth God speaks of wicked people reciting the words of his covenant as if they are putting the covenant in their mouth. Alternate translation: “talk about my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 50 17 zuf2 figs-rquestion 0 since you hate instruction and throw my words away This is the end of the rhetorical question begun with the words “What have you to do” ([Psalms 50:16](../050/016.md)). God uses this question to rebuke wicked people. This question can be turned into a statement: “It is not right for you to declare my statutes and my covenant, since you hate instruction and throw my words away.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 50 17 l69z figs-metaphor 0 throw my words away God speaks of the wicked people rejecting what he says as if they were throwing away trash. Alternate translation: “reject what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 50 18 v2nw figs-idiom 0 you agree with him This could mean: (1) that they approve of the thief’s actions. Alternate translation: “you approve or him” or (2) that they join the thief in their actions. Alternate translation: “you join him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 50 19 p5te figs-metaphor 0 You give your mouth to evil God speaks of a person speaking evil things as if that person’s mouth is a messenger whom the person sends to do evil things. Alternate translation: “You are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 50 19 eu22 figs-synecdoche 0 your tongue expresses deceit The word “tongue” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “you are always telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 50 20 zjx3 figs-parallelism 0 You sit and speak against your brother; you slander your own mother’s son These two phrases have the same meaning but use different words. God accuses them of speaking falsely against members of their own family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 50 20 ea7a figs-idiom 0 You sit and speak To “sit and speak” against someone implies that this person deliberately thinks of bad things to say about someone. Alternate translation: “You always think of ways to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 50 21 br29 figs-explicit 0 you thought that I was someone just like yourself Since God had kept silent and not yet rebuked the wicked people for their actions, they thought that God approved of what they did. Alternate translation: “you thought that I was someone who acts just like you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 50 21 w99y 0 reprove tell someone he is guilty of doing wrong -PSA 50 21 j3hc figs-idiom 0 bring up … all the things you have done God speaks of listing all of the evil things that they have done. Alternate translation: “list … all the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 50 21 pf7h figs-idiom 0 right before your eyes Here, to be “before your eyes” means that it is in a place where they can see. This means that they will not be able to deny the charges that God brings against them. Alternate translation: “right in front of you” or “so that you can not deny them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 50 22 jz7u figs-metaphor 0 you who forget God God speaks of the wicked rejecting him as if they have forgotten him. He speaks of himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “you who reject me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 50 22 ql5f figs-metaphor 0 I will tear you to pieces God speaks of destroying the wicked as if he were a lion eating its prey. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 50 23 u8xr figs-metaphor 0 plans his path in the right way God speaks of a the way a person lives as if it were a path that the person travels. Alternate translation: “lives his life the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 50 23 u5xv figs-abstractnouns 0 I will show God’s salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “save.” God refers to himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “I will save him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 51 intro uij8 0 # Psalm 051 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 51 is a psalm of repentance from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Repentance
The psalmist is truly sorry for having sinned. He repented and God forgave his sins. God wants true sorrow for having sinned, not sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/true]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]])

### Author of Psalm
Scholars are divided over whether this psalm was authored by King David as is mentioned by the superscription. If nothing else, we can assume the last two verses were added later since Jerusalem is intact with well-built walls during King David’s reign. -PSA 51 1 v8pw writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. In this psalm David asks God for forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 51 1 rl6b 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 51 1 ia5j 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 51 1 sf45 figs-explicit 0 when Nathan the prophet came to him It can be stated clearly what Nathan did when he came to David, because this psalm is in response to that. Alternate translation: “when Nathan the prophet came to David and rebuked him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 51 1 dlr2 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 51 1 pm2w 0 for the sake of the multitude of your merciful actions “because you do so many merciful things” -PSA 51 1 jan2 figs-metaphor 0 blot out my transgressions Forgiving sins is spoken of as either: (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 2 rtj9 figs-parallelism 0 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity … cleanse me from my sin These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 51 2 q5ks figs-metaphor 0 Wash me thoroughly from my iniquity Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Wash away all my sin” or “Forgive all my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 2 h3by 0 thoroughly completely, totally -PSA 51 2 ja25 figs-metaphor 0 cleanse me from my sin Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. Alternate translation: “Make me clean from my sin” or “forgive me for my sin so that I will be clean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 3 qpz2 figs-metaphor 0 my sin is always before me Not being able to forget his sins is spoken of as if they were always in front of him where he can see them. Alternate translation: “I am always aware of my sins” or “I cannot forget my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 4 t9px figs-metaphor 0 what is evil in your sight The word “sight” here represents judgment. Yahweh saw and did not approve of David’s actions. Alternate translation: “what you judge to be evil” or “what you consider to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 5 j8f9 figs-metaphor 0 I was born in iniquity Being a sinner is spoken of as being in iniquity. Alternate translation: “I was already a sinner when I was born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 5 i2cz figs-metaphor 0 as soon as my mother conceived me, I was in sin Being a sinner is spoken of as being in sin. Alternate translation: “even when my mother conceived me, I was a sinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 6 w9f4 0 See, you desire trustworthiness The use of “See” here draw our attention to the contrast between this sentence and “See, I was born in iniquity” (verse 5). “Truly I was born in iniquity … But you desire trustworthiness” -PSA 51 6 kqg1 figs-metonymy 0 you desire trustworthiness in my inner self The **inner self** represents either: (1) the person’s desires or (2) the whole person. Alternate translation: “you want me to desire trustworthiness” or “you want me to be trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 51 7 fc52 figs-metaphor 0 Purify me … I will be clean … wash me … I will be whiter than snow Being acceptable to God is spoken of as being clean or white. God makes people acceptable by forgiving their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 7 v7q2 figs-metaphor 0 Purify me with hyssop The writer speaks of God as if God were a priest who would sprinkle water on him to make him acceptable to God. Alternate translation: “Make me acceptable by sprinkling water on me with hyssop” or “Forgive me for my sins so that I will be acceptable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 7 im87 translate-unknown 0 hyssop This is a plant that the priests used to sprinkle water or blood on people or things to make them ceremonially clean, that is, acceptable to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 51 7 l5n6 figs-simile 0 whiter than snow Not having sin is spoken of as being white. Alternate translation: “very, very white” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 51 8 g7v8 figs-doublet 0 joy and gladness These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize his desire to hear joyful things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 51 8 p4ef figs-metaphor 0 so that the bones that you have broken may rejoice Feeling terrible sadness is spoken of as if his bones were broken. Alternate translation: “for you have caused me terrible sadness in my inner being. Let me rejoice again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 9 gs6c figs-metaphor 0 Hide your face from my sins Thinking about someone’s sins is spoken of as seeing them. Forgiving or refusing to think about the sins is spoken of as choosing not to see them. Alternate translation: “Do not look at my sins” or “Do not remember my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 9 b3jc figs-metaphor 0 blot out all my iniquities Here, forgiving or refusing to think about someone’s sins could mean: (1) blotting them out or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: (1) “forgive my sins like someone wiping something away” or (2) “forget my sins like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 10 q6ng figs-metonymy 0 Create in me a clean heart Here the “heart” represents the feelings and desires. Being completely devoted and obedient to God is spoken of as having a clean heart. Alternate translation: “Make me completely devoted to you” or “Make me want to obey you always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 10 bn5a figs-metonymy 0 renew a right spirit within me Here “spirit” represents the attitude and desires of a David. Alternate translation: “make my attitude right” or “make me always want to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 51 11 v6gj figs-metaphor 0 Do not drive me away from your presence “Do not force me to go away from you.” Being rejected by God is spoken of as being forced to go away from him. Alternate translation: “Do not reject me as one of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 12 t5fh 0 sustain me “hold me up” or “assist me” -PSA 51 13 az4f 0 your ways “the way you want people to live” or “what you want people to do” -PSA 51 13 tzw4 0 transgressors … sinners These two words refer to the same people here. -PSA 51 14 i5mg figs-metonymy 0 shedding blood This phrase refers to killing another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 51 15 mb7z figs-synecdoche 0 Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will express your praise Here the person is represented by his “mouth.” Being able to talk is spoken of as the lips being open. Here not being able to speak is a symbol of being guilty of sin and not being able to make a defense. Alternate translation: “Lord, make me able to speak, and I will praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 51 16 rlr8 figs-explicit 0 you do not delight in sacrifice … you have no pleasure in burnt offerings This means that God wants something more important than these things. Alternate translation: “A sacrifice is not enough to please you … you want something more than burn offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 51 17 ib5d 0 The sacrifices of God “The sacrifices that please God” -PSA 51 17 e3fd figs-metaphor 0 a broken spirit A broken spirit represents a humble attitude. Alternate translation: “humility” or “a person who becomes humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 51 17 r49l figs-metonymy 0 a broken and a contrite heart Being humble and sorry for one’s sin is spoken of as having a broken and contrite heart. The heart represents the emotions and will. Alternate translation: “sorrow and humility” or “a person who is sorry for his sin and humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 51 18 sl4i figs-metaphor 0 rebuild the walls of Jerusalem The walls of a city protect the city and the people in it. This could mean: (1) “enable us to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem” or (2) “protect Jerusalem and make it strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 51 19 qe3h 0 our people will offer bulls on your altar A bull is an adult male cow. Bulls were often used as sacrificial animals, according to God’s instruction. -PSA 52 intro gx5r 0 # Psalm 052 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 52 is a wisdom psalm. It teaches that God will destroy evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Evil people
Although the evil people feel secure with their wealth and evil deeds, God will destroy them. But people who do good are secure because God protects them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

### Superscription
This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 52 1 xe8m writing-poetry 0 General Information: In this psalm the word “you” refers to Doeg. When Saul wanted to kill David, Doeg told Saul where David was so that Saul could find him. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 52 1 eve8 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 52 1 px5f 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 52 1 iv91 translate-names 0 Doeg … Ahimelech These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 52 1 gv61 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you proud of making trouble, you mighty man? This question shows how angry David was at the one who made trouble. Alternate translation: “You should not be so proud of making trouble, you mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 52 1 tc43 figs-irony 0 you mighty man David may have been using irony when he called Doeg this. Alternate translation: “you, who think you are so mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -PSA 52 1 u3iv figs-metaphor 0 The covenant faithfulness of God comes every day David speaks of God’s covenant faithfulness as if it were something that could come. David was probably referring to God’s promises to protect his people from wicked people. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective or an adverb. Alternate translation: “Every day, God is faithful to keep the promises of his covenant” or “Every day, God faithfully protects his people from wicked people like you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 52 2 yc5s 0 a sharp razor a sharp blade -PSA 52 2 hlt7 figs-simile 0 Your tongue plans destruction like a sharp razor, working deceitfully Here the tongue is compared to a sharp razor which is capable of causing great harm. Alternate translation: “Your tongue harms people like a sharp razor does, when you plan destruction and deceive others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 52 2 mc21 figs-synecdoche 0 Your tongue Here “your tongue” refers to the person David is speaking to. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 52 3 n4c1 0 Connecting Statement: David continues speaking to the “mighty man” of [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md) -PSA 52 3 u7f1 0 lying rather than speaking righteousness “you love lying more than speaking what is right” -PSA 52 4 c8a7 figs-metaphor 0 words that devour others Here words that harm others are spoken of as if they were animals that devour people. Alternate translation: “words that harm others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 52 4 brj2 figs-synecdoche 0 you deceitful tongue This refers to the person the author is speaking to. Alternate translation: “you speaker of deceit” or “you liar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 52 5 b3i7 figs-parallelism 0 take you up … pluck you … root you All three of these phrases are different ways of saying “remove you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 52 5 r2bt figs-metaphor 0 root you out of the land of the living Being alive on earth is spoken of as if people are plants with roots in the ground. God killing someone is spoken of as digging up the plant’s roots and taking it out of the ground. Alternate translation: “he will take you out the land of the living” or “He will kill you so that you will no longer be on earth with living people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 52 5 cdy6 translate-transliterate 0 Selah This may be a musical term that tells people how to sing or play their instruments here. Some translations write the Hebrew word, and some translations do not include it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -PSA 52 6 mke5 0 The righteous will also see it and fear “The righteous will also see God remove him and they will fear” -PSA 52 7 edv2 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -PSA 52 7 qv2z figs-metonymy 0 did not make God his refuge Here “refuge” represents a protector. Alternate translation: “did not make God his protector” or “did not ask God to protect him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 52 8 u1wy 0 a green olive tree Green olive trees are strong and secure. They do not fall over. -PSA 52 8 e2xz figs-simile 0 I am like a green olive tree in God’s house Being safe and secure is spoken of as being like a strong tree. Alternate translation: “I am strong in God’s house, like a green olive tree” or “Because I worship in God’s house, I am secure like a green olive tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 52 8 ydi4 0 in God’s house This refers to God’s temple. -PSA 52 8 bgx6 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will trust in the covenant faithfulness of God forever and ever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will trust in God forever and ever because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 52 9 cj6z figs-metonymy 0 I will wait for your name, because it is good God’s name represents God himself. Waiting for God represents waiting for God to help him. Alternate translation: “I will wait for you, because you are good” or “I will wait for you to help me, because you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 53 intro u3hp 0 # Psalm 053 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 53 is a wisdom psalm. It warns people who do evil that God will judge them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### God’s watching mankind
God looks down from heaven and sees that all humans are evil and corrupt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

### Superscription
This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 53 1 btc5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 53 1 kkk8 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 53 1 a9tq translate-transliterate 0 set to Mahalath This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -PSA 53 1 c5we 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 53 2 cmh4 0 the children of mankind This refers to all people. -PSA 53 2 dy8r figs-metaphor 0 who seek after him Seeking God as a person would look for someone is spoken of as “seeking” God. This could mean: (1) wanting to know God. Alternate translation: “who want to know him” or (2) worshiping God. Alternate translation: “who worship him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 53 3 ki3t figs-metaphor 0 They have all turned away Rejecting God and what is right is spoken of as turning away. Alternate translation: “They have all turned away from doing what is right” or “They have all rejected God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 53 4 l2u4 figs-rquestion 0 Do those who commit iniquity have no understanding—those … God? This question is used to show the shock that the writer feels because the people are so sinful. It can be written as two statements. “Those who commit iniquity act as though they do not know anything. They devour my people as if they were eating bread, and they do not call on God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 53 4 l75m figs-metaphor 0 those who devour my people as if they were eating bread Destroying people is spoken of as devouring them. Doing it as if they were eating bread implies that they did it very easily or without feeling guilty about it. Alternate translation: “those who destroy my people as freely as if they were eating bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 53 5 q6fe figs-metonymy 0 God will scatter the bones of whoever will camp against you Scattering people’s bones represents killing them and allowing their bones to remain wherever they have died and not be buried properly. “God will completely destroy whoever will camp against you, and their bones will lie scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 53 5 pl76 figs-metonymy 0 whoever will camp against you Camping against people represents attacking them. Enemy armies would travel and set up camps to live in temporarily near the people they wanted to attack. Alternate translation: “whoever will attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 53 6 mle3 figs-exclamations 0 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would come The word “Oh” here introduces an exclamation that expresses a hope or prayer. Alternate translation: “I hope that the salvation of Israel will come” or “I pray that the salvation of will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 53 6 awk5 figs-metonymy 0 the salvation of Israel would come from Zion The salvation represents God, the savior, whose temple is in Zion. Alternate translation: “the savior of Israel would come from Zion” or “God would come from Zion and save Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 53 6 hj3c 0 When God brings back his people from the captivity “When God saves his captive people” -PSA 53 6 fw2j figs-parallelism 0 Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be glad! These two phrases have the same meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 53 6 xbm3 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 54 intro vvf3 0 # Psalm 054 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 54 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Rescue
Evil people want to kill David; but God has rescued him in the past and he trusts God to rescue him again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

### Superscription
This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 54 1 fa4h writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 54 1 s1kh 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 54 1 nwg2 0 on stringed instruments “people should play stringed instruments with this song” -PSA 54 1 w9pi 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md) -PSA 54 1 ql33 translate-names 0 Ziphites people from the city of Ziph in the Judean mountains, southeast of Hebron. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 54 1 db2i figs-metonymy 0 Save me, God, by your name Here God’s name represents his character. It may represent specifically his power or his justice. Alternate translation: “Save me, God, by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 54 1 jb6d figs-metonymy 0 judge me in your might Judging David here represents showing people that David is not guilty. When God uses his might to save David, people will know that God has judged him as not guilty. Alternate translation: “In your might, show people that I am not guilty” or “Show people that I am not guilty by using your power to rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 54 2 r9er figs-metonymy 0 give ear to the words Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “listen to the words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 54 2 mc9y figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth Here the speaker is represented by his mouth. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 54 3 u6zz figs-metonymy 0 have risen up against me Rising up against someone represents preparing to attack him or actually attacking him. Alternate translation: “have prepared to attack me” or “are attacking me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 54 3 n85b 0 pitiless men “men who have no mercy” -PSA 54 3 uub9 figs-metonymy 0 have sought after my life Seeking after someone’s life represents trying to kill him. Alternate translation: “have tried to kill me” or “want to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 54 3 qx9n figs-metonymy 0 they have not set God before them Setting God before them represents paying attention to God. Alternate translation: “they do not pay attention to God” or “they ignore God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 54 4 f6wz figs-metaphor 0 who upholds me Defending David and keeping him safe is spoken of as upholding or supporting him. Alternate translation: “who defends me” or “who keeps me safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 54 5 gch4 figs-metaphor 0 He will repay my enemies with evil Punishment is spoken as if it were payment. Alternate translation: “He will do the evil to my enemies that they have done to me” or “He will cause the evil that my enemies have done to me to be done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 54 5 y135 0 in your faithfulness, destroy them Here David changes from talking about God to talking to God. Alternate translation: “God, destroy them because you are faithful to me” -PSA 54 6 kq3s figs-synecdoche 0 I will give thanks to your name, Yahweh, for it is good Yahweh’s name represents him. Alternate translation: “I will give thanks to you, Yahweh, for you are good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 54 7 q8mm figs-synecdoche 0 my eye has looked The eye represents the person. Alternate translation: “I have looked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 54 7 z3ih figs-metonymy 0 my eye has looked in triumph on my enemies This could mean: (1) seeing that his enemies have been defeated. Alternate translation: “I have seen that my enemies have been defeated” or (2) defeating his enemies. Alternate translation: “I have defeated my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 intro fx5e 0 # Psalm 055 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 55 is a deliverance psalm. The psalmist is praying that God will deliver him from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Betrayal
The author wishes he could get far away from his enemies after his best friend betrayed him. He asks God to completely destroy his enemies. He is trusting God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

### Superscription
This psalm is called “a Maschil of David.” The word “Maschil” in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 55 1 gsm2 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 55 1 v48i 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 55 1 y5nc 0 on stringed instruments “people should play stringed instruments with this song” -PSA 55 1 lzt7 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md) -PSA 55 1 v59z figs-metonymy 0 Give ear to my prayer Giving one’s ear represents listening. Alternate translation: “Listen to my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 1 v8bq figs-metaphor 0 do not hide yourself from my plea Refusing to pay attention to his plea is spoken of as hiding himself from it. Alternate translation: “do not ignore my plea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 3 ag8m figs-metonymy 0 because of the voice of my enemies Here “voice” represents what they say. Alternate translation: “because of what my enemies say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 3 iqu1 figs-metaphor 0 they bring trouble on me Causing trouble is spoken of as bringing trouble. Alternate translation: “they cause me to have great troubles” or “they do wicked things to me and so I suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 4 z3pk figs-metonymy 0 My heart trembles within me Here, “heart trembles” refers to his emotional pain and suffering. This suffering is because of fear. Alternate translation: “I am suffering because I am so afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 4 jr4q figs-metaphor 0 the terrors of death have fallen on me Becoming very afraid, or terrified, is spoken of as if terror is a thing that falls on a person. Alternate translation: “I am very much afraid that I will die” or “I am terrified that I will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 5 spg6 figs-metaphor 0 Fearfulness and trembling have come on me Becoming fearful and trembling is spoken of as if fearfulness and trembling are things that come on a person. Alternate translation: “I have become very fearful and I tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 5 lr6z figs-metaphor 0 horror has overwhelmed me Feeling horror is spoken of as if horror were a thing that can cover people. Alternate translation: “I feel terrible horror” or “I am extremely afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 6 xih1 figs-exclamations 0 Oh, if only I had wings like a dove! This exclamation expresses something the writer wishes for very much. Alternate translation: “I wish very much that I had wings like a dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 55 6 dd1u 0 Then would I fly away “If I did have wings, I would fly away” -PSA 55 7 kwx9 0 See, then I would wander “I would do that and more: I would wander” -PSA 55 8 kzu3 0 General Information: The writer finishes telling about what he had said. -PSA 55 8 v8vq 0 tempest a strong storm -PSA 55 9 rlv7 figs-metaphor 0 Devour them Destroying something is spoken of as eating all of it. Possible meanings are “Destroy my enemies’ plans” or “Destroy my enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 9 xsb3 figs-metonymy 0 confuse their language “Language” here represents what the people were saying to each other, and probably refers specifically to them talking about plans to do evil. Confusing it represents making the people unable to understand each other. Alternate translation: “confuse them when they speak to each other” or “confuse their plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 10 adq2 figs-personification 0 they go about on its walls “violence and strife go about on her walls” ([Psalms 55:9](../055/009.md)). Violence and strife are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who cause violence and strife. Alternate translation: “people walk about on the city’s walls, being violent and fighting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 55 10 mjb4 0 on its walls “along the tops of the city walls.” Cities had thick walls around them to protect them from enemies. People could walk along the tops of the walls to see if any enemies were coming to the city. -PSA 55 10 wnf2 figs-personification 0 wickedness and trouble are in the middle of it Wickedness and trouble are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wickedness and trouble. Alternate translation: “people do wickedness and cause trouble in the middle of the city” or “people do sinful things and cause trouble in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 55 11 r85i figs-personification 0 Wickedness is in the middle of it Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a person. This can be expressed by telling about the people who do wicked things. Alternate translation: “People do wicked things in the middle of the city” or “people destroy things in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 55 11 c726 figs-personification 0 oppression and deceit do not leave its streets Oppression and deceit are spoken of as if they were people. This can be expressed by telling about the people who oppress and deceive others. Alternate translation: “People oppress and deceive others in the city streets, and they do not leave” or “People are always oppressing and deceiving others in the city streets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 55 11 av8t 0 its streets This may refer to the marketplaces in the city. -PSA 55 12 fkh4 figs-metaphor 0 I could have borne it Tolerating or enduring a rebuke is spoken of as bearing or carrying it. Alternate translation: “I could have tolerated the rebuke” or “I would not be so sad about the rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 12 sl4f figs-metaphor 0 raised himself up against me Being proud of oneself and insulting another is spoken of as raising oneself up against another. Alternate translation: “insulted me” or “despised me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 13 q1xj figs-apostrophe 0 But it was you The psalmist speaks as though the person who had rebuked and taunted him were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 55 13 h4d4 0 myself, my companion and my close friend This can be divided and a new sentence begun. Alternate translation: “myself. You were my companion and my close friend” -PSA 55 14 uy9r 0 We The word “we” refers to the psalmist and his friend. -PSA 55 14 jnv2 0 with the throng This could mean: (1) “together” or (2) “with the crowd.” -PSA 55 15 a7kh figs-personification 0 Let death come suddenly on them Death is spoken of as if it were a person that could attack people. Alternate translation: “Let my enemies die suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 55 15 v19n figs-metaphor 0 let them go down alive to Sheol Dying suddenly is spoken of as if people were to go to Sheol so fast that they do not even die first. Alternate translation: “let them suddenly go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 15 wv2z figs-metaphor 0 wickedness is where they live Wickedness is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be in a certain place. The habitual wickedness of his enemies is spoken of as if wickedness were with them or near them. Alternate translation: “they always do wicked things where they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 15 ngt3 figs-metaphor 0 right among them This phrase intensifies the idea of wickedness being very near them. Here wickedness is spoken of as being not only in their homes, but right where they are. Alternate translation: “They always do wicked things wherever they are” or “wherever they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 16 v37m 0 As for me This phrase shows that the writer has stopped talking about one thing and is now about to talk about himself. Alternate translation: “But I” -PSA 55 17 wtr4 0 moan the sound people and animals make when they are in pain -PSA 55 17 jq8f figs-synecdoche 0 he will hear my voice Here, **voice** represents either: (1) the psalmist or (2) the psalmist’s complaints and moans. Alternate translation: “he will hear me” or “he will hear my moaning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 18 g4qm figs-metonymy 0 my life Here “my life” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 18 t38c 0 for those who fought against me were many “for many people fought against me” -PSA 55 19 hz58 0 will hear them “will hear my enemies” or “will hear what my enemies say.” Some versions say “will hear me.” -PSA 55 19 tum6 figs-explicit 0 humiliate them How God will humiliate them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will defeat and humiliate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 55 20 c1lx figs-metonymy 0 has raised his hands against those Raising the hand against people represents attacking them. This may be a metaphor for saying things that put people in danger or cause them trouble. Alternate translation: “has attacked those” or “has betrayed those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 21 s648 figs-metonymy 0 His mouth Someone’s “mouth” represents what he says. Alternate translation: “What my friend said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 21 r2m2 figs-simile 0 His mouth was smooth as butter Speech that is pleasant or nice to hear is spoken of as if it were smooth and easy to swallow. Alternate translation: “What he said was pleasant like smooth butter” or “He said nice things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 55 21 qub5 0 was hostile “was mean” or “was hateful” -PSA 55 21 xd9f 0 his words “what he said” -PSA 55 21 xz3a figs-simile 0 his words were softer than oil People put oil on their skin to make it feel nice, and they put it on wounds to help them heal. Speech that is kind or helpful is spoken of as if it were soft or soothing. Alternate translation: “what he said was kind and soothing like oil” or “he said kind things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 55 21 h4sa figs-metaphor 0 they were actually drawn swords Speech that causes people trouble is spoken of as if it were swords that wound people. Alternate translation: “what he said wounded people as drawn swords do” or “what he said caused people trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 21 b32u 0 drawn swords The word “drawn” here means that the swords were pulled out of their covers and ready to be used. -PSA 55 22 r4ww 0 Place your burdens Here the psalmist is speaking to other godly people. -PSA 55 22 es9t figs-metaphor 0 Place your burdens on Yahweh Here troubles are spoken of as if they were burdens that people have to carry. Trusting God to help us when we have troubles is spoken of as putting our burdens on him so that he can carry them for us. Alternate translation: “Give Yahweh your problems” or “Trust God to help you with all your troubles like someone who trusts a stronger person to carry his load” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 22 vk43 0 he will sustain you Taking care of someone or helping someone when he has troubles is spoken of as supporting him. Alternate translation: “he will take care of you” or “he will help you” -PSA 55 22 x43r figs-metaphor 0 he will never allow a righteous person to totter A person who is about to be severely harmed by some sort of disaster is spoken of as if he is tottering or swaying and is about to fall down. Alternate translation: “he will not let a righteous person sway and fall down” or “he will not let a righteous person to be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 55 23 el52 0 But you, God The author speaks to God now. -PSA 55 23 b5vk 0 the pit of destruction This probably refers to the grave or hell. -PSA 55 23 u8sz figs-metonymy 0 will bring the wicked down into the pit of destruction This represents causing people to die. Alternate translation: “will cause the wicked to die” or “will cause wicked people to die and go to the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 55 23 kab2 0 bloodthirsty and deceitful men “people who lie and who want to kill others” or “deceitful murderers” -PSA 55 23 pe8d 0 even half as long as others “even half as long as other people live” -PSA 56 intro h1w3 0 # Psalm 056 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 56 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fear
Although the psalmist’s enemies are trying to harm him, he is not afraid because God is protecting him.

### Superscription
The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” -PSA 56 1 xsm1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 56 1 by4v 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship;” -PSA 56 1 azv1 0 set to Jonath elem rehokim This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing this psalm. Alternate translation: “Sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Jonath elem rehokim’” or “Sing this using the Jonath elem rehokim style” -PSA 56 1 urm9 translate-unknown 0 Jonath elem rehokim This may mean “Dove on Distant Oak Trees.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -PSA 56 1 y6cg 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 56 1 q2la 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). -PSA 56 1 sz95 0 press their assault “come closer and closer in order to attack me” -PSA 56 2 e4w9 figs-metaphor 0 My enemies trample me The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “My enemies attack me severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 56 3 zht6 0 you The word “you” refers to God. -PSA 56 4 ggu8 figs-rquestion 0 what can mere man do to me? Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “mere man can do nothing to me!” or “mere man cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 56 4 x7n4 0 mere man “just humans” or “people.” This implies that people are not powerful, but God is powerful. -PSA 56 5 n8j3 0 All the day long “All the time” -PSA 56 5 fnl7 figs-metaphor 0 they twist my words Repeating what someone says but changing it a little so that it means something different is spoken of as twisting their words. Alternate translation: “they say that I said things than I did not say” or “they claim that I said things, but they lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 56 5 q7xi 0 all their thoughts are against me for evil “they always have evil thoughts against me” or “they always think of evil things to do to me” -PSA 56 6 gh4r figs-metaphor 0 they mark my steps Watching what a person does in order to see how to cause him trouble is spoken of as watching his steps, just as someone who wants to capture a person watches where that person walks. Alternate translation: “they watch everything I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 56 6 u2v9 figs-metonymy 0 just as they have waited for my life Waiting to kill someone is spoken of as waiting for his life. Alternate translation: “as they wait to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 56 7 huf5 figs-explicit 0 Do not let them escape doing iniquity What they might escape can be sued clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not let them escape your punishment for their iniquity” or “Do not let them escape when you punish them for the wicked things they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 56 7 p8t9 figs-metaphor 0 Bring down the peoples Defeating the enemies is spoken of as bringing them down. Alternate translation: “Defeat the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 56 8 anm7 figs-metaphor 0 You number my wanderings God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God counted each time that the psalmist has walked in sadness and with no place to go for comfort. Alternate translation: “You care about all the times that I have been wandering alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 56 8 m8ng figs-metaphor 0 put my tears into your bottle God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if God saved the psalmist’s tears in a bottle. The tears represent crying. Alternate translation: “you know how much I have cried and you care about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 56 8 yv3x figs-metaphor 0 are they not in your book? God’s concern for the psalmist is spoken of as if he wrote the number of the psalmist’s tears in his book. This question is used to remind God about how greatly he cares for the psalmist. Alternate translation: “you have written about them in your book!” or “you remember my cries!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 56 9 rvm7 0 will turn back “will retreat” or “will turn and run away” -PSA 56 9 ui3x figs-explicit 0 God is for me This means that God favors him. In this context it implies that God fights against the psalmist’s enemies in order to protect him. Alternate translation: “God is fighting for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 56 11 an7m figs-rquestion 0 What can anyone do to me? Here a question is used to show that the psalmist is not afraid of people, because they cannot seriously harm him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “People can do nothing to me!” or “People cannot harm me badly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 56 12 mw9n figs-metaphor 0 The duty to fulfill my vows to you is on me Being obligated to do something is spoken of as if the duty to do something is on a person. Alternate translation: “I must fulfill my vows to you” or “I must do what I promised you I would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 56 13 y3b3 figs-synecdoche 0 you have kept my feet from falling The feet here represent the person. Falling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have kept me from falling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 56 13 y78t figs-metaphor 0 so that I may walk before God Living and being seen by God is spoken of as walking before God. Alternate translation: “so that I may live in God’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 56 13 npe7 figs-metonymy 0 in the light of the living Here “the light of the living” probably represents God’s enabling people to live. Alternate translation: “with the life that you give” or “because you enable me to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 57 intro hv64 0 # Psalm 057 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 57 is a psalm of deliverance. It praises God for the many times he has delivered David. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fear
Since God is protecting the psalmist, he has nothing to fear from his enemies.

### Superscription
The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” -PSA 57 1 i8s5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 57 1 ga1f 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 57 1 s96j 0 set to Al Tashheth This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Al Tashheth’” or “sing this using the Al Tashheth style” -PSA 57 1 yl31 translate-unknown 0 Al Tashheth This means “Do Not Destroy.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -PSA 57 1 g4tb 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 57 1 jt8t 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). -PSA 57 1 wv56 figs-metaphor 0 I take refuge in you Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “I go to you for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 1 yn99 figs-metaphor 0 I stay under your wings for protection The psalmist speaks of God as if he were a mother bird that protects its babies by huddling them under its wings. Alternate translation: “I trust you to protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 1 s371 figs-abstractnouns 0 until this destruction is over The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as “destructive.” Alternate translation: “until this destructive storm is over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 2 r2mu 0 who does all things for me This explains why he will cry out to God. It can be translated with “because.” Alternate translation: “because he does all things for me” -PSA 57 3 k9zh figs-metaphor 0 those who crush me The enemies’ fierce attack is spoken of as if they were crushing his body by marching on it. Alternate translation: “those who attack me severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 3 t1vd figs-metaphor 0 God will send me his loving kindness and his faithfulness God’s being kind and faithful is spoken of as if he were sending his kindness and faithful. The abstract nouns “kindness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “kind” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will be kind to me and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 57 4 v2nz figs-metaphor 0 My life is among lions The psalmist speaks of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “I live among fierce enemies” or “Fierce enemies surround me like lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 4 e5fn figs-metaphor 0 those who are ready to devour me Destroying is spoken of as devouring or eating something up. Some versions understand the Hebrew text to mean “fiery beasts.” Both images speak of his enemies as if they were wild beasts. Alternate translation: “those who are ready to destroy me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 4 j2hr figs-metaphor 0 people whose teeth are spears and arrows The enemies’ spears and arrows are spoken of as if they were lions’ teeth. The psalmist continues to speak of his enemies as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “people who kill others with spears and arrows as lions kill with their sharp teeth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 4 zdv3 figs-doublet 0 spears and arrows Since both of these terms are weapons, if your culture knows only one, it is acceptable to use it alone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 57 4 nz7w figs-metaphor 0 whose tongues are sharp swords The tongue represents what someone says, and the enemies’ cruel words are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “whose cruel words are like sharp swords” or “who cause terrible trouble for me by what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 5 t2dt figs-metaphor 0 Be exalted, God, above the heavens The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 5 ij37 0 let your glory be above all the earth The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth” -PSA 57 6 ywr3 figs-metaphor 0 They spread out a net for my feet His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had spread out a net on the ground to trap him. Alternate translation: “It is as though my enemies have spread a net out to trap me” or “They planned to capture me like people who spread out a net to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 6 pp5u figs-metaphor 0 They dug a pit in front of me His enemies’ plans to capture him are spoken of as if they had dug a pit for him to fall into. Alternate translation: “It is as though they dug a pit for me to fall into” or “They planned to capture me like people who dig a hole in the ground to trap an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 6 cj6r figs-metaphor 0 They themselves have fallen into the middle of it The harm that came to his enemies when they tried to capture him is spoken of as if they fell into the trap that they had made for him. Alternate translation: “They themselves fell into the pit they had dug for me” or “But they themselves were hurt by what they planned to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 7 mvj7 figs-metonymy 0 My heart is fixed, God, my heart is fixed Being confident is spoken of as one’s heart being firm rather than shaken or easily moved. The phrase is repeated to show that he has complete confidence in God and will not change. Alternate translation: “I am completely confident in you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 57 7 gt62 figs-explicit 0 I will sing praises Who he will sing to can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will sing praises to you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 57 8 z1em figs-explicit 0 Wake up, my honored heart It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. Waking up may be a metaphor for starting or preparing to do something. The heart represents the psalmist or his emotions. Alternate translation: “Wake up, my honored heart, to sing praises to God” or “I will prepare my honored heart to sing praises to God” or “I am honored to wake up and sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 57 8 yl5r figs-explicit 0 wake up, lute and harp It can be stated clearly that the purpose of waking up is to sing praises to God. The psalmist speaks as though the lute and harp were people who could wake up to sing praises to God. Alternate translation: “Wake up, lute and harp, and sing praises to God” or “I will play the lute and harp while I sing praises to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 8 hr4g figs-personification 0 I will wake up the dawn The dawn is spoken of as if it were alive, and getting up before dawn happens is spoken of as waking it up. The purpose of getting up before dawn is to praise God. Alternate translation: “I will get up before dawn” or “I will get up before the sun rises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 57 10 vaa3 figs-parallelism 0 For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens … your faithfulness to the clouds These two phrases are very similar in meaning. The greatness of God’s unfailing love and the greatness of his faithfulness are spoken of as if they could be measured in distance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 10 tna7 figs-metaphor 0 For great is your unfailing love, reaching to the heavens The greatness of God’s unfailing love is spoken of as if it could be measured in distance. Alternate translation: “Your unfailing love is as great as the distance from the earth to the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 10 ywg7 figs-ellipsis 0 your faithfulness to the clouds The words “great is your” and “reaching” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “great is your faithfulness, reaching to the clouds” or “your faithfulness is as great as the distance from the earth to the clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 11 yyx8 figs-metaphor 0 Be exalted, God, above the heavens The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 57 11 n64e 0 may your glory be exalted over all the earth The psalmist is asking God to show his glory. Alternate translation: “show your glory over all the earth” -PSA 58 intro dhx6 0 # Psalm 058 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 58 is a deliverance psalm. It asks God for deliverance from the unjust rulers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Deliverance
Although the leaders are very evil and unfair, God can deliver his people from their oppression. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]])

### Superscription
The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” -PSA 58 1 qfv5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song about wicked people. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 58 1 d8qb 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 58 1 zc3z 0 set to Al Tashheth This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). -PSA 58 1 x97c 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 58 1 xu51 figs-rquestion 0 Do you rulers speak righteousness? The author uses this question to rebuke the rulers because they do not speak righteously. Alternate translation: “You rulers do not say what is right!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 58 1 f3j3 figs-rquestion 0 Do you judge uprightly, you people? The author uses this question to rebuke the judges who do not judge uprightly. Alternate translation: “You people never judge people uprightly!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 58 2 n278 figs-you 0 you … your The words “you” and “your” refer to the mighty men who are judges ([Psalm 58:1](../058/001.md)) and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 58 2 c5jn 0 No The author answers the two questions he had just asked. -PSA 58 2 d1u5 figs-metonymy 0 you commit wickedness in your heart The heart refers to the people’s thoughts or plans. Alternate translation: “you commit wickedness in your thoughts” or “you think about doing wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 58 2 fc72 figs-metaphor 0 you distribute violence throughout the land with your hands Doing violence in various places throughout the land is spoken of as distributing or spreading the violence throughout the land, as if violence were some kind of stuff or things. Alternate translation: “you yourselves do violent deeds everywhere in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 58 3 e66x figs-parallelism 0 The wicked go astray even when they are in the womb … they go astray from birth This is the same idea expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 58 3 d7k2 figs-metaphor 0 they go astray Doing wrong things is spoken of as if people are walking on a road, and they turn off and go the wrong way. Alternate translation: “they do wrong things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 58 4 mff7 figs-metaphor 0 Their poison is like a snake’s poison The wicked things people say are spoken of as if they were poison. Alternate translation: “Their wicked words cause trouble as a snake’s poison harms people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 58 4 f4ca figs-simile 0 they are like a deaf adder that stops up its ears Wicked people who do not listen to advice or rebukes are spoken of as if they were snakes that do not respond to a charmer’s music. Alternate translation: “they refuse to listen like a deaf adder that stops up its ears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 58 4 tt5a figs-personification 0 a deaf adder that stops up its ears An adder that does not respond to a charmer’s music is spoken of as if it could put something in its ears so that it will not hear. Alternate translation: “an adder that does not listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 58 4 w1f7 0 adder a kind of poisonous snake -PSA 58 5 b6id 0 charmers people who play or sing music in order to control snakes -PSA 58 5 hi9v figs-explicit 0 no matter how skillful they are What the snake charmers were skillful at can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “no matter how skillful the charmers are at controlling snakes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 58 6 ptb3 0 General Information: The author lists things that he would like God to do to wicked people. -PSA 58 6 x2zu figs-parallelism 0 Break their teeth … break out the great teeth of the young lions In both of these phrases, the wicked people are spoken of as if they were lions, and making them powerless to kill people is spoken of as breaking their teeth. Alternate translation: “Take away their power to kill. Make them powerless like young lions whose teeth have been broken and fallen out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 58 7 na9t figs-metaphor 0 Let them melt away as water that runs off The wicked people are spoken of as if they were ice or water. No longer existing is spoken of as melting or draining away into the dry ground. Alternate translation: “Make them disappear like water that runs off” or “Make them vanish like ice that melts and drains into the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 58 7 c9dm 0 let them be as though they had no points “let their arrows be as though they had no points” -PSA 58 8 hb5w figs-simile 0 Let them be like a snail that melts and passes away No longer existing is spoken of as melting and disappearing. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked vanish like a snail that melts and no longer exists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 58 8 hi5z 0 snail small animal that the Israelites considered unclean and that looks like it is melting as it moves by sliding over slime it has produced -PSA 58 8 uu2z figs-simile 0 like the untimely-born child of a woman that never sees the sunlight Not existing is spoken of as being like a baby that is born dead. Alternate translation: “like a baby who is born too early too live and see the sunlight” or “like a baby that was born dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 58 9 ut8v figs-metaphor 0 Before your pots can feel the thorn’s burning heat … the green thorns and the burning thorns alike The wicked are spoken of as if they were thornbush branches, and God’s swift punishment of them is spoken of as if he were to quickly blow them away or sweep them away. Alternate translation: “God will destroy wicked people faster than a whirlwind can blow away thornbush branches that have been put under a cooking pot and lit with fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 58 9 khw3 figs-you 0 your David is speaking to God’s people, so this is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 58 9 ka8t 0 the thorn’s burning heat … the green thorns and the burning thorns “the heat from the burning thorn branches … the green thorn branches and the burning thorn branches” -PSA 58 10 wz3e figs-genericnoun 0 The righteous will rejoice when he sees The phrase “the righteous” refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “Righteous people will rejoice when they see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PSA 58 10 gi2k figs-metaphor 0 he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked Getting one’s feet wet by walking on blood is spoken of as washing the feet in blood. Alternate translation: “the righteous will make their feet wet in the blood of the wicked” or “the righteous will march on the blood of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 58 10 ll57 figs-metaphor 0 he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked This exaggeration expresses that a great number of wicked people will die. Alternate translation: “so many wicked people will die that when the righteous march on their blood, it will seem as if they could wash their feet in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 59 intro zf27 0 # Psalm 059 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 59 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Protection
The author prays for God to defeat his enemies. God is his protector. Therefore, he will praise God.

### Superscription
The word “Michtam” is used in the superscription for this psalm. There is much discussion about this word but, in the end, no one is certain what it means. It is easiest to transliterate this word into your language, or you can simply translate it as “psalm.” -PSA 59 1 w4sd writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 59 1 p57e 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 59 1 me33 0 set to Al Tashheth This probably tells what musical style or tune to use when singing the psalm. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). -PSA 59 1 il5y 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 59 1 ks3t 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). -PSA 59 1 hk4w figs-metonymy 0 set me on high A high place represents a safe place where his enemies cannot reach him. Alternate translation: “put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 1 rjh7 figs-metonymy 0 rise up against me Rising up against someone represents attacking him. Alternate translation: “attack me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 2 ica6 figs-idiom 0 bloodthirsty men The word “bloodthirsty” contains “blood,” which refers to murder and “thirsty,” which refers to desire. Alternate translation: “people who desire to kill” or “people who like to kill people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 59 3 c6a4 figs-idiom 0 they wait in ambush to take my life David’s enemies are in hiding and are waiting quietly for the time when they can attack him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 59 4 zre5 figs-idiom 0 awake Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as waking up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 59 4 b239 figs-explicit 0 and see What he wants God to see can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and see what is happening to me” or “and see what they are doing to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 59 5 shi6 figs-idiom 0 arise Deciding to do something and beginning to do it is spoken of as getting up. Alternate translation: “do something” or “take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 59 5 t4a1 figs-metonymy 0 all the nations The word “nations” here represents the people of the nations that do not honor God. Alternate translation: “the people of all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 6 aej6 0 They return at evening The word “they” refers to the wicked transgressors. -PSA 59 6 r2ww figs-simile 0 they howl like dogs The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “they threaten to attack people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 59 6 fcr7 figs-explicit 0 go around the city Why they go around the city can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “go around the city to attack anyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 59 7 i5i6 0 See Here the word “See” is being used to draw attention to something. Alternate translation: “Hear” -PSA 59 7 rh1u figs-metaphor 0 they belch out with their mouths Saying terrible things is spoken of as belching. These terrible things may have been insults or threats. Alternate translation: “they say terrible things” or “they shout out terrible words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 59 7 q9fv 0 belch burp loudly; allow air from the stomach to come out of the mouth with a loud, rude noise -PSA 59 7 vs38 figs-metaphor 0 swords are in their lips The cruel things that the wicked people were saying are spoken of as if they were swords. Alternate translation: “they say cruel things that cause people trouble as much as swords destroy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 59 7 d23a figs-rquestion 0 Who hears us? This question is used to show that they believed that God would not hear and punish them. Alternate translation: “No one can hear us!” or “Your God does not hear us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 59 8 k3ws 0 laugh at them “laugh at them scornfully” or “mock them.” God would laugh at them because they are worthless and powerless. -PSA 59 8 x3cx 0 you hold all the nations in derision “you ridicule all the nations” or “you know that the people of the nations are fools” -PSA 59 8 tjt6 0 derision ridicule -PSA 59 9 av6p figs-metonymy 0 my strength God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “you are my strength” or “you are my protector” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 9 mi4w figs-metaphor 0 you are my high tower A high tower is a place that people could go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you protect me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 59 10 v7d9 figs-explicit 0 My God will meet me with his covenant faithfulness This phrase implies that God will come to him in order to save him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “My God, who is faithful to his covenant, will come to save me” or “My God will come to save me because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 59 10 tb7v figs-abstractnouns 0 my desire on my enemies The abstract noun “desire” can be expressed with the verb “want.” Alternate translation: “what I want to happen to my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 59 11 c9tk 0 Scatter them “Cause them to wander around” -PSA 59 11 yf94 figs-metonymy 0 our shield God’s protecting the righteous is spoken of as if God were a shield. Alternate translation: “our protector” or “the one who protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 12 iz4q figs-metonymy 0 For the sins of their mouths and the words of their lips The mouths and lips represent the things people say. Alternate translation: “Because they sin by what they say” or “Because of the sinful things they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 12 a3ed figs-activepassive 0 let them be captured in their pride This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people capture them because of their pride” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 59 12 xb2v 0 that they express “that they say” -PSA 59 13 u1ga figs-metaphor 0 Consume them in wrath, consume them so that they will be no more Destroying them completely is spoken of either as burning them up or eating them. Alternate translation: “Be angry with them and destroy them completely so there will be no more of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 59 13 h4zf figs-metonymy 0 in Jacob Jacob here refers to Israel. Alternate translation: “in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 13 ct9i figs-metonymy 0 to the ends of the earth “to even the most distance places on earth.” This represents all places on earth. Alternate translation: “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 14 v4xe figs-simile 0 howling like dogs The psalmist speaks of his enemies threatening to attack people as if they were dogs howling, growling, or barking at people. Alternate translation: “threatening to attack us” or “threatening to attack us like wild dogs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 59 15 w18t 0 satisfied content, having everything they want -PSA 59 16 a9we figs-metaphor 0 you have been my high tower and a refuge High towers and refuges are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower and a refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 59 16 vmt2 0 in the day of my distress “whenever I have had troubles” -PSA 59 17 q7yw figs-sentences 0 To you, my strength, I will sing praises “To you, my strength” can be combined as one clause. Alternate translation: “You are my strength, so I will sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) -PSA 59 17 g4db figs-metonymy 0 my strength God’s being the psalmist’s strength represents God protecting him. Alternate translation: “my protector” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 59 17 m2u5 figs-metaphor 0 for God is my high tower High towers are places that people can go to for shelter from their enemies. The psalmist speaks of God protecting him as if God were a strong, safe shelter. Alternate translation: “you have protected me like a high tower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 59 17 shn4 figs-abstractnouns 0 the God of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. This can be expressed in a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “He is the God who is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 60 intro wza8 0 # Psalm 060 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 60 is a psalm of war.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Protection
God has preserved the land of Israel, and now he will give them victory over the countries of Moab and Edom. -PSA 60 1 ev3m writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 60 1 usc3 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 60 1 vsl6 0 set to Shushan Eduth This probably tells what tune or musical style to use when singing the psalm. Alternate translation: “sing this psalm using the tune of ‘Shushan Eduth’” or “sing this using the Shushan Eduth style” -PSA 60 1 m8be translate-unknown 0 Shushan Eduth This means “Lily of the Promise.” Translators may either write the meaning or copy the Hebrew words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -PSA 60 1 tb2l 0 A michtam The meaning of the word “michtam” is uncertain. You may use the word “psalm” instead. This can be written as: “This is a psalm that David wrote.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 16:1](../016/001.md). -PSA 60 1 x59t translate-names 0 Aram Naharaim … Aram Zobah “Aram of the two rivers … the Aramean nation of Zobah.” These are places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 60 1 xt5a figs-synecdoche 0 Joab This refers to Joab and the army that he led. Alternate translation: “Joab and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 60 1 uk1f translate-numbers 0 twelve thousand Edomites “12,000 Edomites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 60 1 jey3 figs-metaphor 0 you have cast us off God’s rejecting people is spoken of as if he had thrown them away. Alternate translation: “you have rejected us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 60 1 tsh1 figs-metonymy 0 you have broken through our defenses God’s allowing Israel’s enemies to break through their defenses is spoken of as God himself had done it. Alternate translation: “you have allowed our enemies to break through our defenses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 60 2 cda8 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist continues speaking to God. -PSA 60 2 rmg6 figs-metaphor 0 You have made the land tremble; you have torn it apart The psalmist speaks of the disaster in his country as if it were an earthquake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 60 2 qsa7 figs-metaphor 0 heal its fissures Making the people strong again is spoken of as repairing the fissures in the ground or walls. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 60 2 n526 0 fissures large cracks in the ground or walls -PSA 60 3 k155 figs-metonymy 0 You have made your people see difficult things Here “see” represents “experience” or “suffer.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 60 3 m2ay figs-metaphor 0 drink the wine of staggering Being helpless is spoken of as staggering around, barely able to stand upright. The abstract noun “staggering” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the wine that makes us stagger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 60 4 fj97 figs-metaphor 0 you have set up a banner God’s guiding his people in battle is spoken of as if God were a human king or commander who had set up a banner for the army. Alternate translation: “you are like a king who sets up a banner” or “you command us in battle like a king who raises up a banner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 60 4 f9q6 0 banner “battle flag.” This is a flag that a king or commander would raise up on a pole to show that the army should gather. -PSA 60 4 xr7x figs-activepassive 0 to be displayed against those who carry the bow This can be stated with an active clause. However some versions have different interpretations of this phrase. Alternate translation: “to display against those who carry the bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 60 4 pya3 figs-metonymy 0 to be displayed against those who carry the bow The phrase “those who carry the bow” refers to the enemy soldiers in battle. Alternate translation: “to display when he takes his army into battle against your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 60 5 lb5k figs-metonymy 0 with your right hand God’s right hand represents his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 60 5 p226 figs-metonymy 0 answer me Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 60 7 ft6i figs-metaphor 0 Ephraim also is my helmet God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “the tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 60 7 d6zr 0 helmet a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury -PSA 60 7 c5sk figs-metaphor 0 Judah is my scepter God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “the tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 60 8 k3r4 figs-metaphor 0 Moab is my washbasin God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 60 8 lax6 figs-metaphor 0 over Edom I will throw my shoe God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 60 10 ika5 figs-rquestion 0 But you, God, have you not rejected us? The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “But God, it seems like you have rejected us.” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 60 10 v89k figs-metaphor 0 You do not go into battle with our army The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 60 11 sm5b 0 is futile “is worthless” -PSA 60 12 x5wt 0 will triumph “will defeat our enemies” -PSA 60 12 i34s figs-metaphor 0 he will trample down our enemies The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 61 intro is6k 0 # Psalm 061 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 61 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Vow
The author has vowed to praise God every day of his life because God has blessed him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -PSA 61 1 u44c writing-poetry 0 General Information: This is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 61 1 y257 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 61 1 w7m6 0 on a stringed instrument “people should play a stringed instrument with this song” -PSA 61 1 dkq1 figs-doublet 0 Hear my cry, God; attend to my prayer These clauses have a similar meaning. Alternate translation: “God, listen to me and answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 61 2 z96p figs-metaphor 0 lead me to the rock that is higher than I Here the writer speaks of God as if he were a high rock that he could climb for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 61 4 fq5b figs-metaphor 0 take refuge under the shelter of your wings Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Here there is a second metaphor that speaks of Yahweh’s protection as if he was a hen protecting her baby chicks under her wings. Alternate translation: “go to you for protection as a chick is safe under the wings of its mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 61 5 yk96 figs-metaphor 0 you have given me the inheritance The writer speaks of God’s blessings as if they were an inheritance that he has received. Alternate translation: “you have given to me the blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 61 5 jwf1 figs-metonymy 0 who honor your name Here “your name” means God himself. Alternate translation: “who honor you” or “who have an awesome respect for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 61 6 f381 figs-parallelism 0 You will prolong … many generations These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 61 6 m1j7 0 You will prolong the king’s life “You will extend the king’s life” or “You will cause the king’s life to last a long time” -PSA 61 6 dq7t figs-metonymy 0 his years will be like many generations Here “years” refers to how long the king will live. Alternate translation: “he will live for many generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 61 7 j14f figs-explicit 0 He will remain before God forever Here “to remain before God” means to be in God’s presence or to be with God. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “God will be with him forever” or “God will be with the king forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 61 8 ut6s figs-metonymy 0 I will sing praise to your name forever Here “name” stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “I will always sing praise to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 61 8 yd7n 0 my vows These refer to the promise to offer sacrifices to God every day. -PSA 62 intro dc2q 0 # Psalm 062 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 62 is a psalm of deliverance. It expresses trust that God will save the psalmist from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
Although the psalmist’s enemies have attacked him when he was feeling weak, he trusts in God to deliver him. God is powerful and kind. -PSA 62 1 fc8k writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song about God’s faithfulness. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 62 1 a4ay 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 62 1 zun4 translate-names 0 Jeduthun One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 62 1 l5l8 0 my salvation comes from him “he is the one who rescues me” or “he is the one who saves me” -PSA 62 2 hy6d figs-metaphor 0 He alone is my rock and my salvation The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a rock. Alternate translation: “He is the only one who can protect and rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 62 2 ngh3 figs-metaphor 0 he is my high tower The writer speaks of God’s ability to protect him as if God were a high tower. Alternate translation: “he keeps me away from the grasp of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 62 2 s4ie figs-activepassive 0 I will not be greatly moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can ever move me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 62 3 b6ts 0 all of you “my enemies” or “all my enemies” -PSA 62 3 z326 figs-rquestion 0 How long … will you attack a man … or a shaky fence? David uses a rhetorical question to express his frustration. No answer is expected. Alternate translation: “It seems like my enemies will never stop attacking me. I feel that I am as weak against you as a leaning wall or a broken-down fence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 62 3 c4q6 0 attack a man “attack me” -PSA 62 4 n82a 0 They consult with him only to “They intend to” or “They plan to” -PSA 62 4 a18i 0 consult with him … bring him … bless him … curse him In these verses, David is referring to himself by “him.” -PSA 62 4 j3uz figs-metonymy 0 with their mouths This refers to their speech or their words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 62 4 zqm3 figs-metonymy 0 in their hearts This refers to their thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 62 5 nl4l 0 my hope is set on him “for I place my hope in him” -PSA 62 6 fy6x figs-metaphor 0 He alone is my rock and my salvation; he is my high tower The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock and a high tower. Both of these metaphors show how God provides protection from one’s enemies. Here “salvation” means that God rescues the writer. See how you translated this in [Psalms 62:2](../062/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 62 6 izy6 figs-activepassive 0 I will not be moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can move me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 62 7 c9fh figs-metaphor 0 the rock of my strength and my refuge are in God The writer speaks of God as if he were a rock that keeps one safe from his enemies. He also speaks of God as if he were a shelter that provides protection. Alternate translation: “God always gives me strength and protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 62 8 yq3j figs-idiom 0 pour out your heart This refers to telling God your inner feelings as if you were pouring out a liquid. Alternate translation: “give your deepest concerns to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 62 8 ss3p figs-exclusive 0 refuge for us The word “us” refers to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 62 9 zu93 figs-merism 0 men of low standing … men of high standing are a lie This refers to men of all levels of wealth and importance. The phrases “are vanity” and “are a lie” have the same meaning. One cannot confidently trust in anyone. Alternate translation: “you cannot place your trust in men, no matter how important they are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 62 9 ckm7 0 weighed together, they are lighter than nothing If you put all of these kinds of men together on a scale, they would have no weight. This means that they have no real value to you. -PSA 62 10 ubx1 figs-doublet 0 oppression or robbery These two words have basically the same meaning. You cannot trust in money that you get by taking it from other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 62 10 eu3d figs-metaphor 0 for they will bear no fruit The writer speaks of riches as if they were trees or vines that could bear fruit. Alternate translation: “for they will provide nothing good for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 62 10 j6sj figs-idiom 0 do not fix your heart on them Here “fix your heart” is an idiom that means to desire something greatly. Alternate translation: “do not desire them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 62 11 x8ts 0 God has spoken once, twice have I heard this This means that God has said this more than once. -PSA 62 11 kc1v figs-metaphor 0 power belongs to God God being characterized by power is spoken of as if power belonged to him. The abstract noun “power” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “God is powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 62 12 n56f figs-metaphor 0 Also to you, Lord, belongs covenant faithfulness God being characterized by covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness belonged to him. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Lord, are also faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 62 12 gl1p figs-metaphor 0 for you pay back every person for what he has done The writer speaks of God’s rewards as if he were paying a wage for work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 63 intro py5b 0 # Psalm 063 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 63 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
The author praises God for who he is and for having protected him. -PSA 63 1 rct4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 63 1 jrr4 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 63 1 d7d1 0 earnestly sincerely -PSA 63 1 c3we figs-parallelism 0 my soul thirsts for you, and my flesh longs for you These two clauses have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how greatly the writer desires to be with God. Alternate translation: “my whole being greatly desires to be with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 63 1 x4mg 0 dry and weary land “hot, dry desert” -PSA 63 3 w2ui figs-abstractnouns 0 Because your covenant faithfulness is better than life, my lips The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb and the abstract noun “life” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I value you being faithful to your covenant more than I value living, so my lips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 63 3 cx75 figs-synecdoche 0 my lips will praise you Here “my lips” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 63 4 vx4a figs-metonymy 0 I will lift up my hands in your name Here “in your name” means “to you.” Alternate translation: “I will worship you and pray to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 63 5 x5ky figs-simile 0 It will be as if I ate a meal of marrow and fatness Here the writer speaks of knowing and worshiping God as being more satisfying than eating a good meal. Alternate translation: “I will be happier than a person who eats a meal of fat and choice food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 63 5 y596 figs-synecdoche 0 with joyful lips my mouth will praise you Here “with joyful lips my mouth” represents the whole person who will praise God joyfully. Alternate translation: “I will praise you joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 63 6 a4ez figs-parallelism 0 when I think about you on my bed … in the night hours These two clauses have the same meaning. The ideas are repeated to emphasize how much the writer thinks about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 63 7 ca2e figs-metaphor 0 in the shadow of your wings I rejoice The writer speaks of God as if he were a bird protecting its young under his wings. Alternate translation: “I rejoice because you protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 63 8 y8gh 0 I cling to you “I need you” or “I depend on you” -PSA 63 8 ua1a figs-metonymy 0 your right hand supports me Here, the right hand is used as a symbol of strength and power. Alternate translation: “you support me” or “you lift me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 63 9 tm7l figs-explicit 0 will go down into the lowest parts of the earth This means they will die and go to the place of the dead. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “will die and descend into the place of the dead” or “will die and go down into the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 63 10 y78j figs-metonymy 0 they will be given over to those whose hands use the sword Here “the sword” represents death in battle, and “those whose hands use the sword” refers to enemies who kill them in battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will cause them to die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 63 10 i1md figs-explicit 0 they will become food for the jackals Here “they” refers to the corpses of those who die in battle. Alternate translation: “jackals will eat their dead bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 63 10 ru7l 0 the jackals “jackals” here are a kind of long-legged wild dog. They feed on carrion, game, and fruit. -PSA 63 11 q4st figs-explicit 0 the king will David is speaking about himself. This can be stated clearly in the translation. Alternate translation: “I, the king of Israel, will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 63 11 lcq4 0 swears by him … proud of him The word “him” refers to “God.” -PSA 63 11 a434 figs-synecdoche 0 but the mouth of those who speak lies will be stopped up Here “the mouth” represents the whole person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but God will silence the liars” or “but God will silence those who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 64 intro t6rs 0 # Psalm 064 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 64 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Plotting of enemies
The author’s enemies have plotted against him but God has saved him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 64 1 b1fk writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 64 1 j144 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 64 1 y5d6 0 preserve save -PSA 64 2 aj26 figs-metonymy 0 Hide me from the secret plotting of evildoers Here “Hide” represents protecting, and “the secret plotting of evildoers represents” represents the harm that evildoers secretly plan to do to David. Alternate translation: “Protect me from the harm that evil doers secretly plan to do to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 64 2 czb5 figs-ellipsis 0 from the commotion The words “hide me” are understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “hide me from the commotion” or “protect me from the commotion”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 64 2 u721 0 the commotion of the doers of iniquity Here, **commotion** could mean: (1) a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy disturbance that the doers of iniquity make” or (2) a crowd that makes a noisy disturbance. Alternate translation: “the noisy crowd of doers of iniquity” -PSA 64 3 zhn8 figs-simile 0 They have sharpened their tongues like swords The writer speaks of his enemies’ tongues as if they were as sharp as swords. Here “tongues” represents the harsh words that the enemies speak. Alternate translation: “The harsh things that they say hurt me like a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 64 3 ugs8 figs-metaphor 0 arrows, bitter words The writer speaks of his enemies’ bitter words as if they were arrows being shot at him. Alternate translation: “bitter words which pierce me like arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 64 5 blg6 figs-rquestion 0 Who will see us? The evildoers do not expect an answer to their question because they think no one will see them. Alternate translation: “No one will see what we are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 64 6 jn8k figs-metaphor 0 The inner thoughts and hearts of man are deep The writer speaks of man’s “inner thoughts” and “hearts of man” as if they were a deep body of water that no one can explore all the way to the bottom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 64 6 mfc5 figs-doublet 0 inner thoughts … hearts of man Both of these phrases refer to man’s private or inner thoughts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 64 7 g91b 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak of the “evildoers” of [Psalms 64:1](../064/001.md). -PSA 64 7 a77p figs-metaphor 0 But God will shoot them … with his arrows The writer speaks of God’s punishment of the evildoers as if God were shooting arrows at them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 64 8 xs48 figs-metaphor 0 They will be made to stumble The writer speaks of God’s causing the evildoers’ plans to fail as if God were making them stumble in their paths. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make them stumble” or “God will cause their plans to fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 64 8 f4zp figs-metonymy 0 since their own tongues are against them Here “tongues” represents the words that they say. Alternate translation: “since the words that they say are against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 64 9 gv21 0 what he has done “what God has done” -PSA 64 10 v64d figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in him Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to him for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 64 10 pzy4 figs-idiom 0 all the upright in heart will take pride in him Here “upright in heart” is an idiom that means godly or righteous. Alternate translation: “all the people who are godly will praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 65 intro zl1t 0 # Psalm 065 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 65 is a psalm of praise to God.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s power
God answered prayers and gave the people justice and hope. God created nature and controls it, sending rain so the grain and pastures grow well. -PSA 65 1 g299 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 65 1 qt1y 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 65 1 ce6n figs-personification 0 For you, God in Zion, our praise waits This speaks of praise as if it were a person who could act on its own. Alternate translation: “To you alone, God in Zion, we will offer our praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 65 1 sw4a figs-activepassive 0 our vows will be carried out to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we will do what we have promised you that we would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 65 3 z8fr figs-personification 0 Iniquities prevail against us David speaks about iniquity as if it were a person that is able to defeat or oppress. Alternate translation: “It is as if our own sins were defeating us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 65 3 wz7b 0 you will forgive them The word “them” refers to our “iniquities.” -PSA 65 4 s325 0 whom you choose … your courts The words “you” and “your” in this verse refer to Yahweh. -PSA 65 4 r5l8 figs-hyperbole 0 live in your courts This exaggeration expresses that the man is in the temple very frequently to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship often in your courts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 65 4 g4b9 figs-activepassive 0 We will be satisfied with the goodness of your house, your holy temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The goodness of your house, your holy temple, will satisfy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 65 4 x47k figs-exclusive 0 We will be Here the word “we” refers to David and the people of Israel, but not to God, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 65 4 re8y 0 your house, your holy temple “your house, which is your holy temple” -PSA 65 5 g2mg 0 In righteousness “Because you are righteous” -PSA 65 5 q2jg 0 you who are “you are” -PSA 65 5 f2m8 figs-doublet 0 of all the ends of the earth … across the sea These two phrases have similar meanings. Alternate translation: “of all the people who live throughout the earth and across the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 65 5 m7rv figs-metonymy 0 of all the ends of the earth This refers to the people who live all over the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 65 6 sza2 figs-metaphor 0 you who are belted with strength The writer speaks of God as if he wore his strength like a belt. Alternate translation: “showing that you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 65 7 q7ky figs-parallelism 0 the roaring of the seas, the roaring of their waves These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to create a vivid impression on the hearer or reader. Alternate translation: “the continuous roaring of the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 65 7 r4p4 0 roaring a loud noise caused by the wind and waves -PSA 65 7 uww2 0 the commotion of the peoples This is also something that God makes quiet. -PSA 65 7 dyr9 0 commotion loud noise -PSA 65 8 u5vn 0 evidence proof or something that shows that another thing is true -PSA 65 8 vup2 figs-metonymy 0 you make the east and the west rejoice The phrase “the east and the west” refers to the people who live all over the earth. Alternate translation: “you cause people everywhere to shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 65 9 e5cr 0 help the earth This refers to the soil of the earth. -PSA 65 9 mt8r 0 you greatly enrich it “you make the soil very good so that good things will grow in it” -PSA 65 9 rfe2 figs-metonymy 0 the river of God is full of water This refers to the supply of water in the sky that God sends to water the earth and fill the streams. Alternate translation: “you fill the streams with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 65 10 zg5e figs-you 0 You … you … you … you The writer is speaking to Yahweh, so these words are all singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 65 10 d2yu 0 its furrows “the earth’s furrows” -PSA 65 10 v5qu 0 furrows A furrow is a long narrow trench made in the ground for planting seeds or for watering the field where grains have been planted. -PSA 65 10 l2ln 0 ridges edges -PSA 65 11 r7wm figs-you 0 You … your The words “You” and “your” refer to Yahweh and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PSA 65 11 pc5y figs-personification 0 You crown the year with your goodness Here the “year” is given the human quality of wearing a crown. Alternate translation: “You have honored the year with a good harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 65 11 q39j figs-metaphor 0 your wagon tracks overflow with abundance Yahweh making the soil so good and fertile that it produces an abundant harvest is spoken of as if Yahweh were traveling through an empty land in a cart, leaving abundant food behind wherever he goes. Alternate translation: “everywhere you have been, you have left abundant food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 65 12 f7hf 0 The pastures … drip with dew There is so much dew in the pastures that they are said to drip with it. Alternate translation: “The pastures … are full of dew” or “Much dew drips in the pastures of the wilderness” -PSA 65 12 m2ds figs-personification 0 the hills are clothed with joy The writer speaks of the beauty of the hills as if they were joyful people, and of joy as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “the hills are like people wearing joy” or “the hills are like joyful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 65 13 l7rv 0 The pastures are clothed with flocks The writer speaks of the pastures as being so covered with flocks that it is like the pastures are wearing a garment. -PSA 65 13 le4m 0 pastures a large field where animals feed on the grass -PSA 65 13 h9k9 0 flocks group of animals, such as sheep and goats -PSA 65 13 kh7i figs-personification 0 they shout for joy, and they sing The pastures, hills and valleys are so bountiful, that they seem to shout and sing for joy. Alternate translation: “they are like joyful singing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 65 13 e1qd 0 they shout The word “they” refers to the pastures and valleys. -PSA 66 intro xwm8 0 # Psalm 066 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 66 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh saves
Just as God brought Israel through the wilderness, he took the author through hard times but saved him. The author will worship God by sacrificing animals to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 66 1 wxl5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a song of praise. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 66 1 kzn5 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 66 1 cmh2 figs-metonymy 0 Make a joyful noise to God, all the earth A “joyful noise to God” represents singing and shouting praises to God. Alternate translation: “Let all the earth sing and shout joyfully to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 66 1 j76g figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This refers to all the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 66 2 si2u figs-parallelism 0 Sing out the glory of his name; make his praise glorious These phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how wonderful God is. Alternate translation: “Sing about how wonderful God’s name is; sing wonderful praise about how great God is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 66 2 n3za figs-metonymy 0 the glory of his name God’s name here represents God himself. Alternate translation: “his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 66 3 sr8b 0 How terrifying are your deeds The works of God cause us to be in awe and terrified because we know he is powerful and holy. -PSA 66 3 id4t 0 By the greatness of your power “Because you have great power” -PSA 66 4 p1ln figs-metonymy 0 All the earth will worship you This refers to all of the people who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “All the people on earth will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 66 4 y7hi figs-metonymy 0 they will sing to your name Here “your name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “they will praise and honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 66 5 vn26 0 he … his These words refer to God. -PSA 66 5 y91w 0 he is fearsome in his deeds toward the sons of mankind “he causes people to feel fear and wonder when they see his deeds” -PSA 66 5 ebc3 0 the sons of mankind “humanity” -PSA 66 6 t4bb 0 He … him These words refer to God. -PSA 66 6 ipc9 figs-explicit 0 He turned the sea into dry land; they went through the river on foot This refers to the crossing of the Red Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 66 6 dbi6 0 they went The word “they” refers to God’s people, the Israelites. -PSA 66 6 c4mh figs-exclusive 0 we rejoiced The word “we” refers to the Israelites, their ancestors, David, and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 66 7 fhu2 0 He … his These words refer to God. -PSA 66 7 v55x figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes These phrase “his eyes” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “he sees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 66 7 csw4 0 let not the rebellious exalt themselves “let not the rebellious people exalt themselves” or “let not the rebellious people be proud” -PSA 66 8 p33g figs-parallelism 0 Give blessing to God … let the sound of his praise be heard These two clauses have similar meanings. The idea is repeated to emphasize the importance of praising God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 66 9 nub8 figs-exclusive 0 us … our These words refer to David and the people he is speaking to. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 66 9 qfj9 figs-metaphor 0 he does not permit our feet to slip The writer speaks of God’s protection as preventing his people from slipping as they walk or falling off a cliff. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed us to fall into disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 66 11 eq4q figs-metaphor 0 You brought us into a net The writer speaks of God’s punishment as if God had captured his people in a net. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 66 11 wp2k 0 a net a trap for a bird or an animal -PSA 66 11 ib6n figs-metaphor 0 you laid a heavy burden on our backs The writer speaks of what the people have endured as having to carry heavy loads on their backs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 66 12 el5w figs-metaphor 0 You made people ride over our heads This is a picture of being horribly defeated in battle. Alternate translation: “It is as if our enemies defeated us in battle and then drove their chariots over our fallen bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 66 12 ua43 figs-metaphor 0 went through fire and water God tested them with natural disasters like fires and floods. Alternate translation: “we suffered like people who suffer from fires and floods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 66 12 t7hr figs-metaphor 0 spacious place The writer speaks of the blessings that the people of Israel now have as if they had been brought into a wide open space where they are safe. Alternate translation: “open place where we are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 66 14 t3nu figs-synecdoche 0 which my lips promised and my mouth spoke Here “lips” and “mouth” refer to the words of promise that were spoken. Alternate translation: “which I promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 66 15 fl6u 0 aroma of rams “smell of the smoke of sacrificed rams” -PSA 66 16 kd6i figs-synecdoche 0 I will declare what he has done for my soul The word “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell you what he has done for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 66 17 utu4 figs-synecdoche 0 I cried to him with my mouth The word “mouth” represents the whole person who cries out to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 66 17 s7eh figs-activepassive 0 he was praised with my tongue Here “tongue” represents words or speech. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I praised him with my tongue” or “I praised him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 66 18 f2m2 0 seen sin “loved sin” or “held iniquity” -PSA 66 18 kk8n figs-explicit 0 would not have listened to me Here “would not have listened” implies that God would not have answered his prayer. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “would not have heard me call out to him” or “he would not have answered my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 66 19 n9pa figs-parallelism 0 But God has truly heard; he has paid attention These two clauses have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that God has heard his prayer. Alternate translation: “But God has truly heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 66 19 itl3 figs-personification 0 the voice of my prayer Here the author’s prayer is given the personal quality of having a voice. Alternate translation: “my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 66 20 sj37 0 who has not turned away my prayer Here “turned away’ represents ignoring his prayer. Alternate translation: “who has not ignored my prayer” -PSA 66 20 p1vb figs-explicit 0 or his covenant faithfulness from me The phrase “has not turned away” is understood from the previous phrase and can be repeated here. The idea of “his covenant faithfulness” can be translated with the phrase “being faithful to his covenant.” Alternate translation: “and has not turned away his covenant faithfulness from me” or “and has not stopped being faithful to his covenant with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 67 intro g3hz 0 # Psalm 067 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 67 is a worship psalm.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
People all over the world should be praising God. -PSA 67 1 w6h8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 67 1 v59b 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 67 1 d6gg 0 on stringed instruments “people should play stringed instruments with this song” -PSA 67 1 h266 figs-metaphor 0 cause his face to shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 67 2 y8i3 figs-activepassive 0 your ways may be known on earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people may know your ways on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 67 2 ahn5 figs-ellipsis 0 your salvation among all nations The writer desires for everyone to know that God has the power to save them. This can be made clear in the translation. Alternate translation: “and the people of all nations may know that you have the power to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 67 4 w7lh figs-metonymy 0 let the nations … govern the nations Here “nations” represents the people who live in all the nations on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 67 4 g91t 0 with justice “fairly” or “justly” -PSA 67 5 e74n figs-parallelism 0 Let the peoples praise you … let all the peoples praise you The second clause intensifies the meaning of the first to emphasize how important it is to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 67 6 ew33 figs-personification 0 The earth has yielded its harvest Here the writer speaks of “the earth” as if it has chosen to provide a harvest to the people. Alternate translation: “We have reaped a bountiful harvest from our crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 67 7 m77g figs-metonymy 0 all the ends of the earth honor him This means that people everywhere should honor God because of his blessings. Alternate translation: “I desire that all people everywhere on the earth may have an awesome respect for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 68 intro i82v 0 # Psalm 068 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 68 is a worship psalm.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s greatness
God is exceedingly great. He takes care of the weak and helpless. He is glorious in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

### No Common Theme
Scholars have found this psalm the most difficult to interpret. There does not appear to be any unity to this psalm. -PSA 68 1 c4xg writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 68 1 mf9s 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 68 1 e798 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 68 1 ebe6 figs-metaphor 0 Let God arise God beginning to act is spoke of as if he stands up. Alternate translation: “Let God begin to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 1 e3kc figs-activepassive 0 let his enemies be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let God chase away his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 68 2 ea3v figs-metaphor 0 As smoke is driven away, so drive them away God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are smoke that is easily blown away by the wind. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Drive them away as the wind blows away smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 68 2 s3mi figs-metaphor 0 as wax melts before the fire God’s enemies are spoken of as if they are wax that is easily melted by a fire. Alternate translation: “cause them to disappear as wax melts before a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 2 ea8r figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to the wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 68 3 s74b figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to the righteous people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 68 3 e8rg figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be happy These means the same thing and emphasizes the amount of joy they feel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 68 4 u8td figs-metonymy 0 to his name This refers to God. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 68 4 mtd6 figs-metaphor 0 the one who rides through the plains God’s presence among people is spoken of as if he rides on the earth in a horse or chariot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 5 nn11 figs-metaphor 0 A father of the fatherless God is spoken of as a compassionate God who acts like a father to orphans. Alternate translation: “One who acts like a father to children who have no parents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 5 jev5 figs-metaphor 0 a judge of the widows God is spoken of as a merciful God who protects widows. Alternate translation: “a protector of widows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 6 ae7w figs-metaphor 0 God puts the lonely into families God is spoken of as if he places lonely people into families. “God provides families for those who have no one to live with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 6 pki3 figs-metaphor 0 he brings out the prisoners with singing God is spoken of as the one who leads prisoners out of their confinement. Alternate translation: “God frees prisoners and makes them sing with happiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 6 ri2g figs-nominaladj 0 the rebellious This nominal adjective refers to rebellious people and can be translated with either an adjective or a noun. Alternate translation: “rebellious people” or “people who rebel against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 68 6 xq7k figs-metaphor 0 a parched land God’s punishment of the rebellious is spoken of as if he forces them to live in a hot desert land. Alternate translation: “a very hot and dry land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 7 txl9 0 General Information: David begins to tell the story of God leading the Israelites through the desert to Mt. Sinai. -PSA 68 7 nqa1 figs-parallelism 0 when you went out … when you marched through These two phrases refer to the same event. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 68 7 vqt5 0 you went out before your people “you led your people” -PSA 68 7 ba2j figs-metaphor 0 when you marched through the wilderness God is spoken of as if he was a soldier marching ahead of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 8 t35q 0 the heavens also dropped rain … God’s presence “God caused it to rain” -PSA 68 8 br66 figs-parallelism 0 in the presence of God This idiom here refers to God’s appearance before the Israelites. Alternate translation: “when God appeared to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 68 9 p896 figs-metaphor 0 you strengthened your inheritance when it was weary The land of Israel is spoken of as if it was a person who could be weary, or could gain strength. Alternate translation: “you caused the land to produce good crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 9 h87l figs-metaphor 0 your inheritance The land that God gave to the Israelites is spoken of as if it was an inheritance that a father passed on to his children. Alternate translation: “the land that you gave to us Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 10 k4fw figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 68 11 uv8e 0 General Information: David continues the story of the journey of the Israelites through the desert. In this part of the story, the Israelites are victorious in war over their enemies. -PSA 68 11 t91n figs-metaphor 0 those who announced them … army The large number of people told the Lord’s message to others. They are spoken of as if there were a large army. Since this phrase is feminine, some versions translate it as, “the women who announced them … army.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 12 bm73 figs-synecdoche 0 Kings of armies flee, they flee The kings represent themselves and their entire armies. It is understood that they flee because they are defeated by Israel’s army. Alternate translation: “Kings and their armies flee from us because they are defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 68 12 gj9s 0 plunder things that are taken from the defeated army and brought to the victorious army’s home. -PSA 68 13 u9e3 0 doves covered with silver … gold This means that some of the plunder is very valuable because it is covered with precious metals. -PSA 68 13 m4ps figs-rquestion 0 When some of you people stayed among the sheepfolds, why did you do this? This question is used to rebuke the people who did not participate in the battle. Alternate translation: “Those who stayed among the sheepfolds should not have stayed; they should have gone to the battle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 68 14 zi84 figs-simile 0 scattered kings there … snowed on Mount Zalmon There were so many dead kings and soldiers on the mountain that they are spoken of as if they were snow covering the mountain. Alternate translation: “defeated so many enemy kings and soldiers there that they were like snowflakes covering Mount Zalmon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 68 14 qik2 figs-synecdoche 0 scattered kings Here “kings” refers to their armies as well. Alternate translation: “scattered the enemy kings and their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 68 14 d4j9 translate-names 0 Mount Zalmon This is the name of a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 68 15 j4i6 figs-parallelism 0 A mighty mountain is the … a high mountain is the These two phrase have similar meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “a mighty and high mountain is the hill country of Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 68 16 g53a figs-rquestion 0 Why do you look in envy … for the place he will live? This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The high hill country of Bashan should not look in envy at the mountain which God desires for the place he will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 68 17 gr2n translate-numbers 0 twenty thousand, thousands upon thousands This is probably not meant to be an exact number, but to indicate a large number. Alternate translation: “many thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 68 18 z2qx 0 ascended To “ascend” is to move up, to go toward the sky. -PSA 68 19 g3s6 figs-metaphor 0 daily bears our burdens “carries our heavy loads every day.” The Lord’s care for his people is spoken of as if he was physically carrying their troubles as a burden. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 19 t8d1 figs-abstractnouns 0 the God who is our salvation The words “is our salvation” can be translated with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “the God who saves us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 68 21 w9jd figs-metaphor 0 will strike through the heads of his enemies God is spoken of as a warrior who will kill his enemies by striking them in their heads in order to kill them. Alternate translation: “will kill his enemies by striking them in the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 68 21 kk8w figs-explicit 0 the hairy scalps It seems to have been the custom for soldiers not to cut their hair during the time of war. Alternate translation: “the long-haired skulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 68 21 u633 figs-metaphor 0 walk in offenses against him Offending God is spoken of as walking among the offenses. Alternate translation: “habitually offend him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 22 f82v 0 I will bring them back The word “them” refers to God’s enemies. -PSA 68 22 t4dp figs-metaphor 0 the depths of the sea This speaks of the most remote parts of the earth where people might try to escape from God as if they were the depths of the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 23 qyf9 figs-metaphor 0 crush your enemies The total destruction of Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if the Israelites had crushed them under their feet. Alternate translation: “totally defeat your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 23 c62p figs-metaphor 0 dipping your foot in blood The violence of from the destruction of the enemies is spoke of in very graphic form, as if the Israelites would be standing in the blood of their dead enemies. Alternate translation: “stepping in their blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 23 g8uz figs-metaphor 0 the tongues of your dogs may have their share The bloodshed from the battle against Israel’s enemies is spoken of as if it is so extensive that the dogs will lap up the flowing blood with their tongues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 24 k3xf 0 processions A procession is a group of people walking together in an orderly manner as part of a ceremony. -PSA 68 25 kyt4 0 minstrels people who play musical instruments -PSA 68 26 qq11 0 Bless God in the assemblies; praise Yahweh, you who are from the fountain of Israel It may be helpful to change the order of these phrases. Alternate translation: “You who are from the fountain of Israel, praise Yahweh and bless God in the assembly” -PSA 68 26 smi2 figs-metaphor 0 from the fountain of Israel The word “fountain” is a metaphor for the ability of the man Israel to be the ancestor of many people: as much water comes from a fountain, so Israel is the ancestor of many people. This also implies that the call is to those who serve God as the man Israel did. Alternate translation: “true descendants of Israel” or “all of you descendants from Israel”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 68 27 nt5p 0 their multitudes “their group.” The word “their” refers to the leaders of Judah. -PSA 68 28 f4wh 0 Your God, Israel, has decreed your strength Some versions understand the Hebrew text differently: “Summon your strength, God” or “Use your strength, God” -PSA 68 28 f4rw 0 Your God, Israel, has decreed “People of Israel, your God has decreed” -PSA 68 28 wau7 figs-exclusive 0 to us The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 68 29 zq5a figs-exclusive 0 to us The word “us” refers to the writer and the people of Israel, but not to Yahweh, to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 68 29 isi1 0 Reveal your power to us from your temple at Jerusalem “When you are present in the temple at Jerusalem, show us your power” -PSA 68 29 fem7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Reveal your power The abstract noun “power” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “Show us that you are strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 68 30 c8e8 figs-metaphor 0 the wild beasts in the reeds Many scholars believe these wild beasts are a metaphor that refers to the people of Egypt. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt who are like wild beasts in the reeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 68 30 g1z9 figs-metaphor 0 the peoples, that multitude of bulls and calves The peoples of other nations are spoken of as if they were a large group of cattle. Alternate translation: “the powerful nations, who are like herds of bulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 30 c6zu 0 scatter to disperse or to cause something to spread quickly in different direction -PSA 68 31 n487 figs-explicit 0 Princes will come out of Egypt It is implied that these princes come from Egypt in order to offer gifts to God in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Then the leaders of Egypt will bring gifts to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 68 31 c5dx figs-metonymy 0 Cush This refers to the people of Cush. Alternate translation: “The Cushites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 68 31 i46u translate-symaction 0 reach out with her hands to God This is a symbolic action that represents worship to God. Alternate translation: “lift up her hands to praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 68 32 gn8g figs-synecdoche 0 you kingdoms of the earth Here “kingdoms” refers to the citizens of the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “you people who are citizens of kingdoms all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 68 33 x1i6 figs-ellipsis 0 To him who rides on the heaven of heavens The word “Sing” is implied as the beginning of this verse. Here God is described as if he rides in a chariot in the sky. Alternate translation: “Sing to God who rides across the sky in his chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 68 33 npf5 figs-idiom 0 he lifts up his voice with power This idiom means he speaks powerfully. Alternate translation: “he shouts powerfully” or “he speaks loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 68 34 a3cn 0 Ascribe strength to God “Ascribe” means to give credit to someone. Alternate translation: “Strength belongs to God” -PSA 68 34 ul58 figs-abstractnouns 0 his strength is in the skies The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “powerful.” Alternate translation: “in the skies he also shows that he is powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 68 35 m2ya figs-apostrophe 0 God, you are fearsome in your holy place Here the author speaks directly to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 68 35 sy6i figs-doublet 0 strength and power These two words mean basically these same thing. They emphasize how much strength God provides to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 69 intro im3w 0 # Psalm 069 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 69 is a psalm of deliverance. The author prays to be saved from his enemies and for them to be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Deliverance
The author prays for God to rescue him from his enemies. They show him no mercy, and he asks God to show them no mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]]) -PSA 69 1 emd2 writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 69 1 x1w1 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 69 1 jj9x 0 set to Shoshannim This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md). -PSA 69 1 b6zx figs-metaphor 0 for the waters have put my life in danger The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were drowning in a flood of water. Alternate translation: “for it feels like I am drowning in the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 2 tpg9 figs-metaphor 0 I sink in deep mire The writer describes the troubles in his life as if he were sinking in deep mud. Alternate translation: “For it feels like I am sinking in deep mud and will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 2 ry13 0 mire thick mud -PSA 69 2 u4k9 figs-litotes 0 there is no place to stand The writer uses a negative statement to stress how unstable and uncertain his condition is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 69 2 bt2v figs-metaphor 0 I have come into deep waters, where the floods flow over me The writer describes his problems as if he was drowning in a deep, raging river. Alternate translation: “t feels like I am in deep waters, and the floodwaters flow over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 3 qdk1 0 weary very tired -PSA 69 3 d5w4 figs-idiom 0 my eyes fail This idiom means the writer has cried so much that his eyes do not see well any longer. Alternate translation: “my eyes are swollen from tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 69 4 ks2e figs-hyperbole 0 more than the hairs on my head This is an exaggeration to express how many enemies the writer has. Alternate translation: “more than I can count, like the hairs on my head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 69 4 v3ns figs-idiom 0 cut me off This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 69 5 z5mb figs-abstractnouns 0 my foolishness The abstract noun “foolishness” can be stated as “foolish.” Alternate translation: “the foolish things that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 69 5 c1z9 figs-litotes 0 my sins are not hidden from you This can be expressed as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “you know all my sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 69 6 l21p 0 Let not those … let not those “Do not let those … do not let those” -PSA 69 6 d5j2 figs-activepassive 0 Let not those who hope in you be put to shame because of me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to put those who wait for you to shame because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 69 6 ana6 figs-activepassive 0 let not those who seek you be brought to dishonor because of me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please do not allow anyone to bring dishonor on those who seek you because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 69 6 djs5 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek you Here, seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: (1) “those who ask you for help” or (2) “those who worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 7 se7t 0 For your sake “On your behalf” or “For you” -PSA 69 7 td6l figs-metaphor 0 I have borne rebuke The rebukes of the writer’s enemies are spoken of as if they are a heavy load that he has had to carry. Alternate translation: “I have endured the insults of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 7 l47r figs-metaphor 0 shame has covered my face The writer speaks of the shame that he feels as if it is a foul thing on his face that everyone can clearly see. Alternate translation: “I am thoroughly humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 8 f38a figs-metaphor 0 I have become a stranger to my brothers The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “My brothers no longer know or accept me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 8 au3m figs-parallelism 0 a stranger to my brothers … an alien to my mother’s children These two phrases mean the same thing. They are repeated to stress his separation from his own family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 69 8 w5cm figs-ellipsis 0 an alien to my mother’s children It is implied that “I have become” should be understood here. The writer speaks of himself as if he were not part of his own family. Alternate translation: “my brothers no longer know or trust me at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 9 dwj8 figs-personification 0 the zeal of your house has eaten me up The writer speaks of his zeal for God’s temple as if it was a wild animal that devours the writer. Alternate translation: “the zeal I have for your house consumes me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 69 9 d4m8 figs-idiom 0 has eaten me up This idiom means that the writer’s zeal for the temple takes over all of his thoughts and actions. Alternate translation: “completely controls all that I think and do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 69 9 ckq9 figs-metaphor 0 the rebukes … have fallen on me The writer speaks of the rebukes of Gods’ enemies as if they were rocks that were thrown at the writer. Alternate translation: “those who rebuke you have also thrown their rebukes at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 10 y39q translate-symaction 0 I wept and did not eat food The fact that the writer was fasting indicates that he was sad about the way people treated God’s temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 69 10 dn9i 0 they insulted me “my enemies rebuked me because of it” -PSA 69 11 la4h translate-symaction 0 I made sackcloth my clothing Wearing rough, cheap clothing was a symbol of mourning over sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 69 11 q7ys figs-metaphor 0 I became the object of a proverb The writer speak of himself as if he was the sad or foolish person in a proverb. Alternate translation: “I became the example of a sad person spoken of in their proverbs” or “they laugh at me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 12 m9ar figs-metonymy 0 Those who sit in the city gate Here “city gate” is associated with leadership of a town. Alternate translation: “The important people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 69 12 u3uq figs-metaphor 0 I am a song of drunkards The writer speaks of himself as if he was the person about whom the drunkards sing mocking songs. Alternate translation: “the drunkards of the city sing disgusting songs about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 13 t3wv 0 at a time that you will accept “in your accepted time” or “when you are willing” -PSA 69 13 ye88 figs-abstractnouns 0 answer me in the trustworthiness of your salvation The abstract nouns “trustworthiness” and “salvation” can be stated as “faithfully” and “rescue.” Alternate translation: “rescue me because you faithfully love me, as you have promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 69 14 glu5 figs-parallelism 0 Pull me out … do not let me sink These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 69 14 ce9q figs-metaphor 0 Pull me out of the mire, and do not let me sink The writer speaks of his danger from his enemies as if he was sinking into a pit of mud. “Do not allow me to sink anymore in the mud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 14 q3rm figs-idiom 0 let me be taken away Here “take away” refers to being removed from danger. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “take me away” or “rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 69 14 zv92 figs-ellipsis 0 rescued out It is understood that “let me be” is implied here. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please rescue me out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 69 14 llk8 figs-metaphor 0 rescued out of the deep waters The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if he was drowning in deep water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 15 ks55 figs-metaphor 0 the floods of water overwhelm me The writer speaks about his danger from his enemies as if flood waters were covering him completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 15 d558 figs-personification 0 the deep swallow me up The writer speaks of the deep as if it was a deadly animal that was about to eat him. Alternate translation: “the deep waters swallow me up like a dangerous animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 15 iz9u figs-personification 0 Do not let the pit shut its mouth on me Here the “pit” is spoken of as if it has a mouth like a person and could eat the writer. Alternate translation: “Do not let the pit consume me” or “Do not let the pit of death close over me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 16 ywk4 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness is good The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “you are good and faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 69 16 ir4z 0 your mercies for me are many “you are very merciful to me” -PSA 69 16 w23e figs-metaphor 0 turn to me The idea of turning towards someone means to pay attention to them or help them. Alternate translation: “help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 17 l6nz figs-idiom 0 Do not hide your face from your servant To hide one’s face means to refuse to hear or help someone. Alternate translation: “Please help your servant” or “Please help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 69 17 fq4r 0 in distress “in great trouble” -PSA 69 18 a5r7 figs-metaphor 0 redeem me The writer asks God to redeem him as if the writer were a slave whose freedom God could purchase. Alternate translation: “free me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 18 emr2 figs-metaphor 0 ransom me The writer asks God to ransom him as if the writer were a captive whose release could be paid for with money. Alternate translation: “rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 19 jv1e figs-abstractnouns 0 my rebuke, my shame, and my dishonor These abstract nouns can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “how people have rebuked me, shamed me, and dishonored me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 69 19 cbu1 figs-idiom 0 my adversaries are all before you Here “before you” means that God sees and knows all about them. Alternate translation: “you know who all my enemies are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 69 20 d7kg figs-idiom 0 broken my heart This idiom means a person is extremely sad. Alternate translation: “offended me deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 69 20 dm8h figs-metaphor 0 I am full of heaviness The writer’s great sadness is spoken of as if he was full of a heavy weight. Alternate translation: “I am heavy with sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 20 zw1r 0 to take pity to feel sorrow or sadness -PSA 69 21 lfl7 figs-metaphor 0 They gave me poison for my food This is probably figurative. The food that people gave to the writer was so bad that it tasted like poison. Alternate translation: “They gave me food that tasted like poison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 22 bt4m figs-metaphor 0 Let their table before them become a snare … let it become a trap The writer would like for his enemies’ food to completely ruin them as if they were small animals caught in a snare or a trap. Alternate translation: “May their food ruin them like a snare … may it destroy them like a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 22 fd3h figs-metonymy 0 their table This refers to food that was served on the tables, possibly at a feast. Alternate translation: “their own food” or “sacrificial feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 69 23 v67i figs-metaphor 0 Let their eyes be darkened The writer speaks of eyes that cannot see well as if they were darkened. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Please make them unable to see anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 69 23 d56n figs-metaphor 0 make their loins shake Weak backs are spoken of as if they are shaking in weakness. Alternate translation: “cause their backs to be too weak for them to do anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 23 rry1 0 their loins “their sides” or “their backs” -PSA 69 24 x9dl figs-metaphor 0 Pour out your indignation on them God’s demonstration of his anger is described as if he poured it out on his enemies like water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 24 j3n9 0 indignation anger of a person who has suffered injustice -PSA 69 24 a5mh 0 the fierceness of your anger “your burning anger” or “your strong anger” -PSA 69 24 mws1 figs-metaphor 0 overtake them God’s judgment on his enemies is described as if he ran after them and caught them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 25 hl9y figs-abstractnouns 0 be a desolation This abstract noun can be stated as “abandoned.” Alternate translation: “become abandoned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 69 26 u691 0 they persecuted the one “they persecuted the man” -PSA 69 26 q569 figs-metonymy 0 you struck down Here to be “struck down” refers to punishment. Alternate translation: “you punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 69 26 x39c figs-metonymy 0 those you have wounded Here to be “wounded” refers to causing them to suffer. Alternate translation: “those you have caused to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 69 27 ha19 0 Accuse them of having committed iniquity after iniquity “Keep making a record of all their sins” -PSA 69 27 ix9p 0 iniquity after iniquity “very many sins” -PSA 69 27 fv3w figs-idiom 0 do not let them come into your righteous victory To come into God’s victory is an idiom that means to receive a reward from him. Alternate translation: “do not let them receive your righteous reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 69 28 qt7j figs-metonymy 0 Let them be blotted out of Here “them” refers to the names of the enemies. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Wipe out their names in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 69 28 el1y figs-ellipsis 0 not be written down It is inferred that “let them” is understood. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not write down their names” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 69 29 k8wx figs-abstractnouns 0 let your salvation, God, set me up on high The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated with the verb “save.” Here “on high” refers to a place of safety.” Alternate translation: “God, save me and put me in a safe place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 69 30 m7bv figs-metonymy 0 the name of God Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 69 30 bl7i figs-abstractnouns 0 with thanksgiving This abstract noun can be stated with the verb “thank.” Alternate translation: “by thanking him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 69 31 q988 figs-explicit 0 better than an ox or a bull It is understood that the ox and the bull are to be offered to God as sacrifices. Alternate translation: “better than sacrificing an ox or sacrificing a bull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 69 31 axd8 figs-distinguish 0 a bull that has horns and hooves This phrase distinguishes the full grown bulls from other younger cows. Alternate translation: “a bull that is full grown with horns and hooves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -PSA 69 32 b8xa figs-nominaladj 0 The meek This refers to meek people in general. Alternate translation: “Meek people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 69 32 ky6t figs-metaphor 0 you who seek after God Seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “you who ask God for help” or “you who think about God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 69 32 i99y figs-synecdoche 0 let your hearts live Here “hearts” refer to the people. Here “live” is an idiom that means to be encouraged. Alternate translation: “may you be encouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 69 33 arn6 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh hears Here “hears” means to respond. Alternate translation: “Yahweh answers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 69 33 ij3h figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: “needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 69 33 eag2 0 his prisoners “those who have suffered for him” -PSA 69 34 k14w figs-personification 0 Let heaven and earth praise him … the seas Here heaven and earth and the seas are spoken of as if they are people who are able to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 69 34 p3qb figs-ellipsis 0 the seas and everything that moves in them It is implied that “Let … praise him” should be understood here. Alternate translation: “let he seas and everything that moves in them praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 69 35 m398 figs-metonymy 0 God will save Zion Here “Zion” refers to the people in Zion. Alternate translation: “God will save the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 69 35 w8jf 0 have it as a possession The word “it” refers to the land of Judah. -PSA 69 36 s9pk figs-metonymy 0 who love his name Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “who love God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 70 intro qdg2 0 # Psalm 070 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 70 is a psalm of deliverance. The psalmist asks God to deliver him from his enemies.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Help
The author needs help and needs it immediately.

### Psalm 40
This psalm is an almost exact duplicate of Psalm 40:13-17. -PSA 70 1 eg6f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 70 1 m2am 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 70 1 f84m 0 A psalm of David This could mean: (1) David wrote the psalm or (2) the psalm is about David or (3) the psalm is in the style of David’s psalms. -PSA 70 2 f38b 0 those who “the people who” -PSA 70 2 t9us figs-idiom 0 take my life This idiom means “kill me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 70 2 l7y2 figs-activepassive 0 be ashamed and humiliated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God put them to shame and bring disgrace upon them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 70 2 sxa6 figs-activepassive 0 let them be turned back and brought to dishonor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God turn them around and make them ashamed for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 70 2 g5lq figs-metaphor 0 turned back To be stopped or thwarted is spoken of as being turned back from their attack. Alternate translation: “stopped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 70 3 b66b 0 those who say, “Aha, aha.” This is an expression of mocking laughter. You may replace “Aha, aha” with whatever laughing sounds like in your language. Alternate translation: “those who mock and laugh at me” -PSA 70 4 hi48 figs-metaphor 0 seek you Seeking **God** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “ask you for help” or “think about you and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 70 4 fiv4 figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. Alternate translation: “rejoice greatly” or “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 70 4 k76h figs-abstractnouns 0 love your salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “love you because you saved them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 70 4 ymr2 figs-hyperbole 0 always say This exaggeration emphasizes that it is important to praise God often. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 70 4 xit2 figs-activepassive 0 May God be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let everyone praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 70 5 k146 figs-doublet 0 poor and needy Here the words “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. Alternate translation: “very needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 70 5 s6qa figs-metaphor 0 hurry to me The writer speaks of God as if he were running to the writer in order to help him. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 70 5 r77i figs-parallelism 0 you are my help and you rescue me Here the phrase “you rescue me” explains how God is his “help.” Alternate translation: “you help me by rescuing me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 70 5 ww8h figs-litotes 0 do not delay This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please come quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 71 intro r8sf 0 # Psalm 071 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 71 is a psalm of deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
God has helped the psalmist all his life. Now that he is old, his enemy thinks that God has abandoned him; but the psalmist trusts in God and will praise Yahweh with songs of praise. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -PSA 71 1 b9md writing-poetry 0 General Information: This psalm is a prayer for help. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 71 1 lb3w figs-metaphor 0 In you, Yahweh, I take refuge Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “go to you, Yahweh, for protection” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 71 1 ew7k figs-activepassive 0 let me never be put to shame This can be stated in active form. See how “do not let me be humiliated” is translated in [Psalms 25:2](../025/002.md). Alternate translation: “never let my enemies put me to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 71 2 xl47 figs-idiom 0 make me safe in your righteousness This could mean: (1) “make me safe because you always do what is right” or (2) “make me safe as I do what you want me to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 71 2 q2dk figs-metonymy 0 turn your ear to me Here “your ear” refers to God’s willingness to hear someone who prays to him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 17:6](../017/006.md). Alternate translation: “pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 71 2 qwt1 0 save me “keep me safe” -PSA 71 3 a39u figs-metaphor 0 Be to me a rock for refuge The psalmist requests that Yahweh make him as safe as he would be if he were hiding in a large rock or cliff where his enemies could not find him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 71 3 w8pz 0 rock … rock These are hills or mountains, not rocks one can hold in one’s hand. -PSA 71 3 usz4 0 you have given a command “you have commanded your angels” -PSA 71 3 xd9e figs-metaphor 0 you are my rock and my fortress The psalmist believes that Yahweh will protect him and make him as safe as if he were hiding on top of a large mountain or inside a man-made fortress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 71 4 p4mg figs-metonymy 0 out of the hand of the wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous This could mean: (1) the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the wicked, from the power of the unrighteous” or (2) “hand” refers to the person himself. Alternate translation: “from wicked people, from unrighteous … people” or “so that wicked people and unrighteous … people cannot harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 71 4 pb9a figs-ellipsis 0 wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous “wicked; rescue me out of the hand of the unrighteous.” You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 71 4 pdn5 figs-nominaladj 0 wicked … unrighteous … cruel These adjectives can be translated as noun phrases. Alternate translation: “wicked people … unrighteous people … cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 71 5 tph7 figs-metonymy 0 you are my hope Here “hope” is a metonym for the one in whom the psalmist hopes. Alternate translation: “you are the one whom I confidently expect to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 71 6 rmx7 figs-activepassive 0 By you I have been supported from the womb This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have supported me from the womb” or “You have taken care of me ever since I came out of my mother’s womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 71 6 h427 0 you are he “you are the one” -PSA 71 7 cq9t 0 I am an example to many people “Many people see how I live and want to live as I do” -PSA 71 8 di1q figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will be filled with your praise … with your honor The psalmist speaks of his desire to praise and honor Yahweh with the words he speaks as if his mouth were full of words the way it can be full of food. Alternate translation: “My mouth will be filled with words that praise you … that honor you” or “I will always praise you … will always honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 71 8 vh1s figs-metonymy 0 your praise Here “praise” refer to the words that he will use to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 71 8 dq42 figs-metonymy 0 your honor Here “honor” refer to the words that he will use to honor Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words that cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 71 8 z7sk 0 all the day “all day long” or “at all times” -PSA 71 9 hwz9 figs-parallelism 0 Do not throw me away … do not abandon me These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 71 9 ve6g figs-metaphor 0 Do not throw me away “Do not force me to go away from you.” For God to reject him is spoken of as God forcing him to go away. See how this is translated in [Psalms 51:11](../051/011.md). Alternate translation: “do not reject me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 71 9 l9jz 0 do not abandon me “do not leave me forever” -PSA 71 10 wp8v figs-explicit 0 watch for my life It is implied that they are watching for an opportunity to take his life. The euphemism “to take a life” means to kill. Alternate translation: “watch for an opportunity to take my life” or “wait for an opportunity to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 71 11 kar6 figs-explicit 0 They say This can be translated to make explicit that they are talking about him. Alternate translation: “They say about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 71 11 fv3j 0 pursue and take him “follow him when he runs away, and kill him” -PSA 71 12 acn7 figs-metaphor 0 do not be far from me Because Yahweh has not yet answered the writer’s request, he speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were standing far away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 71 12 eu8k 0 hurry to help me “help me soon” -PSA 71 13 fkp7 0 Let them be put to shame and destroyed, those who are hostile to my life “Let those who are hostile to my life be put to shame and destroyed” -PSA 71 13 zj77 figs-activepassive 0 Let them be put to shame and destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Put them to shame and destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 71 13 m9nd figs-synecdoche 0 those who are hostile to my life The words “my life” represent the person. The idiom “hostile to my life” means that these are people who try to harm him by accusing him of wrongdoing. Alternate translation: “those who accuse me of doing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 71 13 jq5a 0 let them be covered with rebuke and dishonor, those who seek my hurt “let those who seek my hurt be covered with rebuke and dishonor” -PSA 71 13 bfc1 figs-activepassive 0 let them be covered with rebuke and dishonor This can be stated in active form. The abstract nouns “rebuke” and “dishonor” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “may everyone rebuke them, and may no one honor them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 71 13 i5m7 figs-abstractnouns 0 those who seek my hurt The noun “hurt” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 71 14 ew9i 0 more and more “more all the time” or “always more than I have before” -PSA 71 15 ukx5 0 My mouth will tell about your righteousness and your salvation all the day, although I cannot understand it “I do not completely understand your righteousness and your salvation, but my mouth will tell about them all the day” -PSA 71 15 r4ct figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will tell The mouth is synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will tell” or “I will speak with my mouth and tell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 71 15 diu6 figs-abstractnouns 0 your righteousness This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “righteousness.” Alternate translation: “how righteous you are” or “all the good things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 71 15 hjv1 figs-abstractnouns 0 your salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “how you have saved me” or “how you save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 71 16 mem9 figs-go 0 I will come This could mean: (1) “I will go to where people worship Yahweh” or (2) “I will go to my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -PSA 71 16 ntp3 0 with the mighty acts of the Lord Yahweh This could mean: (1) “I will tell them of the mighty deeds the Lord Yahweh has done” or (2) “because the Lord Yahweh has given me strength to do mighty acts.” -PSA 71 16 xcy8 0 will make mention of “will talk about” -PSA 71 17 af7a figs-explicit 0 taught me The implied information may be stated clearly. “taught me many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 71 18 u6gc 0 God, do not forsake me “God, please do not forsake me” -PSA 71 18 u45h figs-abstractnouns 0 I have been declaring your strength The abstract noun “strength” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I have been telling how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 71 18 bs2s 0 to the next generation “to those who are children today” -PSA 71 18 k6sb figs-ellipsis 0 your power to everyone who is to come The omitted information may be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and as I declare your power to everyone who is to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 71 18 x4ym figs-hyperbole 0 everyone who is to come This exaggeration refers to everyone the writer can speak to. Alternate translation: “so as many people as I can tell will know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 71 19 mu1p figs-metaphor 0 Your righteousness also, God, is very high The psalmist speaks of the good things God has done as though they were put together as a high building or a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 71 19 a913 figs-rquestion 0 who is like you? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no one like you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 71 20 wi74 0 revive strengthen or make lively again -PSA 71 20 sf33 figs-metaphor 0 from the depths of the earth “The depths of the earth” here is a metaphor for where people go when they die. The psalmist had not already died, but in this exaggeration he speaks as if he had. Alternate translation: “when we are near death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 71 21 b5t3 0 May you increase … turn again and comfort “I want you to increase … I want you to turn again and comfort.” Some translations read, “You will increase … you will turn again and comfort.” -PSA 71 21 e1ew figs-hendiadys 0 turn again and comfort me This describes one action through two phrases. Alternate translation: “comfort me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -PSA 71 22 ix4p 0 to you I will sing praises with the harp, Holy One of Israel “to you, who is the Holy One of Israel, I will sing praises while I play the harp” -PSA 71 23 aku6 figs-synecdoche 0 My lips will shout for joy “Lips” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will shout for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 71 23 we4f figs-ellipsis 0 even my soul, which you have redeemed The words the psalmist has omitted can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “and my soul, which you have redeemed, will sing praises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 71 23 ijs7 figs-synecdoche 0 my soul Here “soul” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 71 24 wy5p figs-synecdoche 0 My tongue will also talk Here “tongue” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will also talk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 71 24 mf6u 0 they have been put to shame and are confused, those who sought my hurt “those who sought my hurt have been put to shame and are confused” -PSA 71 24 h4mq figs-activepassive 0 for they have been put to shame and are confused This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for God has put to shame and confused them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 71 24 kz4y 0 those who sought my hurt This refers to the enemies of the writer. ([Psalms 71:10](../071/010.md)). See how “those who seek my hurt” is translated in [Psalms 71:13](./013.md). -PSA 72 intro h1hi 0 # Psalm 072 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 72 is a psalm for the king when he begins to be the king. David wrote it as a blessing on his son, Solomon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Blessings for the king
May the king be honored throughout the world. May he help the poor. May there be prosperity while he is king.

### Close of Book Two
The whole collection of Psalms has been divided into several “books.” This is the last psalm of the second book. It is attributed to Solomon, the son of David. -PSA 72 1 u47g writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. Possible meanings for the header **a psalm of Solomon** are: (1) David wrote this psalm about Solomon (“the king’s son”) or (2) Solomon (who, as David’s son, was “the king’s son”) wrote this psalm as a prayer about himself or (3) another king wrote it about his son in the style of Solomon. People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 72 1 sep9 figs-123person 0 Give the king your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to the king’s son This could mean: (1) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to my son” or (2) “Give me, the king, your righteous decrees, God, your righteousness to me, the king’s son.” People in those days would often speak of themselves as if they were someone else. However, it would be best to translate this as though the psalmist is speaking of someone else, not of himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 72 1 vw1m 0 Give the king your righteous decrees “Enable the king to judge rightly” -PSA 72 1 p2xg figs-ellipsis 0 your righteousness to the king’s son The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Here the word “righteousness” refers to making righteous decisions. Alternate translation: “give your righteousness to the king’s son” or “enable the king’s son to rule with righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 72 2 d3dt 0 May he judge If David wrote this, he is talking about his son, “the king’s son,” he is speaking of the time when his son will be king. If Solomon wrote it, even though he is writing about himself, it would be best to translate as though he were writing about someone else. Either way, “May the king judge” is the best translation. -PSA 72 2 d51c 0 your people … your poor The psalmist is speaking to God. -PSA 72 2 faw9 figs-ellipsis 0 your poor The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The adjective “poor” refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “may he judge your poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 72 3 fx1z figs-metonymy 0 May the mountains produce peace … may the hills produce righteousness The psalmist speaks of the people of Israel as if they were the mountains and hills on which they live. He speaks of the mountains and the hills as if they were the entire land of Israel, as if that land were a garden that produces fruit, and of peace and righteousness as if they are that fruit. Alternate translation: “May the people of the land live in peace … may they do everything in a righteous way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 72 4 ln6a 0 he … he These refer to the one who will “judge” ([Psalms 72:2](../072/002.md)). -PSA 72 4 lx1g figs-metaphor 0 break in pieces the oppressor The writer speaks of the king defeating or punishing people who oppress others as if those people were objects that the king would break into pieces. Alternate translation: “punish the person who oppresses others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 72 5 qf1t figs-metonymy 0 while the sun endures, and as long as the moon lasts The sun and the moon are metonyms for the day and the night, which together are a merism for all time. Alternate translation: “forever, and without ending” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 72 6 fay4 figs-simile 0 May he come down like rain on the mown grass The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for freshly cut grass. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 72 6 bsl9 0 May he come “I desire that he come” -PSA 72 6 v3st figs-ellipsis 0 like showers that water “May he come down like showers that water.” The king will be good, and he will do good things for his people as if he were rain doing good for the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 72 7 ch52 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 72 7 pqr9 0 in his days This could mean: (1) “while the king rules” or (2) “as long as the righteous person lives” or “as long as the righteous people live.” -PSA 72 7 r4e2 figs-metaphor 0 may there be an abundance of peace The psalmist speaks as if peace were a physical object like food. An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “abundance” and “peace.” Alternate translation: “may righteous people live peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 72 7 m2kd figs-idiom 0 till the moon is no more “as long as the moon shines” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 72 8 mm24 0 May he have dominion “May the king have dominion” -PSA 72 8 vh7b figs-merism 0 from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth Both of these expressions are merisms and refer to the whole earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 72 8 v5fy 0 from sea to sea from the Dead Sea and the Sea of Kinnereth in the east to the Mediterranean Sea in the west. -PSA 72 8 m3b5 0 the River “the Euphrates River,” which the Israelites would travel to on land by going north -PSA 72 8 dxj8 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth as far as people could travel on land by different routes to the south. The Israelites spoke of the earth as if it were a flat surface with ends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 72 9 c1h1 figs-metaphor 0 lick the dust This is a metaphor for extreme humiliation. Alternate translation: “do everything they can so he will allow them to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 72 10 ds5s translate-names 0 Tarshish This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 72 10 jht5 0 render pay -PSA 72 10 h88r 0 offer gifts “give gifts” -PSA 72 10 pg7c translate-names 0 Seba This is the name of a country. It is not the same country as Sheba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 72 11 j7ze 0 fall down before him “bow down before him” or “honor him as their king” -PSA 72 11 ivl3 figs-metonymy 0 all nations Here the word “nations” represents the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people who live in every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 72 12 cj1a 0 no other helper “no one else to help him” -PSA 72 13 w2hi 0 He has pity on the poor and needy “He wants to stop the poor and needy from suffering” -PSA 72 13 dra6 figs-doublet 0 the poor and needy Here the nominal adjectives “poor” and “needy” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are unable to help themselves. Alternate translation: “those who are poor and those who are needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 72 14 iey7 figs-synecdoche 0 redeems their lives Here “lives” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “redeems them” or “saves them” or “rescues them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 72 14 a1wj figs-doublet 0 oppression and violence These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the needy suffer. These abstract nouns can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “those who oppress them and hurt them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 72 14 gq3a figs-metonymy 0 their blood is precious in his sight Here “their blood” is a metonym for their well-being. The sight of Yahweh represents his judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “their well-being is very important to him” or “he wants them to live well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 72 14 u32y 0 in his sight See how this phrase is translated in [Psalms 19:14](../019/014.md). -PSA 72 15 e29x figs-idiom 0 May he live! This saying was used to honor the king by expressing a desire to have him live a long time. Alternate translation: “May the king live a long time!” or “I desire that the king live a long time!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 72 15 gew3 figs-activepassive 0 May the gold of Sheba be given to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May they give him the gold of Sheba” or “May he receive the gold of Sheba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 72 15 zya3 figs-idiom 0 all day long This idiom means “continually” and does not refer only to one day. Alternate translation: “continually” or “all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 72 16 d9j4 figs-abstractnouns 0 abundance of grain An “abundance” is when there is much of something. This abstract noun can be stated as “much” or “plenty” Alternate translation: “much grain” or “plenty of grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 72 16 nb8u 0 crops plants that people grow for food -PSA 72 16 d8rg 0 wave Use the word for what long grass does when a gentle wind blows on it and it moves slowly back and forth. -PSA 72 16 p8u5 figs-simile 0 like Lebanon “like the cedar trees in Lebanon.” These trees were beautiful and had wood that was good for building. The meaning of this can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 72 16 rl8f figs-simile 0 the people flourish in the cities like the grass of the field The prosperity of the people in the cities is spoken of as if they were grass that grows abundantly in the fields. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 72 17 d3jj figs-idiom 0 May his name endure forever This saying is used to honor God by expressing the desire for people to always remember him. Alternate translation: “May people always know about him” or “May people never forget who he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 72 17 ly6h figs-metonymy 0 his name Here “his name” refers to God’s reputation. Alternate translation: “the king’s name” or “the king’s reputation” or “the king’s fame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 72 17 ys89 figs-ellipsis 0 as long as the sun The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as long as the sun endures” or “as long as the sun shines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 72 17 dq84 figs-activepassive 0 may people be blessed in him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God cause him to do good things for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 72 17 ru3v 0 call him blessed “recognize that God has blessed them” -PSA 72 18 ti3p 0 General Information: These verses are more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 2 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 42 and ends with Psalm 72. -PSA 72 18 j629 figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh God, the God of Israel, be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people bless Yahweh God, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 72 19 nw8m figs-activepassive 0 May his glorious name be blessed forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people bless his glorious name forever” or, treating “name” as a metonym for Yahweh himself, “May people forever know how glorious he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 72 19 s32j 0 his glorious name be blessed “he, who is glorious, be blessed” -PSA 72 19 qe7e figs-activepassive 0 may the whole earth be filled with his glory This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may his glory fill the whole earth” or “may he fill the whole earth with his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 72 19 q3wa 0 Amen and Amen The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “May it certainly be so” -PSA 72 20 ktc5 figs-activepassive 0 The prayers of David son of Jesse are finished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “David, the son of Jesse has finished his prayers” or “This is the last prayer of the David the son of Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 73 intro t2n1 0 # Psalm 073 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 73 is a wisdom psalm. It explains the problem of wicked people who seem to prosper. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Evil people
Sometimes it seems that wicked people have no problems and everything works for them. Despite this, they will be destroyed. In contrast, the righteous always have God to help them through problems. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

### Psalms by Asaph
There are twelve psalms attributed to Asaph; the first one is Psalm 50, which is in Book Two, and the other eleven (Psalm 73–83) are at the beginning of Book Three. -PSA 73 1 p92k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 73 2 bq59 figs-metaphor 0 my feet almost slipped; my feet almost slipped out from under me The psalmist speaks of being unable to trust God and wanting to sin as if he had almost fallen while walking on a slippery path. Alternate translation: “I almost stopped trusting in God; I was almost guilty of committing a great sin against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 73 3 eb9z 0 I was envious of the arrogant “I envied the arrogant” or “I did not want arrogant people to have the good things that they had” -PSA 73 3 jit7 figs-nominaladj 0 the arrogant The adjective “arrogant” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 73 3 k8tb figs-abstractnouns 0 the prosperity of the wicked The word “prosperity” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “how the wicked have so many good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 73 3 tu1r figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 73 4 b59h 0 General Information: Asaph begins to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). -PSA 73 5 uzu7 figs-metonymy 0 the burdens of other men The words “burdens” is a metonym for the struggles of daily life (need for food, shelter, clothing, and health). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 73 5 t5qn 0 they are not afflicted like other men “they do not suffer the way other people do” -PSA 73 6 kp3l 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). -PSA 73 6 r8m8 figs-simile 0 Pride adorns them like a necklace around their neck; violence clothes them like a robe This means the wicked show everyone how proud and violent they are as if they were wearing a necklace or beautiful robe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 73 6 c2uh 0 necklace … robe This refers to things that rich and important people wear. -PSA 73 6 fyb1 0 necklace a chain usually made of gold or jewels that goes around the neck -PSA 73 7 ttd1 figs-metaphor 0 Out of such blindness comes sin Because they are like blind people who cannot see where they are going, they sin without knowing it. Being blind is a metaphor for a person being unable to see how wicked he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 73 7 l8fr figs-metaphor 0 evil thoughts pass through their hearts Here the psalmist describes people’s thoughts as if they were people. He also describes the inner beings of wicked people as if they were a building in which those people could walk. Alternate translation: “in their inner beings they are always thinking about more evil things to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 73 8 alc5 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). -PSA 73 8 fmq4 figs-explicit 0 They mock Whom they mock can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “They mock God and his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 73 9 b91p figs-metonymy 0 They set their mouth against the heavens Here “their mouth” is a metonym for their speech, and “heavens” is a metonym for God, who lives in the heavens. Alternate translation: “They speak against God, who is in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 73 9 cln7 figs-synecdoche 0 their tongues march through the earth The word “tongues” represents the people themselves. This could mean: (1) “they go through the earth saying bad things about God” or (2) “they go everywhere and boast about themselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 73 10 t3at 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). -PSA 73 10 ack4 0 his people turn to them This could mean: (1) “God’s people love the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people return to this place” -PSA 73 10 k4em 0 abundant waters are drained out This could mean: (1) “God’s people listen gladly to the words of the wicked people” or (2) “the wicked people have plenty of food to eat and wine to drink” -PSA 73 11 k4v1 0 They say the wicked people say -PSA 73 11 iqv8 figs-rquestion 0 How does God know? Is there knowledge with the Most High? These rhetorical questions are to show contempt for God. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely God does not know what we are doing. The Most High has no knowledge of it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 73 13 i3dh 0 General Information: In verses 13 and 14, Asaph continues to describe how he sometimes wants to complain to God about those who are “arrogant” and “wicked” ([Psalms 73:3](../073/003.md)). In verse 15 he begins to talk about what he is really thinking. -PSA 73 13 m4jl 0 I have The word “I” refers to Asaph. -PSA 73 13 l9bt figs-metaphor 0 guarded my heart Asaph speaks of guarding his heart as if he were guarding a city or building against enemies. Alternate translation: “I have kept my thoughts pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 73 13 v713 figs-metaphor 0 washed my hands in innocence The writer speaks of his purity as if he had washed his hands with innocence instead of with water. See how you translated this in [Psalms 26:6](../026/006.md). Alternate translation: “my actions have remained pure” or “I have washed my hands to show that I am innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 73 14 svu5 0 all the day long “always” or “every day” -PSA 73 14 gtr9 0 I have been afflicted “You have made me suffer.” See how “they are not afflicted” is translated in [Psalms 73:5](../073/005.md). -PSA 73 14 c72g 0 I have been … disciplined “I have been … punished” -PSA 73 15 c23c figs-hypo 0 If I had said, “I will say these things,” then I would have betrayed this generation of your children This hypothetical situation did not happen. Alternate translation: “I never said, ‘I will say these things,’ so I did not betray this generation of your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 73 16 z5qd 0 these things The good things that happen to “the wicked” ([Psalms 73:4](../073/004.md)-[Psalms 12](./010.md)). -PSA 73 17 r3rj 0 their fate “what happens to wicked people when they die” or “how wicked people die” -PSA 73 18 n9na 0 put them The word “them” refers to the wicked. -PSA 73 18 pt49 0 slippery places “unsafe or unstable ground.” See how “slipped” is translated in [Psalms 73:2](../073/002.md). -PSA 73 19 b63l figs-metaphor 0 How they become a wilderness in a moment The word “wilderness” is a metaphor for a person who has lost everything good. Alternate translation: “How quickly they are destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 73 20 d2qf figs-simile 0 like a dream after one wakes up The wicked will last no longer than what a person sees in a dream. It disappears as soon as the person wakes up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 73 21 dz6z figs-synecdoche 0 my heart was grieved The word “heart” represents the person emphasizing their thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “I was very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 73 21 r3jv figs-metaphor 0 I was deeply wounded The psalmist speaks of emotional pain as if it were physical pain by being pierced with a knife or arrow. Alternate translation: “I felt like someone had wounded me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 73 22 ei39 figs-doublet 0 ignorant and lacked insight These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how little he knew. Alternate translation: “very ignorant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 73 22 sb92 0 lacked insight “understood nothing” -PSA 73 22 xw9q 0 you This “you” refers to God. -PSA 73 23 v8cf 0 I am always with you The word “I” here represents Asaph. The word “you” here represents God. -PSA 73 23 mif5 figs-synecdoche 0 you hold my right hand The person’s “right hand” refers to the whole person. This shows an intimate relationship with God that offers stability and security. Alternate translation: “You hold me close” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 73 24 yt7j 0 receive me to glory This could mean: (1) “put me where people will honor me” or (2) “honor me by taking me to where you are.” See how “receive me” is translated in [Psalms 49:15](../049/015.md). -PSA 73 25 l5a5 figs-rquestion 0 Whom have I in heaven but you? You can translate this as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one for me in heaven but you!” or “You are the only one I have in heaven!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 73 25 p7l4 0 in heaven “among the gods” or “among the supernatural beings” -PSA 73 26 u7tm figs-doublet 0 My flesh and my heart These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “My body and my mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 73 27 zd6j 0 General Information: Asaph continues to talk about God. -PSA 73 27 i4nr figs-metaphor 0 Those who are far from you Here the idea of staying far from God is compared to being unwilling to obey him. Alternate translation: “Those who do not want to obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 73 28 s5pl figs-metaphor 0 my refuge The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place to which a person could flee for safety. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 intro nd5v 0 # Psalm 074 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 74 is a psalm of deliverance. The people have been completely conquered and they pray for God to deliver them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### God’s power
The enemies have destroyed God’s temple and are insulting the people. God is powerful. He made everything and he chose Israel for his people. He should avenge himself on these enemies that have burnt his temple. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

### Superscription
This is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 74 1 vy9v writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 74 1 k7ui 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 74 1 c2uv figs-rquestion 0 God, why have you rejected us forever? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, we have done nothing wrong, but you have rejected us forever!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 74 1 nb2u figs-rquestion 0 Why does your anger burn against the sheep of your pasture? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We are the ones you have promised to care for, and we have done nothing wrong, but now you are angry with us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 74 1 ap93 figs-metaphor 0 the sheep of your pasture Asaph speaks of the people of Israel as if they were sheep. Alternate translation: “against Israel, who are like the sheep whom you feed in your pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 2 wr2p 0 Call to mind “Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten his people, but he does not seem to be thinking about them. -PSA 74 2 n7ia 0 your own heritage “yours forever” -PSA 74 3 i8hy 0 General Information: These verses describe an actual event, a physical attack on the temple of Israel in Jerusalem. -PSA 74 3 vn6h 0 Come look Asaph is addressing God, asking him to come look at the destruction. -PSA 74 4 df7h 0 roared The adversaries were shouting loudly with a great cry of victory. -PSA 74 6 sqm2 0 engravings This refers to carvings on wood, metal, or stone in the temple. -PSA 74 7 d2f6 0 General Information: Asaph continues to describe the destruction of the temple. -PSA 74 7 h8rv 0 They … they Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). -PSA 74 8 dt7g 0 They … They Here “they” refers to the adversaries mentioned in [Psalms 74:4](../074/004.md). -PSA 74 8 aq36 figs-idiom 0 They said in their hearts This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “They said to themselves” or “They thought to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 74 9 c4rh 0 General Information: Asaph is addressing God about the destruction he sees. -PSA 74 9 y2uq figs-metaphor 0 We do not see any more signs This could mean: (1) “We do not see any more miraculous signs from God” or (2) “All our sacred symbols are gone” or (3) the “signs” are the flags and symbols of an army representing the army itself. Alternate translation: “They have completely destroyed our army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 74 10 d7ac figs-rquestion 0 How long, God, will the enemy throw insults at you? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “God, the enemy has been throwing insults at you for too long!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 74 10 qxe3 figs-rquestion 0 Will the enemy blaspheme your name forever? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as if you will never stop the enemy from blaspheming your name!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 74 10 nv8x figs-metonymy 0 blaspheme your name The word “name” is a metonym for God himself. Alternate translation: “say that you are bad” or “insult you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 74 11 mc4f figs-rquestion 0 Why do you hold back your hand, your right hand? The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Stop holding back your hand, your right hand!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 74 11 m38y figs-metonymy 0 hold back your hand Here the word “hand” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “not show your power” or “not use your power to destroy your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 74 11 hk11 0 your right hand “your strongest hand” -PSA 74 11 nc4l figs-metonymy 0 Take your right hand from your garment The psalmist speaks of God as if he had a physical body. “Stop hiding your power and take action” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 74 12 n2ul 0 General Information: This begins a new theme: Asaph is proclaiming God’s mighty deeds in the history of his people. -PSA 74 12 r8vz 0 God has been my king from ancient times This could mean: (1) Asaph is speaking as Israel’s representative, “God has been our king since we Israelites first became a nation” or (2) “God, my king, was alive even in ancient times.” -PSA 74 12 tqm1 figs-abstractnouns 0 bringing salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with the verb “to save.” Here Yahweh saving people is spoken of as if salvation were an object that he brings with him. Alternate translation: “saving people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 13 gap9 figs-explicit 0 You divided … in the waters Asaph is probably speaking of the time God brought Israel out of Egypt, divided the Sea of Reeds, led Israel through it on dry land, then drowned Pharaoh’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 74 13 ag39 figs-personification 0 You divided the sea by your strength Asaph is speaking of God as if God had a physical body. “You are so strong you were able to make dry land in the middle of the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 74 13 r6uh 0 the sea “the great water” -PSA 74 13 f387 figs-metaphor 0 you smashed the heads of the sea monsters in the waters Asaph is probably speaking of Pharaoh and his army as if they were sea monsters. If possible, translate these words literally. Alternate translation: “when you killed Pharaoh’s army, it was as if you smashed the heads of sea monsters in the waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 14 t17u 0 General Information: Asaph continues to speak of what God did long ago. He is probably speaking of when God brought Israel out of Egypt and drowned Pharaoh’s army in the Sea of Reeds. If possible, these words should be translated literally. -PSA 74 14 dzv3 figs-metaphor 0 leviathan Leviathan is a sea monster. It represents a cruel enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 15 dqs2 figs-metaphor 0 You broke open springs and streams Yahweh causing springs and streams to flow out of the ground as if he broke open the ground so that they could flow. Alternate translation: “You caused springs and streams to flow out of the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 16 i6gg 0 General Information: Asaph continues to recount God’s creative power. -PSA 74 17 h3n1 0 the borders of the earth “the boundaries of the land and the sea” -PSA 74 18 c6xs 0 General Information: Asaph is pleading for God’s help. -PSA 74 18 g7dq figs-idiom 0 Call to mind “Pay attention to.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 74 18 x7xk figs-metaphor 0 the enemy hurled insults at you Asaph speaks of insulting words as if they were physical objects, like stones, which the enemy was throwing at Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the enemy insulted you many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 19 x5rc figs-metaphor 0 the life of your dove Asaph speaks of himself as if he were a dove, a defenseless bird. This phrase may also be a metaphor for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “me, your dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 19 zrd5 0 dove A small, defenseless bird often kept as a pet. -PSA 74 19 tp9a figs-metaphor 0 a wild animal This phrase may be a metaphor for the enemies of Israel. Alternate translation: “a savage enemy that is like a wild animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 19 rgi5 figs-litotes 0 Do not forget forever the life of your oppressed people “Do not continue forever to do nothing to help your oppressed people.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Come soon to help your oppressed people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 74 20 y6si 0 General Information: Asaph continues his lament to Yahweh. -PSA 74 20 x6j9 figs-metaphor 0 the dark regions of the land are full of places of violence Asaph speaks of “regions” as if they were containers in which one could put “places of violence.” Alternate translation: “violent people do evil deeds in dark places in the land wherever they can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 20 ul6r figs-metaphor 0 the dark regions of the land The word “dark” is probably a metaphor for a place where bad things happen or for the lands to which the Israelites had been sent in exile, but these words should be translated literally if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 21 b3w6 0 Do not let the oppressed be turned back in shame “Do not let wicked people defeat the oppressed and make them ashamed” -PSA 74 21 l26m 0 the oppressed These are people who are treated cruelly by powerful people. -PSA 74 21 z7yj figs-doublet 0 the poor and oppressed The words “poor” and “oppressed” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh saves many who need his help. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 35:10](../035/010.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 74 22 be6c 0 defend your own honor “show everyone that you are right” -PSA 74 22 a6kn 0 call to mind “Pay attention to.” God has not forgotten how fools insult him, but he does not seem to be thinking about it. See how this is translated in verse [Psalms 2](./001.md). -PSA 74 23 c7dc figs-metonymy 0 the voice of your adversaries The word “voice” is a metonym for the words people use when they speak. Alternate translation: “what your adversaries are saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 74 23 n9n5 figs-ellipsis 0 or the uproar of those who continually defy you The psalmist speaks of the words of those who defy God as if they were the loud sound of animals or non-living objects like water or the wind. Alternate translation: “and pay attention to the loud and meaningless words of those who continually defy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 74 23 cyg8 0 defy boldly oppose -PSA 75 intro rtb1 0 # Psalm 075 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 75 is a wisdom psalm; teaching what will happen to evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Punishment
God has warned the evil people that they will be punished. He will strengthen the good people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -PSA 75 1 nc37 writing-poetry 0 General Information: The people of God are speaking in 75:1, and God speaks in 75:2-3. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 75 1 isd5 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 75 1 wue5 0 set to Al Tashheth This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 57:1](../057/001.md). -PSA 75 1 tu5l 0 A psalm of Asaph “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote.” See how this is translated in [Psalms Psalm 53](../053/001.md). -PSA 75 3 a6n9 0 all the inhabitants “all the people who live on it” -PSA 75 3 xv9l figs-metaphor 0 make steady the earth’s pillars “keep the earth from being destroyed” or Alternate translation: “keep my people safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 4 ix6p figs-nominaladj 0 I said to the arrogant … and to the wicked The words “the arrogant” and “the wicked” are nominal adjectives that can be translated with nouns. The verb for the second phrase may be supplied from the first. Alternate translation: “I said to the arrogant people … and I said to the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 75 4 wl2r 0 I said This could mean: (1) God is speaking or (2) Asaph is speaking. -PSA 75 4 yz7y figs-pronouns 0 Do not be arrogant … Do not lift The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -PSA 75 4 wg7k figs-metaphor 0 Do not lift up the horn Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Do not be confident” or “Do not boast about how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 5 zai8 figs-pronouns 0 Do not lift up your … do not speak The speaker is speaking to many wicked people, so these forms are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -PSA 75 5 dl75 figs-metaphor 0 Do not lift up your horn to the heights Asaph speaks of wicked people as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads as high as they can to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “Be especially sure not to boast that you are greater than God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 5 cfl3 figs-idiom 0 with an insolent neck Asaph speaks of wicked people who defy or challenge God as if they were animals with horns on their heads, stretching their necks and holding their heads high to frighten other animals. Alternate translation: “arrogantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 6 eqm6 figs-metonymy 0 It is not from the east … that lifting up comes Asaph speaks of the one who lifts up as if he were the action of lifting up. He also speaks of God giving strength and honor to a person as if God were physically lifting that person up. Alternate translation: “The one who will lift you up will not be someone who comes from the east” or “The one who will make you strong and have people honor you will not be someone who comes from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 75 7 h39y 0 General Information: Asaph speaks about God. -PSA 75 7 ii5h figs-explicit 0 he brings down and he lifts up The objects of the verbs can be stated clearly: “he brings some people down and he lifts other people up.” The words “brings down” and “raises up” are metaphors for God making people powerful and taking away their power. Alternate translation: “he makes one man king in place of another man” or “he takes away one man’s power and gives power to another man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 8 hs8p figs-metaphor 0 a cup of foaming wine … mixed with spices When Yahweh punishes the people they will be like people who have drunk strong wine and become ill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 8 w9az figs-metaphor 0 foaming wine The foam is a metaphor for the power of the wine to make people drunk, Alternate translation: “strong wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 8 gn3y 0 spices dried leaves or ground seeds -PSA 75 8 i928 0 pours it out pours it from a large container into the cups that the people will drink from -PSA 75 8 x1zf 0 drink it to the last drop “drink every drop of it” -PSA 75 10 vl5i 0 He says God says -PSA 75 10 eip6 figs-metaphor 0 cut off all the horns of The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. Alternate translation: “take away all power from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 75 10 qr6b figs-metaphor 0 the horns of the righteous will be raised up The horns of an animal are a metaphor for the power of a person. This can be translated as a statement in active form. Alternate translation: “I will raise up the horns of the righteous” or “I will make the righteous powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 76 intro ml6q 0 # Psalm 076 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 76 is a worship psalm.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Yahweh’s greatness
God is great. He has conquered all the nations surrounding Israel. Everyone should bring him gifts. -PSA 76 1 qjr7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 76 1 ps6c 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 76 1 ec3c 0 on stringed instruments “people should play stringed instruments with this song.” -PSA 76 1 a8wr 0 A psalm of Asaph “This is a psalm that Asaph wrote” See how this is translated in [Psalms 53:1](../053/001.md). -PSA 76 1 l846 0 made himself known in Judah “caused the people of Judah to know who he is” or “made himself famous in Judah” -PSA 76 1 mmj6 figs-metonymy 0 his name is great in Israel The words “his name” are a metonym for his reputation. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel consider him good and powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 76 2 z5vd 0 his dwelling place “the place where he has chosen to live” -PSA 76 3 e4xp figs-metaphor 0 There he broke the arrows of the bow, the shield, the sword, and the other weapons of war These words are probably a metaphor for God causing the people of Judah to live in peace without being afraid of enemies making war on them, but the words should be translated literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 76 4 z2fb 0 General Information: Asaph speaks of God as if God was a soldier returning from a mountain after winning a great battle. -PSA 76 4 h3jm figs-doublet 0 You shine brightly and reveal your glory The second phrase strengthens the first phrase in that Yahweh’s glory relates to Yahweh shining brightly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 76 4 zyy2 figs-metaphor 0 You shine brightly The words “shine brightly” are a metaphor for being great. Alternate translation: “You show how extremely great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 76 5 at6f figs-activepassive 0 The bravehearted were plundered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your people killed the brave soldiers of their enemies and then took all their possessions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 76 5 xyy9 figs-euphemism 0 fell asleep Here “fell asleep” is a euphemism for died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 76 6 zz9f figs-abstractnouns 0 At your rebuke The abstract noun “rebuke” refers to saying something in an angry or critical way. Alternate translation: “When you rebuked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 76 6 uud7 figs-euphemism 0 fell asleep This phrase is a polite way to say that they died. Alternate translation: “died” or “fell down dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 76 7 tzq2 figs-rquestion 0 who can stand in your sight when you are angry? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can stand in your sight when you are angry.” or “You can destroy anyone at whom you are angry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 76 8 gys7 0 you made your judgment heard “you pronounced judgment” or “you announced how you were going to punish wicked people” -PSA 76 8 ls8s figs-metonymy 0 the earth was Here “the earth” is a metonym for the people living on the earth. Alternate translation: “the people of the earth were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 76 9 rt43 0 execute judgment “carry out judgment” or “punish wicked people” -PSA 76 10 ylu2 0 Surely your angry judgment “It is certain that your angry judgment” -PSA 76 10 wqa6 0 your angry judgment against humanity will bring you praise This could mean: (1) “people will praise you because you are angry at the wicked and judge them” or (2) “people who are angry with you will do things that cause people to praise you.” -PSA 76 10 f4xe figs-metaphor 0 you gird yourself with what is left of your anger Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as something that he can tie around himself like a belt. Alternate translation: “you tie your remaining anger around you like a belt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 76 11 kw7a 0 him who is to be feared “Yahweh, whom they should fear” -PSA 76 12 vwa6 figs-idiom 0 He cuts off the spirit of the princes The phrase “He cuts off the spirit” is an idiom that means He breaks the spirit or He humbles. Alternate translation: “He humbles the princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 76 12 qgb5 figs-activepassive 0 he is feared by the kings of the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the kings of the earth fear him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 77 intro ks6q 0 # Psalm 077 General Notes
## Type of psalm

The author felt abandoned by God. This is a psalm of lament. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Lament
God used to be close to the psalmist, but now it seems that God has completely abandoned him. Long ago, God took care of Israel and brought the people safely through the sea. -PSA 77 1 r8dd writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 77 1 t66u 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 77 1 cek3 translate-names 0 Jeduthun One of David’s chief musicians had this same name. This may refer to him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 39:1](../039/001.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 77 2 hz8d 0 I stretched my hands out “I prayed with my arms extended” -PSA 77 2 a5dd figs-synecdoche 0 My soul refused to be comforted The “soul” represents the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would not allow anyone to try to comfort me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 77 3 kq82 figs-parallelism 0 I thought of God as I groaned; I thought about him as I grew faint These two phrases share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 77 3 cc7s 0 as I grew faint “as my spirit grew faint” or “as my spirit was overwhelmed” -PSA 77 4 lga2 0 General Information: After speaking about God, Asaph speaks to God in verse 4 and then returns to speaking about God. -PSA 77 4 kc23 0 You held my eyes open “I said to God, ‘You held my eyes open.’” -PSA 77 4 bfk2 figs-metonymy 0 held my eyes open Open eyes is a metonym for being unable to sleep. Alternate translation: “kept me from sleeping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 77 5 u2n5 figs-parallelism 0 the days of old, about times long past If necessary, “days of old” and “times long past” can be combined. Alternate translation: “about things that happened a very long time ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 77 6 i4r9 figs-idiom 0 I called to mind This is an idiom for remembering. Alternate translation: “I remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 77 6 kh2e 0 what had happened Another possible meaning is “what was happening.” -PSA 77 7 ie4q figs-doublet 0 Will the Lord reject me forever? Will he never again show me favor? These two phrases express feeling rejection from the Lord. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 77 7 gat1 0 show me favor “do things that show that he is pleased with me” -PSA 77 8 ydt2 0 General Information: Because Asaph was not sure of the answer to these questions, they are probably literal questions and should be translated literally. -PSA 77 8 d9gm figs-abstractnouns 0 Was his covenant faithfulness gone forever? Asaph speaks of Yahweh no longer acting faithfully to his covenant as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness had gone away. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Has he stopped being faithful to his covenant forever?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 77 9 q3fw figs-doublet 0 Had God forgotten to be gracious? Had his anger shut off his compassion? These are two expressions stating similar concept of God not showing compassion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 77 9 qup5 figs-personification 0 Had his anger shut off his compassion Asaph speaks of anger as if it were a person shutting a door to keep another person, compassion, from coming out, Alternate translation: “Had God stopped showing us compassion because he was angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 77 10 v28j 0 I said This could mean: (1) the psalmist was speaking to himself or (2) the psalmist was speaking to Yahweh. -PSA 77 10 m81u figs-metonymy 0 the changing of the right hand of the Most High toward us The “right hand” is a metonym for power, authority or strength. Alternate translation: “the Most High no longer uses his power to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 77 11 xb3t 0 General Information: The writer begins to speak to Yahweh. -PSA 77 11 esp5 figs-idiom 0 call to mind “remember” See how this is translated in [Psalms 74:2](../074/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 77 11 ul2k 0 your wonderful deeds of old “the wonderful things you did long ago” -PSA 77 12 br6v figs-doublet 0 I will ponder all your deeds and will reflect on them. These two phrases express the concept of meditating on what Yahweh has done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 77 12 vsp7 0 ponder think deeply about -PSA 77 12 ju2f 0 reflect on them “think of what they mean” -PSA 77 13 hk88 0 General Information: The writer continues to speak to Yahweh. -PSA 77 13 tr7z figs-rquestion 0 what god compares to our great God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no god compares to our great God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 77 14 vh9m figs-abstractnouns 0 revealed your strength among the peoples The abstract noun “strength” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “shown people from many people groups how strong you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 77 15 nc87 0 gave your people victory … the descendants “gave us, your people, victory … us who are the descendants” -PSA 77 15 cz77 figs-abstractnouns 0 gave your people victory The abstract noun “victory” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “caused your people to be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 77 15 ani3 0 the descendants of Jacob and Joseph This refers to the entire nation of Israel. -PSA 77 16 ms5u figs-personification 0 The waters saw you … they were afraid … the depths trembled Asaph speaks of the water as if it were a person who saw something that terrified him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 77 16 a22h figs-doublet 0 the waters saw you, and they were afraid; the depths trembled “water” and “depth” refers to large bodies of water such as the sea or ocean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 77 16 yh2l 0 depths deepest waters -PSA 77 17 cbk2 figs-personification 0 The clouds poured down water Asaph speaks of the clouds as if they were people pouring water out of containers. Alternate translation: “Much rain fell” or “It rained very hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 77 17 cil6 figs-metaphor 0 your arrows flew about This is a metaphor that describes lightning as God’s arrows. Alternate translation: “the lightning you made flashed like arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 77 17 x29a 0 flew Use your language’s word for what an arrow does after someone shoots it. -PSA 77 18 ks1j figs-personification 0 thunderous voice This is personification, referring to the thunder as the voice of God. Alternate translation: “voice, which was as loud as thunder” or “very loud voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 77 18 nr2p figs-hyperbole 0 lightning lit up the world This is an exaggeration to emphasize that the lightning lit up everything the writer could see. Alternate translation: “lightning lit up everything as far as you could see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 77 19 mc1k figs-doublet 0 Your path … your way These two phrases have similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 77 19 xj78 figs-personification 0 your footprints Asaph is speaking of Yahweh as if Yahweh was a person with feet. While this is personification, it should be translated literally, if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 77 19 k4y3 figs-activepassive 0 your footprints were not seen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one saw your footprints” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 77 20 iq66 figs-simile 0 You led your people like a flock This simile compares God’s people to a flock of animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 77 20 w73a 0 by the hand of The phrase “by the hand of” here means “by the action of” or “through the action of.” -PSA 77 20 m5wn figs-synecdoche 0 hand Here “hand” is synechdoche for the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 78 intro grf1 0 # Psalm 078 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 78 is a wisdom psalm using Israel’s history. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel’s complaining
Although God did one miracle after the other, the people of Israel still complained and failed to believe Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

### Superscription
This is called a “Maschil.” The word in the original language has caused scholars to have various opinions about its meaning. Some say it means to instruct, while others say that the word is referring to the skill used in creating the psalm. Still others think it means that meditation should be used in reading this psalm. -PSA 78 1 w9rf writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 78 1 n8s4 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 78 1 d6i3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Hear my teaching The noun “teaching” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “Hear what I teach” or “Hear me as I teach you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 78 1 eqz7 figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth The word “mouth” represents the person. Alternate translation: “my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 78 2 h2db figs-idiom 0 open my mouth in parables The idiom “open my mouth” means to speak. Alternate translation: “speak in parables” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 78 2 z2j2 0 sing about “tell.” See how “pours out” is translated in [Psalms 19:2](../019/002.md). -PSA 78 2 wp1x 0 hidden things If your language has a word for sayings that are purposely difficult to understand, you might use it here. -PSA 78 3 l6qu 0 General Information: Verse 3 continues the sentence begun in verse 2. -PSA 78 4 ypn2 0 We will not keep them from their descendants This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “We will certainly tell our descendants about them” -PSA 78 4 n25r 0 the praiseworthy deeds of Yahweh “the things we praise Yahweh for” -PSA 78 5 py7k 0 he established “Yahweh established” -PSA 78 5 vj5d 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” -PSA 78 7 mlc7 0 General Information: The writer speaks of the “children” of [Psalms 78:5-6](./005.md). -PSA 78 9 m1ru 0 The Ephraimites … day of battle This is possibly a metaphor for not keeping the covenant (verse 10), but it is best to translate literally. -PSA 78 9 xu77 0 The Ephraimites “The Ephraimite soldiers” -PSA 78 9 v8af figs-explicit 0 were armed with bows The soldiers probably also had arrows. Alternate translation: “had bows and arrows for weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 78 12 yx1l translate-names 0 land of Zoan This refers to the area around the city of Zoan, which was in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 78 15 era1 0 He split “God split” -PSA 78 15 c2kx figs-hyperbole 0 enough to fill the depths of the sea This is probably hyperbole. Alternate translation: “more water than they could possibly drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 78 16 sa5m 0 streams small rivers -PSA 78 18 tv84 0 They challenged God They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. -PSA 78 18 ms11 0 in their hearts “with their whole hearts” -PSA 78 18 x27j 0 to satisfy their appetites “so they could eat as much as they desired” -PSA 78 19 di5n 0 They spoke the Israelites spoke -PSA 78 19 gpm7 figs-rquestion 0 Can God really lay out a table for us in the wilderness? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not believe that God can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” or “God, prove to us that you can really lay out a table for us in the wilderness!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 78 19 ui27 figs-idiom 0 lay out a table The idiom “lay out a table” means to prepare a table for a meal. Here the word “table” is a metonym for the food on the table. Alternate translation: “provide us with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 20 xnn4 0 waters gushed out much water came out quickly -PSA 78 20 pe8w figs-rquestion 0 But can he give bread also? Will he provide meat for his people? The people are laughing at God to insult him with these questions. Alternate translation: “But we will not believe that he can give us bread also or provide meat for his people until we see him do it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 78 20 crp3 figs-rquestion 0 bread … meat food from plants or food from animals. Though this is a merism for all kinds of food, it is best to translate it literally if possible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 78 21 fd1k figs-metaphor 0 his fire burned against Jacob The writer speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire, and of Yahweh acting in anger against Jacob as if that fire burned Jacob. Alternate translation: “his anger was like a fire that burned Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 21 wp71 0 Jacob This refers to the nation of Israel -PSA 78 21 k1pp figs-personification 0 his anger attacked Israel The writer speaks of Yahweh punishing Israel when he was angry as if his anger were a person who attacked Israel. Alternate translation: “because he was angry, he attacked Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 78 22 ze3v 0 did not trust in his salvation “did not trust him to save them” -PSA 78 23 er7j figs-personification 0 he commanded the skies Asaph speaks of the skies as if they were a person who could hear and obey God’s commands. Alternate translation: “he spoke to the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 78 23 bs7u 0 skies This could mean: (1) “sky” or (2) “clouds.” -PSA 78 23 wx6j figs-metaphor 0 opened the doors of the sky Asaph speaks of the sky as if it were a storeroom with doors. Alternate translation: “opened the sky as if it were a storeroom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 24 mrr5 0 He rained down manna for them to eat, and gave them the grain from heaven These two lines speak of the same event. -PSA 78 24 u9dw 0 He rained down manna “He caused manna to fall from the sky like rain” -PSA 78 25 l158 figs-synecdoche 0 the bread of angels This refers to the manna that God provided for the people. The word “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “the same kind of food that angels eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 78 25 a5x1 figs-abstractnouns 0 food in abundance The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “abundant food” or “a large amount of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 78 26 t8wt 0 He caused “God caused” -PSA 78 27 f33h figs-metaphor 0 He rained down meat on them like dust The writer speaks of Yahweh causing birds to fall from the sky as if the birds were rain that Yahweh caused to fall. He compares the large amount of birds to dust. Alternate translation: “He caused meat to fall from the sky like rain, and there was so much of it that it covered the ground like dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 78 27 x2ac 0 meat birds -PSA 78 27 mw2h figs-hyperbole 0 as numerous as the sands of the sea No one can count the grains of sand. There were more birds than anyone could count, but this is an exaggeration: there were probably not literally the same number of birds as grains of sand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 78 29 uu98 0 craved strongly desired -PSA 78 31 sne1 0 Then while the food was still in their mouths ([Psalms 78:31](../078/031.md)) -PSA 78 31 pz58 figs-personification 0 God’s anger attacked them “God was angry and attacked them.” See how “his anger attacked Israel” is translated in [Psalms 78:21](../078/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 78 31 qn52 figs-euphemism 0 brought down This is a euphemism that means he caused them to die. Alternate translation: “killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 78 32 lg44 figs-metonymy 0 did not believe his wonderful deeds The word “deeds” is a metonym for God, who did the deeds. What they did not believe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “did not believe that he would take care of them even though he had done such wonderful deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 78 33 wg5l 0 General Information: The writer continues telling of what God did to the Israelites. -PSA 78 33 k4p9 figs-euphemism 0 cut short their days Here the word “days” refers to a lifetime. The idiom “to cut short … days” means to cause someone to die before they have lived a long life. Alternate translation: “killed them while they were still young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 78 33 b6nk figs-metaphor 0 their years were filled with terror Asaph speaks of years as if they were containers. Alternate translation: “year after year they were afraid all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 34 njc9 figs-idiom 0 to seek him to ask him what they needed to do so he would protect them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 78 34 y7s9 0 afflicted them, they would … they would return and look These are different people from those whose days God “cut short.” When some of them died, others would “start to seek” God. -PSA 78 34 kt48 0 would return “would repent” or “would be truly sorry for their sins” -PSA 78 34 ut52 0 look earnestly “look urgently” or “look as best they could” -PSA 78 35 nd5q 0 General Information: The tells of what the Israelites did. -PSA 78 35 g7l1 0 call to mind “remember.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). -PSA 78 35 lz71 figs-metaphor 0 God was their rock The writer speaks about God as if he were a hill or mountain where people could go to be safe from their enemies. Alternate translation: “God was the one who protected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 35 xc3l 0 their rescuer “the one who rescued them” -PSA 78 36 bh83 0 flatter him “tell him he was wonderful when they did not believe it” -PSA 78 36 u1ms figs-metonymy 0 with their mouth The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words they spoke using their mouths. Alternate translation: “by saying what they said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 37 dml1 figs-idiom 0 their hearts were not firmly fixed on him Here “hearts” is a metonym for their thoughts. To be loyal to him is spoken of as being solidly attached to him. Alternate translation: “their thoughts were not focused on him” or “they were not loyal to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 78 38 zr2s 0 forgave their iniquity “forgave them even though they had done evil deeds” -PSA 78 38 x9x1 figs-metaphor 0 held back his anger Asaph speaks of God’s anger as if it were an angry person whom God held onto to keep him from attacking the one who had made him angry. Alternate translation: “did not punish them even though he was angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 38 n79l figs-metaphor 0 did not stir up all his wrath Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a sleeping person whom God allowed to sleep and did not awaken. Alternate translation: “did not allow himself to become fully angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 39 uw3m figs-idiom 0 called to mind “remembered.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 78 39 kj81 figs-metonymy 0 they were made of flesh The word “flesh,” which is weak and then dies, is a metonym for human weakness and death. Alternate translation: “the Israelites were weak and would someday die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 40 pfz7 0 the barren regions “places where nothing grows” -PSA 78 41 e1t4 0 they challenged God They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md). -PSA 78 42 hig2 0 General Information: The writer speaks of how God had rescued the Israelites. -PSA 78 43 m414 translate-names 0 Zoan a city in Egypt (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 78 44 f9kn 0 General Information: The writer describes what God did. -PSA 78 45 k7ba 0 swarms of flies so many flies that it looked like a cloud -PSA 78 45 iz2f figs-metaphor 0 that devoured them The flies made the Egyptians almost as unhappy as they would have if they had eaten the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 78 45 bl66 0 overran their land “went everywhere in their land” -PSA 78 46 ze3g 0 gave their crops to the grasshopper and their labor to the locust “allowed the grasshoppers to eat all their crops and allowed the locusts to eat everything they had worked hard to produce” -PSA 78 46 wy2b 0 grasshopper a plant-eating insect with long legs used for jumping -PSA 78 46 w8fu figs-metaphor 0 He gave their crops to the grasshopper Asaph speaks of the crops as a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. Alternate translation: “He allowed the grasshopper to eat their crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 46 n1cm figs-metaphor 0 their labor to the locust “he gave their labor to the locust.” Asaph speaks of the people’s labor as if it were a gift that God gave to the grasshoppers. The word “labor” is a metonym for the crops that their labor had produced. Alternate translation: “he allowed the locusts to eat the crops they had worked so hard to produce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 47 wa4x 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did to the Egyptians. -PSA 78 47 kzp7 0 sycamore a tree that gives fruit -PSA 78 48 m24k 0 lightning bolts lightning that makes loud thunder -PSA 78 48 w4nt 0 He rained hail “He brought hail” or “He caused hail to fall” -PSA 78 49 jlg2 figs-personification 0 The fierceness of his anger lashed out against them Asaph speaks of God’s fierceness as if it were a person who could attack another person. Alternate translation: “He was angry with them, so he suddenly and fiercely attacked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 78 49 f8zm 0 The fierceness of his anger “His fierce anger” -PSA 78 49 qct3 0 lashed out against them “attacked them when they were not expecting anything to happen” -PSA 78 49 eh6a figs-personification 0 He sent wrath, fury, and trouble like agents who bring disaster Asaph speaks of wrath, fury, and trouble as though they are people God can send to do his work for him. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he wanted to harm the Egyptians, so he made trouble for them and brought them to disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 78 49 p12j 0 fury anger that makes someone want to harm others -PSA 78 50 wz8d 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did to the Egyptians. -PSA 78 50 fr3i figs-metaphor 0 He leveled a path for his anger The psalmist speaks of anger as if it were a person who could walk Yahweh getting ready to punish the people as if he were making a smooth road for a person to walk on. Alternate translation: “He was so angry that he did everything he could to harm them” or “It was as if his anger was an army and he made a smooth road for it to march on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 78 50 p57t 0 he did not spare them from death “he did not keep the Egyptians from dying” or “he did not permit the Egyptians to live” -PSA 78 50 d3e4 figs-metaphor 0 gave them over to the plague Asaph speaks of the plague as if it were a person who was going to harm the Egyptians. Alternate translation: “he made them all very ill with the plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 78 51 kng7 figs-idiom 0 the firstborn of their strength This phrase refers to the firstborn males of each family. Alternate translation: “the firstborn males” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 78 51 a3cw figs-metonymy 0 in the tents of Ham Here the word “tents” is a metonym for families. The word “Ham” refers to Egypt by the name of their ancestor. Alternate translation: “among the families of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 52 s28c 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. -PSA 78 52 bep8 figs-simile 0 like sheep … like a flock The writer speaks about the Israelites as if they were sheep. This means God cared for and protected the people like a shepherd does his sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 78 53 fxw6 0 overwhelmed completely covered -PSA 78 54 w66a 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. -PSA 78 54 bzp1 figs-metonymy 0 his right hand acquired The words “right hand” are a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “he won for himself using his own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 55 er9f 0 assigned them their inheritance This could mean: (1) God assigned the Israelites their inheritance in the land in which the other nations had once lived or (2) God assigned to the nations he had driven out an inheritance somewhere else. “gave them land that would always be theirs” -PSA 78 55 ph3l figs-idiom 0 in their tents This could mean: (1) he settled Israel in their own tents in the land or (2) he settled Israel in the tents from which he had driven the other nations. Most of these “tents” were actually houses, both when the other nations lived in them and when the Israelites lived in them. Alternate translation: “in their homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 78 56 ft4l 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. -PSA 78 56 be26 figs-doublet 0 challenged and defied These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not believe that God would either provide for them or punish evil as he had said he would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 78 56 n34f 0 challenged They wanted God to prove that he could do what he said he would do before they would believe him. See how you translated this idea in [Psalms 78:18](../078/018.md). -PSA 78 56 wzz7 0 defied refused to obey -PSA 78 57 dcj9 figs-doublet 0 were unfaithful and acted treacherously These words mean almost the same thing. The writer uses them both to emphasize that the Israelites did not do for God what they had said they would do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 78 58 s4jj 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. -PSA 78 58 um4c figs-parallelism 0 made him angry with their high places and provoked him to jealous anger with their idols These two phrases are in parallel and have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 78 60 g4ie 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. -PSA 78 61 l5jm figs-metonymy 0 He allowed his strength to be captured and gave his glory into the enemy’s hand Asaph speaks of God’s strength and glory as if they were physical objects that people could capture and hold. The words “strength” and “glory” are probably mentonyms for the ark of the covenant. The word “hand” is a metonym for the enemy’s power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He allowed his enemies to capture the glorious ark of his covenant; he simply gave it to them so they could do whatever they wanted with it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 78 62 af4s 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. -PSA 78 62 j359 figs-metaphor 0 He handed his people over to the sword Asaph speaks of God’s people as if they were a small object God would give as a gift, and of the sword, a metonym for death in war, as if it were a person who could receive a gift. Alternate translation: “He allowed people to kill all his people in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 62 tj9q 0 he was angry with his heritage “he was angry with the people he had said would be his forever” -PSA 78 63 zrz5 figs-metaphor 0 Fire devoured their young men This could mean: (1) “The enemy used fire to kill all their young men” or (2) “Their young men died quickly in battle like a fire burns dry grass.” Do not communicate that these people used guns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 63 fil5 0 devoured To “devour” is to eat everything very quickly. -PSA 78 63 l8nc 0 wedding the celebration when people marry -PSA 78 64 t7aj figs-metonymy 0 Their priests fell by the sword Here the word “sword” represents soldiers who fought with swords. The phrase “fell by the sword” is an idiom that means to die in battle. Alternate translation: “Their priests died in battle” or “Enemies killed their priests with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 78 64 zgw6 0 their widows could not weep This could mean: (1) someone forced the widows not to weep or (2) so many priests died that there was no time for proper funerals. -PSA 78 64 cve4 0 widows women whose husbands have died -PSA 78 65 p4ds figs-metaphor 0 the Lord awakened as one from sleep The Lord not acting for a period of time is spoken of as if he were asleep, and his beginning to act is spoken of as if he awakened. Alternate translation: “the Lord began to act as if he had awakened from sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 65 ny1d 0 like a warrior who shouts because of wine This could mean: (1) like a warrior who had drunk too much wine and has become angry because he was awakened and so wants to fight or (2) like a warrior who drank much wine but is now able to think and fight well because he has slept. -PSA 78 67 wl1g 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did for the people of Israel. -PSA 78 67 rr45 figs-metonymy 0 the tent of Joseph Here the word “tent” is a metonym for a family. In this phrase it refers to the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 78 67 fzh7 0 Joseph … Ephraim Ephraim was Joseph’s son. -PSA 78 68 as8e 0 Judah … Mount Zion Mount Zion was in the land where the tribe of Judah lived. -PSA 78 69 dkr9 figs-simile 0 He built his sanctuary like the heavens This simile could mean: (1) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as high as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary high, like the heavens” or (2) Yahweh has made his sanctuary as permanent as the heavens. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the heavens last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 78 69 bq5q figs-ellipsis 0 like the earth The verb may be supplied from the previous line. The writer compares the permanence of Yahweh’s sanctuary to the permanence of the earth. Alternate translation: “He built his sanctuary to last permanently, like the earth lasts permanently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 78 70 w3bv 0 General Information: The writer continues to describe what God did -PSA 78 70 c6qm figs-explicit 0 from the sheepfolds “from where he was working in the sheepfolds” [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] -PSA 78 70 c6y9 0 sheepfolds spaces with walls around them where sheep are kept safe -PSA 78 71 x189 figs-metaphor 0 to be shepherd of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage The word “shepherd” is a metaphor for one who leads and protects other people. Alternate translation: “to lead and protect the descendants of Jacob, his people, and of Israel, his heritage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 78 71 f6sh 0 his heritage “the ones he had chosen to be his forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:62](../078/062.md). -PSA 78 72 q2pe figs-metaphor 0 David shepherded them The word “shepherded” is a metaphor for leading and protecting. Alternate translation: “David led them and protected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 79 intro k1lh 0 # Psalm 079 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 79 is a deliverance psalm and a prayer for revenge against their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Destruction
Jerusalem has been destroyed and its people killed. God should destroy these enemy nations who do not pray to him. -PSA 79 1 q2wf writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 79 1 yd8b 0 your inheritance “the land that was to be yours forever” See how this is translated in [Psalms 68:9](../068/009.md). -PSA 79 3 da6v figs-metonymy 0 They have shed their blood like water The word “blood” is a metonym for innocent life. To shed blood is to kill innocent people. Most people saw water every day, so for blood to be as common as water, many innocent people would have to die. Alternate translation: “They have killed so many innocent people that the blood is everywhere, like water after it rains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 79 4 ab9w figs-metonymy 0 We have become a reproach for our neighbors, mocking and derision to those who are around us The words “reproach,” “mocking,” and “derision” are metonyms for those whom others reproach, mock, and deride. Alternate translation: “We have become people whom our neighbors reproach; those around us mock and deride us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 79 4 kc2x 0 We have become The pronoun “We” refers to God’s people. -PSA 79 4 beg9 0 derision strong laughter to shame a person -PSA 79 5 us3y figs-rquestion 0 How long will your jealous anger burn like fire? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems as though your jealous anger will never stop burning like fire.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 79 5 fx6v figs-abstractnouns 0 will your jealous anger burn The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “will you be jealous and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 79 5 g11j figs-simile 0 burn like fire This simile compares the expression of God’s anger to a fire that destroys things. Alternate translation: “destroy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 79 6 dj2l figs-parallelism 0 General Information: These two pairs of phrases each share similar meanings and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 79 6 ez9d figs-metaphor 0 Pour out your wrath on the nations Asaph speaks of God’s wrath as if it were a liquid. Alternate translation: “Since you are angry, punish the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 79 6 b6qd figs-metonymy 0 do not call upon your name The word “name” is a metonym for the person’s power and authority. Alternate translation: “do not belong to you” or “do not ask you to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 79 7 wy1b figs-metonymy 0 they have devoured Jacob The word “Jacob” is a mentonym for his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they have completely destroyed the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 79 8 l3hg 0 Do not hold the sins of our forefathers against us “Do not continue to remember the sins of our forefathers and punish us for them” or “Forgive us for the sins of our forefathers” -PSA 79 8 wp6e figs-metaphor 0 we are very low The writer speaks of the people being weak and discouraged as if they were in a low position. Alternate translation: “we are very weak” or “we are very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 79 9 el14 figs-abstractnouns 0 God of our salvation The word “salvation” can be translated with the verb “save”: “God who saves us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 79 9 bk3k figs-metonymy 0 for the sake of the glory of your name The word “name” is a metonym for his reputation, for what people know about him. Alternate translation: “so that people will know about your glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 79 9 m8z9 figs-metonymy 0 for your name’s sake God’s name here represents his whole being and the honor that he deserves. Alternate translation: “so that people will honor you” or “for your own sake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 79 10 pgc2 figs-rquestion 0 Why should the nations say, “Where is their God?” This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 79 10 q444 figs-rquestion 0 Where is their God? This taunt can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Their God cannot do anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 79 10 syh5 figs-metonymy 0 May the blood of your servants that was shed be avenged on the nations before our eyes To shed blood is a metonym for killing innocent people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Avenge your innocent servants whom the nations killed where we can see you do it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 79 10 b56d 0 before our eyes “in our sight” or “while we are present” -PSA 79 11 ppy3 figs-metaphor 0 May the groans of the prisoners come before you Asaph speaks of the sound made by prisoners in pain and sorrow as if it were a person who appears before a king. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully to the groans of the prisoners and help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 79 11 ggp2 figs-idiom 0 children of death This is an idiom that refers to people who are condemned to death. Alternate translation: “those who are condemned to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 79 12 mm85 figs-metaphor 0 Pay back … the insults … Lord Asaph speaks of the evil deeds that the neighboring countries did against Israel as “insults,” and as if they were physical items. He asks the Lord to count those deeds, and for every one that the neighboring countries committed, he asks the Lord to have someone do seven evil deeds to the neighboring countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 79 12 guy1 0 Pay back “Return” or “Give back” -PSA 79 12 v85q figs-metaphor 0 into the laps onto their knees and thighs as they are sitting. This is a metaphor for “directly and personally.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 79 13 uf6h figs-metaphor 0 we your people and sheep of your pasture will give you thanks The word “sheep” is a metaphor for helpless people whom a shepherd protects and leads. Alternate translation: “we who are your people, whom you protect and lead, will thank you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 79 13 qt1i 0 tell your praises to all generations “make sure that all generations to come know all the good things you have done” -PSA 79 13 y9ux figs-metonymy 0 your praises This represents the things that people will praise them the Lord for. Alternate translation: “continue to praise you for the things that you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 80 intro lis5 0 # Psalm 080 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 80 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
Israel’s enemies threaten them. The psalmist asks Yahweh to look down with joy on them, then they will be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

The author uses an extended metaphor of Israel as a vine planted by God which is being uprooted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 1 ijk8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 80 1 lsl8 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” See how this is translated in [Psalms 4:1](../004/001.md). -PSA 80 1 gk4a 0 set to the Shoshannim This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 45:1](../045/001.md). -PSA 80 1 q2t5 figs-metaphor 0 Shepherd of Israel Asaph is referring to God as the one who leads and protects Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 1 aa1a figs-metaphor 0 you who lead Joseph like a flock The word “Joseph” refers to the nation of Israel. Asaph speaks of the people as if they were a flock of sheep that Yahweh, who is the shepherd, leads. Alternate translation: “you who lead the descendants of Joseph as though they were a flock of sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 1 zxu9 figs-metonymy 0 Joseph Here Joseph represents the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 80 1 w585 figs-explicit 0 you who sit above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 80 1 qzy5 figs-metaphor 0 shine on us Asaph speaks of God as if he were the sun, giving light, a metaphor for moral goodness. Alternate translation: “give us light” or “show us the right way to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 2 k49s figs-idiom 0 stir up your power The phrase “stir up” means to “put into action.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 80 3 yn32 figs-metaphor 0 make your face shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 3 h5vg figs-activepassive 0 and we will be saved This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “and please save us” or “so that you can save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 80 4 h8am 0 your people Israel -PSA 80 5 xu1m figs-metaphor 0 You have fed them with the bread of tears and given them tears to drink in great quantities The words “bread of tears” and “tears to drink” are metaphors for continual sadness. Alternate translation: “You have made sure that they are very sad all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 80 7 p7tt 0 General Information: Asaph is speaking on behalf of the people of Israel. He begins in verse 8 to speak of the way God settled Israel in their land as if God were a man who cleared ground and planted a grapevine. The image of the grapevine continues through verse 16. -PSA 80 7 m1s6 figs-metaphor 0 make your face shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 7 s2tp figs-activepassive 0 we will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 80 8 wf8l figs-metaphor 0 You brought a vine out of Egypt Asaph compares the nation of Israel to a vine made ready to transplant. Alternate translation: “You brought us, like a vine, out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 80 8 bze6 figs-metaphor 0 you drove out nations and transplanted it The psalmist speaks of his people as if they were a plant that Yahweh was transplanting. Alternate translation: “you drove out nations from their land and gave it to us, the vine, and planted us there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 9 p51x figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Asaph continues speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 9 da43 0 You cleared the land for it “You cleared the land for the vine” -PSA 80 9 z9lb 0 it took root “the vine took root” or “the vine began to grow” -PSA 80 9 g1jw 0 filled the land “its branches covered the land” -PSA 80 10 fi6a figs-activepassive 0 The mountains were covered with its shade, the cedars of God by its branches This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Its shade covered the mountains, its branches the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 80 10 bmv4 figs-ellipsis 0 the cedars of God by its branches “and the cedars of God were covered by its branches,” which copies the verb from the previous sentence. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and its branches covered the cedars of God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 80 10 rx8y 0 cedars of God This could mean: (1) “the highest cedar trees,” the cedar trees that grew on the “mountains” in the land of Lebanon north of Israel, or (2) “God’s own cedar trees.” -PSA 80 11 x87h 0 the sea the Mediterranean Sea to the west of Israel -PSA 80 11 rmb1 0 shoots the parts of new plants that are just starting to grow above the ground -PSA 80 12 un6e 0 General Information: Asaph continues speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. -PSA 80 12 fi84 0 its walls walls of stone, not of wood -PSA 80 13 pyu2 translate-unknown 0 boars wild pigs that ruin gardens and farms and attack people. If your readers do not know what these are, use the word for a wild animal that ruins gardens and farms and attacks people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 80 13 l9qw 0 forest land where there are many trees -PSA 80 13 sl1n 0 beasts wild animals of any kind -PSA 80 13 q1bx 0 field land where there are many plants but no trees -PSA 80 14 fln7 0 General Information: Asaph finishes speaking of Israel in their land as if Israel were a grapevine in a vineyard. -PSA 80 14 ifq4 figs-explicit 0 Turn back The writer wants God to turn back in order to help them. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Turn back to us” or “Come and help us again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 80 14 z9yp 0 take notice “look at” -PSA 80 14 n1vp figs-metaphor 0 this vine The writer continues comparing the nation of Israel to the vine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 15 am7w figs-metonymy 0 This is the root that your right hand planted The right hand represents the Yahweh’s power and control. Alternate translation: “This is the root that you, Yahweh, planted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 80 15 zd8b 0 shoot the part of a new plant that is just starting to grow above the ground. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:11](../080/011.md). -PSA 80 16 k41m 0 down; they perish because of your rebuke This could mean: (1) “down; your people perish because of your rebuke.” or (2) “down. May your enemies perish because of your rebuke!” -PSA 80 17 rs8s figs-metonymy 0 your hand This refers to Yahweh’s power and control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 80 17 t6vz figs-synecdoche 0 the man of your right hand the nation of Israel, which Yahweh has chosen as his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 80 17 pxv7 figs-idiom 0 right hand When a man in Israel wanted to honor another man, he would have that other man stand at his right side, close to his right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 80 18 hml7 figs-metaphor 0 we will not turn away from you Here “turn away” is a metaphor for rejecting someone. This can also be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “we will not stop worshiping and obeying you” or “we will always worship and obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 19 sz4h figs-metaphor 0 shine on us The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 80:3](../080/003.md). Alternate translation: “act favorably towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 80 19 q2fl figs-activepassive 0 we will be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 81 intro dvt7 0 # Psalm 081 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 81 is a wisdom psalm. It is meant to be sung at “new moon” and “full moon” ceremonies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Obedience
If Israel would obey and worship God, he would destroy their enemies. -PSA 81 1 m6jf writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 81 1 v66t 0 A psalm of Asaph A psalm that Asaph wrote. -PSA 81 1 f39e 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship;” -PSA 81 1 mdg7 0 set to the Gittith This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md). -PSA 81 1 thx5 figs-abstractnouns 0 God our strength The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong.” Alternate translation: “God who causes us to be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 81 1 e6id figs-synecdoche 0 the God of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 81 2 ft8a 0 play the tambourine, the pleasant lyre with the harp These are musical instruments. -PSA 81 2 cm4s translate-unknown 0 tambourine a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 81 3 rlg9 0 the new moon This is the beginning of the lunar month. -PSA 81 3 d9nm 0 the day of the full moon This is the middle of the lunar month. -PSA 81 3 k5wx 0 when our feast day begins “and on the days when our feasts begin” -PSA 81 4 aq4w 0 For it Here “it” refers to the feast day. -PSA 81 4 q9gy figs-activepassive 0 a decree given by the God of Jacob This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the God of Jacob decreed it” or “the God of Jacob commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 81 4 pf9k figs-synecdoche 0 the God of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents all of his descendants. Alternate translation: “the God of Israel, the nation of Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 81 5 n95q 0 issued it as a regulation “gave it as a law” -PSA 81 5 l2yn figs-synecdoche 0 in Joseph Here “Joseph” represents all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “to the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 81 5 qm81 figs-explicit 0 when he went against the land of Egypt This refers to the historical events in Egypt when the people of Israel were enslaved and God rescued them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 81 5 i688 figs-metonymy 0 the land of Egypt Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 81 6 j91r 0 General Information: Here God begins speaking. -PSA 81 6 wgu2 figs-synecdoche 0 removed the burden from his shoulder Here “the burden from his shoulder” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 81 6 r64s figs-synecdoche 0 his hands were freed from holding the basket Here “holding the basket” represents the forced labor the Israelites had to do as slaves in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 81 7 hx7m 0 In your distress “In your great suffering” -PSA 81 7 wi77 figs-explicit 0 I answered you from a dark thundercloud When God came to the Israelites, he hid the fullness of his presence and glory in a dark and threatening cloud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 81 7 u6w7 figs-explicit 0 I tested you at the waters of Meribah God tested the children of Israel to see if they would trust him to supply water in the desert of Meribah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 81 8 d1bd 0 General Information: Yahweh reminds the people what he said while they were in the desert. -PSA 81 8 nrg3 0 for I will warn you “because I am giving you a warning” -PSA 81 8 eir9 figs-metonymy 0 Israel Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israelites” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 81 8 p48d 0 if you would only listen to me! “how I wish you would listen to me” or “but you must start listening to me!” -PSA 81 10 pl1b figs-metaphor 0 Open your mouth wide, and I will fill it God taking care of all the needs of the people is spoken of as if he were a mother bird feeding her baby birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 81 11 e2fa 0 General Information: Now Yahweh tells what actually happened after he warned the people. -PSA 81 11 h3st 0 to my words “to what I said” or “to me” -PSA 81 12 h3uc figs-metaphor 0 So I gave them over to their own stubborn way God allowing the people to remain stubborn is spoken of as if God were giving them over to an enemy to let the enemy harm them. Alternate translation: “Therefore, I let them be stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 81 13 ttu3 figs-metaphor 0 oh, that my people would walk in my paths God wanting the people to obey him is spoken of as if he wanted the people to walk on his paths or roads. Alternate translation: “I wish that they would obey my laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 81 14 ex41 figs-metonymy 0 turn my hand against Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “I would destroy” or “I would defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 81 15 xkc3 figs-123person 0 who hate Yahweh … before him Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “who hate me … before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 81 15 yp2m 0 cringe in fear “bow down in fear” or “fall down in fear” -PSA 81 15 pck7 figs-activepassive 0 May they be humiliated forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would humiliate them forever” or “I will punish them forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 81 16 q9k3 figs-metaphor 0 I would feed Israel with the finest wheat God causing the best wheat to grow in Israel is spoken of as if he would literally feed the wheat to the people. Alternate translation: “I would allow the Israelites to eat the finest wheat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 81 16 ix1f 0 feed Israel … satisfy you Both “Israel” and “you” refer to the Israelites. -PSA 81 16 vv42 figs-explicit 0 honey out of the rock This refers to wild honey. Bees would build hives in the holes in rocks and make the honey there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 82 intro a4le 0 # Psalm 082 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 82 is a psalm of judgment against the leaders of the other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Favoritism
The leaders of the nations need to protect the poor and needy and not to favor the evil rich people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metonymy

The leaders of the nations are represented by their gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -PSA 82 1 why9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 82 1 c9rs 0 the divine assembly “the heavenly council” or “the meeting in heaven” -PSA 82 1 xb2b figs-abstractnouns 0 he renders judgment “he gives judgment.” The abstract noun “judgment” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 82 1 x4p7 0 the gods This could mean: (1) these are other spiritual beings who dwell in heaven. Alternate translation: “the divine beings” or “the heavenly judges” or (2) these are human judges that God has appointed. Either way, it does not mean they are gods like Yahweh is god. It means God has given them great power and authority. Alternate translation: “the rulers” -PSA 82 2 h4lp figs-rquestion 0 How long will you judge unjustly and show favoritism to the wicked? Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the gods for not judging people fairly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 82 3 k9hy figs-nominaladj 0 poor … fatherless … afflicted … destitute These words are nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are fatherless … those who are afflicted … those who are destitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 82 3 a8r9 0 maintain the rights of the “do what is right for the” -PSA 82 4 f1ay figs-nominaladj 0 poor … needy … wicked These are all nominal adjectives. They can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are poor … those who are needy … those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 82 4 x9up figs-metonymy 0 take them out of the hand of the wicked Here the word “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “stop the wicked people from harming them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 82 5 c2bz 0 They neither This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the gods or (2) “they” refers to the wicked people. -PSA 82 5 ar42 figs-metaphor 0 they wander around in the darkness Doing what is evil is spoken of as if they were walking in a very dark place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 82 5 r4ui figs-metaphor 0 all the foundations of the earth crumble The gods corrupting the moral order that Yahweh established is spoken of as if the gods were shaking the earth and making it fall apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 82 5 l1x8 0 crumble fall apart -PSA 82 6 ie8b 0 You are gods, and all of you sons of the Most High Here “gods” refers to the same group as in [Psalms 82:1](../082/001.md). Whether this refers to spiritual beings or human beings, they are not gods like Yahweh is God, and they are not literally his sons. By calling them “gods” and “sons of the Most High,” Yahweh is acknowledging that he has given them great power and authority. -PSA 82 6 nch3 figs-123person 0 sons of the Most High Yahweh is speaking about himself as “the Most High.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 82 7 b7ra 0 Nevertheless you “However you” -PSA 82 7 h2cu figs-idiom 0 and fall This is a way of speaking of a person dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 82 8 rpl1 0 General Information: The writer is speaking again. -PSA 82 8 acl5 figs-metonymy 0 judge the earth Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “judge the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 82 8 lz8v figs-metaphor 0 for you have an inheritance in all the nations “for all the nations are your inheritance.” Yahweh taking all the people as his own and ruling over them is spoken of as if the nations were a possession that he inherited. Alternate translation: “for you rule over all the people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 82 8 j3wm figs-metonymy 0 all the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 83 intro kij7 0 # Psalm 083 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 83 is a deliverance psalm. It is a prayer for deliverance from the many nations allied against Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Destruction
God should destroy these enemy nations like he destroyed Israel’s enemies during the time of the Judges. -PSA 83 1 iiq7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 83 1 c7u9 0 remain unmoved “do nothing to help us” -PSA 83 2 rq2g 0 Look, your enemies are making a commotion Here “making a commotion” means they are rioting and rebelling. Alternate translation: “Look, your enemies are rebelling against you” -PSA 83 2 bzq3 figs-idiom 0 those who hate you have raised their heads The phrase “raised their heads” is way of saying they are rebelling against God. Alternate translation: “those who hate you are defying you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 83 3 h1c2 0 your protected ones “those whom you protect.” This refers to the Israelites. -PSA 83 4 fk1e figs-metonymy 0 the name of Israel will no longer be remembered Here “name” represents a reputation or the memory of someone. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever remember the Israelites existed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 83 5 ygx6 0 They schemed together with one strategy “Your enemies have agreed together with one plan” -PSA 83 5 nn8v 0 they made an alliance against you “they have joined together against you” -PSA 83 6 gj4d 0 General Information: The writer continues to list the people groups who want to destroy Israel. -PSA 83 6 nv9e figs-metonymy 0 the tents of Edom This refers to the people of Edom who lived in tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 83 6 mn94 translate-names 0 Hagrites This is the name of a people group that lived on the east side of the Jordan River. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 83 7 sfe5 figs-metonymy 0 Gebal, Ammon, Amalek … Philistia These all represent the people of each area or tribe. Alternate translation: “the people of Gebal, the Ammonites, the Amalekites … the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 83 7 t9lx translate-names 0 Gebal This is the name of a region south of the Dead Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 83 8 fx46 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria This represents the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 83 8 h5ji figs-metonymy 0 they have become an arm for the descendants of Lot Here “arm” is a metonym that represents “help.” Alternate translation: “they have become a help for the descendants of Lot” or “they are helping the descendants of Lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 83 8 tdc2 figs-explicit 0 the descendants of Lot This refers to the people of the nations of Moab and Ammon. You can make clear the understood information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 83 9 urp2 figs-explicit 0 Do to them as you did to Midian … Sisera and to Jabin The writer is asking God to defeat Israel’s enemies as he has done in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 83 9 htz5 figs-metonymy 0 did to Midian Here “Midian” represents the people of Midian. Alternate translation: “did to the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 83 9 ic8x translate-names 0 Sisera … Jabin These are names of men. Jabin was king of Hazor. Sisera was the commander of Jabin’s army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 83 9 ed1d translate-names 0 Kishon River This is the name of a river in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 83 10 m286 translate-names 0 Endor This is the name of a town in northern Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 83 10 brp3 figs-simile 0 became like manure for the earth This means the bodies of Sisera and Jabin were not buried but were left to rot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 83 11 pes3 figs-explicit 0 General Information: The writer continues to remind God of other enemies he has defeated for Israel in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 83 11 d9z1 translate-names 0 Oreb … Zeeb … Zebah … Zalmunna These are all names of kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 83 12 iu21 0 They said Here “They” refers to Oreb, Zeeb, Zebah and Zalmunna. -PSA 83 12 umg2 figs-metaphor 0 the pastures of God This speaks about the land of Israel as if it were land for sheep to graze and God were the shepherd watching over it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 83 13 uun3 figs-simile 0 General Information: The writer uses similes to describe God’s total destruction of Israel’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 83 13 f5ey figs-simile 0 make them like the whirling dust, like chaff before the wind Both statements speak of God destroying his enemies as if he were a strong wind easily blowing them away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 83 14 j9u1 figs-simile 0 like the fire that burns the forest, and like the flame that sets the mountains on fire Both statements speak of God’s punishment as if it were a fire, and the enemies of God are things that burn in the fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 83 15 ax1z figs-simile 0 Chase them with your strong wind, and terrify them with your windstorm Both statements ask God to destroy the enemies with storms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 83 16 c54c figs-synecdoche 0 Fill their faces with shame Here “faces” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Make them very ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 83 16 q834 figs-metonymy 0 they might seek your name Here “name” represents God’s power. God’s enemies acknowledging that God is powerful is spoken of as if they are seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they might acknowledge that you are powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 83 16 rq63 0 seek your name This could mean: (1) God’s enemies admit that God is powerful or (2) God’s enemies are asking God for help or (3) God’s enemies start to worship and obey him. -PSA 83 17 q6j1 figs-activepassive 0 May they be put to shame and be terrified forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Make them ashamed and terrified forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 83 17 l9px 0 may they perish in disgrace “may they die while they are ashamed” -PSA 83 18 y45v 0 Then they will know This can also be stated as the writer making a request to God. Alternate translation: “Cause them to know” -PSA 83 18 tw1g figs-metaphor 0 are the Most High over all the earth God ruling over everything in the earth is spoken of as if he were elevated higher than everything else. Alternate translation: “are supreme, and you rule all things on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 84 intro mf13 0 # Psalm 084 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 84 is a worship psalm.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Obedience
God blesses all who want to obey him. Praising God in his temple is better than anything else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

### Similarity to Psalm 42-43
There are many similarities between these psalms and some scholars suggest they were written by the same people. -PSA 84 1 mkj6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 84 1 wu9e 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 84 1 yxs9 0 set to the Gittith This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 8:1](../008/001.md). -PSA 84 1 yte3 0 How lovely “How beautiful” -PSA 84 2 ueb8 0 I long for the courts of Yahweh “I really want to be in the courts of Yahweh” -PSA 84 2 fp2u figs-synecdoche 0 the courts of Yahweh Here “courts” represent the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 84 2 dw38 0 my desire for it has made me exhausted “my desire has exhausted me” or “I am tired because I want it so much” -PSA 84 2 jf7p figs-synecdoche 0 My heart and all of my being call out Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I call out with all of my being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 84 2 ctf7 0 the living God This means God is living and he also has the power to cause other things to live. -PSA 84 3 c9d8 translate-unknown 0 sparrow … swallow These are types of birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 84 3 y2c8 0 found her a house “found her a home” or “made her a home” -PSA 84 3 pqi7 figs-ellipsis 0 the swallow a nest Here the words “has found” or “has made” are understood. Alternate translation: “the swallow has found a nest” or “the swallow has made a nest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 84 3 xwe2 0 where she may lay her young “where she may lay her eggs and care for her babies” -PSA 84 4 c9r1 0 they who live in your house This could mean: (1) “they” refers to the priests who permanently serve at the temple or (2) “they” refers to people in general who come and worship at the temple. -PSA 84 4 rs8w 0 praise you continually “keep praising you again and again” -PSA 84 5 nkn2 figs-genericnoun 0 Blessed is the man Here “man” refers to people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -PSA 84 5 pd3t figs-metaphor 0 whose strength is in you God is spoken of as if strength was actually found in him. Alternate translation: “whom you strengthen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 84 5 kb9x figs-metaphor 0 in whose heart are the highways up to Zion This expression is about heart-felt desire. Alternate translation: “Who love to go up to Zion” or “Who earnestly wish go up to Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 84 5 lwg6 0 highways roads built higher than the surrounding ground -PSA 84 5 spb2 0 up to Zion The temple was in Jerusalem on the top of the highest hill, called Mount Zion. -PSA 84 6 jep9 0 the Valley of Tears This refers to a dry, arid place. Some Bible versions have “the Valley of Baca.” The word “Baca” means “weeping.” -PSA 84 6 p6ml 0 The early rains This means the rain that falls in autumn before the cold season. This is during the months of October and November on Western calendars. -PSA 84 6 hln3 figs-metonymy 0 blessings Here the word “blessings” is a metonym for the pools of water that make people who live in dry lands happy. Alternate translation: “pools of water that make them happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 84 7 w1gb figs-idiom 0 They go from strength to strength This is a way of saying they get stronger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 84 7 jnf4 0 They go Here “They” refers to those who strongly desire to go to the temple to worship God. -PSA 84 9 jrd6 figs-metaphor 0 God, watch over our shield The king who protects his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God, watch over our king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 84 10 r2ll figs-ellipsis 0 For one day in your courts is better than a thousand elsewhere This can be stated with the understood information. Alternate translation: “I would rather be in your courts for one day than to be somewhere else for a thousand days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 84 10 k1rk translate-numbers 0 a thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 84 10 ih7r 0 be a doorkeeper “be a guard at the door” or “stand at the door” -PSA 84 10 rz91 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 84 11 d9l1 figs-metaphor 0 For Yahweh God is our sun and shield Yahweh who guides and protects his people is spoken of as if he were the sun and a shield. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh God guides us like the light from the sun, and he protects us like a shield” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 84 11 ge8a figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh will give grace and glory The abstract nouns “grace” and “glory” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be kind to us and honor us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 84 11 tv3q 0 who walk in integrity The way a person conducts their lives or behaves is spoken of as if the person were walking. Alternate translation: “who live honestly” or “who are honest” -PSA 84 12 tfi5 figs-genericnoun 0 blessed is the man Here “man” means people in general. Alternate translation: “blessed are those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -PSA 85 intro vtd4 0 # Psalm 085 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 85 is a worship psalm.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Blessings
God has given so many blessings. If the people stop their sinning, then the land will be filled by the glory of God and his blessings. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/glory]])

### Group Prayer
Note how this psalm uses the plural to show that it is a group praying. -PSA 85 1 d8a7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 85 1 h493 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 85 1 iym4 figs-metonymy 0 you have showed favor to your land Here “land” represents the nation and people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 85 1 p2e2 0 well-being This refers to a person being happy, healthy and prosperous. -PSA 85 1 hjx5 figs-synecdoche 0 of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents Jacob’s descendents, the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 85 2 bm36 figs-metaphor 0 you have covered all their sin Here sin that is forgiven is spoken of as if it were covered so that it can not be seen. Alternate translation: “you have deliberately forgotten their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 85 2 zdx5 0 their sin This writer thought of himself as belonging to God’s people. Alternate translation: “our sin” -PSA 85 3 n2va figs-metaphor 0 You have withdrawn all your wrath God no longer punishing the Israelites is spoken of as if wrath were an object that Yahweh could take away from the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 85 3 eh2w figs-metaphor 0 you have turned back from your hot anger God no longer being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if anger were a fire that God from which God turned away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 85 4 r347 figs-abstractnouns 0 God of our salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “God who saves us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 85 4 u4ty figs-metaphor 0 let go of your displeasure with us Asking God to stop being angry with the Israelites is spoken of as if displeasure were an object the writer wants God to let go of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 85 5 b6ih figs-rquestion 0 Will you be angry with us forever? Will you remain angry throughout future generations? The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he is requesting God to stop being angry with them. These rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not stay angry at us forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 85 6 fc4x figs-rquestion 0 Will you not revive us again? The writer uses a question to emphasize his request to God to make the people of Israel prosper and happy again. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please make us prosper again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 85 7 am5x figs-abstractnouns 0 Show us your covenant faithfulness If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in the abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be expressed with the phrase “faithful to your covenant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 85 7 u94q figs-abstractnouns 0 grant us your salvation This is how the writer wants God to show his faithfulness to his people. If the sentence is rearranged, the ideas in the abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “and save us” or “by saving us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 85 8 f1q2 0 make peace with his people “have a peaceful relationship with his people” or “bring peace to his people” -PSA 85 8 mt5f figs-metaphor 0 Yet they must not turn again to foolish ways A person changing the way he behaves is spoken of as if he were physically turning to a different direction. Alternate translation: “Yet they must not start doing foolish things again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 85 9 q85w figs-metaphor 0 Surely his salvation is near to those God being ready to save someone is spoken of as if salvation were an object that God has placed near someone. Alternate translation: “Surely God is ready to save those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 85 9 w9na figs-metonymy 0 then glory will remain in our land Here “glory” represents God’s presence. Alternate translation: “then his glorious presence will remain in our land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 85 10 r9mp figs-abstractnouns 0 Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness have met together The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” are spoken of as if they were persons who meet together. This could mean: (1) God has been faithful because of his covenant and has done what he promised to do. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and has proven that he is worthy of people trusting him” or (2) God has been faithful because of his covenant and the people have responded by being faithful to him. Alternate translation: “God has been faithful to his covenant and people have responded by trusting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 85 10 vxd4 0 have met together … have kissed each other Most likely the speaker is describing a time in the future when God causes the people to prosper again. Alternate translation: “will meet together … will kiss each other” -PSA 85 10 ilq2 figs-abstractnouns 0 righteousness and peace have kissed each other This could mean: (1) the people will do what is right and God will cause the people to live in peace or (2) God will do what is right and will cause the people to live in peace. Either way righteousness and peace are abstract nouns and are spoken of as if they were persons who kiss each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 85 10 pbn4 0 kissed each other This was a common way for friends to greet each other. -PSA 85 11 y3gv figs-metaphor 0 Trustworthiness springs up from the ground The people on earth being faithful to God is spoken of as if trustworthiness were a plant growing out of the ground. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “loyal.” Alternate translation: “Here on earth, we will be loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 85 11 uw31 figs-abstractnouns 0 righteousness looks down from the sky The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun, and it is spoken of as a person looking down as God does. Alternate translation: “God will look on us from heaven and will act justly towards us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 85 13 bxa8 figs-personification 0 Righteousness will go before him and make a way for his footsteps God doing what is right everywhere he goes is spoken of as if righteousness were a person who goes ahead of God and prepares a path for God to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 85 13 b458 figs-metonymy 0 his footsteps Here “footsteps” represents where God walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 86 intro yms3 0 # Psalm 086 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 86 is a deliverance psalm. He is praying for deliverance from his many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
God has blessed the psalmist and is so loving to him. He has been one of God’s servants. Now he needs God to save him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 86 1 ss24 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 86 1 j7gt 0 poor and needy “weak and needy” -PSA 86 2 b1gx figs-123person 0 save your servant David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “save me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 86 3 xel4 figs-hyperbole 0 all day long This is an exaggeration. David cries out continually, but not literally at all times from dawn to dusk. Alternate translation: “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 86 4 fc6p figs-123person 0 Make your servant glad David refers to himself as “your servant,” that is, God’s servant. Alternate translation: “Make me, your servant” or “Make me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 86 7 mlm4 0 In the day of my trouble “During my times of difficulty” -PSA 86 7 xp82 0 I call on you “I pray to you” -PSA 86 8 ey46 figs-explicit 0 among the gods The writer is not acknowledging these other gods exist. He is referring to false gods that people from other nations worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 86 9 nvl8 figs-metonymy 0 All the nations Here “the nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “The people from all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 86 9 hb9u figs-metonymy 0 They will honor your name Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “They will honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 86 10 ide9 0 wonderful things “very good things that amaze me” -PSA 86 10 qsw4 0 you only are God “you are the only God” -PSA 86 11 sa8a figs-metaphor 0 Teach me your ways, Yahweh. Then I will walk in your truth A person who obeys what God wants is spoken of as if he were walking on God’s way or road. Alternate translation: “Teach me your truth, Yahweh. Then I will obey what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 86 11 up7s figs-metonymy 0 Unite my heart to reverence you Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Asking God to cause a person to respect him completely is spoken of as if the person’s heart were in many pieces and that God unites them together. Alternate translation: “Cause me to respect you sincerely with all my heart” or “Cause me to respect you sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 86 12 ln3t figs-metonymy 0 I will praise you with my whole heart Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts, emotions, and motives. Alternate translation: “I will praise you completely and sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 86 12 r58p figs-metonymy 0 I will glorify your name Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will glorify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 86 13 pa7h figs-abstractnouns 0 For great is your covenant faithfulness toward me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For you are very faithful to me because of your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 86 13 m9g3 0 you have rescued my life from the depths of Sheol This does not mean God brought him back to life after he died. It means God saved him when he was about to die. -PSA 86 14 dx52 figs-nominaladj 0 the arrogant This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 86 14 ih3b 0 have risen up against me “are coming together to harm me” -PSA 86 14 tb73 figs-idiom 0 seek my life This is a way of saying they want to kill him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 86 15 l91z figs-metaphor 0 and abundant in covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness God constantly being faithful and trustworthy is spoken of as if faithfulness and trustworthiness were objects of which God has a large quantity. The two abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “always faithful to your covenant and very worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 86 16 rlz9 figs-metaphor 0 Turn toward me Asking God to consider him is spoken of as if he wanted God to turn and look at him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 86 16 ha4f figs-abstractnouns 0 give your strength to your servant The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as a verb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “strengthen your servant” or “make your servant strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 86 16 r4fq figs-123person 0 your servant … the son of your servant woman The writer is speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 86 17 ja63 figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 87 intro l8z3 0 # Psalm 087 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 87 is a psalm about Jerusalem.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pride
People will be proud to have been born in Jerusalem.

### Psalms about Jerusalem

Psalm 46, 48, and 76 are part of a group of psalms that celebrate Jerusalem. -PSA 87 1 pr6p writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 87 2 mz5w figs-synecdoche 0 gates of Zion Here “gates of Zion” represents the entire city of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “city of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 87 2 tah3 figs-metonymy 0 all the tents of Jacob The people lived in tents while they wandered in the desert. Here the writer uses “tents of Jacob” to represent where the Israelites live now. Alternate translation: “any of the other dwelling places of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 87 3 hrr7 figs-apostrophe 0 Glorious things are said of you, city of God The writer speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You people in Jerusalem, other people say wonderful things about your city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 87 4 mkk9 0 I mention “I tell about.” Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -PSA 87 4 x63j figs-metonymy 0 Rahab and Babylon Here “Rahab” is a poetic way of referring to Egypt. Both “Rahab” and “Babylon” represent the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt and Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 87 4 x7tc 0 to my followers “to those who worship me” -PSA 87 4 qzf2 figs-metaphor 0 This one was born there “This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 87 5 uer3 figs-activepassive 0 Of Zion it will be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say about Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 87 5 bqs5 figs-metaphor 0 Each of these was born in her People from other nations that worship Yahweh are spoken of as if they were born in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “It is as though all of these people were born in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 87 5 qxn4 0 in her It was common to refer to cities as “her.” Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” or “in Zion” -PSA 87 5 zdf6 figs-rpronouns 0 the Most High himself The writer uses the reflexive pronoun “himself” to emphasize that it is the Most High who is doing this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -PSA 87 5 mx5t 0 will establish her “will make Jerusalem strong” -PSA 87 6 p3jr figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh writes in the census book of the nations Yahweh acknowledging that the people from other nations belong to him is spoken of as if he were a king writing down the names of the people who live in his city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 87 6 wgv4 figs-metaphor 0 This one was born there “This one” refers to the people from the nations that the writer mentions. Although they were not physically born in Zion, those who follow God are natives of Jerusalem spiritually. See how you translated this in [Psalms 87:4](../087/004.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 87 7 q7a8 figs-metaphor 0 All my fountains are in you Jerusalem being a place where people receive all their blessings is spoken of as if Jerusalem were a spring that provided water to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 intro w2mk 0 # Psalm 088 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 88 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Abandon
Ever since he was a child, the psalmist has been sick, and now all his friends have abandoned him. If he dies he cannot testify about God’s healing. -PSA 88 1 vi6i writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 88 1 d8eg 0 A song, a psalm of the sons of Korah “This is a psalm that the sons of Korah wrote” -PSA 88 1 qm8l 0 for the chief musician “this is for the director of music to use in worship” -PSA 88 1 f9te translate-transliterate 0 set to the Mahalath Leannoth style This may refer to a style of music. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -PSA 88 1 i9mw 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 88 1 l37h translate-names 0 Heman This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 88 1 w1cg figs-abstractnouns 0 God of my salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “you are the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 88 1 hj2g figs-merism 0 day and night The writer uses these words with opposite meanings to say that he cries out continually. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 88 3 j9c1 figs-metaphor 0 For I am filled with troubles The writer speaks of himself as if he were a container and troubles are the contents that fill the container. Alternate translation: “For I am very troubled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 3 tee7 figs-metonymy 0 my life has reached Sheol Here “life” represents the writer. And “Sheol” represents death. The writer speaks about himself possibly dying soon as if Sheol were a place and he has arrived at that place. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 4 xl1m figs-metonymy 0 People treat me like those who go down into the pit The word “pit” means the same as “Sheol.” The phrase “go down into the pit” represents dying. Alternate translation: “people treat me like I have already died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 88 5 yvx8 figs-metaphor 0 I am abandoned among the dead People treating the writer as if he were already dead is spoken of as if he were a corpse that they left unburied. Alternate translation: I am left alone as if I were dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 5 yw6f figs-simile 0 I am like the dead who lie in the grave The writer feeling like people and God have abandoned him speaks about himself as if he were already a dead person lying in a grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 88 5 hf3g figs-nominaladj 0 the dead who lie The nominal adjective “the dead” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “a dead person who lies” or “dead people who lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 88 5 khp3 0 about whom you care no more “who no longer receive your care” or “people you have stopped caring about” -PSA 88 5 wf13 figs-metaphor 0 they are cut off from your power God no longer using his power to help dead people is spoken of as if God literally cut him off or removed him from his power. Alternate translation: “you no longer use your power to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 6 z7j5 figs-metaphor 0 You place me in the lowest part of the pit, in the dark and deep places The writer feeling like God has abandoned him speaks about himself as if God has put the him in the deepest and darkest grave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 7 b6u3 figs-metaphor 0 Your wrath lies heavy on me This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s wrath were a heavy object lying on top of the writer. Alternate translation: “I feel your great anger” or “I feel how very angry you are with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 7 te8c figs-metaphor 0 all your waves crash over me This speaks about God being very angry with the writer as if God’s anger were large waves rising up from the sea then landing on the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 8 vss9 0 my acquaintances “those who know me” -PSA 88 8 vb5j 0 You have made me a shocking sight to them “You have made me a disgusting sight to them” or “Because of you, they are shocked when they see me” -PSA 88 8 ezj9 figs-metaphor 0 I am hemmed in The writer’s physical condition that makes him repulsive to his friends is spoken of as if he were in closed into a confining space. Alternate translation: “It is as though I were in a prison” or “I am trapped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 9 k5hb figs-metonymy 0 My eyes grow weary from trouble Here “eyes” represents a person’s ability to see. For his eyes to grow weary from trouble is a way of saying that he his troubles cause him to cry so much that it is hard for him to see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 88 9 af1k translate-symaction 0 I spread out my hands to you “I lift up my hands to you.” This is an action that shows that he totally depends on God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 88 10 q775 figs-rquestion 0 Will you do wonders for the dead? The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then God will no longer be able to do wonderful things for him. Alternate translation: “You do not do wonders for dead people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 88 10 nv8l figs-rquestion 0 Will those who have died rise and praise you? The writer uses a question to emphasize that if God lets him die then he will not be able to praise God any longer. Alternate translation: “You know that those who have died will not stand up and praise you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 88 11 a7rt figs-parallelism 0 Will your covenant faithfulness be proclaimed in the grave, your loyalty in the place of the dead? Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that a dead person is not able to praise God’s faithfulness. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “loyalty” can be translated as adjectives. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Nobody will proclaim your covenant faithfulness or loyalty from the grave.” or “Nobody will proclaim from the grave that you are faithful to your covenant and loyal to your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 88 11 pt2z 0 the grave … the place of the dead These represent the place where people go after they die. -PSA 88 11 vbv3 figs-ellipsis 0 your loyalty in the place of the dead? This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your loyalty be proclaimed in the place of the dead?” or “Those who are dead will not proclaim your loyalty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 88 12 ec9z 0 in the darkness … the place of forgetfulness These represent the place where people go after they die. -PSA 88 12 lf46 figs-parallelism 0 Will your wonderful deeds be known in the darkness, or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness? Both questions mean the same thing. The writer uses questions to emphasize that those who are dead are not able to experience or proclaim the great things God does. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will not talk about your wonderful deeds and righteousness in the dark place of the forgotten dead.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 88 12 u1h9 figs-ellipsis 0 or your righteousness in the place of forgetfulness? This can be translated as a separate sentence. Alternate translation: “Will your righteousness be known in the place of forgetfulness?” or “Those who are in the place of forgetfulness will not know about the righteous things you do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 88 13 tle5 figs-metaphor 0 my prayer comes before you The writer praying to Yahweh is spoken of as if the prayer itself goes to speak with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 14 wg44 figs-metaphor 0 Why do you hide your face from me? This speaks of the writer feeling like God has rejected or abandoned him as if God were hiding his face or physically turning away from the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 16 q3hi figs-metaphor 0 Your angry actions have passed over me This speaks of God punishing the writer as if God’s actions are a large wave rising out of the sea that fall on and crush the writer. Alternate translation: “It is as if your angry actions crush me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 16 e9zd figs-hyperbole 0 your terrifying deeds have annihilated me This exaggeration speaks about God punishing the writer as if God has completely destroyed the writer. Alternate translation: “the terrifying things you do have destroyed me” or “the terrifying things you do have almost destroyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 88 17 z4t8 figs-simile 0 They surround me like water all the day long The writer compares God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” to a flood of water. Alternate translation: “All day long they threaten to destroy me like a flood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 88 17 e9s9 0 They The word “They” refers to God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” from the previous verse. -PSA 88 17 qva9 figs-metaphor 0 they have all encircled me The writer speaks of God’s “angry actions” and “terrifying deeds” as if they were enemies who were trying to capture and kill him. Alternate translation: “they have surrounded me like enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 88 18 x6gd 0 every friend and acquaintance “every person I love and know” -PSA 88 18 pnc1 figs-personification 0 My only acquaintance is the darkness This speaks about darkness as if it were a person that could be friends with someone else. The writer is emphasizing that he feels completely alone. Alternate translation: “Everywhere I go it is dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 89 intro aw17 0 # Psalm 089 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 89 is a worship and a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s promises
God is mighty and has promised David an eternal kingdom. But now that kingdom is being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

### Parallelism
This psalm exhibits the kind of parallelism where the second line often emphasizes the first line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 89 1 knd1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 89 1 mu2k 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 89 1 dqe7 translate-names 0 Ethan This is the name of the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 89 1 sv5i figs-abstractnouns 0 acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “faithful acts” or “loving acts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 89 2 pbm7 figs-metaphor 0 Covenant faithfulness has been established forever God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will always be faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 89 2 hn1i figs-metaphor 0 your truthfulness you have established in the heavens God always doing what he promised to do is spoken of as if his faithfulness were a building that God has built and made firm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 2 l9ik 0 in the heavens This could mean: (1) this refers to God’s dwelling place. This would mean God rules from heaven and he always does what he promises or (2) this refers to the sky. This would mean that God’s promises are as constant and permanent as the sky . -PSA 89 3 d13j figs-explicit 0 I have made a covenant with my chosen one You can make explicit that “chosen one” refers to David. Alternate translation: “I made a promise to David, the one I chose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 89 3 y54c 0 I have made Yahweh is speaking in 89:3-4. -PSA 89 4 yr1g figs-metaphor 0 I will establish your descendants forever Yahweh always causing one of David’s descendants to be king is spoken of as if David’s descendants are a building that Yahweh will build and make firm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 4 p2z4 figs-metonymy 0 I will establish your throne through all generations Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. The psalmist speaks of God promising that one of David’s descendants will always rule as king as if God will build David’s throne and make it firm. Alternate translation: “I will make sure that one of your descendants will rule as king over every generation of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 5 m81y figs-metonymy 0 The heavens praise Here “heavens” represents those who are in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 5 e553 0 praise your wonders, Yahweh “praise you, Yahweh, because of the wonderful things you do” -PSA 89 5 gs3g figs-activepassive 0 your truthfulness is praised in the assembly of the holy ones The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be stated as “you always do what you promise to do.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The assembly of the holy ones praises you because you always do what you promise to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 89 5 g9qz 0 the assembly of the holy ones This refers to the angels in heaven. -PSA 89 6 c358 figs-parallelism 0 For who in the skies can be compared to Yahweh? Who among the sons of the gods is like Yahweh? Both questions mean the same thing. The writer is using question to emphasize that there in no one in heaven like Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 89 6 vj1k figs-idiom 0 sons of the gods Here “sons of” means having the characteristics of. This is a way of referring to other spiritual beings that live in heaven. Alternate translation: “angels” or “divine beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 89 7 rgy8 figs-activepassive 0 He is a God who is greatly honored in the council of the holy ones This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The council of the holy ones greatly honors God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 89 7 vtz8 0 the council of the holy ones “the gathering of heavenly beings” or “the gathering of angels” -PSA 89 8 cs88 figs-rquestion 0 who is strong like you, Yahweh? The writer asks the question to emphasize there is no one as strong as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 89 8 niz2 figs-metaphor 0 Your truthfulness surrounds you Yahweh always dong what he promises to do is spoken of as if his truthfulness were a cloak or garment that wraps around him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 9 t34l 0 You rule the raging sea “You control the raging sea” -PSA 89 10 q99x figs-explicit 0 You crushed Rahab as one who is killed The word “Rahab” here refers to a monster of the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 89 10 uhp9 figs-metonymy 0 with your strong arm Here “arm” represents power. Alternate translation: “with your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 12 di8b figs-merism 0 the north and the south The writer uses the words “north” and “south” together to mean that God created everything everywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 89 12 y2hj figs-personification 0 Tabor and Hermon rejoice in your name Tabor is a mountain southwest of the sea of Galilee and Hermon is a mountain northeast of the sea of Galilee. The writer describes these mountains as if they were persons who could rejoice. Alternate translation: “It is as if Mount Tabor and Mount Hermon were rejoicing in your name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 89 12 b76n figs-metonymy 0 in your name Here “name” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 13 j9ue figs-metonymy 0 You have a mighty arm and a strong hand, and your right hand is high The words “mighty arm,” “strong hand,” and “right hand” all represent God’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 13 ldw5 translate-symaction 0 right hand is high To raise the right hand high into the air is a gesture that indicates power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 89 14 hyu5 figs-metaphor 0 Righteousness and justice are the foundation of your throne God ruling as king and doing what is right and just is spoken of as if God’s throne were a building, and righteousness and justice were its foundation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 14 w4d5 figs-metonymy 0 your throne The throne represents God’s rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 14 x3in figs-metaphor 0 Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come before you God always being faithful and doing what he promises to do is spoken of as if covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness come and meet with God. The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “You are always faithful to your covenant and are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 15 a8ms figs-explicit 0 who worship you Here the word “worship” implies shouting and blowing horns. These were common acts of worship during Israelite festivals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 89 15 p2gi figs-metaphor 0 they walk Here people living their lives is spoken of as if they were walking. Alternate translation: “they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 15 v1rr figs-metaphor 0 in the light of your face The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards them as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on them. Alternate translation: “knowing that you act favorably towards them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 16 j2hd figs-metonymy 0 in your name Here “name” represents the person. Alternate translation: “in you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 16 uz6z figs-abstractnouns 0 in your righteousness they exalt you The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “they exalt you because you always do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 89 17 f1h8 figs-abstractnouns 0 You are their majestic strength The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “You make them wonderfully strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 89 17 w9hu figs-explicit 0 You are their Here “their” refers to the Israelites. The writer would have included himself as a member of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “You are our” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 89 17 t45a figs-exclusive 0 we are victorious Here “we” refers to the writer and the Israelites but not to Yahweh, to whom he speaks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 89 18 nu6c figs-metaphor 0 For our shield belongs to Yahweh The king who protects his people and whom Yahweh chose is spoken of as if he were a shield that belongs to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 19 e2wr figs-explicit 0 General Information: The writer assumes that the reader knows the history of how David became the chosen king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 89 19 erw7 translate-symaction 0 I have set a crown on a mighty one To place a crown on a person’s head is a sign of making him king. Alternate translation: “I have made a mighty man king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 89 19 fxq4 0 set a crown on a mighty one Some Bible translations have “given strength to a mighty one” or “helped a mighty one.” -PSA 89 19 ss27 figs-idiom 0 I have raised up one chosen from among the people Here “raised up” means appointed. It is implied that God chose this person to be king. Alternate translation: “I have chosen one from among the people to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 89 20 nkd2 translate-symaction 0 with my holy oil have I anointed him Here to pour oil on someone’s head is a sign that God is appointing the person to be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 89 21 u6uc figs-metonymy 0 My hand will support him; my arm will strengthen him Here “hand” and “arm” both means the power and control of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will support him and make him strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 89 22 h3tn figs-metonymy 0 son of wickedness The writer refers to those who have the nature or character of wickedness as “sons of wickedness.” Alternate translation: “wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 24 x8f4 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking about David. -PSA 89 24 v3cj figs-metaphor 0 My truth and my covenant faithfulness will be with him God always being loyal and doing what he promises for David is spoken of as if truth and faithfulness were objects that would be with David. The abstract nouns “truth” and “faithfulness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will always be truthful with him and I will always act faithfully towards him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 89 24 q652 figs-metonymy 0 by my name he will be victorious Here “name” represents God’ power. Alternate translation: “I, God, will cause him to be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 25 k7aa figs-metonymy 0 I will place his hand over the sea and his right hand over the rivers Here “hand” and “right hand” represent power and authority. Here “the sea” seems to refer to the Mediterranean Sea west of Israel, and “rivers” refers to the Euphrates river in the east. This means David will have authority over everything from the sea to the river. Alternate translation: “I will give him authority over everything from the Mediterranean sea to the Euphrates river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 89 26 hc3j figs-quotesinquotes 0 He will call out to me, ‘You are my Father, my God, and the rock of my salvation.’ This has a quotation within a quotation. It can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “He will say that I am his Father, his God, and the rock of his salvation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotesinquotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -PSA 89 26 ue8t figs-metaphor 0 the rock of my salvation Yahweh protecting and saving David is spoken of as if Yahweh were a high rock that David could stand on top of for protection from enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 27 m5u8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking about David. -PSA 89 27 i4nj figs-metaphor 0 I also will place him as my firstborn son Yahweh giving David special rank and privileges over all other people is spoken of as if David would be Yahweh’s firstborn son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 28 zs6u figs-metaphor 0 I will extend my covenant faithfulness to him forever Yahweh speaks of continuing to act faithfully towards David is spoken of as if Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness were an object that he extends or makes longer. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “I will continue to act faithfully towards him forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 89 29 nlx7 figs-simile 0 his throne as enduring as the skies above Someone from David’s family always ruling as king is spoken of as if his throne would last as long as the sky will last. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 89 29 k6mi figs-metonymy 0 his throne Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 30 zb7x 0 his children “David’s descendants” -PSA 89 32 s8vu figs-metaphor 0 punish their rebellion with a rod God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if he would hit them with a rod. The abstract noun “rebellion” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “punish them for rebelling against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 89 32 fq8i figs-metaphor 0 their iniquity with blows God punishing David’s descendants is spoken of as if God would literally hit them. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “I will punish them because they sinned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 89 33 k75f figs-litotes 0 I will not remove my steadfast love from him or be unfaithful to my promise This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always love David, and I will do what I promised to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 89 34 m6m3 figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my lips Here “lips” represent the whole mouth and the person speaking. Alternate translation: “what I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 89 36 by6y figs-ellipsis 0 his throne as long as the sun before me The words “will continue” are understood. Alternate translation: “his throne will continue as long as the sun before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 89 36 tm79 figs-metonymy 0 his throne Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. God is promising that one of David’s descendants will always be king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 36 w6yh figs-simile 0 as long as the sun before me God compares David’s rule as king to the sun to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 89 37 mwr5 figs-activepassive 0 It will be established forever Here “It” stands for David’s throne or power to rule as king. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause it to last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 89 37 je44 figs-simile 0 forever like the moon God compares David’s rule as king to the moon to emphasize that someone from David’s descendants will always rule as king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 89 37 gb6v figs-personification 0 the moon, the faithful witness in the sky The moon is spoken of as if it were a person who witnesses God making this promise to David. Alternate translation: “the moon, which is like a faithful witness in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 89 38 exj7 figs-ellipsis 0 you have refused and rejected The words “the king” are understood. Alternate translation: “you have refused and rejected the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 89 38 qnj2 0 with your anointed king “with the king you chose” -PSA 89 39 c1wc 0 You have renounced the covenant “You have rejected the covenant” -PSA 89 39 prp1 translate-symaction 0 You have desecrated his crown on the ground To push down into the ground or dust is a sign of great humiliation. Alternate translation: “You have defiled his crown on the ground” or “You have caused his crown to fall into the dirt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 89 39 tbi4 figs-metonymy 0 his crown This represents the king’s power as king and his right to rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 40 lz6r figs-explicit 0 You have broken down all his walls. You have ruined his strongholds This implies that God allowed enemies to destroy the defenses at Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You have allowed enemies to break down his walls and ruin his strongholds in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 89 41 ed5r 0 to his neighbors Here “neighbors” means people of nearby nations. -PSA 89 42 i7mp figs-metonymy 0 raised the right hand of his enemies Here “right hand” represents power. To “raise the right hand” means that Yahweh has made his enemies strong enough to defeat God’s chosen king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 89 43 g8dt figs-metonymy 0 turn back the edge of his sword Here “sword” represents the king’s power in battle. To turn the sword back represents making the king unable to win in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 89 43 c3fd figs-synecdoche 0 the edge of his sword Here “edge” represents the whole sword. Alternate translation: “his sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 89 43 w77q figs-metonymy 0 have not made him stand when in battle Here “stand” represents being victorious in battle. Alternate translation: “You have not helped him to be victorious in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 44 g7kf figs-metonymy 0 you have brought down his throne to the ground Here “throne” represents the power to rule as king. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, have ended his reign as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 45 hg97 figs-idiom 0 You have shortened the days of his youth This is a way of saying God made the king seem old even while he was still young. Alternate translation: “Even while he is young you have made him weak like an old man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 89 45 b231 figs-metaphor 0 covered him with shame Yahweh completely humiliating the king is spoken of as if shame were a garment that God used to cover the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 46 r3l1 figs-rquestion 0 How long, Yahweh? Will you hide yourself, forever? The writer uses these questions to emphasize that he does not want God to continue to refuse the king. Alternate translation: “Please, Yahweh, do not refuse to help the king forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 89 46 mu5e figs-metaphor 0 Will you hide yourself God not helping the king is spoken of as if God were hiding from him. Alternate translation: “Will you refuse to help the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 46 q873 figs-rquestion 0 How long will your anger burn like fire? The writer uses a question to emphasize that he does not want God to remain angry. Alternate translation: “Please do not continue being angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 89 46 y4fv figs-simile 0 your anger burn like fire God being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a hot fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 89 47 ajl2 figs-abstractnouns 0 for what uselessness you have created all the children of mankind The abstract noun “uselessness” can be stated as “uselessly.” Alternate translation: “that you have created all people to die uselessly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 89 47 fe7m figs-gendernotations 0 the children of mankind This refers to humans in general. Alternate translation: “humans” or “people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -PSA 89 48 er51 figs-rquestion 0 Who can live and not die, or rescue his own life from the hand of Sheol? The writer uses these questions to emphasize that all people will die. Alternate translation: “No one can live forever or bring himself back to life after dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 89 48 gg9s figs-metonymy 0 rescue his own life from the hand of Sheol Here “hand” refers to power. The writer speaks of Sheol as if it were a person who has power over those who die. This could mean: (1) a person cannot bring himself back to life after dying or (2) a person cannot keep himself from dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 89 49 hvz7 figs-rquestion 0 Lord, where are your former acts of covenant faithfulness that you swore to David in your truthfulness? The writer uses a question to request the Lord to be faithful to his covenant with David. Alternate translation: “Lord, be faithful to your covenant with David as you have been in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 89 49 b6dc figs-abstractnouns 0 your former acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract nouns “acts” and “faithfulness” can be translated with a verb and an adverb. Alternate translation: “the things that you did before that showed that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 89 50 v1jl figs-idiom 0 Call to mind The writer asks Yahweh to bring this up in his memory. Alternate translation: “Remember” or “Consider” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 89 50 r6c3 0 the mocking directed against your servants Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “how they mock us, your servants” -PSA 89 50 iq2x figs-metonymy 0 how I bear in my heart so many insults from the nations Here “heart” represents the person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “I endure so many insults from the people of the nations” or “I suffer because the people from the nations insult me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 50 rn7t figs-metonymy 0 from the nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 51 fjd4 figs-metaphor 0 Your enemies hurl insults The enemies shouting insults at the king is spoken of as if insults were an object that the enemies throw violently at the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 89 51 vq6j figs-metonymy 0 they mock the footsteps of your anointed one Here “footsteps” represents where the king goes. Alternate translation: “they mock your anointed one wherever he goes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 89 52 hvn5 0 General Information: This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 3 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 73 and ends with Psalm 89. -PSA 89 52 fig1 figs-activepassive 0 Blessed be Yahweh forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 89 52 h8fn 0 Amen and Amen The word “Amen” is repeated to emphasize approval of what has been said. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). -PSA 90 intro gmu6 0 # Psalm 090 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm is a wisdom psalm. God is eternal but a human’s life is short. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Life’s shortness
Because life is so short, people need to spend it as God wants them to spend it. -PSA 90 1 jue7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 90 1 n3vq figs-metaphor 0 Lord, you have been our refuge God protecting his people is spoken of as if God were a refuge or shelter. Alternate translation: “Lord, you have been like a shelter for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 90 1 ykl6 0 throughout all generations “always” -PSA 90 2 i1f4 figs-activepassive 0 Before the mountains were formed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you formed the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 90 2 b7ju 0 were formed “were created” or “were shaped” -PSA 90 2 mz45 figs-metonymy 0 the world This represents everything that is in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 90 2 x21e 0 from everlasting to everlasting This phrase represents all time past, present, and future. -PSA 90 3 spk9 figs-explicit 0 You return man to dust This implies that just as God created the first man, Adam, from the soil, God will cause people’s bodies to turn back into soil after they die. Alternate translation: “You return people to dust when they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 90 3 yjk2 figs-gendernotations 0 return man Here “man” means people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -PSA 90 3 j396 figs-ellipsis 0 Return, you descendants The words “to dust” or “to soil” are understood. Alternate translation: “Return to dust, you descendants” or “Return to soil, you descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 90 3 ijh1 figs-idiom 0 you descendants of mankind This is a way of referring to humans in general. Alternate translation: “you humans” or “you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 90 4 zt2t figs-simile 0 For a thousand years in your sight are as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night The writer means that a long period of time seems like a short period of time to God. Alternate translation: “You consider a thousand years the same as one day in the past, or as a few short hours in the night” or “Even a thousand years is not a long time to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 90 4 b3xf translate-numbers 0 a thousand years “1,000 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 90 4 qd6k figs-metaphor 0 in your sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 90 5 prp6 figs-metaphor 0 You sweep them away as with a flood and they sleep God causing people to die suddenly is spoken of as if he swept them away with a broom. This sweeping is also spoken of as if it were a flood that carried people away. Alternate translation: “Lord, you destroy the people as with a flood and they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 90 5 wws1 figs-euphemism 0 they sleep This is a polite way of speaking of people dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 90 6 k25r figs-doublet 0 it blooms and grows up Both of these phrases refer to how the grass grows. Alternate translation: “it begins to grow and develop” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 90 6 udh3 figs-doublet 0 it withers and dries up Both of these phrases refer to how the grass dies. Alternate translation: “it fades and dries up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 90 7 vhb5 figs-metaphor 0 we are consumed in your anger God destroying people in his anger is spoken of as if God’s anger were a fire that completely burns up the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You destroy us in your anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 90 7 qp5h 0 in your wrath we are terrified “when you are angry we are greatly afraid” -PSA 90 8 fbk1 figs-metaphor 0 You have set our iniquities before you, our hidden sins in the light of your presence God considering people’s sins is spoken of as if sins were an objects he could place in front of himself and look at them. Alternate translation: “You see every sinful thing we do, even the sinful things we do in secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 90 9 tw9c grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 Our life passes away under your wrath The word “because” can be used to make clear that God’s wrath causes human life to end. Alternate translation: “Our lives come to an end because of your wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -PSA 90 9 z6eu figs-simile 0 like a sigh The writer compares human life to a sigh to emphasize that life is very brief. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 90 10 bb7z translate-numbers 0 seventy “70” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 90 10 f12z translate-numbers 0 eighty “80” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 90 10 ydb3 figs-activepassive 0 even our best years are marked by trouble and sorrow This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Even in our best years we experience trouble and sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 90 10 cun8 figs-euphemism 0 we fly away This is a polite way of referring to people dying. Alternate translation: “we die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 90 11 xl7b figs-rquestion 0 Who knows the intensity of your anger, and your wrath that is equal to the fear of you? The writer uses a question to emphasize that no one has fully experienced God anger. Therefore no one truly reveres God and fears his anger when people sin. Alternate translation: “No one knows the intensity of your anger. Therefore no one fears your wrath when they sin.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 90 13 lcn8 figs-metaphor 0 Turn back, Yahweh! How long will it be? Asking Yahweh to no longer be angry is spoken of as if the writer wants God to turn physically away from his anger. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do not be angry any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 90 13 e9p1 figs-rquestion 0 How long will it be? The writer uses a question to state that he wants God to stop being angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 90 13 zs74 0 Have pity on your servants Here “your servants” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Be merciful to us, your servants” -PSA 90 14 p6kf 0 Satisfy us in the morning “Satisfy us every morning” -PSA 90 14 k6eg figs-abstractnouns 0 with your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “by being faithful because of your covenant with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 90 15 z79l figs-parallelism 0 in proportion to the days you afflicted us and to the years we have experienced trouble Both of these phrases mean the same thing. The writer is asking Yahweh to make them happy for the same amount of time he punished them. Alternate translation: “for the same amount of time that you afflicted us and caused us to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 90 16 tb62 figs-explicit 0 Let your servants Here “your servants” refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let us, your servants” or “Let us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 90 16 g2qt 0 let our children Here “children” means children and descendants. -PSA 90 16 sjz5 figs-abstractnouns 0 see your majesty The abstract noun “majesty” can be stated as “great things.” Alternate translation: “see the great things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 90 17 at2j figs-abstractnouns 0 May the favor of the Lord our God be ours The abstract noun “favor” can be stated as “be kind.” Alternate translation: “May the Lord our God be kind to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 90 17 ye67 figs-synecdoche 0 prosper the work of our hands Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause us to be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 91 intro ye5h 0 # Psalm 091 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 91 is a wisdom psalm. Those who depend on God are protected by him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fear
No matter what dangers befall a person, they do not need to fear. God is protecting them from all harm. -PSA 91 1 xv6f writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 91 1 g3bv figs-metaphor 0 He who lives … will stay … of the Almighty Because “live” and “stay” mean almost the same thing, as do “shelter” and “shadow,” which are both metaphors for protection, you may need to combine the two lines into one. Alternate translation: “The Most High, the Almighty, will care for all those who live where he can protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 91 1 lc6j figs-metaphor 0 who lives in the shelter of the Most High The word “shelter” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “who lives where the Most High protects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 91 1 jl84 0 the Most High The words “the Most High” refer to Yahweh. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:13](../018/013.md). -PSA 91 1 qi6d figs-metaphor 0 will stay in the shadow of the Almighty The word “shadow” here is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “will stay where the Almighty can protect him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 91 1 jmc8 0 the Almighty the one who has power and control over everything. See how this was translated in [Psalms 68:14](../068/014.md) -PSA 91 2 kwv7 0 I will say of Yahweh “I will say about Yahweh” -PSA 91 2 d5cu figs-metaphor 0 my refuge and my fortress A “refuge” is any place a person can go and have someone or something protect him. A “fortress” is something that people make so they can protect themselves and their property. Asaph uses them here as metaphors for protection. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I can go and he will protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 91 3 ss8i figs-ellipsis 0 For he will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and from the deadly plague The words that have been left out can be put in. Alternate translation: “For God will rescue you from the snare of the hunter and he will rescue you from the plagues that can kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 91 3 laj3 0 the snare of the hunter “from the snare that the hunter has set to catch you” -PSA 91 4 k4cn figs-metaphor 0 He will cover you with his wings, and under his wings you will find refuge God’s protection is here referred to as “wings” which a bird uses to cover its’ young from danger. “Cover you with his wings” and “under his wings” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “He will keep you safe and protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 91 4 j3p2 figs-metaphor 0 His trustworthiness is a shield and protection God’s trustworthiness is here referred to as a “shield” which can protect people who rely on him. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as “trust.” Alternate translation: “You can trust him to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 91 4 f8d9 0 protection No one knows for sure what this word means. This could mean: (1) a small shield strapped to the forearm that soldiers used to defend themselves against arrows and swords or (2) a wall of stones set in a circle inside which soldiers could hide and shoot arrows. -PSA 91 5 yp8k figs-metonymy 0 terror in the night The psalmist speaks of “terror” as if it were a spirit or fierce animal that could attack at night and so terrify people. Alternate translation: “things attacking you at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 91 5 g6en figs-merism 0 in the night … by day These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 91 5 b8kc figs-metonymy 0 the arrow that flies by day “Arrow” here is a metonym for the people who shoot the arrows. Alternate translation: “people attacking you with arrows during the day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 91 6 c6xg figs-personification 0 or of the plague that roams The psalmist speaks of illness as if it were a person who went about at night killing other people. Alternate translation: “You will not be afraid of dying from illness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 91 6 gba8 0 roams goes wherever he wants to go at any time -PSA 91 6 y6eu figs-merism 0 in the darkness … at noontime These two phrases taken together refer to all possible times of night and day. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 91 6 t9ab 0 disease an illness that makes many people ill at the same time -PSA 91 7 c8n1 0 A thousand may fall at your side and ten thousand at your right hand “Many people may fall all around you.” If translating the exact numbers confuses the readers, you may omit them. -PSA 91 7 z1e3 0 it will not reach you “the evil will not harm you” -PSA 91 8 ad8c 0 You will only observe and see “You yourself will not suffer, but you will watch carefully, and you will see” -PSA 91 8 dv9f figs-abstractnouns 0 the punishment of the wicked The abstract noun “punishment” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “how God punishes the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 91 9 yz6c figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my refuge The writer speaks of Yahweh protecting him as if Yahweh were a safe place for him to find protection from his enemies. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects me, like a person finds protection in a place of refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 91 9 k71v 0 Make the Most High your refuge also “You should make the Most High your refuge also.” The psalmist stops speaking to God and speaks to the reader. -PSA 91 10 ey4g figs-metaphor 0 No evil will overtake you The writer speaks of a person experiencing bad or evil things as if evil were a person who overtakes another person. Alternate translation: “Nothing evil will happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 91 10 emx9 figs-personification 0 no affliction will come near your home The psalmist speaks of people who afflict others as though they were the harm they cause. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to harm your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 91 11 pe5b 0 For he will direct “Yahweh will command” -PSA 91 11 gjx8 figs-metaphor 0 in all your ways The psalmist speaks of the way a person lives his life as if it were a path down which the person walked. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” or “at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 91 12 v8h1 0 They will lift you “Yahweh’s angels will lift you” -PSA 91 12 dkd1 figs-hyperbole 0 you will not hit your foot on a stone The angels will protect not only the reader’s foot but the rest of his body as well. The words “not … hit your foot on a stone” is an exaggerated metonym to say that not even small bad things will happen. This should probably not be taken as a promise that no bad things will ever happen again. Alternate translation: “you will not even hit your foot on a stone” or “not even the smallest bad thing will happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 91 13 bq3y figs-metaphor 0 You will crush lions and adders under your feet; you will trample on young lions and serpents Where “hit your foot on a stone” is a minor problem, lions and snake are examples of great dangers. The psalmist speaks of lions and snakes as if they were small enough to be crushed under a person’s foot. Alternate translation: “You will be able kill lions and adders as if they were small animals you could crush under your feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 91 13 sw74 0 adders types of poisonous snake. -PSA 91 13 qme2 0 trample crush by walking heavily on -PSA 91 14 hzl3 0 Because he is devoted to me “Because he loves me” -PSA 91 15 cwn1 figs-explicit 0 I will be with him in trouble This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will be with him when he is in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 91 15 am3h figs-abstractnouns 0 I will give him victory The abstract noun “victory” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to be victorious” or “I will enable him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 91 16 jc9f figs-idiom 0 will satisfy him with the length of his days The idiom “the length of his days” here refers to the duration of his life. It may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “I will satisfy him by giving him a long life” or “I will make him happy by letting him live a very long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 91 16 xnz9 figs-metaphor 0 and show him my salvation “and I will show him my salvation.” The psalmist speaks of the work God does to save people as if it were a physical object. Alternate translation: “I will save him so that he knows I am the one who saved him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 92 intro cs72 0 # Psalm 092 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 92 is a psalm of praise for God’s kindness and faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Justice
God causes evil people to be destroyed and good people to be happy and useful, even after they grow old. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -PSA 92 1 bx9h writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 92 1 fur9 figs-metonymy 0 to sing praises to your name The words “your name” are a metonym for “you.” Alternate translation: “to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 92 2 b75i figs-abstractnouns 0 proclaim your covenant faithfulness in the morning The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with the adjective “faithful.” Alternate translation: “proclaim in the morning that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 92 2 s7d2 figs-ellipsis 0 your truthfulness every night The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be translated with the adjective “true.” Alternate translation: “proclaim every night that everything you say is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 92 4 mn13 0 glad happy -PSA 92 4 m1f8 figs-abstractnouns 0 through your deeds The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with the relative clause “what you have done.” Alternate translation: “by what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 92 4 if93 figs-abstractnouns 0 the deeds of your hands The abstract noun phrase “the deeds of your hands” can be translated with the relative clause “what your hands have done.” The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “What you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 92 4 ke7g figs-abstractnouns 0 your deeds The abstract noun phrase “your deeds” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 92 5 j4cz 0 Your thoughts are very deep “We cannot understand what you plan to do until you do it” -PSA 92 5 syp5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Your thoughts The abstract noun phrase “your thoughts” can be translated with a relative clause. Alternate translation: “What you think” or “What you plan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 92 6 j8wu 0 brutish animal-like -PSA 92 7 a97q figs-simile 0 When the wicked sprout like the grass This compares evil people to grass, which grows quickly and in many places. Alternate translation: “When evil people appear quickly and seem to be everywhere, like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 92 7 w41d figs-activepassive 0 they are doomed to eternal destruction This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has decided that he will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 92 9 cb78 0 Indeed, look at your enemies, Yahweh Many texts do not have these words. -PSA 92 9 u85w 0 They will perish “They will die” or “You will kill them” -PSA 92 9 dk5v figs-activepassive 0 All those who do evil will be scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will scatter all those who do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 92 9 l7k2 0 will be scattered Many texts read, “have been scattered.” -PSA 92 9 g3wa 0 be scattered “driven away” -PSA 92 10 e26g figs-metonymy 0 You have lifted up my horn like the horn of the wild ox The psalmist speaks of God as if he had made him as strong as a wild animal. Here his “horn” represents his strength. Alternate translation: “You have made me as strong as a wild ox” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 92 10 gid3 figs-metaphor 0 I am anointed with fresh oil Possible meanings are that the oil that God has put on the psalmist is a metaphor for God: (1) making him happy “you have made me very happy” or (2) making him strong, “you have made me strong” or (3) enabling him to defeat his enemies, “you have enabled me to defeat my enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 92 11 kpw5 figs-synecdoche 0 My eyes have seen the downfall of my enemies; my ears have heard of the doom of my evil foes The words “eyes” and “ears” are synecdoches for the person who sees and hears. The lines may be combined. Alternate translation: “I have seen and heard of the defeat of my evil enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 92 12 q7cc figs-simile 0 The righteous will flourish like the palm tree Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy palm tree because they will: (1) be strong or (2) live for long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 92 12 dyq1 figs-simile 0 they will grow like a cedar in Lebanon Possible meanings are that righteous people will be like a healthy cedar tree growing in the land of Lebanon because: (1) they will be strong or (2) people will honor them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 92 13 lk33 figs-activepassive 0 They are planted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has planted them” or “Yahweh takes care of them as if they were trees he had planted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 92 13 sh46 figs-metaphor 0 in the house of Yahweh … in the courts of our God The psalmist speaks of people who truly worship God as if they were trees growing in Yahweh’s house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 92 13 g7gv figs-metaphor 0 they flourish The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were healthy trees. Alternate translation: “they are growing well” or “they are very strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 92 13 rg5j 0 in the courts of our God in the courtyard of the temple in Jerusalem. -PSA 92 14 pf43 figs-metaphor 0 They bear fruit The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees that produce food. Alternate translation: “They please God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 92 14 m2x1 figs-metaphor 0 they stay fresh and green The psalmist speaks of righteous people as if they were trees. Alternate translation: “they remain strong and healthy” or “they always do what pleases God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 92 15 sev8 0 to proclaim that These words continue the thought begun by the words “they stay fresh and green” in ([Psalms 92:14](../092/014.md)). This could mean: (1) “they stay fresh and green, so that they can proclaim” or (2) “they stay fresh and green. This shows that.” -PSA 92 15 fh1p figs-metaphor 0 He is my rock “Yahweh is the one who protects me.” The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if he were a rock that would protect him. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 93 intro r2fh 0 # Psalm 093 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 93 is a worship psalm about the power of Yahweh.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
Yahweh is all powerful; He even controls the ocean. -PSA 93 1 gs1h writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 93 1 cif2 figs-metaphor 0 he is robed in majesty; Yahweh has clothed and girded himself with strength The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s strength and majesty as if they were things Yahweh wears. Alternate translation: “he shows everyone that he is a powerful king” or “his majesty is there for all to see, like the robe a king wears; everything about Yahweh shows that he is strong and he is ready to do great work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 93 1 g76j 0 majesty the power of a king and the way a king acts -PSA 93 1 y5ut 0 girded himself put on a belt—a band of leather or another material that a person wears around his waist—to prepare for work or battle -PSA 93 1 nv27 figs-activepassive 0 The world is firmly established This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You have firmly established the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 93 1 m76h figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be moved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever move it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 93 2 q45b figs-activepassive 0 Your throne is established from ancient times This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You established your throne in ancient times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 93 2 vq1t 0 you are from everlasting “you have always existed” -PSA 93 3 u6dq 0 oceans … oceans’ Some versions read “floods … floods’.” The word often refers to a river (See: “the River” in [Psalms 72:8](../072/008.md)), but “oceans … oceans’” has been chosen here because oceans, not rivers, have “waves” that “crash and roar.” -PSA 93 3 qkw5 figs-personification 0 have lifted up their voice; the oceans’ waves crash and roar The psalmist speaks of the ocean as if it were a person who could speak. Alternate translation: “have made a mighty noise because their waves crash and roar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 93 3 kli1 0 roar make a long, loud sound. -PSA 93 4 bv4p figs-doublet 0 Above the crashing of many waves, the mighty breakers of the sea The phrase “the mighty breakers of the sea” means basically the same thing as “many waves” and emphasizes how great these waves are. Alternate translation: “Above the crashing of all of the very great waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 93 4 x149 0 breakers large waves coming to land -PSA 93 4 z182 figs-metaphor 0 on high The psalmist speaks of where God lives as if it were high above the earth. Alternate translation: “in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 93 5 g6vn 0 solemn very serious -PSA 93 5 s6rb 0 are very trustworthy “always stay the same” or “never change” -PSA 93 5 f31y figs-metaphor 0 holiness adorns your house The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s house as if it were a woman wearing beautiful clothing or jewelry and of Yahweh’s holiness as the beautiful clothing or jewelry. Alternate translation: “your house is beautiful because you are holy” or “your holiness makes your house beautiful the way beautiful clothes and jewelry make a woman more beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 93 5 a9yi 0 adorns makes beautiful -PSA 93 5 xku4 0 your house This refers to the temple in Jerusalem. -PSA 93 5 lsy7 figs-idiom 0 for the length of your days This idiom refers to the duration of God’s life. Since God lives forever, it can also be translated as forever. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 94 intro afb5 0 # Psalm 094 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 94 is a prayer requesting that evil people be punished. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice
Evil people expect God to ignore their injustices. But God knows what they are doing and will punish them for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]]) -PSA 94 1 ns8u writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 94 1 h3e7 figs-metaphor 0 shine over us Here “shine” is a metaphor for God revealing himself. Alternate translation: “show yourself” or “reveal your glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 94 2 i9f5 0 Rise up, judge of the earth, give to the proud what they deserve “Come, judge of the earth, and punish the proud” -PSA 94 2 sjp9 figs-metonymy 0 Rise up The psalmist speaks of starting to do something as getting up. If your language has a word for beginning to act, use it here. Alternate translation: “Take action” or “Do something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 94 3 dx87 figs-rquestion 0 How long will the wicked, Yahweh, how long will the wicked rejoice? The psalmist repeats the question to show that he is unhappy with how long Yahweh has allowed the wicked to rejoice. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have waited too long Yahweh; you have waited too long to stop the wicked from rejoicing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 94 3 nve7 figs-explicit 0 will the wicked rejoice Why the wicked rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “will the wicked rejoice because you never punish them for the evil deeds they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 94 4 h71p 0 They pour out “All those who do evil pour out” -PSA 94 4 ks4b figs-metaphor 0 They pour out their arrogant words The psalmist writes of the wicked speaking as if their words were a liquid being poured out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 94 4 dri9 figs-explicit 0 all those who do evil boast The translation can make explicit that these people boast about their evil actions. Alternate translation: “all those who do evil boast about their evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 94 5 ifj9 figs-metonymy 0 afflict the nation Here the metonym “nation” refers to the people of the nation. Alternate translation: “afflict the people of the nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 94 5 l8he figs-metaphor 0 They crush The psalmist speaks of powerful people treating powerless people badly as if it were crushing them or breaking them in pieces. See how “break in pieces” is translated in [Psalms 72:4](../072/004.md). Alternate translation: “They completely destroy” or “They greatly harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 94 6 fk7f 0 the widow “women whose husbands have died” -PSA 94 6 wei8 0 the fatherless “children without fathers” -PSA 94 7 rs53 0 the God of Jacob does not take notice of it “the God of Israel does not see what we do” -PSA 94 8 iz57 0 General Information: The writer now instructs the wicked people. -PSA 94 8 ybz4 figs-rquestion 0 when will you ever learn? This rhetorical question emphasizes the anger of the writer with the wicked people he is speaking to. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “stop your foolish ways!” or “learn from your mistakes!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 94 9 b851 figs-rquestion 0 He who made the ear, does he not hear? He who formed the eye, does he not see? These rhetorical questions can be translated as statements or commands. Alternate translation: “God made ears, so he can hear. God made eyes, so he can see.” or “God made ears, so stop acting as if he does not hear. God made eyes, so stop acting as if he does not see.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 94 10 p12i 0 General Information: The writer continues instructing the wicked people. -PSA 94 10 ig2v figs-rquestion 0 He who disciplines the nations, does he not correct? This question can be translated as a statement. It is implied that Yahweh corrects his people. Alternate translation: “You know that Yahweh corrects the nations, so you can be sure that he will correct his people!” or “he will punish his people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 94 10 ex2w figs-litotes 0 does he not correct This can be stated in positive form. This could mean: (1) God corrects. Alternate translation: “he corrects” or (2) God punishes. “he punishes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 94 11 s3c6 figs-metaphor 0 that they are vapor Here the thoughts of men are compared to vapor or steam that disappears into the air. This metaphor shows how unimportant and useless they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 94 11 z81z 0 vapor “mist.” See how this word is translated in [Psalms 39:11](../039/011.md) -PSA 94 12 dl5m 0 General Information: Now the writer again talks to Yahweh. -PSA 94 13 y3g3 figs-activepassive 0 until a pit is dug for the wicked The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s punishing the wicked as if Yahweh were trapping an animal in a pit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until you dig a pit for the wicked” or “until you destroy the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 94 14 gwf5 0 his inheritance “those whom he has chosen to be with him forever” -PSA 94 15 m8cb figs-metonymy 0 judgment will again be righteous The psalmist speaks of those who judge as if they were the decisions they make. The abstract noun “judgment” can be translated with the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “judges will again judge righteously” or “judges will again make righteous decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 94 15 l96i figs-nominaladj 0 the upright in heart The adjective phrase “upright in heart” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those whose hearts are right with God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 94 15 h275 0 will follow it “will want the judges to judge righteously” -PSA 94 16 h7cv figs-rquestion 0 Who will rise up to defend me against the evildoers? Who will stand up for me against the wicked? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will defend me against the evildoers. No one will help me fight against the wicked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 94 16 x3ap figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 94 17 pgd7 figs-hypo 0 Unless Yahweh had been my help … silence This is a hypothetical situation. Yahweh did help him, so he was not lying in the place of silence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 94 17 ecb1 figs-abstractnouns 0 Unless Yahweh had been my help The abstract noun “help” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “If Yahweh had not helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 94 17 zjq1 figs-euphemism 0 I would soon be lying down in the place of silence Here “would be lying down” refers to “death” and “in the place of silence” refers to the grave.” Alternate translation: “in a short time, I would be dead, lying in a silent grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 94 18 gqn7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, held me up The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “You, Yahweh, held me up because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 94 19 f9kp figs-abstractnouns 0 When cares within me are many, your consolations make me happy The psalmist speaks of care as if he could count separate cares. The abstract noun “consolations” can be translated with the verb “console” or “comfort.” Alternate translation: “When I have been worried about many things, you have comforted me and made me happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 94 20 uc2u figs-rquestion 0 Can a throne of destruction be allied with you, one who creates injustice by statute? This rhetorical question is used to make a point. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “A wicked ruler who makes unjust laws is not your friend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 94 20 w3hm figs-metonymy 0 a throne of destruction Here the metonym “throne” refers to a king or ruler. Alternate translation: “a wicked ruler” or “corrupt judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 94 21 z1ls 0 conspire secretly plan with a person something harmful or illegal -PSA 94 21 rnk5 figs-idiom 0 take the life of This is an idiom which means to kill someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 94 22 k9hg figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has been my high tower Here “tower” is a metaphor for protection. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has protected me from my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 94 22 r48i figs-metaphor 0 God has been the rock of my refuge The psalmist speaks of having God protect him as if God were a place where the psalmist could go to be safe. See how “rock” and “refuge” are translated in [Psalms 62:7](../062/007.md). Alternate translation: “I have asked God to protect me, and he has kept me safe by his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 94 23 fx4p 0 will bring on them their own iniquity This could mean: (1) “will do to them the evil things they have done to others” or (2) “will punish them for all the evil things he has done to others.” -PSA 94 23 qc5b figs-idiom 0 cut them off This is an idiom which means “kill them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 94 23 i6z5 0 in their own wickedness This could mean: (1) “while they are doing wicked things” or (2) “because they have done wicked things.” -PSA 95 intro e91f 0 # Psalm 095 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 95 is the first in a series of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s care
God made everything and takes good care of people. People should not be stubborn like the Israelites were in the days of Moses. The Israelites with Moses wandered in the desert for forty years. -PSA 95 1 qaf5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 95 1 gv24 figs-metaphor 0 the rock of our salvation The psalmist speaks of Yahweh as if Yahweh were a mountain the people could climb so they would be safe. See how “rock” and “of my salvation” are translated in [Psalms 18:46](../018/046.md). Alternate translation: “the rock where we can go and God will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 95 2 q5qb figs-metaphor 0 enter his presence The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 95 2 g5i4 0 with thanksgiving “thanking him as we enter his presence” -PSA 95 3 ufc9 0 superior to all gods Possible meanings are that Yahweh is a great king: (1) “who rules over all other gods,” or (2) “who is much better than all gods.” -PSA 95 4 j19t figs-idiom 0 In his hand This is an idiom which means “in his control” or “he is responsible for.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 95 4 gf4l 0 depths deep places -PSA 95 4 bx51 0 heights high places -PSA 95 5 xy9q figs-synecdoche 0 his hands formed The word “hands” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “he himself formed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 95 6 ab7h translate-symaction 0 kneel put both knees on the ground, often to show submission (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 95 7 cey6 figs-metonymy 0 the people of his pasture The word “pasture” is a metonym for the food that animals eat in the pasture, which in turn is a synecdoche for everything that Yahweh provides for his people. Alternate translation: “we are the people whose needs he meets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 95 7 kr47 0 pasture an area where animals find grass to eat -PSA 95 7 f66d figs-metaphor 0 the sheep of his hand The word “hand” here refers to how Yahweh protects his people the way a shepherd protects his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people whom he protects like a shepherd protects his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 95 7 l8vp 0 Today—oh, that you would hear his voice! “Oh, that you would hear his voice today!” The psalmist purposely interrupts what he is saying. -PSA 95 7 qm6r figs-metonymy 0 hear his voice Here “his voice” represents God speaking or what he says. Alternate translation: “listen to God speak” or “hear what God says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 95 8 jf37 0 General Information: Now the writer writes the words that Yahweh spoke. -PSA 95 8 g9zt 0 harden your heart “become stubborn” -PSA 95 8 a62x translate-names 0 Meribah,…Massah These are places in the desert that Moses named because the Israelites rebelled against God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 95 9 z4ax figs-metaphor 0 tested me … tried me These two phrases are both metaphors for the people seeing how much evil they could do before Yahweh would punish them. The phrases say basically the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “tested me” or “wanted to see if they could do evil things without my punishing them … tested whether I would continue to be patient with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 95 9 tdc4 0 my deeds “the amazing things I had done” -PSA 95 10 n2cd 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking directly to his people. -PSA 95 10 ms7t translate-numbers 0 forty years “40 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 95 10 mu82 0 that generation “all of those people” or “that entire generation of people” -PSA 95 10 ejg1 figs-metaphor 0 wander astray God speaks of the people as if they were sheep, which will go wherever they want to and not stay near their shepherd. Alternate translation: “move away from me” or “go their own way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 95 10 b41a figs-metaphor 0 they have not known my ways Yahweh’s commands are spoken of as if they were paths on which the people should walk. The people not obeying Yahweh’s commands is spoken of as if they did not know these paths. Alternate translation: “they have not obeyed my commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 95 11 l98t 0 my resting place “the place where I would have allowed them to rest” -PSA 96 intro hdp3 0 # Psalm 096 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 96 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh, the king
Yahweh is king over all the earth and is worthy of all praise. -PSA 96 1 i5dj writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 96 1 sm6u 0 a new song a song no one has ever sung before -PSA 96 1 mlu3 figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This refers to the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all you people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 96 2 e8ws figs-metonymy 0 bless his name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 96 2 m2w2 figs-abstractnouns 0 announce his salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated using the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “announce that he has saved us” or “tell people that he is the one who saves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 96 3 w4ht 0 Declare his glory among the nations “Tell all the people in every nation about his great glory” -PSA 96 4 t9di figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh is great and is to be praised greatly This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is great. Praise him greatly” or “Yahweh is great, and people should praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 96 4 lx5h figs-activepassive 0 He is to be feared above all other gods This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fear him above all other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 96 6 x8v4 0 in his presence “where he is” -PSA 96 6 c8fx figs-personification 0 Splendor and majesty are in his presence The psalmist speaks as if splendor and majesty are people who can stand before a king. Alternate translation: “Everyone knows of his splendor and majesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 96 6 geu8 figs-metonymy 0 Strength and beauty are in his sanctuary The words “strength” and “beauty” are metonyms for the ark of the covenant decrees, which is found in the sanctuary. Alternate translation: “It is his sanctuary that contains the ark of the covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 96 7 pq3m figs-abstractnouns 0 Ascribe to Yahweh … ascribe praise to Yahweh for his glory and strength This can be restated to removed the abstract nouns “praise,” “glory,” and “strength.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:1](../029/001.md). Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh … praise Yahweh because he is glorious and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 96 8 y25v figs-abstractnouns 0 Give to Yahweh the glory that his name deserves The abstract noun “glory” can be stated as a verb or adjective. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 29:2](../029/002.md). Alternate translation: “Honor Yahweh just as his name deserves” or “Proclaim that Yahweh is glorious just as his name deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 96 8 mvb8 figs-metonymy 0 his name deserves Here “name” refers to the person of God. Alternate translation: “he deserves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 96 8 pw15 0 his courts the temple courtyard where the priests sacrificed animals to Yahweh -PSA 96 9 z4rm figs-explicit 0 Bow down to Yahweh The implied information is that the people were to bow down in worship. Alternate translation: “Bow down to worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 96 9 hjw3 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the splendor of holiness The abstract nouns “splendor” and “holiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “because he is gloriously beautiful and holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 96 9 pb7y 0 tremble to shake because of fear -PSA 96 9 ud6d figs-metonymy 0 all the earth Here “earth” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 96 10 hsr2 figs-activepassive 0 The world also is established This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “He also established the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 96 10 yhs7 figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be shaken This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing can shake it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 96 11 p26n figs-personification 0 Let the heavens be glad, and let the earth rejoice This could mean: (1) the heavens and the earth are spoken of as if they have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the heavens are glad and the earth rejoices” or (2) “the heavens” and “the earth” are metonyms for those who dwell in those places. Alternate translation: “Let those who live in the heavens be glad and let those who live on the earth rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 96 11 v2y3 figs-explicit 0 that which fills it shout with joy The implied information is that this refers to all the creatures living in the sea. They are spoken of as if they should shout with joy like people might do. Alternate translation: “the sea creatures shout joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 96 12 ms99 figs-personification 0 Let the fields rejoice and all that is in them “Let the fields and all that is in them rejoice.” The psalmist speaks as if “the fields” and the animals that live in them have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the fields themselves and all the animals that live in them are rejoicing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 96 12 j65h figs-personification 0 let all the trees in the forest shout for joy This speaks about the trees as if they were people who could shout for joy. Alternate translation: “let it be as if all the trees in the forest shout for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 96 13 gp2k figs-parallelism 0 He is coming to judge the earth. He will judge the world … and the peoples The three phrase have similar meanings; the last two phases are used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 96 13 jp59 0 to judge … will judge Another possible meaning is “to rule … will rule.” -PSA 96 13 yk8h figs-metonymy 0 He will judge the world with righteousness Here “the world” is a metonym for all the people in the world. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 9:8](../009/008.md). Alternate translation: “He will judge all the people of the world righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 96 13 yn8l figs-ellipsis 0 the peoples with his faithfulness The words “he will judge” are understood. Alternate translation: “he will judge the peoples with his faithfulness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 96 13 z7r2 figs-abstractnouns 0 with his faithfulness The can be restated to remove the abstract noun “faithfulness.” This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “fairly, according to what he knows is true” or (2) Alternate translation: “using the same standard for all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 97 intro ydx4 0 # Psalm 097 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 97 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s authority
All people who worship idols are disgraced because Yahweh rules over all the world. -PSA 97 1 myd1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 97 1 aa9a figs-personification 0 let the earth rejoice; let the many coastlands be glad The earth and the coastlands are said to have emotions like people. Alternate translation: “Rejoice and be glad every person on the earth and near the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 97 1 n5lw 0 coastlands This could mean: (1) “lands near the seas” or (2) “islands.” -PSA 97 2 rl3n 0 Clouds and darkness surround him “We cannot see him; it is as if he were sitting in the dark with clouds all around him” -PSA 97 2 h2md figs-metonymy 0 Righteousness and justice are the foundation of his throne The word “throne” is a metonym for the deeds and words of the one who sits on it. The psalmist speaks as if righteousness and justice were physical objects that made the throne secure. Alternate translation: “He is righteous and just in everything he does” or “He is able to rule because he rules righteously and justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 97 2 tat1 figs-metonymy 0 the foundation of his throne Here “the foundation of his throne” refers to how Yahweh rules his kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 97 3 e96v figs-personification 0 Fire goes before him The psalmist speaks as if fire were a person walking before King Yahweh and telling people that the king was coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 97 3 nz83 0 consumes his adversaries “burns up his enemies” -PSA 97 4 th94 figs-personification 0 the earth sees and trembles The writer speaks of the earth as if it were a person who sees what Yahweh does and trembles in fear. Alternate translation: “like a person, the earth sees and trembles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 97 4 c2ef 0 trembles shakes with fear -PSA 97 5 r8fc figs-simile 0 The mountains melt like wax before Yahweh The writer speaks of the mountains crumbling before Yahweh as if they were wax that was exposed to a fire. Alternate translation: “The mountains are unable to stand as Yahweh comes near” or “The mountains crumble in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 97 6 t73s figs-personification 0 The skies declare his justice This could mean: (1) the psalmist speaks as if the skies are Yahweh’s messengers who declare that Yahweh is just. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that God is just, the same way that everyone can see the skies” or (2) the skies refer to the beings that live in the heavens. Alternate translation: “All those who live in heaven declare that Yahweh is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 97 8 t6tg figs-metonymy 0 Zion heard … the towns of Judah This refers to the people who live in these lands. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion heard … the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 97 9 fh9w figs-metaphor 0 are most high above all The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “rule over all the people who live on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 97 9 etq9 figs-metaphor 0 You are exalted far The psalmist speaks as if those who were strong enough to rule were the physically higher than others. Alternate translation: “You are high, far” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 97 10 v6ge figs-metonymy 0 he takes them out of the hand of the wicked Here the word “hand” represents power. Yahweh rescuing people from the power of wicked people is spoken of as if he took them out of their hands. Alternate translation: “he rescues them from the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 97 11 zi9a figs-parallelism 0 Light is sown for … and gladness for These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sows light for those who do right, and he sows gladness for those with honest hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 97 11 c84h figs-metaphor 0 Light is sown for the righteous The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. “Light” is a metaphor for good things. Alternate translation: “Yahweh plans for good things to happen to the righteous in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 97 11 s7rl figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous The adjective “righteous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 97 11 a81f figs-ellipsis 0 gladness for those with honest hearts The words “is sown” are understood. The word “sown” is a metaphor for actions with future results. The abstract noun “gladness” can be stated as “happy.” Alternate translation: “gladness is sown for those with honest hearts” or “Yahweh plans for people with honest hearts to be happy in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 97 11 tqu7 figs-synecdoche 0 those with honest hearts The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “honest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 97 12 bkn2 0 General Information: This verse has a command followed by the reason for the command. If your language requires the reason to precede the command: “Because of what Yahweh has done for you, you righteous people, be glad and give thanks when you remember his holiness.” -PSA 97 12 h6wc figs-idiom 0 Be glad in Yahweh This idiom means to be glad because of what Yahweh has done. Alternate translation: “Be glad because of what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 97 12 df6i figs-metonymy 0 when you remember his holiness This could mean: (1) “when you remember how holy he is” or (2) “to his holy name,” a metonym for “to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 98 intro rt9w 0 # Psalm 098 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 98 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
Everyone and every thing should sing praises to Yahweh because he is worthy of all praise. -PSA 98 1 p45q writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 98 1 p2zl 0 a new song a song no one has ever sung before. See how this is translated in [Psalms 96:1](../096/001.md). -PSA 98 1 diq2 figs-metonymy 0 his right hand and his holy arm have The words “right hand” and “holy arm” refer to Yahweh’s strength. Together they emphasize how great his strength is. Alternate translation: “his very great power has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 98 1 wsb2 0 right hand the more powerful and skilled hand -PSA 98 1 q78c figs-metonymy 0 holy arm Here “arm” is a metonym for power. Alternate translation: “the power that is his alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 98 1 q2q6 figs-abstractnouns 0 have given him victory This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “victory.” Alternate translation: “have enabled him to be victorious over his enemies” or “has enabled him to defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 98 2 e23q figs-abstractnouns 0 made known his salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated using the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “showed people that he saves his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 98 2 r9rs figs-abstractnouns 0 showed his justice to all the nations The abstract noun “justice” can be translated using the adjective “just.” The word “nations” is a metonym for “the people who live in all the nations.” Alternate translation: “showed the people who live in all the nations that he is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 98 3 p5wz figs-idiom 0 calls to mind “remembers.” See how “call to mind” is translated in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 98 3 k1dm figs-metonymy 0 all the ends of the earth This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “people from all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 98 3 g1bq figs-abstractnouns 0 will see the victory of our God The abstract noun “victory” can be translated using the verb “defeat.” Alternate translation: “will see our God defeat his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 98 4 qdk5 figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This is a metonym for the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “all people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 98 4 l8fc 0 burst into song “suddenly begin singing happily” -PSA 98 4 p9j9 0 sing for joy “sing because you are happy” -PSA 98 4 si76 0 sing praises “sing praises to God” -PSA 98 5 mn38 0 melodious delightful or pleasing musical sound -PSA 98 6 q5hb 0 the horn an animal horn used as a musical instrument -PSA 98 6 ulk2 0 make a joyful noise “raise a shout.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md). -PSA 98 7 cyl7 figs-personification 0 Let the sea shout and everything in it The psalmist speaks as if the sea were a person who could shout to God. Alternate translation: “Let it be as if the sea and everything in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 98 7 gsp5 figs-ellipsis 0 the world and those who live in it The psalmist speaks as if the world were a person. Alternate translation: “and let it be as if the world and those who live in it were shouting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 98 7 wcf2 figs-metonymy 0 the world This is a metonym for the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “the people in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 98 8 t1an figs-personification 0 Let the rivers clap their hands, and let the mountains shout for joy The psalmist speaks as if the rivers and mountains were people who could clap and shout. Alternate translation: “Let it be as though the rivers are clapping their hands and mountains were shouting for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 98 9 r45f figs-ellipsis 0 the nations with fairness The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he will judge the nations with fairness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 98 9 qd66 figs-metonymy 0 the nations This is a metonym for “the people who live in the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 98 9 lp38 0 with fairness “honestly” or “using the same standard for everyone” -PSA 99 intro wma5 0 # Psalm 099 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 99 is one of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s justice
God is just and fair. Moses, Aaron and Samuel each prayed to him and obeyed him and he answered their prayers. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -PSA 99 1 k3aw writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 99 1 gp6t figs-metonymy 0 the nations This refers to the people of all nations. Alternate translation: “the people of all nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 99 1 mf5d 0 tremble shake with fear -PSA 99 1 rm8y figs-explicit 0 He sits enthroned above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “He sits on his throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 99 1 i5p3 0 quakes shakes -PSA 99 2 w3l7 0 Yahweh is great in Zion; he is exalted above all the nations “Not only is Yahweh great in Zion, he is exalted above all the nations” or “Not only does Yahweh rule in Zion, he rules over all the nations” -PSA 99 2 e9l4 figs-activepassive 0 he is exalted above all the nations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people in all the nations exalt him” or “people in all nations praise him greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 99 3 r44j 0 Let them praise your great and awesome name Here the author shifts from speaking about God, to speaking to God. After this phrase though, he shifts back to speaking about God. -PSA 99 4 c51t figs-abstractnouns 0 he loves justice The abstract noun “justice” can be translated using the phrase “what is just.” Alternate translation: “he loves doing what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 99 4 f41e figs-abstractnouns 0 You have established fairness The abstract noun “fairness” is a metonym for the laws that are fair. Alternate translation: “The laws you have established are fair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 99 5 j6yj figs-explicit 0 worship at his footstool Here the word “footstool” likely refers to the ark of the covenant, which the biblical writers often spoke of as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. The translation can make explicit that the people are to worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship Yahweh at his footstool” or “worship Yahweh before his throne in the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 99 7 cv85 0 solemn important, given seriously -PSA 99 8 v1qa 0 You answered them “You answered your people” -PSA 99 9 lw8c 0 his holy hill “Mount Zion” -PSA 100 intro n9yp 0 # Psalm 100 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 100 is the last of six worship psalms (Psalms 95-100).

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s care for his creation
God made mankind and takes good care of people. -PSA 100 1 m9ga writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 100 1 xue7 0 Shout joyfully to Yahweh “Raise a shout to Yahweh.” See how “shout” is translated in [Psalms 47:1](../047/001.md). -PSA 100 1 szl7 figs-metonymy 0 all the earth This refers to all the people of the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 100 2 kub7 figs-metaphor 0 come before his presence The psalmist speaks as if he is telling the readers to go into the throne room of a king. Alternate translation: “go to where he is with joyful singing” or “he can hear you, so sing joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 100 3 uxa7 figs-metaphor 0 the sheep of his pasture God’s people are like his sheep. Alternate translation: “the people God provides for and protects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 100 3 z4at 0 pasture a grassy area for feeding animals -PSA 100 4 tb64 0 with thanksgiving “while thanking him” or “while giving thanks to him” -PSA 100 4 zt85 figs-metonymy 0 bless his name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “bless Yahweh” or “do what makes Yahweh happy” See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 100 5 qn11 figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he is faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 100 5 e52y figs-ellipsis 0 his truthfulness through all generations The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The abstract noun “truthfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “his truthfulness endures through all generations” or “he is truthful through all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 100 5 nly8 0 through all generations “generation after generation.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 89:4](../089/004.md). -PSA 101 intro vhm3 0 # Psalm 101 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 101 is a psalm asking God’s help in living as a person should.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Encouragement
The psalmist wanted to encourage all the good people in the land restrain all the evil people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -PSA 101 1 icq7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 101 1 lx29 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will sing of covenant faithfulness and justice The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “justice” can be translated with adjectives. Alternate translation: “I will sing that you are faithful to your covenant and that you are just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 101 2 v15m figs-metaphor 0 I will walk in the way of integrity Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “I will live in a way that is honest and right” or “I will live a life full of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 101 2 x9km figs-metaphor 0 I will walk with integrity within my house Here David speaks about “living” as if it were walking.” Also, David speaks of overseeing his house with integrity, as if integrity were a physical object residing in his house. Alternate translation: “I will oversee my house with integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 101 3 ebd9 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not put wrongdoing before my eyes This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “wrongdoing.” The idiom, “put evil before my eyes,” means to approve of it. Alternate translation: “I will not approve of anyone doing anything that is wrong in my presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 101 3 l5pl figs-personification 0 it will not cling to me David describes “evil” as if it were something unable to cling to him. This means that he would avoid evil things and people doing evil things. Alternate translation: “I will completely avoid evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 101 3 cx52 0 cling hold on to something or someone very tightly -PSA 101 4 v5jw 0 to evil “to anything that is evil” -PSA 101 5 f3b9 figs-doublet 0 a proud demeanor and an arrogant attitude These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful such people are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 101 5 nsy2 0 a proud demeanor “a proud outward appearance.”” This refers to a person being so proud that anyone who looks at him can see how proud he is. -PSA 101 6 p6qp figs-idiom 0 I will look to the faithful of the land to sit at my side This means that David would allow those people to be around him and live with him. Alternate translation: “I will allow the faithful of the land to live with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 101 6 ph2r figs-nominaladj 0 the faithful This refers to the people who are faithful to God. Alternate translation: “the faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 101 6 qs64 figs-metaphor 0 walk in the way of integrity Here David speaks about “living” as if it were “walking.” Alternate translation: “live in a way that is honest and right” or “live lives full of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 101 7 n792 figs-parallelism 0 Deceitful people will not … liars will not These two phrases have the same idea and are used together to emphasize how David will not tolerate deceitful people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 101 7 pag2 figs-activepassive 0 liars will not be welcome This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not welcome liars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 101 7 hk5x figs-synecdoche 0 before my eyes Here “my eyes” refers to David himself. Alternate translation: “before me” or “in my presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 101 8 xql1 0 Morning by morning “Every day” -PSA 101 8 e3n4 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 101 8 nwb7 figs-explicit 0 from the city of Yahweh David is referring to the city that he is in as “the city of Yahweh.” This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from this city, which is Yahweh’s city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 102 intro ew2b 0 # Psalm 102 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 102 is a psalm of deliverance from sickness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Salvation
The author does not want to die young. He also wants to see Jerusalem saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 102 1 p5kd writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 102 1 g5ux figs-nominaladj 0 the afflicted This refers to a man who is afflicted. Alternate translation: “the afflicted man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 102 3 z22d figs-simile 0 my days pass away like smoke Here “my days” refers to the author’s life and the idea of “smoke” is something that quickly disappears. Alternate translation: “my life passes away quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 3 uzi1 figs-synecdoche 0 my bones burn like fire Here the author refers to his “body” as his “bones.” Alternate translation: “my body feels like it is burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 4 c6kx figs-synecdoche 0 My heart is crushed Here the author refers to himself as his “heart.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am in despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 102 4 g6gz figs-simile 0 I am like grass that has withered This is another way to describe his despair. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am drying up like withered grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 6 lb9r figs-simile 0 I am like a pelican of the wilderness He compares his loneliness to that of a pelican, which is often seem alone instead of with other birds. Alternate translation: “I am lonely and despised like a pelican in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 6 e6su 0 a pelican a large fish-eating bird -PSA 102 6 mja3 figs-simile 0 I have become like an owl in the ruins The author continues to describe loneliness by comparing himself to an owl in abandoned ruins. Alternate translation: “I have become alone like an owl in abandoned ruins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 6 z5z7 0 an owl This is a bird that is awake at night. Alternate translation: “a night bird” -PSA 102 7 g7mv figs-simile 0 I lie awake like a solitary bird The writer compares himself to a bird to emphasize his feeling of loneliness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 9 w9f3 figs-simile 0 I eat ashes like bread David would have sat in ashes as an act of mourning, therefore ashes would have fallen on his food. Alternate translation: “I eat ashes like I eat bread” or “As I mourn, ashes fall on the bread that I eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 9 x9c8 figs-explicit 0 mix my drink with tears David did not purposefully mix his drink with tears; rather his tear would have fallen into his cup while he mourned and wept. Alternate translation: “my tears fall into the cup that I drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 102 10 n1sq figs-metaphor 0 you have lifted me up to throw me down God has not literally lifted and thrown David’s body to the ground; rather David says this to describe what he is feeling and experiencing. Alternate translation: “it is like you have lifted me up to throw me down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 102 11 p3fu figs-simile 0 My days are like a shadow that fades David compares his time left to live on earth to a fading shadow. Alternate translation: “My time to remain alive is short like an evening shadow that will soon be gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 11 i6b5 figs-simile 0 I have withered like grass As David’s body becomes weak and he is nearing the end of his life, he compares himself to withering grass. Alternate translation: “my body has become weak like withered grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 102 11 zgl8 0 withered dry and wrinkled -PSA 102 12 u198 0 your fame is for all generations “you will be recognized for all generations to come” -PSA 102 12 ge7b 0 fame being known by many people -PSA 102 13 xp79 figs-metonymy 0 have mercy on Zion Here “Zion” refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “have mercy on the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 102 13 rn9d 0 upon her The word “her” refers to Zion. -PSA 102 14 ew61 figs-explicit 0 hold her stones dear The “stones” refer to the stones that were part of the city walls before they were destroyed. Alternate translation: “still love the stones that were formerly in the city walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 102 15 h2k3 figs-metonymy 0 your name Here “your name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 102 15 n7ut figs-synecdoche 0 will honor your glory The people will honor Yahweh because of his glory. Here Yahweh is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “will honor you because you are glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 102 16 p45x 0 will appear in his glory “will be seen as glorious” or “people will see his glory” -PSA 102 17 c68k figs-nominaladj 0 the destitute This refers to destitute people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 102 17 l5ly figs-doublenegatives 0 he will not reject their prayer This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accept their prayers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PSA 102 18 ex9t figs-activepassive 0 This will be written for future generations This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will write this for future generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 102 19 p7h3 figs-parallelism 0 For he has looked down from the holy heights; from heaven Yahweh has viewed These two phrases have similar meaning and are used together for emphasize how God looks down from heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 102 19 f2bl 0 the holy heights “his holy place high above the earth” -PSA 102 20 zeq6 figs-activepassive 0 those who were condemned to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the authorities had sentenced to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 102 21 jgk6 figs-parallelism 0 proclaim the name of Yahweh in Zion and his praise in Jerusalem These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize the idea of praising the name of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 102 23 vj74 figs-metaphor 0 taken away my strength David describes God causing him to become weak as if his strength were a physical item that could be taken away from him. Alternate translation: “has caused me to become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 102 23 bbe3 figs-metaphor 0 my days The word “days” here refers to his life. Alternate translation: “my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 102 24 zb7q figs-metaphor 0 do not take me away David is asking God to not let him die. Alternate translation: “do not take me away from the earth” or “do not let me die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 102 24 tyv4 0 you are here throughout all generations “you are present throughout all generations” -PSA 102 26 r72f 0 they will all grow old The word “they” refers to “the earth” and “the heavens.” -PSA 102 27 fd7u figs-metaphor 0 your years will have no end Here David describes the length of time that God is alive as his “years.” This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “you will live forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PSA 102 28 va7h 0 will live on “will continue to live” -PSA 102 28 nf8i figs-metaphor 0 live in your presence Here David describes the descendants being protected by Yahweh as being in his presence. Alternate translation: “be protected as they live in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 103 intro b1ht 0 # Psalm 103 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 103 is the first in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s grace
God is good to us by forgiving our sins and not punishing us as much as we deserve. His loving-kindness goes on from generation to generation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -PSA 103 1 j269 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 103 1 dn28 figs-parallelism 0 I give praise to Yahweh with all my life, and with all that is within me, I give praise to his holy name These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much he will praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all that I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 103 1 tv2n figs-metonymy 0 give praise to his holy name This refers to praising Yahweh’s name as Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 103 1 qlm6 figs-synecdoche 0 all that is within me “all of me” or “all that I am.” David uses this phrase to refer to himself and to emphasize his devotion to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 103 3 ts4f 0 your … you David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. -PSA 103 4 d9r5 0 your … you David is speaking to himself, so he uses the words “your” and “you” to refer to himself. Many translations express this with “my” and “me” as the UST does. -PSA 103 4 ktm1 figs-metaphor 0 He redeems your life from destruction This means that Yahweh keeps him alive. Alternate translation: “He saves me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 103 4 n5d6 figs-metaphor 0 he crowns you with covenant faithfulness and acts of tender mercy Here blessing someone and treating them with great honor is described as if it were placing a crown on that person’s head. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “mercy” can be translated with adverbs. Alternate translation: “he blesses you by acting faithfully and mercifully towards you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 103 5 u7y1 figs-metonymy 0 He satisfies your life with good things The phrase “your life” refers to “you,” but it emphasizes that Yahweh gives blessings throughout life. Alternate translation: “He satisfies you with good things through your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 103 5 ga8q figs-simile 0 your youth is renewed like the eagle Having your “youth renewed” means to feel young again. Here David compares this feeling of youth to the swiftness and strength of an eagle. Alternate translation: “you feel young and are strong like an eagle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 103 5 c2mk figs-metonymy 0 your youth The word “youth” refers to the strength one had as a young adult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 103 6 g16e 0 does acts of justice for “causes justice to happen to” -PSA 103 6 d2hy figs-explicit 0 all who are oppressed Who is doing the oppressing can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “all who are oppressed by men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 103 7 b1ww figs-ellipsis 0 his deeds to the descendants of Israel The words “he made known” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “he made known his deeds to the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 103 8 s8zz 0 has great covenant loyalty “is full of mercy and love” -PSA 103 9 whp1 figs-parallelism 0 He will not always discipline; he is not always angry These two phrases have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 103 10 ma6v figs-parallelism 0 He does not deal with us … or repay us These two phrases are parallel and emphasize that God does not punish us as we deserve. Alternate translation: “He does not repay us with the punishment we deserve for our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 103 10 e5pc 0 deal with us “punish us” -PSA 103 11 me8x figs-simile 0 For as the skies are high … toward those who honor him The simile compares the great distance between heaven and earth to the greatness of God’s love for his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 103 11 e326 figs-abstractnouns 0 so great is his covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “so he is very faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 103 12 tv54 figs-simile 0 As far as the east … removed the guilt of our sins from us The distance between east and west is so far that it cannot be measured. In this simile, that distance is being compared to how far God moves our guilt away from us. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 103 13 yv8t figs-simile 0 As a father has compassion … on those who honor him Here the author compares a father’s compassion for his children to Yahweh’s compassion for those who honor him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 103 14 l1y7 figs-activepassive 0 how we are formed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what our bodies are like” or “how he formed our bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 103 14 pmk4 figs-explicit 0 he knows that we are dust When Yahweh created Adam the first man he created him from dust. Alternate translation: “he remembers that he created us from dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 103 15 dwr3 figs-simile 0 As for man, his days are like grass In this simile, the length of man’s life is being compared to the short length of time that grass grows before it dies. Alternate translation: “The length of man’s life is short like that of grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 103 15 zx2q figs-simile 0 he flourishes like a flower in a field In this simile, how man grows over time is compared to how a flower grows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 103 15 p86d 0 flourishes To “flourish” is to grow well or be healthy. -PSA 103 16 pk91 figs-simile 0 The wind blows over it, and it disappears … where it once grew These phrases continue to talk about flowers and grass. They compare how flowers and grass die to how man dies. Alternate translation: “The wind blows over the flowers and grass and they disappear, and no one can tell where they once grew—it is the same way with man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 103 17 x8ia figs-abstractnouns 0 the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh is The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 103 17 c87z figs-merism 0 is from everlasting to everlasting This means that Yahweh’s love continues forever. Alternate translation: “will continue forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 103 17 h9c9 0 their descendants “the descendants of those who honor him” -PSA 103 18 qg3h figs-parallelism 0 They keep his covenant and remember to obey his instructions These two phrases have similar meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 103 19 zz3l figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has established his throne in the heavens Here Yahweh’s reign as king is referred to as his “throne.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken his seat in the heavens where he rules as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 103 19 wr38 0 has established “has made” -PSA 103 19 q47p figs-metonymy 0 his kingdom rules Here Yahweh is referred to by “his kingdom” to emphasize his authority as king. Alternate translation: “he rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 103 21 hie6 figs-idiom 0 carry out his will This is an idiom meaning to “do his will.” Alternate translation: “do his will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 103 22 kgz3 0 in all the places where he reigns “praise him in all the places where he reigns” -PSA 103 22 te1g figs-metonymy 0 with all my life This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 104 intro zu6w 0 # Psalm 104 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 104 is the second in the series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Yahweh’s creation
God has created everything good on earth, in the sky and in the sea. -PSA 104 1 n2h6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. This psalm is a song of praise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 104 1 h3du figs-metonymy 0 with all my life This phrase means that he will praise Yahweh wholeheartedly and is used to emphasize his devotion to him. Alternate translation: “with all of me” or “with all my soul”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 104 1 pn87 figs-doublet 0 you are clothed with splendor and majesty The words “splendor” and “majesty” have similar meanings and emphasize the greatness of Yahweh’s glory. They are described as clothing Yahweh like a garment. Alternate translation: “you have splendor and majesty all around you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 2 a2ha figs-simile 0 You cover yourself with light as with a garment Yahweh is described as being covered with light as if the light were a garment around him. Alternate translation: “You are covered in light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 104 2 dy5x figs-simile 0 you spread out the heavens like a tent curtain Here God is described as spreading out the heavens like someone spreads out a tent when setting it up. Alternate translation: “you spread out the heavens like someone sets up a tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 104 3 mw5b 0 You lay the beams of your chambers on the clouds “You build your upper rooms in the heavens.” This is referring to his house is so tall that the upper floor extends into the clouds. -PSA 104 3 wvf4 figs-metaphor 0 you make the clouds your chariot Here the clouds are described as carrying Yahweh as if they were a chariot. Alternate translation: “you make the clouds carry you like a chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 3 cb6d figs-metaphor 0 you walk on the wings of the wind Here the blowing of the wind is described as wings on which Yahweh walks. Alternate translation: “you walk upon the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 4 h3wj figs-personification 0 He makes the winds his messengers This could mean: (1) he causes the wind to be able to carry a message like a messenger, “He makes the winds to be like his messengers” or (2) “He makes his messengers swift like the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 4 hx2d figs-personification 0 flames of fire his servants This could mean: (1) “he causes flames of fire to be like his servants.” He causes fire to serve him like a servant would or (2) “he makes his servants to be like flames of fire”and (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 4 m17r figs-ellipsis 0 flames of fire his servants This can be stated with the implied information from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He makes the flames of fire his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 104 5 slc5 figs-idiom 0 He laid the foundations of the earth Here the phrase “laid the foundations” means “created.” Alternate translation: “He created the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 104 6 uvx2 figs-simile 0 You covered the earth with water like a garment Here the water that covered the earth is being compared to how a large garment is able to completely cover something. Alternate translation: “You completely covered the earth with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 104 7 cyi9 figs-parallelism 0 Your rebuke made the waters … they fled These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how God spoke and the waters went away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 104 7 xcn5 0 recede move back, go down -PSA 104 7 e57p figs-personification 0 they fled Here the psalmist speaks about the waters receding as if they fled like an animal after hearing Yahweh’s voice. The word “fled” means to run away quickly. Alternate translation: “rushed away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 104 8 scr3 figs-personification 0 The mountains rose, and the valleys spread out Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the mountains and valleys to move and change as if they chose to move themselves. They are described this way to emphasize God’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 104 8 l42f 0 for them The word “them” refers to the waters. -PSA 104 9 n9ik figs-personification 0 a boundary for them that they will not cross Here the psalmist speaks of God causing the waters not to cross the boundary that he created for them as if the waters themselves chose not to cross it. They are described this way to emphasize God’s authority over them. Alternate translation: “a boundary for them that they cannot cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 104 9 dvf6 0 boundary border -PSA 104 10 iif6 0 streams small rivers -PSA 104 11 lyg8 figs-explicit 0 the wild donkeys quench their thirst It can be stated clearly that they quench their thirst by drinking the water. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys drink the water to quench their thirst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 104 12 agc8 0 riverbanks the ground at the edges of a river -PSA 104 12 f9hd figs-metaphor 0 they sing among the branches Here David describes birds chirping as if they were singing. Alternate translation: “they chirp among the tree branches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 13 t46e figs-metaphor 0 He waters the mountains from his water chambers in the sky This means that God causes it to rain. The waters are described as residing in chambers in the sky. Alternate translation: “He waters the mountains by causing the rains to fall from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 13 umz5 0 the fruit of his labor “the many good things that you create” -PSA 104 14 e34g figs-ellipsis 0 and plants for man to cultivate The words “he makes” and “grow” are understood from the previous phrase, and can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and he makes the plants grow for man to cultivate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 104 16 wk1s figs-activepassive 0 The trees of Yahweh get plenty of rain This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh provides plenty of rain for his trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 104 17 hms7 figs-explicit 0 There the birds make their nests They makes their nests in the cedars. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The birds make their nests in the cedars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 104 17 hw3v 0 stork This is a type of bird. Alternate translation: “bird” -PSA 104 18 k4ms 0 hyraxes I hyrax is a small animal that looks like a large rodent. Alternate translation: “rock badger” -PSA 104 19 ph3b 0 seasons This word refers to different weather changes through the year. Some places have rainy season and dry season, while others have spring, summer, fall, and winter. -PSA 104 19 e39s figs-personification 0 the sun knows its time Here David describes the sun as if it knows what time of day it is. Alternate translation: “he made the sun to set when it is time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 104 20 qx53 0 You make “Yahweh, you make.” Here the authors switches from speaking about Yahweh to speaking to him. -PSA 104 21 lyz7 0 prey an animal that is food for another animal -PSA 104 21 jb9f 0 and seek their food from God “but they rely on God to provide their food” -PSA 104 22 gx5s 0 retreat go back to their dens -PSA 104 22 y9tf 0 dens the homes of some mammals and small animals -PSA 104 24 z55t figs-metaphor 0 overflows with your works Here David describes the amount of things that Yahweh had created as if they were a liquid overflowing out of a container. Alternate translation: “is filled with your work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 25 ci1v figs-doublet 0 deep and wide “it is very deep and very wide.” The depth and width of the sea emphasizes how large it is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 104 25 px6m 0 teeming with innumerable creatures “having in them more creatures than anyone could count” -PSA 104 25 ury2 0 innumerable more than anyone can count -PSA 104 25 qyy2 figs-merism 0 both small and great This means creatures of all sizes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 104 26 hy31 0 The ships travel there “The ships travel on the sea” -PSA 104 27 f1i2 0 All these “All these creatures” -PSA 104 27 ty2m 0 give them their food on time “give them their food when they need it” -PSA 104 28 zi19 figs-explicit 0 When you give to them, they gather It may be helpful to state that it is food that is given. Alternate translation: “When you give food to them, they gather it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 104 28 lri9 0 gather collect -PSA 104 28 rs7m figs-explicit 0 when you open your hand This describes Yahweh as opening his hand to give food to the creatures. Alternate translation: “when you open your hand to feed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 104 29 mel5 figs-explicit 0 hide your face This means that Yahweh does not look at them or pay attention to them. Alternate translation: “when you do not look upon them” or “when you ignore them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 104 29 w8jz figs-explicit 0 return to dust This means that their bodies decay and are and become soil again. Alternate translation: “their bodies decay and return to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 104 30 nc9i figs-idiom 0 When you send out your Spirit This refers to his Spirit being sent to give life to creatures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 104 30 ufs8 figs-activepassive 0 they are created It is Yahweh’s spirit that created them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 104 30 bvs4 0 you renew the countryside “you cause the land to be full of new life” -PSA 104 34 wqg4 figs-metaphor 0 my thoughts be sweet He is comparing his thoughts to something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “my thoughts be pleasing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 104 35 j2if 0 vanish disappear -PSA 104 35 d8e7 figs-nominaladj 0 let the wicked be no more The phrase “the wicked” refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “may wicked people disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 105 intro lfu2 0 # Psalm 105 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 105 is the third in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
God protected Abraham and Jacob. He worked throughout Israel’s history to bring Israel into the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -PSA 105 1 zzf7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 105 1 vd4n figs-metonymy 0 call on his name Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “call on him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 105 1 x3bs figs-metonymy 0 the nations This refers to the people in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 105 3 te1c figs-metonymy 0 Boast in his holy name Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Boast in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 105 3 a47m figs-synecdoche 0 let the heart of those who seek Yahweh rejoice Here “the heart” represents the person who seeks Yahweh. Alternate translation: “let the people who seek Yahweh rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 105 4 hn4w figs-idiom 0 Seek Yahweh and his strength To “seek Yahweh’s strength” means to ask him to strengthen you. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh and ask him to give you his strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 105 5 bp9g 0 Recall remember and think about -PSA 105 5 d8xx figs-ellipsis 0 his miracles and The word “recall” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “recall his miracles and” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 105 5 mlf1 figs-metonymy 0 the decrees from his mouth Here “mouth” refers to the things that he spoke. Alternate translation: “the decrees that he has spoken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 105 6 h2s3 0 you descendants of Abraham … you people of Jacob The author is speaking to the Israelites, calling them these names. -PSA 105 6 qt6k 0 Abraham his servant “Abraham, Yahweh’s servant” -PSA 105 8 dsi3 figs-parallelism 0 He keeps in mind … the word that he commanded These two phrases share similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. The word “word” refers to the covenant. Alternate translation: “He keeps in mind his covenant forever, the promise he made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 105 8 jiu4 figs-idiom 0 keeps in mind This means to remember and think about something. Alternate translation: “remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 105 8 myq8 translate-numbers 0 a thousand generations “1,000 generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 105 9 f63m figs-idiom 0 He calls to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “he remembers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 105 9 q6jd figs-parallelism 0 the covenant that he made with Abraham … his oath to Isaac Both of these phrases “the covenant” and “the oath” refer to the same promise that Yahweh made to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 105 9 xgp2 figs-ellipsis 0 his oath to Isaac The words “that he made” are undestood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “his oath that he made to Isaac” or “his oath that he gave to Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 105 12 mm4y 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist is writing about Israel. -PSA 105 12 y52u 0 when they were only few in number The word “they” refers to the Israelites. -PSA 105 12 xll7 figs-explicit 0 were strangers in the land It is implied that “the land” refers to Canaan. Alternate translation: “were foreigners in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 13 m9g6 0 They went from “They continued to wander” -PSA 105 13 zb22 figs-parallelism 0 from nation to nation and from one kingdom to another These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 105 14 y2y2 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist is writing about Israel. -PSA 105 14 zit6 0 for their sakes “for their own well-being.” This is referring to Israel. -PSA 105 15 ex2x figs-hyperbole 0 Do not touch my anointed ones Here “touch” means to harm, it’s an exaggeration Yahweh used to strengthen his warning to not harm his people. Alternate translation: “Do not harm the people I have anointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 105 16 yy95 figs-idiom 0 He called for “He sent.” This means that caused a famine to happen in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 105 16 ih1i figs-synecdoche 0 the whole supply of bread Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “the whole supply of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 105 17 w46a figs-explicit 0 He sent a man ahead of them; Joseph It may be helpful to state that he sent him ahead of them to Egypt. Alternate translation: “He sent a man ahead of them to Egypt; he sent Joseph who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 17 a5yd figs-activepassive 0 Joseph was sold as a servant This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Joseph’s brothers sold him as a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 105 18 y8ja 0 shackles metal restraints used to fasten a prisoner’s wrists or ankles together -PSA 105 18 y4be figs-activepassive 0 His feet were bound by shackles; on his neck was put an iron collar These statements can be restated as active. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians bound his feet in shackles; they put an iron collar around his neck. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 19 d2i1 0 The word of Yahweh tested him “The message of Yahweh tested him” -PSA 105 20 t5jp figs-parallelism 0 The king sent servants to release him; the ruler of the people set him free These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that the king set Joseph free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 105 23 cy4l figs-explicit 0 Then Israel came into Egypt Here “Israel” refers to Jacob. Jacob also brought his family with him. Alternate translation: “Then Israel and his family came into Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 24 dy5v figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh made his people fruitful The writer speaks of the increase of Israel as if they were a plant that produced a lot of fruit. “God increased the number of his people greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 105 25 dlg8 0 to hate his people, to mistreat his servants “to hate his people and to mistreat his servants” -PSA 105 27 m86t figs-parallelism 0 They performed his signs among the Egyptians … his wonders in the land of Ham These two phrases have basically the same meaning. Alternate translation: “Moses and Aaron performed God’s miracles in Egypt among the descendants of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 105 27 ejj7 figs-ellipsis 0 his wonders in the land of Ham The words “they performed” are understood fromt the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “and they performed his wonders in the land of Ham” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 105 27 sf91 figs-explicit 0 the land of Ham Ham was an ancestor of the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the land of Ham’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 28 x43u 0 made that land dark “made the sky dark” -PSA 105 30 l4fr 0 frogs a small jumping reptile -PSA 105 30 svn6 0 even in the rooms of their rulers “they were even in the rooms of their rulers” -PSA 105 31 bg5e 0 Connecting Statement: The psalmist continues to describe Yahweh’s judgment on Egypt. -PSA 105 31 xv9w 0 swarms large flying groups -PSA 105 31 p85g 0 gnats small flying insects like flies but smaller -PSA 105 32 xxb2 0 hail ice that falls from the sky like rain -PSA 105 33 sa1j figs-metonymy 0 He destroyed … he broke God caused the hail, rain, and lightning to ruin the vines and trees. Alternate translation: “He caused it to destroy … and to break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 105 34 pv2a 0 so many locusts “there were so many locusts” -PSA 105 35 ytq3 figs-parallelism 0 The locusts ate up all of the vegetation … They ate up all the crops of the ground These two phrase have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The insects ate all the plants and all the crops in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 105 36 ur3w figs-parallelism 0 He killed every firstborn in their land, the firstfruits of all their strength Here the second phrase about the “firstfruits” is used to describe the “firstborn” in the first phrase. Alternate translation: “He killed every firstborn in their land, which were the firstfruits of all their strength” or “Then Yahweh killed the oldest son in every house of the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 105 37 p9rb figs-explicit 0 He brought the Israelites out with silver and gold When the Israelites left Egypt they took silver and gold with them. Alternate translation: “He brought the Isrealites out of Egypt with silver and gold in their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 37 jug1 figs-doublenegatives 0 none of his tribes stumbled on the way No one was left behind. This can be stated positively Alternate translation: “all of his tribes was able to make the journey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PSA 105 38 b4ia figs-metonymy 0 Egypt was glad Here “Egypt” refers to the people who live in Egypt. Alternate translation: The people of Egypt were glad (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 105 39 z8gy figs-metaphor 0 He spread a cloud for a covering Here the psalmist describes Yahweh placing a cloud in the sky as if he were spreading out a garment. The cloud was a “covering” to protect them from the sun. Alternate translation: “He placed a cloud in the sky to protect them from the sun and heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 39 tm1i figs-explicit 0 made a fire to light up the night Yahweh placed a pillar of fire in the sky to give light during the night. Alternate translation: “placed a fire it the sky to light up the night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 40 ny85 figs-explicit 0 he brought quail It may be helpful to make clear that quail are small birds Yahweh sent for them to eat. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sent small birds to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 40 i82g figs-explicit 0 with bread from heaven Yahweh caused manna, a type of bread, to fall from the sky. Alternate translation: “with bread that fell from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 105 41 kr8h 0 they flowed “the waters flowed” -PSA 105 42 p4um figs-idiom 0 called to mind This means to remember. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 105 43 s27l figs-parallelism 0 He led his people out … his chosen with shouts of triumph These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together to emphasize that God’s people were joyful when he led them out of Egypt. The people were shouting joyfully. Alternate translation: “He led his chosen people out with shouts of joy and triumph” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 105 43 is64 figs-nominaladj 0 his chosen Here “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “his chosen people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 105 43 vc3k 0 shouts of triumph the sound that people make when they are shouting with joy because they have defeated their enemies -PSA 105 45 x32z figs-parallelism 0 keep his statutes and obey his laws These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. “To keep” his statutes means to obey them. Alternate translation: “obey his laws and statutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 106 intro b2l3 0 # Psalm 106 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 106 is the fourth in a series of five psalms of praise to God. (Psalm 103-107)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel’s sin
Although Israel continually sinned in the desert, God still took them to the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -PSA 106 1 m751 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 106 1 n4rk figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “for he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 106 2 mp3f figs-rquestion 0 Who can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds? The author asks this question to praise God and does not expect an answer. Alternate translation: “No one can recount the mighty acts of Yahweh … deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 106 2 gxs8 0 praiseworthy deeds “deeds that are worthy of praise” -PSA 106 4 hu15 figs-idiom 0 Call me to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remember me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 106 5 a4xh figs-nominaladj 0 of your chosen The word “chosen” refers to Yahweh’s chosen people. Alternate translation: “of your chosen people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 106 5 hyv2 figs-ellipsis 0 rejoice in the gladness … and glory These are things that David says he will do, along with “seeing the prosperity of your chosen.” The words “I will” may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “I will rejoice in the gladness … and I will glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 106 5 xr8z 0 gladness joy, delight -PSA 106 5 upf7 figs-metonymy 0 glory with your inheritance Here the phrase “your inheritance” refers to the Isrealites, who are Yahweh’s chosen people. Here “glory” means “to boast about” something; in this case they are boasting about Yahweh. Alternate translation: “boast of your greatness with your people” or “boast with your people about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 106 7 f98d 0 did not appreciate your marvelous deeds “were not grateful for the marvelous deed you did” -PSA 106 7 ba4y figs-abstractnouns 0 they ignored your many acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “they ignored the many things that you did because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 106 7 i9mu 0 at the sea … the Sea of Reeds These two phrases refer to the same sea. The second is the name of the sea. -PSA 106 8 gj3d 0 Nevertheless, he “Even though what I have just said is true, he” -PSA 106 8 cz9e figs-metonymy 0 for his name’s sake Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “for the sake of his own reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 106 9 f4nv figs-simile 0 through the depths, as through a wilderness Here David compares the way that Yahweh led the Isrealites through the Sea of Reeds to the way people can be led across the dry ground of a wilderness. “The depths” refers the riverbed that appeared after Yahweh parted the waters. Alternate translation: “through the Seas of Reeds on dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 106 10 tc7g figs-parallelism 0 He saved them from the hand … and he rescued them from the hand These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh saved them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 106 10 hd8l figs-metonymy 0 the hand of those who hated them Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of those who hated them” or “the control of those who hated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 106 11 iwb8 figs-euphemism 0 covered their adversaries This is a polite way to talk about them drowning. Alternate translation: “drowned their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 106 12 z9pl 0 Then they believed his words Here the word “they” refers to “their ancestors” and the word “his” refers to “Yahweh.” -PSA 106 13 k4qa figs-explicit 0 they did not wait for his instructions It is implied that they did things without waiting to find out what Yahweh wanted them to go. Alternate translation: “they did things without first waiting for Yahweh’s instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 106 14 hxm8 0 insatiable cravings “cravings that could not be satisfied” -PSA 106 14 ut7k 0 they challenged God “They rebelled against God” -PSA 106 15 p9dq figs-metaphor 0 but he sent a horrible disease Here David speaks about Yahweh causing the people to be afflicted by a disease as if Yahweh sent a disease to them in the same way that someone sends a person or a messenger. Alternate translation: “but he caused them to suffer from a horrible disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 106 15 cz4b 0 a horrible disease a disease that caused people to slowly become weak and caused some of them to die -PSA 106 16 ymj2 figs-explicit 0 In the camp This refers to the Israelites’ camp in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “In the camp in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 106 17 rfy5 figs-personification 0 The earth opened and swallowed up Here how the ground opens up and buries the people is being compared to how a creature swallows something. Alternate translation: “The earth opened and buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 106 17 n2we translate-names 0 Dathan This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 106 17 acj1 figs-ellipsis 0 covered the followers of Abiram The followers of Abiram were also buried when the earth opened and buried Dathan. Alternate translation: “it also covered the followers of Abiram” or “it also buried the followers of Abiram” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 106 17 trp8 translate-names 0 Abiram This was an official who rebelled against Moses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 106 18 k3ir figs-parallelism 0 Fire broke out among them; the fire consumed the wicked These two phrases mean the same things and are written together to emphasize how the wicked people were killed by the fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 106 19 uq33 figs-explicit 0 They made a calf at Horeb and worshiped a cast metal figure This information can be reordered so that it is clear that the calf was the cast metal figure. Alternate translation: “At Horeb, they made a cast metal figure of a calf and worshiped it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 106 20 em83 figs-explicit 0 They traded the glory of God for the image of a bull This means that instead of worshiping God they worshiped the image of the bull. Alternate translation: “They traded worshiping the glory of God to worship the image of a bull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 106 20 ke98 figs-metonymy 0 the glory of God Here God is referred to by his glory. Alternate translation: “their glorious God” or “God who is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 106 22 ej25 figs-possession 0 the land of Ham This refers to the land where Ham’s descendants lived. Alternate translation: “the land where Ham’s descendant live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -PSA 106 22 s85r 0 mighty acts “awesome things” -PSA 106 23 s6ji figs-metaphor 0 stood in the breach before him, to turn away his anger from destroying them Here David speaks about Moses persuading Yahweh not to destroy the Israelites as intervening with him in the breach. Alternate translation: “stood between Yahweh and the Israelites and begged Yahweh to not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 106 24 rv7l 0 his promise This refers to Yahweh’s promise that he would allow them to take the land of Canaan as their possession. -PSA 106 25 g1re 0 grumbled complained -PSA 106 26 rxu8 0 raised his hand The word “his” refers to Yahweh. Also, it was custom to raise a hand when swearing an oath. -PSA 106 27 gk8t figs-parallelism 0 scatter their descendants … in foreign lands These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “and that he would make their descendants live in foreign lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 106 27 yf1j 0 scatter This means to disperse or spread out something. -PSA 106 28 ju2m figs-activepassive 0 the sacrifices offered to the dead This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the sacrifices that they offered to the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 106 28 sm42 figs-nominaladj 0 to the dead “The dead” refers to the idols and gods that the Israelites were worshiping. Alternate translation: “to gods who are dead” or “to lifeless gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 106 29 fu7m 0 a plague broke out “a plague spread” -PSA 106 29 m7n8 0 provoked him to anger “angered him” -PSA 106 30 eqn8 figs-explicit 0 Then Phinehas rose to intervene Phinehas intervened among the people, punishing them for their sin. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Then Phinehas rose to intervene among the people because of their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 106 31 s4km figs-activepassive 0 It was counted to him as a righteous deed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People credited it to him as a righteous deed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 106 32 p4gw translate-names 0 Meribah This is a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 106 32 zj4e figs-metonymy 0 suffered because of them Moses suffered because of the peoples’ sin. Here the word “them” is a pronoun for the people and a metonym referring to their sin. Alternate translation: “suffered because of their actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 106 35 kf8n figs-metaphor 0 but they mingled with the nations Hey David speaks of the people intermarrying with the women from other nations as “mingling” with them. Alternate translation: “but they mixed in marriage with the other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 106 36 j9ws 0 which became a snare to them The idols became a snare to them. -PSA 106 38 f98r figs-euphemism 0 They shed innocent blood, the blood of their sons and of their daughters The phrase “shedding blood” is a descriptive euphemism used for “killing.” Alternate translation: “They shed innocent blood when they killed their sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 106 39 dy5f figs-activepassive 0 They were defiled by their deeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their deeds defiled them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 106 39 b2u2 figs-explicit 0 in their actions they were like prostitutes Here David compares their unfaithfulness to Yahweh to the unfaithfulness of a prostitute. Alternate translation: “they were as unfaithful to Yahweh as prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 106 40 ef5t 0 So Yahweh was angry with his people … he despised his own people “So Yahweh was angry with his people and despised them” -PSA 106 41 wrc9 figs-metonymy 0 He gave them into the hand of the nations Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “God allowed the nations to take control of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 106 41 ukn1 0 those who hated them “people who hated them” -PSA 106 42 q1ds figs-activepassive 0 they were brought into subjection to their authority This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their enemies caused them to be subject to their authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 106 43 k223 figs-idiom 0 were brought low by their own sin Here the phrase “brought low” means to be destroyed. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their sin ruined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 106 44 mj3k 0 Nevertheless, he “Even though what I have just said is true, he.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 106:8](../106/008.md). -PSA 106 44 ry5x 0 their distress “their affliction” or “their suffering” -PSA 106 45 try4 figs-idiom 0 called to mind The phrase “call to mind” means to remember something. Alternate translation: “remembered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 106 45 fi1e 0 He … relented because of his steadfast love “He … decided that because he still loved them very much he would not punish them” -PSA 106 46 vqs1 0 their conquerers “their captors.” This refers to the Isrealites’ enemies who had taken them captive. -PSA 106 46 i4vh 0 to have pity on them “to be compassionate on them” -PSA 106 47 p7rh 0 General Information: Here 106:48 is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 4 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 90 and ends with Psalm 106. -PSA 106 47 n47s figs-metonymy 0 to your holy name Here Yahweh is referred to by his “holy name.” Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 106 48 qmx9 figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh, the God of Israel, be praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May people praise Yahweh the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 106 48 qzy4 figs-merism 0 from everlasting to everlasting This refers to two extremes and means for all time. See how you translated this in [Psalms 41:13](../041/013.md). Alternate translation: “for all eternity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 107 intro j88n 0 # Psalm 107 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 107 is the last in a series of five psalms of praise to God (Psalm 103-107).

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Praise
The psalmist praises Yahweh for saving people lost in the desert, in prison, sick, in a storm at sea, homeless and oppressed. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]]) -PSA 107 1 h2en writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 107 1 he6p figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 107 2 p5ij figs-nominaladj 0 the redeemed of Yahweh “The redeemed” refers to the people whom Yahweh has saved. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh has saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 107 2 j8q7 figs-idiom 0 speak out This means to tell others about something. Alternate translation: “tell about what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 107 2 ftq5 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of the enemy Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of the enemy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 107 3 vj8x figs-merism 0 from the east … and from the south Here the four directions are given to emphasize that he gather them from everywhere. Alternate translation: “from every direction” or “from every part of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 107 3 fu7j figs-ellipsis 0 from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south This describes the places that Yahweh gather his people from. Alternate translation: “he has gathered them from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 107 4 un2c 0 They wandered “Some people wandered” -PSA 107 4 hnu5 0 on a desert road “on a road that was in the desert” -PSA 107 4 c3wb 0 in which to live “that they could live in” -PSA 107 6 j2tf figs-explicit 0 Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 6 xe6n 0 their distress “their difficulties” or “their afflictions” -PSA 107 8 cw6e figs-exclamations 0 Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 107 8 a7ad 0 for humanity “for all people” -PSA 107 9 v9jj 0 For he satisfies the longings of those who are thirsty “For he gives water to those who desire it—to those who are thirsty” -PSA 107 9 pk1w 0 the desires of those who are hungry he fills up with good things “to those who are very hungry and desire food, he give them good things to eat” -PSA 107 10 d8zk figs-explicit 0 Some sat It is implied that these are people that Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Yahweh also rescued people who sat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 10 pb1i figs-doublet 0 in darkness and in gloom Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. Alternate translation: “in complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 107 11 hv2f figs-parallelism 0 they had rebelled against God’s word … rejected the instruction of the Most High These phrases have similar meanings and emphasize how much they had rebelled again God, which is why they had been imprisoned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 107 12 n1vf figs-synecdoche 0 He humbled their hearts through hardship Here the heart represents a person, but specifically his will. Alternate translation: “He humbled them by allowing them to suffer hardship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 107 12 pw85 0 hardship This could mean: (1) “trouble” or (2) “hard labor.” -PSA 107 12 rn21 figs-explicit 0 they stumbled and there was no one to help them up The word “stumbled” refers to times when these people got into very difficult situations. Alternate translation: “they got into trouble and there was no one to help them out of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 13 ee2r figs-explicit 0 Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 13 w6na 0 their distress “difficulties” or “afflictions.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md) -PSA 107 13 qk74 figs-metaphor 0 he brought Here David describes Yahweh saving them from their distress as if their distress were a physical place that he was bringing them out of. Alternate translation: “he saved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 107 14 h4hv 0 He brought them “Yahweh brought those in prison” -PSA 107 14 ca58 figs-doublet 0 darkness and gloom Both “darkness” and “gloom” have basically the same meaning and are used to emphasize how dark the prison was. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:10](../107/010.md). Alternate translation: “complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 107 15 hl74 figs-exclamations 0 Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 107 16 xw9f 0 For he “because he” -PSA 107 16 a9c5 figs-parallelism 0 For he has broken the gates of bronze and cut through the bars of iron Both of these phrases describe Yahweh freeing his people from prison and are used to emphasize that Yahweh truly freed them. Alternate translation: “He freed his people from prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 17 cg19 0 They were foolish in their rebellious ways “They were foolish in the way they rebelled against Yahweh” -PSA 107 17 w525 figs-explicit 0 and afflicted “and they suffered.” Specifically they were afflicted by becoming sick. Alternate translation: “and they became sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 18 qkk6 figs-metaphor 0 they came close to the gates of death Here the act of “dying” is described as a place, “the gates of death” Alternate translation: “they almost died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 107 19 h1yt figs-explicit 0 Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 20 q29l figs-personification 0 He sent his word and healed them Here David describes Yahweh speaking as sending his words as if they were a messenger. This could mean: (1) “He commanded for them to be healed and they were healed” or (2) “He encouraged them and healed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 107 21 b9jy figs-exclamations 0 Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 107 22 qpm7 0 of thanksgiving “that show that they are thankful” -PSA 107 22 ct4t 0 in singing “by singing about them” -PSA 107 23 w4vq figs-explicit 0 and do business overseas They would sail to places and buy and sell things with the people there. Alternate translation: “selling things in cities far away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 25 h9pa 0 he commanded and aroused the windstorm that stirs up the seas “he commanded the wind and caused it become a great windstorm that stirred up the sea” -PSA 107 25 wyy3 0 windstorm a strong wind, like the wind that accompanies a strong rain storm -PSA 107 25 j3g8 figs-metaphor 0 that stirs up the seas Here David describes the winds causing the waves to become high as if the wind was an object fiercely stirring something. Alternate translation: “that caused the waves of the sea to become very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 107 26 y5x4 figs-hyperbole 0 They reached up to the sky; they went down to the depths This describes the ships rising and falling with the waves. The extremes of rising to the sky and falling to the depths are an exaggeration to express how horrible the windstorm was and how large the waves were. Alternate translation: “their ships would rise very high on the waves and then they would fall very low between the waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 107 26 jma2 figs-idiom 0 Their lives melted away in distress This idiom describes the sailors’ great fear. Alternate translation: “The men were terrified and greatly distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 107 27 yjm2 figs-idiom 0 were at their wits’ end The phrase “at their wit’s end” means that they did not know what to do. Alternate translation: “and they did not know what to do” or “they had no idea what to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 107 28 j371 figs-explicit 0 Then they called out to Yahweh in their trouble It is implied that they are praying to Yahweh so that he will help them. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:6](../107/006.md). Alternate translation: “Then they prayed to Yahweh to help them in their trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 28 i5p5 0 Then they The word “they” refers to the sailors. -PSA 107 28 jw4k 0 he brought them “he guided them” -PSA 107 29 yp9j 0 He calmed the storm “He made the wind stop” -PSA 107 29 ca97 figs-activepassive 0 the waves were stilled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he made the waves still” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 107 30 pch1 0 their desired harbor “to the harbor where they wanted to go” -PSA 107 31 bw2u figs-exclamations 0 Oh that people would praise Yahweh for his covenant faithfulness Here the word “Oh” is used to convey a strong desire for people to praise Yahweh. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 107:8](../107/008.md). Alternate translation: “Let people praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” or “People should praise Yahweh because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 107 32 r3mg 0 praise him in the council of the elders “when the elders sit together.” The elders sat together to discuss issues in the community and to make decisions for the community. -PSA 107 33 ni1b 0 He turns “Yahweh makes” -PSA 107 34 d8df 0 because of the wickedness of its people “because the people that live there are wicked” -PSA 107 35 iw79 figs-parallelism 0 He turns the wilderness into a pool of water and dry land into springs of water Both of these phrases have similar meaning and emphasize how Yahweh makes water appear in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “He make springs and lakes in land that used to be desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 107 36 h54c figs-nominaladj 0 He settles the hungry there The word “there” refers to the places where Yahweh made springs and lakes appear. Also, the phrase “the hungry” refers to people who are hungry. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes people who are hungry live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 107 37 u1tb 0 to plant vineyards “to plant vineyards in” -PSA 107 37 bsi7 0 and to bring in an abundant harvest “so that they can produce a plentiful harvest” -PSA 107 38 rb6h 0 so they are very numerous “so that their people are very numerous” -PSA 107 38 ah11 figs-litotes 0 He does not let their cattle decrease in number This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “He keeps their cattle very numerous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 107 39 aqn7 0 They The word “They” refers to the people who were hungry that Yahweh had settled in the land. This sentence describes how they were before Yahweh settled them in the land. -PSA 107 39 x3qv figs-activepassive 0 They were diminished and brought low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their leaders diminished their number and brought them low” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 107 39 sl5d 0 were diminished “became fewer in number” -PSA 107 39 fpr8 figs-idiom 0 brought low This means to be humiliated. Alternate translation: “humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 107 40 k39h figs-metaphor 0 pours contempt on Here David speaks of Yahweh showing contempt for the leaders as if contempt were a liquid he poured out on them. Alternate translation: “shows contempt for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 107 40 i78e figs-explicit 0 the leaders “the nobles.” This refers to the leaders who oppressed the people. Alternate translation: “the leaders who oppressed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 107 40 b5e5 0 where there are no roads “where people never go” -PSA 107 41 eaq2 0 But he “But Yahweh” -PSA 107 41 a9fb figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This refers to needy people. Alternate translation: “needy people” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 107 41 n1pw figs-simile 0 cares for his families like a flock Here David compares how Yahweh cares for his people to how a shepherd cares for his sheep. This could mean: (1) “makes the number of people in their families increase like flocks” or (2) “takes care of them like a shepherd cares for his sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 107 42 j8l2 figs-nominaladj 0 The upright This refers to people who live in an upright way. Alternate translation: “Upright people” or “People who do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 107 42 pa98 figs-metonymy 0 all wickedness Here wicked people are referred to as “wickedness.” Alternate translation: “all wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 107 42 s6wb figs-idiom 0 shuts its mouth This means to not say anything in response. Alternate translation: “has nothing to say against Yahweh in reply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 107 43 fk8h figs-idiom 0 take note of these things This means to think about these things. Alternate translation: “think about these things” or “remember these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 107 43 u9kq figs-abstractnouns 0 meditate on Yahweh’s acts of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “meditate on the things that Yahweh has done that show that he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 108 intro vpj5 0 # Psalm 108 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 108 is a psalm of war.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Victory
God promised success to the psalmist, but Yahweh failed to help him conquer the country of Edom. He needed God to give him victory over Edom. -PSA 108 1 lxd7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 108 1 c1mr figs-synecdoche 0 My heart is fixed, God Here David is referring to himself by his heart. Also, the word “fixed” means to trust completely. Alternate translation: “My heart is fixed on you, God” or “I am trusting completely in you, God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 108 1 tuz7 figs-synecdoche 0 I will sing praises also with my honored heart Here David is represented by his “heart.” David refers to himself as having the honor of praising God. Alternate translation: “You honor me by allowing me to sing praises to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 108 2 gl6h figs-personification 0 Wake up, lute and harp Here David describes playing his instruments as waking them up from sleep. Alternate translation: “I will praise you by playing the lute and the harp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 108 2 dnf4 figs-personification 0 I will wake up the dawn Here David is describing the dawn waking up like a person waking up in the morning. Alternate translation: “I will be praising you when the dawn comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 108 2 yj5i 0 dawn when the sun rises -PSA 108 4 ce4i figs-parallelism 0 your covenant faithfulness is great above the heavens; and your trustworthiness reaches to the skies These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak of the greatness of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that were tall enough to reach up to the sky. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For your covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are greater than the distance between heaven and earth” or “For you are more faithful to your covenant and more worthy of people trusting you than the sky is higher than the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 108 5 y6qh figs-metaphor 0 Be exalted, God, above the heavens The psalmist is asking God to show that he is exalted. Being exalted above the heavens represents being great. Alternate translation: “God, show that you are exalted above the heavens” or “God, show that you are great in the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 108 5 v9cz figs-metonymy 0 may your glory be exalted Here Yahweh is referred to by his “glory.” Alternate translation: “may you be exalted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 108 6 ewv5 figs-activepassive 0 So that those you love may be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: Because those you love need rescuing” or “Rescue those you love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 108 6 yda2 figs-metonymy 0 with your right hand Here Yahweh’s “right hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “by your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 108 6 m9rg figs-metonymy 0 answer me Answering here represents responding to his request. Alternate translation: “respond to my request” or “answer my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 108 7 e11p 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:6](../060/006.md). -PSA 108 7 j6ax figs-metaphor 0 God has spoken in his holiness Here David describes God speaking something because he is holy as speaking “in his holiness,” as if his holiness were something that he was physically inside of. Alternate translation: “God, because he is holy, has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 108 7 vkv8 0 I will divide Shechem and apportion out the Valley of Succoth Here God is speaking about dividing the land of Shechem and the Valley of Succoth. -PSA 108 7 mr5j 0 apportion to divide into portions -PSA 108 8 tt4v 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:7](../060/007.md). -PSA 108 8 acw8 figs-metaphor 0 Ephraim also is my helmet God speaks of the tribe of Ephraim as if it were his army. The helmet symbolizes equipment for war. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is like a helmet I have chosen” or “The tribe of Ephraim is my army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 108 8 sj9d 0 helmet a hard hat that soldiers wear to protect their heads from injury -PSA 108 8 yz46 figs-metaphor 0 Judah is my scepter God chose men from the tribe of Judah to be the kings of his people, and he speaks of that tribe as if it were his scepter. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Judah is like my scepter” or “Judah is the tribe through whom I rule my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 108 9 db77 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:8](../060/008.md). -PSA 108 9 xz1w figs-metaphor 0 Moab is my washbasin God speaks of Moab being unimportant as if Moab were a washbasin or a lowly servant. Alternate translation: “Moab is like a bowl that I use for washing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 108 9 n1ym figs-metaphor 0 over Edom I will throw my shoe God was probably speaking of taking ownership of Edom as if he were symbolically throwing his shoe onto that land to show that he owns it. However some versions have other interpretations. Alternate translation: “I take ownership of the land of Edom” or “I throw my shoe onto the land of Edom to show that it is mine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 108 10 ian9 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:9](../060/009.md). -PSA 108 11 f164 0 General Information: This verse is almost the same as [Psalms 60:10](../060/010.md). -PSA 108 11 htl8 figs-rquestion 0 God, have you not rejected us? The psalmist uses this question to express his sadness that it seems that God has rejected them. Alternate translation: “It seems like you have rejected us!” or “God, you seem to have abandoned us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 108 11 mze2 figs-metaphor 0 You do not go into battle with our army The psalmist speaks of God helping their army as if God were to go and fight with them. Alternate translation: “you do not help our army when we go into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 108 12 h6li 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:11](../060/011.md). -PSA 108 12 va87 0 is futile “is worthless” -PSA 108 13 vs71 0 General Information: This verse is the same as [Psalms 60:12](../060/012.md). -PSA 108 13 wk3a 0 will triumph “will defeat our enemies” -PSA 108 13 a18r figs-metaphor 0 he will trample down our enemies The psalmist speaks of God helping their army defeat their enemies as if God were to trample down the enemies. Alternate translation: “he will enable us to trample down our enemies” or “he will make us able to defeat our enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 intro r1w7 0 # Psalm 109 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 109 is a psalm of vengeance against an enemy who has lied about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Enemies destroyed
This enemy lied about the psalmist. So he asked God to completely destroy his enemy and his enemy’s family. -PSA 109 1 w5rb writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 109 1 ka6w 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 109 2 tj2t figs-nominaladj 0 For the wicked and deceitful The words “wicked” and “deceitful” refer to people. They have similar meanings and emphasize how bad these people are. Alternate translation: “For wicked and deceitful men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 109 4 e77p 0 In return for my love “Although I loved them” -PSA 109 4 p5ny 0 my love “my love for them” -PSA 109 4 lek5 figs-explicit 0 they accuse me The word “they” refers to the people who are wicked and deceitful. You may need to make explicit that those who accuse the psalmist do so falsely. Alternate translation: “they accuse me falsely” or “they slander me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 109 6 p353 figs-parallelism 0 Appoint a wicked man … appoint an accuser These two phrases are parallel and the phrases “a wicked man” and “an accuser” refer to the same person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 109 6 axd7 0 at his right hand “at my enemy’s right hand” -PSA 109 7 li65 figs-activepassive 0 When he is judged, may he be found guilty This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When he is on trial, may the judge find him guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 109 7 sfk3 figs-activepassive 0 may his prayer be considered sinful This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “consider his prayer sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 109 8 s7dn figs-idiom 0 May his days be few The phrase “his days” refers to the length of his life. Alternate translation: “May he not live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 109 8 nt3y 0 his office “his position of authority” -PSA 109 10 d7fa 0 handouts food or money given to beggars -PSA 109 10 ba23 0 their ruined home “their destroyed homes” -PSA 109 11 s52u 0 the creditor someone who lends money to another person but expects that the person will pay the money back -PSA 109 11 f7aq 0 plunder steal by force -PSA 109 13 i5qb figs-parallelism 0 May his children be cut off; may their name be blotted out These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize his children being destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 109 13 hn3g figs-activepassive 0 May his children be cut off This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Cause his children to be cut off” or “Cause his children to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 109 13 i4f9 figs-metaphor 0 may their name be blotted out in the next generation Here the idea of there being no one to carry on the family name is spoke of as “their name being blotted out.” Alternate translation: “may there be no one to carry on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 14 k5nj figs-activepassive 0 May his ancestors’ sins be mentioned to Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you remember the sins of his ancestors, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 109 14 hen7 figs-activepassive 0 may the sin of his mother not be forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May you not forget the sins that his mother committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 109 15 bg71 figs-metaphor 0 May their guilt always be before Yahweh Here David speaks about Yahweh thinking about their guilt as if their guilt is something physically present before him. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh continually think about their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 15 g7c5 figs-metonymy 0 may Yahweh cut off their memory from the earth David uses the word “earth” to refer to all the people that live on the earth. Also, the phrase “their memory” refers to people remembering them after they have died. Alternate translation: “may Yahweh make it so that no one on earth remembers them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 109 16 yx2x figs-explicit 0 this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness This refers to him showing covenant faithfulness to people. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “this man never bothered to show any covenant faithfulness to people” or “this man never did anything to show that he was faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 109 16 x4b8 figs-nominaladj 0 the oppressed, the needy This refers to oppressed and needy people. Alternate translation: “oppressed people, needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 109 16 ju66 figs-nominaladj 0 the disheartened This refers to people who are disheartened. Alternate translation: “disheartened people” or “people who have lost hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 109 16 qim3 0 to death “until they died.” This means that he harassed them until they died. -PSA 109 17 va8l 0 may it come back upon him “may his curses come upon him” -PSA 109 18 msj4 figs-metaphor 0 He clothed himself with cursing as his garment David speaks of the wicked person’s behavior as if it were his clothing. Alternate translation: “He cursed other people as often as he wore clothing” or “He cursed people all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 18 dq39 0 as his garment “as if they were his clothing” -PSA 109 18 h86c figs-metaphor 0 his curse came into his inner being like water, like oil into his bones Possible meanings are: (1) He spoke curses so often that they became a part of his identity. “the curses that he speaks are part of who he is” or (2) the curse that he spoke happened to him. “his whole being was cursed by the curse he spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 18 h7bb figs-explicit 0 like water This refers to how a person drinks water. Alternate translation: “like water a person drinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 109 18 bkc9 figs-explicit 0 like oil into his bones This refers to how oil soaks into bones when rubbed on the skin. Alternate translation: “like olive oil soaks into a person’s bones when it is rubbed on his skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 109 19 u676 figs-simile 0 May his curses be to him like the clothes he wears to cover himself People wore their clothes everyday. David speaks of a wicked person always being cursed as if his curses always covered him as his clothing does. Alternate translation: “Let his curses be on him every day like the garment he wears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 109 19 j7lw figs-ellipsis 0 like the belt he always wears The words “may his curses be to him” are understood from the previous phrase. They may be repeated here. Alternate translation: “may his curses be to him like the belt he always wears” or “and let his curses always be on him like the belt he always wears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 109 20 l5zl 0 May this be the reward “May these curses be the reward” -PSA 109 21 a7fj figs-idiom 0 deal kindly with me This is a request for Yahweh to treat him kindly. Alternate translation: “treat me kindly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 109 21 zbn1 0 your name’s sake “the sake of your reputation” -PSA 109 21 qx2e figs-abstractnouns 0 Because your covenant faithfulness is good The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are good and are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 109 22 c385 figs-doublet 0 oppressed and needy These two words have similar meanings and emphasize that he is unable to help himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 109 22 b3t9 figs-metaphor 0 my heart is wounded within me Here David speaks of being in great despair as his heart being wounded. Alternate translation: “I am full of grief and despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 23 gx1w figs-metaphor 0 I am fading away like the shadow … like a locust David feels like he is going to die soon and describes this feeling by comparing himself to a fading shadow and to how the wind blows away locust. Alternate translation: “I feel like I am about to die, like an evening shadow that will soon disappear, like a locust is easily blown away by the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 24 b9m1 figs-explicit 0 My knees are weak This means that he is weak and it is difficult for him to stand. Alternate translation: “I have difficulty standing” or “My body is weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 109 24 v9cy 0 from fasting “because I am not eating any food” -PSA 109 24 i7xf figs-idiom 0 I am turning to skin and bones This means that he has lost a lot of weight. Alternate translation: “my body has become very thin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 109 25 li9g figs-activepassive 0 I am disdained by my accusers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My accusers ridicule me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 109 25 qvc7 0 shake their heads This is an act of disapproval. -PSA 109 26 u86i figs-abstractnouns 0 save me by your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “save me because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 109 27 hv1a 0 May they know The word “they” refers to David’s accusers and the people who say bad things about him. -PSA 109 27 j58d 0 have done this “have saved me” -PSA 109 28 acp8 0 Though they curse me The word “they” refers to the people who accuse David and say bad things about him. -PSA 109 28 ryv7 figs-activepassive 0 may they be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may they be ashamed” or “let them be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 109 28 u9an 0 but may your servant rejoice “but may I, your servant, rejoice” or “I am your servant, let me rejoice.” David uses the phrase “your servant” to refer to himself. -PSA 109 29 mfp7 figs-parallelism 0 May my adversaries be clothed … may they wear These two phrase have them same meaning and are used together for emphasize how greatly he wishes for them to be ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 109 29 qa66 figs-metaphor 0 be clothed with shame Here David speaks of them being ashamed as if were clothing they wore. Alternate translation: “be very ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 109 29 xhb9 figs-simile 0 may they wear their shame like a robe David speaks of them being ashamed as if it were a robe that they wore. Alternate translation: “may their shame cover them just like their robe is wrapped around them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 109 30 d8ig figs-idiom 0 With my mouth I give This means that he will speak. Alternate translation: “I will speak and give” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 109 31 pa49 figs-idiom 0 will stand at the right hand of the one who is needy This means that he will help and defend the poor person. Alternate translation: “will defend the one who is needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 110 intro h1ti 0 # Psalm 110 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 110 is a psalm honoring the king as he becomes king and also a prophecy about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### King
The king will be able to conquer his enemies. Christ is seen as both high priest and king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]]) -PSA 110 1 u94e writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 110 1 xte6 figs-idiom 0 Sit at my right hand The phrase “my right hand” refers to the place of honor. Alternate translation: “Sit at the place of honor which I have for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 110 1 ke66 figs-metaphor 0 make your enemies your footstool Here David describes Yahweh placing his master’s enemies under his power and control as putting them under his feet like a footstool. Alternate translation: “put your enemies under your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 110 2 m67u 0 General Information: David continues speaking to the king. -PSA 110 2 pjk3 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh will hold out the scepter of your strength Here David speaks of Yahweh extending the area that the king rules as holding out his scepter. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will extend the area over which you powerfully rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 110 2 s6mj 0 rule among your enemies “King, rule among your enemies.” This is spoken to the king as a command. -PSA 110 3 v9sn 0 of their own free will “by their own choice.” This means that they will chose to follow the king. -PSA 110 3 m1bp figs-explicit 0 on the day of your power This refers to the day that the king will lead his armies into battle. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “on the day that you lead your armies into battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 110 3 nr17 figs-personification 0 from the womb of the dawn … like the dew David describes the dew as a baby to whom the dawn gives birth. Alternate translation: “in the morning … like the dew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 110 3 t8fr figs-metaphor 0 from the womb of the dawn your youth will be to you like the dew David is telling the king that he will have youthful strength each morning by comparing it to how the dew appears early each morning. Alternate translation: “each morning you will be filled with youthful strength to sustain you just like each morning the dew appears to water and sustain the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 110 4 ng77 0 You are Yahweh is speaking to the lord, the one David calls “my master” in [Psalms 110:1](../110/001.md). -PSA 110 4 c4te figs-explicit 0 will not change This means that he will not change what he has said. Alternate translation: “will not change his mind” or “will not change what he has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 110 4 qp9v figs-ellipsis 0 after the manner of Melchizedek The idea of being priest is understood from the previous phrase. It can be stated clearly here. Alternate translation: “after the manner that Melchizedek was priest” or “in the same way that Melchizedek was priest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 110 5 icc3 figs-idiom 0 The Lord is at your right hand When the lord goes to battle, Yahweh stands at his right hand in order to help him. Alternate translation: “The Lord helps you in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 110 5 e4t4 0 The Lord The word “Lord” refers to Yahweh. -PSA 110 5 ij3w figs-metonymy 0 He will kill The word “He” refers to Yahweh. He will cause the kings to be defeated and die, but he will allow the king’s armies to kill the enemy kings. Alternate translation: “He will cause the kings to die” or “He will allow your armies to kill the kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 110 5 d7kw figs-explicit 0 kings This refers to his enemies. Alternate translation: “enemy kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 110 5 zlj4 figs-explicit 0 on the day of his anger Here David speaks of the day when Yahweh will become angry and defeat the kings as “the day of his anger.” Alternate translation: “on the day of judgment when his patience turns to anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 110 6 zrf1 figs-metonymy 0 he will fill the battlegrounds with dead bodies This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill all of the people who die on the battleground. Alternate translation: “he will cause the battlegrounds to be filled with death bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 110 6 sc5q figs-metonymy 0 he will kill the leaders in many countries This means that Yahweh will cause this to happen, not that he will personally kill the leaders. Alternate translation: “he will cause the leaders in many countries to be killed” or “he will allow the leaders in many countries to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 110 7 uw7e figs-explicit 0 He will drink of the brook along the road The king only stops briefly for a drink and then he continues the pursuit of his enemies. Alternate translation: “As he pursues his enemies, he will only stop to drink quickly from a brook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 110 7 mb7t figs-synecdoche 0 of the brook This means the he will drink water from the brook. A brook is a small stream. Alternate translation: “he will drink water from the brook” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 110 7 hi2c 0 and then “and so” or “therefore” -PSA 110 7 qf91 0 he will lift his head This could mean: (1) the king lifts up his own head or (2) Yahweh lifts up the head of the king. -PSA 110 7 c1xr figs-idiom 0 he will lift his head up high after victory People raised their heads when they are victorious, confident, and joyful. Alternate translation: “he will confidently lift his head after victory” or “he will be victorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 111 intro mk5d 0 # Psalm 111 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 111 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles and care. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s character
God is great. He has given his people food and a land always keeps his promises to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -PSA 111 1 gj78 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 111 1 ydq8 figs-metonymy 0 with my whole heart Here the word “heart” represents the person’s entire inner being and emotions. Alternate translation: “with all that I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 111 1 wk3i figs-doublet 0 in the assembly of the upright, in their gathering These two phrases mean that same thing and may be combined if necessary. Alternate translation: “in the gathering of upright people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 111 2 t1nm figs-activepassive 0 eagerly awaited by all those who desire them The word “them” refers to the “works of Yahweh.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all those who desire the works of Yahweh eagerly await them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 111 2 hfu9 0 eagerly awaited This could mean: (1) “sought after” or (2) “studied.” -PSA 111 4 iu4t figs-activepassive 0 that will be remembered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that people will always remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 111 5 b5ar figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom that means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 111 6 xr2m 0 his powerful works “his works that demonstrated his power” -PSA 111 6 v69n figs-metaphor 0 the inheritance of the nations The writer speaks of the land that belonged to the nations in Canaan as if it were their inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land that belonged to other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 111 7 t14c figs-synecdoche 0 The works of his hands Here the word “hands” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “The works that he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 111 8 aj31 figs-activepassive 0 They are established forever This means that Yahweh’s instructions are unchangeable and will last forever. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He has established them forever” or “They will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 111 8 shk9 figs-activepassive 0 to be observed faithfully and properly This could mean: (1) Yahweh has given his instructions in a faithful and proper manner or (2) his people are to observe Yahweh’s instructions in a faithful and proper manner. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for his people to observe them faithfully and properly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 111 9 e4zm figs-metonymy 0 holy and awesome is his name Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is holy and awesome” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 111 10 x95h figs-abstractnouns 0 the beginning of wisdom The word “wisdom” can be translated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “the first step to becoming wise” or “the most important thing to become wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 111 10 rv8i 0 those who carry out his instructions “those who obey his instructions” -PSA 111 10 vh6q figs-abstractnouns 0 His praise endures forever The word “praise” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “People will praise him forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 112 intro s165 0 # Psalm 112 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 112 is a wisdom psalm teaching the value of a righteous life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Righteous people
The righteous people will be well-known for their generosity and they will not have to worry about bad news because God is taking care of them. -PSA 112 1 m17p writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 112 1 s1nc 0 greatly delights “takes great pleasure” -PSA 112 2 yd3e figs-activepassive 0 the descendants of the godly man will be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless the descendants of the godly man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 112 3 n3wd 0 General Information: The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. -PSA 112 3 uu3p figs-metonymy 0 Wealth and riches are in his house Here the word “house” represents the family. The words “Wealth” and “riches” mean basically the same thing and indicate an abundance of wealth. Alternate translation: “His family is very wealthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 112 4 kw55 figs-metaphor 0 Light shines in the darkness for the godly person The writer speaks of God blessing the godly person in difficult times as if it were a light shining in darkness. Alternate translation: “The blessings that a godly person receives from God are like a light that shines in the darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 112 5 q9qm figs-ellipsis 0 lends money The understood information can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lends his money to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 112 6 p13c 0 General Information: The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. -PSA 112 6 vvk4 figs-activepassive 0 For he will never be moved he will not be troubled or overwhelmed by circumstances for his trust is in Yahweh? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For nothing will ever move him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 112 6 d3ji figs-activepassive 0 the righteous person will be remembered forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will remember the righteous person forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 112 8 p92s 0 General Information: The person who sings this song continues to describe a person who reveres Yahweh. -PSA 112 8 b8q2 figs-synecdoche 0 His heart is tranquil “His heart is supported.” Here the word “heart” refers to the person. This could mean: (1) “He is at peace” or (2) “He is confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 112 9 yw9m 0 his righteousness endures forever “his righteous deeds will endure forever.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 112:3](../112/003.md). -PSA 112 9 d44a figs-activepassive 0 he will be exalted with honor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will exalt him by giving him honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 112 10 rn5k 0 will see this “will see that things go well for the godly person.” The word “this” refers to everything good that the writer has described in the previous verses about the godly person. -PSA 112 10 c3ev translate-symaction 0 he will grind his teeth in rage The grinding of teeth is an expression of extreme anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 35:16](../035/016.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 112 10 xx9c figs-metaphor 0 melt away The writer speaks of the wicked person’s eventual death as if that person were something, such as ice, that can melt. Alternate translation: “eventually die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 112 10 ig26 figs-metonymy 0 the desire of the wicked people will perish Here, **desire** could mean: (1) the emotional desire that wicked people have. Alternate translation: “the things that wicked people want to do will never happen” or (2) it is a metonym for the things that wicked people have desired. Alternate translation: “wicked people will lose the things that they desired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 113 intro p4uj 0 # Psalm 113 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 113 is a psalm of praise to God for his goodness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
God helps the poor and gives children to the wife who cannot conceive children. -PSA 113 1 qx3m writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 113 1 pvw9 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 113 3 fc3w figs-merism 0 From the rising of the sun to its setting This phrase refers to the directions east, where the sun rises, and west, where the sun sets. The writer uses these two extremes to represent everywhere on earth. See how you translated this in [Psalms 50:1](../050/001.md). Alternate translation: “Everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 113 3 l5e2 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s name should be praised Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people should praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 113 4 s2f9 figs-metaphor 0 his glory reaches above the skies The glory of God is spoken of as if it was very high. Alternate translation: “his glory is higher than the skies” or “his glory is enormously great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 113 5 wih3 figs-rquestion 0 Who is like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high This is the first part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who has his seat on high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 113 5 q76s 0 who has his seat on high “who is enthroned on high” or “who rules in the highest position” -PSA 113 6 ig92 figs-rquestion 0 who looks down at the sky and at the earth This is the second part of a rhetorical question that the writer asks to emphasize that there is no one like Yahweh. It may be translated as a statement that begins a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There is no one like Yahweh our God, who looks down at the sky and at the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 113 7 d8bp figs-parallelism 0 He raises up the poor … from the ash heap These two phrases are parallel. The writer speaks of Yahweh helping and honoring people who are poor as if Yahweh caused them to stand up from sitting in dirt and ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 113 7 rib6 translate-symaction 0 out of the dirt … from the ash heap Sitting in dirt and ashes represents either poverty or despair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 113 8 ztn3 figs-parallelism 0 so that he may seat him with princes, with the princes of his people Here the second phrase clarifies that the first phrase refers to the princes of Yahweh’s people. These two statements can be combined. Alternate translation: “so that Yahweh may seat him next to rulers of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 113 9 c3e3 figs-metonymy 0 He gives a home to the barren woman of the house Here “home” refers to the children that live in a home. Alternate translation: “He gives children to the woman who had none” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 114 intro vu9f 0 # Psalm 114 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 114 is a psalm of praise to God for his miracles in bringing the people of Israel to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
The psalmist praised God for opening up the Red Sea for the people to cross, for providing the earthquake that stopped the Jordan River so the people could cross and providing water from a rock for the people to drink. -PSA 114 1 eph8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 114 1 d4dj figs-parallelism 0 When Israel left Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people who spoke a foreign language These two lines are parallel, with “Israel” and “the house of Jacob” meaning the same thing and “Egypt” and “that foreign people” referring to the same people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 114 1 trv6 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob from a people who spoke a foreign language The word “house” here represents the family or descendents. The verb may be supplied to this phrase. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob left people who spoke a language that the descendants of Jacob did not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 114 2 rxv7 figs-metonymy 0 Judah became his holy place, Israel his kingdom Possible meanings for **Judah** and **Israel** are: (1) they refer to the land. Alternate translation: “The land of Judah became Yahweh’s holy place, the land of Israel became his kingdom” or (2) they are metonyms for the people of Judah and Israel. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah became those among whom Yahweh lived, the people of Israel became those over whom he ruled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 114 3 pq6x figs-personification 0 The sea looked and fled The writer speaks of the Sea of Reeds as if it were a person who fled away as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “It was as though the sea looked and fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 114 3 wht9 figs-personification 0 the Jordan turned back The writer speaks of the Jordan River as if it were a person who retreated as Yahweh led the people of Israel through on dry ground. Alternate translation: “it was as though the Jordan retreated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 114 4 hr5q figs-personification 0 The mountains skipped like rams, the hills skipped like lambs The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. Alternate translation: “It was as if the mountains shook like jumping rams and the hills shook like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 114 5 a5rh figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Verses 5-6 contain four rhetorical questions. The expected answer to each question is found in verse 7, “because of the presence of the Lord.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 114 6 m256 figs-personification 0 skip like rams … skip like lambs The writer speaks of the mountains and hills as if they are alive. He is probably speaking of an earthquake when he describes their fear at the presence of Yahweh as if they were jumping like rams and lambs. See how you translated similar phrases in [Psalms 114:4](./004.md). Alternate translation: “shake like jumping rams … shake like jumping lambs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 114 7 xi33 figs-parallelism 0 Tremble, earth, before the Lord, at the presence of the God of Jacob The last two phrases are parallel. The verb may be supplied in the second line. Alternate translation: “Tremble, earth, before the Lord, tremble at the presence of the God of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 114 7 k6tn figs-personification 0 Tremble, earth This could mean: (1) the writer is speaking to the earth as if it were a person and commands it to tremble with fear before God or (2) the word “earth” is a metonym for those who live on the earth. Alternate translation: “Tremble, everyone one earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 114 8 u6n5 figs-parallelism 0 He turned the rock into a pool of water, the hard rock into a spring of water These two phrases are parallel. The writer describes Yahweh causing water to flow from the rock as if he turned the rock into water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 114 8 ca4j figs-ellipsis 0 the hard rock into a spring of water The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “He turned the hard rock into a spring of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 115 intro it4i 0 # Psalm 115 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 115 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
God is in heaven and is able to do whatever he wants. Idols can not do anything. Therefore, people and priests should trust God for their protection. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -PSA 115 1 i2ig writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 115 1 l7ze figs-doublet 0 Not to us, Yahweh, not to us The writer repeats the phrase “Not to us” in order to emphasize that they are not worthy to receive the honor that is due only to Yahweh. If necessary, a verbal phrase may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “Do not bring honor to us, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 115 1 a1ln 0 to us The word “us” refers to the people of Israel. -PSA 115 1 xrr8 figs-metonymy 0 but to your name bring honor Here the word “name” represents Yahweh, himself. Alternate translation: “but bring honor to yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 115 1 ckd9 figs-abstractnouns 0 for your covenant faithfulness and for your trustworthiness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 115 2 frw2 figs-rquestion 0 Why should the nations say, “Where is their God?” This rhetorical question emphasizes that there should be no reason for the nations to say what they say. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The people of the nations should not be able to say, ‘Where is their God?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 115 2 ya4w figs-rquestion 0 Where is their God? The people of other nations use this question to mock the people of Israel and to express that they do not see Yahweh helping them. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your God is not here to help you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 115 4 ums8 figs-synecdoche 0 the work of men’s hands Here the word “hands” represents the people who made the idols. Alternate translation: “things which men have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 115 5 p4em figs-explicit 0 Those idols have mouths The idols do not have real mouths, eyes, ears, or noses. Rather, people made them with the likeness of mouths, eyes, ears, and noses. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make clear the implied information. Alternate translation: “People have given mouths to those idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 115 7 n3bn figs-explicit 0 Those idols have hands The idols do not have real hands, feet, or mouths. Rather, people made them with the likeness of hands, feet, and mouths. The writer is emphasizing that these idols are not really alive. You can make this implicit information clear. Alternate translation: “People have given hands to those idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 115 7 ak88 0 but do not feel “but those hands do not feel” -PSA 115 8 x5i2 figs-explicit 0 Those who make them are like them, as is everyone who trusts in them Those who make and worship idols become lifeless and powerless, just like those idols. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who make them become lifeless like they are, as does everyone who trusts in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 115 9 tqr6 figs-metonymy 0 Israel, trust in Yahweh The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “People of Israel, trust in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 115 9 l1tq figs-metaphor 0 your help and shield The writer speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield because he protects his people as a shield would protect them from harm. Alternate translation: “the one who helps you and protects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 115 10 fa9s figs-metonymy 0 House of Aaron Here the word “House” represents the family or descendants. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Descendants of Aaron” or “Priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 115 12 sbd2 0 takes notice of us “has paid attention to us” -PSA 115 12 bns5 figs-metonymy 0 the family of Israel This refers to the people of Israel, who are descendants of Jacob, who also called Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 115 12 bu8h figs-metonymy 0 the family of Aaron This refers to the priests, who are descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Aaron” or “the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 115 13 j4vy figs-merism 0 both young and old “both small and great.” Possible meanings are that this refers: (1) to social status or (2) to age. In either case, the two extremes represent every person, regardless of age or social status. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 115 14 fg71 figs-explicit 0 May Yahweh increase your numbers more and more The writer is speaking of the number of children that the people of Israel would have. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh increase the number of your children more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 115 14 ezp4 0 yours and your descendants’ “both your children and your descendants’ children.” The writer clarifies that his request for more children applies not only to the present generation, but to their descendants, as well. -PSA 115 15 psd5 figs-activepassive 0 May you be blessed by Yahweh, who made heaven and earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh, who made heaven and earth, bless you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 115 16 qu64 0 the earth he has given to mankind This does not mean that the earth does not belong to Yahweh, but that has given the earth to mankind as a dwelling place. -PSA 115 17 n4er figs-nominaladj 0 The dead The adjective “dead” may be translated with a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “People who are dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 115 17 m2zu figs-ellipsis 0 nor do any who go down into silence This parallel phrase has a similar meaning to phrase before it. The verb may be supplied from that previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go down into silence praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 115 17 hd34 figs-metaphor 0 nor do any who go down into silence The writer speaks of the grave or the place of the dead as a place of silence where no one can speak. This is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “nor do any who go to the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 115 18 m43y 0 But we The word “we” refers to the people of Israel who are still alive. -PSA 116 intro r7gl 0 # Psalm 116 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 116 is a psalm of praise for saving the psalmist’s life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Healing
The author was very sick and expected to die but God healed him. So he will pay his vow and sacrifice an offering of thanks. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/vow]]) -PSA 116 1 y25k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 116 1 w8ar figs-synecdoche 0 he hears my voice and my pleas for mercy Here the word “voice” represents the person who is speaking. The abstract nouns “pleas” and “mercy” can be stated as “plead” and “merciful.” Alternate translation: “he hears me when I plead for him to be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 116 3 vib3 0 General Information: The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. -PSA 116 3 mte5 figs-personification 0 The cords of death surrounded me The writer speaks of death as if it were a person who could capture him and bind him with ropes. See how you translated this in [Psalms 18:4](../018/004.md). Alternate translation: “I felt like I was about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 116 3 w8sp figs-personification 0 the snares of Sheol confronted me The writer speaks of “Sheol,” the place of the dead, as if it were a person who could trap him with snares. Alternate translation: “I felt as if I were ready to enter the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 116 4 sp5a figs-metonymy 0 called on the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “called out to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 116 4 uq14 figs-synecdoche 0 rescue my life Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “rescue me” or “keep me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 116 5 u5i7 0 General Information: The person who made this song continues to speak. -PSA 116 6 wd2c figs-nominaladj 0 the naive This refers to people who are inexperienced or who cannot care for themselves. The adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “those who are naive” or “those who are helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 116 6 ll37 figs-metaphor 0 I was brought low The writer speaks of being humbled as in being in a lower position. Alternate translation: “I was helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 116 7 xns9 0 General Information: The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. -PSA 116 7 sc4h figs-metaphor 0 My soul can return to its resting place The writer speaks of having peace and confidence as if it were a place where his soul can rest. The word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “I can rest in peace again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 116 8 x6na figs-metonymy 0 you rescued my life from death Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” or “you have kept me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 116 8 i9p2 figs-ellipsis 0 my eyes from tears The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “you have rescued my eyes from tears” or “you have kept me from crying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 116 8 b6lj figs-synecdoche 0 my feet from stumbling The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase to make the meaning clear. The feet here represent the person. Stumbling here probably represents being killed by his enemies. Alternate translation: “you have rescued me from stumbling” or “you have kept me from being killed by my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 116 9 rz6b 0 General Information: The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. -PSA 116 9 nz3e 0 in the land of the living “in this world where people are alive.” This is in contrast to the place of the dead. -PSA 116 10 v8l2 figs-activepassive 0 I am greatly afflicted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I suffer greatly” or “People afflict me very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 116 11 i5hw 0 In my confusion I said “I said too quickly” or “I said without considering” -PSA 116 11 m4td 0 All men are liars “Every person is a liar” or “All people are liars” -PSA 116 12 e1wh 0 General Information: The person who made this song continues to speak. -PSA 116 12 vxb4 figs-rquestion 0 How can I repay Yahweh … to me? The writer asks this leading question to introduce how he will respond to what Yahweh has done for him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how I will repay Yahweh … to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 116 13 s8vs figs-explicit 0 I will raise the cup of salvation This is probably a reference to a drink offering, which was a sacrifice that involved pouring wine on the altar, and which the writer will offer in response to Yahweh saving him. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I will present a drink offering to Yahweh because he saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 116 13 fa8n figs-metonymy 0 call on the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 116 15 brj4 figs-explicit 0 Precious in the sight of Yahweh is the death of his faithful ones The word “Precious” here does not imply that Yahweh values the death of his saints, but that the death of his saints is costly to him and grieves him. Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “Yahweh considers the death of his saints to be a costly thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 116 16 gx5d 0 General Information: The person who composed this psalm continues to speak. -PSA 116 16 xp66 figs-explicit 0 the son of your servant woman This is likely a reference to the writer’s mother and indicates that she faithfully worshiped Yahweh. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “as my mother was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 116 16 r6jc figs-metaphor 0 you have taken away my bonds The writer speaks of being in danger of dying as if he had been chained in prison. Alternate translation: “you have saved me from death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 116 17 nqi1 0 the sacrifice of thanksgiving “a sacrifice to express my thankfulness” -PSA 116 17 qr1l figs-metonymy 0 will call on the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “will call on Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 116 18 tj19 0 General Information: The person who made this song continues to speak. -PSA 116 18 ttr5 0 I will fulfill … all his people See how you translated [Psalms 116:14](../116/014.md). -PSA 116 19 u16b figs-metonymy 0 in the courts of Yahweh’s house The word “house” refers to Yahweh’s temple. Alternate translation: “in the courtyards of Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 116 19 hv6v figs-personification 0 in your midst, Jerusalem The writer speaks to Jerusalem as though it were a person. Alternate translation: “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 117 intro kfu1 0 # Psalm 117 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 117 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
Everyone should praise God for his love and unending faithfulness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -PSA 117 1 wmd2 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 117 2 ce43 0 For his “Because his” -PSA 117 2 t4z5 figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness is great toward us The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he does great things for us because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 117 2 uht9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the trustworthiness of Yahweh endures forever The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with an adjective or a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh remains trustworthy forever” or “Yahweh will forever be worthy of people trusting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 118 intro z9au 0 # Psalm 118 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 118 is a psalm of war and is about Christ. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Rejected stone
The author praised Yahweh for his rescuing him. God enabled him to overpower his enemies. The new Testament, and even Jesus himself, saw the rejected stone as a reference to the Messiah’s rejection by the Jewish leaders. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -PSA 118 1 g414 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 118 1 af6g 0 Give thanks to Yahweh, for he is good “Thank Yahweh because of the good things he does” -PSA 118 1 qcw2 figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 118 2 zs4m figs-metonymy 0 Let Israel say The word “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Let the people of Israel say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 118 3 cy9b figs-metonymy 0 Let the house of Aaron say Here the word “house” represents the family and descendants of a person. This phrase refers to the priests, who were descendants of Aaron. Alternate translation: “Let the descendants of Aaron say” or “Let the priests say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 118 3 iu6a figs-abstractnouns 0 His covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “He remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 118 4 e43s 0 the loyal followers of Yahweh “those who fear Yahweh” or “those who worship Yahweh” -PSA 118 5 j39j figs-metaphor 0 set me free The writer speaks of Yahweh saving him from distress as if Yahweh had taken him from a place of confinement to a wide open space where he could move about freely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 118 6 eux4 figs-rquestion 0 what can man do to me? The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is nothing that man can do to hurt him since Yahweh is with him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “people cannot do anything to harm me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 118 7 j4le figs-idiom 0 Yahweh is on my side as my helper To be on one’s side is an idiomatic expression that indicates that that person approves of and will help another. Alternate translation: “Yahweh approves of me and will help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 118 7 k4dj figs-explicit 0 I will look in triumph on those who hate me It is implied that Yahweh is the one who will defeat the writer’s enemies, while the writer looks on. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will see Yahweh defeating all those who hate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 118 8 c7t1 figs-metaphor 0 to take shelter in Yahweh God is spoken of as if he were a shelter, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 118 9 rm2b figs-metaphor 0 to take refuge in Yahweh This verse is parallel to the one preceding it. God is spoken of as if he were a refuge, a place where people can be protected. Alternate translation: “to seek protection from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 118 10 f41h figs-metonymy 0 All the nations Here the word “nations” represents the armies of those nations. The writer uses hyperbole to emphasize the great number of armies that surrounded him. Alternate translation: “The armies of many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 118 10 hvq8 figs-metonymy 0 in Yahweh’s name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “by Yahweh’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 118 10 tc44 figs-metaphor 0 I cut them off The writer speaks of defeating the enemy armies as if he were cutting them off like a person would cut a branch off of a plant. Alternate translation: “I defeated them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 118 12 j3q1 figs-simile 0 They surrounded me like bees The writer compares the enemy armies to a swarm of bees. Alternate translation: “They surrounded me like a swarm of bees would surround a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 118 12 j2cs figs-simile 0 they disappeared as quickly as fire among thorns Just like dry thorns burn out quickly, the attack of the enemy armies was quickly over. Alternate translation: “their attack lasted only a short time, as a fire that consumes thorns quickly dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 118 13 y5sd figs-metaphor 0 to knock me down The writer speaks of the enemy armies trying to defeat him as if they were trying to push him down onto the ground. Alternate translation: “in order to defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 118 14 r27j 0 Yahweh is my strength and joy “Yahweh gives me strength and joy” -PSA 118 15 y8x1 figs-activepassive 0 The joyful shout of victory is heard in the tents of the righteous This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People hear the joyful shout of victory in the tents of the righteous” or “The righteous shout joyfully for victory in their tents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 118 15 yq3x figs-metonymy 0 the right hand of Yahweh conquers Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has conquered by his great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 118 16 p8gg translate-symaction 0 The right hand of Yahweh is exalted Here, to raise one’s hand is a gesture of victory. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has exalted his right hand” or “Yahweh has raised his right hand in victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 118 17 t6ql figs-doublet 0 I will not die, but live The writer states the same idea both negatively and positively to emphasize that he will certainly live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 118 18 ta77 0 Yahweh has punished me “Yahweh has disciplined me” -PSA 118 18 f92a figs-personification 0 he has not handed me over to death The writer speaks of death as if it were a person under whose power Yahweh could place the writer. Alternate translation: “he has not allowed me to die” or “he has not allowed my enemies to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 118 19 h3z5 figs-explicit 0 Open to me the gates of righteousness “Open to me the gates through which the righteous people enter.” This is a reference to the gates of the temple, and the writer is addressing the gatekeepers. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Open for me the temple gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 118 20 auq4 0 the gate of Yahweh “the gate that leads to Yahweh’s presence” or “Yahweh’s gate” -PSA 118 21 u256 0 I will give thanks to you Here the writer begins to speak to Yahweh. -PSA 118 21 dqj9 figs-abstractnouns 0 you have become my salvation The word “salvation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “you have saved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 118 22 kk3n writing-proverbs 0 The stone that the builders rejected has become the cornerstone This is likely a proverb that the writer has used to describe either the king or the nation of Israel. That which others have considered worthless, Yahweh has made to be the most important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -PSA 118 23 ta5n figs-idiom 0 it is marvelous in our eyes This could mean: (1) “it is a marvelous thing for us to see” or (2) “we consider it to be a marvelous thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 118 24 k6jd figs-doublet 0 rejoice and be glad These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of joy. Alternate translation: “be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 118 26 wj3i 0 Blessed is he who comes in the name of Yahweh Here the priests begin to address the king. -PSA 118 26 iq2u figs-metonymy 0 he who comes in the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “the one who comes in the power of the Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 118 26 eh79 0 we bless you from the house of Yahweh Here the priests address the people. -PSA 118 26 lp9e figs-metonymy 0 the house of Yahweh The word “house” refers to the temple. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 118 27 l5mq figs-metaphor 0 he has given us light The writer speaks of Yahweh blessing his people as if Yahweh were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “he has blessed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 118 27 r4wh 0 bind the sacrifice with cords “tie the sacrifice with rope” -PSA 118 28 rb4j 0 You are my God Here the writer begins to speak again and addresses Yahweh directly. -PSA 118 29 b2wp figs-exclamations 0 Oh This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 118 29 vx5j 0 give thanks to Yahweh; for he is good “thank Yahweh because of the good things he does.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1](../118/001.md). -PSA 118 29 k1qj figs-abstractnouns 0 his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 118:1-2](./001.md). Alternate translation: “he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 intro yf89 0 # Psalm 119 General Notes
## Formatting in this chapter

This is an alphabetic psalm with twenty-two groups of eight verses each all beginning with the same letter of the alphabet in the alphabetical order of the Hebrew alphabet.

## Type of psalm

Psalm 119 is a wisdom psalm about the Law of God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The Law
The author loved the law of God and was blessed by obeying it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -PSA 119 1 ipj6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 119 1 r86i 0 Blessed are those “How good it is for those” -PSA 119 1 a56q figs-metaphor 0 those whose ways are blameless How a person behaves is spoken of as “ways” or “paths.” Alternate translation: “those whose behavior is blameless” or “those whom no one can blame for doing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 1 sjt3 figs-metaphor 0 who walk in the law of Yahweh The way a person lives or behaves is spoken of as walking. Alternate translation: “who live according to the law of Yahweh” or “who obey the law of Yahweh.” This phrase clarifies the meaning of “whose ways are blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 2 wxv2 0 who seek him with all their heart To “seek” God means to want to know him. -PSA 119 2 r3jr figs-idiom 0 with all their heart This is an idiom which means intensely or sincerely. Alternate translation: “with all their being” or “with everything in them” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 3 c892 0 General Information: Most of this psalm is addressed to God, and the words “you” and “your” almost always refer to him. -PSA 119 3 f4is 0 They do no wrong They do not disobey Yahweh. -PSA 119 3 rps7 0 they walk in his ways “they walk in Yahweh’s ways.” Here their behavior is spoken of as “walking,” and the way God wants them to behave is spoken of as “his ways.” Alternate translation: “they behave as Yahweh wants them to” -PSA 119 4 a6ze 0 keep your instructions “obey all the things that you have declared that we should do” -PSA 119 4 w8v4 0 carefully observe them This is to carefully know and understand the commandments and to obey those commandments. -PSA 119 5 gu12 figs-metaphor 0 I would be firmly established The writer speaks of being established in God’s commandments as if no one could physically make him move. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 5 eqk4 0 observance of your statutes “in obeying your statutes” -PSA 119 6 v2e6 0 I would not be put to shame The writer does not want to be ashamed when he is in God’s presence. -PSA 119 6 ecl7 0 all your commandments “all that you have commanded us” -PSA 119 7 hd5j figs-idiom 0 an upright heart “a sincere heart.” A person who is sincere will do what is right. The heart refers to the center of emotions in a person. See how you translated “uprightness” in [Psalms 25:21](../025/021.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 8 v49a 0 your statutes “Statutes” refers to God’s laws or commands. -PSA 119 9 lp29 figs-rquestion 0 How can a young person keep his path pure? This question is used to introduce a new value to the word of God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how a young person can keep his path pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 119 9 gm1y figs-metaphor 0 keep his path pure The writer compares living according to God’s law as a path kept clear of obstructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 10 h5t8 figs-idiom 0 With my whole heart This is an idiom. The heart refers to all of one’s emotions, feelings, desires, and will. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 10 kqg2 figs-metaphor 0 Do not let me stray from your commandments Here to disobey God’s commandments is described as straying off a path. Alternate translation: “Do not let me disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 11 f3ke figs-metaphor 0 I have stored up your word in my heart “I have put your words in my heart.” This is a metaphor that means “I have memorized your word.” The heart is pictured as a container that can hold what people think. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 14 ktv7 0 more than in all riches “more than all the wealth” -PSA 119 15 e5hd figs-parallelism 0 I will meditate … and pay attention These are parallel thoughts that have similar meanings, which are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 119 15 v9ru 0 meditate on your instructions “think carefully about what you have instructed us” -PSA 119 15 rb5a figs-idiom 0 pay attention This idiom refers to thinking clearly about what is being discussed. Alternate translation: “give careful thought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 16 il7r 0 I delight to take pleasure -PSA 119 17 fr7n 0 your servant The writer called himself “your servant” to show his humility. -PSA 119 18 jpj2 figs-metaphor 0 Open my eyes so that I may see The author speaks of gaining understanding, knowledge and wisdom as being able to see. Alternate translation: Help me to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 18 d25d figs-metaphor 0 marvelous things in your law The author speaks of insight into the law as objects to marvel at. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 18 a35a 0 in your law “in your instructions” or “in your commands” -PSA 119 19 att5 figs-metaphor 0 I am a foreigner in the land This could mean: (1) the writers speaks of his short life on earth as if he were a foreigner who would not stay long in the land. Alternate translation: “I am like a foreigner living a short time in the land” or (2) the writer’s ignorance of God’s law as if he were a foreigner who did not know the laws of the land. Alternate translation: “I am ignorant like a foreigner in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 20 y84c figs-metaphor 0 My desires are crushed by the longing The writer speaks of his desires being very strong as if they were in pain. Alternate translation: “My inner being strongly desires to know” or “My soul aches because I want so much to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 21 r8y6 0 who are cursed This could mean: (1) God will curse them or (2) they deserve God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “who deserve your punishment” -PSA 119 21 k8t4 figs-metaphor 0 who wander from your commandments The writer speaks of disobeying God’s commandments as if they were a path that can be wandered off from. Alternate translation: “who go away from the path of your commandments” or “who disobey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 22 nqp7 0 Spare me from “Keep me from” or “Rescue me from” -PSA 119 23 z9ci 0 Though rulers plot and slander me “Though rulers make plans to harm me and say bad things about me” -PSA 119 24 pb1g 0 Your covenant decrees are my delight “Your covenant decrees make me very happy.” -PSA 119 24 rta6 figs-personification 0 they are my counselors God’s decrees are spoken of as if they were people. Alternate translation: “they are like wise counselors to me” or “they give me wise counsel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 119 25 v3c7 figs-idiom 0 My life clings to the dust This is an idiom. Possible meanings are that: (1) he thought that he would die soon, or (2) he lay in the dust because he was very sad, or (3) he realized that he desired the worthless things of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 25 cn62 figs-idiom 0 Give me life by your word This is an idiom. Here “life” refers to purpose and significance, not just biological life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 25 ks95 0 by your word “according to your promise” -PSA 119 26 u8j6 figs-metaphor 0 my ways What a person does or how he behaves is spoken of as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “what I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 27 x7qh 0 wondrous teachings “amazing teachings” -PSA 119 28 n45q 0 with grief “because I am so sad” -PSA 119 28 n4h6 0 Strengthen me “Make me strong.” This may refer to physical strength or spiritual strength. -PSA 119 29 n1pn figs-metaphor 0 Turn from me the path of deceit The word “path” here refers to a way of behaving. Alternate translation: “Keep me from following the path of deceit” or “Prevent me from being deceptive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 29 p23d 0 deceit This could mean: (1) “lying” or (2) “believing lies” or “following lies.” -PSA 119 30 u8gw figs-metaphor 0 the way of faithfulness How a person behaves or acts is spoken as if it were a road or way. Alternate translation: “to be faithful to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 31 hf1b figs-metaphor 0 I cling to your covenant decrees Holding tightly to them refers to being committed to obeying them. Alternate translation: “I hold tightly to your covenant decrees” or “I am committed to obeying your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 31 zc7g 0 covenant decrees This refers to the law of Moses. -PSA 119 32 zq4i figs-metaphor 0 I will run in the path of your commandments The writer speaks of being focused or committed to obeying God’s commands as if one is running on a path. Alternate translation: “I will be committed to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 32 fzh3 figs-idiom 0 you enlarge my heart This is an idiom. This could mean: (1) “you help me gain greater understanding of your commands” or (2) “you give me greater desire to obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 33 eg16 0 your statutes This is another way of describing the law of Moses. -PSA 119 33 j4dt 0 to the end This could mean: (1) “completely” or (2) “to the end of my life” or (3) “to the end of time.” -PSA 119 34 uwv4 0 keep your law “obey your law” -PSA 119 34 r2ux 0 I will observe it with all my heart “I will surely observe your law” or “I am completely committed to doing what it says” -PSA 119 34 ij5y figs-idiom 0 with all my heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “with all my being” or “with everything in me” or “sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 35 bh21 figs-metaphor 0 Guide me in the path of your commandments “Guide me according to your commandments” or “Teach me to obey your commandments.” God’s commandments are compared to a path that a person walks in obedience to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 36 uc28 figs-idiom 0 Direct my heart toward This is an idiom. The “heart” here refers to the will, desires, and choices that directs one’s life. Alternate translation: “Make me want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 36 vct5 0 your covenant decrees “to obey your covenant decrees.” This is referring to obeying the law of Moses. -PSA 119 36 ah76 0 unrighteous gain “the desire for riches.” This is referring to wealth gained by illegal methods or wrongdoing towards others. -PSA 119 37 t9za figs-metaphor 0 Turn my eyes from looking at worthless things This is a metaphor that refers to one desiring things that have no eternal value. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 37 vdd9 0 revive me in your ways “make me able to live as you wish me to live” -PSA 119 37 xeu1 0 revive me “make my life strong” or “give me strength” -PSA 119 38 yk2j 0 Carry out for your servant your promise that you made to those who honor you “Do for your servant what you promised to do for those who honor you” -PSA 119 38 x2tw figs-explicit 0 your servant The writer referred to himself as God’s servant to show his humility. Alternate translation: “me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 119 39 yau8 0 I dread “I am very afraid of” -PSA 119 39 mk9g figs-abstractnouns 0 your righteous judgments are good God judges rightly and his decisions are good. Alternate translation: “Your judgments are righteous and good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 40 yl75 0 See This refers to being aware of the situation. The focus is on knowledge or understanding, rather than just observing. -PSA 119 40 d8v4 0 I have longed for your instructions This could mean: (1) “I want very much to know your instructions” or (2) “I want very much to obey what you teach us to do.” -PSA 119 40 pr5m figs-abstractnouns 0 revive me in your righteousness The word “righteousness” is an abstract noun and refers to being righteous. Alternate translation: “revive me because you are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 40 ci53 0 revive me This could mean: (1) “Keep me alive” or (2) “Make me strong.” -PSA 119 41 fa7w figs-ellipsis 0 your salvation You may make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “give me your salvation” or “save me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 119 42 vms5 0 a reply “an answer” or “a response” -PSA 119 43 j9dg 0 Do not take the word of truth from my mouth Here the writer is represented by his “mouth.” This could mean: (1) “never prevent me from speaking the message about the truth” or (2) “never prevent me from speaking the true message.” -PSA 119 44 mp4n 0 I will observe “I will obey” -PSA 119 45 lq9x figs-metaphor 0 I will walk securely To walk securely is to live one’s life securely. Alternate translation: “I will live securely in God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 119 45 h23e figs-idiom 0 I seek your instructions To “seek” is to perceive, or gain understanding of God’s instructions as if one can see them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 46 uj95 0 solemn commands before kings “serious commands to kings” or “instructions to kings” -PSA 119 47 y49b 0 I delight in your commandments This could mean: (1) “I find delight in studying your commandments” or (2) “I am delighted that I have the opportunity to study your commandments.” -PSA 119 48 v87b figs-idiom 0 lift up my hands to This is an idiom which means to honor, cherish or respect God’s commandments. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 49 gb3p 0 Call to mind your promise “Remember your promise.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 20:3](../020/003.md) -PSA 119 50 mlp7 figs-sentences 0 This is my comfort in my affliction: that your promise has kept me alive This clause can be restructured. Alternate translation: “The reason for my comfort is that your promise has kept me alive in my affliction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]]) -PSA 119 51 n3rr figs-nominaladj 0 The proud This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “The proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 119 51 f89y 0 scoffed at to mock someone or something that is looked down on, doubted, or not honored -PSA 119 52 nhe2 figs-explicit 0 from ancient times This is a reference to when the decrees, the Law, were given to Moses many years before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 119 53 x2f1 figs-idiom 0 Hot anger has taken hold of me This is an idiom. Anger is expressed as if it is a person that can grab another person. Alternate translation: “I have become very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 119 54 t7xf 0 Your statutes have been my songs “I have used your statutes as lyrics to my music” or “I have created songs from your statutes” -PSA 119 55 ntb8 figs-metonymy 0 I think about your name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “I think about you, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 55 iwf2 figs-idiom 0 I keep your law This is an idiom which means to obey the law. Alternate translation: “I obey your law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 56 ch5n 0 my practice “my habit” -PSA 119 56 ii8j figs-idiom 0 I have observed your instructions This is an idiom which means to follow or to obey those instructions. Alternate translation: “I have obeyed your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 57 f7jf figs-explicit 0 Yahweh is my portion This means Yahweh is all he wants. Just as the Levites did not receive vast territories of land for the Lord was to be their portion so the writer claims Yahweh as the satisfier of his needs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 119 59 x88a figs-synecdoche 0 turned my feet Here “feet” represent the whole person. To repent and choose to obey God’s laws is like turning one’s feet on a path to head in another direction. Alternate translation: “changed my direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 60 uuk4 figs-doublet 0 I hurry and do not delay The writer expresses the same idea both positively and negatively in order to emphasize the urgency with which he obeys Yahweh’s commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 119 61 i6di figs-metaphor 0 The cords of the wicked have ensnared me In this metaphor, wicked or evil people tried to cause the writer to sin like a hunter seeking to catch an animal with a trap. Alternate translation: “My enemies have tried to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 63 tvy5 0 I am a companion of all who honor you “I am a friend of all who honor you” -PSA 119 64 p7l3 figs-metaphor 0 The earth, Yahweh, is full of your covenant faithfulness People everywhere in the world being able to see evidence of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness is spoken of as if his covenant faithfulness filled the earth. The abstract noun “covenant faithfulness” can be translated as an adjective. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 33:5](../033/005.md). Alternate translation: “People everywhere on earth can see that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” or “Throughout the earth, there is evidence that you, Yahweh, are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 65 d39z figs-123person 0 to your servant The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “to me, your servant” or “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 119 65 k4vq figs-idiom 0 by means of your word This is an idiom. “Your word” refers to the promises Yahweh has made to the writer. Alternate translation: “as you have promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 66 x5n2 figs-sentences 0 Teach me proper discernment and understanding, for I have believed in your commandments Some languages may require change in logical progression. Alternate translation: “Since I have believed in your commandments, teach me proper discernment and understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-sentences]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-intro]]) -PSA 119 67 ln6x figs-activepassive 0 Before I was afflicted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you afflicted me” or “Before you punished me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 119 67 t586 figs-metaphor 0 I went astray Disobeying God is spoken of as if the person walked on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “I disobeyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 67 qc4x figs-metonymy 0 I observe your word Here “word” represents commandments. Alternate translation: “I obey your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 69 f9re figs-nominaladj 0 The arrogant This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 119 69 g5zy figs-metaphor 0 smeared me with lies People telling many lies about a person is spoken of as if they made the person dirty by spreading lies over him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 69 ljt8 figs-metonymy 0 with my whole heart Here “heart” represents a person’s will. Alternate translation: “with complete commitment” or “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 70 kwi4 figs-metonymy 0 Their hearts are hardened Here “hearts” represents the people’s wills. A person being stubborn is spoken of as if their hearts or wills were hard like a rock. Alternate translation: “They are stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 72 ll7t figs-metonymy 0 Instruction from your mouth is Here “mouth” represents what God says. Alternate translation: “The instructions you have spoken are” or “Your instructions are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 72 l1f9 0 than thousands of pieces of gold and silver This can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “than a large amount of money” or “than great wealth” -PSA 119 73 hf5d figs-metaphor 0 Your hands have made and fashioned me God creating a person is spoken of as if God used his hands to shape the person the way someone may shape clay into an object. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 73 wc9b figs-metonymy 0 Your hands Here “hands” represents God’s power or action. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 74 u7a8 0 because I find hope in your word “because I trust what you say” or “I confidently believe what you say” -PSA 119 75 zx24 figs-abstractnouns 0 in faithfulness you afflicted me God promises to reward the righteous and punish wrongdoers, so he is faithful to do what he says he will. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you punished me because you are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 76 zzf3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Let your covenant faithfulness comfort me The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Comfort me by showing me that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 76 k57e figs-123person 0 your servant The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “me, your servant” or “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 119 78 j2en figs-activepassive 0 Let the proud be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Put the proud to shame” or “Cause those who are proud to be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 119 78 l2cs figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “proud people” or “those who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 119 79 i7zp figs-metaphor 0 turn to me People returning in friendship to the writer is spoken of as if they physically turn towards him. Alternate translation: “come to me” or “unite with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 79 u1zx grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 those who know your covenant decrees This could mean: (1) this further describes those who honor God or (2) this indicates the purpose for those who honor God to return to the writer. Alternate translation: “so that they may learn your covenant decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -PSA 119 80 b84y figs-metonymy 0 May my heart be blameless Here “heart” represents a person’s thoughts and motives. Alternate translation: “May I be blameless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 80 xg4u figs-activepassive 0 I may not be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I may not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 119 81 kx77 0 I hope in your word “I confidently trust in what you say” -PSA 119 82 vm5l figs-synecdoche 0 My eyes long to see your promise Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I wait and wait for you to do what you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 83 pgx9 figs-simile 0 I have become like a wineskin in the smoke A wineskin is ruined when it hangs for a long time in a smoke-filled place. The writer compares himself to a wineskin that has been ruined by smoke to emphasize that he feels useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 119 84 dl2z figs-rquestion 0 How long must your servant endure this; when will you judge those who persecute me? The writer uses a question to request God to punish those who persecute him. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please do not make wait any longer. Punish those who persecute me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 119 84 jt81 figs-123person 0 must your servant The writer refers to himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “must I, your servant” or “must I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 119 85 j1jf figs-metaphor 0 The proud have dug pits for me The proud are seeking to capture the writer or cause him to do wrong. This is spoken of as if they were hunters digging holes to trap the writer like an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 85 spv2 figs-nominaladj 0 The proud This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Proud people” or “Those who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 119 87 pds6 figs-euphemism 0 They have almost made an end to me on earth This is a polite way of speaking about someone killing someone else. Alternate translation: “They have almost killed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 119 88 x4ml figs-abstractnouns 0 By your steadfast love “According to your steadfast love.” The phrase “steadfast love” or “faithfulness” can be stated as an adverb. Alternate translation: “because you faithfully love me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 89 sp49 0 your word stands forever “what you have said will be true forever” -PSA 119 89 t6jr figs-metaphor 0 your word is established firmly in heaven This speaks about what God has said as if it were an object that stands firmly upright. Alternate translation: “what you have said will be true in heaven forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 90 uer7 figs-idiom 0 for all generations “for all future generations.” This is an idiom that means “forever.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 91 es2c figs-personification 0 all things are your servants All created things are spoken of as if they were persons who can serve God. Alternate translation: “all things serve you” or “all things obey your commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 119 93 cck9 figs-litotes 0 I will never forget This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will always remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 119 93 n64v figs-explicit 0 for through them you have kept me alive It is implied that the writer obeys God’s instructions. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “for you have kept me alive because I obey them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 119 94 qu81 figs-metaphor 0 for I seek your instructions Trying hard to obey God’s instructions is spoken of as if instructions were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 95 d7bk 0 I will seek to understand “I will try hard to understand” -PSA 119 96 p32w 0 everything has its limits “all things have an end” -PSA 119 96 tr87 figs-metaphor 0 but your commandments are broad, beyond limits God’s commandments always being true and perfect is spoken of as if God’s commandments were an object that is so wide that it never ends. Alternate translation: “but your commandments are without limits” or “but your commandments are eternal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 98 yp9t figs-metaphor 0 your commandments are always with me Constantly thinking about God’s commandments is spoken of as if the commandments were an object that the writer keeps with him always. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 101 m6vx figs-metaphor 0 I have kept my feet back from every evil path Avoiding doing what is evil is spoken of as if it were avoiding walking on paths that are evil. Alternate translation: “I have avoided doing what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 101 xel3 figs-synecdoche 0 kept my feet Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “kept myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 101 cs59 0 observe your word “obey your word” or “observe your commands” -PSA 119 102 kf28 figs-metaphor 0 I have not turned aside from your righteous decrees Continuing to obey God’s righteous decrees is spoken of as if the writer has not physically turned away from the righteous decrees. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always obey your righteous decrees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 119 103 t4ms figs-metaphor 0 How sweet are your words to my taste, yes, sweeter than honey to my mouth! The writer delighting in what God says is spoken of as if God’s words were food that tasted sweet to the writer. Alternate translation: “Your words are good and delightful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 104 bv6d figs-abstractnouns 0 I gain discernment The abstract noun “discernment” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I learn to discern what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 104 p647 figs-metaphor 0 therefore I hate every false way Evil behavior is spoken of as if it were a false way or road. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 105 b1vw figs-doublet 0 Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light for my path These two phrases have similar meanings. They speak about God telling a person how to live as if the person were walking on a path and God’s words were a light that helps the person see where to go. Alternate translation: “Your words tell me how to live my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 105 id73 0 Your word Here “word” represents all that God communicates to people. -PSA 119 107 k2ca 0 as you have promised in your word “as you have promised to do” -PSA 119 108 de1m figs-metaphor 0 freewill offerings of my mouth The writer speaks of his prayer as if it were a sacrifice that he is offering to God. Alternate translation: “my prayer as a sacrifice to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 108 guc7 figs-synecdoche 0 of my mouth Here “mouth” represents the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 109 r1uz figs-idiom 0 My life is always in my hand This is an idiom that means the writer’s life is always in danger. Alternate translation: “My enemies are often trying to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 109 p41n figs-litotes 0 I do not forget your law This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I always remember your laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 119 110 axl9 figs-metaphor 0 The wicked have set a snare for me Wicked people trying to capture and kill the writer is spoken of as if they were hunters setting a trap to catch an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 110 ike3 figs-nominaladj 0 The wicked This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 119 110 n3qq figs-metaphor 0 I have not strayed from your instructions Not disobeying God’s instructions is spoken of as if the writer has not walked away from God’s instructions. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I obey your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 119 111 ma4d figs-metaphor 0 I claim your covenant decrees as my heritage forever The writer always cherishing and obeying God’s decrees is spoken of as if the decrees are land or a possession that the writer will inherit. Alternate translation: “Your laws will belong to me forever” or “Your covenant decrees are like a heritage I will keep forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 111 p236 figs-synecdoche 0 they are the joy of my heart Here “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they make me joyful” or “I delight in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 112 yy19 figs-metonymy 0 My heart is set on obeying Here “heart” represents the writer’s will. The phrase “heart is set” is an idiom. It is a way of saying the writer is determined. Alternate translation: “I am determined to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 112 a2c7 0 to the very end This could mean: (1) “every one of them” (2) “to the very end of my life” or (3) “to the very end of time” -PSA 119 113 ewl3 figs-metaphor 0 who have a double mind A person who is not sincere and not fully committed to obeying God is spoken of as if the person has two minds. Alternate translation: “who are not completely committed to obeying you” or “who are insincere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 114 p5ix figs-metaphor 0 my hiding place God making the writer safe is spoken of as if God were a place where the writer could go and hide. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 114 pas2 figs-metaphor 0 my shield God protecting the writer is spoken of as if God were the writer’s shield. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 114 wtx3 0 I hope in your word Here “wait” means to wait expectantly. This has the idea of hope and trust. Alternate translation: “I trust in your word” -PSA 119 114 l68r 0 your word Here “word” represents what God communicates to people. -PSA 119 116 f189 0 Sustain me by your word “Give me strength as you said you would” or “Enable me to be strong as you promised” -PSA 119 116 zw3z 0 and not be ashamed of my hope Here “my hope” represents the writer’s trust in God and his promises. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Do not disappoint me” or “Do not cause me shame by not doing what you promised to do” -PSA 119 117 pq8s 0 Support me “Help me” or “Strengthen me” -PSA 119 118 kd3f 0 those people are deceptive and unreliable This could mean: (1) “those people lie and no one can trust them” or (2) “those people make deceitful plans but they will fail” -PSA 119 119 tbp5 figs-simile 0 You remove all the wicked of the earth like slag Slag is the waste or undesired leftovers in the process of refining gold or other metals. Yahweh removes the wicked people as if they were trash. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 119 119 z8fj figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 119 119 e1lj 0 like slag “like trash” or “like waste” -PSA 119 120 p82w figs-synecdoche 0 My body trembles in fear of you Here “body” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I shake because I fear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 120 n7mg figs-explicit 0 I am afraid of your righteous decrees It is implied that the writer is afraid of God’s righteous decrees because the writer knows that God punishes those who disobey his decrees. You can make the full meaning of this statement explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 119 121 du8n 0 do not abandon me to my oppressors “do not allow people to oppress me” -PSA 119 122 dv7q figs-123person 0 Guarantee the welfare of your servant The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Guarantee my welfare” or “Help and protect me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 119 122 x86e figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are proud” or “proud people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 119 123 r56e figs-synecdoche 0 My eyes grow tired as I wait Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I grow tired because I wait and wait” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 123 z4cn figs-abstractnouns 0 for your salvation and for your righteous word The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “for you to save me as you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 123 ptu5 0 your righteous word “your righteous promise” -PSA 119 124 k6pq figs-123person 0 Show your servant The writer speaks about himself as “your servant.” Alternate translation: “Show me” or “Show me, your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 119 124 ygx1 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as an adverb or adjective. Alternate translation: “that you faithfully love me” or “that you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 125 van8 figs-abstractnouns 0 give me understanding The abstract noun “understanding” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “enable me to understand what you want me to know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 126 g82b figs-123person 0 It is time for Yahweh to act The writer is speaking to Yahweh in the third person. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “It is time for you to act, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 119 126 n98z figs-idiom 0 people have broken your law This is an idiom. Here “have broken” means “disobeyed.” This is a way of saying the people have disobeyed God’s law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 128 z4ux figs-metaphor 0 I carefully follow all your instructions A person carefully obeying all of God’s instructions is spoken of as if as if the instructions were leading a person and that person follows behind. Alternate translation: I carefully obey all of your instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 128 p1py figs-metaphor 0 every path of falsehood People doing what is evil is spoken of as if they are walking on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “all the bad ways some people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 130 m49k figs-metaphor 0 The unfolding of your words gives light The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words as if those words were fabric that is folded, and of the person who explains Yahweh’s words as if they are unfolding that fabric. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives light” or “When someone explains your words, they give light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 130 d6rx figs-metaphor 0 The unfolding of your words gives light The writer speaks of Yahweh’s words giving wisdom to a person as if his words were shining a light on them. Alternate translation: “The explanation of your words gives people wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 131 qm6c figs-metaphor 0 I open my mouth and pant, for I long for your commandments The writer speaks of his desire for Yahweh’s commandments as if he were a dog panting for water. Alternate translation: “I earnestly long for your commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 132 jqh6 translate-symaction 0 Turn to me To turn towards someone means to pay attention to that person. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 119 132 ar7k figs-metonymy 0 love your name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “love you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 133 mja8 figs-synecdoche 0 Direct my footsteps Here the word “footsteps” represents the writer as he is walking. He speaks of the way he lives, or his conduct, as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “Direct me” or “Teach me how to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 133 y2w5 figs-personification 0 do not let any sin rule me The writer speaks of sin as if it were a person who has authority over him. This could mean: (1) “do not let me habitually commit any sin” or (2) “do not let sinful men rule me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 119 134 a4a4 figs-abstractnouns 0 Redeem me from human oppression The word “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Save me from people who oppress others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 135 g736 figs-metaphor 0 Let your face shine on your servant The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably towards him as if Yahweh’s face shone a light on him. Alternate translation: “Act favorably towards your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 136 jv4q figs-metaphor 0 Streams of tears The writer speaks of his many tears as if they were streams of water. Alternate translation: “Many tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 136 sst5 0 observe your law “obey your law” -PSA 119 138 hus8 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). -PSA 119 139 z79n figs-idiom 0 Anger has destroyed me This is an idiom. The phrase is an exaggeration for “I am extremely angry.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 119 140 r9cv figs-activepassive 0 has been tested very much This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have tested your word many times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 119 140 q5x5 figs-pronouns 0 your servant loves The writer speaks of himself as if he were another person. Alternate translation: “I, your servant, love” or “I love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -PSA 119 141 x2xe figs-activepassive 0 I am … despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People despise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 119 143 q6qq figs-personification 0 distress and anguish have found me The psalmist speaks of distress and anguish as if they were people. Alternate translation: “I have become distressed and anguished” or “my body and my mind are suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 119 145 fux2 figs-synecdoche 0 with my whole heart The psalmist speaks of his whole being as if it were only his heart. Alternate translation: “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 146 g5gk 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.”See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). -PSA 119 147 kg9u 0 dawn of the morning “before the sun first appears” -PSA 119 148 c1n8 figs-idiom 0 My eyes are open before the night watches change This is an idiom. In Hebrew culture, the night was usually divided into three “watches” or periods. Alternate translation: “I am awake all night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 149 uw93 figs-abstractnouns 0 in your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 150 r7sh 0 they are far from your law “they have strayed from your law” or “they do not pay any attention to your laws” -PSA 119 151 l238 0 all your commandments are trustworthy “I can trust your commandments” -PSA 119 152 tc7x 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md) -PSA 119 152 zx3q figs-metaphor 0 set them in place The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s commands as if they were posts set in the ground. Alternate translation: “given them for people to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 153 i4e7 figs-metaphor 0 Look on my affliction The psalmist speaks of affliction as if it were an object that people could see. Alternate translation: “Look at how much I am suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 154 rqf5 0 Plead my cause “Defend me against those who accuse me” -PSA 119 154 l7lr 0 keep me “protect my life” or “give me life” -PSA 119 155 cc3z figs-metaphor 0 Salvation is far from the wicked God not saving a person is spoken of as if salvation were far from the person. The abstract noun “Salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “You will certainly not save the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 156 r4u3 0 Great are your merciful actions Here “great” means “many.” Alternate translation: “You have shown mercy to people many times” or “You have done many merciful things” -PSA 119 156 gus8 0 as you always do Another possible meaning is “because you do what is just.” -PSA 119 157 a4rf 0 My persecutors “Those who persecute me” -PSA 119 157 x688 figs-idiom 0 I have not turned from This is an idiom. “I have not stopped obeying” or “I have not stopped believing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 119 157 n1r7 0 covenant decrees Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how this is translated in [Psalms 78:5](../078/005.md). -PSA 119 158 keb9 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous The adjective “treacherous” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who betray me” or “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 119 158 fs8u 0 do not keep “do not obey” -PSA 119 159 rv26 0 See “Look at me so you can see” -PSA 119 159 r1n2 figs-abstractnouns 0 by your covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 160 iir8 0 The essence of your word is truth “Your word is completely true” or “Your word can be trusted” -PSA 119 161 tq5i figs-synecdoche 0 my heart stands in awe of your word The psalmist speaks of the heart as if it could be amazed. The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am amazed at your word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 119 162 n1dy 0 plunder This could mean: (1) things that soldiers and robbers take from those they have defeated in battle or (2) things of great value or “treasure.” -PSA 119 163 jx6a figs-doublet 0 hate and despise These two words mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “hate very strongly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 119 163 ue4r figs-metonymy 0 falsehood Possible meanings are this is a metonym for: (1) “people who lie” or (2) “the false words that people say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 119 165 fin9 0 nothing makes them stumble This could mean: (1) “nothing makes them do wrong” or (2) “nothing causes them trouble.” -PSA 119 167 t7k7 0 I observe your solemn commands “I obey your solemn commands” -PSA 119 167 iqz6 0 solemn commands Other possible meanings are “testimonies” or “laws.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 119:2](../119/002.md). -PSA 119 168 zj2b 0 I keep your instructions “I obey your instructions” -PSA 119 169 cgi3 figs-metaphor 0 give me understanding into your word The psalmist speaks of the ability to understand as if it were a solid object. Alternate translation: “help me understand your word” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 170 r59u figs-metaphor 0 May my plea come before you The psalmist speaks of the words he says in prayer as if they were people who want to speak to a king. Alternate translation: “May you hear my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 171 x454 figs-metaphor 0 May my lips pour out praise The psalmist speaks of his lips as if they were a container and his praise a liquid that could be poured out. Here the word “lips” is a synecdoche which represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I desire to praise you much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 172 hk6w figs-metaphor 0 my tongue sing The psalmist speaks of his tongue either: (1) as if it were a person or (2) as a synecdoche for his whole being. Alternate translation: “me sing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 173 ui9f figs-synecdoche 0 May your hand help me The hand is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Please help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 119 173 vx9b 0 have chosen “have chosen to obey” -PSA 119 174 l3rh 0 for your rescue “you to rescue me” -PSA 119 174 wa6g figs-abstractnouns 0 your law is my delight The abstract noun “delight” can be stated as a verb. “I very much enjoy obeying your law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 119 175 z1ep figs-metaphor 0 may your righteous decrees help me The psalmist speaks of Yahweh’s decrees as if they were a person who could help him. Alternate translation: “may I listen to your righteous decrees and so become wise and strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 119 176 xw7j figs-simile 0 I have wandered off like a lost sheep The psalmist compares his disobedience to Yahweh to a sheep that has wandered away from the flock. Alternate translation: “I have left your way like a sheep that has left its flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 119 176 ap6x 0 seek your servant “because I am your servant, come and search for me” -PSA 120 intro x4aj 0 # Psalm 120 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 120 is a psalm of deliverance from liars. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fighting
The author did not want to fight, but the people he lived with wanted to fight him. -PSA 120 1 xq2k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 120 1 d8u6 0 In my distress “In my trouble” or “When I was in trouble” -PSA 120 2 a439 figs-metonymy 0 Rescue my life Here the word “life” represents the person. Alternate translation: “Rescue me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 120 2 yy4j figs-synecdoche 0 those who lie with their lips and deceive with their tongues Here the phrases “their lips” and “their tongues” represent the people who speak lies and deceit. Alternate translation: “those who lie to me and try to deceive me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 120 3 rl7j figs-rquestion 0 How will he punish you, and what more will he do to you, you who have a lying tongue? The writer asks this as a leading question to explain what God will do to liars. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is how God will punish you, and this is what he will do to you, you who have a lying tongue.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 120 3 k1uu figs-synecdoche 0 you who have a lying tongue Here “a lying tongue” represents the person who speaks lies. Alternate translation: “you who tell lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 120 4 tp2n figs-metaphor 0 He will punish you with the arrows of a warrior The writer speaks of God severely punishing liars as if God were shooting them with arrows. Alternate translation: “He will punish you severely, as if he were shooting you with warrior’s arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 120 4 gu1s figs-activepassive 0 sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree This refers to how people forged the tip of the arrow in a fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he sharpened over burning coals of the broom tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 120 5 mg3z figs-metaphor 0 I temporarily live in Meshech; I lived previously among the tents of Kedar These two places were far away from each other. The writer is likely using the names metaphorically to represent living among cruel and barbaric people. Alternate translation: “It is as if I live in Meshech or among the tents of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 120 5 qx4h figs-metonymy 0 the tents of Kedar This phrase represents the people of Kedar who live in those tents. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 120 7 sf92 0 I am for peace “I want peace” -PSA 120 7 lr78 0 they are for war “they want war” -PSA 121 intro n97g 0 # Psalm 121 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 121 is a worship psalm.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
God always watches over those who believe in him and protects them from harm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -PSA 121 1 xgy7 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 121 1 cb45 figs-metonymy 0 lift up my eyes This expression means “look at” or “focus my attention on.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 121 1 yb6k figs-rquestion 0 From where will my help come? The writer uses this question to focus attention on the source of his help. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will tell you from where my help comes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 121 2 d3ip 0 My help comes from Yahweh This is the answer to the previous question. -PSA 121 3 r43x figs-123person 0 General Information: There is a shift here to the second person. This could mean: (1) the writer begins speaking to the people of Israel or (2) the writer is quoting another person speaking to the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 121 3 uj6f figs-metonymy 0 your foot to slip The slipping of a foot is associated with falling. Alternate translation: “you to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 121 3 l1fp figs-metonymy 0 he who protects you will not slumber Here to “slumber” means he would stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “God will not fall asleep and stop protecting you” or “God will always protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PSA 121 3 j2nn 0 he who protects you God -PSA 121 4 eq68 0 the guardian God -PSA 121 4 b5yf 0 See This word alerts us to pay attention to the important information that follows. -PSA 121 4 f8qt figs-doublet 0 never slumbers or sleeps These two words mean the same thing. Here to “slumber” means to stop protecting. The negative form strengthens the statement. Alternate translation: “will not sleep and stop protecting you” or “will always protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -PSA 121 5 sk2b figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh is the shade at your right hand Here “shade” refers to protection. Alternate translation: “God is beside you to protect you from things that would hurt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 121 5 hq1i 0 at your right hand Here this expression means to be beside or near to the writer. -PSA 121 6 p2y6 figs-merism 0 The sun will not harm you by day, nor the moon by night The contrasting terms “day” and “night” refer to those extremes and everything in between. Alternate translation: “God protects you from the elements at all times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 121 6 wzt9 figs-ellipsis 0 nor the moon by night It is implies that “will not harm you” is implied here. The full meaning of this statement may be made clear. Alternate translation: “nor will the moon harm you by night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 121 7 au24 figs-metonymy 0 your life This refers to the writer. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 122 intro x7wj 0 # Psalm 122 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 122 is a psalm about Jerusalem.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jerusalem
Jerusalem is an important city, the center of government and religious activities; so the author prays for peace for the city. -PSA 122 1 lck5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 122 1 x5k5 0 A song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) -PSA 122 2 d2gp figs-apostrophe 0 Jerusalem, our feet are standing within your gates! The writer briefly stops speaking to his audience and speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is spoken to as if it was a person who could hear the writer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 122 2 gjq5 figs-synecdoche 0 our feet are standing Here “feet” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “we are standing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 122 2 pe5k figs-synecdoche 0 within your gates Here “gates” refers to the city. Alternate translation: “inside you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 122 4 xbf5 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh Here “name” refers to Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 122 5 xk6c figs-metonymy 0 the house of David Here “house” refers to the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 122 6 q9u2 figs-apostrophe 0 May those who love you have peace This section states the content of the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 122 7 qxx3 figs-apostrophe 0 This verse finishes the prayer that the writer wants his audience to pray. He asks them to speak directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 122 7 exb9 figs-parallelism 0 May there be peace within … may they have peace within These two phrases have the same meanings and are used together to strengthen each other. Alternate translation: “May the people in Jerusalem live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 122 7 d4tc figs-synecdoche 0 within the walls that defend you … within your fortresses Here Jerusalem is referred to by the fortress walls that protects it. The terms “walls” and “fortress” refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “within Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 122 8 hz78 figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: In this section, the writer speaks directly to the city of Jerusalem, as if the city was a person who could hear them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 122 8 i3zr 0 For the sake “For the well-being” -PSA 122 8 b3mx 0 May there be peace within you “May the people in you live in peace” -PSA 122 9 nt39 0 I will seek good for you The abstract noun “good” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “I will pray that people treat you well” -PSA 123 intro vet5 0 # Psalm 123 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 123 is a psalm asking for deliverance from the contempt of proud people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
Just as a servant trusts his master to protect him, so the author is trusting God to stop proud people from insulting him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -PSA 123 1 iym8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 123 1 ja7b figs-metonymy 0 I lift up my eyes Here the author refers to his eyes because that is the part of the body used for seeing. Alternate translation: “I look to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 123 1 kx53 0 enthroned sitting on a throne and ruling as king -PSA 123 2 kyd5 figs-parallelism 0 as the eyes of servants … as the eyes of a maid … so our eyes look These three phrases have similar meanings. The third phrase, about the Israelites, is being compared to how the servants and maids look to their masters and mistresses for help. In each case “eyes” refers to the whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 123 2 xe43 figs-metonymy 0 master’s hand … mistress’s hand Here “hand” refers to the provision for needs. Alternate translation: “master’s provision … mistress’s provision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 123 2 av8s 0 maid servant girl -PSA 123 2 cs6v 0 mistress woman who has authority over servant girls -PSA 123 2 kj4j figs-abstractnouns 0 has mercy on us The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 123 3 e5sh figs-abstractnouns 0 Have mercy on us The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as an action. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 123:2](../123/002.md). Alternate translation: “act mercifully toward us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 123 3 rn1x figs-metaphor 0 we are filled with humiliation Here humiliation is spoken of as if it were something that could be fill up a person. “we are very disgraced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 123 4 h3h7 figs-idiom 0 We are more than full This idiom means that the amount is excessive, in a negative sense. Alternate translation: “We have had too much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 123 4 fq81 figs-parallelism 0 of the scoffing … and with the contempt There two phrases have very similar meanings and are used together to emphasize how much they have been mocked by the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 123 4 xq36 0 scoffing “mocking” or “insults” -PSA 123 4 gp8j figs-nominaladj 0 the insolent This refers to the insolent people. Alternate translation: “rude and arrogant people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 123 4 ugx5 figs-nominaladj 0 the proud This refers to the proud people. Alternate translation: “the people who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 124 intro khc4 0 # Psalm 124 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 124 is a psalm of praise for God’s delivering the Israelites from their enemy’s attack. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh saves
God saved the Israelites from their enemy who wanted to completely destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 124 1 fes4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 124 1 uf2u 0 song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) -PSA 124 1 zqy6 figs-hypo 0 “If Yahweh had not been on our side This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 124 2 qz9s figs-hypo 0 if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side This is the continuation of a hypothetical statement about something that did not actually happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 124 3 n3uw figs-hypo 0 then they would have swallowed us up alive This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “They were not able to swallow us up alive because Yahweh was on our side.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 124 3 g8z9 figs-metaphor 0 swallowed us up alive This metaphor describes how the Israelites could have died to how a fierce animal would attack a smaller animal to eat. Alternate translation: “killed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 124 3 tq3h figs-metonymy 0 their anger raged against us Here “their anger” refers to the enemies who were angry. Alternate translation: “they were very angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 124 4 ca3n 0 General Information: In these two verses the author compares the enemies of Israel to a flood of water. -PSA 124 4 hgr6 figs-hypo 0 The water would have swept us away; the torrent would have overwhelmed us This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The water did not sweep us away, and the torrent did not overwhelm us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 124 4 x86j figs-metaphor 0 The water would have swept us away Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water. Alternate translation: “Our enemies would have easily defeated us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 124 4 mkg4 figs-metaphor 0 the torrent would have overwhelmed us Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a flood of water that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have overwhelmed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 124 5 j6yh figs-hypo 0 Then the raging waters would have drowned us This is the end of a hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If Yahweh had not been on our side” in [Psalms 124:1](../124/001.md) and continues with the words “if it had not been Yahweh who was on our side when men rose up against us” in [Psalms 124:2](./002.md). It describes a result that did not happen because Yahweh was actually on their side. “The raging waters did not drown us because Yahweh was on our side” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 124 5 rxj3 figs-metaphor 0 the raging waters would have drowned us Here the enemies of the writer are spoken of as if they were a raging river that would have drowned the Israelites. Alternate translation: “our enemies would have destroyed us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 124 6 thg5 figs-metaphor 0 torn by their teeth The enemies are spoken of as if they were wild animals that would destroy the Israelites by eating them. Alternate translation: “destroyed as if we were eaten by wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 124 7 fr8c figs-metaphor 0 escaped like a bird out of the snare of the fowlers The writer describes his escape from the enemies as if he was a bird that had escaped from the snare of the hunters. Alternate translation: “escaped from our enemies as a bird escapes from the trap that hunters have set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 124 7 r8zv 0 snare a small trap of string or wire made for catching small animals or birds -PSA 124 7 a4a8 figs-metaphor 0 the snare has been broken The plot of the enemies to catch the writer failed as if it was a snare that had broken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 125 intro bc6u 0 # Psalm 125 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 125 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
God protects good people. He will not allow the evil people to rule over the good people because they might make them do evil. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -PSA 125 1 d4h2 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 125 1 spt5 figs-simile 0 Those who trust in Yahweh are like Mount Zion, unshakable, forever enduring People who trust in Yahweh are spoken of as if they were Mount Zion. Mountains are unable to be moved. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 125 2 t72p figs-simile 0 As the mountains surround Jerusalem, so Yahweh surrounds his people Yahweh’s protection is spoken of as if he was the mountains surrounding Jerusalem. Jerusalem was surrounded by several mountains, which protected it from attack. Alternate translation: “As the hills that surround Jerusalem protect it, so Yahweh protects his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 125 2 z93n figs-merism 0 now and forever Here, this phrase means “always.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 125 3 we9h figs-metonymy 0 The scepter of wickedness Here the scepter of wickedness represents the rule of wicked people. Alternate translation: “Wicked people” or “Wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 125 4 m8s8 0 Do good, Yahweh This is a request. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, please do good things” or “Yahweh, I beg you to do good things” -PSA 125 4 y93a figs-metonymy 0 are upright in their hearts Here, “hearts” refers to their desires. Alternate translation: “desire to do the right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 125 5 t4ae figs-metaphor 0 turn aside Refusing to obey Yahweh is spoken of as turning away from a good path. Alternate translation: “leave good and go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 125 5 daf6 figs-metaphor 0 their crooked ways Here wicked ways are spoken of as if they were a path that is not straight. Alternate translation: “their wicked ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 125 5 ru69 figs-explicit 0 lead them away People are lead away in order to punish them. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “lead them away to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 126 intro q9ig 0 # Psalm 126 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 126 is a psalm of praise for Yahweh bringing captives home.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Sorrow and joy
People may have sorrow now; but later it will turn into joy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/joy]]) -PSA 126 1 h3wt writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 126 1 y7ss 0 restored the fortunes of Zion “made Zion prosperous again” -PSA 126 2 wxr3 figs-metaphor 0 our mouths were filled with laughter Laughing is spoken of as if their mouths were a container and their laughter was in it. It can be made clear that this laughter was a response to their joy. Alternate translation: “we laughed for joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 126 2 g1bj figs-ellipsis 0 our tongues with singing The verbs “were filled” can be stated clearly. Singing is spoken of as if their tongues were containers and singing was in them. Alternate translation: “our tongues were filled with singing” or “we sang songs of joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 126 2 xir4 0 they said among the nations “the people of the nations said among themselves.” The pronoun is used before introducing what it references. This is very unusual. -PSA 126 3 js5q 0 Yahweh did great things for us; how glad we were! “How glad we were, because Yahweh did these great things for us!” -PSA 126 5 i43v 0 Those who sow in tears “Those who weep as they sow” -PSA 127 intro ipx7 0 # Psalm 127 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 127 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Blessings
God wants his people to have rest. It is a blessing to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/rest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -PSA 127 1 nt9a writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 127 1 m7vn 0 song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) -PSA 127 2 qvi2 0 to rise up early, to come home late A person who works hard often has to wake up earlier in the morning and return home late at night. -PSA 127 2 vc2y figs-idiom 0 eat the bread of hard work This is an idiom. Bread often represents the food a person needs every day in order to live. Alternate translation: “work hard for your daily needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 127 3 qz98 figs-metaphor 0 heritage property that a person can inherit from his ancestors. Children normally receive an inheritance from their parents. Inheritance goes from parents to children. This passage uses parents inheriting children from Yahweh as a metaphor for Yahweh being the only one who can give children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 127 4 iyl8 figs-simile 0 Like arrows in the hand of a warrior, so are the children of one’s youth Arrows are very important to a warrior because they protect him in battle. Children are spoken of as if they are a warrior’s arrow. Alternate translation: “Having many children will help to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 127 5 vf7l figs-metaphor 0 his quiver full of them A quiver is a container for arrows. Having many children is spoken of as if the children were arrows in a quiver. Alternate translation: “a home full of children” or “many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 128 intro f8w6 0 # Psalm 128 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 128 is a wisdom psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Respect
Those people who respect God will live well and have many children. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/life]]) -PSA 128 1 xub9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 128 1 h11n figs-activepassive 0 Blessed is everyone who honors Yahweh This phrase occurs in the passive voice to avoid implying that Yahweh is obligated to bless those who honor him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless everyone who honors him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 128 2 xw8w figs-synecdoche 0 What your hands provide A man can be referred to by his hands because that is the part of the body he works with. Alternate translation: “What you provide” or “What you work for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 128 2 b9im figs-doublet 0 you will be blessed and prosper The words “be blessed” and “prosper” share similar meanings and emphasize God’s favor. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you and prosper you” or “Yahweh will make you blessed and prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 128 3 x211 figs-simile 0 like a fruitful vine in your house The wife is spoke of as a vine producing a lot of fruit. This implies that children are like fruit and the wife will have many children. Alternate translation: “very productive and give you many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 128 3 mf2p figs-simile 0 your children will be like olive plants Children are compared to olive plants because of the way they grow to surround something. Children will surround the table and make it full. Alternate translation: “you will have many children who will grow and prosper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 128 3 vlk1 0 around your table This refers to the place where a family gathers to eat. Often, all those who eat a man’s table are under his authority or control. -PSA 128 4 v5em figs-activepassive 0 the man will be blessed who honors Yahweh This can be stated as an active verb. “Yahweh will bless the man who honors him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 128 5 iz4u 0 all the days of your life “throughout your lifetime” -PSA 128 6 cd66 0 May peace be on Israel “May Israel have peace” -PSA 129 intro p9dv 0 # Psalm 129 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 129 is a psalm of deliverance from Israel’s many enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh saves
Israel’s enemies have always persecuted them but God has saved them from their enemies. He prays that this enemy will be destroyed with no one to wish them well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 129 1 ut36 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 129 3 wpl7 figs-metaphor 0 The plowers plowed on my back The cuts from a whipping are spoken of as the plow of a plowman. A farmer plowed deep lines into a field. Alternate translation: “My enemies have cut me deeply on my back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 129 3 nq4f figs-metaphor 0 they made their furrows long This is a continuation of the plowing metaphor. The “furrow” is the line the farmer plowed. Alternate translation: “they made their cuts long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 129 4 yzu9 figs-metaphor 0 he has cut the ropes of the wicked Israel is spoken of as being bound by evil people. Alternate translation: “he has freed us from our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 129 5 z781 figs-activepassive 0 May they all be put to shame and turned back Yahweh is not explicitly mentioned as the one who does these things. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh shame them and defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 129 6 s2gl figs-simile 0 May they be like the grass on the housetops that withers before it grows up The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. Alternate translation: “May they die and may there be few of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 129 7 s57h figs-simile 0 that cannot fill … together These words finish the simile that begins in ([Psalms 129:6](../129/006.md)). The psalmist speaks of his enemies dying and being few in number. He compares them to the little bit of grass that grows on the roof of a house and withers and is not enough to cut or bundle. “May they be like the grass, which cannot fill … together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 129 8 pu7b 0 the blessing of Yahweh be on you “Yahweh bless you” -PSA 130 intro c2ly 0 # Psalm 130 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 130 is a psalm of praise that God forgives sins. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Forgive
God forgives sin and helps the sinner. So Israel should trust in God for his forgiveness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -PSA 130 1 f4r9 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 130 1 h3vi figs-metaphor 0 Out of the depths I The author’s sadness is spoken of as if it were a container. His sadness comes from the bottom of the container. Sadness is often spoken of as being a container that fills from the top to the bottom. Alternate translation: “Because I am very sad, I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 130 2 i2dr figs-synecdoche 0 let your ears be attentive The ears represent Yahweh, but because the author knows that Yahweh hears everything, he is really asking for Yahweh to respond. Alternate translation: “please listen” or “please respond” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 130 2 cvz1 figs-abstractnouns 0 to my pleas for mercy The abstract noun “mercy” can be stated as “merciful.” Alternate translation: “to my pleas and be merciful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 130 3 fu8l figs-rquestion 0 who could stand? The speaker uses this question to express the futility of thinking that anyone could stand in this situation. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one could stand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 130 3 l8mj figs-metonymy 0 who could stand “Stand” often represents escaping or surviving when someone attacks. In this case, it would be to escape from being punished. Alternate translation: “no one could escape from your punishment” or “no one could survive your punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 130 6 lj6l figs-synecdoche 0 My soul “My soul” represents the psalmist. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 130 6 yb89 figs-metonymy 0 My soul waits The psalmist is spoken of as if he were waiting on something with expectation. Alternate translation: “I hope” or “I trust” or “I desire for something” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 130 6 ge7s figs-simile 0 My soul waits … more than watchmen wait for the morning The psalmist speaks of his desire for the Lord to help him as being greater than the desire that those who work all night have for the morning to come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 130 6 cx47 0 watchmen These are men who guard towns or fields against enemies or robbers. Here it refers to men who have to stay awake at night doing this. -PSA 130 7 ua2z figs-metaphor 0 Israel, hope in Yahweh The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 130 8 i64f figs-metaphor 0 who will redeem Israel from all his sins The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a man. Alternate translation: “who will redeem the people of Israel from all their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 131 intro ej7h 0 # Psalm 131 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 131 is a wisdom psalm teaching trust in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
This psalm focuses on the concept of trust. A quiet trust in Yahweh is best. -PSA 131 1 ct5z writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 131 1 px11 0 song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) -PSA 131 1 kgc5 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart is not proud or my eyes haughty The heart and the eyes represent the person. Alternate translation: “I am not proud or haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 131 1 tz2s 0 I do not have great hopes for myself Possible meanings are “I do not expect to do great things” or “I do not think I am great.” -PSA 131 1 xfb4 figs-metaphor 0 things that are beyond me Things that are too hard for a person to understand are spoken of as if they are beyond the person or too far away from the person to be able to reach them. Alternate translation: “things that are too hard to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 131 2 r92s figs-synecdoche 0 I have stilled and quieted my soul The soul represents the person or his emotions. Being calm and peaceful is spoken of has having making one’s soul still and quiet. Alternate translation: “I am calm and peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 131 2 sep5 figs-metonymy 0 my soul within me The soul represents the person or his emotions. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 131 2 sim5 figs-metaphor 0 a weaned child with his mother The psalmist speaks of himself being content and resting as if he were a young child that no longer demands breast milk from his mother. Alternate translation: “content like a young child that no longer cries for breast milk but rests in his mother’s arms” or “content and resting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 intro fp7w 0 # Psalm 132 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 132 is a royal psalm praising David. It might have been sung when David brought the ark to Jerusalem.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ark
The Ark had been moved from one place to another several times. David wanted to make a permanent home for it. God had promised David that his son would be king after him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -PSA 132 1 sq3d writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 132 1 lvf4 0 for David’s sake “because of what happened to David” -PSA 132 1 rsq8 0 call to mind “remember” or “think about” -PSA 132 2 v7zr 0 the Mighty One of Jacob This refers to God. -PSA 132 3 qz8t 0 He said “King David said” -PSA 132 4 s5lw figs-metaphor 0 I will not give sleep to my eyes or rest to my eyelids Sleep and rest are spoken of as if they are things that can be given. Here eyes and eyelids represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will not allow my eyes to sleep or my eyelids to rest” or “I will not sleep or close my eyes and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 132 5 q4n7 figs-metonymy 0 until I find a place for Yahweh Building a place for Yahweh is spoken of as finding a place for him. Alternate translation: “until I build a place for Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 132 5 ydb1 0 the Mighty One of Jacob This refers to God. -PSA 132 6 ii2y figs-explicit 0 we heard about it in Ephrathah The word “it” probably refers to where God’s sacred chest was. The phrase “in Ephrathah” probably refers to where they were when they heard about it. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “we who were in Ephrathah heard about where the sacred chest was” or “we in Ephrathah heard that the holy box was in Jaar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 132 6 nbj6 translate-names 0 fields of Jaar Jaar is probably another name for the city of Kiriath Jearim. This probably refers to the fields surrounding the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 132 7 gcy9 figs-metaphor 0 we will worship at his footstool Worshiping God at the covenant box is spoken of as bowing at the feet of the king who is sitting on his throne. This communicates humility and submission to God. Alternate translation: “we will go to God’s covenant box and worship him as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 8 jkj6 figs-explicit 0 Arise, Yahweh, to your resting place The verb “come” can be stated clearly. “Arise, Yahweh, and come to your resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 132 8 e7g1 figs-metaphor 0 your resting place The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where you stay” or “your tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 8 ktv8 figs-ellipsis 0 you and the ark of your strength! This could mean: (1) “come to the ark of your strength” or (2) “come, and make the ark of your strength come.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 132 8 pg13 0 the ark of your strength “the ark that shows your great power” -PSA 132 9 y1an figs-metaphor 0 May your priests be clothed with integrity Integrity is spoken of as if it were clothing. Alternate translation: “May people recognize that your priests have integrity” or “I want people see how your priests always do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 10 zns5 0 For your servant David’s sake “Because of what happened to your servant David.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Psalms 132:1](../132/001.md). -PSA 132 10 e268 figs-metaphor 0 do not turn away from your anointed king Here “turning away” means to reject someone. Alternate translation: “do not abandon the king that you anointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 11 l5l7 figs-metaphor 0 I will place one of your descendants on your throne Making a king’s descendant become king in his place is spoken of as placing him on that king’s throne. AT “I will cause one of your descendants to rule Israel in your place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 12 ir7p figs-metaphor 0 sit on your throne Ruling as king is spoken of as sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 12 ht92 figs-synecdoche 0 your sons Here “your sons” represents the descendants of David that would become king. Alternate translation: “your descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 132 13 ym8p figs-pronouns 0 General Information: “He”, “my” and “I” refer to Yahweh and “her” refers to Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -PSA 132 13 kw5c figs-personification 0 Zion … her The author writes as though the city of Zion were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 132 13 wvs3 figs-metonymy 0 he has desired her for his seat “Yahweh has desired Zion for Yahweh’s seat.” Here, **seat** could mean: (1) his throne where he would rule, or (2) the place where he would stay. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 132 14 t9p9 figs-personification 0 her The author writes as though the city of Zion ([Psalms 132:13](../132/013.md)) were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 132 14 y9cs figs-metaphor 0 my resting place The place God chose for people to worship him is spoken of as if it were a place where he rests or lives eternally. Alternate translation: “the place where I stay” or “my tabernacle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 15 afl2 figs-personification 0 God continues to speak about the city of Zion as if Zion was a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 132 15 gvy6 0 will abundantly bless her “will abundantly bless Zion” -PSA 132 15 md5k figs-nominaladj 0 will satisfy her poor with bread Here “poor” refers to the poor people in Zion and “bread” probably represents food in general. Alternate translation: “will satisfy the poor people in Zion with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 132 16 w9cn figs-metaphor 0 I will clothe her priests with salvation Salvation is spoken of as if it is clothing. This could mean: (1) “I will cause the priests to behave in a manner worthy of ones whom I have saved” or (2) “I will save her priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 17 vls7 figs-metaphor 0 I will make a horn to sprout for David God speaks of a powerful descendant of David as if he was the powerful horn of an animal. Alternate translation: “I will make a descendant of David become king after him” or “I will cause David to have a descendant who will be a powerful king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 17 yc3b figs-metaphor 0 set up a lamp for my anointed one God speaks of causing David’s descendants to continue to rule as king as if they were a lamp that would continue to shine. Alternate translation: “I will cause my anointed one’s descendants to continue to rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 17 dms8 0 my anointed one “my chosen king” or “the king I have chosen” -PSA 132 18 gp1f figs-metaphor 0 I will clothe his enemies with shame Shame is spoken of as if it was clothing. This shame would result from losing in war. Alternate translation: “I will cause his enemies to be ashamed” or “I will cause his enemies to be defeated and ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 132 18 hdu2 figs-metonymy 0 his crown will shine The crown represents his rule, and greatness is spoken of as shining. Alternate translation: “he will be a great king” or “his greatness will shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 133 intro lg1c 0 # Psalm 133 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 133 is a wisdom psalm about harmony. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Harmony
Harmony between relatives is refreshing and brings a blessings from God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -PSA 133 1 s9bf writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 133 1 xwd2 0 song of ascents This could mean: (1) “song people sang while going up to Jerusalem for a celebration” or (2) “song people sang while going up the steps into the temple” or (3) “song whose words are like steps.” See how you translated this in [Psalms 120:1](../120/001.md) -PSA 133 1 d9ck 0 Behold This word is used to stress the importance of the statement that follows. -PSA 133 1 s8hv figs-metaphor 0 for brothers to live together The relationships among fellow God’s people is spoken of as if they were brothers. Alternate translation: “for God’s people to live together peacefully as brothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 133 2 qj4c figs-simile 0 It is like fine oil on the head The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as if it were like the fine oil that was poured on Aaron’s head. Alternate translation: “This unity is precious like the oil that was poured on Aaron’s head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 133 3 r3pl figs-simile 0 like the dew of Hermon The goodness of unity among God’s people is spoken of as it if it were refreshing like dew. Alternate translation: “refreshing like the dew of Hermon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 133 3 q5fz 0 Hermon This is a mountain in Israel that has snow on its peak year-round. -PSA 134 intro az9r 0 # Psalm 134 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 134 is a temple psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Watchmen
The watchmen who work at night should praise God. Then he will bless them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -PSA 134 1 x2de writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 134 1 y7mi 0 all you servants of Yahweh “all you who serve Yahweh” -PSA 134 2 fx9g translate-symaction 0 Lift up your hands This is how people prayed or praised God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 134 2 x39j 0 to the holy place This could mean: (1) “to the temple” or (2) “to the holy place in the temple.” -PSA 134 3 d5zb figs-merism 0 heaven and earth The phrase “heaven and earth” here represents all things. Alternate translation: “everything in heaven and earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 135 intro qzj7 0 # Psalm 135 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 135 is a worship psalm focusing on worshiping God because his greatness.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Praise
The people, priests and their helpers should praise God because he is so great. He defeated the Egyptians and led his people to the promise land. Idols have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -PSA 135 1 s987 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 135 1 q37i figs-metonymy 0 Praise the name of Yahweh Yahweh’s name represents him. “Praise Yahweh” or “Praise him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 135 2 hmn4 figs-metonymy 0 stand in Yahweh’s house This represents serving Yahweh in his temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 135 2 acj2 0 our God These words refer to Yahweh ([Psalms 135:1](../135/001.md)). -PSA 135 3 txp9 0 for it is pleasant to do so “because we get pleasure from praising his name” -PSA 135 4 e6pd figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has chosen Jacob “Jacob” here refers to his descendants, the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has chosen Jacob’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 135 4 tbz4 figs-ellipsis 0 Israel as his possession The beginning of the sentence can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “he has chosen Israel to be his possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 135 5 bu42 figs-metaphor 0 that our Lord is above all gods “I know that our Lord is above all gods.” Being greater than something is spoken of as being above it. Alternate translation: “that our Lord is greater than all gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 135 7 g3hj figs-metaphor 0 bringing the wind out of his storehouse A storehouse is a place where things are kept for future use. This imagery shows God’s power to control the wind. Alternate translation: “causing the wind to blow by his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 135 9 pln1 figs-doublet 0 signs and wonders These two words mean basically the same thing and refer to the miraculous troubles that God had caused in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 135 9 jjz5 figs-apostrophe 0 into your midst, Egypt The psalmist speaks as if the people of Egypt were listening to him. Alternate translation: “among you people of Egypt” or “among the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 135 9 eb2x 0 against Pharaoh “to punish Pharaoh” -PSA 135 11 tnk3 translate-names 0 Sihon … Og These are the names of two men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 135 12 xu2g figs-metaphor 0 He gave us their land as an inheritance God’s gift of the land to the Israelites is spoken of as if it were inheritance from father to son. Alternate translation: “He gave us their land to have forever” or “He gave us their land to be ours forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 135 13 z179 figs-metonymy 0 Your name His name here represents his fame or reputation. Alternate translation: “Your fame” or “Your reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 135 18 wi2e figs-simile 0 Those who make them are like them Being ignorant and powerless is spoken of as being like idols, which cannot speak, see, hear, or breathe. Alternate translation: “Those who make them are stupid and powerless like their idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 135 18 z43m 0 as is everyone who trusts in them “and so are those who trust in the idols” -PSA 135 21 l26a figs-metonymy 0 he who lives in Jerusalem God is spoken of as if he lived in Jerusalem because the temple where the Israelites worshiped him was there. Alternate translation: “he whose temple is in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 136 intro wah2 0 # Psalm 136 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 136 is a worship psalm. It was written to be sung by two parts of the choir. One part would sing the first part of each of the lines and then the other part of the choir would sing the repeated refrain.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel blessed
God has blessed Israel throughout its history and taken care of the needy people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -PSA 136 1 my49 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 136 1 ra72 figs-exclamations 0 Oh This is an exclamation that should be translated with whatever exclamation of emphasis you have in your language to make it sound natural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PSA 136 1 f89e figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 136 2 f8xr figs-idiom 0 the God of gods the God who is greater than the gods that other people worship (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 136 5 f8eu 0 by wisdom That is, because he is wise. -PSA 136 6 x27a 0 spread out the earth above the waters The ancient Israelites thought that the earth’s dry land was on top of the sea. Alternate translation: “placed the earth over the waters” -PSA 136 7 wi2k 0 great lights This is a reference to the sources of light for the earth, especially the sun and the moon. Alternate translation: “the sun and the moon and the stars” -PSA 136 8 f4vg figs-metaphor 0 to rule by day The sun is spoken of as if it were a king. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 136 8 h1q9 figs-abstractnouns 0 for his covenant faithfulness endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. See how you translated this in [Psalms 136:1](../136/001.md). Alternate translation: “because he remains faithful to his covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 136 9 m4de figs-metaphor 0 to rule by night The moon, and stars are spoken of as if they were kings. Alternate translation: “to mark the time of night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 136 11 v395 0 from among them “from among the people of Egypt” -PSA 136 12 eaa4 figs-metaphor 0 with a strong hand and a raised arm Here “hand” and “arm” represent power. Alternate translation: “with great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 136 13 avd4 0 the Sea of Reeds The soldiers of Pharaoh drowned in the Sea of Reeds. -PSA 136 15 a7s1 figs-metaphor 0 overthrew Pharaoh Here defeat is spoken of as if it were tipping someone over. Alternate translation: “defeated Pharaoh” or “defeated the king of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 136 15 mi4b figs-metonymy 0 Pharaoh That is, the army of Pharaoh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 136 19 j4wg translate-names 0 Sihon a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 136 20 r49c translate-names 0 Og a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PSA 136 23 q5t2 0 called us to mind “thought about us” -PSA 136 23 g78u figs-metaphor 0 helped us in our humiliation The condition of feeling shame is spoken of as if it were a place that the Israelites had been in. This is a reference to the many times when the Israelites’ enemies had defeated them in battle and shamed them. Alternate translation: “cared when we were shamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 136 24 zn74 figs-metaphor 0 has given us victory over our enemies Causing people to be victorious and defeat their enemies is spoken of as giving them victory, as if victory were an object that can be given. Alternate translation: “has made us victorious over our enemies” or “has made us able to defeat our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 136 26 vqb3 0 the God of heaven “the God who lives in heaven” or “the God whom the heavenly beings worship” -PSA 137 intro syg4 0 # Psalm 137 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 137 is a psalm of mourning and vengeance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Songs of Zion
The captives are told to sing songs of Zion there in Babylon but they felt too unhappy to want to sing. The army from Babylon was cruel when it destroyed Jerusalem and the people of Edom encouraged them to destroy Jerusalem. They prayed that God will be cruel to the people of Edom and Babylon. -PSA 137 1 g7si writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 137 1 kt8v 0 By the rivers of Babylon “Next to one of the rivers near Babylon” -PSA 137 1 rih5 figs-exclusive 0 we sat … wept … we thought The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 137 2 j2py figs-exclusive 0 we hung The writer does not include the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PSA 137 2 xl9e figs-metonymy 0 On the poplars there Poplar trees do not grow in Israel. “Poplars” may here stand for all the trees in Babylon. Alternate translation: “On the trees in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 137 3 sad7 0 our captors required songs from us “our captors required us to sing” -PSA 137 3 htl1 0 required us to be happy “made us pretend to be happy” -PSA 137 3 j7ws 0 one of the songs of Zion This probably refers to songs that the Israelites had used in worship at the temple in Jerusalem. -PSA 137 5 s6nm figs-personification 0 If I ignore the memory of you, Jerusalem The writer speaks as if Jerusalem is listening to him. Alternate translation: “If I act as if I did not remember you, Jerusalem” or “If I try to forget you, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 137 5 evg5 0 right hand the hand most people use most often -PSA 137 7 fey4 0 Call to mind “Remember” or “Think about” -PSA 137 7 wp1j figs-metonymy 0 Call to mind, Yahweh, what the Edomites did Here remembering what the Edomites did represents punishing them for what they did. Alternate translation: “Punish the Edomites, Yahweh, for what they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 137 7 fk91 figs-metaphor 0 the day Jerusalem fell Jerusalem being captured by an enemy army is spoken of as if it had fallen. Who captured Jerusalem can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the day Jerusalem was captured” or “the day the Babylonian army entered Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 137 8 vlj1 figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: The psalmist addresses the people of Babylon as if they were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 137 8 c3dh figs-metonymy 0 Daughter of Babylon This represents the city of Babylon and its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 137 8 w6kc figs-activepassive 0 may the person be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may God bless the person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 137 8 v1xl figs-metaphor 0 pays you back for what you have done to us The writer speaks of someone doing to others what they have done as if were payment. Alternate translation: “does to you what you did to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 137 9 v5tp 0 dashes your little ones against a rock “smashes your babies’ heads against rocks” -PSA 138 intro lv6z 0 # Psalm 138 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Answered prayers
God answers prayers and he protects the psalmist from his enemies. -PSA 138 1 uq65 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 138 1 hm3q figs-metonymy 0 I will give you thanks with my whole heart The heart here represents the emotions. Doing something sincerely or completely is spoken of as doing it with all one’s heart. Alternate translation: “I will sincerely thank you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 138 1 eq6r 0 before the gods This could mean: (1) “in spite of the false idols that exist” or (2) “before the heavenly assembly,” which means “in the knowledge of the angels in heaven.” -PSA 138 2 bda1 translate-symaction 0 I will bow down Bowing down is a symbolic action that represents worship and giving honor. Alternate translation: “I will worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 138 2 p2fj figs-metonymy 0 give thanks to your name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 138 2 t3ms figs-abstractnouns 0 for your covenant faithfulness and for your trustworthiness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because you are faithful to your covenant and you are worthy of people trusting you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 138 2 wkx6 0 your word “what you have said” or “your commands and promises” -PSA 138 2 m6ju figs-metonymy 0 your name This could mean: (1) “yourself” or (2) “your fame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 138 4 zpz8 figs-synecdoche 0 your mouth This expression stands for God himself. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 138 6 sg1t 0 Yahweh is high, yet he cares for the lowly Yahweh is above all creation in power, position, and authority. Yet his interest is in those who are humble in spirit, servants to all. This is a simple contrast. -PSA 138 6 ly27 figs-metaphor 0 the proud he knows from far off This expression probably means that God is not faithful to those who are proud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 138 7 se2w 0 walk live, exist -PSA 138 7 wu4n figs-metaphor 0 in the middle of danger Being in danger is spoken of as being in a physical place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 138 7 ez6k figs-metaphor 0 you will reach out with your hand against the anger of my enemies God is spoken of as if he will strike the enemies with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 138 7 uh62 figs-abstractnouns 0 anger of my enemies The abstract noun “anger” can be stated as “angry.” Alternate translation: “my enemies, who are angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 138 8 uma6 figs-abstractnouns 0 your covenant faithfulness, Yahweh, endures forever The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “you, Yahweh, remain faithful to your covenant forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 138 8 hc8j 0 the ones whom your hands have made This expression probably refers to the nation of Israel. -PSA 138 8 m81b figs-metaphor 0 your hands have made God is spoken of as if he had physically used hands to create. Alternate translation: “you have created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 intro spl6 0 # Psalm 139 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 139 is a psalm of praise.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God’s care
God created the psalmist in his mother’s womb and has taken care of him all of his life. No matter where he goes, God is always with him. -PSA 139 1 f2ij writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 139 1 m5if 0 For the chief musician “This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 139 1 z372 0 have examined “have tested” -PSA 139 2 rgf9 figs-merism 0 when I sit down and when I get up The psalmist uses these two actions to represent everything he does. Alternate translation: “everything I do” or “everything about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 139 3 u269 figs-metaphor 0 my path and my lying down Here “path” stands for one’s behavior. “My path and my lying down” together represent everything about the psalmist. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 139 4 i5s4 figs-metaphor 0 before there is a word on my tongue Here “word on the tongue” represents speech. Alternate translation: “before I say anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 5 q23v 0 Behind me and before me you surround me This expression refers to God’s presence everywhere. -PSA 139 5 xr3g figs-metaphor 0 place your hand upon me This expression refers to guidance and help. Alternate translation: “you guide and help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 6 yr6j 0 too much for me “too much for me to understand” -PSA 139 6 m18y figs-metaphor 0 it is too high, and I cannot reach it Being high and out of reach is an expression, in this case, about some knowledge that human beings cannot have. Alternate translation: “it is too difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 7 w65n figs-rquestion 0 Where can I go from your Spirit?…Where can I flee from your presence? These two questions are in parallel. The psalmist says that he cannot go away from God’s presence. Alternate translation: “I cannot escape from your Spirit.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 139 8 tdr8 figs-metaphor 0 if I make my bed in Sheol “Making one’s bed” refers to staying somewhere. Alternate translation: “even if I stay in Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 9 v6q9 figs-hyperbole 0 If I fly away on the wings of the morning and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea The author uses exaggeration to explain that wherever he is, God is there too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PSA 139 9 rt5q figs-metaphor 0 If I fly away on the wings of the morning In the ancient near east, the sun was often imagined as if it had wings which enabled it to fly across the sky. Alternate translation: “If the sun could carry me with itself across the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 9 iph4 0 in the uttermost parts across the sea “very far away to the west” -PSA 139 10 fx9r 0 will hold on to me “will help me” -PSA 139 11 z546 figs-metaphor 0 If I said, “Surely the darkness will cover me The psalmist speaks of the night as if it were a blanket that could conceal him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 12 v3s8 figs-metaphor 0 The night would shine like the day The night, which is dark, is spoken of as if it were bright with light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 13 zvi1 figs-synecdoche 0 You formed my inner parts “Inner parts” refers to the interior organs of a person, but here the expression probably stands for the entire body. Alternate translation: “You made my entire body (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 139 14 t36w figs-metonymy 0 My soul knows this very well Here “soul” probably refers to the psalmist’s innermost ability to be certain about God’s love and guidance. The translator may, however, treat “soul” here as metonymy for the psalmist’s mind and heart. Alternate translation: “I know this with all my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 139 15 wrz7 0 intricately made “made with great complexity” -PSA 139 15 r8mk figs-metaphor 0 the depths of the earth This is probably a way of speaking about a mother’s womb (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 16 i7h1 0 all the days assigned to me were recorded in your book even before the first one happened This expression implies that ancient Israelites imagined that God wrote down his plans in a book. -PSA 139 17 e3mj 0 How precious are your thoughts to me “I consider your thoughts very important” or “Your thoughts are very valuable to me” -PSA 139 17 j6ja 0 How vast is their sum! “Your thoughts are so many.” -PSA 139 18 y1h1 figs-hyperbole 0 they would be more in number than the sand This hyperbole means that the writer would be unable to count God’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “there would be more than I could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PSA 139 19 g2az figs-apostrophe 0 get away from me, you violent men The psalmist is only pretending to speak directly to the violent men whom he has in mind. Translators may decide to express this command as a wish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 139 20 t47k 0 They rebel against you “They rebel against your authority, God” -PSA 139 20 lzi8 0 your enemies tell lies “your enemies lie about you” -PSA 139 21 f3gc figs-parallelism 0 Do I not hate those, Yahweh, who hate you? Do I not despise those who rise up against you? These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. Both of these questions actually make statements. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, I hate those who hate you! I despise those who rise up against you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 139 21 s4kn 0 rise up against rebel against -PSA 139 23 e3ka figs-explicit 0 Examine me This is a request for God to tell the psalmist about any sinful thoughts that he may have. Alternate translation: “Please search me” or “I beg you to search me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 139 23 s3gp figs-parallelism 0 Examine me, God, and know my heart; test me and know my thoughts These two sentences have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 139 24 r9qy figs-metaphor 0 any wicked way Here “way” stands for behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 139 24 h9f8 figs-metaphor 0 the everlasting way Here “way” refers to trust and obedience in God. Anyone who “walks” this way will have everlasting life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 intro qi17 0 # Psalm 140 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 140 is a deliverance psalm. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s protection
He prayed that God would save him from his enemies who are lying about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]]) -PSA 140 1 g538 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 140 1 gc5w 0 For the chief musician This is for the director of music to use in worship.” -PSA 140 2 luc4 0 they cause battles Here “battles” probably refers to conflict of any kind, including quarrels. -PSA 140 3 pz2s figs-metaphor 0 Their tongues wound like serpents People who cause conflict by what they say are spoken of as if they had tongues of serpents. Of course, snakes do not do damage with their tongues, but with their bites and especially with poison. Neither can a person make his tongue sharp. Instead, here the idea of a sharp tongue stands for speaking in a way to cause trouble. And the idea the snakes have sharp tongues stands for the fact that many of them have poison. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 4 b8fg figs-metaphor 0 the hands of the wicked That is, the power of the wicked (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 5 fa3u figs-metaphor 0 have set a trap … have spread a net … have set a snare The exact kinds of traps are less important than the idea that wicked and proud people are planning to make trouble for the psalmist. If your readers do not know much about different ways of trapping, you may need to reduce this to one line. Alternate translation: “have set a trap to catch me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 140 6 w5qu figs-metonymy 0 listen to my cries This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 140 7 c56x figs-synecdoche 0 you shield my head in the day of battle A person’s head is in great danger during battle. Protecting the person’s head represents protecting the whole person. Alternate translation: “you protect me when I go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 7 pz1z figs-metaphor 0 battle Here “battle” probably stands for any kind of severe trouble (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 8 c5jb 0 do not grant the desires of the wicked “please do not allow the wicked to have what they desire” -PSA 140 8 hdj3 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 140 9 gn44 translate-symaction 0 raise their heads This is a sign of being arrogant. Alternate translation: “are arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 140 9 x51m 0 let the mischief of their own lips cover them This is a prayer that God would make the evildoers suffer from the trouble that they caused by the things they said. -PSA 140 9 a8kq figs-metaphor 0 the mischief of their own lips The trouble that they themselves caused by what they said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 9 tmk5 figs-metaphor 0 cover them That is, stop them from causing any more trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 10 yxz6 figs-metaphor 0 Let burning coals fall on them; throw them into the fire Images of fire stand for severe punishment for the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 140 10 pqf9 0 bottomless pits This is probably a reference to Sheol, the world of the dead. -PSA 140 11 sf31 figs-idiom 0 men of tongues those who speak evil of others without cause (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 140 11 i174 0 secure on the earth “safe in this life” -PSA 140 11 k1fm figs-personification 0 may evil hunt down the violent man Here evil is spoken of as if it were someone taking revenge on another person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 140 12 em3r figs-abstractnouns 0 he will give justice to the needy The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as “just.” Alternate translation: “He will act in a just manner to help the needy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 140 13 wfl7 figs-metonymy 0 to your name This represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 141 intro j6r9 0 # Psalm 141 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 141 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies and from sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s correction
The author prayed that God would keep him from sinning. He is glad to be corrected by good people. He asked God to show that he is right by destroying the evil leaders of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -PSA 141 1 f34t writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 141 1 gns6 0 crying out “asking you for help” -PSA 141 1 uq2e figs-personification 0 come quickly to me The psalmist speaks as if Yahweh were a person who needed to come from another place to help him. What the psalmist wanted Yahweh to do can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “come quickly to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 141 1 f66k 0 Listen to me when I call “Please hear me when I call” or “I beg you to hear me when I call” -PSA 141 2 d4jp figs-simile 0 May my prayer be like incense The psalmist asks Yahweh to accept and be pleased with his prayer the way he would accept and be pleased with incense. Alternate translation: “May the my prayer please you the way the sweet smell of incense pleases people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 141 2 vz6a figs-metonymy 0 my prayer The psalmist wants Yahweh to be pleased with him because he is praying and because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 141 2 f9h1 0 my lifted hands “the hands that I have lifted up.” Lifted hands are a metonym for prayer. People lifted their hands when they prayed or praised Yahweh. See how you translated “lift up your hands” in [Psalms 134:2](../134/002.md). -PSA 141 2 vf7s figs-simile 0 be like the evening sacrifice The means to be like the animal that was burned on the altar in the evening. The psalmist speaks as if he wants Yahweh to be as pleased with him as he is with those who bring animals to sacrifice. He wants Yahweh to be pleased because the psalmist is praying or because of the words of his prayer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 141 3 kge1 figs-metaphor 0 place a guard over my mouth The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things that are evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 141 3 pt7y 0 place a guard over “tell someone to guard” -PSA 141 3 hf52 figs-metaphor 0 guard the door of my lips The psalmist speaks as if evil words were prisoners trying to escape from his mouth. Alternate translation: “please help me not to say things when I should not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 141 4 cg6p 0 participate in sinful activities “do sinful deeds” -PSA 141 4 ft7c 0 their delicacies “their special foods” -PSA 141 5 z9wf figs-metaphor 0 hit me The psalmist speaks as if giving a rebuke were physically hitting someone. Alternate translation: “rebuke me” or “hit me so I will listen when he corrects me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 141 5 d396 figs-abstractnouns 0 it will be a kindness to me The abstract noun “kindness” can be translated with an adverb. Alternate translation: “he will be acting kindly to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 141 5 vbt8 figs-simile 0 it will be like oil on my head Possible meanings are that the psalmist speaks as if a person correcting him were putting oil on his head: (1) to honor him. Alternate translation: “when he corrects me, I will know that the one who corrects me is doing a good deed to me” or (2) to make his head feel better. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 141 5 sry9 figs-synecdoche 0 may my head not refuse to accept it The head is a synecdoche for the person. The litotes can be translated as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “may I accept it gladly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 141 5 m2xw figs-metonymy 0 my prayer is always against their wicked deeds The words “wicked deeds” are a metonym for the people who do the wicked deeds. Alternate translation: “I always pray that Yahweh will stop wicked people from doing evil deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 141 6 k4ld figs-activepassive 0 Their leaders will be thrown down This could mean: (1) “Someone will throw their leaders down” or (2) “Their leaders will throw them down.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 141 6 fj6j 0 cliffs ground that goes straight down a long way -PSA 141 7 b6wd 0 our bones have been scattered This could mean: (1) “people have thrown our bones around in different directions” or (2) as a result of the fall from the cliffs (141:6) “our bodies are broken and our bones lie in disorder.” -PSA 141 8 cjd2 figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes are on you The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am looking to see what you will do” or “I expect you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 141 8 wm6m figs-metaphor 0 in you I take refuge “I am asking you to protect me” See how “take refuge” is translated in [Psalms 118:9](../118/009.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 141 8 wls6 figs-synecdoche 0 my soul The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 141 9 q9db figs-metaphor 0 the snares that they have laid for me The psalmist speaks of deceiving a good man so the good man will sin or so that the evil people can defeat him as if it were laying a trap for an animal. The word “snares” is a metonym for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “people who are looking for ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 141 9 y879 0 snares … traps Bible experts disagree on the exact meanings of these words. It would be best either to translate one of them with the word for a net or cage that contains the prey and the other as a rope or vine that catches the prey by the leg or neck or to translate both with the general word for “traps.” See how these words are translated in [Psalms 140:5](../140/005.md). -PSA 141 9 g9xn figs-ellipsis 0 from the traps of evildoers The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and protect me from the traps that those who do evil have set” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 141 10 zb2q 0 Let the wicked fall into their own nets The psalmist speaks of evil people deceiving good people as if hunters were trapping animals. Alternate translation: “Let the wicked fall into the net traps they have made to trap other people” or “Let the bad things the wicked planned for the righteous happen to the wicked instead” -PSA 142 intro psy6 0 # Psalm 142 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 142 is a psalm of deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
The psalmist is alone, and has many enemies surrounding him. Despite this, Yahweh will help him. Then, good people will join the author. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/good]]) -PSA 142 1 j93h writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 142 1 p2w2 0 A maschil This may refer to a style of music. See how you translated this in [Psalms 32:1](../032/001.md). -PSA 142 1 bue5 0 cave open place under the earth large enough for people to walk around in -PSA 142 1 e46x figs-doublet 0 I cry out for help to Yahweh … I plead for Yahweh’s favor If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 142 1 gl9i 0 with my voice “using my voice” - -PSA 142 2 e15u figs-doublet 0 pour out my lament before him … I tell him my troubles If these two lines are so much the same that the reader will get the wrong meaning, you can translate them as one line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 142 2 ay1f figs-metaphor 0 pour out my lament before him The psalmist speaks of telling Yahweh why he is sad as if he were pouring all of a liquid out of a container. Alternate translation: “I tell him all about why I am sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 142 2 vh7u 0 tell him my troubles “tell him about everything that makes me worry” -PSA 142 3 aks7 0 my spirit is weak within me “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” -PSA 142 3 j7ir figs-explicit 0 you know my path “you know the path I should take.” The psalmist speaks as if what a person does were a path that that person walked along. Alternate translation: “you know the way I should live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 142 3 qy2a figs-metaphor 0 In the way that I walk they have hidden a trap for me The psalmist speaks of people wanting to harm him as if they were trying to trap an animal. Alternate translation: “They are making plans so that whatever I do they can harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 142 4 e9h9 figs-metonymy 0 my life This is a metonym for “me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 142 5 d83b figs-metonymy 0 called out to you This is a call for help. Alternate translation: “called to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 142 5 u3fb 0 my portion This could mean: (1) “all I want” or (2) “all I need” or (3) “all I have.” -PSA 142 5 v2uk figs-idiom 0 in the land of the living This idiom refers to a person being alive, as opposed to a person who is dead and in the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “while I am living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 142 6 t4vr figs-metonymy 0 Listen to my call This is a call for help. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:1](../005/001.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I call to you now for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 142 6 y2xf 0 I have been brought very low This could mean: (1) “I am very needy” and (2) “I am very weak.” See how “we are very low” is translated in [Psalms 78:8](../078/008.md). -PSA 142 7 va7w figs-synecdoche 0 Bring my soul out of prison This is a request. The “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “bring me out of prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 142 7 w9yx figs-metonymy 0 give thanks to your name The word “name” is a metonym for the person. See how you translated this in [Psalms 5:11](../005/011.md). Alternate translation: “give thanks to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 143 intro tm9v 0 # Psalm 143 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 143 is a deliverance psalm. The author prays for deliverance from his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s help
The author prayed for help from Yahweh against his enemies because he is God’s servant. -PSA 143 1 jk8k writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 143 1 c8pp figs-metonymy 0 Hear my prayer The words “my prayer” are a metonym for the person who is praying. See how these words are translated in [Psalms 39:12](../039/012.md). Alternate translation: “Listen to me as I pray to you” or “Be willing to do what I ask you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 143 2 h1x7 figs-idiom 0 Do not enter into judgment To “enter into judgment” is an idiom that means to pronounce judgment. Alternate translation: “Please do not judge” or “I beg you not to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PSA 143 2 ab38 figs-123person 0 your servant The psalmist speaks of himself as if he were speaking of another person. Alternate translation: “me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PSA 143 2 u6lh figs-metaphor 0 in your sight no one is righteous Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in your judgment no one is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 143 3 p6sx figs-synecdoche 0 pursued my soul Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “pursued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 143 3 u666 figs-metaphor 0 has crushed me to the ground Defeating an enemy is spoken of as a heavy object crushing a lighter object on the ground. Alternate translation: “has completely defeated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 143 4 j66k 0 My spirit is overwhelmed within me “I am weak” or “I am extremely discouraged” -PSA 143 4 yv4a 0 my heart despairs “I no longer have any hope” -PSA 143 5 nii3 0 call to mind “think about” -PSA 143 5 z21m 0 your accomplishments “all that you have accomplished” or “all the great things you have done” -PSA 143 6 i96g figs-metonymy 0 spread my hands out to you What one does with one’s body here is a metonym for the purpose of doing so. The Israelites would commonly pray while standing with their hands raised and spread out at their sides. Alternate translation: “pray to you with my hands lifted up at my sides” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 143 6 c8nl figs-metaphor 0 my soul thirsts for you in a parched land The psalmist speaks of wanting to be with God as if he were in a parched land and he also was about to die of thirst. Alternate translation: “I want to be with you the way a person in a parched land who is very thirsty wants water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 143 6 x1rn figs-metaphor 0 my soul thirsts for you The psalmist desires to know Yahweh. The intensity of his desire to know Yahweh is like one who is very thirsty. Alternate translation: “I long for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 143 6 m3qk figs-synecdoche 0 my soul The soul is a metonym for the person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 143 6 zc2r 0 parched land A land where everything has died because there is no water. -PSA 143 7 r837 figs-personification 0 my spirit faints Here the “spirit” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am weak” or “I am very discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 143 7 h5nt 0 Do not hide your face from me This is a request. “I beg you not to hide from me” or “Please, do not hide from me” -PSA 143 7 t1s2 figs-metaphor 0 Do not hide your face from me The psalmist speaks of Yahweh refusing to do what the psalmist asks as if Yahweh were refusing to even look at the psalmist. This litotes can be stated as a positive. Alternate translation: “Do not refuse to listen to me” or “Please listen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PSA 143 7 yh17 figs-euphemism 0 I will become like those who go down into the pit Here the word “pit” refers to the place of the dead. This phrase is a euphemism for death. Alternate translation: “I will become just another dead person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 143 8 cbz8 figs-abstractnouns 0 Let me hear your covenant faithfulness “Cause me to hear of your covenant faithfulness” or “Tell me of your covenant faithfulness.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Let me hear of how you are faithful to your covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 143 8 z9rb 0 in the morning This could mean: (1) “in the morning,” at the time many people thought was the best time to pray, or (2) “morning by morning,” every day. -PSA 143 8 aut8 0 Show me “Tell me” -PSA 143 8 e86d figs-metaphor 0 the way where I should walk The psalmist speaks of the way people live as if it were a path on which they walk. Alternate translation: “how you want me to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 143 8 idb7 0 for I lift up my soul to you This could mean: (1) “I pray to you” or (2) “I believe that you will guide and protect me.” -PSA 143 9 uh4d 0 I flee to you to hide This could mean: (1) “I flee to you so I can hide” and (2) “I flee to you so you will hide and protect me.” -PSA 143 10 hfy5 0 to do your will “to do what you want me to do” -PSA 143 10 u2i6 figs-metaphor 0 lead me in the land of uprightness This could mean: (1) “help me to live righteously” or (2) “may my life be free of trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 143 10 kpf6 figs-metaphor 0 the land of uprightness This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for righteous living or (2) “a level land,” a metaphor for life free of trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 143 11 drk5 figs-metonymy 0 for your name’s sake Yahweh’s name represents his reputation and character. Alternate translation: “because of who you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 143 12 d1cl 0 the enemies of my life “the enemies who want to take my life” -PSA 143 12 wp4f figs-abstractnouns 0 In your covenant faithfulness cut off my enemies “Show your covenant faithfulness by cutting off my enemies.” The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “Because you are faithful to your covenant, cut off my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 143 12 wl46 figs-metonymy 0 the enemies of my life “the enemies of my soul.” My “life” may be understood as representing the speaker. Alternate translation: “my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 144 intro j9c6 0 # Psalm 144 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 144 is a worship psalm. It is the first worship psalm in a series consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Safety
Psalm 144 is a prayer for safety and prosperity for the nation of Israel. -PSA 144 1 kh8j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 144 1 lg69 figs-metaphor 0 my rock This could mean: (1) “the one who keeps me safe” or (2) “the one who gives me strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 144 1 r6cj figs-synecdoche 0 who trains my hands for war and my fingers for battle The words “hands” and “fingers” are synecdoches for “me.” If “war” and “battle” are the same word in your language, you can translate this as one line. Alternate translation: “who trains me for war and trains me for battle” or “who trains me for war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 144 2 k7jc figs-abstractnouns 0 my covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with anadverb. This could mean: (1) “the one who faithfully loves me” or (2) “the one who faithfully protects me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 144 2 bpc6 figs-metaphor 0 my fortress … take refuge The psalmist uses many metaphors to emphasize that Yahweh will protect him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 144 2 naw2 figs-metaphor 0 my high tower David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a fortress that protects him from attack. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 144 2 v4eq figs-metaphor 0 my shield David speaks of Yahweh as if he were a shield that protects a soldier. Yahweh is the one who protects David from harm. See how this is translated in [Psalms 18:2](../018/002.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 144 2 ig17 figs-metaphor 0 the one in whom I take refuge Going to Yahweh for protection is spoken of as taking refuge in him. Alternate translation: “the one to whom I go so he will protect me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 144 2 qyp9 0 the one who subdues nations under me “the one who enables me to defeat other nations” -PSA 144 3 la8b figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, what is man that you take notice of him or the son of man that you think about him? These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Man is so small compared to everything else you have made that I am surprised that you take notice of man and that you think about the son of man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 144 3 e6zt figs-doublet 0 man … son of man two words for human beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 144 4 hu1p figs-simile 0 like a breath … like a passing shadow The writer compares humans to these thing to emphasize how short their lives are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 144 5 cp6t 0 Cause … come down … touch … make These words should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. -PSA 144 5 as4e 0 Cause the sky to sink This could mean: (1) tear the sky open or (2) bend the heavens like a tree branch bends when someone walks on it or as one bends a bow before shooting arrows. -PSA 144 6 jip6 0 Send … scatter … shoot … drive These should probably be translated as requests, not commands, since the psalmist knows that God is greater than he is. -PSA 144 6 ye36 0 in confusion “so they do not know what to think or what to do” -PSA 144 7 w63l figs-metaphor 0 Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of many waters David speaks as if God were on land above a flood and had physical hands with which he could pull David out of a flood. The flood is a metaphor for the troubles caused by the “foreigners.” Alternate translation: “You who are able to act, help me overcome my troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 144 7 a8fn figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of foreigners Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 144 8 i188 figs-synecdoche 0 Their mouths speak lies Here the word “mouths” represent the people who speak. Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 144 8 f1nz figs-metaphor 0 their right hand is falsehood This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 144 9 wz6d 0 new song This could mean: (1) “a song no one has ever sung before” or (2) “a song I have never sung before.” -PSA 144 10 rad1 0 who give … kings, who rescued You may end a sentence at the end of [Psalms 144:9](../144/009.md) and start a new sentence here. “you. It is you who give … kings. It is you who rescued” -PSA 144 10 t9g4 0 David your servant David speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “me, David, your servant” -PSA 144 10 r919 figs-metonymy 0 from an evil sword David speaks of evil people as if they were the swords they use as weapons. Alternate translation: “from evil people who were trying to kill him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 144 11 a7t7 0 Rescue me and free me “Please rescue me and free me” -PSA 144 11 iv5z figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of foreigners Here “hand” refers to power. See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:7](./007.md). Alternate translation: “from the power of foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 144 11 vu7l figs-synecdoche 0 Their mouths speak lies The people are represented by their “mouths.” See how you translated these words in [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 144 11 me9z figs-metaphor 0 their right hand is falsehood This could mean: (1) David speaks of the custom of raising the right hand to swear that what one is about to say in court is true, “they lie even when they swear to tell the truth,” or (2) the “right hand” is a metaphor for power, “everything they have gotten, they have gotten by telling lies.”See how you translated these words [Psalms 144:8](./008.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 144 12 mxt8 0 like plants who grow to full size healthy and strong -PSA 144 12 jn5c 0 in their youth the time when people develop -PSA 144 12 zf8s 0 our daughters like carved corner pillars “may our daughters be like carved corner pillars” -PSA 144 12 qvz7 0 carved corner pillars “beautiful posts that hold up the corners of a large house” -PSA 144 12 ah7c 0 pillars, shapely like those of a palace “pillars that are carved to make a palace beautiful” -PSA 144 13 m4xe translate-numbers 0 thousands and ten thousands in our fields “thousands—even tens of thousands!—and fill up our fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -PSA 144 14 zjd7 0 No one will break through our walls “No one will be able to invade our city” -PSA 144 14 r26v figs-metonymy 0 no outcry Here the outcry is associated with a severe problem that causes the person to cry out. Alternate translation: “no one crying in pain” or “no one crying for help” or “no one calling out for justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 145 intro nm65 0 # Psalm 145 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 145 is a worship psalm. This is the second in a series of worship psalms consisting of the final seven psalms (Psalms 144-150).

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Praise
God is worthy of all praise. This is in part because he does such wonderful things for all who worship him. -PSA 145 1 rw8s writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 145 1 dl46 0 extol you “tell people how wonderful you are” -PSA 145 1 p5ni figs-metonymy 0 bless your name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “bless you” or “do what makes you happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 145 2 q3yg figs-metonymy 0 praise your name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise you” or “tell people how great you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 145 4 b492 0 your mighty actions “the things you can do because you are strong” -PSA 145 7 ri73 0 declare your abounding goodness “tell others how very good you are” -PSA 145 8 jqk7 figs-metaphor 0 abounding in covenant faithfulness The psalmist speaks of covenant faithfulness as if it were a physical object of which one could possess a large amount. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “completely faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 145 9 k61r 0 his tender mercies are over all his works “people can see him showing mercy in everything he does” -PSA 145 10 v1rj 0 All you have made will give thanks “All the people you have made will give thanks” or “It will be as if everything you have made will give you thanks” -PSA 145 13 yys6 0 endures throughout all generations “remains forever” -PSA 145 14 f2te figs-metaphor 0 supports all who are falling … raises up all those who are bent over The psalmist speaks of Yahweh encouraging people as if he were helping people who were physically weak. You may need to translate both lines using only one line. AT “encourages those who are discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 145 15 w41b figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes of all wait Here the word “eyes” represents those who watch and wait for Yahweh to act. Alternate translation: “Everyone watches and waits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 145 16 xft8 0 You open your hand “You generously provide” -PSA 145 16 b2bx 0 satisfy the desire of every living thing “you give everyone more than they need and as much as they want” -PSA 145 17 h9wa 0 Yahweh is righteous in all his ways “People can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is righteous” -PSA 145 17 h24t 0 faithful in all he does “and he is gracious in all he does” or “people can see from everything that Yahweh does that he is gracious” -PSA 145 18 kq17 figs-metaphor 0 is near to all those who call to him Here “is near” means “ready to help.” Alternate translation: “is always ready to help all those who call to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 145 18 v98h figs-abstractnouns 0 to all who call to him in trustworthiness The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “to all who tell only the truth when they pray” or “to all whom he trusts when they pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 145 21 asw2 figs-synecdoche 0 My mouth will speak Here the words “My mouth” represent the one speaking. Alternate translation: “I will speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 145 21 t2tr 0 will speak out the praise of Yahweh “tell everyone how good Yahweh is” -PSA 145 21 nc4f figs-metonymy 0 let all mankind bless his holy name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. See how “may his glorious name be blessed” is translated in [Psalms 72:19](../072/019.md). Alternate translation: “let all people bless him” or “let all people do what makes him happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 146 intro s9dj 0 # Psalm 146 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 146 is a worship psalm. It is the third in series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
Trusting people for protection is useless because they die. But God blesses everyone who trusts in him. He provides everything people need. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]]) -PSA 146 1 xb8v writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 146 1 jq1j figs-metonymy 0 Praise Yahweh, my soul Here “soul” represents the writer’s inner being. The writer is commanding his inner being to praise Yahweh. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will praise Yahweh with all my soul” or “I give praise to Yahweh with all my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 146 2 isg7 0 with all my life “until I die” or “while I live” -PSA 146 3 x34i figs-synecdoche 0 in princes Here “princes” represents all human leaders. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 146 3 br6l figs-abstractnouns 0 in mankind, in whom there is no salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be stated as “save.” Alternate translation: “in any person because they cannot save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 146 3 ure6 0 in mankind “in humankind” or “in people” -PSA 146 4 xqq1 figs-euphemism 0 When a person’s life’s breath stops This is a polite way to refer to someone dying. Alternate translation: When a person dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PSA 146 4 c8h2 figs-explicit 0 he returns to the ground This means that just as God made the first human, Adam, from the soil, so will a person’s body decay and become soil again when he dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 146 6 ci47 figs-merism 0 Yahweh made heaven and earth The words “heaven” and “earth” represent everything that exists in the physical universe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 146 6 ca4t figs-abstractnouns 0 observes trustworthiness The abstract noun “trustworthiness” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “remains trustworthy” or “remains faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 146 7 zbn6 0 He executes justice “He decides matters fairly” -PSA 146 7 kk2i figs-nominaladj 0 for the oppressed This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “for oppressed people” or “for those whom other people oppress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 146 7 key9 figs-nominaladj 0 to the hungry This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “to hungry people” or “to those who are hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 146 8 tjb6 figs-metaphor 0 opens the eyes of the blind Causing a blind person to see is spoken of as if Yahweh were opening the person’s eyes. Alternate translation: “causes the blind to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 146 8 pav7 figs-nominaladj 0 the blind This nominal adjective can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “blind people” or “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 146 8 ey4k figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh raises up those who are bowed down Yahweh helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically helping someone to stand up. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps those who are discouraged” or “Yahweh helps those who are weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 146 8 ml15 translate-symaction 0 who are bowed down This action is a sign of distress or mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 146 9 l8p2 figs-metaphor 0 he lifts up God helping someone is spoken of as if he were physically lifting them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 146 10 kr81 figs-metonymy 0 your God, Zion Here “Zion” represents all the people of Israel. The writer is speaking to the people of Israel as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “your God, people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -PSA 146 10 il4h figs-ellipsis 0 for all generations The words “will reign” are understood. Alternate translation: “will reign for all generations” or “will reign forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 147 intro z5be 0 # Psalm 147 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 147 is a worship psalm. It is the fourth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s control
Yahweh has created everything and controls all of nature. He provides for the animals and people. -PSA 147 1 u7wi writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 147 1 g689 figs-ellipsis 0 it is pleasant The object may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “it is pleasant to sing praises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 147 1 i9pm 0 praise is suitable “praise is fitting” or “praise is appropriate” -PSA 147 3 ip6s figs-metaphor 0 He heals the brokenhearted and binds up their wounds The writer speaks of the people’s sorrow and discouragement as if they were physical wounds, and of Yahweh encouraging them as if he were healing those wounds. Alternate translation: “He encourages those who are sad and helps them to heal from their emotional wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 147 5 sq6c figs-activepassive 0 his understanding cannot be measured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can measure his understanding” or “his understanding has no limit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 147 6 ret4 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh lifts up the oppressed The writer speaks of Yahweh honoring those who are oppressed as if Yahweh were lifting them up from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh honors the oppressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 147 6 j87w figs-metaphor 0 he brings the wicked down to the ground The writer speaks of Yahweh humiliating the wicked as if Yahweh were forcing them to lie on the ground. Alternate translation: “he humiliates the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 147 7 x7xx 0 with a harp “while playing a harp” -PSA 147 9 y81a figs-ellipsis 0 to the young ravens when they cry The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “he gives food to the young ravens when they cry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 147 9 hrg8 0 when they cry “whey they chirp” or “when they call” -PSA 147 10 ih2w 0 He finds no delight in the strength of a horse “Strong horses do not delight him” -PSA 147 10 vg8p figs-metonymy 0 the strong legs of a man This could mean: (1) “strong legs” is a metonym that represents how swiftly a man can run. Alternate translation: “men who can run swiftly” or (2) “strong legs” represents the strength of the whole man. Alternate translation: “how strong a man is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 147 11 fe9n figs-abstractnouns 0 who hope in his covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be translated with and adjective. Alternate translation: “who trust him because he is faithful to his covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 147 12 c1ra figs-personification 0 Jerusalem … Zion The writer speaks to Jerusalem, which he also calls Zion, as if it were a person. The names of the city are metonyms for the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 147 13 v5j1 figs-synecdoche 0 For he strengthens the bars of your gates The phrase “the bars of your gates” represent the city as a whole. Yahweh will make Jerusalem secure from enemy invasion. Alternate translation: “For he protects Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 147 13 kjw5 figs-metaphor 0 he blesses … among you The writer speaks of those who live in Jerusalem as if they were Jerusalem’s children. Alternate translation: “he blesses those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 147 14 jv5d 0 He brings prosperity “He brings peace.” This could mean: (1) Yahweh causes the people who live in Jerusalem to prosper materially and financially or (2) the word translated as “prosperity” means “peace” and Yahweh keeps Jerusalem safe from enemy attack. -PSA 147 15 a37s figs-personification 0 his command runs very swiftly The writer describes God’s command as if it were a messenger that moves quickly to deliver God’s message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 147 16 c1ee figs-simile 0 He makes the snow like wool, he scatters the frost like ashes These emphasize how easy it is for him to do these things. He covers the ground with snow as easily as a person covers something with a wool blanket. And, he removes the frost as easily as the wind blows ashes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 147 17 nl42 figs-simile 0 He dispenses the hail like crumbs Yahweh scatters hail as easily as a person would scatter bread crumbs. Alternate translation: “He dispenses the hail easily, as if it were crumbs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PSA 147 17 ljb8 0 He dispenses “He sends” -PSA 147 17 iq6h 0 hail small pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain -PSA 147 17 sid1 figs-rquestion 0 who can withstand the cold he sends? The writer uses this question to emphasize that it is difficult to endure the cold weather that Yahweh causes. Alternate translation: “no one can live in the cold he sends.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PSA 147 18 db1u figs-metaphor 0 He sends out his command and melts them The writer speaks of Yahweh’s command as if it were his messenger. The word “command” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “He commands the ice to melt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 147 19 h3ti figs-parallelism 0 He proclaimed his word to Jacob, his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel These two lines mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gave his law only to Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 147 19 m4av figs-ellipsis 0 his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “He proclaimed his statutes and his righteous decrees to Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 147 19 c558 figs-doublet 0 his statutes and his righteous decrees The words “statutes” and “righteous decrees,” along with “word” in the previous line, all refer to the law of Moses. If your language does not have different words for these terms, you may combine the two lines into one, using either “Jacob” or “Israel” for the people who received them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PSA 147 20 s9ly 0 they do not know them The other nations do not know Yahweh’s decrees. -PSA 148 intro ug77 0 # Psalm 148 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 148 is a worship psalm. It is the fifth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
All creation, including humans, should praise God for his greatness. -PSA 148 1 hy45 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 148 1 y3gp figs-parallelism 0 Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the heights “Praise Yahweh, you in the heavens … you in the sky.” These two lines are parallel, with phrase “the heights” meaning the same thing as “the heavens” in the previous line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 148 3 ri28 figs-personification 0 Praise him, sun and moon The writer speaks to the sun and moon as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, sun and moon, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 148 3 qw9e figs-personification 0 praise him, all you shining stars The writer speaks to the shining stars as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, shining stars, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 148 4 ek5l figs-personification 0 Praise him, highest heaven The phrase “highest heaven” is an idiom that refers to heaven itself. The writer speaks to heaven as if it were a person and commands it to praise Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Praise Yahweh, highest heaven, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 148 4 vf7i figs-personification 0 you waters that are above the sky The writer speaks to “the waters that are above the sky” as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. The verbal phrase can be supplied from the previous line. Alternate translation: “praise him, you waters that are above the sky, as people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PSA 148 4 ut7b 0 waters that are above the sky The writer speaks of a place above the sky where water is stored and from which the rain comes. -PSA 148 5 ch3d figs-metonymy 0 Let them praise the name of Yahweh Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Let them praise Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 148 5 tcm6 figs-activepassive 0 they were created This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he created them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PSA 148 6 c9ty 0 he issued a decree that will never change This could mean: (1) “he gave a command that is permanent” or (2) “he gave a command that they will not disobey.” -PSA 148 6 n8cn 0 he issued “he gave” -PSA 148 7 n48i figs-metonymy 0 all ocean depths This phrase represents every creature that lives in the depths of the oceans. Alternate translation: “all creatures in the ocean depths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 148 8 s17i figs-personification 0 fire and hail, snow and clouds, stormy wind The writer speaks to these natural phenomena as if they are people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 148 8 u52w 0 stormy wind fulfilling his word “stormy wind that does what Yahweh commands” -PSA 148 9 e5cz figs-personification 0 The writer continues to speak to things that are not human as if they were people and commands them to praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PSA 148 10 b65a figs-merism 0 animals wild and tame The words “wild” and “tame” are opposites. Together they encompass all animals. Alternate translation: “all animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 148 11 j3b1 0 Connecting Statement: The writer commands all people to praise Yahweh. -PSA 148 11 w92u figs-metonymy 0 all nations The word “nations” represents the people who live in those nations. Alternate translation: “people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 148 12 g9p4 figs-merism 0 young men and young women, elderly and children The writer uses two merisms, one related to gender and one related to age, to represent every person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PSA 148 13 r7cb figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh, for his name alone Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, for he alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 148 13 lr9t figs-metaphor 0 his glory extends over the earth and the heavens The writer speaks of Yahweh’s greatness as his glory being high above earth and heaven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 148 14 qn5e figs-metaphor 0 He has lifted up the horn of his people The writer speaks of strength as if it were the horn of an animal. Lifting up an animal horn was a symbolic action that represented military victory. Alternate translation: “He has made his people strong” or “He has given his people victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PSA 148 14 wv8t 0 for praise from all his faithful ones “so that all his faithful ones praise him” -PSA 148 14 n4ru figs-metaphor 0 the people near to him The writer speaks of Yahweh loving his people as if his people were physically close to him. Alternate translation: “the people he loves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PSA 149 intro au8i 0 # Psalm 149 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 149 is a worship psalm. It is the sixth in a series of seven worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Praise
The people of Israel should praise God and conquer the other nations. -PSA 149 1 p2dk figs-pronouns 0 General Information: The psalmist is speaking to all of God’s people, so you should use the plural command form if your language has one. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 149 1 e71a 0 a new song This could mean: (1) “a song you have never sung before” or (2) a song no one has ever sung before. -PSA 149 1 vlr1 0 sing his praise “praise him with songs” -PSA 149 2 r1nd 0 rejoice in the one who made them This could mean: (1) “rejoice because he made them” or (2) “rejoice because the one who made them is good.” -PSA 149 2 jyp7 0 rejoice in their king The words “their king” is likely a reference to God. This could mean: (1) “rejoice because he is their king” or (2) “rejoice because their king is good.” -PSA 149 3 isj6 figs-metonymy 0 praise his name The word “name” is a metonym for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “praise him” or “tell people how great he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 149 3 pu1i translate-unknown 0 tambourine a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 149 4 hrp8 figs-abstractnouns 0 glorifies the humble with salvation The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “glorifies the humble by saving them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 149 4 t8tz figs-nominaladj 0 the humble This can be restated to remove the nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PSA 149 5 b5tj figs-explicit 0 on their beds The translation can make explicit that this refers to when a person lies down at night to sleep in a bed. Alternate translation: “as they lie down to sleep at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PSA 149 6 s1s6 figs-synecdoche 0 May the praises of God be in their mouths The mouth represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “May they always be ready to praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PSA 149 6 pq93 figs-ellipsis 0 a two-edged sword in their hand If swords are not known, use the name of a local weapon. The word “sword” is a metonym for being ready to fight in war. Alternate translation: “may they always be ready to go to war for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 149 7 c66f figs-metonymy 0 the nations The phrase “the nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PSA 149 8 ka3y 0 chains These are made of heavy metal and restrict the movement of prisoners. -PSA 149 8 ety5 0 shackles a pair of chains or bands with a chain between that limits the movement of both a person’s hands or feet. -PSA 149 9 jie7 figs-abstractnouns 0 They will execute the judgment that is written The abstract noun “judgment” can be stated as “judge.” Alternate translation: “They will judge and punish the people of those nations as God wrote should be done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PSA 150 intro r7f5 0 # Psalm 150 General Notes
## Type of psalm

Psalm 150 is a worship psalm. It is last in a series of worship psalms. (Psalms 144-150)

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Instruments
People should praise Yahweh with every type of musical instrument. -PSA 150 1 jx5k writing-poetry 0 General Information: This focuses on praise or worship that is most commonly held in the temple. Parallelism is common in Hebrew poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PSA 150 1 djp3 0 Praise God in his holy place God’s temple was often referred to as his holy place. This was the most common place to go to worship God. -PSA 150 2 e6ff 0 his mighty acts “the great things he has done.” God’s **mighty acts** could mean: (1) natural such as thunderstorms and earthquakes or (2) miraculous such as healings and great victories in battle. -PSA 150 3 uqx4 0 General Information: This chunk focuses on praising or worshiping God with musical instruments and dance. -PSA 150 4 m4dg translate-unknown 0 tambourines A tambourine is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 150 5 yat3 translate-unknown 0 cymbals two thin, round metal plates that are hit together to make a loud sound (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PSA 150 6 c7iw 0 General Information: This verse is more than the end of this psalm. It is the closing statement for all of Book 5 of the Psalms, which starts at Psalm 107 and ends with Psalm 150. -PSA 150 6 ht6z figs-hyperbole 0 everything that has breath This is an exaggeration that calls on all people who are alive to praise God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) diff --git a/fr_tn_20-PRO.tsv b/fr_tn_20-PRO.tsv deleted file mode 100644 index 298f1ece4..000000000 --- a/fr_tn_20-PRO.tsv +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1979 +0,0 @@ -Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -PRO front intro spe4 0 # Introduction to Proverbs
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of Proverbs

1. Solomon introduces his proverbs (1:1–7)
1. Collection of teachings (1:8–9:18)
1. Proverbs of Solomon (10:1–22:16)
1. Words of wise men (22:17–24:22)
1. More words of wise men (24:23–34)
1. More proverbs of Solomon (25:1–29:27)
1. The words of Agur (30:1–33)
1. The words of Lemuel (31:1–9)
1. A good wife praised (31:10–31)

### What is the book of Proverbs about?

A proverb is a short statement that expresses some wisdom or truth. Most societies have their own proverbs. People that speak a given language can readily understand proverbs in that language.

The Book of Proverbs is a collection of proverbs. It also includes teachings about how to live wisely. Scholars refer to Proverbs, Psalms, Job, Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs as wisdom literature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]])

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The title of this book is often translated as “Proverbs.” A more general translation would be “Words for Wise People,” “Words that Give Wisdom,” or something similar.

### Who wrote the book of Proverbs?

Proverbs begins with the words, “The Proverbs of Solomon, son of David and King of Israel.” But Solomon did not write all of the proverbs. Unnamed wise men may have written some of them. Agur the son of Jakeh (30:1) and King Lemuel (31:1) identify themselves as writing some of the proverbs.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What is meant by “wisdom” and “foolishness” in the Book of Proverbs?

“Wisdom” means the understanding and doing of what is true and morally right. A wise person understands and does what Yahweh would judge to be right. Anyone living in this way will also learn to live well with other people and to make good practical decisions in life. The book of Proverbs also acknowledges that it is important to maintain one’s honor or reputation in the opinion of other people. Those who fail to live in this way are called “foolish.” For this reason, it is possible for a person to be very intelligent and still be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What form do the individual proverbs have?

Most proverbs have two parts or two lines that are “parallel” to each other. The second part may strengthen the first, may give more details about the first, or may even say what seems the opposite of the first. Translators should take into account that each proverb is also part of a larger group of proverbs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])

### How should personification be represented in translation?

In Proverbs, certain qualities such as wisdom and understanding are often represented as if they were wise women, as in [Proverbs 3:15-18](../03/15.md), [Proverbs 4:6-9](../04/06.md), and elsewhere. In languages where it is possible for a woman figure to represent these qualities, the translator should translate in this way. However, in many languages this kind of direct translation is not possible. In such a case, the translator may be able to translate these personifications as similes instead. This means they would present wisdom or understanding as being like a wise woman whom people should obey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 intro y4et 0 # Proverbs 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The first chapter of proverbs begins with a type of introduction in verses 1-7. It mentions Solomon, son of David. Verse 7 contains a foundational verse for the whole book. It defines wisdom.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Parallelism

Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 1 1 q6pn writing-poetry 0 General Information: Verses 2-33 are poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) -PRO 1 2 iaq1 figs-abstractnouns 0 to teach wisdom and instruction This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “wisdom” and “instruction” can be stated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “to teach you how to be wise and to instruct you about how to live moral lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 2 rs3p 0 to teach words of insight “to help you understand wise teachings” -PRO 1 3 ew1z figs-you 0 that you may receive Here “you” refers to the readers. If it is more natural in your language you can state it as an inclusive “we.” Alternate translation: “that we may receive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -PRO 1 3 aun5 figs-abstractnouns 0 may receive instruction in order to live This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “instruction” is stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “may be instructed how to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 4 be4c figs-abstractnouns 0 are also to give wisdom to the naive This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “wisdom” can be stated as the adjective “wise.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “also teach to those who are naive how to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 1 4 j62d 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 1 4 p2ca figs-abstractnouns 0 to give knowledge and discretion to young people The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “discretion” can be stated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and to teach to young people what they need to know and how to discern the right thing to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 4 wxv5 0 discretion knowing what should be done in a particular situation -PRO 1 5 lrm2 0 Let wise people listen and increase their learning “Let those who are wise pay attention and learn even more” -PRO 1 5 r7sn 0 let discerning people get guidance “let people who have understanding learn from these proverbs how to make good decisions” -PRO 1 6 rcl9 0 riddles sayings that one can understand only after thinking about them -PRO 1 7 r9nd 0 General Information: A father teaches his child. -PRO 1 7 ga71 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -PRO 1 7 l9za 0 fools despise wisdom and instruction “those who do not value what is wise and instructive are fools” -PRO 1 8 p2x9 figs-idiom 0 do not lay aside This is an idiom that means “do not ignore” or “do not reject” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 1 9 qxp8 figs-metaphor 0 they will be a graceful wreath for your head and pendants hanging from your neck The rules and instructions that parents teach their children are so valuable and important that they are spoken of as if they were a beautiful wreath or pendant that a person wears. Alternate translation: “they will make you wise just as wearing a wreath on your head or a pendant around your neck makes you beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 9 h55y 0 wreath an woven circle made of leaves or flowers -PRO 1 9 l3ql 0 pendants jewelry that is worn around the neck -PRO 1 10 y9bt 0 try to entice you into their sin “try to persuade you to sin as they do” -PRO 1 10 e1wu 0 refuse to follow them “refuse them” or “do not listen to them” -PRO 1 11 f89h figs-hypo 0 If they say Here the speaker gives an example of what sinners may try to entice someone to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PRO 1 11 nvn9 0 lie in wait “hide and wait for the right time” -PRO 1 12 b8bq 0 General Information: Verses 12-14 end the imagined statement of the sinners who are trying to entice others to sin. -PRO 1 12 w4w6 figs-metaphor 0 Let us swallow them up alive, like Sheol takes away those who are healthy The sinners speak of murdering innocent people as if they were Sheol and they would take a living and healthy person down to the place where dead people go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 12 jg5z figs-personification 0 Let us swallow … like Sheol takes away This speaks of the grave as if it were a person that swallows humans and takes them down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 12 kea4 0 like Sheol takes away those who are healthy The wicked expect to destroy their victims in the same way Sheol, the place of the dead, takes away even healthy people. -PRO 1 12 ayt4 0 make them like those who fall into the pit This could mean: (1) this refers to travelers who fall into a deep hole where no one will ever find them or (2) here “pit” is another word that means Sheol or the place where dead people go. -PRO 1 14 x2p6 figs-idiom 0 Throw in your lot with us This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Join us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 1 14 l56r figs-metonymy 0 we will all have one purse together Here “purse” represents everything that they steal. Alternate translation: “we will equally share everything that we steal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 1 14 ci4y 0 purse a bag for carrying money -PRO 1 15 t25u figs-metaphor 0 do not walk down that road with them; do not let your foot touch where they walk To avoid behaving the same way as the sinners do is spoken of as if the son were to avoid walking on or even touching the roads that sinners walk on. Alternate translation: “do not go with the sinners or do what they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 16 vap2 figs-metaphor 0 their feet run to evil The sinners having an eager interest in doing evil things is spoken of as if they were running to evil. Alternate translation: “they are eager to do wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 16 v6fc figs-synecdoche 0 their feet run Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “they run” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 1 16 m7ui figs-metonymy 0 to shed blood Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 1 17 g5jd figs-metaphor 0 For it is useless to spread the net in the sight of any bird This metaphor compares the wisdom of birds who avoid traps that they see to the foolishness of sinners who get caught in traps they make for themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 18 ulr3 figs-metaphor 0 These men lie in wait for their own blood—they set an ambush for their own lives This finishes the comparison started in [Proverbs 1:17](../01/17.md). The men destroying themselves by doing sinful things is spoken of as if they set a trap and kill themselves. Alternate translation: “But these men are more foolish than the birds. They kill themselves with their own traps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 18 b16m figs-metaphor 0 These men lie in wait for their own blood To lie in wait is to hide, ready to do something wicked. Alternate translation: “It is as if they are looking for an opportunity to kill themselves” or “They themselves will be killed because they try to kill others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 18 vs5n figs-metonymy 0 their own blood Here “blood” is a metonym for a violent death. Alternate translation: “to kill themselves violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 1 18 rih3 figs-metonymy 0 they set an ambush for their own lives Here “their own lives” is a metonym for themselves. Alternate translation: “it is as if they are the ones who are waiting to suddenly attack and kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 1 19 fz7s figs-metaphor 0 So are the ways of everyone A person’s fate or destiny is spoken of as if it were a road a person walks on. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 19 su23 figs-metaphor 0 unjust gain takes away the lives of those who hold on to it A person destroying themselves by trying to gain wealth through violence, theft, and deceit is spoken of as if the unjust gains will kill those who take it. Alternate translation: “it is like the unjust gains will destroy those who hold on to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 20 xza5 figs-personification 0 General Information: In 1:20-1:33 Wisdom is spoken of as if it were a woman speaking to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 20 pj5i figs-personification 0 Wisdom cries aloud If your language does not allow you to treat wisdom as a woman shouting to the people in the city, you might try something like “Grandmother Wisdom cries aloud” or “Honored Miss Wisdom cries aloud” or “Wisdom is like a woman who cries aloud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 20 u7zc figs-idiom 0 raises her voice This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “speaks with a loud voice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 1 20 pj5v figs-explicit 0 in the open places This means places where there would be a lot of people. Alternate translation: “in the markets” or “in the town squares” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 1 21 ggk1 0 at the head of the noisy streets This could mean: (1) “head” refers to the place where busy streets intersect or (2) “head” refers to the top of a wall where people on noisy streets could see and hear wisdom speaking. -PRO 1 22 jk3x figs-rquestion 0 How long, you naive people, will you love being naive? Wisdom uses this question to rebuke those who are not wise. Alternate translation: “You who are naive must stop loving being naive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 1 22 v3nj 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 1 22 j83h figs-rquestion 0 How long, you mockers, will you delight in mockery, and how long, you fools, will you hate knowledge? Wisdom uses this question to rebuke the mockers and the fools. Alternate translation: “You who mock must stop delighting in mockery, and you fools must stop hating knowledge.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 1 23 v9un figs-personification 0 General Information: Wisdom continues to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 23 uv1b 0 Pay attention “Listen carefully” -PRO 1 23 t4c9 figs-metaphor 0 I will pour out my thoughts to you Wisdom telling the people everything she thinks about them is spoken of as if her thoughts were a liquid that she would pour out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 23 c7ci 0 I will make my words known to you “I will tell you what I think” -PRO 1 24 i835 figs-idiom 0 I reached out with my hand This phrase is an idiom that means to beckon someone or to invite a person to come. Alternate translation: “I invited you to come to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 1 26 y4fk 0 General Information: Wisdom continues to speak, describing what happens to those who ignore her. -PRO 1 26 r8lx grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 I will laugh This can be stated with the word “therefore” to show that the woman wisdom laughs at them because they ignored her. Alternate translation: “Therefore I will laugh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -PRO 1 26 p97h 0 at your calamity “when bad things happen to you” -PRO 1 27 kd9m figs-simile 0 when your fearful dread comes like a storm … like a whirlwind … come upon you Terrible things happening to the people is compared to a storm hitting them and causing fear and suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 1 27 uy59 0 whirlwind a very strong wind storm that causes damage -PRO 1 28 m9t9 figs-personification 0 Wisdom continues speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 1 28 g5w7 0 Then they will call upon me “Then those who ignored me will cry out to me for help” -PRO 1 29 xk1e figs-abstractnouns 0 Because they hate knowledge The abstract noun “knowledge” can be stated as the verb “learn.” Alternate translation: “Because they refused to learn to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 29 iu3z figs-abstractnouns 0 did not choose the fear of Yahweh The abstract noun “fear” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “did not fear Yahweh” or “did not honor and respect Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 30 h1ds 0 would not follow my instruction “would not accept my instruction” or “rejected my advice” -PRO 1 31 nr9k 0 General Information: Verse 33 ends wisdom’s statement that began in [Proverbs 1:22](../01/22.md). -PRO 1 31 wkf7 figs-metaphor 0 eat the fruit of their ways Here a person’s behavior is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Also, a person receiving the results of their behavior is spoken as if the person were eating the fruit of their behavior. Alternate translation: “experience the consequences of their actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 31 c1jc figs-metaphor 0 with the fruit of their schemes they will be filled “they will eat the fruit of their schemes until they are full.” A person receiving the results of their own evil plans is spoken of as eating the fruit of their schemes. Alternate translation: “they will suffer the consequences of their own evil plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 1 32 t8af 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 1 32 d3pk figs-metaphor 0 are killed when they turn away A person rejecting wisdom is spoken of as if the person physically turns away from wisdom. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “die because they refuse to learn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 1 32 le64 figs-abstractnouns 0 the indifference of fools will destroy them The abstract noun “indifference” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “fools will die because they do not care about what should be done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 1 32 cmi9 0 indifference a lack of interest about something -PRO 2 intro wr6i 0 # Proverbs 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 2 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son. -PRO 2 1 gj7r figs-parallelism 0 General Information: A father teaches his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 2 1 wtm1 0 if you receive my words “if you listen to what I am teaching you” -PRO 2 1 jh3i figs-metaphor 0 treasure up my commandments with you Valuing what is commanded is spoken of as if the commandments were a treasure and the person were a safe place to store the treasure. Alternate translation: “consider my commands to be as valuable as a treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 2 an5c figs-idiom 0 make your ears pay attention This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “force yourself to listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 2 2 w1il figs-abstractnouns 0 to wisdom This abstract noun can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “to the wise things I am teaching you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 2 2 gme3 figs-metonymy 0 incline your heart to understanding Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. The phrase “incline your heart” is an idiom that means to commit or fully dedicate one’s mind to a task. Alternate translation: “try hard to understand what is wise” or “fully dedicate yourself to understanding wise teachings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 2 3 j5n7 figs-parallelism 0 If you cry out for understanding and raise your voice for it Both of these phrases have the same meaning. It is implied that the person is strongly asking Yahweh for understanding. Alternate translation: “If you urgently ask God and plead for understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 2 3 q192 figs-idiom 0 raise your voice This is an idiom that means to speak loudly or to shout. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 2 4 ci1k figs-parallelism 0 if you seek it like you would seek silver and search for understanding as you would seek hidden treasures Both phrases have the same meaning. These similes emphasize the great effort a person should make to understand what is wise. Alternate translation: “if you seek understanding with as much effort as you search for a valuable object” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 2 4 ll3n figs-metaphor 0 you seek it … search for understanding Trying very hard to understand what is wise is spoken of as if understanding were an object for which a person must search. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 5 h49h figs-metaphor 0 you will find the knowledge of God To succeed in knowing God is spoken of as if the knowledge of God were an object that a person finds after searching. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 6 g5bj figs-synecdoche 0 from his mouth comes knowledge and understanding Here “mouth” represents Yahweh himself or what he says. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh comes knowledge and understanding” or “Yahweh tells us what we need to know and understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 2 7 jn6b figs-metaphor 0 He stores up sound wisdom for those who please him Yahweh teaching wisdom to people is spoken of as if wisdom were an item that Yahweh stores and gives to people. Alternate translation: “He teaches what is truly wise to those who please him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 7 dv7k 0 sound “dependable” -PRO 2 7 m2mi figs-metaphor 0 he is a shield for those Yahweh being able to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a shield. Alternate translation: “God protects those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 7 u4zr figs-metaphor 0 who walk in integrity A person behaving with integrity is spoken of as if they were walking in integrity. Alternate translation: “who behave with integrity” or “who live their lives as they should” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 8 qt7r figs-metaphor 0 he guards the paths of justice This could mean: (1) justice itself is spoken of as if it were a path. Alternate translation: “God makes sure that people act justly” or (2) a person’s life is spoken of as if it were a path. Alternate translation: “God protects those who act justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 8 t2qd figs-metaphor 0 preserve the way of his faithful ones A person’s life is spoken of as if it were a way or road. Alternate translation: “protect those who are faithful to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 9 qn9x 0 equity fairness -PRO 2 9 ex8y figs-metaphor 0 every good path A behavior that is wise and pleases Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a good path. Alternate translation: “ways to live that are pleasing to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 10 kf4i figs-metonymy 0 wisdom will come into your heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. A person becoming wise is spoken of as if wisdom would enter into a person’s heart. Alternate translation: “you will gain much wisdom” or “you will learn how to be truly wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 10 z4e2 figs-synecdoche 0 pleasant to your soul Here “soul” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “pleasing to you” or “enjoyable to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 2 11 jbm7 figs-personification 0 Discretion will watch over you, understanding will guard you This speaks of “discretion” and “understanding” as if they were persons who could watch over someone else. Both statements mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because you think carefully and understand what is right and wrong you will be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 2 11 q2th 0 Discretion the quality of being careful in actions and speech -PRO 2 11 dnu8 0 watch over to guard, protect or take care of someone or something -PRO 2 12 ix2e figs-personification 0 They will rescue you from the way of evil “They” refers to discretion and understanding, which are spoken of as if they were persons who could rescue someone else. Alternate translation: “You will know to stay away from what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 2 12 vs4c figs-metaphor 0 from the way of evil Evil behaviors are spoken of as if evil were a way or path on which a person walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 13 a5k8 figs-metaphor 0 who abandon the right paths and walk in the ways of darkness A person no longer doing what is right but deciding to do what is evil is spoken of as if the person stops walking on the correct path and chooses to walk down a dark path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 13 tc6p 0 who abandon The word “who” refers to the people who speak perverse things. -PRO 2 13 q9by 0 abandon to leave and never return to someone or something -PRO 2 14 e571 0 They rejoice “They” refers to the same people as in [Proverbs 2:12](../02/12.md). -PRO 2 14 t4yz figs-parallelism 0 delight in the perversities of evil This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. Alternate translation: “delight in doing what they know is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 2 15 jpq2 figs-metaphor 0 They follow crooked paths People who lie to others are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “They deceive other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 15 lsl5 figs-metaphor 0 using deception they hide their tracks People lying so that others will not find out what they did is spoken of as if they covered the tracks on a path so that no one could follow them. Alternate translation: “they lie so that no one will know what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 16 erj5 0 General Information: The father continues to teach his child how wisdom will protect him. -PRO 2 16 p5k9 figs-personification 0 Wisdom and discretion will save you The writer speaks of wisdom and discretion as if they were people who save the one who possesses them. Alternate translation: “If you have wisdom and discretion, you will save yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 2 17 c2iu 0 the companion of her youth This refers to her husband, whom she married when she was young. -PRO 2 17 awb4 0 the covenant of her God This likely refers to the marriage covenant that she made with her husband in the presence of God. -PRO 2 18 dn9d 0 her house sinks down to death This could mean: (1) “going to her house leads to death” or (2) “the road to her house is the road to death.” -PRO 2 18 kl7y figs-metaphor 0 her tracks will lead you This could mean: (1) “the paths to her house will lead you.” This refers to the tracks or path that lead to her house, or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of her way of life as if it were a path on which she walks. Alternate translation: “her way of life will lead you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 18 hwl4 figs-metonymy 0 to those in the grave This refers to the spirits of dead people and is a metonym for the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 2 19 n7tg figs-euphemism 0 go in to her This means to go into her house to sleep with her, as one would with a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 2 19 zg4r 0 they will not find the paths of life This could mean: (1) “they will not return to the land of the living” or (2) “they will never live a happy life again.” -PRO 2 20 ts71 0 So The writer tells the result of getting understanding and discretion. -PRO 2 20 fiw6 figs-metaphor 0 you will walk in the way … follow the paths A person’s conduct is spoken of as if it were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “you will live in the way … follow the example” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 2 22 r5sm figs-metaphor 0 the wicked will be cut off from the land The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the wicked from the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 2 22 w94m figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked … the faithless These are nominal adjectives that can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked … those who are faithless” or “wicked people … faithless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 2 22 cmv9 figs-metaphor 0 the faithless will be cut off from it The writer speaks of Yahweh removing people from the land as if he were cutting the people off, like a person might cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will remove the faithless from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 3 intro a94e 0 # Proverbs 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 3 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Wisdom is feminine

You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -PRO 3 1 p6r4 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The writer speaks as a father teaching his child using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 3 1 f5cv figs-abstractnouns 0 do not forget my commands The word “commands” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “do not forget what I command you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 3 1 tk78 figs-parallelism 0 keep my teachings in your heart This phrase says in positive terms what the previous phrase says in negative terms. Here the word “heart” represents the mind. The word “teachings” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “always remember what I teach you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 3 2 r3ia figs-doublet 0 for the length of your days and years of your life These two phrases share similar meanings and refer to the duration of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “all your life” or “as long as you live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 3 3 w5in figs-personification 0 Do not let covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness ever leave you The writer speaks of “covenant faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” as if they were people who could leave someone. The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” And, the negative command can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Always be trustworthy and be faithful to the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 3 3 xj6j figs-metaphor 0 tie them together about your neck The writer speaks of faithfulness and trustworthiness as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. Alternate translation: “display them proudly like one would wear a necklace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 3 i4pt figs-metonymy 0 write them on the tablet of your heart Here the heart represents a person’s mind. The mind is spoken of as if it were a tablet upon which someone can write messages and commands. Alternate translation: “always remember them, as if you had written them permanently on a tablet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 4 g3fy figs-metaphor 0 in the sight of God and man Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “in the judgment of God and man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 5 w345 figs-metonymy 0 all your heart Here the word “heart” represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “your whole being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 3 5 m1v4 figs-metaphor 0 do not lean on your own understanding The writer speaks of relying on one’s own understanding as if “understanding” were an object on which a person can lean. Alternate translation: “do not rely on your own understanding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 6 c7br figs-metaphor 0 in all your ways The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were paths on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “in everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 6 m1v6 figs-metaphor 0 he will make your paths straight The writer speaks of Yahweh making a person’s actions prosperous as if that person’s actions were paths on which he walks and which Yahweh makes free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “he will give you success” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 7 y6is figs-metaphor 0 Do not be wise in your own eyes The writer speaks of a person’s opinion as if that person were seeing something with his eyes. Alternate translation: “Do not be wise in your own opinion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 7 au5s figs-metaphor 0 turn away from evil The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “do not commit evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 8 du95 figs-explicit 0 It will be healing to your flesh The word “it” refers to the instructions that the writer gives in the previous verse. The full meaning of this can be made clear. The word “flesh” represents the whole body. Alternate translation: “If you do this, it will be healing for your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 3 9 thp2 0 all your produce “all the food you harvest” -PRO 3 10 z9am figs-activepassive 0 your storehouses will be filled up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your storehouses will be full” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 3 10 y7db 0 storehouses buildings or rooms where food is stored -PRO 3 10 vtx6 0 your vats will be bursting your storage containers will be extremely full, as if ready to break open. -PRO 3 11 f4sx 0 General Information: The writer writes as a father teaching his son. -PRO 3 12 gpk5 figs-explicit 0 a son who pleases him “a son in whom he delights.” This refers to the father’s affection for the son, and not to the father’s approval of the son’s behavior. Alternate translation: “a son whom he loves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 13 d1nq figs-metaphor 0 The one who finds wisdom The writer speaks of “wisdom” as if it were an object that one finds. Alternate translation: “The one who attains wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 14 gy74 0 what silver will give in return This refers to the profit that one can make from trading or investing silver. -PRO 3 15 y2yl figs-personification 0 General Information: The author speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 3 15 vxz8 0 more precious “more valuable” -PRO 3 16 p6g3 figs-personification 0 She has the length of her days in her right hand; in her left hand are riches and honor The writer speak of the benefits that one gains from having wisdom as if wisdom were a woman who held these qualities in her hands and offered them to people. Alternate translation: “Wisdom gives a person length of days and riches and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 16 k6ir figs-idiom 0 length of her days This idiom refers to the duration of person’s life and may imply a long life. Alternate translation: “long life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 3 17 mfb4 figs-personification 0 Her ways are ways of kindness and all her paths are peace The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of the benefits that wisdom gives a person as if wisdom were leading that person along a path. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will always treat you kindly and give you peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 18 le9q figs-metaphor 0 She is a tree of life to those who take hold of it The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a tree that bears life-giving fruit and of a person who benefits from wisdom as if that person ate of the fruit. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is like a tree that sustains the life of those who eat of its fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 18 l7hn 0 a tree of life “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life” -PRO 3 18 ka8x 0 those who hold on to it “those who hold on to its fruit” -PRO 3 19 c1nf figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh founded the earth … established the heavens The writer speaks of Yahweh creating the earth and the heavens as if he were laying the foundation of a building. Alternate translation: “Yahweh created the earth … made the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 20 ulw3 figs-explicit 0 the depths broke open In ancient thought, water existed under the earth. This phrase refers to Yahweh causing that water to come out of the earth and make the oceans and rivers exist. Alternate translation: “he caused the rivers to flow” or “he caused the oceans to exist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 20 b6d2 0 dew water that forms on the ground at night -PRO 3 21 xa9f figs-metaphor 0 do not lose sight of them The writer speaks of not forgetting something as if it were always being able to see it. Alternate translation: “do not forget them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 22 mr5l figs-synecdoche 0 They will be life to your soul Here the word “soul” represents the person. Alternate translation: “They will be life for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 3 22 x4q3 figs-metaphor 0 an adornment of favor to wear around your neck The writer speaks of “sound judgment” and “discernment” as if they were objects that a person could tie around the neck like a necklace. The image suggests that these are valuable things that the person displays outwardly. Alternate translation: “a display of favor like one would adorn themselves with a necklace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 22 r2k8 0 adornment of favor This could mean: (1) “a favorable adornment” or (2) “an adornment that displays Yahweh’s favor.” -PRO 3 23 k64j figs-metaphor 0 you will walk on your way in safety The writer speaks of living one’s life as if the person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “you will live your life in safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 23 d5hd figs-synecdoche 0 your foot will not stumble The word “foot” represents the whole person. The writer speaks of doing wrong as if a person stumbled over an object in his path. Alternate translation: “you will not do things that are wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 24 f69h figs-explicit 0 when you lie down It is implied that a person lies down in order to sleep. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “when you lie down to sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 24 q2v4 figs-metaphor 0 your sleep will be sweet The writer speaks of sleep that is peaceful and refreshing as if it tasted sweet to the person sleeping. The word “sleep” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “your sleep will be pleasant” or “you will sleep peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 3 25 ds94 figs-activepassive 0 devastation caused by the wicked, when it comes This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when the wicked cause devastation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 3 26 aw88 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh will be on your side “Yahweh will be by your side.” A person standing by another person’s side is an idiom that means that the one person will help and support the other. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will support and defend you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 3 26 z3ye figs-metaphor 0 will keep your foot from being caught in a trap The writer speaks of a person experiencing harm from “terror” and “devastation” as if the person were caught in a trap. The word “foot” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “will protect you from those who want to harm you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 3 27 yl8a 0 Do not withhold good “Do not withhold good things” or “Do not withhold good actions” -PRO 3 27 sqz5 0 when it is in your power to act “when you are able to help” -PRO 3 28 e1qg 0 when you have the money with you “when you have the money with you now.” The meaning here is that the person has the money to help today, but tells his neighbor to come back tomorrow. -PRO 3 31 pae7 figs-explicit 0 Do not … choose any of his ways It is implied that he is not to choose to imitate the actions of the violent person. Alternate translation: “Do not … choose to imitate any of his ways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 32 eu7k 0 the devious person is detestable to Yahweh “Yahweh detests the devious person” -PRO 3 32 n8ed 0 the devious person the person who is dishonest or deceitful -PRO 3 32 uy1e figs-explicit 0 he brings the upright person into his confidence Yahweh shares his thoughts with the those who do right as with a close, trusted friend. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is a close friend to the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 3 33 h6ns figs-metaphor 0 The curse of Yahweh is on the house of the wicked person The writer speaks of Yahweh’s curse as if it were an object that he placed on top of the wicked person’s house. The word “house” is a metonym for family. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has cursed the family of the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 3 33 q866 figs-metonymy 0 he blesses the home of righteous people The word “home” represents the family. Alternate translation: “he blesses the families of righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 3 34 kb65 figs-metaphor 0 he gives his favor to humble people The writer speaks of Yahweh’s favor as if it were an object that he gives to people. Alternate translation: “he shows his favor to humble people” or “he is gracious to humble people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 35 y7vz figs-metaphor 0 Wise people inherit honor The writer speaks of wise people obtaining a reputation of honor as if they inherited honor as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Wise people will obtain honor” or “Wise people will gain an honorable reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 3 35 b6jx figs-metaphor 0 fools will be lifted up in their shame The writer speaks of Yahweh making the shame of fools evident to everyone as if Yahweh were lifting fools up for everyone to see them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause everyone to see the shame of fools” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 4 intro z4ah 0 # Proverbs 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 4 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Wisdom is feminine

You may notice that wisdom is referenced using a feminine pronoun. This is a feature that is carried in from the Hebrew language. This may apply well in your language but if it does not, follow the conventions of your language. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -PRO 4 1 hqv1 0 General Information: The writer speaks as a father teaching his children. -PRO 4 1 zck6 0 pay attention “listen carefully” -PRO 4 1 s4lm 0 you will know what understanding is “you will know how to understand” or “you will gain understanding” -PRO 4 2 paf3 0 I am giving you good instructions “What I am teaching you is good” -PRO 4 3 y999 figs-explicit 0 When I was a son of my father This refers to the time when the writer was a child still living under his father’s care. Alternate translation: “When I was still a boy learning from my father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 4 3 n5ke figs-hendiadys 0 the tender and only child Here the word “tender” refers to a young age at which the child is still weak. It forms a hendiadys with the word “only.” Alternate translation: “the tender only child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -PRO 4 4 b7y3 figs-metonymy 0 Let your heart hold fast to my words Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind. The writer speaks of remembering words as if the heart were holding on tightly to them. Alternate translation: “Always remember what I am teaching you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 5 rat9 0 General Information: The father continues to teach his children what his father taught him. -PRO 4 5 ft42 0 Acquire wisdom “Work hard to gain for yourself wisdom” or “Get wisdom” -PRO 4 5 fb3y 0 do not forget “remember” -PRO 4 5 m3uv 0 do not reject “accept” -PRO 4 5 su5g figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth Here the word “mouth” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 4 6 zc73 figs-personification 0 do not abandon wisdom and she will watch over you; love her and she will keep you safe The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman who protects the person who is faithful to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 6 vrf5 0 do not abandon wisdom This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “hold tightly to wisdom” or “be faithful to wisdom” -PRO 4 6 h75g 0 love her “love wisdom” -PRO 4 7 zu2p 0 General Information: The father finishes teaching his children what his father taught him. -PRO 4 7 guq5 0 spend all you own so you can get understanding “value understanding more than all you own” -PRO 4 8 pa2i figs-personification 0 Cherish wisdom and she will exalt you The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of wisdom giving great honor to a person as if wisdom lifted that person to a high position. Alternate translation: “If you cherish wisdom, she will give you great honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 8 x13z 0 Cherish to feel or show great love for someone or something -PRO 4 8 k4fl figs-personification 0 she will honor you when you embrace her The writer speaks of wisdom as if it were a woman and of a person valuing wisdom as if the person placed his arms around her. Alternate translation: “if you love wisdom greatly, wisdom will cause people to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 9 z38e figs-metaphor 0 She will put a wreath of honor on your head The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a wreath upon that person’s head. Alternate translation: “Wisdom will be like a wreath on your head that shows your great honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 9 beu8 0 wreath a woven circle made of leaves or flowers -PRO 4 9 z184 figs-metaphor 0 she will give you a beautiful crown The writer speaks of the honor that a person will have from gaining wisdom as if wisdom placed a crown upon that person’s head. Alternate translation: “wisdom will be like a beautiful crown on your head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 10 p1f4 0 pay attention to my words “listen carefully to what I teach you” -PRO 4 10 l7bx 0 you will have many years in your life “you will live many years” -PRO 4 11 h1ql figs-metaphor 0 I direct you in the way of wisdom; I lead you down straight paths The writer speaks of teaching his son to live wisely as if he were leading his son along the paths where one may find wisdom. Alternate translation: “I am teaching you how to live wisely; I am explaining the right way to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 12 xxp4 figs-metaphor 0 When you walk, no one will stand in your way and if you run, you will not stumble These two lines share similar meanings. The writer speaks of the decisions and actions that a person makes as if that person were walking or running along a path and of the person being successful as if the path were free of obstacles that might make the person stumble. Alternate translation: “When you plan something, you will succeed in doing it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 4 13 d7gk figs-metaphor 0 Hold on to instruction, do not let it go The writer speaks of a person remembering what he has learned as if “instruction” were an object that the person can hold tightly. Alternate translation: “Continue to obey what I have taught you and never forget it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 13 ljf9 figs-metonymy 0 for it is your life The writer speaks of discipline preserving a person’s life as if it were that person’s life. Alternate translation: “for it will preserve your life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 4 14 gi8l figs-metaphor 0 Do not follow the path of the wicked and do not go along the way of those who do evil The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if that person were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “Do not do what wicked people do and do not join in the actions of people who do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 15 cr8d 0 Avoid it “Avoid the path of the wicked” -PRO 4 16 n1jz figs-hyperbole 0 they cannot sleep until they do evil They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 4 16 a2jq figs-hyperbole 0 they are robbed of sleep The writer speaks of people being unable to sleep as if sleep were an object that someone stole from them. They probably could literally sleep, but the writer uses an exaggeration to express how intensely they desire to commit evil actions. Alternate translation: “they are unable to sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 16 bvp7 figs-metaphor 0 until they cause someone to stumble The writer speaks of causing harm to another person as if it were causing that person to stumble. Alternate translation: “until they harm someone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 17 vfi9 figs-metaphor 0 they eat the bread of wickedness and drink the wine of violence This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of these people constantly committing wickedness and violence as if they ate and drank them like one would drink bread and wine. Alternate translation: “wickedness is like the bread that they eat and violence is like the wine that they drink” or (2) these people get their food and drink by committing wickedness and violence. Alternate translation: “they eat bread that they obtain by doing wicked things and drink wine that they obtain through violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 18 w7hu figs-metaphor 0 the path of righteous people The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of righteous people as if they were a “path” or “way” upon which they walk. Alternate translation: “the lifestyle of righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 18 etf9 figs-simile 0 the path of righteous people is like the first light that grows brighter The writer compares the path of righteous people to the sunrise, meaning that they are safe because they have light to see where they are walking. Alternate translation: “righteous people walk along their path safely because the morning sun shines on it and grows brighter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 4 18 i5k7 0 the first light This refers to the dawn or sunrise. -PRO 4 18 jv88 figs-idiom 0 until the fullness of the day comes This refers to the time of day at which the sun shines the brightest. Alternate translation: “until the sun shines most brightly” or “until full daylight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 4 19 bqj5 figs-metaphor 0 The way of the wicked The writer speaks of the actions and lifestyles of wicked people as if they were a “path” or “way” upon which they walk. Alternate translation: “The lifestyle of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 19 mj9l figs-simile 0 The way of the wicked is like darkness The writer compares the way of wicked people to darkness, meaning that they are always in danger because they have no light to see where they are walking. Alternate translation: “Wicked people walk dangerously along their path because they have no light to be able to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 4 19 m9yh figs-metaphor 0 they do not know what it is they stumble over The writer speaks of experiencing harm as if it were stumbling over an object in the path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “they do not know why they experience harm and misfortune” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 20 w8jd 0 pay attention “listen carefully” -PRO 4 20 kji2 figs-synecdoche 0 incline your ear to my sayings Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. The word “sayings” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “listen attentively to the things that I am saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 4 21 zdv5 figs-metaphor 0 Do not let them turn away from your eyes The writer speaks of always thinking about something as if it were keeping it where one can see it. Alternate translation: “Do not stop thinking about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 21 a189 figs-metaphor 0 keep them in your heart The writer speaks of remembering something as if it were keeping it within one’s heart. Alternate translation: “always remember them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 22 jnu1 figs-metonymy 0 my words are life The writer speaks of his words preserving a person’s life as if they were that person’s life. Alternate translation: “my words give life” or “the things I say give life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 4 22 lby5 figs-metaphor 0 to those who find them The writer speaks of fully understanding his words as if the person searches for them and finds them. Alternate translation: “to those who understand and practice them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 22 d57y figs-ellipsis 0 health to their whole body The word “their” refers to “those who find them.” The subject for this phrase can be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “my words will give health to the whole body of those who find them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 4 23 pf19 figs-metonymy 0 Keep your heart safe and guard it Here the word “heart” represents a person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “Keep your mind safe and guard your thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 4 23 klv3 0 with all diligence with constant and earnest effort -PRO 4 23 n8vd figs-metonymy 0 from it flow the springs of life The word “it” refers to the heart, which is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a flowing spring that originates from the heart. Alternate translation: “from your thoughts comes everything you say and do” or “your thoughts determine your course of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 24 a2sw figs-metaphor 0 Put crooked speech away from you and put corrupt talk far from you The writer speaks of lying or deceitful speech as if it were crooked and of a person not using this kind of language as if it were removing it far away from oneself. Alternate translation: “Do not lie and do not speak deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 25 il8g figs-synecdoche 0 Let your eyes look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you Here the word “eyes” represents the person who is looking. The writer speaks of a person being committed to doing the right thing as if that person were constantly looking forward without turning his head to look in another direction. Alternate translation: “Always look straight ahead and fix your gaze straight before you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 26 nt2z figs-synecdoche 0 Make a level path for your foot Here the word “foot” represents the person who is walking. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if he were walking along a path, and of planning those actions carefully as if it were making that path level. Alternate translation: “Make a level path to walk on” or “Prepare well what you want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 26 g2a2 0 a level path “a smooth path” or “an even path” -PRO 4 26 xyn9 figs-metaphor 0 then all your ways will be secure The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking along a path and of those actions being successful as if the path were safe and secure. Alternate translation: “then everything that you do will be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 4 27 h89u figs-merism 0 Do not turn aside to the right or to the left The directions “right” and “left” form a merism, meaning that the person is not to leave the level path in any direction. Alternate translation: “Walk straight ahead and do not leave the level path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PRO 4 27 j3tn figs-synecdoche 0 turn your foot away from evil Here the word “foot” represents the person who walks. The writer speaks of not committing evil actions as if the person were walking away from evil. Alternate translation: “turn away from evil” or “stay away from evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 intro jxf1 0 # Proverbs 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 5 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son
Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Adulteress

This chapter is unusual because it holds a theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -PRO 5 1 vi27 0 General Information: The writer speaks as a father teaching his children. -PRO 5 1 nl9h figs-synecdoche 0 incline your ears Here the word “ears” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ears are closer to the one speaking. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen attentively” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 2 cei4 0 discretion Discretion is the quality of being careful with regard to one’s actions and speech. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). -PRO 5 2 la7f figs-synecdoche 0 your lips may protect knowledge Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. The writer speaks of a person being careful only to say what is true as if the person’s lips were protecting knowledge. Alternate translation: “you will speak only what is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 3 zxr9 figs-metonymy 0 the lips of an adulteress drip with honey This could mean: (1) the word “lips” represents the words of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the attractiveness of her words as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the words of an adulteress are sweet, as if dripping with honey” or (2) the writer speaks of the allure of kissing the adulteress as if her lips dripped with honey. Alternate translation: “the kisses of an adulteress are sweet, as if her lips dripped with honey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 3 z9rm figs-metonymy 0 her mouth is smoother than oil This could mean: (1) the word “mouth” represents the speech of the adulteress and the writer speaks of the persuasiveness of her speech as if her mouth were smoother than olive oil. Alternate translation: “her speech is persuasive and smoother than olive oil” or (2) the writer speaks of the pleasure of kissing the adulteress as if her mouth were smoother than oil. Alternate translation: “her kisses are smoother than olive oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 4 pd3g figs-metaphor 0 but in the end she is as bitter as wormwood The writer speaks of the harm that comes from having a relationship with an adulteress as if she tasted as bitter as wormwood. Alternate translation: “but in the end, she is like bitter-tasting wormwood and will cause you harm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 4 m3sn 0 wormwood a plant that tastes bitter -PRO 5 4 jy84 figs-metaphor 0 cutting like a sharp sword The writer speaks of the pain that the adulteress will cause to the one who has a relationship with her as if she were a sharp weapon that cuts the person. Alternate translation: “she wounds a person, as if she were a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 5 kc88 figs-synecdoche 0 Her feet go down to death Here “her feet” represent the adulteress as she walks. The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “She is walking along a path that leads to death” or “Her lifestyle leads to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 5 g7qf figs-metaphor 0 her steps go all the way to Sheol The writer speaks of her conduct as if she were walking along a path. Alternate translation: “she walks all the way to Sheol” or “her conduct takes her all the way to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 6 nxc1 figs-metaphor 0 She gives no thought to the path of life The writer speaks of behavior that gives a person long life as if it were a path that leads to life. Alternate translation: “She does not think about walking along the path that leads to life” or “She is not concerned about conduct that leads to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 6 iki3 0 Her footsteps wander This could mean: (1) “She wanders about as if she were lost” or (2) “She walks along the wrong path.” -PRO 5 7 dwp8 0 Now Here the teacher shifts from warning about the adulteress to giving advice. -PRO 5 7 ry9i figs-parallelism 0 listen to me … do not turn away from listening These two phrases express the same idea to make the student pay attention. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 7 e4q8 figs-metaphor 0 do not turn away from listening The writer speaks of stopping an action as if the person physically turned away from it. Alternate translation: “do not stop listening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 7 ih1h figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth Here the word “mouth” represents the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “my words” or “what I am saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 5 8 y32e figs-metonymy 0 Keep your path far away from her Here the word “path” represents the person’s daily conduct and circumstances. Alternate translation: “Keep yourself far away from her” or “Stay away from her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 5 8 jw5h figs-synecdoche 0 do not come near the door of her house Here “the door of her house” represents the house itself. It may be more appropriate to use the word “go” instead of “come” since the latter might imply that the speaker is at the door of her house. Alternate translation: “do not go near the door of her house” or “do not even go near her house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -PRO 5 9 pl7u 0 In that way “If you do this.” This phrase refers to what he has just said in previous verses. -PRO 5 9 b54w 0 you will not give away your honor to others Possible meanings for the word **honor** are: (1) it refers to one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “You will not lose your good reputation among other people” or (2) it refers to one’s wealth and possessions. Alternate translation: “You will not give away your wealth to other people” or (3) it refers to strength and represents the prime years of one’s life. Alternate translation: “You will not give away the best times of your life to other people” -PRO 5 9 bc5b figs-ellipsis 0 or years of your life to a cruel person The writer speaks of a person dying prematurely, possibly by murder, as if the years of his life were items that he gives away to another person. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “or give years of your life to a cruel person” or “or cause a cruel person to kill you while you are still young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 9 yb9a 0 a cruel person This may refer to the husband of the adulteress, who will deal cruelly with the person who sleeps with her. -PRO 5 10 d9br figs-metaphor 0 strangers will not feast on your wealth The writer speaks of people taking and enjoying another person’s wealth as if they were feasting on the wealth. Alternate translation: “strangers will not take all of your wealth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 10 ksf3 figs-metonymy 0 what you have worked for will not go into the house of strangers Here the word “house” represents the person’s family. Alternate translation: “the things that you have obtained will not end up belonging to the families of strangers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 5 11 la5h figs-doublet 0 your flesh and your body waste away The words “flesh” and “body” mean basically the same thing and represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “your body wastes away” or “you waste away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 5 11 i4yh 0 waste away “physically wear down” or “become weak and unhealthy” -PRO 5 12 x4di figs-parallelism 0 I hated instruction … my heart despised correction These two phrases express the same idea and emphasize how much this person disliked what the teacher had said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 12 m4gr figs-exclamations 0 How I hated instruction The word “How” is an exclamation that emphasizes the strength of his hatred. The word “instruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I hated it so much when someone would instruct me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 5 12 b7lf figs-synecdoche 0 my heart despised correction Here the word “heart” represents the person and his emotions. The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I despised people when they corrected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 5 13 kvf5 figs-synecdoche 0 incline my ear to my instructors Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “listen to those who instructed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 14 he4c figs-parallelism 0 in the midst of the assembly, among the gathering of the people These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the person’s community that has gathered together either: (1) to worship God or (2) to judge him for his offense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 15 f76j figs-parallelism 0 water from your own cistern … running water from your own well These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The writer speaks of a man sleeping only with his wife as if he drank water only from his own cistern or well. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 15 t8av figs-metaphor 0 running water The writer speaks of fresh or flowing water as if the water were running. Alternate translation: “fresh water” or “flowing water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 16 pe1s figs-rquestion 0 Should your springs … your streams of water flow in the public squares? The writer asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that his son should not do these things. Alternate translation: “Your springs should not … your streams of water should not flow in the public squares.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 5 16 u3ua figs-euphemism 0 Should your springs … your streams of water flow in the public squares? Here the words “springs” and “streams of water” are likely euphemisms for male reproductive fluids. Possible meanings for these metaphorical phrases are: (1) sleeping with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets or (2) having children with women other than one’s wife is spoken of as if it were allowing one’s water to flow in the public streets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 16 ss2w 0 public squares Open areas in a city or town where two or more streets meet. A common place for people to meet each other and talk. -PRO 5 17 f7ge 0 Let them be The word “them” refers to the “springs” and “streams of water” and what they stand for. -PRO 5 17 s9wf 0 not for strangers with you “do not share them with strangers” -PRO 5 18 xd81 figs-metaphor 0 May your fountain be blessed The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were a fountain. Here the word “blessed” refers to the sense of joy that the man has in his wife. Alternate translation: “May you always find joy with your wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 18 tz7f 0 the wife of your youth This could mean: (1) “the wife whom you married when you were young” or (2) “your young wife.” -PRO 5 19 n93j figs-metaphor 0 she is a loving deer and a graceful doe The writer speaks of the son’s wife as if she were “a loving deer and a graceful doe.” Here “deer” and “doe” mean a female deer. They were symbols of beauty both in their appearance and in their movements. Alternate translation: “she is as beautiful and graceful as a deer or a doe” or “she is as beautiful and graceful as a female deer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 19 dv45 0 graceful This word does not mean “full of grace,” but “beautiful while moving.” -PRO 5 19 x1vq figs-synecdoche 0 Let her breasts satisfy you This could mean: (1) the wife’s breasts excite the husband’s sexual desire and possibly represent the wife’s entire body. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts satisfy your desires” or “Let her body satisfy your desires” or (2) this is a metaphor in which the writer speaks of the wife’s breasts satisfying the husband’s desires as they would satisfy the thirst of a hungry baby. Alternate translation: “Let her breasts fill you with delight as a mother’s breasts fill her child with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 19 pb8m figs-activepassive 0 may you be continually intoxicated by her love Intense excitement and joy from the romantic love of one’s wife is spoken of as if he was drunk from that love. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let her love control you as alcohol controls someone who is drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 5 19 elf2 0 by her love This could mean: (1) “by your love for her” or (2) “by her love for you.” -PRO 5 20 d78f figs-rquestion 0 For why should you, my son, be captivated by an adulteress; why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman? The writer asks these rhetorical questions to emphasize that his son must not do these things. Alternate translation: “My son, do not be captivated by an adulteress! Do not embrace the breasts of an immoral woman!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 5 20 z71k figs-activepassive 0 be captivated by an adulteress Intense excitement that arises from the desire for a woman is spoken of as if he were being held captive by that woman. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “allow an adulteress to captivate you” or “allow an adulteress to fascinate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 5 20 zr1u figs-synecdoche 0 why should you embrace the breasts of an immoral woman Here the word “breasts” represents the immoral woman and her sexual attractiveness. Alternate translation: “why should you embrace an immoral woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 5 20 x9gw 0 an immoral woman This could mean: (1) “a woman who is not your wife” or (2) “a woman who is another man’s wife.” -PRO 5 21 jh86 figs-parallelism 0 sees everything … watches all the paths These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that God knows everything that everyone does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 5 21 p1ar figs-metaphor 0 all the paths he takes The writer speaks of a person’s actions or lifestyle as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “everywhere he goes” or “everything he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 22 u9ya figs-personification 0 A wicked person will be seized by his own iniquities The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities as if those iniquities were people who capture the wicked person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A wicked person’s own iniquities will seize him” or “A wicked person will be unable to avoid the consequences of his iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 5 22 he5d figs-metaphor 0 the cords of his sin will hold him tight The writer speaks of a wicked person being unable to avoid the consequences of his sin as if that sin were a trap made of cords in which the person is caught. Alternate translation: “because of his sin, he will be like an animal caught in a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 5 23 x16k figs-activepassive 0 he is led astray by his great foolishness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his great foolishness leads him astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 5 23 n1a7 0 by his great foolishness “because he is very foolish” -PRO 6 intro xq95 0 # Proverbs 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 6 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### My Son

Occasionally, the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males. Instead, it is simply a form used to pass on advice as a father does to his son.

### Adulteress

The latter part of this chapter comes back to the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. An adulteress is a woman who commits adultery. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])

### Numbers

Occasionally, the author will mention a list of six things, or seven things, that Yahweh hates. These numbers are used to draw attention to the list of things. It is not important whether there are six or seven things in the list.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical questions

The author will use rhetorical questions to draw the reader’s attention to important points. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Animals used as types

The gazelle and the ant have certain characteristics which the author uses to give wisdom. If your language does not recognize these characteristics in those animals, you could add a footnote to explain or possibly substitute another animal from your culture that would help explain the same concept. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -PRO 6 1 sb1b figs-explicit 0 set aside your money Implied here is that your promise and the circumstances forced you to save up your money. Alternate translation: “had to save up some of your money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 6 1 z256 0 a guarantee for your neighbor’s loan This could mean: (1) your neighbor may come to you to ask for a loan or (2) your neighbor wants to take out a loan from someone else, but you promise to pay the lender back if your neighbor cannot. -PRO 6 1 p3wd 0 neighbor This same Hebrew word can also mean “friend.” -PRO 6 2 p9iu figs-idiom 0 you have laid a trap for yourself This is a figure of speech saying that you are going to trap yourself. Alternate translation: “you have made a trap in which you yourself are caught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 6 2 qta7 0 the words of your mouth “what you said” or “what you promised to do” -PRO 6 3 d6yp 0 save yourself “protect yourself” or “help yourself out of these problems” -PRO 6 3 zn5u figs-idiom 0 you have fallen into the hand of your neighbor This is a figure of speech using the term “hand” to mean “harm.” Alternate translation: “your neighbor can bring harm to you if he wants to” or “your neighbor has power over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 6 3 mzx9 0 neighbor “friend” -PRO 6 4 be5i figs-parallelism 0 Give your eyes no sleep and your eyelids no slumber “Do not let your eyes sleep; do not let your eyelids slumber.” These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize how important it is not to be lazy. It is also stated negatively for even more emphasis. Alternate translation: “Stay awake, and do what you can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 4 n831 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes … your eyelids This is a figure of speech using parts of your face to mean your whole body. Alternate translation: “yourself … yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 6 5 xjb3 0 Save yourself like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter “Escape from your neighbor like a gazelle that flees from a hunter” -PRO 6 5 lcv3 0 gazelle This is a big, lean animal that eats grass and that people often hunt for meat. It is famous for running away quickly. -PRO 6 5 ffv9 figs-metonymy 0 from the hand of the hunter The hand of the hunter refers to the hunter’s control. Alternate translation: “from the control of the hunter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 5 fn1g 0 like a bird from the hand of the fowler “and escape like a bird that flies away from a bird-hunter” -PRO 6 6 il7a 0 Look at … consider “Study … think about” or “carefully observe … ponder” -PRO 6 6 xh1r 0 ant An ant is a small insect that lives underground or in a self-built hill. They usually live in groups of thousands, and they can lift things that are much bigger than they are. -PRO 6 6 uze2 figs-metonymy 0 consider her ways This is a figure of speech using the “ways” of an ant to refer to the behavior of the ant. Alternate translation: “consider how the ant behaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 7 tmb7 figs-doublet 0 commander, officer, or ruler These three words mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasized that no one has formal authority over an individual ant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 6 8 w9jc figs-parallelism 0 it prepares its food in the summer … during the harvest it stores up what it will eat These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are repeated to show how responsible the ant is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 8 c8we 0 summer Summer is the time of the year when some trees bear their fruit. -PRO 6 9 r6u4 figs-parallelism 0 How long will you sleep … When will you rise from your sleep? The teacher uses these questions to scold the lazy person for sleeping too much. Alternate translation: “Wake up, you lazy person! Get out of your bed!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 6 10 q6ab 0 A little sleep … of the hands to rest These are the kinds of things that lazy people say. -PRO 6 10 f9h7 figs-parallelism 0 A little sleep, a little slumber Both of these statements mean the same thing. They can be stated as complete sentences. Alternate translation: “I will just sleep a little longer. Let me sleep lightly a little longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 6 10 c54p figs-metonymy 0 folding of the hands to rest People often fold their hands while reclining in order to rest more comfortably. Alternate translation: “I will just cross my arms comfortably and rest a little” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 11 qm7m figs-explicit 0 and your poverty will come This can be stated as a new sentence to make clear that this is a result of being lazy. Alternate translation: “If you continue to be lazy, your poverty will come” or “While you sleep, poverty will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 6 11 zz4v figs-simile 0 your poverty will come like a robber The sudden way a lazy person becomes poor is like the sudden way a robber comes and steals things. Alternate translation: “you will suddenly become poor, just as if a robber came and stole everything you have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 6 11 r7za figs-simile 0 and your needs like an armed soldier The sudden way a lazy person becomes in need of things is like the sudden way an armed soldier takes things from a person. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “and your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” or “and you will become needy just as if an armed soldier stole all your things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 6 11 vt3g 0 an armed soldier “a soldier who is holding a weapon” or “a man with a weapon” -PRO 6 12 sk3y figs-doublet 0 A worthless person—a wicked man These two words have the same meaning and emphasize how bad this person is. Alternate translation: “A person with no value—an evil man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 6 12 q9ly figs-metaphor 0 lives by the crookedness of his speech Here lies are spoken of as speech that is crooked. Alternate translation: “constantly tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 13 b2zu 0 winking his eyes, making signals with his feet and pointing with his fingers All three of these phrases describe a way in which the evil person communicates secretly to deceive other people. -PRO 6 13 kq86 0 winking his eyes If someone winks, he closes one eye very briefly as a secret signal to another person. This might be a sign of trust, of approval, or of something else. -PRO 6 14 za5w 0 He plots evil “He plans evil” or “He prepares to do evil deeds” -PRO 6 14 bbx6 0 he always stirs up discord “he always causes discord” or “he is constantly looking for conflict and escalating it” -PRO 6 15 n8uw 0 Therefore “For that reason” -PRO 6 15 fz64 figs-personification 0 his disaster will overtake him This implies that the disaster is chasing him like a person or an animal, and that it will catch him soon. Alternate translation: “his disaster will catch him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 6 15 j5gd 0 his disaster This refers to the disaster that will happen to him, but also the disaster that he himself caused. -PRO 6 15 h6bm 0 in an instant; in a moment Both mean the same thing, and one or both of them can be replaced by “suddenly” or “very quickly.” -PRO 6 16 it1e figs-parallelism 0 six things that Yahweh hates, seven that This whole verse is a parallelism that emphasizes that God hates several things and not just one. Alternate translation: “six things that Yahwah hates; seven things that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 16 akh6 0 that are disgusting to him “that make him feel disgust” or “that make you disgusting according to him” -PRO 6 17 zib9 0 Connecting Statement: This is the list of things that Yahweh hates that was introduced in [Proverbs 6:16](./16.md). -PRO 6 17 kpi4 figs-synecdoche 0 eyes … tongue … hands All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 6 17 cip3 0 shed the blood of “kill” or “murder” -PRO 6 18 jq4t figs-synecdoche 0 heart … feet All of these body parts refer to a whole person. You can translate each of these with “people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 6 18 ex5v 0 wicked schemes “evil plans” -PRO 6 19 g2tz figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 6 19 r9n1 0 discord See how you translated this in [Proverbs 6:14](../06/14.md). -PRO 6 19 avm1 figs-metaphor 0 one who sows discord This figure of speech is using “sows” to refer to causing or bringing about discord. Alternate translation: “a person who causes discord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 20 e5gm figs-parallelism 0 obey the command of your father … do not forsake the teaching of your mother These two phrases on the one hand mean the same thing. On the other hand, the repeated emphasis on both “father” and “mother” explicitly includes women in the whole teaching-learning process. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 20 u11d figs-litotes 0 do not forsake the teaching of your mother This figure of speech is using the negative “forsake” to mean the positive “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey the teaching of your mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 21 qz2z figs-metaphor 0 bind them on your heart; tie them about your neck These two phrases mean basically the same thing. They describe the commands and instructions as if they are written down so that you can put it in or on your body to remind yourself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 21 b76k 0 bind them on your heart “love them” or “think about them” -PRO 6 22 r61q figs-parallelism 0 When you walk … when you sleep … when you wake up These three phrases are used together to emphasize that the lessons are valuable all the time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 22 hw2r figs-parallelism 0 they will guide you … they will watch over you … they will teach you The repetition of these phrases is to show that the lessons are valuable for all sorts of things. It also speaks of those lessons as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 6 23 u5p1 figs-parallelism 0 the commands … the teaching … the corrections that come by instruction These three phrases mean basically the same thing, and together they show the various types of lessons a father and a mother teach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 23 s8lq figs-metaphor 0 a lamp … a light … the way of life All three of these mean basically the same thing and are repeated to emphasize the fact that the lessons make life better and easier. Alternate translation: “as useful as a lamp … as helpful as light in the darkness … as necessary to follow as the way of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 6 23 n5j2 0 the way of life “the way that leads to life” or “the way of living that God approves of” -PRO 6 24 p7az figs-123person 0 It keeps you from Here the word “it” refers to the lessons taught by the father and mother in [Proverbs 6:20](../06/20.md). Alternate translation: “It saves you from” or “It protects you from” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -PRO 6 24 sjp3 0 the immoral woman … an immoral woman These two words mean basically the same thing. See how you translated the word “adulteress” in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). -PRO 6 24 sw14 0 immoral “morally evil” -PRO 6 25 ty32 figs-metaphor 0 do not let her capture you with her eyelashes The writer speaks of the woman’s eyelashes as if they were a trap into which the young man could fall. They are a synecdoche for her beauty and a metonym for the way the woman looks at the young man to make her want her. Alternate translation: “do not allow her to gain control over you by being beautiful and by the way she looks at you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 25 rx3p figs-metonymy 0 in your heart Here “heart” represents the mind. Alternate translation: “in your thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 25 m7d2 figs-metonymy 0 her beauty “what is beautiful about her.” This can also be a metonym for the woman. Alternate translation: “her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 25 f4km 0 capture you “gain control over you” -PRO 6 25 vnr8 figs-synecdoche 0 her eyelashes The “eyelashes” stand for the beautiful things about her body that she uses to catch a man’s attention. Alternate translation: “her beautiful eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 6 26 p3jv 0 the price of a loaf of bread This is talking about the material cost, not the spiritual cost or the moral cost. Alternate translation: “a little bit” -PRO 6 26 k5fu 0 may cost you your very life This could mean: (1) the wife of another man will destroy your life because she always wants more or (2) the husband of the other woman will hunt you down and kill you. -PRO 6 27 gzh2 figs-rquestion 0 Can a man carry a fire against his chest without burning his clothes? This action would be very dangerous and would cause harm. The implied answer to the question is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who carries a fire in his chest will burn his clothes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 6 27 sew8 0 without burning “without destroying” or “and not destroy” -PRO 6 27 pt18 figs-metonymy 0 his clothes His clothes stand for him as a whole person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 28 r98z figs-rquestion 0 Can a man walk on hot coals without scorching his feet? Walking on hot coals will scorch a person’s feet, so the implied answer is “no.” Alternate translation: “Every man who walks on hot coals will have scorched feet.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 6 28 tw8h figs-metaphor 0 walk on hot coals This stands for committing adultery. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 6 28 fy6m 0 walk That is to slowly walk a long distance, without using tricks or magic. -PRO 6 28 kf2l 0 scorching “burning” -PRO 6 29 gh7k figs-euphemism 0 the man who goes in to his neighbor’s wife This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “the man who has sexual relations with his neighbor’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 6 30 fwq5 0 despise a thief “do not regard a thief with contempt” or “do not think a thief is evil” -PRO 6 31 n1t7 figs-activepassive 0 if he is caught This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone catches him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 6 31 b9ns figs-idiom 0 in his house This figure of speech is saying that everything in his house is all that he owns. Alternate translation: “that he owns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 6 32 s8mh 0 The one “The person” or “The man” -PRO 6 33 m2lu 0 what he deserves “the appropriate punishment for what he has done” -PRO 6 33 t99k figs-metonymy 0 his disgrace This figure of speech is using the term “disgrace” to refer to the feeling of him acting shamefully. Alternate translation: “the memory of his shameful act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 6 33 c8nh figs-litotes 0 will not be wiped away This figure of speech is using the negative “will not be wiped away” to refer to it always being there. Alternate translation: “will always remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 34 lyk4 0 furious very angry -PRO 6 34 qsy2 figs-litotes 0 he will show no mercy The “he” is the neighbor whose wife has committed adultery with another man. Alternate translation: “he will not limit the pain he will cause you” or “he will hurt you as much as he can” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 6 34 rc71 0 when he takes his revenge “in the moment of his revenge” or “when the moment arrives when he can take his revenge” -PRO 6 34 tk3n 0 takes his revenge If a person takes revenge, it is to cause hurt to the person who hurt him first. -PRO 6 35 b2ym 0 compensation payment by one who does wrong to the person to whom he has done wrong -PRO 6 35 fly2 figs-activepassive 0 he cannot be bought off This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you cannot pay him enough money to change his mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 6 35 pc8x 0 off, though “off. This will be true even if” -PRO 7 intro pk5f 0 # Proverbs 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 7 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Parallelism

Proverbs are often written without any surrounding context and in two lines of text. Each line will have a certain relationship to the other line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])

Many of the proverbs are stated as promises or commands, but they are intended to be advice.

### My Son

Occasionally the author addresses a proverb to “my son.” This is not intended to restrict the words of that proverb to only males, but is still given in the context of a father warning his son.

### Adulteress

This chapter continues the theme about the adulteress and warns the young man to avoid her. -PRO 7 1 at6w figs-metaphor 0 keep my words Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 1 k635 figs-metaphor 0 store up my commands within yourself Here God’s commands are spoken of as if they were objects that someone could put into a storeroom. Alternate translation: “memorize my commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 2 a8m4 figs-metaphor 0 keep my instruction Here keeping represents obeying. Alternate translation: “obey my instructions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 2 xfb2 figs-idiom 0 as the apple of your eye The apple of the eye is the pupil inside the eye, which people normally instinctively protect when an object flies at their face. Here “the apple of the eye” represents whatever a person values and protects the most. Alternate translation: “as your most valuable possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 7 3 g5jv figs-metaphor 0 Tie them on your fingers This could mean: (1) that the writer wanted his son to engrave certain commands from God on a ring and wear it, or (2) that the writer wanted his son to always remember God’s commands, as if he always wore a certain ring. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 3 c4yy figs-metaphor 0 write them on the tablet of your heart Here the heart represents a person’s mind, and remembering something well is spoken of as if the person were writing it on a stone tablet. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:3](../03/03.md). Alternate translation: “remember my commands well as if you were writing them in stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 4 jn44 figs-personification 0 Say to wisdom, “You are my sister Here wisdom is spoken of as if it were a person. Alternate translation: “Value wisdom as you would love your sister” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 7 4 z4x8 figs-personification 0 call understanding your kinsman Here the quality of understanding is spoken of as if it were a kinsman or relative. Alternate translation: “treat understanding as you would treat your kinsman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 7 4 j17k 0 kinsman “relative” or “family member” -PRO 7 5 xkl2 0 the adulterous woman This refers to any woman to whom a man is not married. Alternate translation: “the woman whom you should have nothing to do with” -PRO 7 5 y9gh 0 the immoral woman This refers to any woman who is not known to a man. -PRO 7 5 s251 0 with her smooth words Words intended to deceive are spoken of as if they were smooth objects. Alternate translation: “who says pleasant things, but wants to deceive you” -PRO 7 6 v7n1 0 lattice a covering over a window made of thin strips of wood that cross one another in a slanted pattern that forms square-shaped openings in the pattern -PRO 7 7 ie51 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 7 8 i1kl 0 her corner Here “her” refers to any female stranger, as referred to in [Proverbs 7:5](../07/05.md). She was standing at a certain corner, waiting for a suitable man to pass by. Alternate translation: “the corner where a female stranger was standing” -PRO 7 8 v7v4 0 corner This refers to where two roads meet. -PRO 7 9 zn5n 0 twilight the time of day when it is getting darker and about to become night -PRO 7 10 bu68 figs-metaphor 0 with a false heart Here “heart” represents intentions or plans. Alternate translation: “she planned to deceive someone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 11 vkd8 0 She was loud and wayward “She talked loudly and acted in the ways she wished to” -PRO 7 11 es4s figs-synecdoche 0 her feet did not stay at home The phrase “her feet” represent the woman. Alternate translation: “she did not stay at home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 7 12 h64f figs-metaphor 0 she waited in ambush Here the woman is spoken of as if she were preparing to physically trap a person or an animal. Also, the idea of trapping someone here represents persuading someone to commit sin. Alternate translation: “she waited to trap someone” or “she waited to find someone she could persuade to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 13 l1ic 0 she the woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 7:10](./10.md) -PRO 7 13 sa2m 0 grabbed him “took hold of him firmly” -PRO 7 13 vef7 figs-idiom 0 with a strong face Here “strong” represents “stubborn.” A “strong face” means a stubborn expression on a person’s face. This implies that the woman is acting in a stubborn way, that she is deliberately doing what she knows is wrong. Alternate translation: “with a shameless expression on her face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 7 14 ei2g figs-metonymy 0 I paid my vows Here “vows” represents what the person promised to sacrifice to God. Alternate translation: “I made the sacrifices I promised to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 7 15 fys2 figs-synecdoche 0 seek your face Here “face” represents the person and especially the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “look for you” or “find out where you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 7 17 g7k4 0 sprinkled my bed with “scattered on my bed” -PRO 7 17 ibk7 0 aloes A type of wood from a tree that smells good. -PRO 7 17 q1mx 0 cinnamon This is a spice made from the bark of a tree that smells and tastes good. -PRO 7 18 h91x figs-metaphor 0 let us drink our fill of love Here the pleasures of romantic love are spoken of as if they were something good to drink. Alternate translation: “let us make love to each other as much as we want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 19 vc42 0 is not at his house “is not at home” -PRO 7 20 zw96 0 full moon The moon is said to be full when it is a perfectly round disk, shining at its brightest. -PRO 7 21 ptg3 figs-metaphor 0 she turned him To persuade someone to act in a certain way is spoken of as if it were changing the direction that person was walking. Alternate translation: “she persuaded him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 21 ev91 0 her … she … him The female is the married woman who wants to sleep with “him,” the young man. -PRO 7 21 l3nt figs-metonymy 0 smooth lips Here “lips” represents what a person says. When a person flatters someone else by saying things that are not sincere, these words are spoken of as if they were a smooth object. Alternate translation: “flattering, deceiving words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 21 c6k6 0 she misled him “she persuaded him to do something evil” Alternate translation: “she convinced him to sin with her” -PRO 7 22 rvi9 figs-explicit 0 He went after her suddenly This seems to imply that the young man took very little time to think about what he should do. Alternate translation: “He quickly decided to go after her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 7 22 tal5 figs-simile 0 like an ox going to slaughter … a deer caught in a trap The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way two animals are unaware of the danger they are in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 7 22 pk4m 0 slaughter This refers to killing an animal in order to eat its meat. -PRO 7 22 qrn6 0 deer See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 5:19](../05/19.md). -PRO 7 23 r6zr figs-simile 0 like a bird rushing into a snare The naive and unsuspecting way the young man follows the adulteress is compared to the way an animal is unaware of the danger he is in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 7 23 t5u4 figs-explicit 0 until an arrow pierces through its liver This passage implies that a hunter has trapped the deer in order to shoot it with arrows. Alternate translation: “until a hunter shoots it in its most important part” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 7 23 i4e6 0 liver Here this organ represents a very important part of the deer’s body. -PRO 7 23 zvp5 figs-idiom 0 it would cost his life This is a way of saying that this person will die as a result. Alternate translation: “it would kill him” or “he would die soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 7 24 wen3 0 Now This is to focus the attention of the speaker’s sons on the conclusion of this lesson. -PRO 7 25 gk8c figs-metaphor 0 May your heart not turn aside onto her paths Here “ways” means the paths that a person chooses to walk on. It represents the person’s behavior, the things that he decides to do in life. Alternate translation: “Make your heart stay far away from the ways of the adulterous woman” or “Do not let your heart want to do the things that the adulterous woman does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 7 25 wm1h figs-synecdoche 0 your heart Here “heart” represents a person, emphasizing his desires. Alternate translation: “you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 7 25 l3s9 figs-parallelism 0 do not be led astray onto her paths This means the same as the sentence before it. It strengthens the first warning. Alternate translation: “do not leave the right path in order to go on her paths” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 7 26 xx9k figs-metonymy 0 She has caused many people to fall down pierced Being pierced by spears or arrows represents being killed. Alternate translation: “She has caused many people to fall dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 7 27 g21s 0 Her house is on the paths to Sheol … they go down Here “paths” represents the kinds of behavior that foolish people participate in. Sheol was the name for the world of the dead. -PRO 7 27 ry42 figs-parallelism 0 on the paths to Sheol … down to the dark bedrooms of death These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize that the woman’s victims will be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 7 27 prr1 figs-metaphor 0 the dark bedrooms of death This expression pictures the dead as sleeping in many different rooms in Sheol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 intro z8jj 0 # Proverbs 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 8 continues a collection of proverbs that ends in chapter nine. These chapters operate more as a unit then many of the following chapters in this book.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Wisdom calls out

The addressee of this chapter is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her, in contrast to the adulteress mentioned in chapters 5-7. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -PRO 8 1 qsc7 figs-personification 0 General Information: In chapter 8 wisdom is spoken of as a woman who teaches people how to be wise. Many verses in chapter 8 have parallelisms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 8 1 v9h5 figs-rquestion 0 Does not Wisdom call out? This question is used to remind the readers of something they should already know. Alternate translation: “Wisdom calls out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 8 1 i9hu figs-personification 0 Does not Wisdom call out? Here wisdom is imagined as a woman. If a language does not allow this kind of metaphor, other possible translations are: (1) “Is not wisdom like a woman who calls out?” (2) “Does not a woman named Wisdom call out?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 1 pt6p figs-rquestion 0 Does not Understanding raise her voice? Here “Understanding” means the same as “Wisdom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 8 1 k4ug 0 raise her voice “speak” -PRO 8 3 z73y 0 the gates at the entrance into the city In ancient times, cities usually had outer walls with gates in them. -PRO 8 3 nkc9 figs-personification 0 she calls out This continues to refer to Wisdom, personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 4 gv2w 0 General Information: Wisdom speaks to the people in verses 4-36. -PRO 8 4 jxm5 figs-metonymy 0 my voice is for the sons of mankind Here “voice” represents the words that are spoken. Alternate translation: “my words are for the sons of mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 8 4 j5l1 figs-metonymy 0 the sons of mankind This is metonymy representing all human beings. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 8 5 er9q 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 8 5 t3h2 figs-abstractnouns 0 learn wisdom The abstract word “wisdom’ refers to what a wise person believes and to the way in which he acts. Alternate translation: “learn how a wise person acts” or “learn what it means to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 5 bg5r 0 you must get an understanding mind “you must begin to understand things with your mind” -PRO 8 6 uv73 figs-synecdoche 0 when my lips open Here “lips” represents a person’s mouth, with which he speaks. Alternate translation: “when I open my mouth to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 8 6 a3zk 0 upright proper or just -PRO 8 7 s9bj figs-synecdoche 0 my mouth speaks Here “mouth” represents a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 8 7 f6mp 0 what is trustworthy “what people should believe” -PRO 8 7 juy2 figs-synecdoche 0 wickedness is disgusting to my lips Here “lips” represents a person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “wickedness is disgusting to me” or “saying wicked things would be disgusting to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 8 7 hz9e figs-abstractnouns 0 wickedness Here the abstract noun “wickedness” represents wicked speech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 8 am3k figs-synecdoche 0 the words of my mouth The “mouth” stands for the person who is speaking. Alternate translation: “The things I teach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 8 8 btx5 figs-metaphor 0 nothing twisted Twisting a message is a metaphor for changing a true message into a false one. Alternate translation: “nothing false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 9 nn5r 0 straight honest and clear -PRO 8 9 jyh4 figs-metonymy 0 my words are upright for those who find knowledge This probably means that those who find knowledge will easily understand that the speaker’s words are upright. Here “words” represent a message or teaching. Alternate translation: “those who know what is right and what is wrong consider what I teach to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 8 9 f1c2 0 upright true and honest -PRO 8 10 w8ks 0 Acquire my instruction rather than silver “You should try much harder to understand my instructions than to get silver” -PRO 8 11 wl6p figs-quotations 0 For Wisdom is better than jewels; no treasure is equal to her Here Wisdom, personified as a woman, is not speaking. However, it is possible to make Wisdom the speaker here as well. Alternate translation: “For I, Wisdom, am better than jewels; no treasure is equal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -PRO 8 12 mj24 figs-personification 0 I, Wisdom, live with Prudence Prudence is also represented here as a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 12 b8xj 0 Prudence caution or good judgment -PRO 8 12 jk94 figs-abstractnouns 0 I possess knowledge and discretion The abstract ideas “knowledge” and “discrete” can be expressed in other ways. Alternate translation: “I am knowledgeable and discreet” or “I know many things, and I am careful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 12 xcu8 0 discretion being careful about what we say and do; being cautious not to cause hurt or harm to others -PRO 8 13 rf21 0 perverted speech “wicked talk” -PRO 8 13 gp8g 0 perverted turned from what is right -PRO 8 14 cnc2 0 good advice “wise suggestions” -PRO 8 14 guc9 0 advice counsel that is given to help someone -PRO 8 14 sne9 0 sound good, reliable -PRO 8 14 w3ju figs-personification 0 I am insight Here Wisdom is spoken of as if she were insight. Alternate translation: “I have insight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 16 hg7e 0 nobles noblemen, leading members of important families in the nation -PRO 8 17 xz9h 0 love This refers to brotherly love or love for a friend or family member. This is natural human love between friends or relatives. -PRO 8 17 e3jr 0 diligently with careful and continued effort -PRO 8 18 k7hf 0 With me are riches and honor “I have riches and honor” -PRO 8 18 a275 grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 lasting wealth and righteousness This explains what is meant by “riches and honor.” This can be made clear with the connecting statement “therefore.” Alternate translation: “therefore, I will give lasting wealth and righteousness to those who find me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]]) -PRO 8 18 q481 0 righteousness “the ability to live in a right way” -PRO 8 19 eyc2 0 My fruit what wisdom produces or causes -PRO 8 19 rqy3 0 my produce the benefit or gain that wisdom causes -PRO 8 20 tks1 figs-metaphor 0 I walk in the path of righteousness Living the right way is spoken of as walking on the right road. Alternate translation: “I live right” or “I do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 20 rg74 figs-metaphor 0 in the midst of the paths of justice This tells more of what is meant by “the path of righteousness.” Alternate translation: “I do what is perfectly just” or “I only do what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 21 mg4q figs-metaphor 0 treasuries storehouses for valuable things. Wisdom is spoken of as a woman who fills the storehouses of her followers with valuable things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 22 xu3p 0 the first of his deeds then “I was the first of the things he created then” -PRO 8 23 mh2d 0 In ages long ago “Very long ago” -PRO 8 23 v4tq 0 ages The word “age” refers to a general, extended period of time. -PRO 8 23 mth7 figs-abstractnouns 0 from the beginnings of the earth The idea of beginnings can be translated in a less abstract way. Alternate translation: “from when God created the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 24 ii7e figs-personification 0 General Information: Wisdom continues to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 25 u2m1 figs-activepassive 0 Before the mountains were settled “Before the bases of the mountains were put into place.” This can also be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Before God made the foundations of the mountains and put them into their proper places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 8 26 z5y4 figs-personification 0 I was born This is wisdom speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 26 asn5 0 was born “I was alive” -PRO 8 27 nk15 figs-personification 0 I was there This is wisdom speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 27 z8lx 0 established To establish something is to bring into being on a stable basis. Alternate translation: “created” or “made” -PRO 8 27 b5db figs-explicit 0 when he drew a circle on the surface of the deep This refers to setting a limit to how far someone in a ship at sea can see all around himself. Alternate translation: “when he marked on the ocean’s surface how far a person at sea can see in every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 8 27 ae6e 0 the deep “the ocean” -PRO 8 28 q6zz figs-personification 0 General Information: Wisdom continues to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 28 wnj8 0 established brought into permanent being -PRO 8 28 z2v2 figs-activepassive 0 when the springs in the deep became fixed This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God fixed the springs in the deep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 8 28 zv8f 0 the springs in the deep The ancient Hebrews thought that the ocean got its water from springs at the bottom of the sea. -PRO 8 29 pd76 0 when he made his limit for the sea “when he created the shorelines for the oceans. The “limit for the sea” divided the oceans from the dry land. -PRO 8 29 vk7f 0 when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land The Hebrew word for “earth” also often means “land.” -PRO 8 29 f3j9 figs-activepassive 0 when there was set the limit for the foundations of the dry land This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “when God set the limit for the foundations of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 8 30 ph2f figs-personification 0 I was beside him This is still wisdom speaking. Wisdom now says she was right next to Yahweh, implying that she was his assistant in creating the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 30 ky7x 0 skilled craftsman This is a person who has trained for years to make useful things very well, like furniture or houses. -PRO 8 30 k4ct figs-abstractnouns 0 I was his delight “I was what made him happy.” The word “delight” is an abstract noun that can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he was happy because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 8 30 a22n figs-idiom 0 day after day This is a way to express the idea of a habitual action or of a continuous condition. Alternate translation: “continually” or “the whole time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 8 31 pw91 0 his whole world “the whole world he created” or “everything he created” -PRO 8 31 wnq9 figs-idiom 0 the sons of mankind This refers to human beings in general. Alternate translation: “the people he brought into existence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 8 32 ly1a 0 Now This is to focus the attention of the children to the conclusion of this lesson. -PRO 8 32 hwt3 figs-personification 0 listen to me This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 32 m6ib figs-metaphor 0 those who keep my ways Here “my ways” represents wisdom’s behavior. Alternate translation: “those who do what I teach” or “the people who follow my example” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 8 33 ky6l figs-litotes 0 do not neglect “do not disregard” Alternate translation: “be sure to pay attention to” or “be sure to follow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 8 34 i55j figs-parallelism 0 watching every day at my doors, waiting beside the posts of my doors These two phrases basically mean the same thing. Wisdom is described as having a home; possible meanings of **watching** are: (1) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s home in the morning in order to serve her, or (2) a wise person waits outside wisdom’s house for her to come and teach him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 8 35 z6lm figs-personification 0 finds me This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 36 hfn9 figs-personification 0 hate me This is still wisdom talking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 8 36 yl6t figs-explicit 0 he who fails The complete thought is, “he who fails to find me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 8 36 w73k figs-metonymy 0 his own life Here “life” represents the person’s self. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 9 intro y75r 0 # Proverbs 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 9 concludes a collection of proverbs that operate as a unit about wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Wisdom calls out

The addressee of chapters 8 and 9 is broader than “my son,” but is personal like the previous chapters’ use of “my son.” In this case, Wisdom is calling out for all to come and learn of her. -PRO 9 1 m12a figs-personification 0 General Information: These verses begin a parable in which wisdom is imagined to be a woman who is giving good advice to people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 1 s64d figs-personification 0 Wisdom has built The writer speaks about wisdom as if it were a woman who has built her own house. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 2 x5sw figs-metonymy 0 She has slaughtered her animals This refers to animals whose meat will be eaten in the dinner that Wisdom will give. Alternate translation: “She has killed the animals for meat at dinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 2 ywr6 figs-explicit 0 mixed her wine In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 2 h2zm 0 she has set her table “she has prepared her table” -PRO 9 3 p6e2 figs-personification 0 General Information: These verses begin to give the message of Wisdom, who is personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 3 akl3 0 She has sent out her maids These maids went out and invited people to come to the feast that Wisdom had prepared. -PRO 9 3 ugn5 0 her maids Young women or girls who are in the service of a respectable, adult woman, such as Wisdom. -PRO 9 3 n6ha 0 she calls out “she proclaims” or “she summons” Alternate translation: “she loudly recites her invitation” -PRO 9 3 x798 0 the highest points of the city The invitation is shouted from the highest points so that it will be best heard by all the people. -PRO 9 4 h6sj 0 Who is naive? Let … the one lacking good sense These two phrases describe the same group of people, those who need more wisdom in their lives. Here the question is addressed to all such people. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is naive, let … anyone lacking good sense” -PRO 9 4 dj7m 0 is naive “is inexperienced or immature” -PRO 9 4 s4da 0 turn aside here “leave his path and come into my house” -PRO 9 5 h6ck 0 General Information: These verses continue the message of Wisdom. -PRO 9 5 n3eu figs-you 0 Come … eat … drink All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PRO 9 5 stm9 figs-explicit 0 the wine I have mixed In ancient Israel, people often mixed wine with water. Alternate translation: “prepared her wine by mixing it with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 6 b9ma figs-you 0 Leave … live … walk All of these commands are plural; Wisdom is addressing many people at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -PRO 9 6 ejw3 figs-metaphor 0 Leave your naive actions Here naive actions are spoken of as if they were a place that a person could leave. Alternate translation: “Stop your naive behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 9 6 f53k 0 naive actions “inexperienced, immature actions” -PRO 9 6 lpn8 figs-metaphor 0 the path of understanding Here the process of understanding wisdom is spoken of as if it were a path that a person could follow. Alternate translation: “the manner of living that a wise person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 9 7 x5sc 0 General Information: These verses continue the message of Wisdom. -PRO 9 7 vif7 figs-parallelism 0 Whoever disciplines … whoever rebukes These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 9 7 kjm2 0 a mocker Someone who habitually mocks people. Alternate translation: “someone who says insulting things about other people” or “someone who likes to make other people look bad” -PRO 9 7 m22a 0 receives abuse “receives harsh treatment” -PRO 9 7 g88g 0 whoever rebukes “whoever corrects” -PRO 9 8 fpc4 0 Do not reprove “Do not correct” -PRO 9 9 c8r2 0 Give to a wise person, and he … teach a righteous person, and he These two commands actually represent conditional statements. Alternate translation: “If you give to a wise person, he … if you teach a righteous person, he” -PRO 9 9 y95j figs-parallelism 0 Give to a wise person … teach a righteous person These two phrases basically say the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 9 9 n1f2 figs-explicit 0 Give to a wise person This refers to giving instruction to a wise person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 9 10 s7rg 0 General Information: These verses finish the message of Wisdom. -PRO 9 10 l6yl 0 The fear of Yahweh See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). -PRO 9 11 uv8i figs-activepassive 0 through me your days will be multiplied This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “I will multiply your days” or “I will cause you to live many more days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 9 11 wpx5 figs-personification 0 through me Wisdom, personified as a woman, continues to speak here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 11 rk9c figs-parallelism 0 your days will be multiplied, and years of life will be added to you These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are used to emphasize the great benefits wisdom has. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 9 11 u5qf figs-metaphor 0 years of life will be added to you Wisdom speaks of years of life as if they were physical objects. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will add years of life to you” or “I will add years to your life” or “I will enable you to live longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 9 12 z3ez 0 If you are wise … and if you mock These two statements seem to mean that wise people gain advantages for themselves because of their wisdom, and mockers suffer because of their behavior. -PRO 9 12 zei6 figs-metaphor 0 you will carry it This speaks of the consequence of one’s bad behavior as if it were a heavy load that one had to carry on his back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 9 13 q38d figs-personification 0 General Information: These verses begin to describe foolishness, which is also personified as a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 13 ix9a figs-personification 0 The woman of foolishness It is possible to translate “foolishness” as a description such as “A foolish woman.” However, if a language allows wisdom to be personified, as in the previous part of this chapter, it may also allow foolishness to be personified. Alternate translation: “The woman Foolishness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 9 13 lbv9 figs-parallelism 0 she is untaught and knows nothing These two expressions basically mean the same thing, which is repeated to show how useless the foolish woman is. Alternate translation: “she does not know anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 9 13 tk38 0 she is untaught “she has not learned from experience” or “she is young and naive” -PRO 9 15 cqd1 figs-idiom 0 walking straight on their way This seems to be an idiom for “thinking only of their own affairs” or “minding their own business.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 9 16 ck1n 0 is naive “is inexperienced or immature” -PRO 9 16 rs92 0 turn aside here “leave his path and come here” -PRO 9 16 zyq4 0 she says This is the foolish woman who was introduced in [Proverbs 9:13](./13.md). -PRO 9 16 lfx9 0 those who have no sense “those who do not have wisdom” or “those who are not wise” -PRO 9 17 jsi6 figs-metaphor 0 Stolen waters are sweet, and bread of secrecy is delicious The foolish woman speaks of the pleasure of stolen waters and bread of secrecy to tell men that if they sleep with her, they will have pleasure. This can be stated clearly in a simile: “You can enjoy me just as you enjoy water that you have stolen or bread that is secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 9 18 kg4h 0 that the dead are there “that the men who have gone to her are now dead” -PRO 9 18 k1fh 0 in the depths of Sheol “Sheol” refers to the world of the dead. -PRO 10 intro fhy5 0 # Proverbs 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 10 starts a new section of the book, which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, and wicked/righteous. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 10 1 i2yb figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Many verses in Chapter 10 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 10 1 tab7 0 The proverbs of Solomon After the introduction of Chapters 1-9, Chapter 10 begins the collection of the proverbs; short sayings that teach wisdom. -PRO 10 2 ffz8 0 accumulated acquired over time -PRO 10 3 df3m figs-synecdoche 0 Yahweh does not let the soul of the righteous person go hungry Here “soul” refers to the person. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes sure those who do what is right have food to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 10 4 e3ef figs-metonymy 0 A lazy hand “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “A person unwilling to work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 4 yly7 figs-metonymy 0 hand of the diligent “Hand” represents the strength and ability of a person. Alternate translation: “person who works hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 6 k7j2 figs-idiom 0 are upon the head The “head” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “are given to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 10 6 y4mb figs-metonymy 0 mouth of the wicked The “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “words the wicked speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 6 k4dp 0 covers up hides the truth -PRO 10 7 e1w8 figs-metonymy 0 name The word “name” represents a person’s reputation. Alternate translation: “memory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 8 e725 0 come to ruin “be destroyed” or “be made useless” -PRO 10 9 ps6l 0 crooked not straight; deformed; dishonest; deceitful -PRO 10 10 mi1k translate-symaction 0 He who winks the eye “Winking the eye” represents a secretive sign for being cruel to someone else. Alternate translation: “He who makes a signal with a gesture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PRO 10 10 p957 figs-metaphor 0 will be thrown down A person who is ruined is spoken of as if he were thrown down. Alternate translation: “others will ruin him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 10 11 f47s figs-metonymy 0 The mouth of the righteous Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “The speech of a righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 11 tv58 figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PRO 10 11 h2ny figs-metaphor 0 is a water spring of life This person’s speech is spoken of as if it preserved living animals or people, as a water spring would do in a dry land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 11 bz8g figs-metaphor 0 the mouth of the wicked covers up violence That is, the wicked person appears to say harmless things, but plans to violent things against other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 11 elp1 figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of the wicked Here “mouth” represents what a persons says. Alternate translation: “the speech of a wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 11 jt58 figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -PRO 10 12 ph1a figs-personification 0 love covers over Love acts like a person who quiets trouble between people instead of stirring it up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 10 13 n8pk figs-metonymy 0 on the lips of a discerning person “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “in what a sensible person says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 13 ww93 figs-metonymy 0 a rod is for the back “Rod” represents strong, physical punishment and “the back” represents the person who receives the punishment. Alternate translation: “a person who has no sense needs forceful punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 10 14 ej72 figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of a fool “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words from a foolish person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 15 fd3s figs-metaphor 0 his fortified city This represents wealth as a safe place. Alternate translation: “his safety” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 16 im19 figs-metaphor 0 The wage … the profit These terms normally refer to the money a worker earns. Here they represents the results of either doing what is right or doing what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 17 k6n3 0 There is a path to life for the one who follows discipline “The person who obeys wise instruction will have a long and happy life” -PRO 10 17 st2j figs-activepassive 0 but the one who rejects correction is led astray This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but the one who does not obey wise instruction will not have a good life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 10 18 d6bj figs-metonymy 0 has lying lips “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “tells lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 19 zc3a figs-litotes 0 transgression is not lacking This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “there is much sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 10 20 h1pz figs-metonymy 0 The tongue of the righteous person “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whatever a righteous person says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 20 pvj4 figs-metaphor 0 is pure silver “Silver” represents valuable sayings. Alternate translation: “is extremely valuable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 21 h4rr figs-metonymy 0 The lips of the righteous “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The sayings of a righteous man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 21 kp6k 0 nourish cause them to develop or grow stronger -PRO 10 23 l951 figs-metaphor 0 Wickedness is a game a fool plays A game is an activity people do for pleasure. Alternate translation: “Fools find pleasure in wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 24 xai5 0 overtake overcome someone -PRO 10 25 ci43 figs-simile 0 The wicked are like the storm Just as storm comes and sweeps everything away so wicked people will disappear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 10 25 v58h figs-metaphor 0 is a foundation that lasts forever “Foundation” represents the base or a beginning of something that people build over. Alternate translation: “is a start for something that lasts forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 26 fk5l figs-simile 0 Like vinegar on the teeth and smoke in the eyes, so is the sluggard to those who send him “Vinegar” and “smoke” represent things that hurt a person’s teeth and eyes. Alternate translation: “Sending a lazy person to accomplish a task is irritating and unpleasant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 10 26 i1xh 0 vinegar a sour liquid used to flavor or preserve foods -PRO 10 27 rv8w figs-metaphor 0 the years of the wicked “Years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 28 pds2 figs-metaphor 0 the years of wicked people Here “years” represent the time a person lives. Alternate translation: “the lifetime of the evil person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 10 30 ub25 figs-litotes 0 will never be overthrown This can be stated as active and positive: Alternate translation: “will be secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 10 31 f7hy figs-metonymy 0 Out of the mouth of the righteous person “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the righteous man’s words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 31 amx2 figs-metonymy 0 the perverse tongue will be cut out “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “God will shut the mouths of people who say what is false” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 10 32 y79y figs-metonymy 0 lips of the righteous person know what is acceptable “Lips” represent what a person says. Alternate translation: “righteous person knows how to speak acceptably” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 10 32 ay8q figs-metonymy 0 mouth of the wicked “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 intro uk6v 0 # Proverbs 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 11 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 11 1 hzq7 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Many verses in Chapter 11 are contrasting parallelisms (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 11 1 g3jt figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh hates scales that are not accurate “Scales” represent measuring accurately in negotiating. Alternate translation: “God hates deceiving scales” or “God hates it when people are deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 1 pe2q 0 but he delights in a precise weight “Precise weight” represents accuracy in negotiating. Alternate translation: “but he delights in honest ways” or “but he is happy when people are honest” -PRO 11 3 rj24 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who are treacherous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 11 4 r538 figs-explicit 0 Wealth is worthless on the day of wrath The “day of wrath” represents a specific event, such as the “day of Yahweh” or “judgment day” or “last days.” Alternate translation: “A person’s wealth will do him no good when God comes to judge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 11 5 lc4r 0 makes his way straight “has clear direction” -PRO 11 5 vhe9 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 11 6 v49j figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are treacherous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 11 6 b5vy 0 the treacherous are trapped by their cravings “those who do evil are captured by their passions” -PRO 11 6 rhq7 0 treacherous ready to betray trust; traitorous; deceptive -PRO 11 7 dz8x 0 the hope that was in his strength “the confidence he has in his own power” -PRO 11 7 zn33 0 comes to nothing “disappears” -PRO 11 8 z4am figs-activepassive 0 The righteous person is kept away from trouble This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God keeps away from trouble the person who does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 11 8 u873 0 it comes “trouble comes” -PRO 11 9 r7vl figs-metonymy 0 With his mouth the godless “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “The words of the godless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 11 sim1 figs-metonymy 0 the city becomes great “City” represents the community or people group. Alternate translation: “the people group prospers” or “the community becomes prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 11 p4sd figs-metonymy 0 by the mouth of the wicked “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the words of evil people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 13 en2e figs-metaphor 0 keeps a matter covered “Covered” represents keeping things concealed as much as possible. Alternate translation: “does not tell” or “does not speak about the matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 14 a9wq 0 advisors those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors -PRO 11 15 j2ce 0 one who hates giving “one who refuses to give” -PRO 11 16 bvh9 0 ruthless people people without pity or compassion; cruel people -PRO 11 16 h7rd 0 grasp for wealth “are greedy for wealth” -PRO 11 17 dxp9 0 one who “a person who” -PRO 11 18 imr8 figs-metaphor 0 sows what is right To “sow” represents spreading out to gain more. Alternate translation: “spreads out what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 18 ln8a figs-metaphor 0 reaps the wages of truth To “reap” represents acquiring or gathering in” Alternate translation: “will surely be rewarded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 19 ibb6 0 the one who “the person who” -PRO 11 19 un2d 0 pursues evil “chases after evil” or “seeks to do evil” -PRO 11 20 r5lt figs-metonymy 0 whose hearts are perverse “Heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “who have wicked thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 11 21 gh2a figs-litotes 0 will not go unpunished This phrase uses a negative to emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “will certainly be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 11 22 y2me figs-simile 0 Like a gold ring … without discretion A beautiful woman without discretion is compared to a useless and unsuitable golden ring in a pig’s nose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 11 22 fe2p 0 without discretion “without common sense” or “who is foolish” -PRO 11 24 x29n figs-metaphor 0 There is one who scatters—he will accumulate even more This is a metaphor for a person who becomes more wealthy by being generous. Alternate translation: “Some people give freely to others and yet become more wealthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 24 v6x4 figs-explicit 0 one who scatters You may need to make explicit that the person scatters seeds for crops to grow. Alternate translation: “one who scatters much seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 24 gmp8 0 will accumulate even more “will gain even more” -PRO 11 24 p1q7 0 withholds what he should give This refers to a person who thinks that he can become rich by refusing to be generous. -PRO 11 25 q9vb 0 will prosper “will gain more” -PRO 11 25 lf1i 0 the one who “the generous person who” or “anyone who” -PRO 11 26 eb69 0 the man who refuses to sell This describes the person who hoards his wealth instead of helping those in need. -PRO 11 26 h1qp figs-metaphor 0 good gifts crown the head of him who sells it “Crown” represents the reward or award for the person who is willing to sell grain. Alternate translation: “good gifts are given as a crown of honor to him who sells it” or “the person who sells it is honored with many blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 11 27 k6ug 0 The one who diligently seeks the one who seeks with careful and continued effort -PRO 11 28 q218 figs-idiom 0 will fall This is an idiom. Here “fall” represents destruction or failure. Alternate translation: “will be destroyed” or “awaits a bad future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 11 28 p1e2 figs-simile 0 like the leaf, righteous people will flourish “Leaf” represents growth and prosperity. Alternate translation: “righteous people will prosper in the same way a healthy green leaf grows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 11 28 mf6v 0 righteous people will flourish This means that righteous people will thrive or prosper. -PRO 11 29 p1pb figs-metaphor 0 inherit the wind The “wind” is a metaphor for something that cannot be grasped or has no value. Alternate translation: “inherit nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 11 30 q7ul figs-simile 0 The righteous person will be like a tree of life A person who does what is right is compared to a tree that produces life as its fruit. Alternate translation: “Those who do right will bring life to themselves and others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 11 30 hlz7 0 tree of life See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). -PRO 11 31 s8p9 0 how much more “even more so” -PRO 12 intro x2lg 0 # Proverbs 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 12 continues the section of the book (Chapter 10-22) which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often using contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility and integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 12 1 ktr2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: The author uses [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] throughout this chapter. Verses 1-15 contrast wisdom and foolishness. -PRO 12 1 r7h6 0 Whoever “Any person who” -PRO 12 1 tz7m 0 the one who hates correction “the person who does not want to be told what to do” -PRO 12 1 nj5f 0 is stupid “is foolish” or “is unwise” -PRO 12 3 nly2 figs-activepassive 0 A person cannot be established by wickedness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one can become safe and secure by doing what is wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 3 md5p figs-metaphor 0 cannot be uprooted “Uprooted” represents being pulled out of the ground like a plant or a tree. This cannot happen to those who do right. Alternate translation: “are as stable as a tree with deep roots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 4 wh4l figs-metaphor 0 A worthy wife is her husband’s crown A crown represents the greatest honor a person can receive. Alternate translation: “A good wife is a sign of great honor for her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 12 4 ced6 figs-simile 0 she who brings shame is like a disease that rots his bones A disease that rots the bones represents the spoiling of a person’s life. Alternate translation: “a wife’s shameful acts destroy her husband’s influence and happiness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 12 6 sw3s figs-metaphor 0 The words of wicked people are an ambush waiting for a chance to kill The deceitful things that wicked people say in order to harm other people are spoken of as if their words are waiting to kill someone by surprise. Alternate translation: “The deceitful things wicked people say are like a person who waits to kill someone by surprise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 12 6 n6s7 0 the words of the upright keep them safe “the advice from an upright person keeps people safe” -PRO 12 6 au1h 0 the upright “the righteous person” or “the honest person” or “the just person” -PRO 12 7 qw8f figs-activepassive 0 Wicked people are overthrown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will overthrow the wicked people” or “People will remove the wicked people from power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 7 t5c3 figs-metonymy 0 house The term “house” is often used figuratively in the Bible to refer to a person’s ancestors, descendants or other relatives. Alternate translation: “family” or “descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 8 hfu6 figs-activepassive 0 A person is praised by how much wisdom he has This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will praise those who have wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 8 hq69 figs-activepassive 0 the one who makes perverse choices is despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will hate the one who always thinks evil thoughts” or “people will hate the one who takes good things and twists them into bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 10 uxx4 0 is cruel “causes suffering” -PRO 12 11 wl9h 0 worthless projects “worthless plans” or “worthless tasks” -PRO 12 12 b6y1 0 the fruit This refers to a person’s actions and thoughts. Just as fruit on a tree shows what kind of tree it is, in the same way a person’s words and actions reveal what his character is like. -PRO 12 13 ak1y figs-metonymy 0 An evil person is trapped by his wicked talk “Trapped” represents being caught in a snare or being tricked. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The wicked things an evil person says will trap him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 12 14 z5v9 figs-metonymy 0 just as the work of his hands rewards him The phrase, “the work of his hands” represents work done by physical labor. Alternate translation: “just as the good work he does rewards him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 15 lr2l figs-idiom 0 in his own eyes This phrase represents the idea he has from his own observation, imagination or memory. Alternate translation: “in his own opinion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 12 15 wlp9 0 advice wise suggestions -PRO 12 16 n8pr 0 is prudent “is wise” or “has good sense.” -PRO 12 18 k26n figs-simile 0 The words of one who speaks rashly are like the thrusts of a sword The phrase, “thrusts of a sword” represents cruel words that hurt another. Alternate translation: “What a person says without thinking can hurt as much as if he stabbed with a sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 12 18 avt2 figs-metonymy 0 the tongue of the wise “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what wise people say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 18 mpg6 0 brings healing “comforts and heals” -PRO 12 19 wm6n figs-metonymy 0 Truthful lips last forever “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “A truthful person endures forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 19 r5ql figs-metonymy 0 a lying tongue is only for a moment “Tongue” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “the one who lies lasts only for a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 20 xs9w 0 advisors those who give recommendations as a guide to action; counselors -PRO 12 21 d4zt figs-litotes 0 No ill comes The negative, “No” cancels out the idea of “ill” (bad things that happen). Alternate translation: “Good things come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 12 22 x3ha figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh hates lying lips “Lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “Yahweh detests those who tell lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 23 qi9m 0 conceals his knowledge “does not tell everything he knows” -PRO 12 24 j53h figs-metonymy 0 The hand of the diligent “Hand” represents what a person does -- his works. Alternate translation: “Diligent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 24 ymw6 figs-metonymy 0 will be put to forced labor “Forced labor” describes what a person must do who is not free to do what he wants. Alternate translation: “will become a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 12 25 qts2 0 Anxiety uneasy feeling of fear or dread, worry -PRO 12 25 n82f figs-metaphor 0 weighs him down “Weighing down” represents the idea of putting a very heavy load on a person so he cannot move freely. This phrase means to make a person sad or depressed. Alternate translation: “causes him to become sad or depressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 12 25 z6n9 figs-abstractnouns 0 but a good word makes him glad The abstract noun “word” can be stated as the verb “speak.” Alternate translation: “but when others speak kindly to him, he is cheerful again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 12 27 gdt7 0 would not roast their own game “Game” means animals caught and killed while hunting. And “roast” is a way of cooking food. -PRO 12 27 vz9v 0 precious wealth “valuable treasure” -PRO 13 intro nh7k 0 # Proverbs 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 13 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 13 1 ugs5 figs-metonymy 0 A wise son hears Here “hears” represents listening in order to do it. Alternate translation: “A wise son obeys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 1 sy9c figs-metonymy 0 will not listen to rebuke Here “listen” represents paying attention in order to do it. Alternate translation: “will not learn from rebuke” or “will not obey, despite rebuke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 2 zu98 figs-metonymy 0 From the fruit of his mouth Here “fruit” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “From the words of his mouth” or “From what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 2 w883 0 the appetite the desire or liking for something -PRO 13 2 mgn1 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 13 3 xb3d figs-metonymy 0 his mouth Here “mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 3 bd6a figs-metaphor 0 opens wide his lips Opening the lips represents speaking, and opening them wide represents speaking too often or too much. Alternate translation: “speaks a lot” or “talks too much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 4 c7yc 0 The appetite … the appetite See how you translated this in [Proverbs 13:2](../13/02.md). -PRO 13 4 z2sk 0 craves but gets nothing “strongly desires but gets nothing” -PRO 13 4 rj8j figs-activepassive 0 the appetite of diligent people will be richly satisfied Here “appetite” represents desire. Alternate translation: “diligent people will have a richly satisfied life” or “being diligent will make people richly satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 4 z1wm 0 diligent people people who work with careful and continued effort -PRO 13 5 i9t2 0 repugnant causing a strong feeling of disgust -PRO 13 6 gt48 figs-personification 0 Righteousness protects those “Righteousness” represents a way of life approved by Yahweh. This quality acts like a person who protects. Alternate translation: “A way of life approved by Yahweh protects” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 13 6 iac2 figs-metonymy 0 who are faultless in their path Here “path” represents how a person directs his life. Alternate translation: “who are faultless in their way of living” or “who live lives of integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 6 r21h figs-personification 0 wickedness turns away those who commit sin Here “wickedness” represents an evil conduct of life. This quality acts like a person who turns away those who commit sin. Alternate translation: “wickedness turns sinners away from a successful path” or “wickedness ruins sinners’ lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 13 7 z16h 0 who enriches himself “who makes himself rich” -PRO 13 8 mre8 0 does not hear a threat This could mean: (1) no one will threaten to steal from him because he has nothing anyone would want to steal or (2) he will not listen when people correct him because he has nothing to lose if they punish him. Alternate translation: “does not listen to rebuke” -PRO 13 9 ev8k figs-metaphor 0 The light of righteous people rejoices Here the light represents the righteous person’s life or good behavior, and rejoicing represents causing people to rejoice. Alternate translation: “The life of a righteous person is like a light that causes people to rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 9 ibt9 figs-metaphor 0 the lamp of wicked people will be put out Here the lamp represents the life or behavior of wicked people, and “be put out” is an idiom that means that a fire is stopped. The lamp being put out represents either the person dying or the person’s life not giving any joy. Alternate translation: “the lives of wicked people are like a lamp whose fire will be stopped” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 13 10 c8hy 0 Pride only breeds conflict “Pride always causes conflict” -PRO 13 10 n32q 0 listen to “heed” or “follow” -PRO 13 10 ujq3 0 good advice suggestions that are helpful and profitable -PRO 13 11 u1q4 0 Wealth dwindles away “Wealth decreases” or “Wealth slowly disappears” -PRO 13 11 i2l4 figs-metonymy 0 working with his hand The phrase “working with his hand” refers to physical work instead of only mental or other types of work. Many people give physical work a low value. Alternate translation: “working with physical strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 13 11 j3nn figs-metaphor 0 make his money grow Money is compared to a tree that grows. Alternate translation: “make his money increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 12 v8h6 figs-metonymy 0 When hope is postponed Here “hope” represents the thing a person hopes for. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When a person hopes for something but does not receive it for a very long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 12 gfi6 figs-idiom 0 it breaks the heart Breaking a person’s heart represents overwhelming that person with sadness. Alternate translation: “it causes intense sadness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 13 12 k7pf figs-metaphor 0 a longing fulfilled is a tree of life Someone receiving what they hoped for and becoming very happy is spoken of as if the fulfillment of their hope were a tree that gives life. Alternate translation: “a longing fulfilled is like a tree of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 12 isa3 0 tree of life “a tree that gives life” or “a tree whose fruit sustains life.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:18](../03/18.md). -PRO 13 13 a5vy figs-activepassive 0 he who respects the commandment will be rewarded This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will reward the one who respects the command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 14 uhi9 figs-metaphor 0 fountain of life A fountain is a good source of water and here represents a source of life. Alternate translation: “a bountiful source of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 14 h871 figs-metaphor 0 snares of death Here “snares” represent dangers that will kill. Alternate translation: “traps that lead to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 15 r4vi figs-metaphor 0 but the way of the treacherous is never-ending Here a person’s behavior or conduct is spoken of as if it were a way or path that a person walks. A person being ruined by their own treachery is spoken of as if they are on a way or path that never ends. Alternate translation: “but the behavior of the treacherous will cause their own destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 15 up13 figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “the treacherous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 13 16 g6vs figs-metaphor 0 a fool parades his folly To “parade” means to display in front of everyone. Alternate translation: “a fool displays his foolishness to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 13 17 h4gr 0 falls into trouble “is unreliable” or “does something evil” -PRO 13 17 pfh6 0 a faithful envoy “a faithful messenger” or “a faithful diplomat” -PRO 13 18 m4d7 figs-abstractnouns 0 learns from correction The abstract noun “correction” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “learns when someone corrects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 13 19 h11i 0 is sweet “is a delight” or “brings joy” -PRO 13 19 fv8k 0 the appetite the desire or liking for something -PRO 13 20 k77z 0 will suffer harm “will experience harm” or “will be ruined” -PRO 13 21 ddh8 figs-personification 0 Disaster runs after sinners “Disaster” is given human characteristics like the ability to run. Alternate translation: “Sinners have trouble wherever they go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 13 21 ecr7 figs-activepassive 0 righteous people are rewarded with good This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God rewards righteous people with good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 22 amv1 0 his grandchildren “the sons of his sons” or “the children of his children” or “his descendants” -PRO 13 22 fi9c figs-activepassive 0 a sinner’s wealth is stored up for the righteous person This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who does right will receive the wealth that a sinner has stored up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 23 z3px 0 An unplowed field “A field that is not prepared for food production” or “An empty field not ready for planting” -PRO 13 23 h46l figs-metaphor 0 but it is swept away by injustice “Swept away” represents completely removing something. This can be stated in active from. Alternate translation: “but injustice takes away that food” or “but unjust people take the food away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 13 24 jp8a 0 is careful to instruct him “makes sure to instruct him” -PRO 13 25 a593 0 he satisfies his appetite “he has satisfied himself” or “he fulfills his desires” -PRO 13 25 azl9 figs-metonymy 0 the stomach of the wicked is always hungry Here “stomach” represents the desires of a person. Alternate translation: “the wicked person is always hungry for more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 intro gbj2 0 # Proverbs 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 14 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 14 1 r3rp 0 builds her house “builds up her house” or “makes her house better” -PRO 14 1 tv3l 0 house This could mean: (1) this may refer to her actual house, that is the building she lives in or (2) this may refer to her family. -PRO 14 1 l2y8 figs-synecdoche 0 with her own hands The woman is represented by her “hands.” Alternate translation: “by herself” or “by the way she behaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 14 2 qgn4 0 The one who … the one who “The person who … the person who” -PRO 14 2 qnc4 figs-metaphor 0 walks uprightly “Walks” represents the conduct of life. Alternate translation: “conducts his life in a just and honest way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 2 we9s 0 despises him “grossly disrespects him” or “shows that he hates him” -PRO 14 2 c17i 0 in his ways despises him The word “his” refers to the dishonest man and “him” refers to Yahweh. -PRO 14 3 a16n figs-metonymy 0 the mouth of … the lips of The mouth and the lips both refer to what a person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 3 ixb4 figs-metonymy 0 a rod for his back The rod with which people will punish the fool by hitting him on his back for his foolish words is a metonym for the words that come out of his mouth. Alternate translation: “words that will cause people to punish him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 3 c2ir 0 the wise This word is plural. “wise men” or “wise people” -PRO 14 3 gru7 0 will preserve them “will keep them from harm” or “will keep them safe” -PRO 14 4 w12s 0 the feeding trough A “trough” is a container in which you put the food for animals. -PRO 14 4 e3k8 0 an abundant crop “a good harvest” -PRO 14 4 diy9 figs-metonymy 0 by the strength of an ox “Strength” represents the strong work an ox can do. Alternate translation: “because of the work an ox does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 5 j6d2 figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). -PRO 14 6 wm35 0 and there is none “and wisdom is not there” or “but he will not find wisdom” -PRO 14 6 ek6h 0 comes easy to “is easily found by” or “acquires without difficulty” -PRO 14 6 xv2j 0 the one who is discerning “the one who is wise” or “a person who has understanding” -PRO 14 7 ud4w figs-metonymy 0 on his lips The word “lips” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “from his speech” or “with his comments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 8 e2qn 0 the prudent a person who has good judgment or sense -PRO 14 8 vp9q figs-metonymy 0 his own way The word “way” represents the conduct of life of a person. Alternate translation: “his conduct” or “how he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 8 vug2 0 the folly of fools is deception The foolishness of fools is that they think they are wise, when they are not. -PRO 14 9 m1s1 0 when the guilt offering is sacrificed “at guilt” or “at the guilt offering” The meaning behind this phrase is that fools do not apologize to God or men for the things they do wrong. -PRO 14 9 t24p figs-activepassive 0 but among the upright favor is shared This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but the upright enjoy favor together” or “but God’s favor is experienced together among the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 10 xxe9 0 its own bitterness “its own sorrow” or “its own sadness” -PRO 14 10 y94d 0 no stranger “those who do not know him” -PRO 14 11 c5yp figs-metonymy 0 the tent The word “tent” represents everything that happens within it. Alternate translation: “the household” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 11 d165 figs-metaphor 0 flourish The word “flourish” means vigorous blooming of flowers and so represents anything that grows strongly. Alternate translation: “to do well and last long” or “to be healthy” or “to be very successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 12 y8gw figs-metaphor 0 There is a way that seems right to a man The word “way” represents the conduct of life a person follows. Alternate translation: “People think that the way they are living is the right way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 13 n7lp figs-metaphor 0 A heart can laugh The word “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “A person’s feelings can show laughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 13 j3ih 0 be in pain “experience pain” or “hurt” -PRO 14 14 a8j9 0 The one who “The person who” -PRO 14 14 c5in figs-metaphor 0 what his ways deserve The word “ways” represents a person’s conduct of life. Alternate translation: “what he deserves, based on how he lived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 14 qe8k 0 what is his “what belongs to him” or “what he has a right to” -PRO 14 15 i558 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 14 15 h73m figs-metaphor 0 his steps Here the idea of footsteps represents a person’s behavior. Alternate translation: “his actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 16 z79v figs-metaphor 0 turns away from evil Here evil is spoken of as if it were a place. Alternate translation: “avoids doing evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 16 dy6s 0 confidently dismisses “boldly ignores” -PRO 14 17 yez8 0 is quick to become angry “becomes angry quickly” -PRO 14 18 j5kv 0 naive inexperienced or immature -PRO 14 18 c2ql figs-metonymy 0 inherit foolishness Here “inherit” represents having permanent possession of something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 18 aj35 0 foolishness The word “foolishness” is an abstract noun that represents foolish thinking and foolish actions. -PRO 14 18 rq9a 0 prudent people “wise people” -PRO 14 18 spn1 figs-metaphor 0 are crowned with knowledge Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were a beautiful ornament worn on one’s head, such as a turban with jewels. Alternate translation: “wear knowledge as a turban” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 19 b4i8 translate-symaction 0 bow down This means to bend over to humbly express respect and submission toward someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -PRO 14 19 e892 figs-metonymy 0 at the gates of the righteous The word “gates” represents an entrance to meet with another. This means the wicked will have to wait for the righteous person and beg to enter his presence. Alternate translation: “to meet with the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 14 20 h5ns figs-activepassive 0 The poor person is hated even by his own companions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone hates the poor person even his own neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 21 fy3m 0 The one … the one “The person … the person” -PRO 14 21 d4gp 0 the poor “poor people” -PRO 14 22 m1cw figs-rquestion 0 Do not those who plot evil go astray? The assumed answer to this question is “yes.” Alternate translation: “Those who plot evil will go astray.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 14 22 ie8f 0 who plot evil “who make evil plans” or “who make plans to do evil things” -PRO 14 22 mmn3 figs-abstractnouns 0 those who plan to do good will receive covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” Alternate translation: “God will show himself to be trustworthy and faithful to his covenant to those who plan to do what is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 14 23 k11f 0 but when there is only talk “but if you only talk” or “but when all a person does is talking” -PRO 14 24 dc97 figs-metaphor 0 The crown of wise people The word “crown” represents the highest achievement possible and visible to all. Alternate translation: “The reward of wise people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 24 u3bw 0 the folly of fools See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 14:8](../14/08.md). -PRO 14 25 wkc7 figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 14 27 c8u2 figs-metaphor 0 fountain of life A “fountain” is a bountiful source of water and represents here the source of life. Alternate translation: “source of life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 27 r5t6 figs-metaphor 0 from the snares of death A “snare” is a sort of trap used to hunt animals and represents something tricky and dangerous that will kill. Alternate translation: “from the trap that will kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 28 vxf7 0 the great number of his people “how many people he rules” -PRO 14 28 yp94 0 the prince is ruined “the prince has nothing and his kingdom will fall” -PRO 14 29 n61r 0 the quick-tempered a person who is quick to become angry -PRO 14 30 lqn3 0 A tranquil heart “A peaceful mindset” or “An attitude that is at peace” -PRO 14 30 l819 figs-metaphor 0 rots the bones The word “rots” represents the decay of a person and “bones” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be unhealthy in body and spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 31 k67r 0 The one who … the one who “The person who … the person who” -PRO 14 31 b6nz 0 curses This means to express a desire that bad things will happen to someone. -PRO 14 31 xhv2 0 the poor … the needy “a poor person … a needy person” -PRO 14 31 k2td 0 shows favor to “is kind to” or “helps” -PRO 14 32 t8gr figs-activepassive 0 is brought down by his evil actions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “evil actions push over” or “evil actions destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 33 axk6 figs-metaphor 0 Wisdom rests in the heart The word “heart” represents the feelings, attitudes and motivations of a person. Alternate translation: “Wisdom is in the attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 14 33 t41l 0 the discerning “a discerning person” -PRO 14 33 r61l figs-activepassive 0 she lets herself be known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she makes sure people know her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 14 33 xi3x figs-personification 0 she The word “she” refers to wisdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 14 34 dl6h 0 is a disgrace “brings shame upon to any people” or “should cause any people to be ashamed” -PRO 14 35 qjf7 0 who acts prudently “who acts wisely” or “who makes sure bad things do not happen” -PRO 14 35 vi56 0 the one who “the servant who” -PRO 15 intro l872 0 # Proverbs 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 15 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 15 1 x2lh figs-metaphor 0 A gentle answer turns away wrath Causing a person to stop being angry is spoken of as if it were turning that person’s wrath away. Alternate translation: “Answering a person gently will calm that person’s wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 1 hu6m figs-metaphor 0 but a harsh word stirs up anger Causing a person to become more angry is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening anger. Alternate translation: “but speaking harshly causes that person to become more angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 2 w6ic figs-synecdoche 0 The tongue of wise people compliments knowledge Here the word “tongue” refers to the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “Wise people compliment knowledge when they speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 2 sjz8 0 compliments knowledge “makes knowledge attractive” or “uses knowledge correctly” -PRO 15 2 ncr7 figs-metaphor 0 the mouth of fools pours out folly The writer speaks of fools’ mouths as if they were containers and of folly as if it were the liquid that filled them. When fools speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouth” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “fools are always speaking folly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 3 w8rc figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes of Yahweh are everywhere Here the word “eyes” represents Yahweh and emphasizes his ability to see everything. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sees everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 3 bw6f figs-nominaladj 0 the evil and the good The words “evil” and “good” refer to people. Alternate translation: “evil people and good people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 15 4 wt85 figs-metonymy 0 A healing tongue is a tree of life The word “tongue” refers to speech. The writer speaks of the words of a person who says things that help and encourage others as if they were a tree that provides life-giving nourishment. Alternate translation: “Kind words are like a tree that gives life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 4 eg2w figs-metonymy 0 a deceitful tongue crushes the spirit The phrase “a deceitful tongue” refers to speech that is deceitful or hurtful. The writer speaks of a person being hurt or in despair as if that person’s spirit were an object that words have crushed. Alternate translation: “deceitful speech causes a person to despair” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 5 kix4 figs-abstractnouns 0 he who learns from correction The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he who learns when someone corrects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 5 x86t 0 is prudent “is wise” -PRO 15 6 h7yy figs-abstractnouns 0 the earnings of the wicked person give The word “earnings” can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the wealth that a wicked person earns gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 7 tk6t figs-metaphor 0 The lips of wise people scatter knowledge about The word “lips” represents what wise people say. The writer speaks of knowledge as if it were seeds that wise people scatter around when they speak. Alternate translation: “The speech of wise people spreads knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 15 7 wet2 figs-synecdoche 0 not so the hearts of fools This could mean: (1) the word “hearts” is synecdoche for the fools themselves and means that they do not scatter knowledge like wise people do. Alternate translation: “fools do not scatter knowledge about” or (2) fools do not have knowledge in their hearts, with “hearts” being a metonym for the thoughts. Alternate translation: “fools do not understand knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 15 8 a5ry 0 upright people “people who live rightly” -PRO 15 8 fci9 0 is his delight “pleases him” -PRO 15 9 ui9i figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh hates the way of wicked people The lifestyles of wicked people are spoken of as if they are paths on which those people walk. Alternate translation: “Yahweh hates the way that wicked people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 9 pj1l figs-metaphor 0 the one who pursues what is right Being diligent to live rightly is spoken of as if it were chasing after right things. Alternate translation: “the person who strives to live rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 10 j3mw figs-metaphor 0 anyone who forsakes the way Here “the way” refers to the way of righteousness. A person who stops doing what is right is spoken of as if he has stopped walking on the correct path. Alternate translation: “anyone who stops living rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 10 jus3 figs-abstractnouns 0 he who hates correction The word “correction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the person who hates it when others correct him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 11 n1e2 figs-doublet 0 Sheol and destruction are open before Yahweh The words “Sheol and destruction” both refer to the place of the dead. Yahweh knowing everything about the place of the dead is spoken of as if it were open before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh knows everything about the place where dead people are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 11 b6if figs-rquestion 0 how much more the hearts of the sons of mankind? This rhetorical question emphasizes that since Yahweh knows everything about the place of the dead, it is more obvious that he knows everything about the hearts of men. Alternate translation: “so he certainly knows the hearts of the sons of mankind!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 15 11 r3gz figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of the sons of mankind Here the word “hearts” represents the thoughts and motivations. The phrase “the sons of mankind” is an idiom for humanity. Alternate translation: “the thoughts of humans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 15 12 dl8g figs-abstractnouns 0 The mocker resents correction The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal form. Alternate translation: “The mocker hates when others correct him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 12 f5d9 figs-explicit 0 he will not go to the wise It is implied that he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel or advice. Alternate translation: “he will not go to the wise to seek their counsel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 15 13 b4lv figs-synecdoche 0 A joyful heart makes the face cheerful Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “When a person is joyful, his face is cheerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 13 dm7a figs-metaphor 0 crushes the spirit The writer speaks of a person being discouraged as if that person’s spirit were an object that is crushed. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 15:4](../15/04.md). Alternate translation: “makes a person discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 14 d9uh figs-metonymy 0 The heart of the discerning Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The mind of the discerning person” or “The discerning person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 14 k3ct figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of fools feeds on folly Here the word “mouth” represents the person. The writer speaks of fools desiring foolish things as if they ate foolish things. Alternate translation: “foolish people desire folly as if it were the food that they eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 15 r1yn 0 All the days of oppressed people are miserable “Oppressed people are miserable all of their days” -PRO 15 15 en6x figs-synecdoche 0 a cheerful heart has an unending feast Here the word “heart” represents the person. The writer speaks of a cheerful person enjoying life as if that person were celebrating a feast that does not end. Alternate translation: “the cheerful person enjoys life, as if he were celebrating an unending feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 15 m9lg 0 an unending feast “a feast that never ends” -PRO 15 16 iix3 0 with confusion “with anxiety” -PRO 15 17 via5 figs-metonymy 0 a meal with vegetables The vegetables represent a small meal with very little food. Alternate translation: “a small meal” or “very little food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 15 17 ux23 figs-abstractnouns 0 where there is love The word “love” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people love one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 17 m9u4 figs-activepassive 0 a fatted calf served with hatred This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fatted calf that someone serves with hatred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 15 17 x4f2 figs-metonymy 0 a fatted calf This refers to a calf that has been fed a lot of food so that it will become fat. Here it represents a delicious meal or a feast. Alternate translation: “a luxurious meal” or “a feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 15 17 vw92 figs-abstractnouns 0 with hatred The word “hatred” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people hate one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 18 p4ji figs-metaphor 0 stirs up arguments Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. The abstract noun “arguments” can be stated as “argue.” Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 19 awv2 figs-metaphor 0 The path of the sluggard … the path of the upright The writer speaks of a person’s life as if it were a path on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard … the life of the upright” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 19 gy92 figs-simile 0 The path of the sluggard is like a place with a hedge of thorns The writer compares the lifestyle of the sluggard with trying to walk through a hedge of thorns. Both cause the person to suffer pain. Alternate translation: “The life of the sluggard is like a person trying to walk through a hedge of thorns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 15 19 zqz8 figs-metaphor 0 the path of the upright is a built-up highway The writer speaks of the blessings that upright people experience in life as if they were walking on a smooth road. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 19 c95z 0 built-up highway This is a road that is wide, flat, and without obstacles or potholes. -PRO 15 21 itu5 figs-metaphor 0 the one who has understanding walks a straight path The writer speaks of a person doing the right thing as if he were walking straight ahead on a path. Alternate translation: “the person who has understanding does what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 22 p1yb 0 Plans go wrong “Plans fail” -PRO 15 22 et1u 0 where there is no advice “when there is no one to give advice” -PRO 15 22 re1s 0 advisors people who give recommendations as a guide to action -PRO 15 22 q31z 0 they succeed “plans succeed” -PRO 15 23 wg81 0 a pertinent reply “a fitting reply” or “an appropriate answer” -PRO 15 23 jnm2 figs-exclamations 0 how good is a timely word This exclamation emphasizes that a word spoken at the right time is very good. Alternate translation: “a word that a person speaks at the right time is very good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PRO 15 24 b9kb figs-metaphor 0 The path of life leads upward … from Sheol beneath The writer speaks of a lifestyle that results in life as if it were a path that goes upward towards life and of a lifestyle that results in death as if it were a path that leads down to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 25 h2dg figs-synecdoche 0 house This is a synecdoche for the person’s household, property, and wealth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 26 h9s4 0 the words of kindness are pure “kind words are pure” or “pleasant words are pure” -PRO 15 28 avu5 figs-metonymy 0 The heart of the righteous person ponders before it answers Here the word “heart” is a metonym for the mind and thoughts. This represents the person who thinks. Alternate translation: “The person who does right ponders what to say before he answers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 28 zzd4 figs-metaphor 0 the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil The writer speaks of wicked people’s mouths as if they were containers and speaks of evil as if it were the liquid that filled them. When wicked people speak, their mouths pour out the liquid. The word “mouths” represents those who speak. Alternate translation: “wicked people are always saying evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 28 zr4l 0 the mouth of wicked people pours out all its evil It may be more natural in you language to translate all these words as either singular or plural. Alternate translation: “the mouth of the wicked person pours out all its evil” or “the mouths of wicked people pour out all their evil” -PRO 15 29 nq5q figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is far away from wicked people The writer speaks of Yahweh not listening to wicked people as if he were physically far away from them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not listen to wicked people” or “Yahweh does not answer wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 30 msq2 figs-metaphor 0 The light of the eyes The writer speaks of an expression of joy on one’s face as if the person’s eyes emitted light. Alternate translation: “A cheerful expression” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 15 30 d2bg figs-synecdoche 0 brings joy to the heart The word “heart” represents the person. This could mean: (1) the person who has a cheerful expression becomes joyful or (2) other people become joyful when they see someone with a cheerful expression. Alternate translation: “causes a person to be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 30 hhj8 figs-synecdoche 0 good news is health to the body Here the word “body” represents the person. Alternate translation: “receiving good news makes a person feel good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 15 31 vet3 0 you will remain among wise people This could mean: (1) people will continue to consider you to be a wise person or (2) you will continue to enjoy the company of wise people. -PRO 15 32 l9cd figs-abstractnouns 0 listens to correction The word “correction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “listens when others correct him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 33 nhk9 figs-abstractnouns 0 The fear of Yahweh teaches wisdom The words “fear” and “wisdom” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “When one fears Yahweh, he will learn to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 15 33 t56g 0 The fear of Yahweh See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 1:7](../01/07.md). -PRO 15 33 w2h2 0 humility comes before honor This means that a person must first learn humility before Yahweh will honor him. -PRO 16 intro mu2u 0 # Proverbs 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 16 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### King and royalty

Some of these proverbs mention a king. As in other cases, this is intended to apply to all rulers.

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 16 1 bqu9 figs-metonymy 0 The plans of the heart belong to a person Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “A person makes plans in his mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 1 hf8a figs-metaphor 0 from Yahweh comes the answer from his tongue This could mean: (1) Yahweh speaks his answer to a person’s plans, which is a metaphor meaning that Yahweh determines the outcome of that person’s plans or (2) Yahweh enables a person to speak words about the plans that he has made. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 1 j1hu figs-synecdoche 0 the answer from his tongue The person is represented by his “tongue” to emphasize his speech. Alternate translation: “the answer that he speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 2 m6li figs-metaphor 0 All of a person’s ways are pure in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that everything he does is pure” or “A person judges everything he does as pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 2 ky4t figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh weighs the spirits Here the word “spirits” represents people’s desires and motives. The writer speaks of Yahweh discerning and judging a person’s desires and motives as if he were weighing that person’s spirit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh judges the person’s motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 4 ccq1 figs-ellipsis 0 even the wicked for the day of trouble The verbal phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “he has made even the wicked for the day of trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 16 5 lkb8 figs-synecdoche 0 everyone who has an arrogant heart Here the word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “everyone who is arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 5 cq2g figs-litotes 0 they will not go unpunished The two negatives in this phrase strongly emphasize the positive. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will certainly punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 6 t6t9 figs-abstractnouns 0 By covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness iniquity is atoned for The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is faithful to his covenant and trustworthy he forgives people’s sins” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of those who are faithful to the covenant and trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 6 sn15 figs-metaphor 0 people turn away from evil The writer speaks of people no longer doing evil things as if they were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “people stop doing evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 7 i6tc 0 he makes “Yahweh makes” -PRO 16 8 u992 0 a large income “earning a lot of money” -PRO 16 8 a4dx 0 with injustice “with wrongdoing” -PRO 16 9 wyx2 figs-metonymy 0 In his heart a person plans out his way Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “A person plans in his mind what he will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 9 y8rt figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh directs his steps The writer speaks of Yahweh determining the outcome of a person’s plans as if Yahweh were telling that person where to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 10 ak2q figs-metonymy 0 Insightful decisions are on the lips of a king Here the word “lips” is a metonym for what the king says. Alternate translation: “What a king says are insightful decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 10 ul24 figs-synecdoche 0 his mouth should not betray justice The word “mouth” represents the king himself. Alternate translation: “he should not speak deceitfully when he judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 11 hb1i figs-explicit 0 Honest scales come from Yahweh Yahweh requires justice and fairness when doing business. Dishonest people used heavier or lighter weights in their scales in order to gain more when buying or selling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 16 11 c4kd 0 all the weights in the bag are his work Merchants carried their weights in bags. This could mean: (1) Yahweh has determined how much every weight must weigh or (2) Yahweh is concerned with every weight that a merchant uses. -PRO 16 12 tie4 figs-activepassive 0 that is something to be despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that is something that people despise” or “that is something that Yahweh despises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 12 yr8j figs-metonymy 0 for a throne is established by doing what is right Here the word “throne” represents the king’s rule. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for the king establishes his reign by doing what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 13 sfa1 figs-synecdoche 0 lips that say what is right Here the word “lips” represents the person who speaks. Alternate translation: “a person who speaks the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 14 lfm4 figs-metaphor 0 A king’s wrath is a messenger of death The writer speaks of an angry king causing someone to die as if the king’s wrath were a messenger that he sends out to kill someone. Alternate translation: “An angry king can put people to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 15 av7j 0 General Information: Verse 15 contrasts with verse 14. -PRO 16 15 f1pr figs-metaphor 0 In the light of a king’s face is life The writer speaks of an expression of joy on the king’s face as if his face emitted light. Alternate translation: “When the king is cheerful, people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 15 a5n5 figs-simile 0 his favor is like a cloud that brings a spring rain The writer compares the king showing favor towards someone with a cloud that brings rain to make crops grow. Both promise blessing to those who receive them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 16 16 rgj4 figs-exclamations 0 How much better it is to get wisdom than gold This exclamation emphasizes that having wisdom is much better than having gold. Alternate translation: “It is much better to get wisdom than to get gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -PRO 16 16 bn5c figs-activepassive 0 To get understanding should be chosen more than silver This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person should choose to get understanding more than to get silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 17 ffx6 figs-metaphor 0 The highway of upright people The writer speaks of the lifestyle of upright people as if it were a well-built road, free of obstacles. Alternate translation: “The righteous way that upright people live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 17 a2qn figs-metaphor 0 turns away from evil The writer speaks of avoiding or no longer doing evil things as if it were turning away from evil. Alternate translation: “keeps them from doing evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 18 qp3l figs-metonymy 0 a haughty spirit Here the word “spirit” represents the person’s attitude and temperament. Alternate translation: “an arrogant attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 18 yz53 0 a downfall “ruin” or “failure” -PRO 16 19 s4fk 0 spoil goods taken in battle -PRO 16 20 zg3i figs-activepassive 0 what they are taught This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what someone has taught them” or “what they have learned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 21 lrv9 figs-activepassive 0 The one who is wise in heart is called discerning This person will have a reputation of being a discerning person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will call the one who is wise in heart discerning” or “The one who is wise in heart will have a reputation of being a discerning person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 21 hq6m figs-metonymy 0 The one who is wise in heart Here the heart represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The one who is wise” or “The one who is wise in his thinking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 21 w5ly figs-metaphor 0 sweetness of speech The writer speaks of kind or pleasant speech as if it were something that tastes sweet. Alternate translation: “kind speech” or “pleasant speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 22 y5ux figs-metaphor 0 Understanding is a fountain of life The writer speaks of “Understanding” as if it were a fountain that continuously flows with water and which sustains the life of those who drink from it. Alternate translation: “Understanding is like a fountain flowing with life-giving water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 23 rbc8 figs-metonymy 0 The heart of a wise person gives Here the word “heart” represents the mind and thoughts. Alternate translation: “The thoughts of a wise person gives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 23 qa4q figs-metonymy 0 gives insight to his mouth Here the word “mouth” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “makes his speech wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 23 i4qn figs-metonymy 0 to his lips Here the word “lips” is a metonym for speech. Alternate translation: “to what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 24 r6ef figs-metonymy 0 sweet to the soul Here, **soul** could mean: (1) it represents a person’s inward desires and pleasures. Alternate translation: “sweet enough to make a person happy” or (2) it can mean “throat” and is a metonym for a person’s tongue and ability to taste. Alternate translation: “sweet to a person’s taste” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 24 ye3n figs-synecdoche 0 healing to the bones Here the word “bones” represent a person’s body. Alternate translation: “healing to the body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 16 25 v8l9 figs-metonymy 0 There is a way that seems right to a man The writer speaks of a person’s conduct or behavior as if it were a road on which the person is traveling. Alternate translation: “A person thinks that the way he is living is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 25 es6x 0 but its end is the way to death The word “its” refers to “way” in the previous line. This “way” is the road that leads to death. -PRO 16 26 fc7p figs-personification 0 The laborer’s appetite works for him The writer speaks of the appetite as if it were a person who works on behalf of the laborer. This means that the person who labors is motivated by his desire to eat. Alternate translation: “The laborer works to satisfy his appetite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 16 26 gb4l figs-personification 0 his hunger urges him on The writer speaks of “hunger” as if it were a person who urges the laborer to continue working. Alternate translation: “he keeps on working because he is hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 16 27 r16q figs-metaphor 0 A worthless person digs up mischief The writer speaks of a person trying to find ways to harm other people as if that person were digging in the ground to find something buried. Alternate translation: “A worthless person looks for mischief as if he were digging for something in the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 27 sga2 0 worthless “useless” or “wicked” -PRO 16 27 q5zk 0 mischief trouble -PRO 16 27 xs7m figs-simile 0 his speech is like a scorching fire The writer compares the way this person’s words hurt others with the way that fire burns things. Alternate translation: “he hurts people with his words, like a fire scorches the things it touches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 16 28 x2b5 0 a gossip a person who gossips or spreads rumors -PRO 16 29 mk94 figs-explicit 0 A man of violence lies to his neighbor It is implied that this man lies to his neighbor in order to get his neighbor to join him in violent actions. Alternate translation: “A man of violence entices his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 16 29 i6a5 0 A man of violence “A violent man” or “A man who practices violence” -PRO 16 29 f3dd figs-metaphor 0 leads him down a path that is not good The writer speaks of a person’s actions as if they were a road on which the person walks. Alternate translation: “gets him to do things that are not good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 29 m8qs figs-explicit 0 a path that is not good The writer uses an understatement to emphasize how bad this path is. Alternate translation: “a very bad path” or “a terrible path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 16 30 p1tu 0 The one who winks the eye … those who purse the lips Both of these are facial gestures which people might use to signal their plans to others. See how you translated “winks the eye” in [Proverbs 10:10](../10/10.md). -PRO 16 30 wy6w 0 will bring evil to pass “will do evil things” -PRO 16 31 aj89 figs-metaphor 0 Gray hair is a crown of glory The writer speaks of gray hair as if it were a crown. “Gray hair” is a metonym for old age. Alternate translation: “A person who has lived long enough to have gray hair is like one who wears a glorious crown on his head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 16 31 y1am figs-activepassive 0 it is gained This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a person gains it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 32 x3rg figs-metaphor 0 one who rules his spirit The writer speaks of a person being able to control his own temper and emotions as if he ruled over his spirit like a king rules his people. Alternate translation: “one who controls his temper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 16 33 ei8c figs-activepassive 0 The lots are cast into the lap This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person throws the lots into his lap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 16 33 js5x 0 the decision is from Yahweh This could mean: (1) Yahweh decides how the lots will land or (2) it is not the lots, but Yahweh who determines what will happen. -PRO 17 intro br3v 0 # Proverbs 17 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 17 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 17 1 ecu4 figs-metonymy 0 to have quiet Here “quiet” refers to “peace.” Alternate translation: “to have peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 1 p2y8 figs-ellipsis 0 than a house full of feasting with strife The words “to have” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “than to have a house full of feasting with strife” or “than to be in a house full of feasting where there is strife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 17 3 fh66 figs-explicit 0 The crucible is for silver and the furnace is for gold This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. Alternate translation: “The crucible is used to refine silver and the furnace is used to refine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 3 fi3n 0 crucible a pot in which metals are melted at a very high temperature -PRO 17 3 aq7i figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh refines hearts This speaks of Yahweh testing people to help them stop being evil and foolish as if their hearts were a metal that Yahweh was refining to remove everything that is impure. Alternate translation: “Yahweh tests peoples’ hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 4 bar9 figs-synecdoche 0 wicked lips The word **lips** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that come out from those lips. Alternate translation: “a wicked person” or “wicked talk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 4 cj9s figs-idiom 0 gives ear This idiom means “listens.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 17 4 ef8i figs-synecdoche 0 destructive tongue The word **tongue** can be translated as either: (1) a synecdoche for the person or (2) a metonym for the words that the tongue produces. Alternate translation: “a destructive person” or “destructive talk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 5 a5ue figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 17 5 gs4i figs-abstractnouns 0 his Maker This is a name that refers to Yahweh. This is also an abstract noun that can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “the one who made him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 5 dj8b figs-explicit 0 at misfortune This refers to the misfortune of others. Alternate translation: “at others’ misfortune” or “at other peoples’ troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 6 y71i figs-metaphor 0 are the crown of This speaks of older peoples’ grandchildren being a sign of honor for them as if their grandchildren were a crown. Alternate translation: “bring honor and respect to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 6 v99u figs-nominaladj 0 the aged This refers to older people. Alternate translation: “those who are older” or “older people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 17 7 i2ze 0 Eloquent speech “Fine speech” or “Excellent speech” -PRO 17 7 clc1 figs-synecdoche 0 much less are lying lips suitable for royalty This describes people lying as if it were actually their “lips” that were lying. Alternate translation: “even more it is not suitable for royalty to lie” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 17 8 mi9y figs-simile 0 A bribe is like a magic stone to the one who gives it This speaks of a person’s bribe working by comparing it to a magical stone or amulet. Alternate translation: “A bribe works like a magical stone for the one who gives it” or “A bribe works like magic for the one who is giving the bribe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 17 8 iq11 figs-idiom 0 wherever he turns Here “turning” refers to the various things the person does. Specifically, this refers to the different things the person does by bribery. Alternate translation: “in whatever he does” or “in everything he tries to do by giving bribes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 9 nk6k 0 an offense an action or word that has hurt him -PRO 17 9 r2e2 figs-explicit 0 who repeats a matter This refers to bringing up a past situation in which a friend was hurt or offended. Alternate translation: “who repeats a past offense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 9 s8p6 0 alienates close friends “causes people to stop being close friends” or “causes close friends to stop liking each other” -PRO 17 10 dra2 figs-metaphor 0 A rebuke goes deeper into a person … than a hundred blows go into a fool This compares how a rebuke effects a man of understanding to how a beating effects a fool. This speaks of the effect on these people as if it could be measured by the depth that it goes into them. Alternate translation: “A rebuke has more effect on a person … than a hundred blows have on a fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 10 fs5v figs-abstractnouns 0 a person who has understanding “a person who has good judgment.” The word “understand” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person who understands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 10 hy6y 0 a hundred blows go “a beating of a hundred blows goes” -PRO 17 11 rz73 figs-abstractnouns 0 seeks rebellion The word “rebellion” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “seeks to rebel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 11 zqf6 figs-activepassive 0 a cruel messenger will be sent against him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a cruel messenger will come against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 17 11 suj6 figs-idiom 0 will be sent against him To be “sent against” someone means to be sent to harm them. Alternate translation: “will be sent to harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 17 12 fk5m figs-activepassive 0 a bear robbed of her cubs This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a bear who has just lost her cubs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 17 12 j1ly figs-abstractnouns 0 in his foolishness The word “foolishness” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “who is acting foolish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 13 p537 figs-personification 0 evil will never leave his house Here “evil” is spoken of as if it were a person who would not leave the man’s house. Here the word “house” may be taken literally, but it is also a metonym for his family. Alternate translation: “bad things will continue to happen to him and his family” or “bad things will never stop happening to him and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 14 e1bw figs-simile 0 The beginning of conflict is like one who releases water everywhere This compares how easily a conflict spreads to how spilled water flows everywhere. Alternate translation: “Starting a conflict is like pumping water and letting it run everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 17 14 al2h 0 has broken out “starts”or “begins” -PRO 17 15 z95a 0 acquits justifies, declares someone not guilty -PRO 17 16 kk5n figs-rquestion 0 Why should a fool pay money to learn about wisdom, when he has no ability to learn it? This rhetorical question emphasizes that the fool should not do this. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “A fool should not pay money to learn about wisdom because he does not have the ability to learn it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 17 17 az6z figs-explicit 0 a brother is born for times of trouble One of the purposes of a brother is to be there to help his brother or sister in times of trouble. Alternate translation: “a brother is there for times of trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 18 f3yd 0 no sense “no good judgement” -PRO 17 18 r6wn 0 binding promises This refers to promises that must be kept and are often a burden on the person who made them. -PRO 17 19 bpz3 figs-explicit 0 causes bones to be broken This means that someone will trip on the threshold and break bones, probably in their foot. Alternate translation: “is sure to cause someone trip and break their the bones in their foot” or “is sure to cause someone to trip and injure himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 20 a3mi figs-metonymy 0 who has a crooked heart The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “who is deceptive” or “who is dishonest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 20 s659 figs-metonymy 0 has a perverse tongue The “tongue” represents a person’s speech. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks wickedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 20 qjp9 figs-idiom 0 falls into calamity “falls into trouble” To “fall into” something means to get into that situation. Alternate translation: “will have calamity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 17 22 b1n1 figs-metaphor 0 A cheerful heart is good medicine This speaks of a cheerful heart as being good medicine because it makes you feel better. Alternate translation: “A cheerful heart is like medicine that makes you feel better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 22 ga2p figs-metonymy 0 A cheerful heart The “heart” represents a person’s feelings, attitudes and motivations. Alternate translation: “Being cheerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 22 u1vh figs-metonymy 0 a broken spirit Here the “spirit” represents a person’s feelings and emotional state. A broken spirit refers to a poor emotional state. Alternate translation: “depression” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 22 gei3 figs-metonymy 0 dries up the bones A person’s bones represent their physical health and strength. If a person’s bones dry up it means that they are very sick and unhealthy. Alternate translation: “makes a person unhealthy and weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 17 23 r7p6 0 to pervert the ways of justice “to prevent justice from being rendered” or “to pervert justice” -PRO 17 24 ba2e figs-metaphor 0 sets his face toward wisdom This speaks of a person’s focus on acting wisely as if he were looking at wisdom. Alternate translation: “focuses on acting wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 24 r7ww figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of a fool are This refers to a fool by his eyes to emphasize what he is focusing on. Alternate translation: “the fool is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 17 24 qef2 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth This speaks of a fool’s impossible dreams as if they were the ends of the earth to emphasize that they are unrealistic. Alternate translation: “strive for things that are as far from him as the ends of the earth” or “focus on impossible things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 17 25 cn74 0 A foolish son is a grief to his father This speaks of a son causing his father grief as if the son himself were “grief.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son brings grief to his father” -PRO 17 25 mw1t 0 A foolish son … and bitterness to the woman This speaks of a son causing his mother bitterness as if the son himself were “bitterness.” Alternate translation: “A foolish son … and brings bitterness to the woman” -PRO 17 25 t9yj 0 who bore him “who gave birth to him” -PRO 17 25 lm5j 0 bitterness emotional pain, sorrow -PRO 17 26 lw6w figs-litotes 0 it is never good … neither is it good These statements can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “it is always wrong … and it is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 17 26 wfd1 0 the righteous person Another possible meaning is “the innocent person,” anyone whom others have accused of a crime that he did not commit. -PRO 17 26 s7mg 0 flog whip severely -PRO 17 26 dj91 figs-abstractnouns 0 who have integrity The word “integrity” can be expressed with the adjective “honest.” Alternate translation: “who are honest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 17 27 je2b figs-explicit 0 uses few words This refers to the way he speaks. Alternate translation: “speaks with few words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 17 28 b5ay figs-activepassive 0 Even a fool is thought to be wise This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “People even think a fool is wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 17 28 i81a figs-idiom 0 keeps his mouth shut This means that he does not speak. Alternate translation: “does not speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 17 28 q1jm figs-activepassive 0 he is considered to be intelligent This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “people consider him to be intelligent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 18 intro k5qz 0 # Proverbs 18 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 18 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 18 1 n34r 0 isolates himself “keeps away from other people” -PRO 18 1 vun3 figs-personification 0 quarrels with all sound judgment This speaks of a person disagreeing with sound judgment as if “sound judgment” were a person he fought with. Alternate translation: “he disagrees with all sound judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 18 1 r3yq 0 sound judgment “good judgment” or “wise choices” -PRO 18 2 u731 figs-litotes 0 A fool finds no pleasure in understanding, but only “A fool does not care about understanding, but only about” This means the fool considers “understanding” the opposite of pleasure. Alternate translation: “A fool detests understanding and only finds pleasure in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 18 2 ey4y figs-explicit 0 but only in revealing what is in his own heart This means that the fool only finds pleasure in telling other people what he feels and desires in his heart. Alternate translation: “but only in telling others what is in his own heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 18 2 yp8r figs-metonymy 0 what is in his own heart The contents of a person’s heart refers to the person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “what he thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 3 fw1y figs-personification 0 contempt comes with him—along with shame and reproach Here “contempt,” “shame,” and “reproach” are spoken of as if they are people who accompany a wicked man. This could mean: (1) people show contempt towards the wicked man and cause him to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “people feel contempt for him along with shame and reproach” or (2) the wicked man shows contempt for others and causes them to feel shame and reproach. Alternate translation: “he shows his contempt for other people and causes them to feel shame and reproach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 18 3 ps5e figs-doublet 0 shame and reproach These two words have similar meaning and are used together to emphasize the “shame” felt by either the wicked man or other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 18 4 izv2 figs-parallelism 0 The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters;…the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream These two lines are parallel and it is implied that the man in the first line is a wise man. Alternate translation: “The words of a wise man’s mouth are deep waters;…the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 18 4 nv82 figs-metaphor 0 The words of a man’s mouth are deep waters This speaks of a wise man’s words being profound as if they were profound and as deep as deep waters. Alternate translation: “The words of a man’s mouth are as profound as deep waters” or “The words of a man’s mouth are deep and profound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 4 mk4j figs-synecdoche 0 a man’s mouth Here the man is referred to by his mouth to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “of a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 4 mn87 figs-metaphor 0 the fountain of wisdom is a flowing stream This speaks of the source of wisdom being plentiful as if it were a gushing spring. The gushing of the spring is spoken of as if it were a flowing stream. Alternate translation: “the source of wisdom is as plentiful as the water of a gushing spring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 5 fi7d figs-litotes 0 It is not good to … to the righteous person These phrases can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “It is good to treat the wicked person as he deserves, and to be just to the righteous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 18 6 p2qv figs-synecdoche 0 A fool’s lips bring Here the fool is referred to by his “lips” to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “what a fool says brings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 6 w2xd 0 bring “cause” -PRO 18 6 zxu7 figs-metaphor 0 his mouth invites a beating This speaks of the fool saying things that cause people to want to beat him as if he were inviting them to beat him. Alternate translation: “his mouth makes people want to beat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 6 z4ii figs-metonymy 0 his mouth Here what the fool says is referred to as his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 7 iwj7 figs-metonymy 0 A fool’s mouth … with his lips Both of these phrases refer to what a fool says. Alternate translation: “What a fool says … by what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 7 v6hu 0 is his ruin “will ruin him” -PRO 18 7 e4r4 figs-metaphor 0 he ensnares himself This speaks of the man causing problems and trouble for himself as if he were trapping himself like a man traps an animal. Alternate translation: “he will cause problems for himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 8 iu3y figs-simile 0 The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels This speaks of the words of a gossip being desirable to listen to as if they were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 18 8 vd95 figs-possession 0 The words of a gossip This refers to what a gossiping person says. Alternate translation: “The words that a gossiping person speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -PRO 18 8 lms4 0 morsels small bites of food -PRO 18 8 mr15 figs-metaphor 0 they go down into the inner parts of the body This speaks of the words of a gossip going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 9 uih2 figs-metaphor 0 one who is slack in his work is a brother to the one who destroys This speaks of the one who is slack being similar to the one who destroys as if they were actually related. Alternate translation: “is closely related to” or “is very similar to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 9 i66j 0 is slack “is lazy” or “is not interested” -PRO 18 9 mch5 0 the one who destroys the most “the one who destroys everything” or “the one who is always destructive” -PRO 18 10 ktq8 figs-metaphor 0 The name of Yahweh is a strong tower This speaks of Yahweh protecting his people as if he were a strong tower in which they could take refuge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh protects like a strong tower” or “Yahweh protects his people like a strong tower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 10 f4nm figs-metonymy 0 The name of Yahweh Here Yahweh is referred to by his name. Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 10 dtz5 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous This refers to righteous people. Alternate translation: “those who are righteous” or “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 10 gkx2 figs-metaphor 0 runs into it and is safe This speaks of people seeking safety from Yahweh and Yahweh protecting them as if he were a strong tower that they ran into for safety. Alternate translation: “run to him and they are safe” or “seek him and they are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 11 vhu8 figs-metaphor 0 The wealth of the rich is his fortified city This speaks of a rich person depending on his wealth as if his wealth were a fortified wall that protects him. Alternate translation: “The wealthy person depends on his wealth as a city depends on its fortified wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 11 bgq7 figs-nominaladj 0 the rich This refers to people who are rich. Alternate translation: “the rich person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 11 tz4b 0 fortified city a city with strong defenses like walls and towers -PRO 18 11 kei5 figs-simile 0 in his imagination it is like a high wall This speaks of the rich person believing his wealth will keep him safe like a high wall keeps those inside a city safe. Alternate translation: “he thinks it protects him as well as a high wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 18 12 r28e 0 Before his downfall a person’s heart is proud “First a person’s heart is proud, but then comes his downfall” -PRO 18 12 uet1 0 downfall This refers to a significant decline in a person’s reputation or health. -PRO 18 12 t2l5 figs-synecdoche 0 a person’s heart Here a person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 12 dy4x figs-abstractnouns 0 humility comes before honor The word “humility” may be expressed as an adjective and the word “honor” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a person must be humble before he can be honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 18 13 cj6q figs-abstractnouns 0 it is his folly and shame The abstract nouns “folly” and “shame” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “it is foolish of him, and he should be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 18 14 jnm1 figs-synecdoche 0 A person’s spirit will survive sickness Here a person is referred to by his spirit to emphasize his attitude. Alternate translation: “A person who is hopeful will survive sickness” or “If a person is full of hope in his inner being, he will survive being sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 14 v3f4 figs-rquestion 0 but a broken spirit who can bear it? This is a rhetorical question, expecting the answer that few can bear it. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “but it is very hard to bear a broken spirit.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 18 14 b1vb figs-idiom 0 a broken spirit This refers to being depressed. Alternate translation: “being depressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 18 15 e4fm figs-synecdoche 0 The heart of the intelligent acquires Here the intelligent person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his desires. Alternate translation: “The intelligent desire to acquire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 18 15 p7l8 figs-nominaladj 0 the intelligent This refers to people who are intelligent. Alternate translation: “those who are intelligent” or “intelligent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 15 ptl8 0 acquires “gains” or “obtains” -PRO 18 15 xwh7 figs-metonymy 0 the hearing of the wise seeks it out Here the wise person is referred to by his hearing to emphasize what he desires to listen to. Alternate translation: “the wise seeks to learn about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 15 a1ba figs-nominaladj 0 the wise This refers to people who are wise. Alternate translation: “those who are wise” or “wise people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 15 enq3 0 seeks it out Here the word “it” refers to “knowledge” -PRO 18 16 zkj3 figs-idiom 0 may open the way Here to “open the way” means to create an opportunity. Alternate translation: “may create an opportunity for him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 18 16 wr8f figs-idiom 0 bring him before This means to be allowed to see someone. Alternate translation: “let him meet” or “let him be introduced to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 18 17 ct71 translate-ordinal 0 The first to plead his case This refers to the person who pleads his case before his opponent pleads his case. Alternate translation: “The first person to plead his case” or “The person who pleads his case first” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 18 18 qs89 0 Casting the lot “Casting lots” -PRO 18 18 n3hk figs-explicit 0 separates strong opponents This refers to people who are fighting harshly over a dispute. When they are separated, they are no longer fighting over their dispute. Alternate translation: “causes opponents to stop fighting over their dispute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 18 19 dcj5 figs-metaphor 0 An offended brother is harder to be won than a strong city This speaks of the difficulty of making peace with a brother you have offended by comparing it to the difficulty of winning a war against a strong city. Alternate translation: “If you offend your brother, finding a way to have peace with him again may be harder than waging a battle to win a city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 19 zq5y figs-simile 0 quarreling is like the bars of a castle This speaks of the difficulty of resolving quarreling by comparing it to the difficulty of breaking down the bars of a castle. Alternate translation: “resolving quarreling is as difficult as breaking down the bars of a castle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 18 19 ef13 0 castle a fortified palace -PRO 18 20 qaf4 figs-parallelism 0 From the fruit of his mouth one’s stomach is filled; with the harvest of his lips he is satisfied These two lines have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize what is said. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “A person is satisfied by the results of the good things that he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 18 20 h4tr figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of his mouth This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that came from his mouth. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 20 p1z6 figs-metaphor 0 one’s stomach is filled This speaks of a person being satisfied or content by the result of what they have said as if they had eaten and become satisfied” Alternate translation: “a person is satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 20 r4ee figs-metonymy 0 the harvest of his lips This speaks of the good things that a person says as if they were fruit that is harvested. Alternate translation: “his wise speech” or “his good words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 20 x66t 0 he is satisfied “he is pleased” -PRO 18 21 flt4 figs-activepassive 0 Death and life are controlled by the tongue This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “The tongue can lead to life of death” or “What people say can lead to life or death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 18 21 n65f figs-metonymy 0 by the tongue … love the tongue Here the “tongue” refers to speech. Alternate translation: “by what people say … love speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 18 21 l141 figs-metaphor 0 will eat its fruit This speaks of a person receiving the consequence for what he says as if the consequences were fruit that he receives. Alternate translation: “will receive its consequences” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 18 24 wg3n figs-activepassive 0 many friends is brought to ruin by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “many friends--they will bring him to ruin” or “many friends--his friends will destroy him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 18 24 zc7f 0 comes closer than “is more faithful than” or “stays more loyal than” -PRO 19 intro nbz8 0 # Proverbs 19 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 19 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 19 1 ev8n 0 Better is a poor person “It is better to be a poor person” -PRO 19 1 bpi4 figs-idiom 0 who walks in his integrity This is an idiom. Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “who lives in his integrity” or “who lives an honest life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 1 wj4i figs-abstractnouns 0 is perverse in speech The word “speech” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “speaks perversely” or “speaks in an evil way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 19 2 u1uj figs-explicit 0 to have desire without knowledge This refers to people trying to do something without the knowledge for how to correctly do it. Alternate translation: “to work hard without knowing what you are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 2 f2pu figs-metaphor 0 the one who runs too fast misses the path This speaks of a person doing something too quickly and making mistakes as if running too quickly and missing the path. Alternate translation: “the one who acts too quickly makes mistakes” or “the one who acts too quickly makes poor choices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 19 3 ivv9 figs-synecdoche 0 his heart rages Here a person is referred to by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions. Alternate translation: “he rages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 19 4 q8uv figs-explicit 0 Wealth adds many friends This means that a person who is wealthy will have many friends because wealth attracts people. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who are wealthy easily find many friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 4 v5qy figs-explicit 0 a poor person is separated from his friends A poor person is separated from many of his friends because of his poverty. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “poverty causes a person to lose his friends” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 5 l99e figs-doublenegatives 0 A false witness will not go unpunished This can be written in positive and active form. Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 5 i2ws figs-litotes 0 he who breathes out lies will not escape This means that he will be captured. Alternate translation: “they will capture the one who breathes out lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 19 5 q13j figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This is an idiom. Here “breathes” refers to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 6 gms6 0 a generous person someone who often gives away things -PRO 19 6 q978 figs-hyperbole 0 everyone is a friend The word “everyone” is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “it seems that everyone is a friend” or “almost everyone is a friend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 19 7 vs3i figs-explicit 0 how much more do his friends who go far away from him! This phrase is an exclamation to show that this is more likely than the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “therefore his friends will certainly hate him and go far away from him!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 8 ll4q figs-metonymy 0 loves his own life Here the person is referred to by his “life” to emphasize himself being alive. Alternate translation: “loves himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 19 8 v9e9 0 keeps understanding “has understanding” -PRO 19 9 phm9 figs-doublenegatives 0 A false witness will not go unpunished This can be written in positive and active form. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:5](../19/05.md). Alternate translation: “They will certainly punish a false witness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 9 a1nm figs-idiom 0 breathes out lies This figure of speech uses “breathes” to refer to lying constantly. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 6:19](../06/19.md). Alternate translation: “constantly lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 10 f4zn 0 It is not fitting “It is not right” -PRO 19 10 pq5q figs-ellipsis 0 much less for a slave The words “it is” and “fitting” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated. Alternate translation: “it is much less fitting for a slave” or “it is even worse for a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 19 11 ah27 0 Discretion makes a person slow to anger “A person who has discretion is slow to become angry” -PRO 19 11 j1li 0 Discretion This means to know what should be done in a particular situation. See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 1:4](../01/04.md). -PRO 19 11 p96c 0 it is his glory to overlook “it will bring him glory to overlook” or “others will consider it honorable if he overlooks” -PRO 19 11 gc21 0 to overlook to forget on purpose -PRO 19 12 vbv5 figs-simile 0 The wrath of the king is like the roaring of a young lion Here the lion’s roaring refers to attacking. The wrath of a king is compared to the unpredictable and dangerous attack of a young lion. Alternate translation: “The wrath of the king is as dangerous as the attack of a young lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 19 12 m29g figs-simile 0 but his favor is like dew on the grass The favor of the king is compared to the refreshing water that appears on grass in the morning. Alternate translation: “but his favor is refreshing like dew on grass” or “but his favor is refreshing like the dew on the ground in the morning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 19 13 v325 0 is ruin to his father “will ruin a father” -PRO 19 13 s1nw figs-metaphor 0 a quarreling wife is a constant dripping of water This speaks of an annoying wife as if she were the constant dripping of water. Alternate translation: “a quarreling wife is as annoying and distracting as a constant dripping of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 19 13 l7wk 0 a quarreling wife “an arguing wife” or “a disagreeing wife” -PRO 19 14 t54q figs-activepassive 0 A house and wealth are inherited from parents This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Children inherit a house and wealth from their parents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 14 csr4 0 prudent See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). -PRO 19 14 jw8q figs-activepassive 0 a prudent wife is from Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gives a prudent wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 15 ye6v figs-personification 0 Laziness throws a person into a deep sleep This speaks of how laziness causes a person to sleep a lot as if laziness forcefully throws the person into sleep. Alternate translation: “Laziness makes a person sleep a lot” or “A lazy person sleeps a lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 19 15 jcb5 figs-idiom 0 go hungry This is an idiom which means to not eat. Alternate translation: “not eat” or “be hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 16 xr2k 0 the command “the command that he was taught” -PRO 19 16 v2yl 0 guards his life “protects his life” -PRO 19 16 ik59 figs-idiom 0 his ways This is an idiom which refers to how he lives. Alternate translation: “the way that he lives” or “how he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 17 zw6r figs-metaphor 0 Whoever is kind to the poor lends to Yahweh Yahweh considers kindness shown to the poor to be kindness shown to him. One of the ways people are kind to the poor is by giving. Alternate translation: “The person who gives to the poor is giving to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 19 17 qx9d figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 19 18 nw29 figs-explicit 0 while there is hope This refers to while the child is young and will still accept discipline and instruction. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “while he is young” or “while he can still be taught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 18 md5c figs-explicit 0 and do not set your desire on putting him to death This could mean: (1) this phrase describes punishing your child. Alternate translation: “but do not punish him so severely that he might die” or (2) this phrase describes what it is like if you do not punish your child. Alternate translation: “for if you do not punish him you are helping him destroy himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 18 hky1 figs-idiom 0 set your desire on putting him This idiom means to be determined to cause something to happen. Alternate translation: “be determined to put him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 19 n85t figs-idiom 0 A hot-tempered person This idiom refers to a person who is easily angered. Alternate translation: “A person who does not control his temper” or “A person who becomes angry quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 19 f2vs figs-idiom 0 must pay the penalty This refers to the person bearing the consequences for what happens when he gets angry. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “must bear the consequences of his anger” or “must bear the consequences of what he does in his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 19 s1da figs-explicit 0 if you rescue him “if you save him.” This refers to rescuing him when he has acted out of his anger. The meaning of this can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “if you rescue him after he has had an outburst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 19 dnq3 translate-ordinal 0 a second time “another time” or “again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -PRO 19 20 gby8 figs-parallelism 0 Listen to advice and accept instruction These two phrases mean basically the same and are repeated to emphasize how important it is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 19 20 egn7 figs-idiom 0 Listen to advice This is an idiom. Here “listening” does not mean to merely listen, but to learn from the advice you are given and to follow it. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to advice” or “Follow advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 21 c7qg figs-metonymy 0 in a person’s heart Here the “heart” is used to refer to the “mind” to emphasize a person’s desire. Alternate translation: “in a person’s mind” or “that a person desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 19 21 f82d 0 the purpose of Yahweh “Yahweh’s purpose” or “Yahweh’s plans” -PRO 19 21 q568 figs-idiom 0 that will stand This idiom means to “happen.” Alternate translation: “that will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 19 23 x7qy figs-explicit 0 Honor for Yahweh leads people to life; anyone who has it will be satisfied This means that they will live a long time if they honor Yahweh. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Those who honor Yahweh will live a long time; anyone who honors Yahweh will be satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 23 h31x 0 anyone who has it Here the word “it” refers to “honor for Yahweh.” -PRO 19 23 gyg5 figs-activepassive 0 satisfied and not afflicted by harm This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “satisfied; nothing will harm him” or “satisfied; he will be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 19 24 wf2e 0 sluggard See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 10:26](../10/26.md). -PRO 19 24 r5yj 0 buries his hand in the dish “dips his hand in the dish” or “puts his hand in his plate.” In the Biblical culture people usually ate with their hands as people do in many cultures today. -PRO 19 24 r3ts figs-explicit 0 he will not even bring it back up to his mouth He does not bring his hand back to his mouth because he is too lazy. Alternate translation: “but he is too lazy to bring his hand up to his mouth to feed himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 25 svj3 0 Strike a mocker, and the naive person “If you strike a mocker, the naive person” -PRO 19 25 k69j 0 Strike a mocker “Punish a mocker” -PRO 19 25 zh2b 0 naive person “inexperienced person” or “immature person” -PRO 19 25 v49d 0 prudent See how you translated this word in [Proverbs 12:23](../12/23.md). -PRO 19 25 m391 0 discipline one who is discerning, and “if you discipline one who is discerning,” -PRO 19 25 wwq5 figs-abstractnouns 0 he will gain knowledge The abstract noun “knowledge” can be stated as “know.” Alternate translation: “he will know more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 19 26 g233 figs-explicit 0 brings shame and reproach This could mean: (1) he brings it to himself. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to himself” or (2) he brings it to his family. Alternate translation: “brings shame and reproach to his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 19 27 n4av figs-metonymy 0 If you cease to hear instruction Here “listening and obeying” is spoken of as if it were “hearing.” Alternate translation: “If you stop paying attention to instruction” or “If you stop obeying instruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 19 27 s24z 0 you will stray from “you will abandon” or “you will turn your back on” -PRO 19 27 y3ln 0 the words of knowledge “knowledge” -PRO 19 28 d2w1 figs-metaphor 0 the mouth of the wicked swallows iniquity This speaks of how wicked people enjoy doing evil by saying that they swallow iniquity as easily as they swallow food. Alternate translation: “the wicked enjoy doing evil as much as they enjoy eating food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 19 28 aq9f figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of the wicked swallows The phrase “the mouth of the wicked” represents wicked people. Alternate translation: “wicked people swallow” or “the wicked swallow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 19 28 g9y4 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 19 29 d4f3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Condemnation is ready for mockers and flogging for The words “condemnation” and “flogging” may be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is ready to condemn mockers and to flog” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 19 29 ray2 figs-ellipsis 0 flogging for the backs of fools The words “is ready” are understood from the previous phrase and may be repeated. Alternate translation: “flogging is ready for the backs of fools” or “he is ready to flog the backs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 19 29 r21d 0 flogging beating with a whip or stick -PRO 20 intro e8g2 0 # Proverbs 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 20 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 20 1 p893 figs-parallelism 0 Wine is a mocker and strong drink is a brawler These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize the danger of too much alcohol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 20 1 v7zx figs-metonymy 0 Wine is a mocker Here “wine” refers to the person who is drunk with wine. Alternate translation: “A person who is drunk with wine mocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 1 qa7m figs-metonymy 0 strong drink is a brawler Here “strong drink” refers to a person who is drunk with strong drink. Alternate translation: “a person who is drunk with strong drink starts fights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 1 c6m7 0 a brawler a person who fights noisily, usually in a public place -PRO 20 1 ne6h figs-activepassive 0 whoever is led astray by drink is not wise This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whoever drinks until they can no longer think clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 1 g7rv 0 by drink Here “drink” refers to alcoholic drinks -PRO 20 1 k4sv figs-litotes 0 is not wise This means the opposite of “wise” which is “foolish.” Alternate translation: “is foolish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 20 2 p628 figs-simile 0 The fear of a king is like the fear of a young lion that is roaring This compares how people fear a king’s wrath to how they fear a young roaring lion. Alternate translation: “The king’s wrath makes people as afraid as if they were facing a young lion roaring at them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 20 2 xa6x 0 makes him angry “makes the king angry” -PRO 20 2 rl5y figs-euphemism 0 forfeits his life This refers to being killed. “Life” here refers to physical life. Alternate translation: “will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 20 3 ru7h 0 It is an honor “It is honorable.” This means that a person will be honored. -PRO 20 3 gf5b figs-metaphor 0 every fool jumps into an argument This speaks of entering an argument quickly as if the argument were something the fool physically jumped into. Alternate translation: “every fool quickly gets into an argument” or “every fool is quick to join an argument” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 4 cva3 0 plow to prepare land for planting -PRO 20 4 tdr6 0 in autumn “during the season for planting crops” -PRO 20 4 z5wi figs-explicit 0 but will have nothing This means that there will be nothing growing in his field for him to harvest. Alternate translation: “but will have nothing to harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 5 f8de figs-simile 0 The purpose in a human heart is like deep water This speaks of how difficult it is to understand the reasons for a person’s actions by comparing it to the difficulty of reaching the water in a deep well. Alternate translation: “It is as difficult to understand the purpose in the human heart as it is to reach the water in a deep well” or “The purpose of in the human heart is very difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 20 5 qr3j 0 someone with understanding “a person who has understanding” -PRO 20 5 fk7w figs-metaphor 0 will draw it out This speaks of figuring out the purpose of the human heart as if it was water being drawn from a deep well. Alternate translation: “will cause the purpose to be known” or “will figure it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 6 lmq9 0 is loyal “is faithful” or “is trustworthy” -PRO 20 6 xut9 figs-rquestion 0 but who can find one who is faithful? The implicit answer is “few can find someone like that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “but few men can find a person who is faithful!” or “but it is hard to find a person who really is faithful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 20 7 s7th figs-idiom 0 walks in his integrity Here walking refers to living. See how you translated this phrase in [Proverbs 19:1](../19/01.md). Alternate translation: “lives by his integrity” or “lives an honest life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 7 y2ed figs-explicit 0 his sons who follow after him This simply means that they “follow after him” since they are younger than he and his children. If this phrase is awkward in your language it may be left to be implied. Alternate translation: “his sons after him” or “his sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 8 j9up figs-metaphor 0 is winnowing with his eyes all the evil that is before him This speaks of the king judging between various types of evil as if he were separating them as a person winnows grain. Alternate translation: “sees and sorts the different kinds of evils that are brought before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 9 p5m8 figs-rquestion 0 Who can say, “I have kept my heart pure; I am clean from my sin”? The implicit answer to this question is, “No one can say that.” This rhetorical question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can say that his heart is clean and that he is free from sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 20 9 s43m figs-metonymy 0 my heart Here a person’s “heart” refers to his thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 9 d5hx figs-metaphor 0 clean A person who God considers spiritually acceptable is spoken of as if the person where physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 9 xb5x 0 I am clean from my sin “I am without sin” or “I have not sinned” -PRO 20 11 yym3 figs-activepassive 0 Even a youth is known by his actions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People know a young man by his actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 11 m4db 0 whether his conduct is pure and upright “whether his conduct is pure and upright or not” -PRO 20 11 xm83 0 his conduct “his deeds” or “what he does” -PRO 20 11 we5b figs-doublet 0 pure and upright These two words basically mean the same thing and emphasize how good this young person is. They can be combined into one word if necessary. Alternate translation: “pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 20 13 h9et figs-idiom 0 come to poverty The phrase “come to” here means to transition into a new situation; to become. Alternate translation: “become poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 13 ee3x figs-metonymy 0 open your eyes Here “opening one’s eyes” is spoken of as “being awake.” Alternate translation: “stay awake” or “be alert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 14 zh4l figs-explicit 0 “Bad! Bad!” says the buyer, but when he goes away he boasts Here a buyer is criticizing what someone is selling to get a low price from him. After he buys he boasts about the good price that he pursuaded the seller to give him. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “‘Bad! Bad!’ says the buyer criticizing the seller’s wares, but after he buys he goes away he boasting about the low price that he paid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 15 cv2k figs-metaphor 0 lips of knowledge are a precious jewel This speaks of the value of lips of knowledge by comparing them to a precious jewel. Alternate translation: “lips of knowledge are as valuable as an expensive jewel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 15 tt4d figs-metonymy 0 lips of knowledge Here “words” are referred to as “lips.” Alternate translation: “wise words” or “words of knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 16 sn35 figs-explicit 0 Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger When lending money, the lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 16 cv1m figs-idiom 0 puts up security This is an idiom. It means that someone gives something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. Alternate translation: “guarantees that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “promises to pay a loan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 16 e647 figs-idiom 0 hold it in pledge This is an idiom. To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 17 zi4r figs-activepassive 0 Bread gained by deceit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Bread that someone gained by deceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 17 gjt2 figs-abstractnouns 0 by deceit The word “deceit” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “by deceiving others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 20 17 lnt5 figs-metonymy 0 Bread Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “Food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 20 17 fz1i 0 tastes sweet “tastes good” -PRO 20 17 tu5a figs-metaphor 0 but afterward his mouth will be full of gravel This speaks of the food tasting unpleasant as if his mouth were actually full of gravel instead of food. Alternate translation: “but afterwards it tastes like gravel in his mouth” or “but soon it tastes like sand in his mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 17 du9w 0 gravel small pieces of rock -PRO 20 18 mjl4 figs-activepassive 0 Plans are established by advice This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People establish plans based on advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 19 i4ch 0 A gossip This means someone who gossips a lot. -PRO 20 19 i2mb 0 you should not associate with “you should not be friends with” -PRO 20 20 v9ff 0 If a person curses This means if a someone express a desire that bad things will happen to someone else. -PRO 20 20 el23 figs-metaphor 0 his lamp will be snuffed out in the middle of darkness This speaks of a person dying suddenly and unexpectedly as if his life were a lamp snuffed out in the dark. Alternate translation: “his life will end as suddenly as the light of a lamp that is snuffed out in the dark” or “he will die suddenly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 20 e6a4 figs-activepassive 0 his lamp will be snuffed out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his lamp will go out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 20 un31 figs-synecdoche 0 his lamp This refers to a lamp with a burning flame. Here the lamp’s flame is referred to as the lamp itself. Alternate translation: “the flame of his lamp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 20 20 a13a 0 snuffed out to cause a flame to go out -PRO 20 21 mk5b figs-explicit 0 at the beginning This refers to a person receiving his inheritance before he is supposed to receive it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “before the right time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 22 pj94 figs-idiom 0 I will pay you back This means to do wrong to someone because they have done wrong to you. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 22 ti5g figs-idiom 0 Wait for Yahweh This means to have faith that Yahweh will deal with the situation. Alternate translation: “Have faith in Yahweh” or “Hope in Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 23 x2rc figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh hates unequal weights and dishonest scales are not good These two phrases basically mean the same thing and are combined to emphasize how bad this is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 20 24 re6n figs-activepassive 0 A person’s steps are directed by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh directs a person’s steps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 24 i9ej figs-synecdoche 0 A person’s steps This refers to the various things a person does. Alternate translation: “A person’s actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 20 24 mfy9 figs-rquestion 0 how then can he understand his way? The implicit answer is that he cannot understand it. This rhetorical question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “therefore, a person cannot understand his way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 20 24 s44t figs-idiom 0 understand his way This is an idiom. The phrase “his way” refers to the person’s life. Alternate translation: “understand why some things happen in his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 20 25 qfw5 figs-metaphor 0 It is a snare This speaks of something being dangerous as if it were a trap or a snare. Alternate translation: “It is dangerous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 25 x37x 0 to say rashly to say something quickly and without careful consideration of what it might mean -PRO 20 25 tt8z figs-explicit 0 making his vow The person has made a vow declaring that something is holy and dedicated to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “dedicating it to Yahweh” or “declaring it holy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 20 26 cgd9 figs-metaphor 0 winnows the wicked This speaks of the king separating the wicked people as if they were grain that he was winnowing. Alternate translation: “separates the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 26 m44h figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are wicked” or “the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 20 26 rs2y figs-metaphor 0 he turns a threshing wheel over them This speaks of the king punishing the wicked as if he were driving a threshing wheel over them. Alternate translation: “he severely punishes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 26 sy6b 0 threshing wheel “threshing cart.” This is a tool used to crush grain and help separate it from the chaff. -PRO 20 27 x5vx figs-metaphor 0 The spirit of a person is the lamp of Yahweh, searching all his inmost parts This speaks of a person’s spirit as if it were a lamp. A person’s spirit helps him to understand his inner self. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given us a spirit to understand our deepest selves, just as a lamp makes you see in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 20 28 f9he figs-activepassive 0 Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness preserve the king The abstract nouns “faithfulness” and “trustworthiness” can be stated as “faithful” and “trustworthy.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The king preserves himself by being trustworthy and faithful to the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 20 28 dyd6 0 preserve the king keep the king safe from harm -PRO 20 28 dym8 figs-metonymy 0 his throne is made secure by love Here “throne” represents the king’s power to rule. The abstract noun “love” can be stated as a verb. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a king ensures that he will rule for a long time by loving others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 20 30 g7u1 figs-parallelism 0 Blows that make a wound cleanse away evil and beatings make the innermost parts clean Both statements mean the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. Using physical punishment to correct a person is spoken of as if the evil were dirt and the beatings cleansed him. Alternate translation: “Beating a person who has done wrong will correct him and cause him to be a better person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 intro ge8s 0 # Proverbs 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 21 continues the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 21 1 w5md figs-metaphor 0 The king’s heart is a stream of water in the hand of Yahweh The writer speaks of the king’s heart as if it were an irrigation ditch in a dry area through which people direct water to plants that need it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh controls the king’s heart as a man directs water for irrigation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 1 t1m8 figs-metonymy 0 The king’s heart The heart is a metaphor for what a person thinks and what he wants to do. Alternate translation: “The king’s thoughts and actions” or “What the king thinks and what he wants to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 2 yz3c figs-metaphor 0 Every person’s way is right in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. The writer speaks of what a person does as if it that person were walking down a path. Alternate translation: “Every person thinks that what he does is good” or “Every person judges what he does as good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 2 xmb4 figs-metaphor 0 who weighs the hearts The writer speaks of Yahweh deciding whether a person desires to do what is right as if Yahweh were looking at a physical object and deciding whether it is of good quality. Alternate translation: “who will judge the motives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 3 qs6t 0 To do what is right “To do what Yahweh thinks is right” -PRO 21 3 ezq6 0 To do what is … just “To treat people the way Yahweh wants people to treat other people” -PRO 21 3 f31f 0 just is more acceptable to Yahweh “just—Yahweh wants this more” -PRO 21 4 ps7v figs-synecdoche 0 Haughty eyes and a proud heart The words “eyes” and “heart” are synecdoches for a person who considers himself better than other people and wants other people to know it. Alternate translation: “People who want others to think that they are better than other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 21 4 xvr4 figs-synecdoche 0 Haughty eyes This is a synecdoche for a person who wants others to know that he thinks he is better than they are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 21 4 gk4s figs-synecdoche 0 proud heart This is a synecdoche for a person who thinks he is better than others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 21 4 y68u figs-metaphor 0 the lamp of the wicked The things that help the wicked are spoken of as a lamp. Alternate translation: “the things that help a wicked person like a lamp helps to see in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 5 mmd8 figs-nominaladj 0 the diligent This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “a diligent man” or “a man who works hard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 5 xi4l figs-abstractnouns 0 comes only to poverty The abstract noun “poverty” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “only becomes poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 21 6 vsi8 0 Acquiring riches “Gaining wealth” -PRO 21 6 bc5d figs-metonymy 0 a lying tongue The tongue is a metonym for the words a person uses the tongue to speak. Alternate translation: “speaking lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 6 w3kd figs-metaphor 0 a fleeting vapor The writer likens the riches a person gains by lying to a mist that quickly goes away in the morning. Alternate translation: “a disappearing mist” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 6 l9ag figs-metaphor 0 a snare that kills The writer speaks of the riches that a person gains by lying as if it were the bait in a hunter’s trap; the word “snare” is a metonym for the bait that attracts the animal into the snare. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 7 zn7h figs-personification 0 The violence of the wicked will drag them away The writer speaks as though violence were a person who could drag other people away. God will punish wicked people who harm their innocent neighbors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 21 7 ce4f figs-abstractnouns 0 violence of the wicked The abstract noun “violence” refers to violent deeds or things people do to harm their innocent neighbors. The word “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “The violent actions of wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 7 i5j5 figs-explicit 0 drag them away This phrase refers to dragging a net through water to catch fish. The wicked being destroyed by their own actions is spoken of as if their actions trapped them in a net like one would catch fish. AT “drag them away like fish” or “destroy them as easily as one catches fish in a net” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 8 qgr2 figs-idiom 0 The way of a guilty person is crooked This compares the way one lives to a crooked road one may travel. This is also an idiom. Alternate translation: “The way a guilty person lives is crooked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 8 y9c2 figs-metaphor 0 crooked Here “crooked” means bent or not straight. This is a metaphor for morally wrong. Alternate translation: “wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 9 gff3 figs-explicit 0 a corner of the roof Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 21 9 j9e1 0 quarrelsome wife “wife who often argues and complains” -PRO 21 10 x3rs figs-personification 0 The appetite of the wicked craves evil The writer speaks of a person’s appetite, the physical desire for food and drink, as if it were a person who could desire something. The word “wicked” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil people, and the word “evil” is a nominal adjective that refers to evil deeds. Alternate translation: “Evil people desire to do evil deeds just as they desire to eat and drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 10 a2dz 0 craves desires strongly -PRO 21 10 d5qd figs-idiom 0 his neighbor finds no favor in his eyes The idiom to “find favor” means to have someone approve of and act kindly towards the one who finds favor. Also, the eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents a person’s thoughts and attitude towards another person. Alternate translation: “his neighbor does not receive favor from him” or “he does not act kindly towards his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 11 rd8s figs-activepassive 0 When the mocker is punished This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When someone punishes the mocker” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 11 a11r 0 the naive “those who have no experience” or “those who are not mature” -PRO 21 11 a6a5 0 the mocker “the person who mocks others” -PRO 21 11 m512 figs-activepassive 0 when the wise person is instructed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone instructs the wise person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 11 ylu9 figs-metaphor 0 lays hold of knowledge Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were an object that someone could grasp and keep for himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 12 t3bj 0 The righteous This could mean: (1) any righteous person or (2) “Yahweh the one who is righteous.” -PRO 21 12 bc3u 0 watches the house “pays careful attention to the house” “looks to see what happens to the house” -PRO 21 12 tem1 figs-metaphor 0 he brings wicked people to disaster Here disaster is spoken of as if it were a place that someone could be brought to. Alternate translation: “he destroys them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 13 uc5n figs-idiom 0 The one who shuts his ears to the cry of the poor This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The one who will not listen when poor people ask for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 21 13 iv38 figs-metonymy 0 he will not be answered The word “answered” is a metonym for a person hearing another person ask for help and acting to help. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will do anything to help him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 14 h1vz 0 appeases anger “makes an angry person feel better so he is no longer angry” -PRO 21 15 p2ln figs-abstractnouns 0 When justice is done The abstract noun “justice” can be translated as a noun phrase. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “When rulers do what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 16 cj4z figs-idiom 0 wanders from the way of understanding This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “no longer lives wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 21 16 t6m2 0 he will rest in the assembly of the dead “he will remain in the assembly of dead spirits” -PRO 21 18 mh2v figs-metaphor 0 is ransom for The word “ransom” is a metaphor for one person who takes the place of another person. Here the person who does what is wrong is punished instead of the person who does what is right. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 18 qt7k 0 the treacherous a person who harms those who trust him by lying and otherwise dealing falsely -PRO 21 18 n28n 0 upright people “righteous people” or “honest people” or “just people” -PRO 21 20 r84p figs-nominaladj 0 wise This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “wise person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 20 nw25 0 swallows it all up “uses it all for no good purpose” or “wastes it” -PRO 21 22 d84j 0 scales the city “climbs up and over the wall that surrounds the city” -PRO 21 22 v5jk 0 the city of the mighty ones “a city in which mighty men are living” or “a city of mighty warriors” -PRO 21 22 p6cm figs-idiom 0 he brings down This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he destroys” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 21 22 w292 0 the stronghold in which they trusted “the walls and towers around the city that they did not think anyone would be able to get past into the city, so they felt safe” -PRO 21 23 xw3q figs-doublet 0 Whoever guards his mouth and tongue Both “mouth” and “tongue” refer to what a person says. Alternate translation: “Whoever is careful in what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 24 c77j 0 The proud and haughty person … acts with arrogant pride “You can expect a proud and haughty people to act with arrogant pride” -PRO 21 24 m76a figs-doublet 0 proud and haughty These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how prideful the person is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 21 24 rf25 figs-metonymy 0 “Mocker” is his name The word “name” is a metonym for what people would call him. Alternate translation: “a mocker is what you should call him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 21 25 pzb9 figs-personification 0 The desire of the lazy kills him The writer speaks of what a person wants as if it were a person who could kill a lazy person. Here the lazy person wants to be idle and not work. Alternate translation: “A lazy person only wants to be idle, and because of that he will die” or “A lazy person will die because he does not want to work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 25 dt4f figs-synecdoche 0 his hands refuse The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “he refuses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 21 26 vgt6 0 craves desires strongly -PRO 21 26 es9x figs-litotes 0 gives and does not hold back The phrase “does not hold back” can be stated positively, and what he gives can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “gives everything he should” or “gives generously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 21 27 fq9a 0 The sacrifice of the wicked is detestable The writer does not mention Yahweh here, as in [Proverbs 15:8](../15/08.md), but the reader should understand that it is Yahweh who detests the sacrifice of the wicked. -PRO 21 27 l3le figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked The nominal adjective “wicked” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the wicked person” or “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 21 27 iy31 0 it is even more detestable “Yahweh detests the sacrifice even more” -PRO 21 28 h8d4 0 will speak for all time This is because people will never forget what he said. -PRO 21 29 z6tg figs-idiom 0 makes his face hard This could mean: (1) “pretends to be courageous” or (2) “will not listen to correction.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 21 29 ts1r figs-metaphor 0 is certain about his ways A person’s actions are spoken of as if they were a path upon which the person walks. Alternate translation: “is certain about what he does” or “is confident about what he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 21 30 n8kt figs-abstractnouns 0 There is no wisdom, there is no understanding, and there is no advice that The words “there is” are repeated to emphasize the abstract nouns “wisdom,” “understanding,” and “advice.” Yahweh is greater than anything that anyone can know or think or say. Your language may require that you not repeat “there is no.” The abstract nouns can be translated as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “There is no wise person, there is no one who understands anything, and there is no one who tells others what to do who” or “There is no wisdom, understanding, or advice that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 21 30 k3pe 0 stand against Yahweh “defeat Yahweh” or “work against what Yahweh wants to do” or “show that he is right and Yahweh is wrong” -PRO 21 31 j1hq figs-activepassive 0 The horse is prepared for the day of battle These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Soldiers prepare horses for the day of battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 21 31 i6w8 figs-idiom 0 the day of battle The word “day” refers to time that may be longer or shorter than a day. Alternate translation: “when there is a battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 22 intro t5zj 0 # Proverbs 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 22 ends the section of the book which is attributed to Solomon and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to the “Wise Men.” The exact identity of the men is unknown.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical questions

With this new section of proverbs, the author begins to use many rhetorical questions. The obvious answers should convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 22 1 but9 figs-activepassive 0 A good name is to be chosen over great riches These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person should choose a good name rather than great riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 22 1 m8c7 0 A good name “To have others think that one is a good person” -PRO 22 3 nt9p 0 A prudent man “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense.” See how you translated “prudent” in [Proverbs 12:16](../12/16.md). -PRO 22 3 cm2a 0 the naive “the inexperienced and immature” -PRO 22 5 e8f6 figs-metaphor 0 Thorns and snares lie in the path of the perverse The writer speaks of the way perverse people live as if it were a path on which the perverse will have trouble because of the natural “thorns” and man-made “snares.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 5 r2h1 0 snares traps to catch animals -PRO 22 5 dku9 figs-nominaladj 0 the perverse This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “perverse people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 22 5 f1ap figs-metaphor 0 whoever guards his life A person doing what he needs to do so he can live a long time is spoken of as if that person were keeping thieves away from a physical object. Alternate translation: “people who want to live a long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 6 je4e figs-metaphor 0 the way he should go How a person lives is spoken of as if it were a path on which he walks. Alternate translation: “how he should live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 7 dk14 figs-explicit 0 borrows … lends You may need to make explicit what it is that is borrowed or lent. Alternate translation: “borrows money … lends money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 22 8 l36j figs-metaphor 0 He who sows injustice will reap trouble The writer speaks of a ruler or other powerful person treating those less powerful unjustly as if he were planting seeds that will give birth to plants that bring trouble. Alternate translation: “If a person treats those less powerful than he is unjustly, they will cause him trouble later on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 8 htf6 figs-metonymy 0 the rod of his fury will fade away The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. This could mean: (1) the unjust ruler will lose the power that he had that allowed him to treat other people unjustly or (2) when the people respond to the injustice he had done by harming him, he will have no power to stop them. Alternate translation: “he will no longer have the power that he had used to harm people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 8 yu9g figs-metonymy 0 rod of his fury The word “rod” is a metonym for power over other people. The unjust man was harming innocent people as if he were very angry with them. Alternate translation: “the rod he had used as if he were punishing people” or “the power he used to harm others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 8 kpt4 0 will fade away The word translated “fade away” is also used of plants drying up. -PRO 22 9 nxi8 figs-activepassive 0 The one who has a generous eye will be blessed These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who has a generous eye” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 22 9 zhf7 figs-metonymy 0 one who has a generous eye The eye is a metonym for seeing what other people need, and the “generous eye” not only sees but gives what the other people need. The eye is also a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “generous person” or “person who is willing to give things to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 22 9 vs46 figs-metonymy 0 bread Since bread was the main food for many people in biblical times, it is often used to refer to food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 10 t6nt figs-abstractnouns 0 disputes and insults will cease The abstract nouns “disputes” and “insults” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “people will no longer argue with each other or say things to hurt each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 22 11 xzb6 figs-synecdoche 0 loves a pure heart It is his own heart that the person wants to be pure. The heart is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “loves having a pure heart” or “wants to be pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 22 11 tlq4 0 is gracious “is kind” -PRO 22 12 swt2 figs-synecdoche 0 The eyes of Yahweh keep watch over The eyes are a synecdoche for the person. The writer speaks as if Yahweh had physical eyes like a person. Alternate translation: “Yahweh keeps watch over” or “Yahweh guards knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 22 12 s2lr figs-metonymy 0 keep watch over knowledge Keeping watch is s metonym for protecting. Alternate translation: “protect knowledge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 12 zw3l 0 he overthrows “he destroys” -PRO 22 12 q7yt figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous The nominal adjective treacherous can be translated as a noun phrase. Translate “treacherous” as in [Proverbs 11:3](../11/03.md). Alternate translation: “a treacherous person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 22 13 jg67 0 The lazy person says The quote that follows is a lie and an excuse for not working. If your language introduces false statements in a special way, you can use that here. -PRO 22 14 eq5h figs-metonymy 0 The mouth of an adulteress is a deep pit The word “mouth” is a metonym for the words that come out of the mouth. The writer speaks of a person being unable to escape having people punish him for evil deeds as if that person had fallen into a hole someone had dug in the ground from which he could not escape. Alternate translation: “The words spoken by an adulteress will draw you in, and it will be as if you have fallen into a deep and dangerous pit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 14 xrc5 0 an adulteress See how you translated this in [Proverbs 5:3](../05/03.md). -PRO 22 14 l326 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh’s anger is stirred up Here “stirred up” means that his anger increased. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 22 14 fin1 figs-metaphor 0 falls into it Adultery is spoken of as if it is something that a person can fall into. Alternate translation: “sins because of the adulteress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 15 fuj4 0 Foolishness is bound up in the heart of a child “The heart of a child is full of foolish things” -PRO 22 15 j283 figs-metonymy 0 the rod of discipline The writer speaks of a parent using any form of discipline as if that parent were hitting the child with a wooden rod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 15 dk18 figs-metaphor 0 drives it far away The writer speaks as if foolishness were a person that another person could use a physical rod to drive away. Alternate translation: “will make a child wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 16 w7rc 0 to increase his wealth “to become richer” or “to gain more money” -PRO 22 16 fm7f 0 gives to rich people “gives money to rich people” -PRO 22 16 d4td figs-idiom 0 will come to poverty This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will become poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 22 17 nnv4 0 General Information: Verse 17 begins the introduction to a new section of the Book of Proverbs. -PRO 22 17 lgs9 figs-synecdoche 0 Incline your ear and listen Here the word “ear” represents the person who is listening. The writer speaks of listening attentively to someone as if it were leaning forward so that the ear is closer to the one speaking. See how you translated “incline your ear” in [Proverbs 4:20](../04/20.md). Alternate translation: “Pay attention and listen” or “Listen attentively” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 17 l38x 0 the words of the wise “what wise people say” -PRO 22 17 pi8n figs-idiom 0 apply your heart to This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “do your best to understand and remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 22 17 i9n2 figs-abstractnouns 0 my knowledge The person speaking is probably the same as the father from [Proverbs 1:8](../01/08.md). He may be speaking of “the words of the wise” as “my knowledge.” The abstract noun “knowledge” can be stated as “know.” Alternate translation: “the knowledge I have, which I am sharing with you” or “what I know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 22 18 nl9j figs-metonymy 0 all of them are ready on your lips The person being ready to speak is spoken of as if it were the words that were ready. Alternate translation: “you are able to speak of them at any time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 19 wr39 0 today—even to you “today. Yes, I am teaching you,” The speaker is emphasizing that it is the hearer, not someone else whom he is teaching, and he is teaching the hearer because the hearer needs to learn. If it is awkward in your language to emphasize in this way, you can emphasize in another way or the words “even to you” can be left untranslated. -PRO 22 20 bb5s 0 General Information: These verses continue and end the introduction that began in [Proverbs 22:17](./17.md). -PRO 22 20 q77c translate-textvariants 0 thirty sayings Some translations read, “excellent sayings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -PRO 22 21 q8xu figs-rquestion 0 to teach you … who sent you? These words end the rhetorical question that began with the words “Have I not written” in Proverbs 22:20. It can be translated as a statement. “You need to know that I have written … to teach you … who sent you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 22 21 l5jf 0 to those who sent you This implies that the hearer is or will be one whom others send to gain and bring back information. -PRO 22 22 y27s 0 General Information: These verses begin the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 22 aq5t 0 Do not rob … or crush If your language has a way of showing that this is the way one person would speak strongly to another, different from a general rule that people are supposed to obey, you should use it here. -PRO 22 22 su1v figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any poor person” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 22 22 tq59 figs-metaphor 0 crush grind into powder. This is a metaphor for “treat unjustly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 22 ws7l figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This nominal adjective can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “any needy person” or “any person who does not have what he needs to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 22 22 z1ia figs-metonymy 0 at the gate The place where people bought and sold items and settled legal arguments is used as a metonym for business and legal activity. Alternate translation: “in court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 23 a2vp figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will plead their case The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defend the needy from those who oppress them” or “Yahweh will see that the needy receive justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 23 m5k2 figs-metaphor 0 he will rob of life those who robbed them Yahweh is not a thief, but like a thief he will take life from those who do not choose to give it. Alternate translation: “he will destroy those who oppress poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 24 cpi3 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 24 w16m figs-metaphor 0 someone who is ruled by anger someone who is unable to control his anger (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 24 cc8z 0 rages shows violent anger -PRO 22 25 s2i8 figs-metaphor 0 you will take bait for your soul A person who wants to be like an angry person is like an animal taking the bait in a trap. Alternate translation: “you will be like an animal that eats the bait that closes a trap and is unable to escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 22 25 jh2k figs-metonymy 0 bait for your soul The soul is a metonym for the person’s life. Alternate translation: “bait that someone has put out so he can kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 22 26 ftq6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 26 rnd6 0 strikes hands A person would strike his hand against another person’s hand to bind himself to do what he had agreed to do. Here the speaker warns the hearer not to strike hands as a way to promise to pay off someone’s debts. -PRO 22 26 wt7u 0 in making a pledge “and agree to pay what someone owes to another person” -PRO 22 28 tb1b 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 22 28 g63s 0 ancient very old -PRO 22 28 djq5 0 boundary stone a large stone that shows where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins -PRO 22 28 j4id 0 fathers ancestors -PRO 22 29 y4ub figs-rquestion 0 Do you see a man skilled at his work? This rhetorical question is actually a command. Alternate translation: “Think of someone you know who is skilled at his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 22 29 e6ii figs-metonymy 0 stand before This represents becoming a servant of the important person. Kings and other important people will think so highly of him that they will use his services. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 23 intro eva7 0 # Proverbs 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 23 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter of the book and is filled mainly with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter and the first half of the next chapter are attributed to general sayings.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 23 1 z181 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 2 lu62 figs-hyperbole 0 put a knife to your throat Possible meanings of this exaggeration are: (1) “be very careful not to eat too much” or (2) “do not eat anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 23 3 zfk9 0 Do not crave “Do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). -PRO 23 3 zkz5 0 his delicacies “his special and expensive food” -PRO 23 3 tjm2 figs-idiom 0 it is the food of lies This is an idiom. “he is giving it to you so he can deceive you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 23 4 a4va 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 4 wh19 0 Do not work too hard “Do not work so much that you are always tired” -PRO 23 5 n9hd figs-metaphor 0 light upon it land like a bird upon the wealth (verse 4). This is a metaphor for looking at the wealth for a short time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 5 sp17 figs-metaphor 0 it will surely take up wings like an eagle and fly off A person losing his wealth is spoken of as if the wealth were a bird. Alternate translation: “the wealth will disappear as quickly as an eagle can fly away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 5 ryq4 0 wings like an eagle wings like an eagle’s wings -PRO 23 6 afl6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 6 su9w 0 do not crave “do not strongly desire.” See how you translated “craves” in [Proverbs 21:9](../21/09.md). -PRO 23 6 jtt7 0 his delicacies “his special and expensive food.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 23:3](../23/03.md). -PRO 23 7 lbe8 figs-idiom 0 his heart is not with you This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he really does not want you to enjoy the meal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 23 8 aw14 figs-hyperbole 0 You will vomit up the little you have eaten This is an exaggeration for wishing one had not eaten anything. Alternate translation: “You will wish that you had not eaten anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 23 8 z3l6 figs-metaphor 0 you will have wasted your compliments Compliments are spoken of as if they were valuable objects. The abstract noun “compliments” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “he will not be happy even if you say good things about him and the food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 23 9 nk6j 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 9 u4q5 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the hearing of a fool The abstract noun “hearing” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “where a fool can hear you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 23 10 iha4 0 ancient very old. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). -PRO 23 10 de8r 0 boundary stone This is a large stone to show where one person’s land ends and another person’s land begins. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:28](../22/28.md). -PRO 23 10 a9cb 0 encroach This means to slowly take or begin to use land (or some thing) that belongs to someone else. -PRO 23 10 n6i1 0 orphans children whose parents are dead -PRO 23 11 p1uf 0 their Redeemer Yahweh -PRO 23 11 bgi8 figs-metaphor 0 he will plead their case against you The metaphor is of a lawyer defending the needy in front of a judge. Alternate translation: “he will defend the orphans against you” or “he will see that the orphans receive justice and punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 12 w7ey 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 12 pgj6 figs-idiom 0 Apply your heart to This is an idiom. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:17](../22/17.md). Alternate translation: “Do your best to understand and remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 23 12 v2r3 0 instruction This could mean: (1) “what people who know what is right and what is wrong tell you” or (2) “what people say and do when they correct you.” -PRO 23 12 jul6 figs-ellipsis 0 your ears The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “apply your ears” or “listen carefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 23 12 gn45 0 to words of knowledge “to me when I tell you what I know” -PRO 23 13 c9zs 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 13 qfa7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Do not withhold instruction from a child The abstract noun “instruction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Do not neglect to instruct a child” or “Do not refuse to instruct a child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 23 13 r8dq 0 withhold refuse to give something that one knows another person needs -PRO 23 14 jx2r 0 rod piece of wood -PRO 23 14 e27r 0 It is you who must beat him … and save his soul “You are the one who must beat him … and save his soul.” No one else will do it. The hearer is responsible to save the child’s soul from Sheol, and the way to save him is to beat him. -PRO 23 14 z89f figs-metonymy 0 save his soul from Sheol If the hearer beats his children with the rod, they will not die young because they have done foolish or evil things. The word “soul” is a metonym for the person. Sheol is the world of the dead; going to the world of the dead is a euphemism for dying. Alternate translation: “you will keep him from the world of the dead” or “you will keep him from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 23 15 h5yu 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 16 sij3 figs-synecdoche 0 when your lips speak “Your lips” means the whole person. Alternate translation: “when you speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 17 qz55 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 17 zgy6 figs-synecdoche 0 Do not let your heart envy sinners The word “heart” is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not allow yourself to envy sinners” or “Make sure you do not envy sinners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 18 d3fz figs-activepassive 0 your hope will not be cut off This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not allow anyone to cut off your hope” or “God will keep the promises he made to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 23 19 qj67 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 19 f128 0 Hear—you!—my son “Listen carefully, my son.” The speaker speaks an extra word to make sure the hearer is paying attention. -PRO 23 19 jg2g figs-metaphor 0 direct your heart in the way Deciding to do what is right is spoken of as if one person were showing another person the correct path to follow. Alternate translation: “make sure you do what is wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 20 sag8 figs-synecdoche 0 gluttonous eaters of meat This could mean: (1) “people who eat more meat than they need to” or (2) “meat” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “people who eat more food than they need to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 21 z3sn figs-personification 0 slumber will clothe them with rags The word “slumber” is an exaggeration for a person spending so much time enjoying food and drink that he does not do necessary work. This activity is spoken of as if it were a parent putting clothes on a child. Alternate translation: “because they spend so much time eating and drinking, they will do no work and so will become poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 23 22 bzi7 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 22 s9it figs-litotes 0 do not despise This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “show respect for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 23 23 smm2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Buy the truth, but do not sell it; buy wisdom, instruction, and understanding Another possible meaning is “Buy the truth, and do not sell wisdom, instruction, or understanding.” The words “truth,” “wisdom,” “instruction,” and “understanding” are abstract nouns that are spoken of as if they were physical items that a person can buy and sell in a market. They can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “Do what you need to do so you can know what is true, so you can be wise, so you can learn how to act, and so you can tell good from bad; never think of anything else as more important than these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 24 rzg3 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 24 qls1 0 The father of the righteous person will greatly rejoice, and he who begets a wise child will be glad in him Another possible meaning is that the words “he that begets a wise child” explain who “the father of the righteous person” is. Alternate translation: “The father of the righteous person, he who begets a wise child, will greatly rejoice and will be glad in him” -PRO 23 24 b6a9 0 will be glad in him “will be glad because of him” -PRO 23 26 c77m 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 26 ds3t figs-metonymy 0 give me your heart The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and decides to do. This could mean: (1) “pay careful attention” or (2) “trust me completely.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 23 26 zdk9 figs-synecdoche 0 let your eyes observe The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “observe” or “look carefully at” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 27 b64j figs-merism 0 prostitute … immoral woman There are two types of sexually immoral women. The “prostitute” is unmarried, “another man’s wife” is married. Together they form a merism for any kind of sexually immoral woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -PRO 23 27 y9ln figs-metaphor 0 a prostitute is a deep pit The word “pit” is a metaphor for what happens to men who sleep with prostitutes. Alternate translation: “sleeping with a prostitute is like falling into a deep pit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 27 i17l 0 prostitute Here the word refers to any unmarried woman who engages in sexual activity, not only those who do so for money. -PRO 23 27 zt34 0 deep pit … narrow well These are two places easy to fall into and hard to get out of, the “pit” because it is “deep” and the “well” because it is “narrow.” -PRO 23 27 fys1 figs-metaphor 0 an immoral woman is a narrow well Doing evil for which one will be punished is spoken of as falling into a narrow place from which one cannot escape. Alternate translation: “Sleeping with another man’s wife is like falling into a narrow well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 23 27 ezr3 0 well a hole in the ground that people have dug to get to water -PRO 23 28 x4yu 0 lies in wait stays hidden, ready to attack when a victim approaches -PRO 23 28 ll5s figs-nominaladj 0 the treacherous This nominal adjective can be translated as an adjective or verb. Alternate translation: “treacherous people” or “those who harm others by deceiving them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 23 29 ek29 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 29 l7du figs-rquestion 0 Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has fights? Who has complaining? Who has wounds for no reason? Who has bloodshot eyes? The writer uses these questions to prepare the reader for the point he is about to make about a particular type of person. He does not expect an answer to each question. Your language may have a different way of introducing a lesson. Alternate translation: “Listen to me while I tell you what kind of person has woe, sorrow, fights, complaining, wounds for no reason, and bloodshot eyes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 23 29 yw3q 0 bloodshot eyes “eyes red, like the color of blood” -PRO 23 30 kqg7 0 Those who linger over wine, those who try the mixed wine These words answer the questions in verse 29 and describe people who drink too much wine. -PRO 23 30 g2tp figs-euphemism 0 linger over wine spend much time drinking wine and so drink much wine (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 23 30 t96n 0 the mixed wine This could mean: (1) different wines mixed together or (2) other drinks that are stronger than wine. -PRO 23 31 v5x1 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 23 32 ip9z 0 In the last “After you drink it” -PRO 23 32 cr4n figs-metaphor 0 it bites like a serpent … it stings like an adder The word “it” refers to “the wine when it is red.” “Bites” and “stings” are metaphors for the way too much wine makes people feel. Alternate translation: “it makes you feel as bad as if a serpent had bitten you or an adder had stung you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 23 32 q4ct 0 adder a type of poisonous snake -PRO 23 33 qfg7 figs-synecdoche 0 your heart will utter perverse things The “heart” represents the person and emphasize what he thinks and decides to do. Alternate translation: “you will think about and decide to do perverse things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 23 33 d1kc 0 perverse things things that God says are morally wrong and bad; things that are wicked -PRO 23 34 s7qb 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). It is the continuation of the description of a drunk person. -PRO 23 34 q7lv figs-idiom 0 lies on the top of a mast The place on the mast where the person lies can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “lies in the basket near the top of a mast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 23 34 lxy2 0 mast the long wooden pole to which are attached the sails of a sailing ship -PRO 23 35 c4na 0 They hit me,…but I was not hurt. They beat me, but I did not feel it. Because the drunk person is not thinking clearly, he is imagining that people are hitting and beating him, yet he feels no pain and cannot remember anything. -PRO 23 35 d6ej 0 When will I wake up? The drunk person is wondering when he will be sober again; when the effect of the wine will stop. -PRO 24 intro nl8m 0 # Proverbs 24 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 24 continues the section beginning in the previous chapter and is mainly filled with short, individual proverbs.

The second half of this chapter finishes the section.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Lazy man story

Unlike much of Proverbs, verses 30-34 tell a short story about a lazy man, which ends in a very memorable proverb.

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 24 1 d1dq 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 2 dw7g figs-synecdoche 0 their hearts The words “their hearts” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 24 2 m8px figs-synecdoche 0 their lips The words “their lips” refer to the whole person. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 24 2 es5l 0 talk about trouble “talk about causing harm” or “talk about creating problems” -PRO 24 3 f9id 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 3 hiy4 figs-abstractnouns 0 Through wisdom a house is built The abstract noun “wisdom” can be translated as an adjective. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to be wise if they are to build a good house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 24 3 q4cp figs-abstractnouns 0 by understanding it is established The abstract noun “understanding” can be translated as a verb. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to understand what is morally good and what is morally bad if they are to establish a house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 24 3 mq3v figs-metonymy 0 it is established The word “established” means made stable and strong. The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, and the house being physically stable and strong is a metaphor for a family that lives in peace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 4 ry4y figs-abstractnouns 0 By knowledge the rooms are filled The abstract noun “knowledge” can be translated as a verb. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People need to know what is precious and pleasant if they are to fill their rooms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 24 5 gah6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 5 gya2 figs-abstractnouns 0 warrior of wisdom The abstract noun “wisdom” can be translated as “wise.” Alternate translation: “wise warrior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 24 5 my2f figs-abstractnouns 0 a man of knowledge increases his strength The abstract nouns “knowledge” and “strength” can be translated as the verb “know” and the adjective “strong.” Alternate translation: “a man who knows many things is stronger because he knows these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 24 6 i9sa figs-abstractnouns 0 by wise direction The abstract noun “direction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “if you have wise people telling you what to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 24 6 e43z 0 wage your war “fight your war” -PRO 24 6 nll1 0 advisors those who tell government officials what those officials should do -PRO 24 7 ten9 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 7 r9t9 figs-idiom 0 too high for a fool This is an idiom. “too difficult for a fool to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 7 e2pv figs-metonymy 0 open his mouth The mouth is a metonym for the words that come from the mouth. Alternate translation: “speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 24 8 f77e 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 8 f9l9 0 a master of schemes one who is skillful at making evil plans. Alternate translation: “a mischievous person” or “a troublemaker” -PRO 24 10 xt51 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 10 dbq1 figs-idiom 0 your strength is small This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you have very little strength” or “you are certainly weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 11 t92q 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 11 xc8k figs-activepassive 0 those who are being taken away These words can be translated in active form by using the term “they” which could be anyone, but are probably government officials. Alternate translation: “those whom they are taking away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 24 11 n8k2 0 taken away Another possible meaning is “dragged away.” -PRO 24 11 ru95 0 staggering walking unsteadily and almost falling. This word would also describe the way a person walks when he is being dragged away. -PRO 24 11 kl46 figs-abstractnouns 0 the slaughter The abstract noun “slaughter” can be translated as a verb. The writer speaks as if those who take them away think of them as no better than animals. If your language has a word for killing animals that would fit here, you might want to use it. Alternate translation: “where people will kill them as they would kill animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 12 k5el 0 If you say, “Behold,…this,” does The writer is answering something that the reader may wrongly be thinking. Alternate translation: “You may say, ‘Behold,…this,’ but does” -PRO 24 12 akd7 0 Behold, we “Listen to us! We” or “But we” or “We have done nothing wrong, because we” -PRO 24 12 yi61 figs-rquestion 0 does not the one who weighs the heart understand what you are saying? The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the one who weighs the heart understands what you are saying.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 24 12 cx5x figs-euphemism 0 the one who The writer expects the reader to know that “the one” is Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -PRO 24 12 zda4 figs-metonymy 0 weighs the heart The word “heart” is a metonym for what a person thinks and desires. The writer speaks as if what a person thinks and desires were a physical object that a person could weigh, and weighing an object is a metaphor for looking closely at something to see how good it is. Alternate translation: “knows how good what people really think and desire is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 12 pa6x figs-rquestion 0 The one who guards your life, does he not know it? The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “The one who guards your life knows it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 24 12 m55q figs-rquestion 0 Will God not give to each one what he deserves? The writer assumes the readers know the answer and asks this for emphasis. Alternate translation: “God will give to each one what he deserves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 24 13 q7s6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 14 p5t6 figs-activepassive 0 your hope will not be cut off This could mean: (1) this is a simple passive that can be translated as in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will take your hope away” or (2) this is litotes that can be translated in positive form. Alternate translation: “your hope will surely continue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 24 15 i96h 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 15 s1ww figs-idiom 0 Do not lie in wait The words “lie in wait” are an idiom. Translate “lie in wait” as in [Proverbs 1:11](../01/11.md). Alternate translation: “Do not hide and wait for the right time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 15 g6w6 0 his home the home of the righteous person -PRO 24 16 jrm7 0 rises again “gets back on his feet” or “stands up again” -PRO 24 16 k8ly figs-personification 0 wicked people are brought down by calamity The writer speaks as if “calamity” were a person who could do bad things to other people. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will use calamity to bring down the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 24 16 u49k figs-metaphor 0 are brought down This is a metaphor of a person who was standing but someone has brought him down to the ground or made him fall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 16 ze9b 0 calamity times when bad things happen to people and their property -PRO 24 17 rpu6 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 17 t9ei 0 your enemy falls “something bad happens to your enemy” -PRO 24 17 by2h figs-synecdoche 0 let not your heart be glad This is a strong command. The word “heart” represents the person. Alternate translation: “do not allow yourself to be glad” or “stop yourself from being glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 24 18 b18i figs-idiom 0 turn away his wrath from him The words “turn away his wrath” are an idiom for no longer being angry. What Yahweh would do instead can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “stop being angry with him and be angry with you instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 24 19 yp9l 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 20 mmf6 figs-metaphor 0 the lamp of wicked people will go out The lamp is used as a metaphor for life. The life of wicked people will end just as a lamp goes out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 24 21 j1fr 0 General Information: These verses continue the “thirty sayings” ([Proverbs 22:20](../22/20.md)). -PRO 24 21 vvr9 0 Fear a deep respect and awe for a person in authority -PRO 24 22 jzb3 figs-rquestion 0 who knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them? The writer asks this question to emphasize the disaster. Alternate translation: “no one knows the extent of the destruction that will come from both of them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 24 22 ub7e 0 both of them these words refer to Yahweh and the king -PRO 24 23 jq5s 0 These also are sayings of the wise This sentence starts a new collection of proverbs. -PRO 24 23 ci6n 0 a case at law a situation that is brought before a judge in which someone is accused of breaking the law -PRO 24 24 lma6 0 Whoever says to the wicked person,…will be cursed by peoples and hated by nations The word “nations” is a metonym for the people who live in the nations. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will curse whoever says to the wicked person,…, and the people of other nations will hate him” -PRO 24 24 rfb9 0 the wicked person … a righteous person This could mean: (1) people should never call any wicked person a righteous person or (2) no one should say of a person guilty of a crime that he is innocent. Alternate translation: “a person guilty of a crime … innocent” -PRO 24 25 xwv5 0 will have delight “will be very happy” -PRO 24 25 ufh1 figs-personification 0 gifts of goodness will come to them Gifts are spoken of as if they were people who could move by themselves. The abstract noun “goodness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “people will give them good gifts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 24 25 uy7d 0 gifts of goodness “good things” or “blessings” -PRO 24 26 sz6f figs-idiom 0 gives a kiss on the lips A kiss was a sign of respect and devotion in that culture. Alternate translation: “shows true friendship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 28 u5rp figs-metonymy 0 with your lips The lips are a metonym for the words a person speaks. Alternate translation: “by what you say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 24 29 cke7 figs-idiom 0 pay him back This is an idiom. “take revenge against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 24 31 w3gw 0 Thorns useless plants with sharp spines -PRO 24 31 j4m7 0 nettles plants that are covered with stinging leaves and hairs -PRO 24 31 chw4 0 was broken down “had fallen down” -PRO 24 32 u9za 0 received instruction “learned a lesson” -PRO 24 34 d7gx figs-ellipsis 0 and poverty comes This finishes a thought begun with the words “A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest” (Proverbs 24:33). You may need to fill in the omitted words. “You may say to yourself, ‘A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest,’ but then poverty will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 24 34 v85w figs-personification 0 poverty comes marching upon you Some translations read, “poverty comes upon you like a robber.” Poverty is spoken of as if it were a person or animal that can attack a lazy person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 24 34 zx1y figs-simile 0 your needs like an armed soldier Needs are spoken of as if they were a person who could attack the lazy person. Alternate translation: “your needs will come to you like an armed soldier” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 25 intro l94s 0 # Proverbs 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 25 begins the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 25 2 x2ec 0 to conceal a matter “to keep some things secret” -PRO 25 2 cj4p figs-ellipsis 0 but the glory The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “but it is the glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 25 2 dg6e 0 search it out “search that matter out” or “search for those things that God has concealed” -PRO 25 3 jtp4 figs-simile 0 Like the heavens are for height and the earth is for depth, so the heart of kings is unsearchable The hearts of kings are compared to the size of the heavens and the earth. Alternate translation: “Just as no one can measure the height of the heavens or the depth of the earth, even so no one can understand the heart of kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 3 b947 0 heavens This refers to everything we see above the earth, including the sun, moon, and stars. -PRO 25 4 jgm1 0 dross the material in a metal that people do not want and they remove by heating the metal -PRO 25 5 vvu5 figs-metonymy 0 his throne will be established by doing The throne is a metonym for the power to rule. These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king will establish his throne by doing” or “he will have the power to rule because he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 25 7 w69g figs-explicit 0 It is better for him to say to you, “Come up here,” than Here “up” means to move to a place at the table that is closer to the king. It is a great honor for a person to sit closer to the king. Alternate translation: “It is better for someone to invite you to sit closer to the king than” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 25 7 qf2z 0 before a nobleman “in front of a nobleman” -PRO 25 8 t9ug figs-rquestion 0 For what will you do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame? This question is asked to make the reader consider the possibility that he may have misunderstood the situation. The way in which the neighbor might put the reader to shame can be stated plainly. Alternate translation: “For you will not know what to do in the end when your neighbor puts you to shame.” or “For if your neighbor has an explanation, he will put you to shame, and you will have nothing to say to defend yourself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 25 9 lgk7 0 your case “your disagreement” -PRO 25 9 c77l 0 do not disclose another’s secret “do not share your neighbor’s secret with other people” -PRO 25 10 fr3g figs-activepassive 0 an evil report about you that cannot be silenced Here “evil report” refers to harmful things that the person will tell others. The phrase “cannot be silenced” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to stop him from telling other people harmful things about you” or “he will tell people evil things about you and you will never have a good reputation again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 25 11 e2ay figs-metaphor 0 Apples of gold in settings of silver is a word spoken in the right situation The goodness of “a word spoken at the right time” is spoken of as if it were the physical beauty of “apples of gold in settings of silver.” Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A word spoken at the right time is beautiful like apples of gold in settings of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 11 sq35 0 Apples of gold in settings of silver The ancient Israelites did not know the apples that most people know today. This could mean: (1) “apples” should be translated as “design.” Alternate translation: “a golden design carved into a silver bowl” or (2) “apples” refers to another type of fruit with a golden color that someone has placed on a silver plate or bowl. Alternate translation: “Golden colored fruit placed in a silver bowl” -PRO 25 11 ptu8 figs-activepassive 0 is a word spoken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “is a message that someone speaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 25 12 ir54 figs-metaphor 0 A gold ring or jewelry made of fine gold is a wise rebuke to a listening ear The value and importance of “a wise rebuke” is spoken of as if it had the beauty and value of gold. Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Alternate translation: “A wise rebuke to a listening ear is beautiful and valuable like a golden ring or golden jewelry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 12 i38p figs-synecdoche 0 listening ear The ear is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “person who is willing to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 25 13 tc4q figs-simile 0 Like the cold of snow at harvest time is a faithful messenger Here a faithful messenger is being compared to the cold of snow, because both are pleasant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 13 sxk7 figs-metaphor 0 the cold of snow Snow only fell on the tops of mountains, and the harvest took place in hot weather, so this is probably a metaphor for cool, fresh water from a clean stream. If your language has no word for snow, consider “cool, fresh, clean water.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 13 v57a 0 snow white flakes of ice that fall from the sky like rain -PRO 25 13 z9pn 0 brings back the life of his masters This means he makes his masters, who are weak and tired, to be strong and rested again. -PRO 25 14 hbd4 figs-metaphor 0 Clouds and wind without rain is the one who boasts … not give Most translations translate this metaphor as a simile and change the order of the phrases. Rain was important to the Israelites because only small amounts of it fell, so a cloud without rain was useless and brought disappointment to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The one who boasts … not give is like clouds and wind without rain” or “The one who boasts … not give is useless and a disappointment, like clouds and wind without rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 15 v2wv figs-activepassive 0 With patience a ruler can be persuaded These words can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone who is patient can persuade a ruler” or “Someone who is patient can speak to a ruler and change his mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 25 15 eed7 figs-metaphor 0 a soft tongue can break a bone The word “tongue” is a metonym for the words the person speaks using the tongue. The word “bone” is a metaphor for strong opposition. Alternate translation: “gentle speech can overcome strong opposition” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 16 dc7b figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Verse 16 states a general principle, and verse 17 gives one specific example. The idea of eating too much honey and then vomiting it up is a metaphor for taking too much of any good thing and regretting it later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 18 r378 figs-simile 0 A man who bears false witness against his neighbor is like a club used in war, or a sword, or a sharp arrow A false witness is compared to three weapons that can hurt or kill people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 19 p8jx figs-simile 0 An unfaithful man in whom you trust in a time of trouble is like a bad tooth or a foot that slips A foolish man is compared to a part of the body that causes trouble for a person. Alternate translation: “Trusting in an unfaithful man in time of trouble will bring you pain like a bad tooth or a foot that slips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 20 j5q4 0 carbonate of soda This is a kind of mineral that hisses and bubbles violently when it comes into contact with acids like vinegar. Many translations translate this phrase as “a wound.” -PRO 25 20 ef6r figs-explicit 0 sings songs You may need to make explicit what kind of songs the singer sings. Alternate translation: “sings happy songs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 25 20 z9sh figs-synecdoche 0 a heavy heart The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “a sad person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 25 22 eb7p figs-idiom 0 shovel coals of fire on his head This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “cause him to have a guilty conscience and be ashamed of what he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 25 23 xj7i 0 the north wind In Israel, wind from the north often brought rain. Translators are free to substitute different kinds of wind for the same effect, for example, “a cold wind.” -PRO 25 23 z36v 0 a tongue that tells secrets Some versions read “someone who tells secrets.” -PRO 25 23 gn4t figs-synecdoche 0 result in angry faces The face is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “makes other people so angry you can see it in their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 25 24 siz4 figs-explicit 0 a corner of the roof Houses in those days had flat roofs. Ancient Israelites spent much time on their roofs, where it was often cooler than inside the house, and sometimes people would build a shelter large enough for a person to sleep in on one corner of the roof. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 25 24 urg5 0 a quarreling wife a wife who often argues or complains -PRO 25 25 p4p8 figs-simile 0 Like cold waters to one who is thirsty, so is good news from a far country Cold water is compared to good news that is both refreshing and delightful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 26 p3dy figs-simile 0 Like a fouled spring or a ruined fountain is a righteous person tottering before wicked people One expects a spring or fountain to have clear water, just as one expects a righteous man to stand for what he believes. A polluted spring or fountain is compared to a righteous man who falls. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 26 tiq8 figs-metaphor 0 tottering before wicked people Tottering is a metaphor for either: (1) refusing to fight wicked people or (2) joining in their wickedness. Alternate translation: “who allows wicked people to do wickedness” or “who starts to do what wicked people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 26 fe9h figs-metaphor 0 tottering This is a metaphor for being unable to continue to do good. Alternate translation: “unable to stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 25 26 e13r figs-idiom 0 before wicked people This could mean: (1) “when wicked people attack him” or (2) “when wicked people urge him to do evil.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 25 27 h7jf figs-simile 0 It is not good to eat too much honey; that is like searching for honor after honor. Both wanting others to honor you and eating honey are good, but you can eat too much honey, and you can try too hard to have people honor you. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 27 x6in figs-litotes 0 It is not good This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “It is a bad thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 25 27 ea11 0 that is like searching for honor after honor “that is like always thinking about how others should honor you.” The meaning of the original language is uncertain. Some versions of the Bible translate this as “that is like speaking too many compliments to people.” -PRO 25 28 gl3p figs-simile 0 A person without self-control is like a city breached and without walls. Both a person without self-control and a city without walls are weak and vulnerable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 25 28 jh45 0 breached and without walls “whose walls an army has knocked down and destroyed” -PRO 26 intro juh9 0 # Proverbs 26 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 26 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. Wisdom and folly are particularly prominent in this chapter.(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 26 1 w8yc figs-simile 0 Like snow in summer or rain in harvest Normally snow does not fall during the summer and rain does not fall during the harvest. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Just as it would be very strange to have snow in summer or rain during the harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 2 kdg7 figs-simile 0 so an undeserved curse does not alight A curse that does not harm a person is spoken of as if it were a bird that does not land. Alternate translation: “so an undeserved curse does not land on its mark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 2 mf19 figs-activepassive 0 an undeserved curse This can be stated with an active form. Alternate translation: “a curse on a person who does not deserve it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 26 2 t3fg 0 alight land on someone or something -PRO 26 3 v3b7 0 A whip is for the horse, a bridle is for the donkey and a rod is for the back of fools A whip, a bridle, and a rod are things that people use to make the horse, donkey, and fool do what they want. -PRO 26 3 le7r 0 a bridle is for the donkey A bridle is made of straps. People put it on a donkey’s head and hold one of the straps to make the donkey go the way they want it to go. -PRO 26 3 q1bg 0 a rod is for the back of fools In the Bible, people would hit their children or their slaves with a wooden rod in order to discipline them. -PRO 26 5 rz54 0 Answer a fool and join in on his folly Joining in on a fool’s folly when answering him represents answering him in a foolish way. Alternate translation: “Answer a fool according to his folly” or “Answer a fool foolishly” -PRO 26 5 q48w figs-metaphor 0 so he will not become wise in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “so that he will not become wise according to his judgement” or “so that he does not consider himself to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 6 ang1 figs-metonymy 0 Whoever sends a message by the hand of a fool Here the hand represents the fool’s responsibility to deliver the message. Alternate translation: “Whoever sends a fool to deliver a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 6 ife4 figs-metaphor 0 cuts off his own feet Cutting off one’s own feet is an exaggeration for harming one’s self. Alternate translation: “harms himself like a person who cuts off his own feet and drinks violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 26 6 a1zc figs-metaphor 0 drinks violence Violence is spoken of as if it were a poisonous liquid that someone might drink. Alternate translation: “harms himself by being violent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 7 h8yx figs-simile 0 Like the legs … is a proverb in the mouth of fools The phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is like the legs of a paralytic which hang down” or “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as useless as the legs of a paralytic which hang down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 7 m6mr 0 a paralytic a person who is unable to move or feel all or part of his body -PRO 26 7 nq9k figs-metonymy 0 in the mouth of fools Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 8 vhn4 figs-explicit 0 tying a stone in a sling In order to throw a stone very far, people put it into a sling and swing the sling so that the stone will fly from it very quickly. The result of tying a stone in a sling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tying a stone in a sling so that it cannot be thrown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 8 fy3g 0 giving honor to a fool “honoring a fool” -PRO 26 9 l82z figs-simile 0 Like a thorn … is a proverb in the mouth of fools How the two are alike can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “A proverb in the mouth of fools is as dangerous as a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 9 z794 figs-synecdoche 0 a thorn that goes into the hand of a drunkard This could mean: (1) if a drunk person holds a thornbush, a thorn will prick his hand, or (2) if a drunk person is angry, he will pick up a thornbush and swing it at people. For the second meaning, the word “thorn” represents a thornbush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 26 9 q3gg figs-metonymy 0 in the mouth of fools Here “mouth” is a metonym for speaking. Alternate translation: “in the speech of fools” or “that fools say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 10 lu8m 0 hires a fool “gives a job to a fool” -PRO 26 11 dgd2 0 As a dog returns to his own vomit “As a dog eats its own vomit” -PRO 26 12 cxr5 figs-rquestion 0 Do you see someone who is wise in his own eyes? This question is used to lead the reader to think about someone who is wise in his own eyes. The phrase “is wise in his own eyes” means “thinks he is wise,” and here it implies that the person is not truly wise. Alternate translation: “Consider the person who thinks he is wise but is not.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 12 n43z 0 There is more hope for a fool than for him “A fool can become wise more easily than he can” -PRO 26 13 y1yv 0 The lazy person says, “There is a lion … between the open places!” The lazy person lies and says that he cannot go outside and work because there is a lion on the road or between the open places. -PRO 26 13 xyz8 0 There is a lion on the road See how you translated this in [Proverbs 22:13](../22/13.md). -PRO 26 13 ufn8 0 the open places This refers to the places in town where there is a lot of room for people to walk around or where people gather. Alternate translation: “the town plazas” or “the streets” -PRO 26 14 bfi2 0 hinges metal pieces that attach a door to something and allow it to open and close -PRO 26 14 uv1d figs-simile 0 As the door turns on its hinges, so is the lazy person upon his bed Both the door and the lazy person move, but they do not go anywhere. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 15 j4ce 0 puts his hand into the dish “puts his hand into the dish to get food” or “reaches for food” -PRO 26 15 x6us figs-hyperbole 0 he has no strength to lift it up to his mouth This is an exaggeration for doing necessary work that would clearly do him good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 26 16 e6pb figs-metaphor 0 The lazy person is wiser in his own eyes than seven men The phrase “his own eyes” represents his thoughts. Alternate translation: “The lazy person thinks he is wiser than seven men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 17 xh36 figs-simile 0 Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog, is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own This can be reordered. Alternate translation: “A passerby who becomes angry at some other people’s dispute is like a person who grabs hold of a dog’s ears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 17 z69e figs-explicit 0 Like one who takes hold of the ears of a dog The implied information is that the dog will get angry and bite the person. Alternate translation: “Like a person who angers a dog by grabbing its ears” or “Like a person who grabs a dog’s ears and is bitten by the dog” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 17 ul2w figs-explicit 0 is a passerby who becomes angry at a dispute that is not his own The implied information is that the passerby will start arguing, and the people who were fighting will get angry with him and hurt him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 19 kd8e 0 the one who deceives Both the “madman” (Proverbs 26:18) and the one who deceives hurt people but do not take responsibility for it. -PRO 26 19 g1qd figs-rquestion 0 Was I not telling a joke? The deceiver uses this question to imply that since he his joke was only for fun, he should not be blamed for any harm he has caused. Alternate translation: “I did nothing wrong. I was only telling a joke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 20 ivv3 0 gossiper a person who gossips a lot -PRO 26 21 l2ug figs-explicit 0 As charcoal is to burning coals and wood is to fire What charcoal does to coals and what wood does to fire can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “As charcoal helps coals burn and as wood helps fire burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 21 ud8h figs-metaphor 0 kindling strife To kindle something means to set it on fire. Setting strife on fire is a metaphor for causing people to fight or argue. Alternate translation: “causing people to fight” or “causing people to argue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 22 ye74 figs-simile 0 The words of a gossip are like delicious morsels This speaks of gossip being desirable to listen to as if it were delicious food to eat. Alternate translation: “The words of a gossip are desirable to listen to” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 22 rb3s figs-metaphor 0 they go down into the inner parts of the body This speaks of the words that a gossip says going into a person’s mind and affecting his thoughts as if they were food that was going into his stomach. This sentence is equivalent to [Proverbs 18:8](../18/08.md). Alternate translation: “and they enter a person’s mind and affect his thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 23 i9mz figs-simile 0 Like the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel so are burning lips and an evil heart This simile means that a person who says things to hide the evil in their heart are like a earthen vessel covered in glaze to make it look good. These phrases can be reordered. Alternate translation: “People who have burning lips and an evil heart are like an earthen vessel covered with glaze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 26 23 ky5d 0 the glaze overlaying an earthen vessel “the shiny glaze that covers a clay pot.” A clay pot is cheap and common. So people covered it was a glaze to make it shiny and appear more expensive. -PRO 26 23 u5wy figs-synecdoche 0 so are burning lips and an evil heart This represents a person who has burning lips and an evil heart. Alternate translation: “so is a person who has burning lips and an evil heart” or “so is a person who says nice things but whose heart is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 26 23 s94p figs-metaphor 0 burning lips The word “burning” is a metaphor for “strongly emotional” and the word “lips” is a metonym for “speech.” Alternate translation: “emotional speech” or “saying nice things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 23 p5hf figs-metonymy 0 an evil heart The heart represents a person’s thoughts, attitudes, desires, or feelings. Alternate translation: “evil thoughts” or “evil desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 24 rhg2 figs-metaphor 0 disguises his feelings with his lips Disguising his feelings represents keeping people from knowing what his feelings are. The phrase “his lips” is a metonym for what he says. Alternate translation: “hides his feelings with what he says” or “speaks in such a way that people cannot know his true feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 26 24 qu8b figs-metaphor 0 he lays up deceit within himself Being deceitful is spoken of as if he were storing deceit within himself. Possible meanings are that “deceit” refers to lies. Alternate translation: (1) “he likes his many lies” or (2) deceit refers secret plans to harm people. Alternate translation: “he secretly plans to harm people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 25 f4gf 0 but do not believe him “but do not believe what he says” -PRO 26 25 q7ln figs-metaphor 0 for there are seven abominations in his heart The number seven represents completeness. This could mean: (1) “abominations” refers to attitudes that God hates. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hateful things” or (2) “abominations” refers to his hatred for people. Alternate translation: “for his heart is completely filled with hatred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 26 iv6j figs-activepassive 0 Though his hatred is covered with deception This can be stated actively. Alternate translation: “Though deception covers his hatred” or “Though he covers his hatred with deception” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 26 26 d99d figs-metaphor 0 Though his hatred is covered with deception Keeping people from knowing that he hates them is spoken of as covering his hatred. Alternate translation: “Though he lies to keep people from knowing that he hates them” or “Though he lies so that people will not know that he hates them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 26 slh6 figs-metaphor 0 his wickedness will be exposed in the assembly Being exposed represents being discovered or becoming known. Alternate translation: “his wickedness will become known in the assembly” or “the assembly will discover his wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 26 26 d2jn 0 the assembly “the community of Israel” -PRO 26 27 sg61 figs-explicit 0 Whoever digs a pit will fall into it It is implied that the person digs the pit as a trap so that someone will fall into it. Alternate translation: “Whoever digs a pit to trap someone will fall into it” or “If someone digs a pit in order to trap someone, the one who dug it will fall into it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 27 nj1w figs-explicit 0 the stone will roll back on the one who pushed it It is implied that the person pushed a large stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone there. Alternate translation: “if someone pushed a stone so that it would roll downhill and crush someone, the stone will roll back on him instead” or “if someone maked a stone roll so that it would hurt someone, the stone will crush him instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 26 28 wvw9 figs-synecdoche 0 A lying tongue hates the people it crushes The phrase “a lying tongue” represents a person who tells lies. Crushing people represents causing them trouble. Alternate translation: “A liar hates those he hurts by his lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 26 28 dfi2 figs-synecdoche 0 a flattering mouth brings about ruin The phrase “a flattering mouth” represents a person who flatters people. This could mean: (1) a person who flatters others causes trouble or (2) a person who flatters others ruins them (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 26 28 qp8a 0 flattering praising someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praising someone about things that are not true -PRO 27 intro ec7g 0 # Proverbs 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 27 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 27 1 f85w figs-explicit 0 Do not boast about tomorrow This is a warning not to brag about what you expect to happen tomorrow. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Do not speak proudly about your plans for tomorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 1 t368 figs-metaphor 0 what a day may bring Something happening on a certain day is spoken of as if the day were to bring that event. Alternate translation: “what will happen on a day” or “what will happen tomorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 2 cyj6 figs-ellipsis 0 and not your own mouth … and not your own lips The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. They can be repeated. Here a person is represented by his “mouth” and “lips” because those are the parts of the body used to speak. Alternate translation: “and do not let your own mouth praise you … and do not let your own lips praise you” or “and do not praise yourself … and do not praise yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 27 2 jhl7 figs-ellipsis 0 a stranger The words “let praise you” are understood from the first phrase. The words can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “let a stranger praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 27 3 snl3 figs-metaphor 0 the provocation of a fool is heavier than both The difficulty of being patient with a fool who provokes you is spoken of as if that difficulty were heavy. Alternate translation: “the provocation of a fool is harder to tolerate than either of them” or “It is harder to be patient when a fool provokes you than it is to be patient while carrying them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 3 hs8d 0 the provocation of a fool “the trouble caused by a fool.” “Provocation” means actions or words that cause anger or irritation. -PRO 27 4 j57v figs-abstractnouns 0 There is the cruelty of rage and the flood of anger, but who is able to stand before jealousy? The abstract nouns “rage”, “anger” and “jealousy” can be translated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “A raging person is cruel and an angry person is overwhelming, but who can stand before a jealous person?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 27 4 l3ui 0 cruelty “harshness” -PRO 27 4 srl1 figs-metaphor 0 the flood of anger “the destructiveness of anger.” Anger is spoken of here as if it were a powerful flood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 4 nh38 figs-rquestion 0 but who is able to stand before jealousy? This question implies that no one can stand before jealousy. It can be reworded as a statement. Alternate translation: “but no one is able to stand before jealousy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 27 4 inj9 figs-metaphor 0 to stand before jealousy Here standing represents being strong and resisting being harmed by a jealous person who attacks. Alternate translation: “to resist a jealous person” or “to remain strong when a jealous person attacks him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 5 yva8 figs-abstractnouns 0 Better is an open rebuke The abstract noun “rebuke” can be expressed with the verb “rebuke.” Alternate translation: “It is better to be openly rebuked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 27 5 pz3x figs-abstractnouns 0 than hidden love “than love that is not openly shown.” The abstract noun “love” can be translated as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “than to be loved secretly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 27 6 d5v5 figs-metaphor 0 Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend “The wounds that a friend causes are trustworthy.” The word “wounds” here represents the pain and sadness that a person feels when a friend rebukes or corrects him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 6 uw1k figs-metonymy 0 Faithful are the wounds caused by a friend The trustworthiness of a friend’s rebuke is spoken of as if the sadness that his rebuke causes is trustworthy. Alternate translation: “Though it causes sadness, a friend’s rebuke is trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 6 wzd4 figs-explicit 0 but an enemy may kiss you profusely It can be stated clearly that the enemy’s kisses are not trustworthy. Alternate translation: “but the enemy’s many kisses are not trustworthy” or “but an enemy may try to deceive you by kissing you profusely” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 6 d2u7 0 profusely “abundantly” or “too many times” -PRO 27 7 diy7 0 A person who has eaten to the full “A person who is satisfied” or “A person who has eaten enough to be full” -PRO 27 7 v4fr 0 rejects even a honeycomb A honeycomb would normally be desirable, but not to the person who has already eaten enough to be satisfied. -PRO 27 7 aj75 0 every bitter thing is sweet “everything that is bitter tastes sweet” -PRO 27 8 tmr6 figs-simile 0 Like a bird that wanders from its nest is a man who strays from where he lives The words “wanders” and “strays” mean the same thing in this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 27 9 p2m8 0 Perfume The word “perfume” here means a desirable oil or ointment. -PRO 27 9 zj6k figs-metonymy 0 make the heart rejoice Here “the heart” represents the feelings or emotions of a person. Alternate translation: “make a person feel joyful” or “make a person glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 9 fa3b figs-metaphor 0 the sweetness of a friend comes from his sincere counsel This could mean: (1) “sweetness” represents kindness. Alternate translation: “we recognize our friend’s kindness by his counsel” or (2) “sweetness” represents what we appreciate about a person. Alternate translation: “what we appreciate about a friend is his advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 10 c6gz 0 your brother’s house Here the word “brother” is a general reference to relatives, such as members of the same tribe, clan, or people group. -PRO 27 10 zin1 0 calamity extreme troubles and misfortune -PRO 27 11 v2t7 figs-metonymy 0 make my heart rejoice Here the “heart” represents the person’s feelings or emotions. Alternate translation: “make me feel joyful” or “make me glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 11 sv31 figs-explicit 0 then I will give back an answer to the one who mocks me Here “answer” does not mean to answer a question. It means to respond or to reply to someone who is mocking. How this relates to the clause before it can be made clear. AT “then I will reply to the one who mocks me by telling him about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 11 gm95 0 mocks makes fun of someone, especially in a cruel way -PRO 27 12 y47t 0 A prudent man sees trouble and hides himself, but the naive people go on and suffer because of it See how you translated a similar phrase in [Proverbs 22:3](../22/03.md). -PRO 27 12 jm89 0 A prudent man “A man who is wise” or “A man who has good sense” -PRO 27 12 j5th 0 the naive people “the inexperienced and immature people” -PRO 27 12 bv11 0 suffer experience something very unpleasant, such as illness, pain, or other hardships -PRO 27 13 l1r3 figs-explicit 0 Take a garment of one who has put up security for a stranger When lending money, a lender would take something from the borrower, such as a garment, as a guarantee of repayment. He would return it after the money was repaid. If the borrower was too poor, someone else could give something to the lender as a guarantee for him. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “Take a garment as security from the one who guarantees that what a stranger has borrowed will be paid back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 13 q6ci figs-idiom 0 who has put up security This means for someone to give something to a lender as a guarantee that what was borrowed will be paid. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “who has guaranteed that what has been borrowed will be paid back” or “who has promised to pay a loan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 27 13 gvg7 figs-idiom 0 hold it in pledge To “hold something in pledge” means to hold on to something that someone has given as a pledge, or promise, that he will pay a debt. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 20:16](../20/16.md). Alternate translation: “hold onto his coat as a guarantee of repayment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 27 14 xjs1 0 Whoever gives his neighbor a blessing “If anyone gives his neighbor a blessing” -PRO 27 14 z5ga figs-activepassive 0 that blessing will be considered to be a curse This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the neighbor will consider that blessing to be a curse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 27 15 bh2v 0 quarreling This means making people angry with each other or causing strong disagreements between people. -PRO 27 15 caj9 figs-explicit 0 the constant dripping The implied information is that it is rain that is constantly dripping. Alternate translation: “the constant dripping of rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 15 ldj6 0 a rainy day “a day of continual rain” -PRO 27 16 e46j figs-simile 0 restraining her is like restraining the wind, or trying to catch oil in your right hand The implied information is that it is as difficult or useless to try and restrain her as it is to try to restrain the wind or catch oil in your hand (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 16 tfg7 figs-explicit 0 restraining her “holding her back” or “keeping her under control.” The implied information is that it is trying to stop her from quarreling. Alternate translation: “restraining her from quarreling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 16 z86v 0 restraining the wind “holding back the wind” or “keeping the wind under control” -PRO 27 17 w3va figs-simile 0 Iron sharpens iron; in the same way, a man sharpens his friend. These two phrases are comparing how iron and a man can be improved. Alternate translation: “As iron can sharpen another piece of iron, so a man’s character is improved by contact with his friend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 27 18 gbr2 0 who tends “who takes care of” -PRO 27 18 d71d figs-activepassive 0 the one who protects his master will be honored This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a master will honor the one who protects him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 27 19 z68a figs-metonymy 0 a person’s heart Here this means a person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “what a person thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 20 nv5h translate-names 0 Abaddon This is a name that means “destroyer.” Alternate translation: “the Destroyer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PRO 27 20 c28l 0 are never satisfied “are never filled up” -PRO 27 20 q6ud figs-metonymy 0 a man’s eyes Here the “eyes” represent a man’s desires. Alternate translation: “a man’s desires” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 21 c4r4 figs-explicit 0 A crucible is for silver and a furnace is for gold This refers to how gold and silver are refined. A metal is refined by heating it to a high temperature so that it melts and the impurities may be removed. See how you translated the very similar phrase in [Proverbs 17:3](../17/03.md). Alternate translation: “A crucible is used to refine silver and a furnace is used to refine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 21 eg8j translate-unknown 0 crucible a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PRO 27 21 eza1 translate-unknown 0 furnace an oven that can be made extremely hot (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PRO 27 21 b7qd figs-activepassive 0 a person is tested when he is praised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when one praises a person, they are also testing that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 27 22 m5zv figs-metaphor 0 Even if you crush a fool … yet his foolishness will not leave him This means that even if a fool is made to suffer hardship or pain (being crushed is often a metaphor for suffering in Hebrew), he will remain foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 27 22 ir3k translate-unknown 0 pestle a hard tool with a rounded end, used for crushing things in a bowl (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PRO 27 23 ixh6 figs-parallelism 0 Be sure you know the condition of your flocks and be concerned about your herds These two phrases have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -PRO 27 23 de7k 0 your flocks “flocks of sheep” -PRO 27 23 b9bu 0 your herds “herds of goats” -PRO 27 24 v1t6 figs-rquestion 0 Does a crown endure for all generations? This question expects a negative answer to make the point that the reign of earthly rulers does not last forever. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “A crown does not endure for all generations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 27 24 gu92 figs-metonymy 0 a crown Here “crown” is a metonym for a king’s rule over his kingdom. Alternate translation: “a king’s rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 27 25 n1ai 0 the new growth appears “the new sprouts appear” or “the new grass starts to grow” -PRO 27 26 ra5w 0 Connecting Statement: Verses 26 and 27 go together with verses 23 to 25 as one proverb. -PRO 27 26 dar8 figs-explicit 0 Those lambs will provide your clothing The implied information is that the wool (hair) from the lambs can be used to make clothing. Alternate translation: “The lambs’ wool will provide you with clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 26 j2vp figs-explicit 0 the goats will provide the price of the field The implied information is that the money received by selling the goats will be enough to buy a field. Alternate translation: “selling your goats will provide the price of the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 27 q28m figs-explicit 0 nourishment for your servant girls The implied information is that there will also be enough goats’ milk to feed the servant girls. Alternate translation: “there will be goat’s milk to nourish your servant girls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 27 27 xjw4 0 nourishment “food” -PRO 28 intro g91u 0 # Proverbs 28 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 28 continues the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 28 2 b4c7 figs-abstractnouns 0 Because of the transgression of a land The abstract noun “transgression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Because of how a land transgresses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 2 qks4 figs-metonymy 0 the transgression of a land This is a metonym for the sins of the people living in a land. Alternate translation: “the transgression of the people of a land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 28 2 ivf7 figs-explicit 0 with a man of understanding and knowledge The implied information is that this man is a ruler or leader. The abstract nouns “understanding” and “knowledge” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “with a man who understands and knows how to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 3 tx2c 0 who oppresses “who severely mistreats” -PRO 28 3 pb4k figs-simile 0 like a beating rain that leaves no food The poor man who oppresses other poor people is compared to a rain that falls so hard that it leaves no crop to harvest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 28 3 p9vx figs-metaphor 0 beating rain This is a metaphor for a rain coming down hard enough to cause crops to be driven down. Alternate translation: “damaging rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 4 z1ah 0 forsake the law “forsake God’s law” -PRO 28 4 j98f figs-metaphor 0 those who keep the law To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “those who obey God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 4 whf7 figs-metaphor 0 fight against them “struggle against them.” This means to strongly oppose or resist them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 5 pi7r figs-gendernotations 0 Evil men Here “men” means people in general. Alternate translation: “People who do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -PRO 28 5 t38q figs-abstractnouns 0 do not understand justice The abstract noun “justice” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “do not understand what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 5 k5mh figs-metaphor 0 those who seek Yahweh Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 5 ru6t figs-explicit 0 understand everything The implied information is that those who seek Yahweh understand all about justice. Alternate translation: “completely understand what is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 28 6 q4ty 0 It is better for a poor person … than for a rich person “It is better to be a poor person … than it is to be a rich person” -PRO 28 6 pfi9 figs-metaphor 0 walks in his integrity This represents a person living a life of integrity. The abstract noun “integrity” can be expressed as an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 6 jdf4 figs-metaphor 0 who is crooked in his ways Rich people who are dishonest are spoken of as if they walk on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “who is not honest in what he does” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 7 b5pv figs-metaphor 0 He who keeps the law To “keep the law” means to do what God’s law requires. Alternate translation: “He who obeys God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 7 h42h figs-abstractnouns 0 a son who has understanding The abstract noun “understanding” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “a son who understands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 7 rh6n 0 of gluttons “of people who eat too much.” A “glutton” is a person who often eats and drinks excessively. -PRO 28 7 q9hm 0 shames his father “puts his father to shame” or “dishonors his father” -PRO 28 8 uef7 0 makes his fortune “increases his wealth” -PRO 28 8 i36g 0 charging too much interest “charging extra money to borrow” -PRO 28 8 tj5f 0 interest money paid by a borrower for the use of someone else’s money -PRO 28 8 xz6i 0 gathers his wealth “brings his wealth together” -PRO 28 8 e1qz 0 for another “for another person” -PRO 28 8 s7xf 0 pity a strong feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone -PRO 28 9 w428 0 If one “If a person” -PRO 28 9 s7cf figs-synecdoche 0 turns away his ear from hearing the law This represents the whole person turning away from and rejecting God’s law. Alternate translation: “turns away from hearing and obeying the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 28 9 ztw6 figs-activepassive 0 even his prayer is detestable “even his prayer is offensive to God.” This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “God detests even his prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 9 a3bi 0 detestable See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). -PRO 28 10 hgy2 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever misleads the upright into an evil way This is a metaphor for leading upright people in an evil direction. Alternate translation: “Whoever causes the upright to go in an evil direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 10 pv8z 0 Whoever misleads … evil way will fall “If anyone misleads … evil way, he will fall” -PRO 28 10 m6rz figs-nominaladj 0 the upright This refers to upright persons in general. Alternate translation: “upright persons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 28 10 tw7h figs-metaphor 0 will fall into his own pit “will fall into the trap that he has dug.” This is a metaphor for ending up in the same bad place as others had been led toward. Alternate translation: “will end up in the same evil place toward which he guided other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 10 yg55 figs-nominaladj 0 the blameless This refers to blameless persons in general. Alternate translation: “blameless persons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 28 10 w756 0 will have a good inheritance “will inherit what is good” -PRO 28 11 eg7v figs-metaphor 0 be wise in his own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “be wise in his own thoughts” or “think he is wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 11 pj9j figs-abstractnouns 0 who has understanding The abstract noun “understanding” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “who understands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 11 ynr5 figs-idiom 0 will find him out This is an idiom that means the poor person will be able to determine whether or not the rich person is really wise. Alternate translation: “will see his true nature” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 12 qew3 0 When the righteous triumph “When righteous people succeed” -PRO 28 12 zkn5 figs-idiom 0 when the wicked arise This is an idiom that means when the wicked gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “when the wicked rise to power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 12 emq6 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people in general. Alternate translation: “wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 28 12 g949 figs-explicit 0 people are sought out You may need to make explicit that those who “are sought out” have hidden themselves to escape from the wicked. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they seek people out” or “they seek out the people who hide from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 13 h8gm figs-metaphor 0 hides his sins “covers his sins.” This is the opposite of confessing and forsaking sins, and is spoken of as covering sins rather than bringing them into the open (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 13 e7kw 0 will not prosper “will not succeed” or “will not advance” -PRO 28 13 m9fz figs-activepassive 0 the one who confesses them and forsakes them will be shown mercy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will show mercy to the one who confesses and forsakes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 14 nh5t figs-activepassive 0 The one who always lives with reverence is blessed This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who always lives with reverence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 14 ffn2 figs-abstractnouns 0 lives with reverence The abstract noun “reverence” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “lives a reverent life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 14 ijf7 0 reverence This refers to deeply respecting Yahweh and showing that respect by obeying him. -PRO 28 14 ymm8 0 whoever hardens his heart “the one who hardens his heart” -PRO 28 14 ebu1 figs-idiom 0 hardens his heart This is an idiom that means to be stubborn or unwilling to obey God. Alternate translation: “refuses to obey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 14 l7ee figs-metaphor 0 will fall into trouble This represents ending up in misery and distress. Alternate translation: “will end up in trouble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 15 z8ti figs-simile 0 Like a roaring lion or a charging bear is a wicked ruler over poor people Poor people who are helpless against an evil ruler are compared to people who have a lion roaring at them or a bear attacking them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -PRO 28 15 x5l1 translate-unknown 0 a charging bear A bear is a large, furry, dangerous animal that walks on four legs and has sharp claws and teeth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -PRO 28 16 et9j figs-abstractnouns 0 The ruler who lacks understanding The abstract noun “understanding” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “The ruler who does not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 16 az95 0 oppressor a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult -PRO 28 16 lv7n figs-abstractnouns 0 the one who hates dishonesty The abstract noun “dishonesty” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “the one who hates being dishonest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 16 eae9 figs-idiom 0 prolong his days This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means his living for more time. Alternate translation: “live longer” or (2) this is an idiom that means extending the length of his reign. Alternate translation: “rule for a longer time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 17 rm8g figs-metonymy 0 he has shed someone’s blood Here “blood” represents a person’s life. To “shed blood” means to murder someone. Alternate translation: “he has killed someone” or “he has murdered someone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 28 17 v592 0 fugitive a person who is running away to avoid being captured -PRO 28 17 iz6w figs-idiom 0 until death “until he dies.” This means for the rest of his life. Alternate translation: “all of his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 18 nhr1 figs-activepassive 0 Whoever walks with integrity will be kept safe This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God will keep safe anyone who walks with integrity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 18 u4m5 0 Whoever “Anyone who” -PRO 28 18 f45f figs-metaphor 0 walks with integrity This represents a person living a life of integrity. The abstract noun “integrity” can be expressed as an adverb. Alternate translation: “walks honestly” or “lives honestly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 18 kvc6 figs-metaphor 0 the one whose way is crooked A dishonest person is spoken of as if he walks on crooked or twisted paths. Alternate translation: “the one who does not live honestly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 18 x79a figs-metaphor 0 will suddenly fall What will happen to a dishonest person is spoken of as if he suddenly fell down. Alternate translation: “will suddenly be ruined” or “will suddenly perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 19 dlk7 0 works his land This means to till, sow, and care for his crops. -PRO 28 19 uq9z 0 whoever follows “anyone who follows” -PRO 28 19 t64p figs-idiom 0 follows worthless pursuits “chases after worthless projects.” The person who is busy doing things that do not produce anything is spoken of as chasing after useless things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 19 b8y8 figs-irony 0 will have plenty of poverty The person following worthless pursuits is spoken of as getting the opposite of plenty of food. The abstract noun “poverty” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “will be very poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 20 ix4q figs-litotes 0 the one who gets rich quickly will not go unpunished The double negative “will not go unpunished” is used for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will certainly punish the one who gets rich quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 20 nt6p figs-explicit 0 the one who gets rich quickly The implied information is that this person gains wealth by unfaithful or dishonest means. Alternate translation: “the one who tries to get rich quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 28 21 kg9c figs-hyperbole 0 for a piece of bread a man will do wrong “A piece of bread” here is an exaggeration for a very small bribe or reward. Alternate translation: “a man will sin for very little gain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 28 21 phu7 0 do wrong “sin” -PRO 28 22 v63d 0 A stingy man “A selfish man.” This is a person who does not like to share his possessions or spend money. -PRO 28 22 f7a8 figs-idiom 0 hurries after riches The stingy man is spoken of as if he was chasing after wealth. Alternate translation: “is greedy for riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 22 mz2h figs-idiom 0 poverty will come upon him The result of being stingy is spoken of as if poverty was overtaking the stingy person. The abstract noun “poverty” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he will suddenly become poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 23 sr8r figs-activepassive 0 Whoever disciplines someone, afterward will find more favor from him than from the one who flatters him with his tongue This can be stated in active form, with the abstract noun “favor” being expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “A person will favor the one who disciplines him more than he favors the person who flatters him with his tongue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 28 23 q2x8 0 Whoever disciplines “If a person disciplines” -PRO 28 23 hi86 0 disciplines trains people to obey a set of guidelines for moral behavior -PRO 28 23 k6hl figs-metonymy 0 flatters him with his tongue The tongue here represents speaking. Alternate translation: “flatters him with words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 28 23 l9i1 0 flatters praises someone in a manner that is not sincere, or praises someone about things that are not true -PRO 28 24 xcp2 0 Whoever robs “The one who robs” -PRO 28 24 qt94 figs-quotations 0 says, “That is no sin,” he This can be expressed as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “says that it is not a sin, he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -PRO 28 24 ie7m figs-idiom 0 the companion of Possible meanings are: (1) “the friend of” or (2) an idiom that means having the same character as. Alternate translation: “the same kind of person as” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 25 e3ce 0 A greedy man a person who selfishly wants more things, money or food than what he needs -PRO 28 25 bkj4 figs-metaphor 0 stirs up conflict The action of the greedy man is spoken of as if he were stirring up or awakening conflict. Alternate translation: “causes conflict” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 28 26 pnc4 figs-synecdoche 0 One who trusts in his own heart Depending on one’s self is spoken of as trusting in one’s own heart. Alternate translation: “The person who relies on himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 28 26 dyj3 0 whoever walks “any person who walks” -PRO 28 26 g7hy figs-idiom 0 walks in wisdom This could mean: (1) this is an idiom that means to live wisely. Alternate translation: “lives wisely” or (2) this is an idiom that means to follow the teachings of wise people. Alternate translation: “follows wise teachings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 27 yhn4 0 The one “The person” -PRO 28 27 y6e6 figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -PRO 28 27 iwx5 figs-litotes 0 lack nothing This double negative is used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “have everything they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 28 27 ykd8 figs-activepassive 0 whoever closes his eyes to them will receive many curses This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) they will receive many curses from the poor. Alternate translation: “the poor will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to them” or (2) they will receive many curses from people in general. Alternate translation: “people will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” or (3) they will receive many curses from God. Alternate translation: “God will give many curses to whoever closes his eyes to the poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 28 27 cgl4 0 whoever closes “anyone who closes” -PRO 28 27 x8x1 figs-metonymy 0 closes his eyes to Closing the eyes represents not responding to the needs of the poor. Alternate translation: “ignores” or “chooses not to help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 28 28 ku38 figs-idiom 0 When the wicked arise This is an idiom that means when wicked people gain power or start to rule. Alternate translation: “When wicked people rise to power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 28 28 xc51 figs-hyperbole 0 people hide themselves This is an exaggeration for doing everything they can to avoid having wicked people harm them. Alternate translation: “people go into hiding” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -PRO 28 28 vjp8 0 perish This could mean: (1) “go away” or (2) “fall from power” or (3) “are destroyed.” -PRO 28 28 pd87 0 increase This could mean: (1) “multiply” or (2) “rise to power.” -PRO 29 intro pkl4 0 # Proverbs 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 29 concludes the second section of the book (Chapter 25-29) which is attributed to Solomon.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Themes

There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 29 1 rl7a figs-metaphor 0 who stiffens his neck A person becoming stubborn is spoken of as if he stiffens his neck. Alternate translation: “who becomes stubborn” or “who refuses to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 1 nb5z figs-activepassive 0 will be broken in a moment This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will suddenly break him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 1 y5ft figs-metaphor 0 beyond healing “and no one will be able to heal him.” Sickness is a metaphor for any kind of bad situation. Alternate translation: “and no one will be able to help him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 2 w7r2 figs-metonymy 0 the people sigh The people let out long, loud breaths that show that they are weary and sad. Alternate translation: “the people will be weary and sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 29 4 v6du figs-abstractnouns 0 by justice The abstract noun “justice” can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “by doing what is just” or “by making just laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 29 5 x5x6 0 flatters his neighbor knowingly tells his neighbor things that are not true so that the neighbor will do what the speaker wants him to do -PRO 29 5 udx2 figs-metaphor 0 spreading a net for his feet The writer compares the flattery of a person to setting that person up to being caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “setting a trap to catch that person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 6 k8iq figs-idiom 0 In the sin of an evil person is a trap When an evil person sins, it is as if he is stepping into a trap. He desires to do evil to other people, but God will use what he does to punish him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 8 g91s figs-metonymy 0 set a city on fire Here the word “city” represents the people who live in the city. Mockers causing the people to experience turmoil and possibly to become violent is spoken of as if they set the city on fire. Alternate translation: “create turmoil for the people of a city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 8 vcu6 figs-idiom 0 turn away wrath This idiom means to cause angry people no longer to be angry. Alternate translation: “calm the wrath of angry people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 9 el5g 0 has an argument with Another possible meaning is “goes to court against.” -PRO 29 9 tzx7 0 he rages and laughs The fool becomes very angry and tries to keep the wise person from speaking or the court judge from judging. -PRO 29 9 kn5t 0 rages This means to be loud and excited and to move with powerful movements like a strong storm. This is a negative word. -PRO 29 9 qmv5 0 there will be no rest “they will not be able to settle the problem” -PRO 29 10 jbu4 figs-idiom 0 seek the life of This idiom means to “want to kill.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 12 ui7k 0 pays attention “listens.” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 17:4](../17/04.md). -PRO 29 12 b9es figs-metaphor 0 all his officials will be wicked The actions of the ruler are spoken of by stating the result they will cause. Alternate translation: “it is as if he is teaching his officials to be wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 13 f56w 0 oppressor a person who treats people harshly and makes their lives very difficult -PRO 29 13 psq6 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh gives light to the eyes of them both This idiom means “Yahweh makes both of them alive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 14 x486 figs-metonymy 0 his throne The throne is a metonym for the kingdom he rules from his throne. Alternate translation: “his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 29 15 ybi8 figs-personification 0 The rod and reproof give wisdom The writer speaks as if a rod and reproof were people who could give wisdom as a physical gift. Alternate translation: “If a parent uses the rod on his child and reproves him, the child will become wise” or “If parents discipline their child and tell him when he has done wrong, the child will learn to live wisely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 29 15 p19z figs-metonymy 0 The rod Parents in Israel used wooden rods as instruments to discipline children by striking them. Alternate translation: “discipline” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 29 15 m43w 0 reproof When a person gives reproof to another person, or reproves that person, he tells that person that he does not approve of what that other person is doing. -PRO 29 16 th5t figs-abstractnouns 0 transgression increases The abstract noun “transgression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “more people will transgress and their sins will become worse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 29 16 ha78 figs-abstractnouns 0 the downfall of those wicked people The abstract noun “downfall” can be translated with the verb “fall,” which is a metaphor for losing the power to rule. Alternate translation: “those wicked people fall” or “those wicked people lose their power to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 18 s41b figs-activepassive 0 the one who keeps the law is blessed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will bless the one who keeps the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 19 kl1y figs-activepassive 0 A slave will not be corrected by words This can be translated in active form.”You will not be able to correct a slave simply by talking to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 20 qfr9 figs-rquestion 0 See a man who is hasty in his words? The writer is using a question to get the reader’s attention. Alternate translation: “You should notice what happens to a man who is hasty in his words.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 29 21 k1j6 0 who pampers his slave “who allows his slave to avoid work and who treats his slave better than he treats other slaves” -PRO 29 21 qas4 0 at the end of it “at the end of the slave’s youth” or “when the slave is grown” -PRO 29 21 qs95 0 there will be trouble These words translate a Hebrew word whose meaning no one knows for sure. Some understand it to mean that the slave will be weak, others that the slave will rule the household. -PRO 29 22 s7ha figs-metaphor 0 stirs up strife Causing people to argue more is spoken of as if it were stirring up or awakening arguments. The abstract noun “strife” can be stated as “argue.” See how you translated similar words in [Proverbs 15:18](../15/18.md). Alternate translation: “causes people to argue more” or “causes people to argue and fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 29 22 ad7m figs-idiom 0 a master of rage This idiom means “a person who becomes angry easily.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 29 23 z268 figs-activepassive 0 one who has a humble spirit will be given honor This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “men will give honor to a person who has a humble spirit” or “a person who has a humble spirit will receive honor from men” or “Yahweh will cause men to honor a person who has a humble spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 24 jpz1 0 hates his own life “becomes his own enemy” -PRO 29 24 ej5k figs-explicit 0 he hears the curse and says nothing This could mean: (1) people have put the “one who shares with a thief” under oath to tell the truth about what he knows about what the thief stole, and he knows he will be punished if he tells the truth. Alternate translation: “he does not dare to testify under oath” or (2) people do not know who the thief is but they call on God to curse the thief, and the “one who shares” is afraid to confess and so come out from under the curse because he is afraid of the thief. Alternate translation: “he says nothing even after people have cursed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 29 25 t7d5 figs-metaphor 0 The fear of man makes a snare Being afraid of what other people might do is spoken of as stepping into a trap. Alternate translation: “Anyone who is afraid of what other people might do to him is like a person who has become snared in a trap” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 29 25 k5l2 0 a snare a trap that catches animals with ropes -PRO 29 25 t3gk figs-activepassive 0 the one who trusts in Yahweh will be protected This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect the one who trusts in him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 29 26 sa3k figs-metonymy 0 Many are those who seek the face of the ruler The word “face” is a metonym for the ruler listening to people telling him what they want him to do and then doing it. Alternate translation: “Many people want their ruler to pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 29 26 w96b figs-abstractnouns 0 from Yahweh is justice for a person It is Yahweh, not human rulers, who will see that people treat a person justly. The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as “just.” Alternate translation: “it is Yahweh who is truly just towards a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 29 27 c4s9 0 detestable a person who should be hated. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 3:32](../03/32.md). -PRO 30 intro aud8 0 # Proverbs 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 30 is a chapter in Proverbs attributed to Agur, who is a person otherwise unknown.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Agur

His full title is Agur, Son of Jakeh. Agur comes from a Hebrew word that means “gatherer” and so some scholars believe this is not a real name, but possibly a way of referring to Solomon as a gatherer of proverbs. However, it is still prudent to simply use this as a name.

### Three things and four

From verses 15 through 32, the author uses a specific technique to explain some things. He says there are three things and even four and lists items that exemplify a feature like “small and yet wise.” The numbering is not meant to be so literal, but as a memory device that introduces the items. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 30 1 u8l9 translate-names 0 Agur … Jakeh … Ithiel … Ucal These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -PRO 30 1 v8qt 0 Agur son of Jakeh This is the literal son of Jakeh, not a grandchild. -PRO 30 1 ic3d 0 the utterance “the message” -PRO 30 1 y7qf 0 to Ithiel, to Ithiel and Ucal “to Ithiel—that is, to Ithiel and Ucal” -PRO 30 2 n4d9 0 Surely “Certainly” or “There is no doubt that” -PRO 30 2 ij38 figs-abstractnouns 0 I do not have the understanding of a human being The abstract noun “understanding” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I do not understand anything the way human beings are supposed to understand them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 30 3 ln5f figs-abstractnouns 0 nor do I have knowledge of the Holy One The abstract noun “knowledge” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “nor do I really know anything about the Holy One” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 30 4 kw1a figs-rquestion 0 Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? The writer asks these questions to get the reader thinking about how much greater Yahweh is than people. Alternate translation: “No person has ever … down. No person has ever … hands. No person has ever … cloak. No person has ever … earth.” or “Who has … down? Who has … hands? Who has … cloak? Who has … earth? No one has ever done any of these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 30 4 eb1b 0 heaven where God lives -PRO 30 4 bz7z figs-metaphor 0 gathered up the wind in the hollow of his hands The writer speaks of the wind as if it were something that a person could catch and hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “has caught the wind in his hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 4 g4i7 0 the hollow of his hands the way his hands are shaped when he is scooping up, for example, water or sand. “his cupped hands” -PRO 30 4 l4kf 0 gathered up brought small scattered objects into a pile so they can be lifted -PRO 30 4 rce5 0 has established all the ends of the earth “has set up the limits for where the earth ends” or “has marked the boundaries for the ends of the earth” -PRO 30 4 t7g1 figs-rquestion 0 What is his name, and what is the name of his son? The writer uses these questions to command the reader to give an answer. Alternate translation: “Tell me his name and the name of his son, if you know them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 30 4 jv39 figs-irony 0 Surely you know! The writer uses irony to show that neither he nor the reader know any person who can do what the “who” in the earlier questions can do. Alternate translation: “I do not think you really know anyone who can do those things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -PRO 30 5 mna2 figs-metaphor 0 is tested Words are spoken of as if they were metals that need someone to clean the bad parts out of them. Alternate translation: “is like a precious metal from which someone has removed all the useless material” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 30 5 u15z figs-metaphor 0 he is a shield to those who take refuge in him The word “shield” is a metaphor for something that protects a person. Alternate translation: “he protects those who come and ask him to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 6 lu63 0 add to his words say more than he has said -PRO 30 6 e39x figs-activepassive 0 you will be proved to be This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will prove that you are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 8 v3d5 figs-metaphor 0 Put vanity and lies far away from me This could mean: (1) “Do not allow people to speak vanity and lies to me” or (2) “Do not allow me to speak vanity and lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 8 jw32 0 vanity false, useless words -PRO 30 8 wk6q figs-metaphor 0 Give me neither poverty nor riches The writer speaks as if “poverty” and “riches” were physical objects that someone could give to another. They are also abstract nouns that can be stated as “poor” and “rich.” Alternate translation: “Do not allow me to be either very poor or very rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 30 9 vrk2 figs-hypo 0 if I have too much, I might deny you and say This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes rich. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PRO 30 9 t24i figs-hypo 0 if I become poor, I might steal and profane This describes a hypothetical situation that has not happened but is possible if the writer becomes poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -PRO 30 9 f4ah 0 I might steal and profane the name of my God “I might make people who know that I have stolen things think that there is no God” or “I might harm God’s reputation by stealing” -PRO 30 10 rz4a 0 slander speak falsely about another person with the desire to harm him -PRO 30 10 ycc9 0 he will curse “the servant will curse” -PRO 30 10 u5fu figs-activepassive 0 you will be held guilty This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will hold you guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 11 sz6e 0 a generation that curses … and does not bless “a generation of people who curse … and do not bless” -PRO 30 11 z4bb 0 generation type or class or group -PRO 30 12 h8cq 0 a generation that is “a generation of people that are” -PRO 30 12 dp6p figs-metaphor 0 is pure in their own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “considers themselves pure” or “believes they are pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 12 re7r figs-metaphor 0 they are not washed of their filth The words “washed” and “filth” speak of God forgiving people who sin as if he were washing physical filth off of the people. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has not forgiven them of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 12 fyp5 0 filth This should be translated with a polite term that includes human or animal vomit and waste. -PRO 30 13 ey4d figs-metonymy 0 eyes are raised up … their eyelids lifted up This describes people who think that they are better than other people. Their eyes show that they are proud, and the way they look at others shows that they think they are better than those other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 30 14 zca7 figs-metaphor 0 There is a generation whose teeth are swords, and their jawbones are like knives, so they may devour the poor … and the needy The people of the generation who speak very harmful things is spoken of as if they were wild animals with teeth and jawbones made of swords and knives, and they eat the poor and needy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 14 z22j 0 jawbones the bones of the face where teeth grow -PRO 30 15 yr92 figs-metaphor 0 The leech has two daughters This is an example of something that always wants more. Alternate translation: “Greed has two daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 15 ik61 0 leech a type of worm that attaches itself to the skin and sucks blood -PRO 30 15 n8v6 0 “Give and give” they cry Another possible meaning is “and they are both named Give Me.” -PRO 30 15 snu6 writing-poetry 0 There are three things that are never satisfied, four that never say, “Enough” This use of the numbers “three” and “four” together here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are four things that are never satisfied, who never say, ‘Enough’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]]) -PRO 30 15 xlu4 figs-litotes 0 are never satisfied This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “always want more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 30 16 d8p5 figs-personification 0 land that is never satisfied with water Land that is no longer producing food because there has been no rain is spoken of as if it were a person who does not have enough water to drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -PRO 30 17 hr1j figs-abstractnouns 0 scorns obedience to a mother The word “obedience” is a metonym for the mother herself. It is also an abstract noun that can be stated as “obey.” Alternate translation: “considers his mother worthless and will not obey her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 30 17 pr2u 0 his eyes … the vultures The writer says that the person will die by giving two pictures of what happens to people who die away from where people live. -PRO 30 17 l9a8 figs-activepassive 0 his eyes will be pecked out by the ravens of the valley This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the ravens of the valley will peck out his eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 17 x3vs 0 ravens large, shiny, black birds that eat plants and dead animals -PRO 30 17 sxz9 figs-activepassive 0 he will be eaten by the vultures This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the vultures will eat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 17 k8je 0 vultures any one of several large birds that eat dead animals and have small, featherless heads -PRO 30 18 njh2 0 There are three things that are … four that I do not understand: The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that are too wonderful for me that I do not understand—four of them are:” -PRO 30 19 u9rp figs-metaphor 0 in the heart of the sea The “heart” refers to the middle. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” or “on the open sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 20 h26k figs-euphemism 0 she eats and she wipes her mouth This seems to be both a euphemism and a metaphor for committing adultery and then taking a bath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 30 21 s3e3 0 Under three things the earth trembles, and under four it cannot bear up The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. “There are some things that make the earth tremble, that it cannot endure. Four of these are:” -PRO 30 22 xv9v figs-activepassive 0 a fool when he is filled with food This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a fool who has had enough to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 23 l8m1 figs-activepassive 0 a hated woman when she marries That is, people rightly hated her before she married; once she marries, she will be worse than she was before she married. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a woman whom good people have hated when she marries” or “an outcast woman when she marries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 30 23 dwd5 0 takes the place of her mistress rules the household -PRO 30 26 p11p 0 rock badgers an animal with small, rounded ears, short legs, and no tail -PRO 30 28 l4zb 0 lizard a small reptile that has four legs, a long, slender body, and a tail -PRO 30 29 u31f 0 There are three things that are … four that are stately in how they walk The use of the numbers “three” and “four” here is likely a poetic device. Alternate translation: “There are some things that walk stately. Four of these are” -PRO 30 29 dc44 0 stately majestic or dignified, like a king -PRO 30 31 e3z8 0 strutting rooster an adult male chicken that walks proudly -PRO 30 33 kgm4 0 churning strongly stirring -PRO 30 33 nj7p 0 butter Animal milk that someone has stirred and made thick. -PRO 31 intro dd9p 0 # Proverbs 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Chapter 31 begins with 9 verses from King Lemuel. The last portion of this chapter is a poem about a godly wife. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]])

### King Lemuel

This person is unknown in Scripture, other than here. It is important to recognize that the words in this chapter are words of his mother addressed to him. They are formed like advice of a mother to her son.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### An acrostic poem

Verse 10 through 31 is tightly formed as a poem in the original language. There are 22 lines in the Hebrew language that each begin with a successive letter of the alphabet. However, each language will have a different set of letters. Therefore, it is important to realize this was a single composition with a single theme of a noble or godly wife.

### Themes
There are individual proverbs that run along common themes, often including contrasting elements: wise/foolish, money, lazy/diligent, truth telling, wicked/righteous, sluggard, pride/humility, integrity/crookedness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/foolish]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]]) -PRO 31 2 nw5l figs-rquestion 0 What, my son? What is it, son of my womb? What do you want, son of my vows? The rhetorical question **What** could mean: (1) “What are you doing?” or “You should not be doing what you are doing” or (2) “What shall I tell you?” or “Listen to what I am telling you” or (3) “Do not do the things I am about to warn you against.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 31 2 ag7f 0 my son … son of my womb … son of my vows The speaker wants the hearer to notice carefully and to respect the one who is talking to him. -PRO 31 2 ye5f 0 son of my womb The womb is a synecdoche for the person. It is best to use a polite term for the body part in which babies grow before they are born. -PRO 31 2 p2hh 0 son of my vows Here, **vows** could mean: (1) the mother’s marriage vows or (2) a vow after she married that if God allowed her to have a child she would dedicate him to God. -PRO 31 3 irw8 0 Do not give your strength to women “Do not work hard trying to have sex with women,” either outside of marriage or with concubines. -PRO 31 3 tuq5 0 or your ways to those who destroy kings “or allow those who destroy kings to advise you” -PRO 31 3 j3yt 0 your ways This could mean: (1) “the way you live your life” or (2) “the work you do” -PRO 31 3 v8um 0 those who destroy kings probably the immoral “women” to whom he is not to give his strength -PRO 31 4 s8mw 0 Lemuel This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:1](../31/01.md). -PRO 31 5 ex8n figs-activepassive 0 what has been decreed This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “what God has decreed” or (2) “what the kings themselves have decreed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 31 5 w2jv 0 pervert the rights of all the afflicted “deny afflicted people their legal rights” -PRO 31 5 y3ds 0 pervert exchange good for evil -PRO 31 5 mdn6 0 all the afflicted “all those people whom others wrongfully harm” -PRO 31 6 q63s figs-ellipsis 0 and wine The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “and give wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 31 6 i7g7 0 in bitter distress “who’s souls are bitter” or “who are in misery” -PRO 31 7 f15v figs-abstractnouns 0 his poverty The abstract noun “poverty” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “how poor he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 7 cb4b figs-abstractnouns 0 his trouble The abstract noun “trouble” can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: “the bad things that are happening to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 8 r3tl figs-idiom 0 Speak for those who cannot speak Speaking is a metonym for using words to defend innocent people. Alternate translation: “Defend those who cannot defend themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 31 8 mxp7 figs-metonymy 0 for the causes of all who are perishing The cause represents the person whose cause it is. Alternate translation: “so that people will treat all who are perishing justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 8 e1y9 figs-ellipsis 0 for the causes The ellipsis can be filled in. Alternate translation: “speak for the causes” or “speak out for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -PRO 31 9 yc2m figs-doublet 0 poor and needy people These two words have basically the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “people who are poor and cannot get the things that they need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -PRO 31 10 ufh2 figs-rquestion 0 Who can find a capable wife? The writer asks a question to show that he is beginning a new section. Alternate translation: “Not many men can find a capable wife.” or “Not many men can find a wife who is able to do many things well.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -PRO 31 10 v97s 0 Her value is far more than jewels “She is more precious than jewels” -PRO 31 11 i7un figs-litotes 0 he will never be poor This litotes can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always have what he needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -PRO 31 13 usy5 0 wool sheep’s hair that is used to make cloth -PRO 31 13 xs1v 0 flax a plant whose fiber is used to make linen -PRO 31 13 n9qr 0 with the delight of her hands Possible meanings are that the word **delight** describes: (1) how she feels as she works, “gladly with her hands,” or (2) how she feels about the wool and flax, “with her hands on things that she enjoys working with” -PRO 31 14 h984 0 merchant someone who buys and sells -PRO 31 15 ry3t 0 distributes the work for her female servants “tells her female servants what work each of them is to do that day” -PRO 31 16 fgc9 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of her hands The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 31 17 vv53 figs-idiom 0 She dresses herself with strength Putting on clothes is a metonym for preparing for work. Alternate translation: “She prepares herself for hard physical work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 31 17 fn86 0 makes her arms strong “she strengthens her arms by doing her work” -PRO 31 18 d4np 0 perceives sees by looking carefully -PRO 31 18 jpw6 figs-hyperbole 0 all night long her lamp is not extinguished This is probably an exaggeration: she works late into the night, but not from dusk to dawn. Alternate translation: “She burns a lamp through the night as she works” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -PRO 31 19 d3iv 0 spindle a thin rod or stick with pointed ends that is used in making thread -PRO 31 20 en6l figs-metonymy 0 reaches out with her hand to poor The hand is a metonym for the help the woman uses her hand to give. Alternate translation: “helps poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 20 s1we 0 reaches out with her hands to These words translate the same words translated “puts her hands on” in [Proverbs 31:19](../31/19.md). -PRO 31 21 tt96 figs-metonymy 0 are clothed in scarlet Here “scarlet” does not refer to the color of the cloth, but that the clothing is expensive and warm. Alternate translation: “have expensive, warm clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 21 ail4 0 scarlet The color red, but with a hint of orange. -PRO 31 22 a3x1 0 linen cloth made of flax yarn -PRO 31 23 ra37 figs-activepassive 0 Her husband is known This can be translated in active form. The verb “know” is a metonym for respect. Alternate translation: “People respect her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 23 dbz1 0 when he sits with the elders of the land to make laws and settle arguments -PRO 31 24 d6wi 0 linen cloth made from flax yarn -PRO 31 24 ghw5 0 sashes long pieces of cloth worn around the waist or over one shoulder -PRO 31 25 k3bi figs-metaphor 0 She is clothed with strength and honor Having strength and honor is spoken of as if the woman were wearing them. This can be translated in active form. The abstract nouns “strength” and “honor” can be translated by an adjective and a verb, respectively. Alternate translation: “Everyone can see that she is strong, and so they honor her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 25 a29g figs-hyperbole 0 laughs at the time to come This is probably an exaggeration to show that she is not afraid. Alternate translation: “is not afraid of what will happen in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -PRO 31 26 lb6q figs-metonymy 0 opens her mouth with wisdom The act of opening her mouth is a metonym for speaking. The abstract noun “wisdom” can be translated as an adverb or an adjective. Alternate translation: “she speaks wisely” or “she speaks wise words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 26 q9jl figs-metonymy 0 the law of kindness is on her tongue The phrase “on her tongue” refers to her speaking, as the tongue is part of the mouth. The phrase “the law of kindness” refers to her teaching people to be kind. Alternate translation: “she teaches people to be kind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 27 uqe6 figs-metaphor 0 watches over the ways of her household The word “ways” refers to the way people live. Alternate translation: “makes sure her whole family lives in a way that pleases God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -PRO 31 27 ynb8 figs-idiom 0 does not eat the bread of idleness To “eat the bread of” something means to do something. Alternate translation: “she is not idle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -PRO 31 27 j79l 0 idleness doing nothing and being lazy -PRO 31 28 hq5u figs-metonymy 0 rise up and This could mean: (1) literally “stand up and” or (2) as a metonym, “actively.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -PRO 31 28 lqv2 figs-quotations 0 call her blessed saying that good things have happened to her because she has done good things. This can be translated as a direct quote. Alternate translation: “congratulate her” or “say, ‘Yay, Mom!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -PRO 31 29 fl85 0 you surpassed “you have done better than” -PRO 31 30 e8cj figs-abstractnouns 0 Elegance is deceptive The abstract noun “elegance” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “A gracious woman can deceive people” or “A woman with good manners could really be evil” See how you translated this in [Proverbs 11:16](../11/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 30 qcq1 figs-abstractnouns 0 beauty is vain The abstract noun “beauty” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “a woman who is beautiful now will not always be beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -PRO 31 30 k9e4 figs-activepassive 0 she will be praised This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -PRO 31 31 df11 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of her hands The money she has earned from the work she did with wool and flax ([Proverbs 31:13](../31/13.md)) is spoken of as if it were fruit growing off a tree. The hands are a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Proverbs 31:16](./16.md). Alternate translation: “the money she has earned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -PRO 31 31 ef6y figs-metonymy 0 let her works praise her in the gates She will be praised for her works, not by her works. Those “in the gates” are the important people of the city who conduct business and legal affairs near the gates of the city. Alternate translation: “may the important people of the city praise her because of the works she has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/fr_tn_21-ECC.tsv b/fr_tn_21-ECC.tsv deleted file mode 100644 index 28a87e3fe..000000000 --- a/fr_tn_21-ECC.tsv +++ /dev/null @@ -1,543 +0,0 @@ -Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -ECC front intro d82s 0 # Introduction to Ecclesiastes
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Ecclesiastes

1. The author questions the nature of life and the limits of human wisdom (1:1–6:12)
1. The author teaches about making wise choices in how one lives (7:1–12:7)
1. The conclusion and ending (12:8–14)

### What is the Book of Ecclesiastes about?

Ecclesiastes is a group of short teachings that try to answer questions such as “What do people gain from all their labor?” Ecclesiastes is a series of thoughts about a variety of subjects, all of them about the purpose and worth of various actions and events. The author concludes that all the work we perform and all the knowledge and skill we gain is like a vapor that disappears, and that we must fear Yahweh and keep his commandments.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The traditional title for this book is “Ecclesiastes.” Its meaning is similar to “religious assembly.” Translators might decide on a title that better describes the content of the book, such as “Words of a Teacher” or “Teachings of a Wise Man.”

### Who wrote the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The author appears to be Solomon, “the Teacher, the descendant of David and king in Jerusalem.” This is consistent with what Solomon was known for:
* his wisdom ([Ecclesiastes 1:16](../../ecc/01/16.md) and twenty-six other references to wisdom);
* his vast wealth ([Ecclesiastes 2:8](../../ecc/02/08.md)), and the pain that comes from wealth ([Ecclesiastes 5:13-14](../05/13.md); [Ecclesiastes 4:8](../../ecc/04/08.md); and [Ecclesiastes 9:11](../../ecc/09/11.md));
* his large number of servants ([Ecclesiastes 2:7](../../ecc/02/07.md) and [Ecclesiastes 10:7](../../ecc/10/07.md));
* his limitless opportunities for worldly pleasures ([Ecclesiastes 2:1-2](../02/01.md), [Ecclesiastes 10](../02/09.md); [Ecclesiastes 3:13](../../ecc/03/13.md); [Ecclesiastes 4:8](../../ecc/04/08.md); [Ecclesiastes 5:4](../../ecc/05/04.md); and [Ecclesiastes 12:1](../../ecc/12/01.md)); and
* the wide range of his many building projects ([Ecclesiastes 2:4-6](../02/04.md)).

Solomon appears to have written the Book of Ecclesiastes near the end of his life, as he reflected on what he gained from all that he did.

### Why are there so many apparent contradictions in the Book of Ecclesiastes?

Some scholars think the author was a faithful man. Other scholars think that the author made bad decisions and was sorrowful when he wrote this book. Apparent contradictions in the book may indicate that Solomon’s faith was sometimes weak. Or, it is also possible that the teachings in the book differ from each other in order to relate to different things happening in the lives of readers.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What does this book teach about how God repays people?

In the ancient Near East, people were concerned with why they were being punished or blessed. They often connected these things to their gods. The writer of Ecclesiastes explains that Yahweh will bless and reward people for the right things they do and punish people for the evil things they do. But this might not happen in this life. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

### What value did the Israelites place on the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The Israelites have often questioned the value of this book. This is due in large part to its unusual wording and teachings. At times, it appears to disagree with the rest of Scripture. While many have questioned its authority, it has been affirmed to be Scripture. It gives valuable lessons concerning the uselessness of pursuing any goal other than to give Yahweh glory.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the meaning of “under the sun?”

“Under the sun” here is another way of saying “on the earth.” When the author says that there is “nothing new under the sun,” this means that every kind of thing has already happened before on the earth. While a particular event may not have specifically occurred before, something similar has already occurred.

### How do I translate harsh or shocking passages?

Parts of the Book of Ecclesiastes can be shocking or surprising to read in Scripture. For example, “If a man fathers a hundred children and lives many years, so that the days of his years are many, but if his heart is not satisfied with good and he is not buried with honor, then I say that a baby that is born dead is better off than he is” (6:3). The translator should allow these difficulties to remain and not try to make them less surprising.

### How is life described in the Book of Ecclesiastes?

The author of Ecclesiastes concludes that everything in this life quickly passes away, like a vapor that disappears. A person’s circumstances or character and even all of the things of this world have little or no significance apart from God. That is because God gives meaning to everything.

At the end of their life, people often say that the years of their life seemed short. The author of Ecclesiastes used the metaphor of vapor or breath to describe how life ends while it seems to be just beginning. -ECC 1 intro g7jr 0 # Ecclesiastes 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-11 and 15.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Tone
The tone of this chapter is sad, or depressing. The author believes that everything in life is pointless. The metaphors in this chapter all describe the idea that nothing ever changes. This is also known as “fatalism.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 1 2 x2dt figs-simile 0 Like a vapor of mist, like a breeze in the wind, everything vanishes This speaks of how everything in life vanishes and has no lasting value as if everything were like a disappearing vapor or breeze. Alternate translation: “Like a vapor of mist vanishes and like a breeze in the wind disappears, everything vanishes and has no lasting value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 1 3 bsv3 figs-rquestion 0 What profit does mankind gain … under the sun? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that man’s work is pointless and has no lasting benefit. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Mankind gains no profit … under the sun.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 1 3 r9j3 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 1 4 fj3a 0 General Information: The writer is presenting the natural order of life as he understands it. -ECC 1 5 n9ia figs-personification 0 hurries back to the place This speaks of how the sun sets at the end of the day and is soon ready to rise again, as if it were a person that quickly ran from the place where it sets to the place from which it rises. Alternate translation: “quickly returns to the place” or “quickly goes to the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 1 7 ri2j 0 General Information: The writer continues with observations about the natural order. -ECC 1 8 ax86 0 Everything becomes wearisome “Everything becomes tiring.” Since man is unable to explain these things, it becomes useless to try. -ECC 1 8 y4ve figs-synecdoche 0 The eye is not satisfied by what it sees Here the “eye” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “A person is not satisfied by what his eyes see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 1 8 n7hm figs-synecdoche 0 nor is the ear fulfilled by what it hears Here the “ear” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “nor is a person content by what his ears hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 1 9 h89i 0 General Information: There is nothing new regarding man and his activities. -ECC 1 9 i85d figs-activepassive 0 whatever has been done is what will be done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whatever has happened before is what will happen again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 1 9 sv37 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 1 10 kws8 figs-rquestion 0 Is there anything about which it may be said, ‘Look, this is new’? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that man cannot say there is anything new. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing about which it may be said, ‘Look, this is new.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 1 10 pdf8 figs-activepassive 0 about which it may be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “about which someone may say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 1 11 h282 figs-ellipsis 0 that will happen in the future The understood subject may be supplied. Alternate translation: “the things that will happen in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ECC 1 11 si4s figs-activepassive 0 will not likely be remembered either This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will not likely remember them either” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 1 13 mk1h figs-synecdoche 0 I applied my mind Here the author refers to himself by his “mind” to emphasize his thoughts. Alternate translation: “I determined” or “I applied myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 1 13 at9z figs-doublet 0 to study and to search out These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how diligently he studied. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 1 13 l4hf figs-explicit 0 under heaven This refers to things that are done on earth. Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 1 13 a36k 0 children of mankind “human beings” -ECC 1 14 d4rw figs-activepassive 0 all the deeds that are done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 1 14 h2f6 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 1 14 fw3m figs-idiom 0 look The author uses this word to draw attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “indeed” or “really” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 1 14 xq7t figs-parallelism 0 amount to vapor … chasing the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 1 14 jpp7 figs-metaphor 0 amount to vapor “are only mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” Just as vapor disappears and does not last, things have no lasting value. Alternate translation: “are as useless as vapor” or “are meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 1 14 i9d5 figs-metaphor 0 chasing the wind The author says that everything that people do is as useless as if they were trying to control the wind. Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 1 15 s638 figs-activepassive 0 The twisted cannot be straightened! The missing cannot be counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People cannot straighten things that are twisted! They cannot count what is not there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 1 16 ql67 figs-synecdoche 0 I have spoken to my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I have spoken to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 1 16 mnf4 0 My mind has seen Here the author refers to himself by his “mind” to emphasize what he has learned. Alternate translation: “I have gained” or “I have learned” -ECC 1 17 ewq3 figs-synecdoche 0 I applied my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I determined” or “I applied myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 1 17 bp2y figs-doublet 0 madness and folly The words “madness” and “folly” share similar meanings and refer to foolish thinking and behavior, respectively. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 1 17 msw2 figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author says learning wisdom and madness and folly is as useless as trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 intro cab9 0 # Ecclesiastes 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:10-16.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pleasures
When the author thought about the pointlessness of life, he decided to fill it with pointless pleasures. He believed that this type of living would have no effect on the world. Therefore, he indulged in every type of pleasure.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Assumed knowledge
It is assumed that the author is going to reject the way of living in this chapter. He is certainly not encouraging this way of living even though he does not say this explicitly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 2 1 dd5v figs-synecdoche 0 I said in my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I said to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 1 shl4 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will test you with happiness Here the word “you” refers to himself. The word “happiness” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “I will test myself with things that make me happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 2 1 c2cn figs-abstractnouns 0 So enjoy pleasure The word “pleasure” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “So I will enjoy things that please me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 2 1 af7f figs-metaphor 0 this also was just a temporary breeze This speaks of how happiness only lasts for a short time as if it were a temporary breeze. Alternate translation: “this also only lasted for a short time, like a temporary breeze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 2 v8jj figs-quotations 0 I said about laughter, “It is crazy,” The direct quotation can be translated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I said that it is crazy to laugh at things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ECC 2 2 s5xc figs-rquestion 0 What use is it? The author uses a rhetorical question to emphasize that pleasure is useless. Alternate translation: “It is useless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 2 3 pim6 figs-metaphor 0 I explored in my heart This speaks of thinking hard for a long time as if it were exploring. Also, the author speaks of his feelings and his thoughts as if they were his “heart.” Alternate translation: “I thought hard about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 3 qyb2 figs-abstractnouns 0 to gratify my desires with wine The word “desires” may be expressed as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “to use wine to make myself happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 2 3 ce8x figs-personification 0 I let my mind guide me with wisdom Here the author speaks of using the wisdom that he had been taught to guide himself as if this wisdom were a person who guided him. Alternate translation: “I thought about the things that wise people had taught me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 2 3 t4xm figs-explicit 0 under heaven This refers to things that are done on earth. Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 2 3 dp1p 0 during the days of their lives “during the time that they are alive” -ECC 2 4 l8k8 figs-metonymy 0 I built houses for myself and planted vineyards The writer probably told people to do the work. Alternate translation: “I had people build houses and plant vineyards for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 5 b7j9 figs-metonymy 0 I built for myself gardens and parks; I planted The writer probably told people to do the work. Alternate translation: “I had people build for me gardens and parks; I had them plant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 5 ju37 figs-doublet 0 gardens and parks These two words share similar meanings and refer to beautiful orchards of fruit trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 2 6 s54k figs-metonymy 0 I created The writer probably told people to do the work. Alternate translation: “I had them create” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 6 f5w7 0 to water a forest “to provide water for a forest” -ECC 2 6 yp4p figs-activepassive 0 forest where trees were grown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “forest where trees grew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 2 7 apg7 0 I had slaves born in my palace “I had slaves that were born in my palace” or “My slaves bore children and they also were my slaves” -ECC 2 7 ux74 figs-ellipsis 0 much more than any king The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “much more than any other king had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ECC 2 8 n6xa figs-explicit 0 the treasures of kings and provinces This refers to the gold and other wealth that neighboring countries were forced to pay to the king of Israel. Alternate translation: “that I acquired from the treasures of kings and the rulers of provinces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 2 8 z349 figs-metonymy 0 provinces Here “provinces” represents the rulers of the provinces. Alternate translation: “the rulers of provinces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 8 sng5 figs-explicit 0 the delights of the children of humanity—and many concubines This means that he had many concubines that he enjoyed sleeping with, as any man enjoys sleeping with women. Alternate translation: “I greatly enjoyed many concubines, as would delight any man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 2 9 v6ku figs-explicit 0 than all who were before me in Jerusalem This refers to all the previous rulers of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “than all the kings who had ruled before me in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 2 9 hz3n figs-idiom 0 my wisdom remained with me This is an idiom. “I continued to act wisely” or “I continued to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 2 10 ner1 figs-synecdoche 0 Whatever my eyes desired … from them Here the author refers to himself by his “eyes” to emphasize what he sees. Alternate translation: “Whatever I saw and desired … from myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 10 v74v 0 I did not withhold from them This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “I got for them” -ECC 2 10 vdf1 figs-synecdoche 0 I did not withhold my heart from any pleasure Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his desires. This can be stated positively and the word “pleasure” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “I did not keep myself from any pleasure” or “I allowed myself to enjoy everything that made me happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 2 10 bsh6 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart rejoiced Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his desires. Alternate translation: “I rejoiced” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 11 p9rs figs-synecdoche 0 all the deeds that my hands had accomplished Here the author refers to himself by his “hands.” Alternate translation: “all that I had accomplished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 11 s4rm figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 2 11 bmh2 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 11 g17w figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author says that everything that people do is as useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 11 ce6q 0 There was no profit under the sun in it “But it had no profit under the sun” -ECC 2 11 wz2f figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 2 12 l7xp figs-doublet 0 madness and folly The words “madness” and “folly” have similar meanings and refer to foolish thinking and behavior, respectively. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:17](../01/17.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 2 12 u6br figs-rquestion 0 For what can the next king do who comes after the king, which has not already been done? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his point that the next king will not be able to do anything more valuable that what he had already done. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “For the next king who comes after the king can do nothing that a king before him has not already done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 2 12 f76d 0 the next king … who comes after the king “the king … who succeeds the current king” or “the next king … who comes after me” -ECC 2 13 p1yi figs-simile 0 wisdom has advantages over folly, just as light is better than darkness This speaks of how wisdom is better than folly by comparing it to how light is better than darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 2 14 ml2f figs-metaphor 0 The wise man uses his eyes in his head to see where he is going This speaks of a wise man making wise decisions as walking and paying attention to where he is going. Alternate translation: “The wise man is like a person who uses his eyes to see where he is going” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 14 dub9 figs-idiom 0 uses his eyes in his head to see This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “pays attention and looks to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 2 14 j96u figs-metaphor 0 the fool walks in darkness This compares a fool making bad decisions to someone walking in darkness. Alternate translation: “the fool is like a person who walks in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 14 r1qq 0 the same event death -ECC 2 15 fe31 figs-synecdoche 0 I said in my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I said to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 15 ugh6 figs-rquestion 0 So what difference does it make if I am very wise? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no benefit to being wise. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “So it makes no difference if I am very wise.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 2 15 l9yw figs-synecdoche 0 I concluded in my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I concluded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 15 b6qt figs-metaphor 0 is only vapor “is only mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “is as useless as vapor” or “is meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 16 ybg8 figs-activepassive 0 For the wise man, like the fool, is not remembered for very long This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People do not remember the wise man for very long, just as they do not remember the fool for very long” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 2 16 h7gz figs-activepassive 0 everything will have been long forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will have long forgotten everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 2 17 few8 figs-activepassive 0 all the work done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all the work that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 2 17 sek4 0 was evil to me “troubled me” -ECC 2 17 l4jf figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 2 17 a874 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 17 i7pa figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author says everything that people do is as useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 17 y4bh figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 2 18 cl3k 0 to the man who comes after me “to the man who inherits it after me” -ECC 2 19 gjx9 figs-rquestion 0 For who knows whether he will be a wise man or a fool? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one knows the character the man who will inherit his wealth. Alternate translation: “For no one knows whether he will be a wise man or a fool.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 2 19 je2l 0 he will be The word “he” refers to the author’s heir. -ECC 2 19 eb64 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 2 19 w9z7 figs-metonymy 0 that my work and wisdom have built Here the author’s “work” and “wisdom” represent himself and the things he did in his wisdom. He probably had help with the literal buildings. Alternate translation: “that I worked very hard and wisely to build” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 19 ud4a figs-metaphor 0 vapor The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were mist. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 20 gs18 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart began to despair Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I began to despair” or “I began to lose all hope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 2 21 j6ge 0 who works with wisdom, with knowledge, and skill “who works wisely and skillfully, using the things that he has learned” -ECC 2 21 y72q 0 who has not made any of it “who has not worked for any of it” -ECC 2 21 klw5 figs-metaphor 0 vapor The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were mist. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 21 j6ur 0 a great tragedy “a great disaster” -ECC 2 22 k62m figs-rquestion 0 For what profit does the person gain who works so hard and tries in his heart to complete his labors under the sun? The author uses a rhetorical question to emphasize that the man who works hard gains nothing. Translate “what profit does … gain” as you did in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “For the person who works so hard and tries in his heart to complete his labors under the sun gains nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 2 22 g69d figs-parallelism 0 works so hard and tries in his heart These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how strenuously the person works. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 2 22 t8lp figs-idiom 0 tries in his heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “tries anxiously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 2 22 v87n figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 2 23 b5zv figs-doublet 0 painful and stressful These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how difficult the person’s work is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 2 23 f3zg figs-idiom 0 his soul does not find rest Here man’s mind is referred to as his “soul” to emphasize his deep thoughts. Alternate translation: “his mind does not rest” or “he continues to worry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 24 xa3q figs-metonymy 0 God’s hand Here God is represented by his “hand” to emphasize how he provides for people. Alternate translation: “from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 2 25 x4m8 figs-rquestion 0 For who can eat or who can have any kind of pleasure apart from God? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no pleasure can be had without God’s provision. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “For no one can eat or have any kind of pleasure apart from God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 2 26 s16q 0 so that he may give it away to someone who pleases God Possible meanings for the word **he** are: (1) God or (2) the sinner. This also can be translated without making it clear who it is that gives the things that the sinner stored. Alternate translation: “so that the one who pleases God may have it” -ECC 2 26 fs9n figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 2 26 v8zn figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were “vapor.” See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 2 26 e7hm figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 3 intro a9c1 0 # Ecclesiastes 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-8 and 3:15.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Parallelism
The chapter uses parallelism with the phrase, “a time to.” This gives the quotation a poetic style. Their overall purpose is to show that Yahweh directs the events of the world and therefore, they have purpose. -ECC 3 1 q8gz figs-merism 0 General Information: The writer uses merisms to describe various aspects of life from one extreme to the other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 3 1 hn82 figs-parallelism 0 For everything there is an appointed time, and a season for every purpose These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 3 1 s8am figs-idiom 0 under heaven This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 3 2 ga5b 0 a time to pull up plants This could mean: (1) “a time to harvest” or (2) “a time to uproot.” -ECC 3 4 a5em figs-merism 0 General Information: The writer continues with merisms to describe various aspects of life from one extreme to the other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 3 5 yg8l 0 embrace to hold someone in your arms to show love or friendship -ECC 3 6 az59 figs-merism 0 General Information: The writer continues with merisms to describe various aspects of life from one extreme to the other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 3 8 f1fu figs-merism 0 General Information: The writer concludes using merisms to describe various aspects of life from one extreme to the other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 3 9 q3gk figs-rquestion 0 What profit does the worker gain in his labor? This is a thought provoking question to focus the reader on the next discussion topic. Translate “what profit does … gain” as you did in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “The worker gains no profit for his labor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 3 11 z9kk 0 God has made everything suitable for its own time “God has fixed a time that is right for everything to happen” or “God has set a time that is right for each thing to happen: -ECC 3 11 k5de figs-metonymy 0 placed eternity in their hearts Here the word “their” refers to human beings. Here the “hearts” of the people represent their thoughts and desires. Alternate translation: “placed eternity in the hearts of human beings” or “caused people to think about eternal things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 3 11 jac1 figs-merism 0 from their beginning all the way to their end This refers to the beginning and the end and all that is in between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 3 13 cyl8 0 should understand how to enjoy “should learn how to enjoy” or “should enjoy” -ECC 3 14 w9c2 figs-activepassive 0 Nothing can be added to it or taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one can add anything to or take anything away from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 3 16 iyt8 figs-parallelism 0 I have seen the wickedness … wickedness was there These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how common wicked behavior is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 3 16 i932 0 in place of righteousness “where there should be righteousness” -ECC 3 16 ib3m figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 3 17 h7j6 figs-synecdoche 0 I said in my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I said to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 3 17 ar25 figs-nominaladj 0 the righteous and the wicked This refers to righteous and wicked people. Alternate translation: “those who are righteous and those who are wicked” or “the righteous people and the wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ECC 3 17 s71g figs-doublet 0 every matter and every deed These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to every action that people do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 3 18 tst7 figs-synecdoche 0 I said in my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “I said to myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 3 18 uam6 figs-simile 0 they are like animals Here the author says that human beings are like animals. In the next verse the author explains clearly how humans are like animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 3 19 az6d 0 is the same fate for them “is the same for both of them” or “is the same” -ECC 3 19 i4mv 0 The breath is the same for all of them “All of them breathe same” -ECC 3 19 y2nd 0 There is no advantage for mankind over the animals “Mankind is no better off than the animals” -ECC 3 19 q66p figs-metaphor 0 is not everything just a breath? Here the author speaks of everything being as temporary as if it were a breath of air. The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that everything is temporary. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Everything is just a breath.” or “Everything is as temporary as a breath.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 3 20 gi8h figs-explicit 0 Everything is going to the same place This means that all people and all animals die and decay and become part of the soil. Alternate translation: “Everything dies and goes to the same place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 3 20 d4km 0 dust soil -ECC 3 21 h8x9 figs-rquestion 0 Who knows whether the spirit … into the earth? The author asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one truly knows what happens after people and animals die. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows whether the spirit … into the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 3 22 h5jm 0 there is nothing better for anyone than to See how you translated this phrase in [Ecclesiastes 3:12](../03/12.md). -ECC 3 22 lqg2 figs-rquestion 0 Who can bring him back to see what happens after him? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one will see what happens after he dies. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one of us knows what happens to us after we die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 4 intro ev1x 0 # Ecclesiastes 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:1-3, 4:5-6, and 4:8-12.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Irony
The teacher looks at the oppression in the world and is saddened by it, but he is the king and has the power to change things. He also laments being alone even though he has many wives, children, and concubines. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lament]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ECC 4 1 cuy2 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 4 1 ys32 0 behold, the tears “I looked and I saw” -ECC 4 1 zp3i figs-metonymy 0 the tears of oppressed people Here “tears” represent weeping. Alternate translation: “the oppressed people were weeping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 4 1 c1sv figs-metonymy 0 Power was in the hand of their oppressors This means that their oppressors were powerful. Here their “hand” represents what thet possess. Alternate translation: “Their oppressors were powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 4 2 g9pt figs-parallelism 0 the living, who are still alive The word “living” is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are living. The phrase “those who are still alive” means the same thing as “the living.” Alternate translation: “the people who are still alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ECC 4 3 ekt2 0 more fortunate than both of them is the one who has not yet lived “the one who has not yet been born is better off than both of them” -ECC 4 3 q72x figs-explicit 0 both of them This refers to those who are dead and to those who are alive. Alternate translation: “both those who are dead and those who are living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 4 3 hua5 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 4 4 y7i7 figs-abstractnouns 0 became the envy of one’s neighbor The word “envy” may be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “made one’s neighbor envious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 4 4 u7wt 0 the envy of one’s neighbor This could mean: (1) The neighbor envies the object his neighbor made, or (2) the neighbor envies the skills his neighbor has. -ECC 4 4 e19x figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 4 4 u3t7 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were vapor. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 4 4 m36w figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 4 5 vfv8 translate-symaction 0 The fool folds his hands and does not work To fold the hands is a gesture of laziness and is another way of saying that the person refuses to work. Alternate translation: “The fool refuses to work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 4 5 b92h figs-metaphor 0 so his food is his own flesh This speaks of a person destroying himself as if he were eating his own body. Alternate translation: “as a result, he causes his own ruin” or “and as a result, he destroys himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 4 6 n1d9 0 a handful “a small amount” -ECC 4 6 mw6l figs-ellipsis 0 two handfuls “a large amount.” It is understood that this refer to profit gained. Alternate translation: “two handfuls of profit” or “a large amount of profit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ECC 4 6 se1l figs-metaphor 0 that tries to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “that is as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 4 7 civ1 0 futility being useless, without profit -ECC 4 7 w5f8 figs-metaphor 0 more vanishing vapor “more vanishing mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were vapor. See how you translated “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “more things that are as useless as vapor” or “more meaningless things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 4 7 w5st figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 4 7 x1r1 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were vapor. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 4 8 a3v5 figs-explicit 0 no son or brother This person has no family. Alternate translation: “he has no family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 4 8 np2n figs-synecdoche 0 his eyes are not satisfied Here the whole person is represented by his “eyes” to emphasize his desires. Alternate translation: “he is not satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 4 8 cx1e 0 For whom am I toiling and depriving myself of pleasure “Will anyone benefit from me working hard and not enjoying myself” -ECC 4 10 r5m2 figs-personification 0 sorrow follows the one who is alone when he falls Here sorrow is spoken of as if it were a person that could follow someone else. Alternate translation: “the one who is alone when he falls is sorrowful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 4 11 b486 figs-explicit 0 If two lie down together, they can be warm The writer speaks of two people keeping each other warm on a cold night. Alternate translation: “If two people lie down together at night, they can be warm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 4 11 b6yw figs-rquestion 0 how can one be warm alone? This refers to a person lying down. The author use this rhetorical question to emphasize that two people can keep each other warm but one person cannot. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “a person cannot be warm when he is alone.” or “a person who lies down alone cannot be warm.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ECC 4 12 cj73 figs-activepassive 0 One man alone can be overpowered This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone can overpower a person who is alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 4 12 aq3c 0 but two “but two people” -ECC 4 12 r98s 0 withstand an attack “defend themselves against an attack” -ECC 4 12 mg67 figs-metaphor 0 a three-strand rope This speaks of three people together being stronger as if they were a three-strand rope. Alternate translation: “three people are even stronger, like a three-strand rope that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 4 12 iur4 figs-activepassive 0 a three-strand rope is not quickly broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people cannot easily break a rope made with three strands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 4 13 uhs1 0 wise youth “wise young man” -ECC 4 13 uye4 figs-metonymy 0 who no longer knows how Here knowing represents willingness. Alternate translation: “who is no longer willing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 4 14 k5lm 0 from prison “after being in prison” -ECC 4 14 xu6r figs-explicit 0 he was born poor in his kingdom This means that he had poor parents. Alternate translation: “he was born to poor parents who lived in the land that he will someday rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 4 15 l8cp 0 General Information: Instead of choosing the wise youth, the people choose the king’s son, who may not be any wiser. -ECC 4 15 pj25 figs-parallelism 0 alive … walking around The words “alive” and “walking around” mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize living people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 4 15 s7r7 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 4 16 rru3 figs-hyperbole 0 There is no end to all the people This is an exaggeration used to emphasize a large number of people. Alternate translation: “There are very many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ECC 4 16 xk33 figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 4 16 xp58 figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were vapor. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 4 16 l1y1 figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 5 intro p4zf 0 # Ecclesiastes 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 5:2-3, and 5:10-17.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Materialism
The author describes the pointlessness of pursuing material things. This is known as “materialism.” Those who pursue after things will always want more. At the end of their life, they will not be able to use these things. -ECC 5 1 h4uf figs-metonymy 0 Guard your steps Here “steps” are a metonym for a person’s conduct. Alternate translation: “Be careful how you conduct yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 5 2 k5is figs-parallelism 0 Do not be too quick … do not let your heart be too quick These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that you should think first before you speak to God about a matter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 5 2 s9ue 0 to speak with your mouth Here the phrase “with your mouth” emphasizes and describes a person speaking. Alternate translation: “to speak” -ECC 5 2 ucz2 figs-synecdoche 0 do not let your heart Here a person is represented by his “heart” to emphasize his emotions and desires. Alternate translation: “do not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 5 2 g7vv 0 let your words be few “do not say too much” -ECC 5 4 isy3 figs-explicit 0 do not delay to do it, for God has no pleasure in fools It is implied that it is foolish to delay in fulfilling a vow that you have made to God. Alternate translation: “do not foolishly delay in doing it, because God is not pleased with foolish people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 5 6 l6vb figs-metonymy 0 Do not allow your mouth to cause your flesh to sin Here a person’s “mouth” represents a person’s speech, and the person himself is represented by his “flesh.” Alternate translation: “Do not let what you say cause you to sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 5 6 l7nd figs-rquestion 0 Why make God angry by vowing falsely, provoking God to destroy the work of your hands? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that it is foolish to make a vow that you will not keep. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “It would be foolish to make God angry by vowing falsely, provoking God to destroy the work of your hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 5 6 mi3z figs-synecdoche 0 destroy the work of your hands Here a person is represented by his “hands.” Alternate translation: “destroy everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 5 7 r95z figs-metaphor 0 For in many dreams, as in many words, there is meaningless vapor The author speaks of things as being useless and futile as if they were vapor. See how you translated “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “For many dreams and many words are as useless as vapor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 5 8 jdl4 figs-activepassive 0 the poor being oppressed and robbed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people oppressing the poor and robbing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 5 8 x1rp figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” or “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ECC 5 8 h98m figs-doublet 0 just and right treatment The words “just” and “right” mean basically the same thing and refer to the kind of treatment that people deserve. Alternate translation: “fair treatment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 5 8 d57b 0 do not be astonished as if no one knows, because there are people “do not be surprised, for there are people -ECC 5 8 kr4z 0 there are people in power “there are people with authority” -ECC 5 8 v44r figs-idiom 0 even higher ones over them There are other men who rule over the men in authority. Alternate translation: “men who have even more authority than they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 5 9 uc5e figs-abstractnouns 0 the produce of the land … produce from the fields The word “produce” may be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “the food that the land produces … crops from the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 5 10 kh3l figs-metaphor 0 vapor The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were mist. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 5 11 md9b figs-abstractnouns 0 As prosperity increases The word “prosperity” may be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “As a person becomes more prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 5 11 xh2w 0 so also do the people who consume it This could mean: (1) “so also the person spends more money” or (2) “so also there will be more people who use his wealth.” -ECC 5 11 ncz7 figs-metaphor 0 who consume it This speaks of people spending wealth as if they were “eating” it. Alternate translation: “who use it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 5 11 c2dc figs-rquestion 0 What advantage in wealth is there to the owner except to watch it with his eyes? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that the wealthy do not benefit from their wealth. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The only benefit that the owner has from wealth is that he can look at it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 5 12 d52v figs-metaphor 0 The sleep of a working man is sweet This speaks of a person’s sleep being fulfilling and peaceful as if it were sweet like something he eats. Alternate translation: “The sleep of a working man is peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 5 12 dr7p 0 whether he eats little or a lot “whether he eats a little bit of food or a lot of food” -ECC 5 12 u4e4 figs-personification 0 but the wealth of a rich person does not allow him to sleep well “but the wealth of a rich person keeps him awake at night.” This speaks of a rich person not being able to sleep because he is worried about his money as if his money were a person that would not allow him to sleep. Alternate translation: “but rich people do not sleep well because they worry about their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 5 13 m4vd figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 5 13 j6b2 figs-activepassive 0 riches hoarded by the owner This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “an owner hoards riches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 5 14 d5n4 0 through bad luck This could mean: (1) “through misfortune” or (2) “through a bad business deal.” -ECC 5 14 zb1u figs-metonymy 0 his own son, one whom he has fathered, is left with nothing in his hands Here the phrase “in his hands” represents ownership. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he leaves no possession for his own son” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 5 15 it6k figs-metaphor 0 As a man comes from his mother’s womb … he will leave naked It is implied that a man is naked when he is born. In addition to being without clothing, here the word “naked” emphasizes that people are born without any possessions. Alternate translation: “As a man is naked and owns nothing when he is born … he will leave this life the same way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 5 15 wl6z 0 comes from his mother’s womb “is born” -ECC 5 15 zl7h figs-euphemism 0 he will leave This refers to dying. Alternate translation: “he will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ECC 5 15 fe51 figs-metonymy 0 He can take none of the fruits of his labor in his hand Here a man’s possessions are spoken of as if they are fruit that he grew with his labor. Alternate translation: “He can not take any of his possessions with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 5 16 qd7u figs-explicit 0 as a person comes, so he goes away This refers to the birth and death of a person and expresses the same idea as the previous verse. This refers to women as well as men. Alternate translation: “as people bring nothing into the world when they are born, so they take nothing with them when they die and leave this world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -ECC 5 16 h3bb figs-rquestion 0 So what profit is there for him who works for the wind? The writer uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no benefit in working for the wind. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one gets any profit in working for the wind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 5 16 dl4p figs-metaphor 0 works for the wind This could mean: (1) This speaks of the person receiving no lasting profit as if he were trying to control the wind. Alternate translation: “tries to shepherd the wind” or “work that is as useless as trying to shepherd the wind” or (2) This implies that the person only receives the air that he breaths as his profit. Alternate translation: “works to receive the air he breathes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 5 17 x449 figs-metaphor 0 During his days he eats with darkness This speaks of a person mourning throughout his life as if he always ate in darkness. Here “darkness” represents sadness and mourning. Alternate translation: “He spends his life in mourning and sadness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 5 17 rys5 figs-metonymy 0 his days Here a person’s “days” represent his life. Alternate translation: “his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 5 17 zw6w figs-abstractnouns 0 is greatly distressed with sickness and anger The words “sickness” and “anger” can be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “suffers greatly, being sick and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 5 18 k7uq figs-idiom 0 Look The author uses this word here to draw his reader’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” or “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 5 18 qp65 figs-doublet 0 what I have seen to be good and suitable Here the words “good” and “suitable” mean basically the same thing. The second intensifies the meaning of the first. Alternate translation: “what I have seen to be the best thing to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 5 18 ue88 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 5 18 m281 figs-idiom 0 during the days of this life that God has given us This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “as long as God allows us to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 5 18 ued7 0 For this is man’s assignment This could mean: (1) “For this is man’s reward” or (2) “For these are the things that he allows man to do” -ECC 5 19 n4ka figs-doublet 0 riches and wealth These two words mean basically the same thing. They refer to money and the things that a person can buy with money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 5 19 b3ld 0 to receive his share “to accept what he is given” -ECC 5 20 iz9m figs-idiom 0 he does not call to mind Here the word “he” refers to the person to whom God has given a gift. The phrase “call to mind” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “he does not remember” or “he does not think about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 5 20 qr1s figs-idiom 0 the days of his life This refers to the things that happened during his lifetime. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “the things that have happened during his lifetime” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 5 20 n32s 0 keep busy “stay busy” -ECC 6 intro ar6e 0 # Ecclesiastes 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:7-11.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Satisfaction
While a person may be given a great many things, they are worthless and provide no sense of satisfaction or peace. It is assumed that only Yahweh can provide these things to man. Solomon is depressed that he had everything he could have ever wanted in life, but they were not enough to give him satisfaction or peace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 6 1 fyq4 figs-metaphor 0 it weighs heavy on men Here evil is spoken of as something that is a heavy load to carry. Alternate translation: “it causes hardship for people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 6 2 jzl7 figs-doublet 0 riches, wealth These two words mean basically the same thing. They refer to money and the things that a person can buy with money. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 6 2 n75e figs-doublenegatives 0 he lacks nothing This is a double negative. Alternate translation: “he has everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ECC 6 2 rg6q 0 God gives him no ability “does not give him the ability” -ECC 6 2 jr84 figs-metaphor 0 vapor The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were mist. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 6 3 qq8e translate-numbers 0 fathers a hundred children “fathers 100 children.” This is a hypothetical situation. This is also an exaggeration and is applicable to people with fewer than 100 children. Alternate translation: “fathers many children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ECC 6 3 z9ls figs-parallelism 0 lives many years, so that the days of his years are many These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. Alternate translation: “lives many years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 6 3 fun6 figs-synecdoche 0 his heart is not satisfied with good This refers to a man by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. Alternate translation: “he is not content with good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 6 3 qmh2 figs-activepassive 0 he is not buried This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) “no one buries him at all” or (2) he receives no honor, “no one buries him properly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 6 4 g8un 0 such a baby is born in futility “such a baby is born for nothing” -ECC 6 4 tr53 figs-idiom 0 passes away in darkness This speaks of the death of the baby being as unexplainable as “darkness.” Alternate translation: “dies unexplainably” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 6 4 xfu5 figs-metaphor 0 its name remains hidden This speaks of no one knowing the baby’s name as if it were a hidden object. Alternate translation: “no one knows its name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 6 6 iz6f figs-hypo 0 Even if a man should live for two thousand years This is a hypothetical situation. This is also an exaggeration to show that it does not matter how long a person lives if he does not enjoy the good things in life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ECC 6 6 sa97 translate-numbers 0 two thousand years “2,000 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ECC 6 6 g8tb figs-explicit 0 he goes to the same place as everyone else This means that he dies like all other people. Alternate translation: “he dies and go to the same place as everyone else” or “he goes to the grave just like everyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 6 7 wf5f figs-metonymy 0 is for his mouth Here putting food in a man’s mouth represents feeding him. Alternate translation: “is to put food in his mouth” or “is to feed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 6 7 lc2f figs-activepassive 0 his appetite is not satisfied This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he does not satisfy his appetite” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 6 8 syz9 figs-rquestion 0 what advantage has the wise person over the fool? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that a wise person does not have any more lasting benefits than a fool. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “it seems the wise person has no advantage over the fool.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 6 8 gse4 figs-rquestion 0 What advantage does the poor man have even if he knows how to act in front of other people? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that a poor man does not have any more lasting benefits than someone else. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The poor man has no advantage even if he knows how to act in front of other people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 6 8 zy1l 0 how to act “how to conduct himself” -ECC 6 9 ays9 figs-metonymy 0 what the eyes see A person can see these things because he already has them. Alternate translation: “what a person has” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 6 9 xhe8 figs-metonymy 0 to desire what a wandering appetite craves This refers to things that a person wants but does not have. Alternate translation: “to want what he does not have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 6 9 n6mw figs-parallelism 0 vapor … an attempt to shepherd the wind These two phrases are both metaphors that emphasize the idea of things being useless and futile. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 6 9 f92y figs-metaphor 0 vapor “mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were vapor. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 6 9 qai8 figs-metaphor 0 an attempt to shepherd the wind The author speaks of everything that people do as being useless as if they were trying to control the wind. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “are as useless as trying to control the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 6 10 vs8g figs-activepassive 0 Whatever has existed has already been given its name This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have already named everything that exists” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 6 10 f9hg figs-activepassive 0 what mankind is like has already been known This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people already know what mankind is like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 6 10 uy4z 0 the one who is the mighty judge “God, who is the mighty judge” -ECC 6 11 l9d5 figs-activepassive 0 The more words that are spoken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The more words that people speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 6 11 pz7h 0 the more futility increases The more a person speaks, the more likely he will speak about meaningless things. Alternate translation: “the more meaningless those words are” -ECC 6 11 s51v 0 futility being useless, without profit -ECC 6 11 pq2r figs-rquestion 0 what advantage is that to a man? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no advantage for a man to talk a lot. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “that is no advantage to a man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 6 12 cb4r figs-rquestion 0 For who knows what is good for man … he passes like a shadow? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no person truly knows what is good for man. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows what is good for man … he passes like a shadow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 6 12 jj23 figs-simile 0 in his life during his futile, numbered days through which he passes like a shadow This speaks of how life passes quickly by saying that it is like a shadow that quickly disappears. The phrase “numbered days” emphasizes that a person’s life is short. Alternate translation: “during his futile, short life, which he passes through as quickly as a shadow passes by” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 6 12 ka2l figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell a man … after he passes? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen after a person dies. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell a man … after he passes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 6 12 pjl3 figs-idiom 0 what will come under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated “under the sun” in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “what will happen on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 6 12 k2ab figs-euphemism 0 after he passes This is a polite expression for death. Alternate translation: “after he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ECC 7 intro fp2g 0 # Ecclesiastes 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:1-26.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.” -ECC 7 1 fq9e figs-metonymy 0 A good name Here a person’s “name” is used to represent their reputation. Alternate translation: “A good reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 7 2 y1yx figs-idiom 0 must take this to heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “must think seriously about this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 3 g9c7 figs-idiom 0 sadness of face This refers to being sad. Alternate translation: “an experience that makes a person sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 3 rsl9 figs-metonymy 0 gladness of heart Here, the word **heart** refers to a person’s thoughts and emotions. **Gladness** describes either: (1) the state of the emotions of being happy and peaceful or (2) the ability to understand the truth. Alternate translation: “right thinking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 7 4 pli9 figs-synecdoche 0 The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning Here wise people are referred to by their “hearts.” This speaks of the wise person mourning as being in a house of mourning. Alternate translation: “Wise people think deeply about death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 4 lly7 figs-synecdoche 0 but the heart of fools is in the house of feasting Here foolish people are referred to by their “hearts.” This speaks of foolish people thinking only about what makes them happy as being in a house of feasting. Alternate translation: “but foolish people think only about enjoying themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 4 ux5g 0 the house of mourning … the house of feasting These phrases refer to what happens in these places. -ECC 7 5 wm3y figs-abstractnouns 0 to the rebuke of the wise The word “rebuke” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “when wise people rebuke you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 7 5 lal6 0 to listen to the song of fools “to listen to fools sing” -ECC 7 6 bh8q figs-simile 0 For like the crackling of thorns burning under a pot, so also is the laughter of fools This speaks of how listening to fools talk and laugh will teach you nothing, as if their speech and laughter were the sound of burning thorns. Alternate translation: “For listening to the laughter of fools will not teach a man any more than if he were listening to the crackling of thorns burning under a pot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 7 6 im4x figs-metaphor 0 vapor The author speaks of useless and meaningless things as if they were mist. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “as useless as vapor” or “meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 7 be8y 0 Extortion This refers to forcing someone to give money or other valuable items to another so that the other person does not harm him. It is considered wrong. -ECC 7 7 dt3e 0 makes a wise man foolish This could mean: (1) “turns the wise man into a foolish man” or (2) “makes the advice of the wise man appear to be foolish advice.” -ECC 7 7 n3hs figs-metonymy 0 corrupts the heart Here the word “heart” refers to the mind. Alternate translation: “ruins a person’s ability to think and judge rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 7 8 bw3c figs-metonymy 0 the people patient in spirit are better than the proud in spirit Here the word “spirit” refers to a person’s attitude. Alternate translation: “patient people are better than proud people” or “a patient attitude is better than a prideful attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 7 9 lb8v figs-metonymy 0 Do not be quick to anger in your spirit Here the word “spirit” refers to a person’s attitude. Alternate translation: “Do not become angry quickly” or “Do not have a bad temper” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 7 9 fx66 figs-metaphor 0 anger resides in the hearts of fools This speaks of a person being full of anger as if the anger lived inside him. This speaks of the anger being in the person’s heart because the “heart” is thought to be the source of a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “foolish people are full of anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 10 mu3y figs-rquestion 0 Why were the days of old better than these? The person asks this rhetorical question in order to complain about the present time. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Things were better in the past than they are now.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 7 10 r6bl figs-irony 0 it is not because of wisdom that you ask this question Here the author uses irony to rebuke the person’s question. Alternate translation: “if you were wise you would not ask this question” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ECC 7 11 w53h figs-idiom 0 those who see the sun This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “those who are alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 12 wt8d 0 the advantage of knowledge is that wisdom gives life This could mean: (1) that the writer uses the words “knowledge” and “wisdom” to mean the same thing, or (2) “the advantage of knowing wisdom is that it gives life.” -ECC 7 12 erb5 figs-personification 0 gives life to whoever has it This speaks of how wisdom helps to preserve a person’s life as if it gave life to that person. When a person is wise he makes good decisions that help him to live a more prosperous and longer life. Alternate translation: “preserves a person’s life” or “helps a person to make good decisions and to live a longer life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 7 13 x6a8 figs-rquestion 0 Who can straighten out anything he has made crooked? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one can change something that God has done. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can straighten out anything he has made crooked.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 7 14 iig7 figs-idiom 0 When times are good … when times are bad The word “times” is an idiom for “things happening.” Alternate translation: “When good things happen … when bad things happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 14 ab9b 0 live happily in that good “be happy about those good things” -ECC 7 14 c4j4 figs-idiom 0 both to exist side by side The phrase “side by side” is an idiom that means “this one” and “this one.” Alternate translation: “both to exist” or “there to be both good and bad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 14 ey3r 0 anything that is coming after him This could mean: (1) “anything that happens in the future” or (2) “anything that happens to him after he dies.” -ECC 7 15 q493 0 in my meaningless days “in my meaningless life” -ECC 7 15 vy5k 0 in spite of their righteousness “even though they are righteous” -ECC 7 15 la4s 0 in spite of their evil “even though they are evil” -ECC 7 16 ux2c figs-parallelism 0 self-righteous, wise in your own eyes These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 7 16 p2av 0 Do not be self-righteous “Do not think that you are more righteous than you actually are” -ECC 7 16 n342 figs-metaphor 0 wise in your own eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “being wise in your own opinion” or “being wise according to your own judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 16 tc29 figs-rquestion 0 Why should you destroy yourself? The writer uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that being self-righteous destroys a person. Alternate translation: “There is no reason to destroy yourself.” or “If you think this way you will destroy yourself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 7 17 s5mm figs-rquestion 0 Why should you die before your time? The author uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no reason for people to do things that will cause them to die early. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no reason for you to die sooner than you should.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 7 18 u3fa figs-metaphor 0 take hold of this wisdom This speaks of striving to be wise as if “wisdom” were an object that a person could hold on to. Alternate translation: “commit yourself to this wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 18 p1xy figs-metaphor 0 you should not let go of righteousness This speaks of striving to be righteous as if “righteousness” were an object that a person could hold on to. Alternate translation: “you should not stop trying to be righteous” or “you should keep trying to be righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 7 18 m73i 0 will meet all his obligations “will do everything that God expects of him” -ECC 7 19 ugu9 0 Wisdom is powerful in the wise man, more than ten rulers in a city “Wisdom makes a man powerful; it makes him more powerful than ten rulers in a city” -ECC 7 20 uf5z 0 does good and never sins “does good things and does not sin” -ECC 7 21 q4dk figs-activepassive 0 every word that is spoken This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that people say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 7 22 wq73 figs-rpronouns 0 you know yourself “you yourself know.” Here “yourself” is used to emphasize the phrase “you know.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -ECC 7 22 t45l figs-metonymy 0 in your own heart Here a person’s thoughts are represented by their “heart.” Alternate translation: “in your own thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 7 23 ix7d figs-explicit 0 All this have I proven here the word “this” refers to all of the things the author has written about. Alternate translation: “All this that I have already written about have I proven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 7 23 fw1m 0 it was more than I could be “it was beyond my ability to understand” or “but I was not able to do it” -ECC 7 24 y2i9 figs-idiom 0 far off and very deep This speaks of wisdom being difficult to understand as if it were something located far away or in a very deep place. Alternate translation: “difficult to understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 24 p3a6 figs-rquestion 0 Who can find it? The writer uses this rhetorical question to emphasize the difficulty in understanding wisdom. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can understand it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 7 25 l5xj figs-metonymy 0 I turned my heart Here the word “heart” refers to the mind. Also, here the word “turned” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I directed my thoughts” or “I determined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 25 p2l6 figs-abstractnouns 0 the explanations of reality “the reason for things.” This word “explanations” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “how to explain various things in life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 7 26 p367 figs-metaphor 0 any woman whose heart is full of snares and nets, and whose hands are chains The writer says that the seductive woman is like traps that hunters use to catch animals. The author speaks of a woman being seductive as if she traps men like a hunter traps animals. Her “heart” represents her thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “any woman who traps men by seducing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 7 26 lxk1 figs-doublet 0 snares and nets These two words both refer to ways in which people trap animals to emphasize how the woman traps men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ECC 7 26 kh37 figs-metaphor 0 whose hands are chains Here the word “hands” refers to her power and control. This speaks of her being seductive as if hands were chains that she bound people with. Alternate translation: “from whom no one can escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 7 26 h6z9 figs-activepassive 0 the sinner will be taken by her This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she will capture the sinner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 7 27 vsz7 figs-abstractnouns 0 adding one discovery to another The word “discovery” can be expressed as a verb. The word “adding” here is used as an idiom. Alternate translation: “discovering one thing after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 7 27 k9h2 figs-abstractnouns 0 in order to find an explanation of reality This word “explanation” can be expressed as a verb. See how the phrase “explanations of reality” is translated in [Ecclesiastes 7:25](../07/25.md). Alternate translation: “in order to be able to explain things in life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 7 28 twu8 translate-numbers 0 one righteous man among a thousand “1 righteous man among 1,000.” Only one righteous man was found in a group of 1,000 people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ECC 7 28 xkw3 0 a woman among all those There were no righteous women found in a group of 1,000 people. -ECC 7 29 dra3 0 they have gone away looking for many difficulties This could mean: (1) “they have made many sinful plans” or (2) “they have made their own lives difficult.” -ECC 7 29 e78n figs-metaphor 0 they have gone away Here the word “they” refers to “humanity.” This speaks of humanity changing from being upright to not being upright as if they were going from one place to another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 8 intro g2ul 0 # Ecclesiastes 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:1 and 8:5-8.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Wisdom
Solomon, known for his wisdom, gives a detailed description of wisdom. True wisdom is seeking to honor God. This is the only thing that lasts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]]) -ECC 8 1 sfc8 0 Who is a wise man? Who knows what the events in life mean? The writer asks these as leading questions to provide the answer in what he says next. -ECC 8 1 v1sf figs-idiom 0 causes his face to shine This means that the person’s face will show that he has wisdom. Alternate translation: “shows on his face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 8 1 e5zq figs-idiom 0 the hardness of his face This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “his harsh appearance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 8 1 beu2 figs-activepassive 0 is changed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “changes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 2 ig6x 0 God’s oath to protect him “the oath you made before God to protect him” -ECC 8 3 jz73 figs-metaphor 0 Do not hurry out of his presence This could mean: (1) not to be hasty to physically leave the king’s presence or (2) This is a metaphor that speaks of being loyal to the king as being in his presence. Alternate translation: “Do not abandon the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 8 4 mc7i 0 The king’s word rules “What the king says is the law” -ECC 8 4 k14s figs-rquestion 0 who will say to him This rhetorical question emphasizes that no one will ask the king the following question. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can say to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 8 4 fn4s figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing? This rhetorical question is a rebuke. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not be doing what you are doing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 8 5 v9wu figs-synecdoche 0 A wise man’s heart recognizes Here a man is represented by his “heart” to emphasize his thoughts. Alternate translation: “A wise man recognizes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 8 5 qc3y 0 the proper course and time of action “the correct time to do things and the right way to do them” -ECC 8 7 l5bd figs-rquestion 0 Who can tell him what is coming? This rhetorical question emphasizes that no one knows what will happen in the future. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can tell him what is coming.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 8 8 md5b figs-simile 0 No one is ruler over his breath so as to stop the breath … no one has power over the day of his death Just as no one has the ability to stop himself from breathing, no one can continue living when it is time to die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 8 8 vd1v 0 No one is ruler The word “ruler” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “No one has control” -ECC 8 8 np67 figs-idiom 0 the day of his death This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “when he will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 8 8 blf2 figs-activepassive 0 No one is discharged from the army This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “No army discharges anyone” or “No army allows soldiers to leave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 8 tfi8 figs-personification 0 wickedness will not rescue those who are its slaves This speaks of wickedness as if it were a master who had slaves. Alternate translation: “evil people will not be saved by doing what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 8 9 m5md figs-synecdoche 0 I have applied my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:17](../01/17.md). Alternate translation: “I applied myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 8 9 k1ch figs-activepassive 0 every kind of work that is done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “every kind of work that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 9 jnb1 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 8 9 d2gx 0 There is a time when a person oppresses another person to that person’s hurt “Sometimes one person will oppress another, causing that person to be hurt” -ECC 8 10 a8np figs-activepassive 0 the wicked buried publicly This can be stated in active form. Evil people that died were given honorable burials. Alternate translation: “people bury the wicked publicly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 10 gw4a figs-activepassive 0 They were taken from the holy area and buried and were praised by people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People took them from the holy area and buried them and praised them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 11 fl29 figs-activepassive 0 When a sentence against an evil crime is not executed quickly This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When people in authority do not quickly execute a sentence against an evil crime” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 11 k6a9 figs-synecdoche 0 entices the hearts of human beings Here people are represented by their “hearts” to emphasize their will and desires. Alternate translation: “entices human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 8 12 ty8m translate-numbers 0 a hundred times “100 times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ECC 8 12 mh1j figs-idiom 0 it will be better for those who respect God The phrase “it will be better” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “life will be better for those who respect God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 8 12 x5tl figs-parallelism 0 who respect God … who stand before him and show him respect These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize people respecting God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 8 13 y6mk figs-activepassive 0 his life will not be prolonged This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will not prolong his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 13 jsa6 figs-simile 0 His days are like a fleeting shadow This speaks of how the wicked man’s life passes quickly by saying that it is like a shadow that quickly disappears. Alternate translation: “His days will pass as quickly as a shadow disappears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 8 13 e7yl 0 His days are “His life is” -ECC 8 14 e2e2 figs-activepassive 0 something else that is done on the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “something else that people do on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 14 vn88 figs-metaphor 0 this also is useless vapor “this also is useless mist.” The author speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were ‘vapor.’ See how you translated the word “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “this also is as useless as vapor” or “this also is meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 8 15 e8jj figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 8 15 n76x figs-idiom 0 for all the days of his life that God has given him This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “for as long as God allows him to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 8 16 q9us figs-synecdoche 0 I applied my heart Here the author refers to himself by his “heart” to emphasize his feelings. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:17](../01/17.md). Alternate translation: “I applied myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 8 16 d9sa figs-activepassive 0 the work that is done on the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the work that people do on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 16 ct32 figs-synecdoche 0 without sleep for the eyes Here a person is represented by his “eyes.” Alternate translation: “without sleeping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 8 17 vk1q figs-activepassive 0 the work that is done under the sun This could mean: (1) “the work that God does under the sun” or (2) “the work that God allows people to do under the sun.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 8 17 gl2w figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 intro j3kr 0 # Ecclesiastes 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:2, 5-6, and 11-12.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Judgment
This chapter explains that there is one thing that awaits all people: judgment. When people die, they will all face Yahweh’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]]) -ECC 9 1 hpl4 0 I thought about all this in my mind “I thought very deeply about all this” -ECC 9 1 dt8e 0 They are all in God’s hands Here the word “they” refers to “the righteous and wise people” as well as “their deeds.” -ECC 9 1 l7sr figs-metonymy 0 in God’s hands Here the word “hands” refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: “under God’s control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 9 1 ubx9 figs-personification 0 whether love or hate will come to someone This speaks of “love” and “hate” as if they are people that may come to visit someone else. Alternate translation: “whether someone will experience love or hate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 9 2 j1u2 figs-merism 0 righteous people and wicked This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of righteous and wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 9 2 pff6 figs-nominaladj 0 wicked … the good … the clean and the unclean All of these phrases refer to people. Alternate translation: “wicked people … good people … clean people and unclean people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ECC 9 2 y27f figs-merism 0 the clean and the unclean This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of clean and unclean people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 9 2 yje9 figs-metaphor 0 the clean A person who is acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically clean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 9 2 k7ls figs-metaphor 0 the unclean A person who is not acceptable for God’s purposes is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 9 2 vsk6 figs-merism 0 the one who sacrifices and the one who does not sacrifice This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of those who sacrifice and those who do not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 9 2 lu29 figs-merism 0 As good people … so also will the sinner This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of good people and sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 9 2 d65f figs-ellipsis 0 will the sinner … will the man who fears to make an oath It is understood that this refers to people dying. Alternate translation: “the sinner will die … the man who fears to make an oath will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ECC 9 2 v2sh figs-merism 0 the one who swears … so also will the man who fears to make an oath This refers to all people, emphasizing the two opposites of those who swear oaths and those who do not.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 9 3 f3q9 figs-activepassive 0 everything that is done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that happens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 9 3 cz36 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 3 ex39 0 the same event death -ECC 9 3 vf5k figs-metonymy 0 The hearts of human beings are full of evil, and madness is in their hearts Here the word “hearts” refers to the thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “Human beings are full of evil, and their thoughts are of madness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 9 3 zyc7 0 madness “folly” -ECC 9 3 ha8w figs-nominaladj 0 they go to the dead The phrase “the dead” refers to dead people. Here dead people represent the place where people go after they die. Alternate translation: “they go to the place where dead people are” or “they die and go to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 9 4 a4uf figs-nominaladj 0 the living This refers to people who are alive. Alternate translation: “who are alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ECC 9 4 s9jy figs-simile 0 just as a living dog is better than a dead lion A “dog” was considered a lowly animal while a lion was considered a noble animal. This speaks of it being better to be lowly and alive than to be considered noble and dead. Alternate translation: “It is better to be lowly like a dog and to be alive than to be noble like a lion and to be dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 9 5 tg7a figs-nominaladj 0 the dead This refers to people who are dead. Alternate translation: “those who are dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ECC 9 5 sb9p figs-activepassive 0 their memory is forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will forget them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 9 6 sd1b 0 Their love, hatred, and envy This refers to the love, hatred, and envy that the dead people showed others when they were alive. -ECC 9 6 h1ux figs-activepassive 0 anything done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “anything that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 9 6 wdd9 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 7 r3f2 figs-parallelism 0 eat your bread with joy, and drink your wine with a happy heart These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize the importance of enjoying the basic activities of life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 9 7 al9q figs-synecdoche 0 your bread This refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “your food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 9 7 upb4 figs-metonymy 0 drink your wine with a happy heart Here the word “heart” refers to the emotions. Alternate translation: “drink your wine joyfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 9 8 zd1x translate-symaction 0 Let your clothes be always white and your head anointed with oil Wearing white clothes and anointing one’s head with oil were both signs of gladness and celebration. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ECC 9 8 weg3 figs-activepassive 0 your head anointed with oil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “anoint your head with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 9 9 ack2 figs-explicit 0 Live happily with the wife whom you love One should love the wife he has. Alternate translation: “Since you have a wife whom you love, live happily with her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 9 9 i7lk figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 9 b2jb 0 your days “your lifetime” -ECC 9 9 vd3d 0 That is your reward The word “that” refers to living happily with his wife. -ECC 9 10 dt8t figs-synecdoche 0 Whatever your hand finds to do Here a person is represented by his “hand” since a person often uses his hands to work. Alternate translation: “Whatever you are able to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 9 10 nrd5 figs-abstractnouns 0 there is no work or explanation or knowledge or wisdom The nouns “work, “explanation,” and “knowledge” can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “the dead do not work or explain or know or have wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 9 11 xi11 figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 11 k49c 0 The race does not belong to … The battle does not belong to “The race is not always won by … The battle is not always won by” -ECC 9 11 u2xl figs-metonymy 0 Bread Here “Bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “Food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 9 11 l8sx figs-idiom 0 time and chance affect them all This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “what happens and when it happens affect them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 11 dqc6 0 affect them all “affects all these things.” Here the words “them all” refer to race, battle, bread, riches, and favor. -ECC 9 12 ku8a figs-euphemism 0 when his time will come This refers to when a person dies. Alternate translation: “when he will die” or “when the time of his death will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ECC 9 12 u9td figs-simile 0 fish are caught … birds are caught … the children of human beings are ensnared This speaks of people dying when they do not expect it, in the same way that people catch animals and kill them when they do not expect it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 9 12 u32n figs-activepassive 0 the children of human beings are ensnared by evil times This can be stated in active form. Also, this speaks of people experiencing disaster and unfortunate times as if they were being imprisoned or trapped. Alternate translation: “evil times are coming upon the children of human beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 9 12 k3ka figs-idiom 0 that suddenly fall upon them This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “at times when they do not expect them to happen” or “that suddenly happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 13 us6g figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 14 m1e3 figs-synecdoche 0 a great king came against it Here the “king” represents himself and his whole army. Alternate translation: “a great king and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 9 14 ax6u 0 great siege ramps This refers to dirt ramps the army built up against the city walk so that they could climb up and attack the city. -ECC 9 15 bx8x figs-activepassive 0 in the city was found a poor, wise man This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in the city, people found a poor, wise man” or “a poor, wise man lived in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 9 16 k3fl figs-activepassive 0 the poor man’s wisdom is despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people despise the poor man’s wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 9 16 i9hl figs-activepassive 0 his words are not heard this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they do not listen to what he says” or “they do not take his advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 9 17 h8wq figs-activepassive 0 The words of wise people spoken quietly are heard better Here “heard” represents understanding. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is easier to understands the words that wise people speak quietly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 10 intro awi8 0 # Ecclesiastes 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in all of chapter 10.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.” -ECC 10 1 m6u5 figs-simile 0 As dead flies … so a little folly Just as flies can ruin perfume, so folly can ruin a person’s reputation for wisdom and honor. This speaks of how a little folly can ruin a person’s reputation in the same way that a few dead flies ruin perfume. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 10 1 u5bv figs-personification 0 a little folly can overpower wisdom and honor This speaks of how a person acting foolishly can ruin his reputation as if his “folly” and “wisdom and honor” were people and that his folly overpowered his wisdom and honor. Alternate translation: “committing a little folly can ruin a person’s wisdom and honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 10 2 rs5s figs-metonymy 0 The heart of a wise person … the heart of a fool Here the word “heart” refers to the mind or will. Alternate translation: “The way a wise person thinks … the way a fool thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 10 2 h1fr figs-idiom 0 tends to the right … tends to the left Here the words “right” and “left” refer to what is right and wrong. Alternate translation: “tends to doing what is right … tends to doing what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 10 3 fe16 figs-explicit 0 his thinking is deficient This refers to the way that he acts. Alternate translation: “he is stupid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 10 4 r1x8 figs-metonymy 0 If the emotions of a ruler rise up against you Here a ruler is represented by his “emotions” Alternate translation: “If a ruler becomes angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 10 4 vup7 0 Calm can quiet down great outrage “By remaining calm you may cause an outraged person to become quiet” -ECC 10 5 ua6a figs-idiom 0 under the sun This refers to things that are done on earth. See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 10 6 tiw2 figs-activepassive 0 Fools are given leadership positions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Rulers give positions of leadership to fools” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 10 6 jq78 figs-activepassive 0 successful men are given low positions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they give low positions to successful men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 10 6 af2e figs-idiom 0 low positions This is an idiom. AT” “unimportant positions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 10 7 fkc8 figs-simile 0 successful men walking like slaves on the ground This speaks of successful men walking like slaves walk, because slaves were usually forced to walk and were not permitted to ride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 10 8 b8rc figs-explicit 0 a snake can bite him This refers to a snake that was hiding inside the wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 10 9 t2ui 0 cuts out stones This refers working in a quarry and cutting larger stones. -ECC 10 9 pe5j figs-activepassive 0 can be hurt by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those stones can hurt him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 10 9 up7b figs-activepassive 0 is endangered by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the wood may injure him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 10 10 wjy9 0 wisdom provides an advantage for success A wise person would have sharpened his blade and would not have had to work so hard. -ECC 10 11 mr9r figs-activepassive 0 before it is charmed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “before the snake charmer charms it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 10 12 f4t6 figs-metonymy 0 The words of a wise man’s mouth are gracious Here the wise man’s speech is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “The things that a wise man says are gracious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 10 12 hcw8 figs-metonymy 0 the lips of a fool consume him Here the fool’s speech is represented by his “lips.” This speaks of the fool destroying himself by his speech as if it were eating him. Alternate translation: “The things that a foolish man says destroy him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 10 13 z31v figs-metonymy 0 As words begin to flow from a fool’s mouth A fool’s speech is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “As a fool begins to speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 10 13 z9w4 figs-metonymy 0 at the end his mouth flows with wicked madness A fool’s speech is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “as he finishes talking, he speaks wicked madness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 10 14 q1x3 figs-idiom 0 multiplies words This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “keeps on talking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 10 14 m6dn 0 what is coming “what will happen in the future” -ECC 10 14 y3nu figs-rquestion 0 Who knows what is coming after him? The writer asks this question to emphasize that no one knows what will happen in the future after one’s death. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one knows what is coming after him.” or “No one knows what will happen after he dies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ECC 10 15 r99g figs-activepassive 0 wearies them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fools become weary by their toil” or “Fools feel tired by the work that they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 10 15 d4gn 0 so that they do not even know the road to town This could mean: (1) “so much that he is unable to find the road to town.” That the foolish person becomes so tired from working too hard that he is unable to find his way anywhere, or (2) “because he does not even know the way to town.” That the foolish person becomes tired from working too hard because he does not know enough to go home. -ECC 10 16 uz4d figs-apostrophe 0 Woe to you, land The writer is speaking to the people of the nation as if they were the land itself, and he is speaking to the land as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 10 16 l356 0 if your king is a young boy This means that the king is inexperienced or immature. -ECC 10 16 yph2 figs-explicit 0 begin feasting in the morning This implies that the leaders are more concerned with having a good time than with leading the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 10 17 sy4w figs-apostrophe 0 blessed are you, land The writer is speaking to the people of the nation as if they were the land itself, and he is speaking to the land as if it were a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ECC 10 17 w79h figs-explicit 0 king is the son of nobles This implies that the son has been trained by his elders in the customs of being a good king. Alternate translation: “king has trained by nobles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 10 17 r77c 0 for strength, and not for drunkenness This explains why the blessed leaders eat. -ECC 10 18 hr8g figs-explicit 0 Because of laziness the roof sinks in A lazy person does not keep up on the regular house maintenance. Alternate translation: “Because a lazy person does not repair his house, the roof sinks in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 10 18 w4li figs-synecdoche 0 because of idle hands Here a person is represented by his “hands” Alternate translation: “because of an idle person” or “because the person is idle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 10 18 y794 figs-synecdoche 0 the house leaks Here the roof is represented by the whole house. Alternate translation: “the roof leaks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 10 19 e3wh figs-abstractnouns 0 People prepare food for laughter The word “laughter” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “People prepare food in order to laugh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 10 19 jw2q figs-abstractnouns 0 wine brings enjoyment to life The word “enjoyment” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “wine helps people to enjoy life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 10 19 fsx4 0 money fills the need for everything This could mean: (1) “money provides for every need” or (2) “money provides for both food and wine” -ECC 10 20 yf3x figs-metonymy 0 not even in your mind A person’s thoughts are represented by the person’s “mind.” Alternate translation: “not even in your thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 10 20 qbv8 0 rich people in your bedroom “rich people when you are in your bedroom.” This means that you should not curse rich people even when you are in a private place where no one else will hear. -ECC 10 20 ba7r figs-parallelism 0 For a bird of the sky … can spread the matter These two lines mean basically the same thing and are combined for emphasis. This speaks of people finding out what you have said as if a small bird would hear what you say and tell other people. Alternate translation: “For a bird may hear what you say and tell the matter to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 11 intro byx8 0 # Ecclesiastes 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in all of chapter 11.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.” -ECC 11 1 iuj7 figs-metaphor 0 Send out your bread on the waters, for you will find it again after many days This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor that means a person should be generous with his possessions and will then receive generously from others , or (2) that a person should invest his resources overseas and will make a profit from it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 11 2 gt4a 0 Share it with seven, even eight people This could mean: (1) to share your possessions with many people, or (2) to invest your resources in multiple places. -ECC 11 2 qri5 translate-numbers 0 seven, even eight people “7, even 8 people.” This is an idiom that means “numerous” people. Alternate translation: “numerous people” or “multiple people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 11 2 v5ph figs-metaphor 0 what disasters are coming on the earth Disasters happening is spoken of as if disasters were something that come to a place. Here “on the earth” may imply that these disasters happen to the person who is commanded to share. Alternate translation: “what disasters may happen in the world” or “what bad things may happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 11 3 k3vi 0 the clouds are full of rain “the clouds are dark with rain” -ECC 11 3 jz5x 0 empty themselves on the earth “empty themselves on the ground” -ECC 11 3 g5bd figs-merism 0 toward the south or toward the north Here “south” and “north” represent any direction. Alternate translation: “in any direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ECC 11 4 g5q9 0 Anyone who watches the wind might not plant This could mean: (1) “Any farmer who pays attention to the wind will not plant when the wind is blowing in the wrong direction” or (2) “Any farmer who pays too much attention to the wind will never plant” -ECC 11 4 mym3 0 anyone who watches the clouds might not harvest This could mean: (1) “Any farmer who pays attention to the clouds will not harvest when it is about to rain” or (2) “Any farmer who pays too much attention to the clouds will never harvest” -ECC 11 5 xta9 figs-metaphor 0 As you do not know the path of the wind This speaks of wind blowing as if wind traveled on a path. Alternate translation: “As you do not know where the wind comes from or where it goes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 11 5 gd8z figs-synecdoche 0 how a baby’s bones grow This could mean: (1) Here “bones” is a synecdoche representing the baby as a whole. Alternate translation: “how a baby grows” or (2) literally, “how the bones of a baby grow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 11 6 ncp6 figs-synecdoche 0 work with your hands Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “keep on working” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 11 6 xq2h figs-doublet 0 whether morning or evening, or this or that These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the person’s work may prosper, no matter what time he has done it. Alternate translation: “whether the seed that you planted in the morning or the seed that you planted in the evening” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ECC 11 7 n46l figs-metonymy 0 light is sweet Here the word “light” refers to being able to see the sun and therefore being alive. And, this speaks of the joy of being alive as if the light had a sweet taste. Alternate translation: “it is a joy to be able to see the sun” or “being alive is delightful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 11 7 lv5e figs-synecdoche 0 for the eyes to see the sun The “eyes” represent the whole person. This phrase means basically the same thing as the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “for a person to see the sun” or “to be alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 11 8 eh9q 0 happy in all of them Here the word “them” refers to the years that a person is alive. -ECC 11 8 w1un figs-metaphor 0 the coming days of darkness Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming” And, here the word “darkness” refers to death. Alternate translation: “how many days that he will be dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ECC 11 8 y8hl 0 for they will be many Here the word “they” refers to the “days of darkness” Alternate translation: “for he will be dead for many more days than he is alive” or “for he will be dead forever” -ECC 11 8 yk5j figs-metaphor 0 Everything to come is vanishing vapor Here “vanishing vapor” is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “No one knows what will happen after he dies” or (2) Alternate translation: “Everything to come is meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 11 8 fi8k 0 Everything to come This could mean: (1) “Everything that happens after death” or (2) “Everything that happens in the future” -ECC 11 9 kq46 figs-parallelism 0 Take joy, young man, in your youth, and let your heart be joyful in the days of your youth These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are combined to emphasize that the man should be happy while he is young. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ECC 11 9 h2ec figs-metonymy 0 let your heart be joyful Here the word “heart” represents the emotions. Alternate translation: “be joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 11 9 vv5u figs-metonymy 0 Pursue the good desires of your heart Here the word “heart” may represent the mind or emotions. Alternate translation: “Pursue the good things that you desire” or “Pursue the good things that you have determined to pursue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 11 9 si2a figs-synecdoche 0 whatever is within the sight of your eyes Here “eyes” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “whatever you see that you desire” or “whatever you see to be best” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 11 9 u7ek figs-abstractnouns 0 God will bring you into judgment for all these things The abstract noun “judgment” can be stated as “judge” or “make you account” Alternate translation: “God will judge you for all these things” or “God will make you account for all of your actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 11 10 tu41 figs-metaphor 0 Drive anger away from your heart Refusing to be angry is spoken of as if anger were something that can be forced away. Also, “heart” represents a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “Refuse to be angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 11 10 y37w figs-metaphor 0 because youth and its strength are vapor The authors speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were “vapor” Just as vapor disappears and does not last, the author speaks of things having no lasting value. See how you translated “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “because youth and its strength will not last forever” or “because you will not be young and strong forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 intro qx5w 0 # Ecclesiastes 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:1-7 and 12:13-14.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Advice
This chapter gives a series of disconnected pieces of advice. Translators should not try to smooth the transitions between these pieces of advice. The advice in these statements do not apply in every situation. Therefore, they should be seen as “good ideas.”

### Yahweh
At the end of a very impressive life, Solomon looks back and sees that the only real lasting thing in this world is Yahweh. The purpose of his life was to honor Yahweh, something he should have done far more throughout his life. Therefore, he felt that his life was wasted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ECC 12 1 jq6t figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 12 1 r69h figs-metaphor 0 before the days of difficulty come Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming” Alternate translation: “before you experience difficult times” or “before bad things happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 1 f747 figs-metaphor 0 before the years arrive when you say, “I have no pleasure in them,” Future time is spoken of as if “years arrive” Alternate translation: “before you become old when you say, ‘I no longer enjoy being alive,’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 2 n1tx figs-metaphor 0 do this before the light of the sun … after the rain Growing old and dying is spoken of as if the sun and moon go dark and dark clouds return. Alternate translation: “do this before it seems to you that the light of the sun … after the rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 3 ric4 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The writer describes a house in which various activities stop. This appears to be a metaphor for the human body as it becomes old. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 3 kzg1 0 strong men are bent over “strong men become weak” -ECC 12 3 qs1x 0 the women who grind cease because they are few “the women who grind grain stop grinding grain because there are few of them” -ECC 12 4 p13x figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The writer continues his metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 4 e4kd figs-activepassive 0 the doors are shut in the street This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people shut the doors that lead to the street” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 12 4 egr6 figs-explicit 0 when men are startled at the voice of a bird It is implied that the voice of the birds startle the men awake. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when the voice of a bird startles men awake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 12 4 hg6p figs-metaphor 0 the singing of girls’ voices fades away Here “girls” may be a metaphor for the birds. Alternate translation: “the songs of the birds fade away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 5 q9vk figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The writer continues his metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 5 jib4 translate-unknown 0 when the almond tree blossoms The “almond tree” is a tree that blossoms in the winter with white flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ECC 12 5 p5ym translate-unknown 0 when grasshoppers drag themselves along A grasshopper is a large, straight-winged insect with long, jointed back legs that give it the ability to jump a long way. Here it can only drag itself because it has gotten old and weak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ECC 12 5 zjw9 figs-abstractnouns 0 when natural desires fail The abstract noun “desires” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when people no longer desire what they once did naturally” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ECC 12 5 tea9 figs-euphemism 0 Then man goes to his eternal home This refers to death. Alternate translation: “Then man goes to the place of the dead forever” or “Then a person dies and never returns to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ECC 12 5 m24n 0 the mourners go down the streets This could mean: (1) that mourners go down the streets to attend a funeral, or (2) that mourners go down the streets to the house of the person who is about to die. -ECC 12 6 buj9 figs-idiom 0 Call to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ECC 12 6 tl6u figs-metaphor 0 before the silver cord is cut … or the water wheel is broken at the well The writer speaks of dying as if it were one of these various broken items. Death will break the body just as suddenly as people accidentally break these items while they are using them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 6 e18g figs-activepassive 0 the silver cord is cut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone cuts the silver cord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 12 6 n7k8 figs-activepassive 0 the golden bowl is crushed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone crushes the golden bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 12 6 ghm8 figs-activepassive 0 the pitcher is shattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone shatters the pitcher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 12 6 h9gc figs-activepassive 0 the water wheel is broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone breaks the water wheel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 12 7 hd1s figs-metonymy 0 dust returns to the earth Here the word “dust” refers to the human body that has decomposed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ECC 12 8 rep2 figs-metaphor 0 A mist of vapor … everything is vanishing vapor The Teacher speaks of things as being useless and meaningless as if they were “vapor.” Just as vapor disappears and does not last, the author speaks of things having no lasting value. See how you translated “vapor” in [Ecclesiastes 1:14](../01/14.md). Alternate translation: “Temporary and useless … everything is temporary and useless” or “Meaningless … everything is meaningless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 8 tnp3 0 the Teacher See how you translated this in [Ecclesiastes 1:1](../01/01.md). -ECC 12 9 i4bz 0 contemplated and set in order “thought much about and arranged” or “thought much about and wrote down” -ECC 12 10 a9qt 0 using vivid … words The Teacher wanted the words to be pleasurable to the listener. They bring pleasure because they are well written, not because they are comforting. -ECC 12 11 k55m figs-metaphor 0 The words of wise people … taught by one shepherd The writer speaks of the teacher who uses his words to instruct people as if the teacher were a shepherd who uses his tools to lead his flock. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ECC 12 11 klc6 figs-simile 0 The words of wise people are like goads This is a simile. Alternate translation: “Wise people encourage people to act, like a sharp stick encourages an animal to move” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 12 11 f4e5 figs-simile 0 Like nails driven deeply are the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs This is a simile. Alternate translation: “Like you can depend on a nail that a person drives firmly into a piece of wood, so you can depend on the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ECC 12 11 l699 0 the words of the masters in collections of their proverbs “the wise words collected in their proverbs” or “the sayings of the wise” -ECC 12 11 as9u figs-activepassive 0 which are taught by one shepherd This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which one shepherd teaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 12 12 r12d 0 the making of many books, which has no end The noun phrase “the making” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “people will never stop making many books” -ECC 12 12 w94l figs-synecdoche 0 brings weariness to the body Here “body” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “makes the person tired” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ECC 12 13 xk42 0 The end of the matter “The final conclusion on the matter” -ECC 12 13 nr9n figs-activepassive 0 after everything has been heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “after you have heard everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ECC 12 14 ele3 figs-metaphor 0 along with every hidden thing Things done in secret is spoken of as if they were an object that was hidden. Alternate translation: “along with everything that people do in secret” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/fr_tn_22-SNG.tsv b/fr_tn_22-SNG.tsv deleted file mode 100644 index 9cd42d4e8..000000000 --- a/fr_tn_22-SNG.tsv +++ /dev/null @@ -1,555 +0,0 @@ -Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -SNG front intro an3g 0 # Introduction to the Song of Songs
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Song of Songs

1. The bride longs for the bridegroom to arrive (1:1–2:7)
1. The bridegroom praises the woman he loves (2:8–3:5)
1. The bridegroom arrives and praises the bride (3:6–5:1)
1. The bride longs for the bridegroom (5:2–6:9)
1. The bridegroom praises the beauty of his bride (6:1–8:4)
1. Final thoughts about love between a man and a woman (8:5–14)

### What is the Song of Songs about?

The Song of Songs is a poem or a series of poems that celebrate love and intimacy between a man and a woman. Jews traditionally have interpreted the book as a picture of God’s love for his people Israel. In the same way, many Christians interpret it as a picture of love between Christ and his bride, the church of all believers.

### Who wrote the Song of Songs?

The first verse of the book (“The Song of Songs, which is Solomon’s”) gives the idea that King Solomon of Israel wrote it. However, people have interpreted this verse in different ways, so not everyone is persuaded that Solomon wrote it.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

This book is traditionally titled “Song of Songs,” which means the very best song, or “Song of Solomon.” It may also be called “Songs of Love,” “Great Poems of Love,” or “The Love Songs of Solomon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What place do the descriptions of sexual behavior have in the Song of Songs?

The Song of Songs approves of sexual behavior expressing love between a husband his wife.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### How many characters are in the Song of Songs?

The two main characters in this book are the man and the woman, who love each other. The woman also speaks to a group of women called the “daughters of Jerusalem,” and these women make comments. However, it is possible that the group of women is not real and the woman is only imagining them.

Some interpreters believe there may be more characters than these, but this is not certain. The ULT and UST versions recognize only the man, the woman, and the group of women.

### What are the lines about people speaking?

The Song of Songs is a poem that shows the thoughts and words of a man, a woman, and the woman’s friends. Throughout the poem, the author does not identify the speakers and their audience. So to help readers understand the poem, some translations attempt to identify the speaker and the audience. It is not always certain who the speaker is, so sometimes translations disagree about who is speaking.

Before each speech, the ULT identifies the speaker and the audience like this: “The woman speaking to the other women,” “The woman speaking to the man,” “The man speaking to the woman,” or “The woman speaking to herself.” Translators are encouraged to include these ways of identifying the speaker and the audience, and to format them differently from the scripture text. The translators should also include a note explaining that these explanations are not actually part of the scripture.

### How should one translate the Song of Songs if the readers will view certain terms as coarse, vulgar, or improper?

Readers might consider many images or forms appearing in the Song of Songs as improper when translated. The translator should try to avoid offensive language if possible, by using expressions that will not cause offense. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])

### How do I translate metaphors and similes in this book?

There are many metaphors and similes in this book. These figures of speech are often unclear. If they have sexual meanings, figures of speech describing feelings or emotions are often used to avoid offense by hiding their meaning. However, since their meanings are often unclear, ambiguity in translation is encouraged. You can translate the words as they are written in order to avoid committing to a specific meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 1 intro xrm2 0 # Song of Songs 01 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Kisses
The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Love and affection
This chapter is centered on the feelings of love, affection, and attraction. Different cultural standards may make translation difficult and the translator may use euphemisms to avoid offending people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “I am dark”
In the ancient Near East, rich people usually had lighter skin because they did not need to work outside in the sun. This young woman had to work out in the sun, and her skin became darker than it was when she was younger. -SNG 1 1 fna4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -SNG 1 1 qbe2 0 The Song of Songs “The Best Song” or “The Most Excellent Song” -SNG 1 1 r5ns 0 which is Solomon’s Possible meanings are “which is about Solomon” or “which Solomon composed.” -SNG 1 2 j5xq 0 General Information: The first part of the book begins with this verse. -SNG 1 2 nze7 0 your love is better than wine “I enjoy having you near me more than I enjoy drinking wine” -SNG 1 3 si36 0 Your anointing oils “The oils that you put on your body” -SNG 1 3 d9r7 0 have a delightful fragrance “smell wonderful” -SNG 1 3 z9t3 figs-simile 0 your name is like flowing perfume Perfume has a good smell that spreads as the air moves. The name is either a metonym for: (1) the person’s reputation, what other people think of him. Here the speaker says that people always think that the hearer is a good person, or (2) the person himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 1 4 v83t figs-you 0 with you “The word “you” refers to the man and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -SNG 1 4 gec8 figs-metaphor 0 Take “Pull” or “Drag.” Here the woman described as being like a captive who is willing to follow her captor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 1 4 ty2p figs-exclusive 0 we will run The word “we” refers to the young woman together with the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -SNG 1 4 isr6 figs-pronouns 0 We are glad … We rejoice … let us celebrate The woman speaks of herself as if she were more than one person. Many versions change the pronoun to “I” as the UST does. Other versions present these as the words of the woman’s friends speaking about either the woman or the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -SNG 1 4 at7l 0 about you “because of you” -SNG 1 4 geq4 0 let us celebrate “let us praise” -SNG 1 4 ag8r 0 It is natural for the other women to adore you “Women who adore you are doing as they should do” -SNG 1 5 ez2x 0 I am dark but lovely “My skin is dark, but I am still beautiful” or “Even though my skin is dark, I am beautiful” -SNG 1 5 rbb3 figs-simile 0 dark like the tents of Kedar The nomadic tribes in Kedar used black goat skins to build their homes. The woman is comparing her skin to these tents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 1 5 dc13 figs-simile 0 lovely like the curtains of Solomon Solomon produced beautiful curtains either for his own palace or for the Temple. She says that her skin is beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 1 6 thz7 figs-hyperbole 0 scorched This exaggeration for “burned” or “made black” refers to the sun changing her skin from light to dark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -SNG 1 6 fz9h 0 My mother’s sons “My half-brothers.” These brothers probably had the same mother as the woman but not the same father. -SNG 1 6 v86f 0 made me keeper of the vineyards “made me take care of the vineyards” -SNG 1 6 w18k figs-metaphor 0 but my own vineyard I have not kept The woman compares herself to a vineyard. Alternate translation: “but I have not been able to take care of myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 1 7 f9hi figs-metonymy 0 my soul loves The soul is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 1 7 v54w 0 feed your flock “graze your flocks” -SNG 1 7 f5eb 0 rest your flock “have your flock lie down” -SNG 1 7 v6rs figs-rquestion 0 Why should I be like someone who wanders beside the flocks of your companions? The woman asks this question to emphasize that she has a closer relationship to the man than other women do. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Tell me so that I will not need to wander around among the flocks of your companions when I am looking for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -SNG 1 7 bq95 figs-metaphor 0 who wanders “who goes all around.” She does not want to have to look for the man. Perhaps she is afraid other men will think she is a prostitute looking for business. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 1 7 b552 0 your companions “your friends” or “your co-workers” -SNG 1 8 nky4 0 most beautiful among women “you who are the most beautiful of all women” -SNG 1 8 al9c 0 follow the tracks of my flock “follow along behind the flock” -SNG 1 8 i8sl 0 tracks marks of the hooves of the flock on the ground -SNG 1 8 fis9 0 pasture your young goats “graze your young goats” or “let your young goats eat” -SNG 1 9 v2yv 0 General Information: The man continues speaking to the woman. -SNG 1 9 gw76 figs-simile 0 I compare you, my love, to a mare among Pharaoh’s chariot horses The Jews of those days considered horses beautiful, and the Pharaoh’s horses would have been the most beautiful he could find. The man considers the young woman beautiful. Alternate translation: “My love, you are as beautiful as any of Pharaoh’s chariot horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 1 9 l3q7 0 my love “you whom I love” -SNG 1 9 zyj5 0 Pharaoh’s chariot horses “the horses that pull Pharaoh’s chariots” -SNG 1 10 u7h9 figs-metaphor 0 Your cheeks are beautiful with ornaments These ornaments could be: (1) jewels hanging from a band around the head or (2) earrings or (3) a metaphor for her long hair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 1 11 dza7 figs-pronouns 0 We will make The man speaks as if he were many people. Some versions change this to singular “I.” Other versions take these to be the words of the woman’s friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -SNG 1 11 bp6l 0 with silver studs “with spots of silver” -SNG 1 12 zt7d 0 lay on his couch “sat eating his special meal.” This probably refers to one of the couches on which people would lie around a table at a banquet. You could translate using the common word for what people do with their bodies when they eat special meals. -SNG 1 12 ur66 0 nard an oil that people got from the expensive nard or spikenard (valerian plant with small pink or white flowers) and used to make their skin soft and to have a pleasant odor. -SNG 1 12 lp8f 0 emitted its fragrance “gave off its good smell” -SNG 1 13 vc5v figs-simile 0 My beloved is to me like a bag of myrrh … breasts Women would place a small bag or pouch of myrrh on a necklace so it would lie between their breasts and they could enjoy its pleasant fragrance. This woman enjoys having her beloved close to her. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy having a bag of myrrh … breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 1 13 bzs7 0 My beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” -SNG 1 13 f8y8 figs-euphemism 0 lying between my breasts If this phrase would offend your readers, you could use a euphemism. Alternate translation: “close to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 1 14 zh75 figs-simile 0 My beloved is to me like a cluster of henna flowers Henna flowers have a fragrance that people enjoy. The woman enjoys her beloved. She adds “to me” to show that she does not expect anyone else to enjoy her beloved in this way. Alternate translation: “I enjoy my beloved as much as I enjoy the smell of clusters of henna flowers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 1 14 a6jk 0 henna flowers flowers from a small desert tree that people used as a perfume -SNG 1 15 x2d5 0 Listen, you “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: you” -SNG 1 15 m114 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](./09.md) -SNG 1 15 fb4x figs-metonymy 0 your eyes are doves This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the man considers the woman’s eyes beautiful because the way the woman looks at him makes him think she is gentle. Alternate translation: “you are very gentle” or (2) the man is speaking of the woman’s white eyeballs or the shape of her eyes as being like the shape of a dove. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 1 16 sbi4 0 Listen, you “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: you” -SNG 1 16 km29 0 handsome Use the word in your language that describes a good-looking man. -SNG 1 16 x3pr 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 1 16 q43e figs-metaphor 0 lush plants are our bed This speaks of the lush plants as if they were a bed. Alternate translation: “lush plants are what we lie down on to sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 1 16 xed8 0 The lush plants plants that are green, moist, and grow abundantly -SNG 1 17 v14z figs-metaphor 0 The beams of our house are cedars; our rafters are firs The woman describes the forest as though it were a house in which they were lying down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 1 17 q6r8 0 beams … rafters This could mean: (1) “beams” refers to large logs used to support everything above the walls and “rafters” refers to the large pieces of wood to which the roof is attached or (2) “beams” refers to the rafters and “rafters” refers to the strips attached to the beams, onto which the builders attached the roofing materials. -SNG 1 17 c3e5 translate-unknown 0 cedars … firs Cedars were large and strong trees. The word translated “firs” is a general term for trees like cedars but smaller. If cedar and fir trees are unknown in your area, you could use general terms for the tallest and strongest trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -SNG 2 intro u8uv 0 # Song of Songs 02 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor
Women are compared to flowers in this chapter. This metaphor may describe a woman’s beauty and delicacy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### Euphemisms
It is possible that some of the metaphors used in this chapter are actually euphemisms. These euphemisms would refer to sex or the physical love between a husband a wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 2 1 bw25 writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -SNG 2 1 cne2 figs-metaphor 0 I am a meadow flower of Sharon The woman speaks as if she were one of many flowers in a land known for beautiful flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 1 ni5p 0 Sharon the name of a land that is flat, has no trees, and grows many different kinds of grasses and flowers -SNG 2 1 vve6 figs-metaphor 0 lily of the valleys The woman speaks as if she were one of many flowers in a land known for beautiful flowers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 1 nt8f 0 lily a sweet smelling flower that grows in places where there is much water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:1-2](./01.md). -SNG 2 1 e9ke 0 valleys flat areas between mountains and near water -SNG 2 2 ibi6 figs-simile 0 As a lily among thorns … young women A flower is much more beautiful than a thorn bush. The man thinks the woman is much more beautiful than the other women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 2 2 bi45 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md). -SNG 2 2 y9bu 0 the young women “the other young women” -SNG 2 3 xz7y figs-simile 0 As an apricot tree … the young men People enjoy the fruit of an apricot tree, but the trees of the forest do not bear fruit. The woman enjoys being with the man, but not with the other young men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 2 3 yr6x 0 apricot tree a tree that produces a small yellow fruit that is very sweet. If your readers will not know what this is, you could use the word for another fruit tree or the general word “fruit tree.” -SNG 2 3 wf4u 0 the forest The Hebrew word here refers to land where trees grow for which people have no use. -SNG 2 3 q7kl 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 2 3 pii3 figs-metaphor 0 I sit down under his shadow with great delight The woman finds great joy and comfort in being so near to the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 3 b5ai figs-metaphor 0 his fruit is sweet to my taste The woman enjoys eating sweet fruit, and she enjoys being near to the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 4 ift6 0 the house of wine This could mean: (1) the very large room where the king would serve many people large meals with wine or (2) a small booth in a vineyard where the man and woman could be alone together. -SNG 2 4 rp8q figs-metonymy 0 his banner over me was love This could mean: (1) the banner is a metonym for a military escort. And, the military escort is a metaphor that represents the man’s love which gives courage to the woman who was nervous to enter the large room where the king served many people. Alternate translation: “but his loving protection guided me and gave me courage” or (2) the woman knew that the man wanted to make love to her from the way he looked at her. Alternate translation: “he looked at me lovingly” or “when he looked at me, I knew he wanted to make love to me” or (3) they made love. Alternate translation: “he lovingly covered me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 5 uxb2 0 Revive me “Return my strength” or “Give me energy” -SNG 2 5 khc1 0 with raisin cakes “by giving me raisin cakes to eat.” Raisin cakes were cakes made of dried grapes pressed together. -SNG 2 5 gs2a 0 refresh me with apricots “support me by giving me apricots” or “help me by giving me apricots” -SNG 2 5 y4qy figs-metaphor 0 for I am weak with love The woman speaks of feeling weak because her love is so strong as if love were a kind of sickness. Alternate translation: “because my love is so strong that I feel feeble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 6 m6ys 0 left hand … right hand “left arm … right arm” -SNG 2 6 fq8w 0 embraces me “holds me” -SNG 2 7 l67b figs-apostrophe 0 daughters of Jerusalem “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 2 7 n4wq figs-apostrophe 0 by the gazelles and the does of the fields Although the daughters of Jerusalem could not hear her, the woman speaks to them as if they could hear saying that the gazelles and the does will punish them they break their promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 2 7 sz5c 0 the gazelles These are animals that look like deer and move quickly. -SNG 2 7 nt79 0 does female deer -SNG 2 7 w94r 0 of the fields “that live in the countryside.” This was land that has not been farmed. -SNG 2 7 ekc3 figs-personification 0 will not awaken or arouse love until she pleases Here “love” is spoken of as if it were a person asleep that does not want to be awakened. This is a metaphor that represents the man and woman who do not want to be disturbed until they are finished making love. Alternate translation: “will not disturb us until we have finished making love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 7 fz3j figs-doublet 0 will not awaken or arouse If your language has only one word for waking people out of sleep, you could combine these words. Alternate translation: “will not awaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -SNG 2 8 aay2 0 General Information: The second part of the book begins here. It is not clear whether the woman is speaking to herself or to the daughters of Jerusalem. -SNG 2 8 j2nl 0 Listen This could mean: (1) “Listen carefully to what I am about to say.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully, or (2) “Listen so you can hear him coming.” -SNG 2 8 rn51 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 2 8 dm9e 0 leaping … jumping The woman shows that she is excited to see the man come by using as few words as possible to describe what he is doing. Your language may have a different way of showing that the speaker is excited about what is happening. -SNG 2 8 fr67 figs-metaphor 0 leaping over the mountains, jumping over the hills “leaping on the mountains, running quickly on the hills.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” (verse 9) coming quickly toward her over rough ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 9 l5ni 0 gazing … peering The woman shows that she is excited to see the man come by using as few words as possible to describe what he is doing. Your language may have a different way of showing that the speaker is excited about what is happening. -SNG 2 9 f2lu figs-simile 0 like a gazelle or a young stag Gazelles and young stags move quickly over rough ground. The woman imagines the man coming as fast as he can to be with her. You could translate using animals in your language that people think of as fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 2 9 kq5f 0 a gazelle This is an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “the gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](./07.md). -SNG 2 9 qbs9 0 a young stag “a young male deer” -SNG 2 9 s6z4 0 look “listen carefully” or “what I am about to say is important.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully. -SNG 2 9 umf5 0 behind our wall “on the other side of our wall.” The woman is in a house and the man is outside the house. -SNG 2 9 be2w figs-exclusive 0 our wall The word “our” refers to the woman and the other people in the house with her. If she is speaking to herself, it is inclusive, but if she is speaking to the daughters of Jerusalem, whether she is referring to herself and her companions or to herself only in plural, as in “We are glad … We rejoice … let us celebrate” ([Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md)), it is exclusive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -SNG 2 9 kf9u 0 gazing through the window “he stares in through the windows” -SNG 2 9 s9xt 0 peering through the lattice “he peeks through the lattice” -SNG 2 9 z1bl 0 lattice a cover for a window or some other entrance that someone has made by weaving long strips of wood together. Lattices have holes that people can look through. -SNG 2 10 hl12 0 My beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” -SNG 2 10 pah1 0 Arise, my love “Get out of bed, my love” -SNG 2 10 fff7 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md) -SNG 2 11 yv91 0 Look “Listen carefully” or “What I am about to say is important.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully. -SNG 2 11 eyh9 0 the winter is past; the rain is over and gone In winter it is too cold and wet to make love outside, but the cold, wet time has passed. -SNG 2 11 e658 0 the winter is past Winter is the cold time of year when plants do not grow and people prefer to stay inside their houses. You could use the term in your language for that time of year. -SNG 2 11 f4hz 0 the rain is over and gone In Israel it only rains during the winter. The rain here is cold and unpleasant, not the refreshing rain of the hot season. -SNG 2 12 wfw3 0 The flowers have appeared “People can see flowers” -SNG 2 12 j8f3 0 in the land “all over this land” -SNG 2 12 sv72 0 for pruning for cutting off branches from a plant so that it will produce more fruit or look better -SNG 2 12 x3li 0 the singing of birds “for birds to sing” -SNG 2 12 zmw4 figs-activepassive 0 the sound of the doves is heard This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people can hear the sound of doves” or “the doves are cooing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -SNG 2 13 mk2y figs-personification 0 The fig tree ripens her green figs The tree is spoken of as if it were actively causing its fruit to ripen. This is a collective singular and can be translated as a plural. Alternate translation: “The figs on the trees are becoming ripe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -SNG 2 13 ef3j 0 vines are in blossom “vines are flowering” or “vines have flowers” -SNG 2 13 xhn3 0 they give off The word “they” refers to the blossoms on the vines. -SNG 2 13 wjr7 0 their fragrance “their sweet smell” -SNG 2 13 m4mt 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md) -SNG 2 14 a7lp 0 General Information: The man is speaking. -SNG 2 14 wv7q figs-metaphor 0 My dove The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor. Alternate translation: “My beautiful woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 14 eju1 0 the clefts large cracks in the side of mountain rocks large enough for people to hide in -SNG 2 14 afg5 0 the mountain crags “the steep rocks on the sides of the mountains” -SNG 2 14 bhl6 0 your face Some versions translate this as “your appearance” or “your form” or “what you look like.” -SNG 2 15 pu8l figs-you 0 Catch This is plural, as if the woman is speaking to more than one man, but most versions translate who she is speaking to as the man, so you could translate this as singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -SNG 2 15 xns5 figs-metaphor 0 the foxes These animals look like small dogs and were often used in love poetry to represent eager young men who would spoil a young woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 15 v31m figs-exclusive 0 for us … our vineyard The words **us** and **our** could possibly be: (1) exclusive, referring to the woman herself, as in [Song of Songs 1:4](../01/01.md), or (2) inclusive, referring to the woman and the man, or (3) exclusive, referring to the woman and the rest of her family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -SNG 2 15 dac9 0 foxes Another possible meaning is “jackals.” A jackal is a type of thin wild dog with long legs. -SNG 2 15 wl95 figs-metaphor 0 the little foxes that spoil Foxes spoil or destroy vineyards by digging holes and eating vines and grapes. This could be a metaphor for young men who spoil young women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 15 r16k figs-metaphor 0 in blossom This implies that the vineyard is healthy and the grapes have appeared, but they are not ready for harvest. This could be a metaphor for a young lady ready for marriage and bearing children. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 16 zb2r 0 My beloved is mine “My beloved belongs to me” -SNG 2 16 lxy4 0 I am his “I belong to him” -SNG 2 16 n6c3 figs-metaphor 0 he grazes “feeds” or “eats grass.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” (verse 17) that eats plants among the lilies. Grazing is probably a metaphor for lovemaking ([Song of Songs 2:1-2](./01.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 16 x5db 0 lilies sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](./01.md). -SNG 2 17 b3kg 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 2 17 p2uq 0 dawn the part of the day when the sun is rising -SNG 2 17 lz3y figs-metaphor 0 the shadows flee away The woman describes the shadows as though they were running away from the light of the sun. Alternate translation: “the shadows disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 2 17 d8mw 0 like a gazelle or a young stag See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:9](./08.md). -SNG 2 17 vlw3 0 gazelle an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](./07.md). -SNG 2 17 l8dz 0 stag an adult male deer -SNG 2 17 ia1r 0 rugged mountains “rocky mountains” or “rough mountains” -SNG 3 intro t72h 0 # Song of Songs 03 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Longing
This chapter describes a feeling of longing, or the waiting in anticipation of the one you love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Metaphors
In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 3 1 l1kv 0 I was longing for him … could not find him “I had a strong desire to be with him … loves, but he was not there” -SNG 3 1 hu3u figs-metonymy 0 him whom my soul loves The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Here it makes a stronger statement of the woman’s love for the man than “my beloved” ([Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 3 2 uyu7 0 go through the city “walk through the city” -SNG 3 2 x9ki 0 through the streets and squares The word “squares” indicates the center area of a town where streets or roads come together. It is often an area where people sell items, a market, and a place where people come together to talk. -SNG 3 2 afu9 0 will search “will to look for” -SNG 3 3 rdd5 0 watchmen men who have the job of keeping guard of the town at night to keep the people safe -SNG 3 3 b9j2 0 as they were making their rounds in the city “who were walking around the city on the walls” -SNG 3 3 pab8 figs-metonymy 0 him whom my soul loves The soul is a metonym for the whole person. Here it makes a stronger statement of the woman’s love for the man than “my beloved” ([Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md)). See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:1](./01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 3 4 p5k2 0 the bedroom “the room for sleeping” -SNG 3 4 ri8e figs-metonymy 0 the one who had conceived me This is a metonym for her mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 3 5 a3y1 0 General Information: Translate this verse as in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). -SNG 3 5 t61g figs-apostrophe 0 daughters of Jerusalem “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 3 5 qw1m figs-apostrophe 0 by the gazelles and the does of the fields Although the daughters of Jerusalem are not there to hear her, the woman is telling them that the gazelles and the does will punish them they break their promise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 3 5 b4r5 0 the gazelles animals that look like deer and move quickly. -SNG 3 5 ruq7 0 does female deer -SNG 3 5 n2aq 0 of the fields “that live in the countryside.” This refers to land that has not been farmed. -SNG 3 5 cm9r figs-personification 0 will not awaken or arouse love until she pleases Here “love” is spoken of as if it were a person asleep that does not want to be awakened. This is a metaphor that represents the man and woman who do not want to be disturbed until they are finished making love. Alternate translation: “will not disturb us until we have finished making love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 3 5 dbf9 figs-doublet 0 will not awaken or arouse If your language has only one word for waking people out of sleep, you could combine these words. Alternate translation: “will not awaken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -SNG 3 6 e1ly 0 General Information: The third part of the book begins here. It begins with a description of sixty men carrying Solomon’s bed up from the wilderness to Jerusalem. -SNG 3 6 y8wr 0 What is that coming up from the wilderness The group of people is traveling from the wilderness to Jerusalem. They must go up in order to reach Jerusalem because the wilderness is low in the Jordan valley and Jerusalem is high in the mountains. -SNG 3 6 z3w1 0 What is that Many versions translate this “Who is that.” -SNG 3 6 tjf4 figs-simile 0 like a column of smoke The dust looked like smoke from far away because the people raised much dust in the air as they traveled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 3 6 w7kr 0 perfumed with myrrh and frankincense “with the sweet smell of myrrh and frankincense” -SNG 3 6 bf7f figs-ellipsis 0 with all the powders sold by merchants The words “perfumed with” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “perfumed with all the powders sold by merchants” or “and with the sweet smell of all the powders that merchants sell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -SNG 3 6 sy9j 0 powders a fine dust made by crushing something solid -SNG 3 7 ldh8 0 Look “Listen carefully” or “What I am about to say is important.” You could use a word in your language that tells the hearer to listen carefully. The speaker now discovers the answer to the question in verse 6. -SNG 3 7 e4uw 0 it is the bed This refers to a bed with a cover that can be carried from one place to another. -SNG 3 7 rd7d figs-doublet 0 sixty warriors surround it, sixty soldiers of Israel These two phrases refer to the same sixty people. The second phrase clarifies that the “warriors” are “soldiers of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -SNG 3 7 u16s 0 warriors men who fight -SNG 3 8 sbd8 0 General Information: The description of sixty men carrying Solomon’s bed up from the wilderness to Jerusalem, begun in [Song of Songs 3:6](./06.md), continues. -SNG 3 8 mm7c writing-background 0 A description of the bed itself begins in verse 9. You could use words in your language that show that this is background information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -SNG 3 8 v2yx 0 are experienced in warfare “can fight battles well” -SNG 3 8 z9n4 0 armed against “so that he can fight against” -SNG 3 8 jqy9 figs-abstractnouns 0 terrors of the night The abstract noun “terrors” is a metonym for evil people who frighten others by attacking them. Alternate translation: “evil people who attack others at night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 3 9 nnm6 0 sedan chair This is a chair or couch for important people to sit or lie on. It rests on long poles that people can use to carry it -SNG 3 10 f5mj writing-background 0 The description of the bed itself that began in [Song of Songs 3:9](./08.md) continues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -SNG 3 10 w2at 0 Its posts The word “its” refers to King Solomon’s sedan chair. -SNG 3 10 xnj4 0 posts The word “posts” here refers to pieces either made of silver or made of wood covered with silver that hold up the tent of cloth around his chair. -SNG 3 10 rr69 0 Its interior was “The inside of it was” -SNG 3 10 apj8 0 with love This could mean: (1) “with love,” indicating that the women made the sedan beautiful in a special way to show their love for Solomon, or (2) “with leather.” -SNG 3 11 i961 0 daughters of Zion “you young women who live in Zion” -SNG 3 11 sj76 0 gaze on King Solomon “look at King Solomon.” The word “gaze” refers to look at someone or something for a long time, usually with strong emotional feeling. -SNG 3 11 tf1d 0 bearing the crown “wearing the crown” -SNG 3 11 ei7z figs-metonymy 0 the day of the joy of his heart The word “heart” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “the day on which he truly rejoiced” or “the happiest day of his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 4 intro r3aw 0 # Song of Songs 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Beauty
The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Metaphors
In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### “My sister, my bride”
The woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. -SNG 4 1 rg3f writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -SNG 4 1 m3g6 figs-metaphor 0 Your eyes are doves One possibility is that the man is speaking of the woman’s white eyeballs or the shape of her eyes, the shape of a dove. Another possibility is that the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the man considers the woman’s eyes beautiful because the way the woman looks at him makes him think she is gentle. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). Alternate translation: “You are very gentle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 1 z6f7 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md). -SNG 4 1 pnn4 figs-simile 0 Your hair is like a flock of goats going down from Mount Gilead Goats in Israel were usually dark in color. The woman’s hair was probably dark. You may need to specify that the goats were dark or even use another simile that the reader will understand that refers to something dark and beautiful. People thought of Mount Gilead as beautiful and fertile. The speaker considered the woman beautiful and ready to become the mother of his children. If you remove the simile of the goats, you may have to remove the simile of the mountain as well. Alternate translation: “Your hair is as dark as storm clouds above a fertile land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 4 2 bdg1 figs-simile 0 Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 4 2 cj59 figs-activepassive 0 a flock of newly shorn ewes This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a flock of ewes whose wool people have cut off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -SNG 4 2 wc12 figs-explicit 0 coming up from the washing place The ewes are coming up out of the water. Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -SNG 4 2 jw1w figs-metaphor 0 Each one has a twin Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lambs usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 2 vl9d 0 none among them is bereaved Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. -SNG 4 2 sb14 0 bereaved lost a loved one who has died -SNG 4 3 h2in 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. -SNG 4 3 t9kf figs-simile 0 are like a thread of scarlet Scarlet is a beautiful red color, and scarlet thread was very expensive. The woman’s lips were red. Alternate translation: “are a deep red like scarlet thread” or “are red and very beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 4 3 v1ae 0 scarlet a dark red color that is very similar to the color of blood -SNG 4 3 q1mk 0 is lovely “is beautiful” -SNG 4 3 j2a3 figs-simile 0 are like pomegranate halves Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 4 3 y47i 0 behind your veil See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](./01.md). -SNG 4 4 th27 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. -SNG 4 4 i3qt figs-simile 0 Your neck is like the tower of David No one knows if this was a real tower. A tower is a tall, slender building, and saying that David built it implies that it was beautiful. The man considered the woman’s neck long and slender and so beautiful. Alternate translation: “Your neck is long and beautiful like the tower of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 4 4 v4ae 0 of David “that David built” -SNG 4 4 cq2q figs-metaphor 0 built in rows of stone Women had necklaces that covered their entire necks with rows of decorations. The man compares these rows of decorations with the rows of stone on the tower. Alternate translation: “that has many rows of stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -SNG 4 4 c4nk figs-metaphor 0 with a thousand shields The man compares the decorations of the woman’s necklace with shields hanging on the tower. The necklace probably went around her neck many times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 4 wgq3 translate-numbers 0 a thousand shields “1,000 shields.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -SNG 4 4 swd3 0 all the shields of soldiers “all of the shields belong to mighty warriors” -SNG 4 5 f8qi 0 two breasts If the word “two” seems unnecessary and so out of place, you could omit it. -SNG 4 5 ea9j figs-simile 0 like two fawns, twins of a gazelle The man implies that the woman’s breasts are matching, soft, and perhaps small. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 4 5 wd7y 0 twins the babies of a mother who gave birth to two babies at one time -SNG 4 5 gu86 0 gazelle an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). -SNG 4 5 p33d 0 grazing among the lilies “eating plants among the lilies.” While it is clear that the man “grazing among the lilies” is a metaphor for making love ([Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md)), it is not clear what these words refer to. It is best to translate them literally. -SNG 4 5 bb93 0 lilies sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md). -SNG 4 6 ks1d 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. -SNG 4 6 y1xu 0 Until the dawn arrives and the shadows flee away Translate similar wording in this line as you did the line in [Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md). -SNG 4 6 re83 figs-metaphor 0 I will go to the mountain of myrrh and to the hill of frankincense The “mountain of myrrh” and “hill of frankincense” are metaphors for the woman’s breasts ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md)). Alternate translation: “I will lie close to your breasts, which are like mountains that smell like myrrh and frankincense” or “I will lie close to your breasts, which smell very sweet” or “I will go to the sweet-smelling mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 6 bm4n 0 the mountain of myrrh “the mountain made of myrrh” or “the mountain that has myrrh growing on it” -SNG 4 6 ekc1 0 the hill of frankincense “the hill where there are clouds of smoke from burning frankincense in the air” -SNG 4 7 wt7k 0 You are beautiful in every way “Every part of you is beautiful” or “All of you is beautiful” -SNG 4 7 l1xq 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md). -SNG 4 7 ci96 0 there is no blemish in you “you have no blemish” -SNG 4 8 v9nd figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The man continues to speak to the woman. He speaks of them not being free to make love as if they were in a wild, dangerous, foreign place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 8 h4yw 0 from Lebanon “away from Lebanon” -SNG 4 8 j8s2 0 my bride This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. -SNG 4 8 m2km translate-names 0 Amana the name of a mountain north of Israel (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -SNG 4 8 ir9l translate-names 0 Senir the name of a mountain near Amana and Hermon. Some people think that this refers to the same mountain as Hermon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -SNG 4 8 ybd2 0 dens places where lions and leopards live, like caves or holes in the ground -SNG 4 9 v3al 0 General Information: The man continues to speak to the woman. -SNG 4 9 d7n7 figs-idiom 0 You have stolen my heart This idiom could mean: (1) “My heart now belongs completely to you” or (2) “I strongly desire to make love to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 4 9 vdf7 figs-idiom 0 my sister This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 4 9 k4ah 0 my bride This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:8](./08.md). -SNG 4 9 d83s 0 heart, with just one look at me, with just one jewel “heart. All you have to do is look at me once or show me just one jewel.” Both the woman’s eyes and her jewelry attract the man to her. -SNG 4 9 laj2 0 necklace This necklace probably went around her neck many times ([Song of Songs 4:4](./04.md)). -SNG 4 10 wbn5 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. -SNG 4 10 g6qt 0 How beautiful is your love “Your love is wonderful” -SNG 4 10 v1gy figs-idiom 0 my sister This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 4 10 ibb8 0 my bride This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./08.md). -SNG 4 10 td9x 0 How much better is your love than wine “Your love is much better than wine.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 1:2](../01/01.md). -SNG 4 10 ts8k figs-ellipsis 0 the fragrance of your perfume than any spice The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “how much better is the fragrance of your perfume than the fragrance of any spice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -SNG 4 10 wzb4 0 fragrance … perfume See how you translated these words in [Song of Songs 1:3](../01/01.md). -SNG 4 10 r5ni 0 spice dried plants or seeds that have a good smell or taste -SNG 4 11 fw88 figs-metaphor 0 Your lips … drip honey Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 11 vc6y figs-metaphor 0 honey and milk are under your tongue Because “milk and honey” is a common phrase in the Bible, you should translate literally. Possible meanings are that honey is a metaphor for: (1) the sweet taste of the woman’s kisses or (2) the woman’s words. Milk is a metaphor for luxury, owning many things that help people enjoy life. When the woman kisses the man, he enjoys life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 11 nyc9 0 the fragrance of your garments is like the fragrance of Lebanon “the smell of your clothes is like the smell of Lebanon.” Many cedar trees grew in Lebanon. Cedar trees smell very good, so Lebanon would have smelled sweet and fresh. -SNG 4 12 sks3 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. -SNG 4 12 whp4 figs-idiom 0 My sister This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). Alternate translation: “My dear” or “My darling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 4 12 nrw6 0 my bride This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](./09.md). -SNG 4 12 j45u figs-metaphor 0 is a garden locked up “is a garden that no one can enter.” The garden is a metaphor for the woman, and the lock is a metaphor for her still being a virgin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 12 i5nb figs-metaphor 0 a spring that is sealed “a spring with a cover on it.” The spring or well is a metaphor for the woman, and the cover is a metaphor for her being a virgin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 13 uvg6 figs-euphemism 0 Your branches branches or channels of rivers, a clear euphemism for the female body part. If any reference to this would be offensive, translate it as a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “You” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -SNG 4 13 i3mi 0 a grove a place where many trees grow together -SNG 4 13 eji6 0 with choice fruits “with the best kinds of fruits” -SNG 4 13 q938 0 nard plants plants that give oil that people used to make their skin soft and to have a pleasant odor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md). -SNG 4 13 dju5 0 henna small desert trees that people used as a perfume. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:14](../01/12.md). -SNG 4 14 dxj9 0 saffron a spice that comes from the dried parts from the yellow thread in the center of a certain flower -SNG 4 14 ujr7 0 calamus a reed with a pleasant smell that people used to make anointing oil. -SNG 4 14 w1cm 0 cinnamon a spice made from the bark of a tree that people used for cooking -SNG 4 14 kx8c 0 myrrh See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md). -SNG 4 14 bm3m 0 aloes a type of large plant that had a very sweet smell -SNG 4 14 p646 0 all the finest spices “all the best spices” -SNG 4 15 t9yh 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. -SNG 4 15 z2an figs-metaphor 0 You are a garden spring “You are a spring in a garden.” A garden spring gives sweet, clean water that people enjoy drinking. The man enjoys being close to the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 15 t9ch 0 fresh water water that is good to drink -SNG 4 15 zl7c 0 streams flowing down from Lebanon Because Lebanon had mountains covered with trees, the streams from Lebanon were clean and cool. -SNG 4 16 jv5g figs-personification 0 Awake, north wind; come, south wind; blow The woman speaks to the north wind and the south wind as though they were people. Alternate translation: “I wish the north wind and south wind would come and blow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -SNG 4 16 x71g 0 Awake, north wind “North wind, start blowing” -SNG 4 16 l273 figs-metaphor 0 blow on my garden The garden is a metaphor for her body, which she has covered with sweet-smelling oils ([Song of Songs 4:14](./12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 16 kdi9 0 may give off their fragrance “may send out their good smells” -SNG 4 16 lqh1 figs-metaphor 0 May my beloved … choice fruit The woman is inviting the man to make love to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 4 16 dp46 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 4 16 mbn7 0 choice fruit “wonderful fruit” -SNG 5 intro kdw4 0 # Song of Songs 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Verses 2-7 describe a dream the woman had.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Beauty
The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “My sister, my bride”
The woman described is not the sister of her husband. They are not related. Instead, this is a reference to a woman who is a fellow Israelite. -SNG 5 1 zka3 writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -SNG 5 1 m575 0 I have come It is clearly the woman’s lover who is speaking. -SNG 5 1 f2qr figs-metaphor 0 have come into my garden The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 5 1 tgd7 figs-idiom 0 my sister This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 5 1 psq4 0 my bride This Hebrew word can refer to a woman who is married or to one whom a man has arranged to become his son’s wife. If your language has a polite word that a man would use to his wife and that has not been used yet in this book, you could use it here. Otherwise you could use any polite term a man would use with his wife. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/08.md). -SNG 5 1 lgr1 figs-metaphor 0 myrrh … spice … honeycomb … honey … wine … milk These are all metaphors for the man enjoying the woman’s body ([Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md), [Song of Songs 2:4](../02/03.md), [Song of Songs 4:11](../04/10.md), and [Song of Songs 4:14](../04/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 1 sq9d 0 spice plants that have a strong smell or taste -SNG 5 1 i16q figs-metaphor 0 Eat … drink … be drunk with love Eating and drinking are metaphors for making love. Alternate translation: “Make love … make love … make love until you are fully satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 2 a7v6 figs-euphemism 0 General Information: The fourth part of the book begins here. The young woman uses euphemisms to describe her dream so that it can be interpreted in two different ways: (1) the woman describes a dream about a night when the man came to visit her at her house; and (2) the woman describes a dream about starting to sleep with the man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 5 2 biy3 figs-idiom 0 but my heart was awake The heart is the center of thought and feeling. Alternate translation: “but I could think clearly” or “but I knew what I was feeling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 5 2 tk43 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 5 2 qjv8 figs-explicit 0 Open to me This could mean: (1) literal, “Open the door for me,” or (2) metaphorical, “Let me make love to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 2 rx38 figs-idiom 0 my sister This is an idiom of affection. They are not actually brother and sister. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:9](../04/09.md). Alternate translation: “my dear” or “my darling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 5 2 d52k 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md). -SNG 5 2 c27j 0 my dove See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md). -SNG 5 2 gaj1 0 undefiled one “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one” -SNG 5 2 yh2r 0 dew drops of water or mist that form as the night becomes cool -SNG 5 2 d3gt figs-ellipsis 0 my hair with the night’s dampness The words “is wet” are understood from the previous phrase. They can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “my hair is wet with the night’s dampness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -SNG 5 3 tr8w figs-quotations 0 “I have taken off my robe … dirty?” This is what the woman thought to herself when she heard the man speak. ([Song of Songs 5:2](./02.md)). This could be translated with the woman saying that this is what she was thinking, or the woman could just explain the situation and her thoughts as in the UST. Alternate translation: “I thought to myself, ‘I have taken off my robe … dirty?’” or “I had taken off my robe and I did not want to put it on again. I had washed my feet and I did not want to get them dirty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -SNG 5 3 am4r 0 robe thin linen clothing that people wore on their skin -SNG 5 3 g6z2 figs-rquestion 0 must I put it on again? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to put it on again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -SNG 5 3 r5cm figs-euphemism 0 I have washed my feet While the word “feet” can be a euphemism for private parts, this probably refers to literal feet. The woman seems more likely to want to make love than to want to refrain from lovemaking because she has just bathed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 5 3 h4w3 0 must I get them dirty? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I do not want to get them dirty.” -SNG 5 4 w3ff figs-euphemism 0 My beloved put in his hand through the opening of the door latch Possible interpretations are: (1) literal, the lover reaches into the house through a hole in the door in order to open the door or (2) euphemisic, they have begun to make love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 5 4 hqn5 0 My beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” -SNG 5 4 nns1 0 door latch “door lock” -SNG 5 5 w3k2 figs-metaphor 0 I got up to open the door for my beloved This could mean: (1) literal, the young woman got out of bed in order to let the man into the house, or (2) metaphorical. Alternate translation: “I prepared myself to make love with my beloved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 5 q3qx figs-euphemism 0 my hands … my fingers … door handle While these may be euphemisms for the woman’s and man’s bodies, it is best to translate literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 5 5 ycr1 0 with moist myrrh “with liquid myrrh” -SNG 5 6 vgj4 0 General Information: The woman continues to describe her dream. -SNG 5 6 b7qk 0 my beloved See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](../01/12.md). -SNG 5 6 z8na figs-metaphor 0 My heart sank The heart is a metaphor for the person, and sinking, going down, is a metaphor for becoming weak or sad. Alternate translation: “I was very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 7 a9yk 0 The watchmen men who have the job of keeping guard of the town at night to keep the people safe. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md). -SNG 5 7 rqq4 0 as they were making their rounds in the city “who were walking around the city on the walls.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 3:3](../03/03.md). -SNG 5 7 v79f 0 found me found the woman -SNG 5 7 zhf3 0 struck me “beat me” or “hit me” -SNG 5 7 q2vt 0 wounded me “injured me” -SNG 5 7 euu8 0 the guards on the walls “the men who guard the walls” -SNG 5 7 h38e 0 cloak a garment that people wore over the other clothing on their upper body when they went outdoors in public -SNG 5 8 czu7 0 I want you to swear See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). -SNG 5 8 j8ub figs-apostrophe 0 daughters of Jerusalem “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 5 8 w1ul figs-rquestion 0 my beloved—What will you make known to him?—that I am The woman uses a question to introduce what she wants the daughters of Jerusalem to tell her beloved. Alternate translation: “my beloved, this is what I want you to say to him: tell him that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -SNG 5 8 v5m3 figs-metaphor 0 sick from love She loves the man so strongly that she feels sick. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 9 kr5i 0 your beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover” -SNG 5 9 eap5 0 most beautiful among women “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md). -SNG 5 9 vbc6 0 Why is your beloved better “What makes your beloved better” -SNG 5 9 rfp3 0 that you ask us to take an oath like this “and causes you to have us take this oath” -SNG 5 9 zp43 0 an oath like this the oath in [Song of Songs 5:8](./08.md) -SNG 5 10 qb4q 0 My beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “My dear one” or “My lover” -SNG 5 10 xuy2 figs-explicit 0 is radiant and ruddy This phrase refers to his complexion. Alternate translation: “has radiant and ruddy skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -SNG 5 10 za1u 0 radiant “is completely healthy” or “is pure.” The man has skin that does not have any problems. -SNG 5 10 rgj8 0 ruddy a healthy color of the skin that is brownish red -SNG 5 10 hms2 figs-metaphor 0 outstanding among ten thousand “the best of 10,000.” Alternate translation: “better than anyone else” or “no one else is like him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -SNG 5 11 s23z figs-metaphor 0 His head is the purest gold The man’s head is as precious to the woman as the purest gold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 11 m1w4 figs-simile 0 a raven a bird with very black feathers (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 5 12 pn5r 0 General Information: The young woman continues to describe the man. -SNG 5 12 m6e7 figs-metonymy 0 His eyes are like doves Translate “eyes are like doves” as in [Song of Songs 1:15](../01/15.md). This could mean: (1) the Israelites considered doves to be gentle and soft birds, and the woman considers the man’s eyes beautiful because the way the man looks at her makes her think he is gentle. Alternate translation: “His eyes are gentle like doves” or (2) the woman is speaking of the man’s white eyeballs or the shape of his eyes, the shape of a dove. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 5 12 knr8 figs-metaphor 0 doves beside streams of water Birds that the Israelites considered gentle sitting beside a gently flowing stream are a metaphor for a gentle person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 12 xp2d 0 streams of water “gently flowing water” -SNG 5 12 tr46 figs-metaphor 0 bathed in milk Milk is a metaphor for the whiteness of the doves. Alternate translation: (1) “doves that are white like milk” or (2) milk is a metaphor for the white part of the man’s eyes. Alternate translation: “his pupils are like doves bathing in white milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 12 qe85 figs-simile 0 mounted like jewels His eyes are beautiful. Jewels that a craftsman has carefully put in place are beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 5 13 p7dj 0 General Information: The young woman continues to describe the man. -SNG 5 13 ip4j figs-simile 0 His cheeks … aromatic scents This explains that his cheeks are like beds of spices because they both give off wonderful smells. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 5 13 mtt8 figs-metaphor 0 beds of spices gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. Spices give people pleasure. The man’s body gives the woman pleasure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 13 mem2 0 yielding aromatic scents “that give off wonderful smells.” -SNG 5 13 a4hu figs-metaphor 0 His lips are lilies The woman probably compares his lips with lilies because they are beautiful and smell wonderful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 13 t4f1 0 lilies See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md). -SNG 5 13 x8c2 figs-metaphor 0 dripping liquid myrrh “that drip with the best myrrh.” His lips are moist and have a wonderful smell like myrrh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 14 hq44 0 General Information: The young woman continues to describe the man. -SNG 5 14 nl6y figs-metaphor 0 His arms are rounded gold set with jewels “His arms are cylinders of gold that have jewels all over them.” The woman uses this image to say that his arms are beautiful and precious. The first readers would have understood this as a metaphor for the male body part ([Song of Songs 5:3](./03.md)), but this would be difficult to bring out in translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 14 bg51 figs-metaphor 0 his abdomen is ivory covered with sapphires “his belly is smooth ivory that has sapphires all over it.” The woman uses this image to say that his belly is beautiful and precious. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 14 k5ga 0 ivory the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make smooth and shiny pieces of art. -SNG 5 14 ws92 0 sapphires valuable stones that are either: (1) blue or (2) clear and either blue or golden -SNG 5 15 c8k3 0 General Information: The woman continues to describe the man. -SNG 5 15 i1xz figs-metaphor 0 His legs are pillars of marble, set on bases of pure gold Marble and gold are strong and beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 5 15 juu1 0 marble a very strong stone that has many different colors and that people polish to make very smooth -SNG 5 15 z75c figs-simile 0 his appearance is like Lebanon “he looks like Lebanon.” Lebanon was a very beautiful area with many mountains and cedar trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 5 16 jk4b 0 General Information: The young woman continues to describe the man. -SNG 5 16 sc8p figs-metonymy 0 His mouth is most sweet The mouth is a metonym for either: (1) the man’s sweet kisses or (2) the sweet words that he says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 5 16 w3vr 0 he is completely lovely “every part of him is lovely” or “all of him is lovely” -SNG 5 16 pi1a 0 This is my beloved, and this is my friend The word “This” refers to the man that the woman has just finished describing. Alternate translation: “That is what the one I love is like, and that is what my friend is like” -SNG 5 16 zd7b 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 5 16 r6zc figs-apostrophe 0 daughters of Jerusalem “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 6 intro fa9a 0 # Song of Songs 06 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Beauty
The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same standards of beauty.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Metaphors
In the ancient Near East, it was common to describe a woman using metaphors involving animals. In many cultures today, this can be considered offensive. Different metaphors of beauty are used in different cultures. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 6 1 z4sf writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]. The fifth part of the book begins here. -SNG 6 1 xnv3 0 In what direction has your beloved gone “Which way did your beloved go” -SNG 6 1 wr5y 0 your beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for the other women to refer to him as “your lover.” See how you translated “my beloved” in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “your dear one” or “your lover” or “the man you love” -SNG 6 1 emy4 0 most beautiful among women “you who are the most beautiful of all women.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:8](../01/08.md). -SNG 6 1 ise2 figs-explicit 0 gone, so that we may seek him with you? The words “tell us” are understood from the context. They can be stated clearly Alternate translation: “gone? Tell us, so that we can look for him with you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -SNG 6 2 vrq9 figs-metaphor 0 My beloved has gone down to his garden The word “garden” is a metaphor for the woman. The man is finally able to fully enjoy the woman as they make love. See the explanation of this metaphor in [Song of Songs 5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -SNG 6 2 v5x3 figs-metaphor 0 beds of spices gardens or parts of gardens where people grow spices. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:13](../05/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 6 2 w7gn figs-metaphor 0 to graze in the garden and to gather lilies These words are metaphors for the man enjoying her body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 6 2 st2n figs-metaphor 0 graze “feeds” or “eats grass.” The woman speaks of the man as if he were “a gazelle or a young stag” ([Song of Songs 2:17](../02/16.md)) that eats plants among the lilies. Grazing is probably a metaphor for lovemaking ([Song of Songs 2:1-2](../02/01.md)). See how you translated “he grazes” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 6 2 e94c 0 to gather lilies “to pick lilies” -SNG 6 2 gp6q 0 lilies sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md). -SNG 6 3 z5rf 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 6 3 lr7w 0 I am my beloved’s, and my beloved is mine See how you translated the similar phrase “My beloved is mine, and I am his” in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md). -SNG 6 3 p4l4 0 he grazes among the lilies with pleasure See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:16](../02/16.md). -SNG 6 4 q66q 0 General Information: Here begins Part Five of the book -SNG 6 4 xk88 figs-simile 0 as beautiful as Tirzah, my love, as lovely as Jerusalem These cities were famous for being beautiful and pleasant to be in. The man thinks the woman is beautiful, and he takes pleasure in being with her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 6 4 nj8w 0 my love “you whom I love.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:9](../01/09.md). -SNG 6 4 rjr5 0 lovely See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:5](../01/05.md). -SNG 6 4 uwd8 0 as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners The beauty of the woman is so powerful that it makes the man feel helpless, as if an army were approaching him. -SNG 6 5 l78a 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. -SNG 6 5 e85g 0 overwhelm me “terrify me.” The eyes of the woman are so beautiful that it makes the man feel weak and afraid because he cannot resist their power. -SNG 6 5 lbz1 0 Your hair … from the slopes of Gilead Translate “Your hair … from Mount Gilead” as in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md). -SNG 6 6 zz3k 0 General Information: The man continues to praise the woman. -SNG 6 6 lxi1 figs-simile 0 Your teeth are like a flock of ewes After sheep have their wool cut off, they are washed and their skin looks very white. The woman’s teeth are white. See how “Your teeth are like a flock of newly shorn ewes” is translated in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 6 6 j7se figs-explicit 0 coming up from the washing place The ewes are coming up out of the water. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “that are coming up out of the water after people have washed them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -SNG 6 6 x7hr figs-metaphor 0 Each one has a twin Sheep usually give birth to two lambs at one time. These twin lamb usually look like one another. Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 6 6 s4qj 0 none among them is bereaved Each of the woman’s teeth has a matching tooth on the other side of her mouth. She has not lost any of her teeth. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). -SNG 6 6 j4u3 0 bereaved lost a loved one who has died. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:2](../04/02.md). -SNG 6 7 zid1 figs-simile 0 are like pomegranate halves Pomegranates are smooth, round, and rich red. The man thinks the woman’s cheeks are beautiful and show that she is healthy. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:3](../04/03.md). Alternate translation: “are red and round like two halves of a pomegranate” or “are red and full and healthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 6 7 z88b 0 behind your veil See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:1](../04/01.md). -SNG 6 8 g963 translate-numbers 0 There are sixty queens, eighty concubines … young women without number These numbers are to be large, then larger, and then beyond counting. Alternate translation: “There are 60 queens, 80 concubines … more young women than anyone could count” or “There are many queens, even more concubines, and more young women than anyone could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 6 9 a2hh figs-metaphor 0 My dove The Israelites considered doves beautiful birds with pleasant voices. The man thinks the woman’s face and voice are beautiful. If calling a woman a “dove” would be offensive, you could leave out the metaphor. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “You beautiful woman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 6 9 dk9e 0 my undefiled “my perfect one” or “my faithful one” or “my innocent one.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 5:2](../05/02.md). -SNG 6 9 m138 figs-hyperbole 0 the only daughter of her mother This is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “her mother’s special daughter” or “completely different from her mother’s other daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -SNG 6 9 tej6 0 the woman who bore her “the woman who gave birth to her.” This phrase refers to her mother. -SNG 6 9 wmx6 0 young women … queens … concubines the women spoken of in [Song of Songs 6:8](./08.md). -SNG 6 9 al8y 0 called her blessed “said that things had gone especially well for her” -SNG 6 10 cw4k 0 General Information: The ULT understands this to be what the queens and the concubines said about the woman. However, some versions understand these to be the words of the man. -SNG 6 10 g6e9 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who appears like the dawn … banners? They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. Alternate translation: “This is an amazing woman! She comes into view like the dawn … banners!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -SNG 6 10 y3dp figs-simile 0 who appears like the dawn The dawn is beautiful. The woman is beautiful. Alternate translation: “who comes into view like the dawn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 6 10 vb8c figs-simile 0 as awe-inspiring as an army with its banners The beauty of the woman is so powerful that it makes the other women feel helpless, as if an army were approaching them. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 6:4](./04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 6 11 x84j figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The man finishes speaking to himself. Looking to see if plants had matured is probably a metaphor for enjoying the sight of the woman’s body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 6 11 xmc2 0 grove See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:13](../04/12.md). -SNG 6 11 vs9r 0 young growth “young plants” or “new shoots” -SNG 6 11 qw4q 0 had budded “had grown their buds.” Buds are the small round parts of plants which open up into flowers. -SNG 6 11 w8xh 0 were in bloom “were opening their flowers” -SNG 6 12 lt9y figs-simile 0 I was so happy that I felt I was riding in the chariot of a prince The man uses this image to express how happy he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 6 13 u681 0 General Information: This is 7:1, the first verse of chapter seven, in some versions. The ULT understands this to be the friends and the woman talking to each other. Some versions understand this to be the man speaking to the woman. -SNG 6 13 sm5j figs-pronouns 0 Turn back … gaze on you Possible meanings here are: (1) the friends are speaking to the woman or (2) the man is referring to himself in plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -SNG 6 13 x9hk 0 Turn back, turn back “Come back, come back.” This is repeated for emphasis. -SNG 6 13 za54 figs-pronouns 0 we may gaze Some versions understand the plural to refer to the man speaking of himself. Alternate translation: “I may gaze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -SNG 6 13 c258 0 gaze look intently for a long time -SNG 6 13 e2bm figs-pronouns 0 Why do you gaze on the perfect woman … armies Possible meanings here are: (1) the woman refers to herself as another person and is speaking to the friends or (2) the woman is speaking to the man as if he were many men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -SNG 6 13 iqb9 0 as if on the dance between two armies “as if she were dancing between two armies” -SNG 7 intro hqv7 0 # Song of Songs 07 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Beauty
The woman is described as the epitome of beauty in ancient Israel. Not all cultures share the same the same standards of beauty.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Similes
There are many similes in this chapter. Their purpose is to describe the beauty of the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 1 z7jk 0 General Information: This is 7:2, the second verse of chapter seven, in some versions. -SNG 7 1 v8jn figs-explicit 0 How beautiful your feet appear in your sandals It may be that the woman is dancing ([Song of Songs 6:13](../06/13.md)). Alternate translation: “Your feet are so very beautiful in your sandals as you dance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -SNG 7 1 k8va 0 prince’s daughter Another possible interpretation is “you who have a noble character.” -SNG 7 1 e9bd figs-simile 0 The curves of your thighs are like jewels The shape of the woman’s thighs remind the speaker of a beautiful precious stone that a skilled workman has carved. Alternate translation: “The curves of your thighs are beautiful like the beautiful curves of jewel that a skilled craftsman has made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 1 xs8e 0 your thighs The word “thighs” refers to the hips of a woman and the part of her legs that is above her knee. -SNG 7 1 fc12 figs-synecdoche 0 the work of the hands of a master craftsman The hands are a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the work of a master craftsman” or “something that a master craftsman has made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -SNG 7 2 rg4z 0 General Information: The young woman’s lover continues describing the one he loves. -SNG 7 2 u88e figs-simile 0 Your navel is like a round bowl A bowl is round. The woman’s navel is round. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 2 dp5a 0 navel the spot on the stomach left from the cord that attaches a baby to its mother -SNG 7 2 n59p figs-metaphor 0 may it never lack mixed wine People used large bowls to mix wine with water or spices at feasts. Drinking wine is a metaphor for enjoying beauty. The litotes can be translated as a positive. Alternate translation: “may it always contain mixed wine” or “may I always enjoy its beauty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -SNG 7 2 q8fy figs-simile 0 Your belly is like a mound of wheat encircled with lilies The Israelites thought mounds of wheat and lilies were pleasant to look at. Much wheat was a sign that there would be much food to eat. They threshed wheat in high, dry places, and lilies grow in low, wet places, so this simile combines beautiful sights that people would not usually see at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 2 w6nh figs-simile 0 Your belly is like a mound of wheat People thought that the color of wheat was the most beautiful color of skin and that round piles of wheat were beautiful. Alternate translation: “Your belly has a beautiful color and is round like a pile of wheat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 2 ah1p 0 a mound of wheat This is a pile of the grains of wheat after people remove the parts of it that they do not use. -SNG 7 2 cz8d 0 encircled with lilies “with lilies all around it” -SNG 7 2 ue5r 0 lilies sweet-smelling flowers that grow in places where there is much water. Translate as the plural of “lily” in [Song of Songs 2:1](../02/01.md). -SNG 7 3 le8a 0 General Information: The man continues describing the woman. -SNG 7 3 jw6n 0 two breasts If the word “two” seems unnecessary and so out of place, you could omit it. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:5](../04/04.md). -SNG 7 3 ugf3 figs-simile 0 like two fawns, twins of a gazelle The man implies that the woman’s breasts are matching, soft, and perhaps small. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:5](../04/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 3 jh3u 0 twins the babies of a mother who gave birth to two babies at one time. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 4:5](../04/04.md). -SNG 7 3 wr8t 0 gazelle an animal that looks like a deer and moves quickly. Translate as the singular of “gazelles” as in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). -SNG 7 4 uv17 figs-simile 0 Your neck is like a tower of ivory A tower is long and straight. Ivory is white. The woman’s neck is long and straight, and her skin is light in color. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 4 b1sy 0 a tower of ivory “a tower that people have decorated with ivory” -SNG 7 4 xgt7 0 ivory the white tusk or tooth of an animal that is similar to bone. People use ivory to make art and to make things look beautiful. -SNG 7 4 h4ih figs-metaphor 0 your eyes are the pools in Heshbon The woman’s eyes are spoken of as if they are clear pools of water. Pools of water are clear and sparkle in the sunlight and so are pleasant to look at. The woman’s eyes are clear and sparkle and so are pleasant to look at. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “your eyes are as clear as the pools in Heshbon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 4 md6s translate-names 0 Heshbon This is the name of a city east of the Jordan River (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -SNG 7 4 r1vf translate-names 0 Bath Rabbim This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -SNG 7 4 a4vg figs-simile 0 nose is like the tower in Lebanon A tower is tall and straight, and her nose is tall and straight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 4 s23k figs-metonymy 0 that looks toward Damascus The tower looking is a metonym for people on the tower looking. Alternate translation: “that allows people to look toward Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 7 5 a7bt 0 General Information: The man continues to describe the woman. -SNG 7 5 jn22 figs-simile 0 Your head is on you like Carmel Mount Carmel is higher than everything else around it. The man wants to look at the woman’s head more than at anything else. Alternate translation: “Your head is on you like a crown, higher than anything else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 5 sr83 0 dark purple Other possible translations are: (1) “dark black” or (2) “dark red.” -SNG 7 5 hkk7 figs-metaphor 0 The king is held captive by its tresses This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your hair that hangs down is so beautiful that the king is not able to stop admiring it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -SNG 7 5 l5e5 0 tresses the clusters of hair that hang down from a woman’s head -SNG 7 6 hqx3 0 my love, with delights “my love. You delight me” -SNG 7 7 j31f 0 General Information: The man describes what he would like to do with the woman . -SNG 7 7 jy1s figs-simile 0 Your height is like that of a date palm tree “You stand up like a date palm tree.” Date palm trees are tall and straight, and their branches are only at the top, with the fruit under the branches. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 7 f6me 0 date palm tree a tall, straight tree that produces a sweet, brown, and sticky fruit that grows in groups -SNG 7 7 jr1v figs-simile 0 your breasts like clusters of fruit The dates on a palm tree grow soft and round in large bunches that hang from the tree just below the branches, which are all at the top. The woman’s breasts are soft and round and are just lower than her arms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 8 p7ge 0 I said “I thought” or “I said to myself.” The man said this silently. -SNG 7 8 r1b3 figs-metaphor 0 I want to climb … its branches The man wants to embrace the woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 7 8 w5g3 figs-simile 0 May your breasts be like clusters of grapes The man wants to touch her breasts. Clusters of grapes are round and soft. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 8 zfb8 figs-simile 0 may the fragrance of your nose be like apricots The word “nose” is a metonym for the breath coming out of the nose. Alternate translation: “may the breath coming from your nose smell sweet like apricots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 8 f9is 0 apricots sweet yellow fruit -SNG 7 9 tqs7 0 General Information: The man continues describing what he would like to do with the woman. -SNG 7 9 yrg1 figs-metonymy 0 May your palate be like the best wine The palate is a metonym for the lips. Wine tastes good. The man wants to kiss the woman’s lips. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 7 9 rq12 0 flowing smoothly for my beloved “that flows smoothly for the one I love.” The man enjoys the smooth kisses of the woman. -SNG 7 9 ed64 0 gliding over the lips of those who sleep “that flows over our lips as we sleep” -SNG 7 10 k7zq 0 I am my beloved’s See how you translated a similar phrase in [Song of Songs 6:3](../06/01.md). -SNG 7 10 j44v 0 my beloved’s This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one’s” or “my lover’s” -SNG 7 10 a143 0 he desires me “he wants to make love to me” or “he wants me” -SNG 7 11 bhr6 0 spend the night in the villages Though the words here translated “spends the night” and “villages” appear together in [Song of Songs 1:13-14](../01/12.md) as “spends the night” and “henna flowers,” and the context both here and there is lovemaking, the ULT chooses this reading because the immediate metaphor is of the man and woman sleeping in the village, rising in the morning, and going out into the vineyards. The word for “henna plants” and the word for “villages” sound exactly the same. -SNG 7 12 jsd1 0 General Information: The woman continues to speak to the man. -SNG 7 12 iii6 0 rise early “get up early” or “wake up early” -SNG 7 12 cs6n 0 have budded “have begun to bloom” -SNG 7 12 r952 0 blossoms flowers when they are open -SNG 7 12 ukd9 0 are in flower “have flowers open on the plant” -SNG 7 12 q3a4 0 I will give you my love “I will make love with you” -SNG 7 13 v5gj 0 General Information: The woman continues to speak to the man. -SNG 7 13 v61b translate-unknown 0 mandrakes This is the name of plants that give off a strong but pleasant scent. The scent is slightly intoxicating and stimulating, which increases the desire to make love. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -SNG 7 13 alp4 0 give off their fragrance “produce their scent” or “smell very nice” -SNG 7 13 xbk7 figs-explicit 0 at the door The doors belong to their house. Alternate translation: “above the entrances of our house” or “by the doors of our house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -SNG 7 13 c2ah 0 are all sorts of choice fruits, new and old “is every kind of the best fruit, both old fruit and new fruit” -SNG 7 13 jsb8 0 stored up for you “saved so I can give to you” -SNG 7 13 h8r2 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 8 intro d35n 0 # Song of Songs 08 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Kisses
The kisses in this chapter are a type of kiss that was only done between a husband a wife. It is an intimate kiss. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Passion
The chapter describes the passion that can exist between a husband a wife. This is the feeling of strong or uncontrollable desire for another person. -SNG 8 1 me7m writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -SNG 8 1 dp21 figs-simile 0 you were like my brother A woman could show affection for her brother in public. This woman wanted to be able to show affection for the man in public. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 8 1 v5fh 0 you outside “you in public” -SNG 8 1 zyd6 0 I could kiss you A woman would probably kiss her brother on his cheek order to greet him. -SNG 8 1 ec82 0 would despise me “would think that I am a bad person” -SNG 8 2 apj4 0 General Information: The young woman continues to speak to the man. -SNG 8 2 i6ch figs-explicit 0 she who taught me taught her how to make love (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -SNG 8 2 s68s figs-metaphor 0 I would give you spiced wine to drink and some of the juice of my pomegranates The woman uses these images to say that she will give herself to the man and make love with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 2 au41 figs-metaphor 0 spiced wine “wine with spices” or “wine that has spices in it.” This represents the intoxicating power of lovemaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 3 s92v 0 His left hand … embraces me See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:6](../02/05.md). -SNG 8 3 e5cp 0 left hand … right hand “left arm … right arm” -SNG 8 3 v65k 0 embraces me “holds me” -SNG 8 4 z8a4 0 I want you to swear See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md) -SNG 8 4 rk33 figs-apostrophe 0 daughters of Jerusalem “young women of Jerusalem.” These young women could not hear her and were not present, but the woman speaks as if they were present and could hear her. See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 8 4 qg8i 0 that you will … until it pleases See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:7](../02/07.md). -SNG 8 5 a5w5 0 General Information: The fifth part of the book begins here. -SNG 8 5 xxv3 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who is coming up They are using this question to say that they think the young woman is amazing. A similar phrase was translated in [Song of Songs 6:10](../06/10.md). Alternate translation: “Look at this amazing woman as she comes up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -SNG 8 5 p4rr 0 I awakened you “I woke you up” or “I aroused you” -SNG 8 5 zfa2 0 the apricot tree a tree that produces a small yellow fruit that is very sweet. If your readers will not know what this is, you could use the word for another fruit tree or the general word “fruit tree.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:3](../02/03.md). -SNG 8 5 g9tp 0 there under the apricot tree -SNG 8 5 d4ub 0 she delivered you “she bore you” -SNG 8 6 y4fz 0 General Information: The young woman continues to speak to the man. -SNG 8 6 jr5m figs-metaphor 0 Set me as a seal over your heart, like a seal on your arm This could mean: (1) because seals were very important, people always kept them around their neck or on their hand. The woman wants to be with the man constantly like a seal, or (2) a seal shows who owns the thing that has the seal on it, and the woman wants herself as the seal on the man’s heart and arm to show that all of his thoughts, emotions, and actions belong to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 8 6 yzj4 figs-simile 0 for love is as strong as death Death is very strong because it overcomes even the most powerful people of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 8 6 tci8 figs-simile 0 as unrelenting as Sheol “as tough as Sheol.” Sheol never allows people to come back to life after they have already died. Love is as persistent as Sheol because it never changes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 8 6 fvz9 figs-metaphor 0 its flames burst out … any other fire Love is very powerful like fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 6 tw71 0 burst out “burn suddenly” -SNG 8 7 ir3s 0 General Information: The young woman continues to speak to the man. -SNG 8 7 baf6 figs-metaphor 0 Surging waters cannot quench love Love is so strong that it is like a fire that is so hot that it cannot be put out even with an ocean full of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 7 j6mc 0 Surging waters “Oceans of water” or “Huge amounts of water” -SNG 8 7 dd1i 0 cannot quench “cannot extinguish” or “cannot put out” -SNG 8 7 e1ej figs-metaphor 0 nor can floods sweep it away Love never changes and always stays the same so it is like something that not even a powerful flood can move. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 7 dju9 0 floods In Israel, water from the rain flows into deep and narrow valleys. This creates a flood of water so powerful that it can move huge boulders and trees. -SNG 8 7 kqk9 0 sweep it away “carry it away” or “wash it away” -SNG 8 7 jwh1 figs-hypo 0 If a man gave … the offer would utterly be despised This is something that could possibly happen. Alternate translation: “Even if a man … he would be utterly despised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -SNG 8 7 g5ja 0 gave offered to give -SNG 8 7 l4u3 0 all the possessions in his house “everything he owns” -SNG 8 7 n3pn 0 for love “in order to get love” or “in order to buy love” -SNG 8 7 nt2s figs-activepassive 0 the offer would utterly be despised This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people would completely despise him” or “people would harshly ridicule him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -SNG 8 8 au5a 0 little sister “young sister” -SNG 8 8 t852 figs-rquestion 0 What can we do … in marriage? The speaker uses this question to introduce what he wants to say. Alternate translation: “This is what we will do … in marriage.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -SNG 8 8 g5fp figs-idiom 0 she will be promised in marriage This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “a man comes and wants to marry her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -SNG 8 9 mpf5 0 General Information: The young woman’s brothers continue to speak among themselves. -SNG 8 9 x3j1 figs-metaphor 0 If she is a wall … If she is a door The little sister ([Song of Songs 8:8](./08.md)) has very small breasts that either have not grown or are very small. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 9 am5u figs-metaphor 0 we will build on her a tower of silver … we will adorn her with boards of cedar The brothers decide to decorate the little sister with silver and cedar, symbols of riches, so that she will be more likely to attract a good husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 9 cnw3 0 will adorn her “will decorate her” -SNG 8 10 n2vy figs-metaphor 0 I was a wall The wall is a metaphor for a woman with small breasts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 10 mc78 figs-simile 0 my breasts are now like fortress towers Fortress towers are tall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -SNG 8 10 rll2 figs-metonymy 0 I am in his eyes as one Here eyes are a metonym for judgment or value. Alternate translation: “I am in his judgment as one” or “he thinks of me as one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 8 10 b5uu figs-explicit 0 brings peace You may need to make explicit to whom the woman brings peace. Alternate translation: “brings him peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -SNG 8 10 hi47 0 peace “well-being” -SNG 8 11 tt74 0 General Information: Possible interpretations: (1) The woman contrasts the way she wants to give herself to the man, who will give her his love, to the way Solomon leases out his vineyard to those who will give him money. (2) The man contrasts the woman, whom he will not give to another man, to Solomon’s vineyard, which he gave to other men. -SNG 8 11 x2c3 translate-names 0 Baal Hamon This is the name of a town in the northern part of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -SNG 8 11 mz3u 0 gave the vineyard leased, agreed to let other people pay him so they could grow grapes in the vineyard -SNG 8 11 b1b3 0 to those who would maintain it “to people who would take care of it” -SNG 8 11 h77m figs-ellipsis 0 Each one was to bring a thousand shekels of silver for its fruit It may be helpful to state that this payment was for the fruit of the vineyard. Alternate translation: “Each man was supposed to give Solomon a thousand shekels as payment for the fruit of the vineyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -SNG 8 11 t2dp translate-bmoney 0 to bring a thousand shekels of silver “to bring 1,000 shekels of silver.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -SNG 8 11 e3jp 0 shekels “coins” -SNG 8 11 mm2j figs-apostrophe 0 Solomon Some versions understand the woman to be speaking directly to Solomon. Others understand her to be speaking in an apostrophe to her friends, to the man, or to herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -SNG 8 12 za66 figs-metaphor 0 My vineyard, my very own The woman refers to herself as a vineyard, as in [Song of Songs 1:6](../01/05.md). Here she emphasizes that she and no one else will decide what she dies with the “vineyard.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -SNG 8 12 gc75 figs-idiom 0 is before me This is an idiom that means the a person has the right to do what they want with something. Alternate translation: “is at my disposal” or “is mine to do with as I desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -SNG 8 12 tl1c 0 the thousand shekels are for you, Solomon The woman knows that Solomon has leased out the vineyard so he can get money, but she does not want money. -SNG 8 12 t7u1 0 the two hundred shekels The speaker has not mentioned these before, but the hearer would understand that she is speaking of the money that those who worked the vineyard would have left for their own after they paid Solomon. -SNG 8 13 dp6s figs-you 0 You who live The man is speaking to the woman, so “you” and “live” are feminine singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -SNG 8 13 zm5h figs-metonymy 0 listening for your voice The voice is a metonym for what the person says. If your language has a word for thinking only of what one is listening for, you could use it here. Alternate translation: “waiting to hear you start speaking” or “waiting to hear what you have to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -SNG 8 13 ew6z 0 let me hear it “let me hear your voice.” -SNG 8 14 vrp7 0 my beloved This phrase refers to the man whom the woman loves. In some languages it may be more natural for her to refer to him as “my lover.” See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 1:13](./12.md). Alternate translation: “my dear one” or “my lover” -SNG 8 14 zh44 0 like a gazelle or a young stag See how you translated this in [Song of Songs 2:9](../02/08.md). -SNG 8 14 yhn7 0 gazelle a type of slender deer-like animal with long curved horns -SNG 8 14 gp9l 0 stag an adult male deer -SNG 8 14 mqx9 figs-metaphor 0 the mountains of spices “the mountains that have spices all over them.” The woman uses this metaphor to invite the man to make love to her. See how the man uses the metaphor of a mountain of myrrh and a hill of frankincense in [Song of Songs 4:6](../04/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) diff --git a/fr_tn_23-ISA.tsv b/fr_tn_23-ISA.tsv deleted file mode 100644 index 5ed2135b4..000000000 --- a/fr_tn_23-ISA.tsv +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3616 +0,0 @@ -Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -ISA front intro l9fr 0 # Introduction to Isaiah
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Isaiah

1. Yahweh judges his people but gives them hope (chapters 1–12)
1. Isaiah prophesies against many nations (13–23)
1. Universal judgment and promise of redemption (24–27)
1. The people of Yahweh judged (28–31)
1. The righteous kingdom (32–33)
1. The nations judged; the ransomed will be restored (34–35)
1. Hezekiah and Sennacherib (36–39)
1. Yahweh comforts his people and will restore them (40–45)
1. Prophecies against Babylon (46–48)
1. The servant of Yahweh (49–55)
1. Ethics of Yahweh’s kingdom (56–59)
1. Restored Jerusalem (60–66)


### What is the Book of Isaiah about?

The first part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) contains many different prophecies. Some of Isaiah’s prophecies are about how God would send an army to destroy the southern kingdom of Judah. Some of the prophecies are about how God would punish other nations of the world. The end of the first part (chapters 36-39) tells how Isaiah helped King Hezekiah when the Assyrians were about to attack Jerusalem.

The second part of the Book of Isaiah (chapters 40-66) has prophecies about how God will comfort and restore his people. He will do this through his chosen servant. By the suffering of this servant, God will forgive his people (chapter 53). This servant will also cause Gentiles to worship Yahweh. The Book of Isaiah ends with a prophecy about God creating a new heavens and earth.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

Translators can use the traditional title, “The Book of Isaiah” or just “Isaiah.” Or they may call it “The Book about Isaiah” or “The Sayings of Isaiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### When was the Book of Isaiah written?

Isaiah prophesied around 740–700 B.C., when the Assyrian Empire was becoming more powerful. Isaiah spoke the prophecies from God to the people of Judah during the reigns of Kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The story of Isaiah helping King Hezekiah (chapters 36-39) is also found in 2 Kings 19–20.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What did Isaiah prophesy about the future Messiah of Israel?

Jews and Christians have interpreted many passages in Isaiah to be about the Messiah. In 9:1-7, Isaiah described a child being born who would rule over David’s kingdom. In chapter 11, Isaiah described a descendant of David who would have God’s spirit upon him. Several prophecies in chapters 40-66 are about “the servant.” This servant will comfort the people, rule righteously, and suffer so that God will forgive the people for sinning against him. The New Testament writers interpret these prophecies to be about Jesus Christ.

### What did Isaiah mean by the “last days”?

Isaiah prophesied of the “last days” (2:2) as some later or final period of time. The New Testament writers understood the “last days” to be the church age (Acts 2:17, Hebrews 1:2). The Book of Isaiah was one of the first books to include prophesies about the last days. Isaiah explained that in the last days there would be a future kingdom of Israel. Jerusalem would be its main city. And people from all over the world will go there to learn about Yahweh and worship him.

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?

The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was the son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])

### What are some characteristics of prophetic literature in the Book of Isaiah?

Most of Isaiah’s prophecies are in poetic form. Many prophets in Israel used poetry when they spoke important messages that were meant to be remembered.

Sometimes Isaiah’s messages are hard to understand. He assumed his original hearers would know what he was talking about. But readers today do not always understand what he meant. However, Isaiah’s basic messages are still clear to us today. These messages are about how God’s people sinned against him, how he would punish them, and how he would eventually comfort and restore them.

Isaiah also speaks about the Servant of Yahweh, in four different poems that are today called the “Four Servant Songs.” Christians understand these very clearly as prophecies about Jesus Christ, the Messiah. These “songs” are in Isaiah 42:1-9; 49:1-7; 50:4-9; and 52:13-53:12. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -ISA 1 intro q326 0 # Isaiah 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-31, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Woe
The prophecy of this chapter serves as a warning to the people of the kingdom of Judah. If they do not change their evil ways, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
There are many vivid metaphors used to describe Judah’s sin. Their sin is described as a sickness that spreads. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Rhetorical Questions
Yahweh uses several rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these questions is to convince the people of Judah of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 1 1 qur5 0 The vision of Isaiah … that he saw “This is the vision of Isaiah … that Yahweh showed him” or “This is what God showed Isaiah” -ISA 1 1 zfq5 translate-names 0 Amoz Amoz was the father of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 1 1 i66y figs-metonymy 0 Judah and Jerusalem “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Israel. “Jerusalem” was its most important city. The names of the places represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” or “the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 1 1 qsh3 figs-idiom 0 in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah This is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. They reigned one after the other, not all at the same time. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz and Hezekiah were kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 1 2 qju5 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 2 m42x figs-apostrophe 0 Hear, heavens, and give ear, earth Although these prophecies were meant for the people of Jerusalem and Judah to hear, Isaiah knows they will not listen. This could mean: (1) he speaks in apostrophe, as though the “heavens” and “earth” would be able to listen to what Yahweh said, or (2) the words “heavens” and “earth” are metonyms and a merism for all living beings everywhere. Alternate translation: “you who live in the heavens … you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 1 2 v1jh 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -ISA 1 2 q3lw 0 I have nourished and brought up children, but they have rebelled against me Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. -ISA 1 2 nn1n figs-metaphor 0 I have nourished and brought up children Yahweh speaks as if his words were food and as if the Israelites were his children. Alternate translation: “I have taken care of the people living in Judah like they were my children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 3 hsf5 0 The ox knows … does not understand Words that Yahweh spoke and which Isaiah is speaking to the Israelites for Yahweh. -ISA 1 3 k1dl figs-ellipsis 0 the donkey his master’s feeding trough You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “the donkey knows his master’s feeding trough” or “the donkey knows where his master gives him food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 1 3 i9j2 0 but Israel does not know, Israel does not understand This probably means “but the people of Israel do not know me, they do not understand that I am the one who cares for them.” -ISA 1 3 gxd1 figs-metonymy 0 Israel This is a metonym for the people of Israel. Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 1 4 s8qu figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 4 blg2 0 Nation, sinners This could mean: (1) Isaiah is saying two different things about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of Israel, you sinners” or (2) he is saying only one thing about them. Alternate translation: “Nation of sinners” -ISA 1 4 w37n figs-metaphor 0 a people weighed down with iniquity Something very heavy that a person might carry is a metaphor for their many sins. Alternate translation: “their sin is like a heavy bag on their shoulders that makes it hard for them to walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 4 j97s figs-metaphor 0 offspring of evildoers The word “offspring” is a metaphor for people who do what others have done. Alternate translation: “people who do the same evil they see others doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 4 bwr8 0 act corruptly do evil deeds -ISA 1 4 at1f 0 They have abandoned Yahweh “They have gone away from Yahweh” -ISA 1 4 na87 0 have despised “have refused to obey” or “have refused to respect” -ISA 1 4 z7gi 0 Israel Judah is part of what had been the nation of Israel. -ISA 1 4 kv93 0 they have estranged themselves from him Though at one time they were friends, they now treat him as though they do not know him. -ISA 1 5 epw9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 5 xc8l figs-rquestion 0 Why are you still being beaten? Why do you rebel more and more? Isaiah uses these questions to scold the people of Judah. The questions can be translated as statements. This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep doing things that Yahweh has to punish you for. You continue to rebel against him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 5 wax8 figs-you 0 you Here the word “you” refers to the people who live in Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 1 5 gh9d figs-metaphor 0 The whole head is sick, the whole heart is weak This metaphor compares the nation of Israel to a person who has been beaten. Alternate translation: “You are like someone whose head is wounded and whose heart is weak” or “You are like someone whose whole mind and heart are sick” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 6 v5ua figs-doublenegatives 0 there is no part unharmed This can be stated positively. It can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “every part of you has been harmed” or “someone has harmed every part of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ISA 1 6 txm6 figs-metaphor 0 they have not been closed, cleansed, bandaged, nor treated with oil This metaphor compares the punishment God has given Israel to physical wounds. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one has closed, cleansed, bandaged, or treated them with oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 7 ei5u figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 7 e6tr figs-activepassive 0 Your country is ruined This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They have ruined your country” or “Your enemies have ruined your country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 7 gv8j figs-activepassive 0 your cities are burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they have burned your cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 7 r1um 0 your fields—in your presence, strangers are destroying them “people who are not from your own country steal the crops from your fields while you watch” -ISA 1 7 l3um figs-abstractnouns 0 abandoned devastation “empty and devastated.” This abstract noun phrase can be expressed as verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “they have destroyed the land and no one lives there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 1 7 ygn5 figs-activepassive 0 overthrown by strangers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “strangers have overthrown your country” or “a foreign army has completely conquered it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 8 c1rf figs-activepassive 0 The daughter of Zion is left This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have left the daughter of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 8 lkv3 figs-idiom 0 The daughter of Zion The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion” or “The people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 1 8 xl8k figs-simile 0 is left like a hut in a vineyard, like a shed in a garden of cucumbers This could mean: (1) “has become as small as a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers” or (2) “is left the way a farmer leaves a hut in a vineyard or a shed in a garden of cucumbers when he is finished with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 1 8 qnb3 0 like … cucumbers, like a besieged city Another possible meaning is “like … cucumbers. She is a besieged city” -ISA 1 9 cf1d figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 9 a3aq figs-hypo 0 If Yahweh This describes something that could have happened in the past but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -ISA 1 9 cy37 0 a small remnant “a few survivors” -ISA 1 9 qe2a figs-exclusive 0 us … we Here these words refer to Isaiah and includes all the people of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 1 9 y4cq figs-explicit 0 we would have been like Sodom, we would have been like Gomorrah How Judah would have been like Sodom and Gomorrah can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “God would have destroyed us, like he destroyed the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 1 10 p3g9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 10 vtc9 figs-metaphor 0 you rulers of Sodom … you people of Gomorrah Isaiah is comparing the people of Judah to Sodom and Gomorrah to emphasize how sinful they have become. Alternate translation: “you rulers who are as sinful as the people of Sodom … you people who are as wicked as those who lived in Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 11 r739 figs-rquestion 0 What is the multitude of your sacrifices to me? God is using a question to scold the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your many sacrifices mean nothing to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 1 12 z32c figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 12 p91g figs-rquestion 0 who has required this of you, to trample my courts? The word “trample” means to step on and crush with one’s feet. God is using a question to scold the people who live in Judah. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one told you to stomp around in my courtyards!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 1 13 a4yw 0 Bring no more meaningless offerings “Do not bring me any more of your worthless gifts” -ISA 1 13 qg5t figs-abstractnouns 0 incense is an abomination to me Here the abstract noun “abomination” can expressed as the verb “hate.” Alternate translation: “I hate the incense the priests burn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 1 13 y2mq 0 I cannot tolerate these wicked assemblies This could mean: (1) “I cannot allow you to gather together because of the wicked things you do” or (2) “I cannot allow myself to watch you gather together because of the wicked things you do.” -ISA 1 14 x2u9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 14 u5nj figs-metonymy 0 your new moons and your appointed feasts The words “new moons” are a metonym for the celebrations of the new moon. They are also a synecdoche for all regular celebrations. Alternate translation: “your celebrations of the new moon and your other regular feasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 1 14 f4rl 0 new moons A new moon is when the moon first shows light after having been dark. -ISA 1 14 v251 figs-metaphor 0 they are a burden to me; I am tired of enduring them This compares how God feels about the people’s celebrations to carrying a heavy object. Alternate translation: “they are a heavy load that I am tired of carrying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 15 tc81 figs-idiom 0 I hide my eyes from you This idiom is a way of saying “I will not look at you” or “I will not pay attention to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 1 15 l6q5 figs-metonymy 0 your hands are full of blood This is the reason that God will not listen to their prayers. The blood likely refers to violence that they have done against people. Alternate translation: “because it is like your hands are covered with the blood of those you have harmed” or “because you are guilty of violence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 1 16 tc5d figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 16 kug1 figs-metaphor 0 Wash, cleanse yourselves Here God compares a person who stops sinning with one who washes his body. Alternate translation: “Repent and wash the sin from your heart like you wash the dirt from your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 16 i5wc figs-metaphor 0 remove the evil of your deeds from my sight God was not telling them to do their evil deeds somewhere else, but to stop doing them. Alternate translation: “stop doing the evil deeds that I see you doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 17 h8bt figs-metaphor 0 make straight the oppression God speaks of people who oppress others as if they had made crooked something that should be straight, and he calls on them to make that object straight again. The abstract noun “oppression” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “make sure that those helpless people you have harmed no longer suffer from the bad things you have done to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 1 17 btn7 0 give justice to the fatherless “be fair to the children who do not have fathers” -ISA 1 17 q1c7 0 defend the widow “protect the women whose husbands have died” -ISA 1 18 uns1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Judah. -ISA 1 18 nj1x 0 Come now, and let Yahweh graciously and lovingly invites the people to listen to what he is about to say. “Please listen to me. Let” or “Pay attention; I want to help you. Let” -ISA 1 18 j1pw figs-exclusive 0 let us reason together “let us think about this together” or “we need to discuss this” or “what are we going to do?” Yahweh invites the people to discuss the future. Here the word “us” refers to Yahweh and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 1 18 nf9s figs-metaphor 0 though your sins are like scarlet, they will be white like snow; though they are red like crimson, they will be like wool Isaiah is speaking of the people as if they were wearing clothes that were supposed to be white wool and of their sins as if they were red stains on the clothes. If Yahweh forgives their sins, it will be as if their clothes become white again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 18 ep8f figs-simile 0 like scarlet Scarlet is a bright red color. Alternate translation: “bright red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 1 18 yt5e figs-simile 0 white like snow White is often a symbol for holiness or purity. “Snow” refers to something like frozen rain that is very white. Since this simply describes something as very white, you could replace it with something else that is white: “white as a seashell” or “white as a dove.” This means that their sins will be forgiven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 1 18 qe12 figs-simile 0 red like crimson Crimson is a dark red color. Alternate translation: “dark red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 1 18 e5qz figs-explicit 0 like wool Wool is the hair of a sheep or goat. How they will be like wool can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “white like wool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 1 19 pj53 0 General Information: God continues to speak to the people of Judah. -ISA 1 19 wgy5 figs-hendiadys 0 If you are willing and obedient Here, “willing” and “obedient” are used together to express one idea. Alternate translation: “If you willingly obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -ISA 1 19 wz1z 0 you will eat the good of the land “the land will produce good food for you to eat” -ISA 1 20 e2cf 0 but if you refuse and rebel “but if you refuse to listen and instead disobey me” -ISA 1 20 qs1e figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour you The word “sword” refers to Judah’s enemies. Also, the word “devour” compares Judah’s enemies coming to kill them to a wild animal that attacks and eats other animals. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 20 m82k figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it The word “mouth” emphasizes that Yahweh has spoken and what he says will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has spoken” or “Yahweh has said that this will happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 1 21 lhv6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 21 bhm8 figs-metonymy 0 How the faithful city This exclamation shows Isaiah’s anger and sadness about the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “See how the people of Jerusalem, who had been faithful to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 1 21 v446 figs-metaphor 0 has become a prostitute Isaiah compared the people to a woman who is not loyal to her husband but who sleeps with other men for money. The people were no longer loyal to God but were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “acts like a prostitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 21 v25z figs-metaphor 0 but now she is full of murderers The word “she” refers to Jerusalem and its people. Those who wrote the Bible often refer to cities as women. Alternate translation: “but now the people of Jerusalem are murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 22 n46w figs-metaphor 0 Your silver has become impure, your wine mixed with water Possible meanings are that Isaiah uses silver and wine as metaphors for: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You are like silver that is no longer pure, and like wine that is mixed with water” or (2) the good deeds that the people formerly did. Alternate translation: “You used to do good deeds, but now your bad deeds make your good deeds worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 22 tbh7 0 silver … impure Someone needs to clean silver often or it will no longer shine brightly. -ISA 1 22 b14q 0 wine … water Wine with water in it has little taste and so is no better than water. -ISA 1 23 jw4m figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 23 z59p 0 Your princes are rebels “Your leaders rebel against God” -ISA 1 23 r6i3 0 companions of thieves “they are friends with people who steal from others” -ISA 1 23 auk9 0 bribes … payoffs People give “bribes” as gifts to dishonest rulers so the rulers will then act unjustly. Rulers receive “payoffs” as gifts from those who make profits from unjust laws that the ruler has passed. -ISA 1 23 q1cz figs-metaphor 0 runs after payoffs A person eagerly desiring for someone to give him a bribe is spoken of as if the payoff were running away and the person were running after it. Alternate translation: “everyone desires for someone to pay money to them to make dishonest decisions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 23 qzn3 0 They do not defend the fatherless “they do not protect those who do not have fathers” -ISA 1 23 yi82 0 nor does the widow’s legal plea come before them “nor do they listen when widows go to them for help against those who break the law” or “and they do not help widows who go to them for help against those who break the law” -ISA 1 24 ez3r figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah begins to speak Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 24 g1g2 0 Therefore “For that reason” -ISA 1 24 iza8 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts, the Mighty One of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the Mighty One of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 1 24 qk17 figs-parallelism 0 I will take vengeance against my adversaries, and avenge myself against my enemies Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “take vengeance against my adversaries” speak more of Yahweh doing whatever he needs to do to those who work against him so he can be happy. The words “avenge myself against my enemies” speak more of Yahweh justly punishing his enemies. Alternate translation: “I will punish those who opposed me” or “I will do what pleases me to those who work against me, and I will justly punish my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 25 f62p figs-metonymy 0 I will turn my hand against you Here “hand” refers to God’s power which he would use to punish his people. Alternate translation: “I will begin to use all my power against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 1 25 z1i3 figs-metaphor 0 refine away your dross as with lye Here the process in which God removes his people’s sin is spoken of as if her were separating metal from the bad things mixed with it. The words “as with lye” adds another metaphor, because lye is used in soap, not in refining metal. Alternate translation: “and like fire removing the dirt from silver, I will remove all the evil from among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 1 25 iah6 0 dross This is the dirt and other things that people remove from metals so the metal will be pure. -ISA 1 26 y8y2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 26 usx1 0 at the first … at the beginning These are two ways of speaking of the first part or beginning of Israel’s history, when Israel first became a nation. -ISA 1 26 i1s1 figs-activepassive 0 you will be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 26 d4ji figs-metonymy 0 the city of righteousness, a faithful town Here “city” and “town” refer to the people living in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the city where the people are righteous and loyal to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 1 27 glh4 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 27 qa1v figs-activepassive 0 Zion will be redeemed by justice, and her repentant ones by righteousness This can be stated in active form. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because the people there do what is just, and he will redeem those who repent because they do what Yahweh says is right” or (2) “Yahweh will redeem Zion because he is just, and he will redeem those who repent because he is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 1 27 z5g9 figs-metonymy 0 Zion This is a metonym for the people who live on Mount Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 1 28 fi96 figs-activepassive 0 Rebels and sinners will be crushed together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will destroy those who rebel and sin against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 28 ekb3 figs-activepassive 0 those who abandon Yahweh will be done away with This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will completely do away with those who turn away from him” or “and Yahweh will kill all who reject him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 1 29 aa8s figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 29 rnp2 0 the sacred oak trees … gardens These phrases refer to places where the people of Judah worshiped idols. -ISA 1 29 q2lw 0 you will be embarrassed by Some versions read, “you will blush because of.” A person blushes when his face turns hot and red, often because he feels that he has done something wrong. -ISA 1 30 sp75 figs-simile 0 For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades, and like a garden that has no water Water gives life to trees and gardens. The people have cut themselves off from Yahweh, who gives them life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 1 31 sh9k figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks Yahweh’s words to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 1 31 mly5 0 The strong man “The strong person” or “Whoever is powerful.” This may refer to people who are important and who influence other people. -ISA 1 31 lq77 0 tinder dry material that burns easily -ISA 1 31 a5w2 figs-simile 0 his work like a spark This compares the person’s deeds or evil works to a spark that falls on tinder and sets it on fire. Alternate translation: “his work will be like a spark that starts a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 2 intro pr4a 0 # Isaiah 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:2-22.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Latter days
This is probably a reference to the “last days.” This makes parts of this prophecy reference events near the end of this world. Most scholars expect these prophecies to be fulfilled by Jesus. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])

### Idolatry
While the first prophecy of Isaiah concerned the lack of justice in Judah, this chapter focuses on the presence of idolatry in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -ISA 2 1 tt88 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 1 p86l figs-metonymy 0 Judah and Jerusalem “Judah” and “Jerusalem” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “those living in Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 2 dw9n 0 in the last days “in the future” -ISA 2 2 f17l figs-activepassive 0 the mountain of Yahweh’s house will be established This can be stated (1) as a description. Alternate translation: “The mountain of Yahweh’s house will stand” or (2) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will establish the mountain on which his temple is built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 2 i5hb figs-metaphor 0 as the highest of the mountains Isaiah speaks of importance as if it were physical height. Alternate translation: “the most important of the mountains” or “the most important place in the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 2 h16p figs-metaphor 0 it will be raised up above the hills Isaiah speaks of honor in metaphor as if it were physical height. This can be stated (1) in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor it more than any other hill” or (2) as a metonym for the people who worship there. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will honor the people who worship there more than he honors any other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 2 p88m figs-metonymy 0 all the nations Here “nations” is a metonym for the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “people from all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 2 p7rl figs-metaphor 0 will flow to it The people around the world going to the mountain of Yahweh is compared to how a river flows. This emphasizes that many people will come, not just a few people. Alternate translation: “will flow like a river to it” or “will go to it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 3 nl4z figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 3 f679 0 Jacob, so he may teach … and we may walk Another possible meaning is “Jacob. He will teach … and we will walk” -ISA 2 3 u8i5 figs-parallelism 0 he may teach us some of his ways, and we may walk in his paths The words “ways” and “paths” are metaphors for the way a person lives. If your language has only one word for the ground on which people walk, you may combine these phrases. Alternate translation: “he may teach us his will so that we may obey him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 3 qq6t figs-parallelism 0 For out of Zion will go the law, and the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem These phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah was emphasizing that all nations will understand that the truth is found in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “People in Zion will teach God’s law, and people in Jerusalem will teach the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 3 w2vd figs-metaphor 0 For out of Zion will go the law “For the law will go out from Zion.” Isaiah speaks as if the law were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the law will go out from Zion” or “Yahweh will proclaim his law from Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 3 t76v figs-metaphor 0 the word of Yahweh from Jerusalem “the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem.” Isaiah speaks as if the word of Yahweh were something like a river that moves without people doing anything. You can make clear the understood information. Alternate translation: “Those to whom they teach the word of Yahweh will go out from Jerusalem” or “Yahweh will proclaim his word from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 2 4 u4wn figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 4 d9yw 0 He will judge “Yahweh will judge” -ISA 2 4 xfs3 0 will render decisions “will solve disputes” -ISA 2 4 htf9 0 they will hammer their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks The people of the nations will turn their weapons of war into tools for farming. -ISA 2 4 j77g figs-synecdoche 0 swords … spears … sword These words are synecdoches for weapons of any kind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 2 4 i5uh figs-synecdoche 0 plowshares … pruning hooks These words are synecdoches for tools of any kind that people use in peaceful activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 2 4 fq2w 0 they will hammer their swords into plowshares “they will make their swords into tools for planting seeds.” A plowshare is a blade that people use to dig into soil so they can plant seeds there. -ISA 2 4 d586 0 their spears into pruning hooks “they will hammer their spears into pruning hooks” or “they will make their spears into tools for caring for plants.” A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut unwanted branches off of plants. -ISA 2 4 u818 figs-metonymy 0 nation will not lift up sword against nation “no nation will lift up its sword against another nation.” The sword is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “one nation will not fight wars against another nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 4 fii3 0 nor will they train for war “nor will they even train to fight wars.” The writer expects his reader to believe that those who fight wars train before they fight and that some who train do not fight. -ISA 2 5 i7e1 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: In 2:5 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah, and in 2:6 he speaks to Yahweh. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 5 rm7q figs-metonymy 0 House of Jacob “You descendants of Jacob.” The word “house” is a metonym for the people who live in the house, the family. Here “Jacob” represents the nation of Judah, but it would be best to use “Jacob” here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 5 jlm2 0 come a gentle encouragement to do what the speaker is about to tell the hearer to do -ISA 2 5 h3c9 figs-metaphor 0 let us walk in the light of Yahweh Isaiah speaks of people learning and then doing what Yahweh wants them to do as if they were walking at night with a lamp that Yahweh has provided so they can see the path. Alternate translation: “let us learn how Yahweh wants us to live and then live that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 6 uvd9 figs-pronouns 0 For you have abandoned your people “For you have left your people” and do not care what happens to them. Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh and so is singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -ISA 2 6 uh4h figs-metaphor 0 they are filled with customs from the east Isaiah speaks as if the people were containers who were full of something from the east. Possible meanings are that he speaks of: (1) the deeds that the eastern peoples do. Alternate translation: “they do all the time the evil things the people who live in lands east of Israel do” or (2) people, specifically those who claim to speak to dead people, who have come from the east to do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “many diviners have come from the east and now live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 2 6 n11d 0 they practice divination they try to tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves -ISA 2 6 n8bj translate-symaction 0 they shake hands with sons of foreigners Clasping hands together is the symbol of friendship and peace. Alternate translation: “they make peace and work together with people who are not from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 2 7 fld8 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to Yahweh in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 7 t4r6 figs-metaphor 0 Their land is full of silver and gold … their land also is full of horses Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They possess much silver and gold … they also possess many horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 8 cyh2 figs-metaphor 0 Their land also is full of idols Isaiah speaks as if the land were a container in which someone had placed silver, horses, and idols. The word “land” is a metonym for the people themselves, and the words “is full of” is a metaphor for the people possessing these items. Alternate translation: “They also possess many idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 8 zic5 figs-parallelism 0 the craftsmanship of their own hands, things that their own fingers have made These two phrases mean almost the same thing and emphasize that these are not real gods. If your language has no general word for something someone has made, you can combine these two phrases into one. Alternate translation: “things that they themselves have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 8 au6k figs-synecdoche 0 craftsmanship of their own hands The word “hands” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “their own craftsmanship” or “their own work” or “things they have made with their hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 2 8 sup5 figs-synecdoche 0 things that their own fingers have made The word “fingers” is a synecdoche for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “things that they have made with their own fingers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 2 9 uqg2 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: In 2:9 Isaiah finishes speaking to Yahweh. In 2:10-11 Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. Both times he speaks in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 9 itw7 figs-metaphor 0 The people will be bowed down, and individuals will fall down Here being low to the ground represents people who are completely humiliated because they realize all they trusted in is worthless, and they can do nothing to help themselves. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will make the people ashamed, and they will realize that all they trusted in is worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 9 gq1x 0 The people human beings, as opposed to animals -ISA 2 9 vjx5 0 individuals “each person” -ISA 2 9 rbg3 figs-metaphor 0 do not raise them up The words “raise them up” are a metaphor for Yahweh forgiving the people. Alternate translation: “do not forgive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 10 gxz3 0 Go into the rocky places Possible meanings are the people should go into: (1) caves on steep hillsides or (2) places where there are many large rocks among which to hide. -ISA 2 10 y6bc 0 hide in the ground Possible meanings are that the people should hide: (1) in natural holes in the ground or (2) in pits that they dig in the ground. -ISA 2 10 iv7d figs-abstractnouns 0 from the terror of Yahweh Here the abstract noun “terror” can be expressed by the verb “terrifying.” Alternate translation: “to get away from Yahweh’s terrifying presence” or “from Yahweh because you will be extremely afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 2 10 sf9n 0 the glory of his majesty “the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal splendor.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). -ISA 2 11 hp3l figs-metaphor 0 The lofty gaze of man will be brought low “Yahweh will bring down the lofty gaze of man.” A man with a “lofty gaze” is looking above everyone to show them that he is better than they are. Here all people are guilty of thinking they are better than Yahweh, and the way they look at those who worship Yahweh, is a metonym for their pride. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make ashamed all people because they think they are better than he is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 2 11 i99t figs-metonymy 0 the pride of men will be brought down “The pride of men” here is a metonym for proud people, and being “brought down” is a metaphor for being humbled or ashamed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bring down proud men” or “Yahweh will make proud people ashamed of themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 11 f7iq figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh alone will be exalted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 11 akb4 figs-idiom 0 on that day This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “on the day that Yahweh judges everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 2 12 u89l figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 12 ypp7 figs-activepassive 0 who is proud and raised up One who is “raised up” is proud and considers himself better than other people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who is proud and who raises himself above other people” or “who is proud and thinks that he is better than other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 12 ew97 figs-doublet 0 who is proud … who is arrogant Someone who is arrogant speaks and acts as if he is better than other people. These two phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize that Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 2 12 t5zf figs-activepassive 0 he will be brought down “every proud person will be brought down.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will humble him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 13 icm3 figs-metaphor 0 against all the cedars of Lebanon … against all the oaks of Bashan The “day of Yahweh of Hosts” will be against the cedars and oaks. This could mean: (1) these trees are a metaphor for the proud people whom God will judge or (2) God will actually destroy these mighty trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 14 rx5g figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 14 d97m 0 against In 2:14-16 Isaiah lists things that God will destroy. This could mean: (1) these refer to prideful people that God will humble or (2) God will actually destroy all these things in the list. -ISA 2 14 mud8 figs-metaphor 0 mountains … hills These words are metaphors for the pride of the Israelites. They also appear in [Isaiah 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 14 td8x figs-idiom 0 that are lifted up This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that are very high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 2 15 u56r figs-metaphor 0 high tower … impregnable wall These refer to things people would build around their cities so they could defend themselves against their enemies. They are a metaphor for the Israelites’ pride and belief that they had no need for Yahweh and could stand against any punishment Yahweh would mete out to them for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 2 15 y975 0 impregnable wall “wall that nothing can break down or go through” -ISA 2 16 ns89 0 ships of Tarshish … beautiful sailing vessels These refer to large boats that people used to travel far on the sea and bring back goods to the cities. -ISA 2 16 a8gz 0 ships of Tarshish “ships on which they go to Tarshish” -ISA 2 17 q2z3 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 17 dx3l figs-activepassive 0 The pride of man will be brought low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will bring low every proud man” or “He will humiliate every proud man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 17 sjb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the haughtiness of men will fall The abstract noun “haughtiness” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those people who are haughty will stop being haughty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 2 17 ij1n figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh alone will be exalted This can be stated in active form. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “people will praise only Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 2 18 t75w 0 The idols will completely pass away “All idols will disappear” or “There will be no more idols” -ISA 2 19 ii4y figs-explicit 0 Men will go … from the terror The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Men will go … to hide from the terror” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 2 19 w4lw 0 the caves of the rocks “the caves in the rocks.” These are large rocks, not small stones that can be held in the hand. -ISA 2 19 r7kz 0 from the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). -ISA 2 19 ul48 0 from the terror of Yahweh because they are very afraid of Yahweh -ISA 2 19 dm1h figs-hendiadys 0 the glory of his majesty Here the word “glory” describes “majesty.” Alternate translation: “the beauty he has as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -ISA 2 19 p1ch 0 when he rises to terrify the earth “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him” -ISA 2 20 dw5p figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah in the form of a poem. He continues to describe what will happen on the day of Yahweh of Hosts ([Isaiah 2:12](../02/12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 2 20 x4cz translate-unknown 0 to the moles and bats Moles are small animals that dig and live underground. Bats are small flying animals that sometimes live in caves. Alternate translation: “to the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 2 21 hs4f 0 the crevices in the rocks … the clefts of the ragged rocks If your language does not have two different words for “crevice” and “cleft,” the space that appears between the two parts of a rock when it splits, you can combine these two phrases into one. -ISA 2 21 ikz7 0 from the terror of Yahweh because they are very afraid of Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). -ISA 2 21 rn5i 0 the glory of his majesty “the great beauty and power he has as king” or “his royal majesty.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:10](../02/10.md). -ISA 2 21 nz4j 0 when he rises to terrify the earth “when Yahweh takes action and causes the people of the earth to be terribly afraid of him.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 2:19](../02/19.md). -ISA 2 22 c4s2 figs-explicit 0 whose life-breath is in his nostrils This describes how man is human and weak by emphasizing that he needs to breath to live. Alternate translation: “who is weak and will die” or “who needs the breath in his nose to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 2 22 thr5 0 nostrils the holes in the nose through which people breathe -ISA 2 22 hw38 figs-rquestion 0 for what does he amount to? Isaiah uses a question to remind the people of something they should already know. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “for man amounts to nothing!” or “for man is not worth anything!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 3 intro bgn6 0 # Isaiah 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the material in the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-26, which is a vision Isaiah receives. These are the words of Yahweh.

### Judgment
This chapter is structured as a judgment against the Jews. God is acting as a judge reading the list of convictions against them and then he reads the judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Exile
While the previous part of the prophecy in chapter 2 discussed the last days, this part of the prophecy predicts the exile of Judah to Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -ISA 3 1 li2r 0 See The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. It can also be translated as “Listen” or “Indeed.” -ISA 3 1 b6ce figs-metaphor 0 support and staff Both of these words refer to a walking stick, on which someone leans for support. This idea here stands for the things that people need the most in order to live: food and water. Alternate translation: “everything that supports you” or “everything that you depend on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 2 c9rl figs-genericnoun 0 the mighty man … the warrior … the judge … the prophet … the one who practices divination … the elder This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the mighty men … the warriors … the judges … the prophets … the ones who practices divination … the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 3 2 zv6c 0 the one who practices divination This is a person who claims that he can tell the future by looking at things like animal parts and leaves. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:6](../02/06.md). -ISA 3 3 q6s4 figs-genericnoun 0 the captain of fifty … the respected citizen … the counselor … the expert craftsman … the skillful enchanter This is a list of categories of people that others depend on. Since they do not refer to particular individuals, they can all be translated with plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the captains of fifty … the respected citizens … the counselors … the expert craftsmen … the skillful enchanters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 3 3 kui6 translate-numbers 0 the captain of fifty This could mean: (1) the word “fifty” represents the exact amount of soldiers that the captain led. Alternate translation: “the captains of 50 soldiers” or (2) the word translated as “fifty” does not represent an exact number, but is the name of a small military unit. Alternate translation: “the captain of a small military unit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 3 3 jms3 translate-numbers 0 fifty “50” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 3 4 y5ha figs-parallelism 0 I will place mere youths as their leaders, and the young will rule over them These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) “I will place young people as their leaders, and those young people will rule over them” or (2) “youths” is a metaphor for simple and foolish men. Alternate translation: “I will place over them leaders who are immature, like young people, and those bad leaders will rule over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 4 l2g7 figs-explicit 0 I will place Here the word “I” refers to Yahweh. This can also be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says, ‘I will place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 3 5 f5ah figs-activepassive 0 The people will be oppressed, every one by another, and every one by his neighbor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone will be cruel to others and will mistreat his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 3 5 rs6x 0 the degraded “the people who are without honor” or “the people whom no one respects” -ISA 3 5 c8vy 0 the honorable “the people with honor” or “the people whom everyone respects” -ISA 3 6 erd8 figs-metaphor 0 let this ruin be in your hands Here “hands” represents authority. Alternate translation: “take charge of this ruin” or “rule over this ruin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 6 l4fv figs-metaphor 0 this ruin This could mean: (1) many or most of the buildings in the city of Jerusalem were destroyed or (2) the people in Jerusalem have no more prosperity or leadership. Alternate translation: “this city, which is now ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 7 p9fr figs-metaphor 0 I will not be a healer Solving the people’s troubles is spoken of as if it were healing them. Alternate translation: “No, I cannot fix this problem” or “No, I cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 8 ze64 0 Connecting Statement: The prophet begins to comment on this situation. -ISA 3 8 un4e figs-metaphor 0 Jerusalem has stumbled, and Judah has fallen Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling and falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 8 c8ii figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of his glory Here “the eyes” stands for God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: “him who is glorious” or “Yahweh who is glorious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 3 9 j4qh figs-personification 0 The look on their faces witnesses against them Expressions of arrogance on people’s faces are spoken of as if the expressions were persons who could testify against the proud people. Alternate translation: “The prideful looks on their faces show that they oppose Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 3 9 iu71 figs-simile 0 they tell of their sin like Sodom; they do not hide it Here the people of Judah are said to be like the people of Sodom, because they openly boasted about their sins. Alternate translation: “like the people of Sodom, they talk about their sins and let everyone know about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 3 9 p1nv figs-metonymy 0 For they have completed a catastrophe for themselves The catastrophe is still coming, but the people have finished doing what will cause it to come. The catastrophe’s causes are spoken of here as if they were the catastrophe itself. Alternate translation: “For they have done everything that will cause a catastrophe to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 3 10 s8ek 0 Tell the righteous person that it will be well “Tell the one who is doing what is right that I will make things good for him” -ISA 3 10 yki9 figs-genericnoun 0 the righteous person This refers to righteous people in general. Alternate translation: “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 3 10 s5vz figs-metaphor 0 for they will eat the fruit of their deeds Deeds are spoken of as if they were trees giving fruit that can be eaten. The fruit stands for the reward for doing good deeds. Alternate translation: “for they will receive their reward for their good deeds” or “for they will receive their reward for the good things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 10 i1nt 0 they will eat the fruit of their deeds The Hebrew text has these plural pronouns here, but they refer to any righteous person. Translators can choose to translate them as singular: “he will eat the fruit of his deeds.” -ISA 3 11 ti8h figs-metonymy 0 for the recompense of his hands will be done to him Here “hands” stands for the deeds that the person has done. Alternate translation: “for what the wicked person has done to others will be done to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 3 12 yn5p 0 My people … My people This could mean: (1) Isaiah is talking and “My” refers to Isaiah, or (2) Yahweh is talking and “My” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 3 12 zg6p figs-metaphor 0 children are their oppressors This could mean: (1) “young people have become their leaders and they oppress the people” or (2) “their leaders are immature like children and oppress the people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 12 j52r 0 women rule over them This could mean: (1) “women rule over the people” or (2) “their leaders are weak like women.” -ISA 3 12 t5bp figs-metaphor 0 those who guide you lead you astray and confuse the direction of your path It was common in the Ancient Middle East to speak of a nation’s leaders as if they were shepherds. As shepherds lead the sheep along good paths to safety, leaders should teach the people the truth and help them do what is right. Judah’s leaders were not doing this. Alternate translation: “your leaders are like bad shepherds who lead you away from good paths and do not show you where to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 13 c84g figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh stands up for an accusation; he is standing to accuse the people Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s decision to harm the people as if Yahweh were bringing a legal accusation in a courtroom against the people of Israel. The second part of this line means the same thing as the first part, but it says it a little more completely. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh had taken his place in a courtroom and were ready to accuse the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 3 14 exq5 figs-metaphor 0 will come with judgment Judgment is spoken of as if it were an object that one could bring to another person. Alternate translation: “will announce his judgment” or “will declare his judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 14 j6us figs-you 0 You have ruined the vineyard Here “you” refers to the elders and rulers. Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they were a vineyard. Like someone who fails to care for a vineyard so that the vines give no more grapes, the elders and leaders are discouraging the Israelites from serving God. Alternate translation: “My people are like a vineyard, and you have ruined it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 14 cn9b 0 the plunder from the poor is in your houses “the things you have taken from the poor are in your houses” -ISA 3 14 k6ua figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “those who are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 3 15 k4yw figs-rquestion 0 Why do you crush my people and grind the faces of the poor? Yahweh asks this question in order to accuse the leaders of the people. This accusation can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “I am angry with you evil men because you are crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 3 15 jjf2 figs-metaphor 0 crush my people Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were crushing them with a very heavy weight. Alternate translation: “cruelly harm my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 15 df4t figs-metaphor 0 grind the faces of the poor Making people suffer is spoken of as if it were rubbing their faces into the ground. Alternate translation: “harm the poor and make them suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 15 a6jh figs-123person 0 This is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 3 16 u9pn figs-metaphor 0 the daughters of Zion Zion, meaning here the city of Jerusalem, is spoken of as if it were a woman with her daughters. Alternate translation: “the women of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 3 16 hb7z 0 with their necks extended “in an arrogant way”” -ISA 3 16 fv4y 0 with flirting eyes Looking at men in a way that makes the men think the women want sexual relations. -ISA 3 16 ip6r 0 walking with tiny steps as they go This is how they would walk to attract men, possibly because the bracelets on their ankles were connected by chains decorated with bells so they could not take normal steps. -ISA 3 18 m1u8 translate-unknown 0 General Information: This continues to describe how Yahweh will judge the women of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 3 18 m577 figs-metonymy 0 the Lord will remove Here what the Lord causes others to do is spoken of as the Lord doing it himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord will cause others to remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 3 18 ify9 0 ankle jewelry a decoration that women wear on the ankle, just above the foot -ISA 3 18 r8vh 0 head bands a decoration that women wear over the head and hair -ISA 3 18 kb3y 0 crescent ornaments moon-shaped ornaments that people wear in the belief that they will protect the person from evil -ISA 3 19 hp8a 0 ear pendants jewelry that hangs from the ear or over the ear -ISA 3 19 a5ha 0 bracelets a decoration that women wear on the arm near the hands -ISA 3 19 wfq5 0 veils a very thin material used to cover a woman’s head and face -ISA 3 20 sa4a 0 headscarves long, thin pieces of cloth that women tie around the head or hair -ISA 3 20 ny93 0 ankle chains These are decorations that women wear near the feet. Often the chains hang down to make a gentle noise. -ISA 3 20 tw31 0 sashes a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest -ISA 3 20 jqq5 0 perfume boxes a small box or bag containing perfume that women wore on chains or strings around their necks so they smelled good -ISA 3 20 a1uq 0 lucky charms jewelry that people wear in the belief that it will bring good luck -ISA 3 21 pg1c 0 rings a decoration worn around the finger -ISA 3 21 f1fe 0 nose jewels a decoration worn in or through the nose -ISA 3 22 l57q 0 festive robes a long, loose garment with decorations that was worn over other clothes for everyone to see -ISA 3 22 i2i1 0 mantles a cloth worn over the shoulders on the outside of the clothes -ISA 3 22 a51r 0 veils See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:19](../03/19.md). -ISA 3 22 vtu3 0 handbags a bag to used to carry small things -ISA 3 23 la8f 0 hand mirrors a small surface, held in one’s hand and used to see oneself -ISA 3 23 d2el 0 fine linen a soft cloth worn by rich people -ISA 3 23 p3s4 0 head pieces a cloth or small hat worn over the hair -ISA 3 23 g51h 0 wraps a decorative cloth that a woman would wrap around herself to make her beautiful -ISA 3 24 cn6w 0 sash a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md). -ISA 3 24 b6ca 0 a rope This may refer to a rope that enemies would tie on the people of Judah when they captured them. Or it might mean that Jerusalem’s women would have nothing to wear but rough clothing secured with ropes. -ISA 3 24 c3sv 0 well-arranged hair, baldness “pretty hair, their heads will be bald” -ISA 3 25 ng43 figs-metonymy 0 Your men will fall by the sword, and your strong men will fall in war Falling represents being killed, and the sword represents battle. Alternate translation: “Your men will be killed in battle, and your strong men will be killed in war” or “Enemies will kill your soldiers in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 3 26 kz3l figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem’s gates will lament and mourn Here the city gates represent the people who sit at the public places near the city gates. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem will sit at the city gates and cry and mourn” (See:- [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 3 26 qeu2 figs-personification 0 she will be alone and sit upon the ground Isaiah speaks of the people of Jerusalem, whom no one will save from their enemies, as if they were the city itself and as if they were a woman who sits on the ground because all her friends have deserted her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 4 intro xy1x 0 # Isaiah 04 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### More women than men
This chapter describes a time when there will be many more women than men in Judah. This is because so many of Judah’s fighting men will have died before the exile. Those who come through this difficult time will be a holy remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Branch of Yahweh
Scholars are divided over the possible meaning of this metaphor. Some believe it is a reference to the Messiah, while others believe it is a reference to the faithful remnant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -ISA 4 1 ke3e figs-idiom 0 let us take your name This phrase means “let us marry you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 4 2 ki64 figs-synecdoche 0 the branch of Yahweh will be beautiful This could mean: (1) “branch” is a synecdoche that represents the crops Yahweh will cause to grow in the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the crops in Israel to be beautiful” or (2) “branch” is a metaphor that refers to the Messiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 4 2 egm3 0 will be beautiful and glorious “will be full of beauty and glory” -ISA 4 2 ree3 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of the land will be tasty and delightful for those survivors in Israel “Fruit” sometimes simply represents food produced in the land, and sometimes it represents spiritual blessings. This could mean: (1) God will cause the land to produce good food again. Alternate translation: “the people who are still in Israel will enjoy the best food from the land” or (2) the future Messiah will bring spiritual blessings to the people in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 4 3 z8mg figs-parallelism 0 the one who is left in Zion and the one who remains in Jerusalem Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “the one who” does not refer to a specific person but to people in general who are still alive in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “everyone who remains in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 4 3 gb1i figs-activepassive 0 will be called holy This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call them holy” or “will belong to the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 4 3 pe1n figs-activepassive 0 everyone who is written down as living in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whose name is on the list of the people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 4 4 af4y figs-metaphor 0 when the Lord will have washed away the filth of the daughters of Zion This expression speaks of sin as if it were physical dirt. Alternate translation: “after the Lord removes the sins of the daughters of Zion as someone washes away filth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 4 4 idm2 0 the daughters of Zion This could mean: (1) the women of Jerusalem or (2) the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 4 4 el4d figs-metonymy 0 will have cleansed the blood stains from Jerusalem’s midst “Blood stains” here represents violence and murder. Alternate translation: “will have taken away those in Jerusalem who harm innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 4 4 i2xn figs-metaphor 0 by means of the spirit of judgment and the spirit of flaming fire This is how God would remove the sin from Jerusalem. Here “spirit” probably represents the activity of judging and burning. Alternate translation: “by judgment and flaming fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 4 4 l3vm 0 spirit of judgment This could mean: (1) Yahweh will punish the people or (2) Yahweh will declare the people guilty. -ISA 4 4 si1b figs-metaphor 0 the spirit of flaming fire This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will remove sinners from Zion like a fire removes impurities or (2) “flaming fire” is a metonym that represents the destruction in general of all the sinners. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 4 5 yk4j 0 a canopy over all the glory This could mean: (1) a canopy for protecting the glorious city, or (2) a canopy consisting of God’s glory that will protect the city. If the first meaning is followed, then it may further mean that the city is glorious because Yahweh is present in it. -ISA 4 5 h7ct 0 canopy This is a cloth that is hung over something to cover it for protecton. -ISA 5 intro g25h 0 # Isaiah 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Woe
This chapter presents a series of woes, or judgments against those who are spoken against. Most of these judgements are due to the lack of justice in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Allegory
This chapter begins as an allegory. An allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning. This allegory is meant to teach the Jews that they sinned against Yahweh and that there was nothing more he could have done for them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

==Animals being present where people once lived==
Verse 17 (“Then the sheep will feed as in their own pasture, and in the ruins of the rich people, lambs will graze”) is an example of the Old Testament’s prophets’ habit of describing complete ruin and desolation in terms of a picture of animals--usually wild animals, but here sheep and lambs--living in or feeding in those places. Whether the picture is of flocks or wild animals, the purpose is to say that the human habitation has gone back to wild nature, and that this has happened because of God’s punishment on the people. -ISA 5 1 wd3z figs-parables 0 General Information: Isaiah tells a parable about a farmer and his vineyard. The farmer represents God and the vineyard represents the people of Judah, the southern kingdom of the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 5 1 csd3 0 my well beloved “my dear friend” -ISA 5 1 y5t9 0 on a very fertile hill “on a hill where very good crops could grow” -ISA 5 2 ac25 0 He spaded it “He prepared the soil.” This expresson refers to using a tool to dig into the ground to prepare it for planting. -ISA 5 2 qk26 figs-explicit 0 He built a tower in the middle of it “He made a tall building in the middle of the vineyard to watch over it.” Someone would stand at the top of the tower to watch the vineyard and make sure that no animals or people went into it. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 5 2 qfu3 0 built a winepress “dug a pit to squeeze out the grape juice.” A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. -ISA 5 2 feu4 0 wild grapes “worthless grapes” or “bad tasting grapes” -ISA 5 3 crw5 figs-parables 0 General Information: In Isaiah’s parable of the vineyard, the owner of the vineyard, who represents God, speaks to the people of Jerusalem and Judah about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 5 3 x6tw figs-genericnoun 0 inhabitant of Jerusalem and man of Judah These expressions refer in general to all people living in Jerusalem and Judah, so they can be translated with plural nouns. Alternate translation: “all of you who live in Jerusalem and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 5 3 v4cu 0 Jerusalem … Judah “Judah” was the name of the southern kingdom of Israelites, and Jerusalem was the capital city. -ISA 5 3 c6vk figs-metaphor 0 judge between me and my vineyard The idea of a space separating two things is often used to express the idea of choosing one or the other of those things. Alternate translation: “decide who has acted right, I or my vineyard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 4 cy5z figs-rquestion 0 What more could have been done for my vineyard, that I have not done for it? The owner uses this question to make a statement about his vineyard. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a stataement. Alternate translation: “I have done all that I could do for my vineyard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 5 4 ka3q figs-rquestion 0 When I looked for it to produce grapes, why did it produce wild grapes? The owner uses a question to say that his vineyard should have produced good grapes. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I wanted it to make good grapes, but it only produced worthless grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 5 5 j11d figs-parables 0 General Information: In Isaiah’s parable, the owner of the vineyard continues to talk about his vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 5 5 d9l9 0 remove the hedge “take away the border of bushes.” A hedge is a row of bushes or small trees that have been planted in order to protect a garden or some other kind of area. Here “hedge” probably refers to the thorn bushes that were planted to grow on the stone wall surrounding the vineyard. -ISA 5 5 msh2 0 I will turn it into a pasture “I will allow animals to go there and eat.” This is a grassy place where animals feed. -ISA 5 5 b6y6 figs-activepassive 0 it will be trampled down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “animals will trample it down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 5 6 b9b1 0 I will lay it waste “I will destroy it” -ISA 5 6 vvv3 figs-activepassive 0 it will not be pruned nor hoed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will prune it or hoe it” or “no one will cut off the branches that are not needed, and no one will take care of the soil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 5 6 e15p writing-symlanguage 0 briers and thorns will spring up Briers and thorns are often used as symbols of ruined cities and land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]]) -ISA 5 7 ba1g 0 General Information: Isaiah explains the parable of the vineyard. -ISA 5 7 dnz9 figs-parables 0 For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts is the house of Israel Isaiah states that the vineyard in the parable represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts represents the house of Israel” or “The people of Israel are like the vineyard of Yahweh, Lord of the angel armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 5 7 l82n figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 5 7 rxv5 figs-metaphor 0 the man of Judah his pleasant planting The people of Judah are spoken of as if they are a vine that Yahweh planted. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah are like a vine that Yahweh planted for Yahweh’s pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 5 7 kmz3 figs-genericnoun 0 the man of Judah Here “man” represents all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 5 7 ebr9 figs-abstractnouns 0 he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing This can be changed so that the abstract noun “justice” can be expressed by the verb “do what is fair.” The abstract noun “killing” can be expressed as “killed one another.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh waited for the people to do what is fair, but instead they killed one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 5 7 dtn9 figs-ellipsis 0 for righteousness The phrase “he waited” is understood from earlier in the verse. It can be repeated to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “He waited for righteousness” or “He waited for them to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 5 7 hhv8 figs-ellipsis 0 instead, a shout for help The words “there was” are understood from earlier in the verse. They can be repeated to make the meaning clear. The reason people shouted out for help can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “instead, there was a shout for help” or “instead, those who were weak shouted out for someone to help them because others were attacking them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 5 7 s93f figs-genericnoun 0 a shout This expression probably stands for many shouts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 5 8 cm7e 0 General Information: Isaiah announces God’s judgment. -ISA 5 8 m6ai figs-explicit 0 to those who join house to house, who join field to field “to those who take more and more houses, and who take more and more fields.” Isaiah assumes that his audience knows that the law forbids someone from taking land from a family permanently. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 5 9 tu9i 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 5 9 f6yx 0 without any inhabitant “without anyone living in it” -ISA 5 10 x1d1 figs-explicit 0 a ten-yoke vineyard The size of the vineyard is represented by the number of pairs of oxen that could plow it in one day. Each pair of oxen would be connected by a yoke. Alternate translation: “a vineyard that is large enough for ten pairs of oxen to plow it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 5 10 xm5c translate-bvolume 0 one bath “one bath of wine” or “22 liters of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -ISA 5 10 wyg4 translate-bvolume 0 one homer of seed will yield only an ephah “220 liters of seed will produce only 22 liters of grain.” One homer equals ten ephahs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]]) -ISA 5 11 w596 figs-merism 0 those who rise up early in the morning … who linger late into the night This refers to people who do nothing all day but drink alcoholic drinks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 5 11 e3cu figs-metaphor 0 until wine inflames them Here the power of wine to make its drinkers drunk is spoken of as if it were inflaming them, that is, setting them on fire. Alternate translation: “until they are drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 12 uj2g 0 harp, lute, tambourine, flute, and wine These musical instruments and the wine imply that the people enjoying these things are celebrating very much. -ISA 5 12 rum8 translate-unknown 0 tambourine A musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be beaten with the hand. It probably had pieces of metal around the side that sounded when the player shook it. The tambourine was small enough for the player to hold it and shake it with one hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 5 12 er4f 0 considered thought seriously about -ISA 5 12 mpb9 figs-abstractnouns 0 the doings of his hands This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “doings” is expressed as the verb “done” or “created.” Alternate translation: “what he has done” or “what he has created” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 5 12 d7ca figs-synecdoche 0 the doings of his hands Here the metonym “hands” represents the person who has done something. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 5 13 sd2g 0 General Information: These verses tell what will happen to the people because they have disobeyed God. -ISA 5 13 e8j7 figs-pastforfuture 0 my people have gone into captivity In prophecy things that will happen in the future are often referred to as if they had already happened. This emphasizes that the prophecy will certainly come true. Alternate translation: “enemies from other countries will take my people, Israel, as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 5 13 ek1f figs-explicit 0 for lack of understanding What they do not understand can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because they do not understand Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 5 14 lq6k figs-metaphor 0 Sheol has made its appetite greater and has opened its mouth very wide This phrase speaks of Sheol, which stands here for the grave, to an animal that is ready to eat other animals. It implies that many, many people will die. Alternate translation: “death is like a hungry animal that has opened its mouth wide to eat up many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 14 l95b figs-pastforfuture 0 their elite, the people, their leaders, and the revelers and those who are happy among them, descend into Sheol The prophet speaks of the future as if it were happening now. Alternate translation: “Many people of Israel, their important people and common people, their leaders and those who enjoy wild parties, will go into Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 5 15 hv2s figs-parallelism 0 Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled The phrases used together mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:9](../02/09.md). Alternate translation: “God will make every person bow down and be humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 5 15 kvv6 figs-pastforfuture 0 Man will be forced to bend down, and mankind will be humbled Future events are spoken of as if they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 5 15 bal8 translate-symaction 0 Man will be forced to bend down Bending down often symbolizes being humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 5 15 npg6 figs-metonymy 0 the eyes of the lofty will be cast down Looking down is often a sign of being ashamed. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “the eyes of proud people will look down in shame” or “people who were proud are now ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 5 15 kj8c figs-metaphor 0 the lofty Here proud, arrogant people are spoken of as if they are high above other people. Alternate translation: “proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 16 unu8 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh of hosts will be exalted in his justice This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will praise Yahweh of hosts because he is just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 5 16 b2ch 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 5 16 veu5 figs-metaphor 0 will be exalted Being honored is spoken of as if it were being lifted high. Alternate translation: “will be greatly honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 17 s6dd 0 the sheep will feed as in their own pasture Yahweh will destroy the city of Jerusalem, which was called a “vineyard” in [Isaiah 5:1](../05/01.md). It will become good for nothing except for sheep to eat grass there. -ISA 5 17 lv4d 0 graze eat grass -ISA 5 17 cj7g figs-simile 0 in the ruins, lambs will graze as foreigners That is, the lambs will graze there. The land will be worthless for any other use. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 5 18 w5kt figs-parallelism 0 Woe to those who pull along iniquity with useless cords and who pull along sin as if it were with a cart rope These phrases mean basically the same thing. They speak of people who continue to sin on purpose as if they were using all their strength to pull a heavy cart along. God will punish them for their sin. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who work hard to sin as a person who drags a cart by a rope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 19 fje3 figs-irony 0 those who say This refers to those who continue to sin (verse 18) and then mockingly challenge God to stop them. Alternate translation: “those mockers who say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 5 19 fg4f figs-metaphor 0 let the plans of the Holy One of Israel come God’s plans are spoken of as if they were objects that could come by themselves. Alternate translation: “let the Holy One of Israel accomplish his plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 19 czd2 0 the Holy One of Israel Translate “the Holy One” as in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). -ISA 5 20 wfp3 figs-metaphor 0 who represent darkness as light, and light as darkness … bitter as sweet, and sweet as bitter Those who do these things are the same as those “who call evil good, and good evil.” These things are opposites and people know the difference between them, but some people lie and say that bad things are good. Alternate translation: “They are like people who call darkness light and light darkness. They are like people who call bitter things sweet and sweet things bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 21 ivi4 figs-metonymy 0 to those who are wise in their own eyes Here the metonym “eyes” refers to their thoughts. Alternate translation: “to those who consider themselves to be wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 5 21 k28f 0 prudent in their own understanding “think they understand everything” -ISA 5 23 cpy5 0 who acquit the wicked for payment This passage is speaking about corrupt judges in courts of law. -ISA 5 23 zv59 0 acquit the wicked “declare guilty people innocent” -ISA 5 23 x4u8 0 deprive the innocent of his rights “do not treat innocent people fairly” -ISA 5 24 c3qz 0 tongue of fire “flame of fire” or “flame” -ISA 5 24 k429 figs-parallelism 0 as the tongue of fire devours stubble, and as the dry grass goes down in flame These phrases mean basically the same thing. God will punish the people described in [Isaiah 5:18-23](./18.md). Alternate translation: “as a fire burns up stubble and grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 5 24 ngz1 0 stubble The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut. -ISA 5 24 mbt4 figs-metaphor 0 their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust Isaiah speaks of these people as if they were a dying plant. Alternate translation: “they will die like a plant whose roots have rotted and whose blossom has dried up and blown away in the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 25 pkf2 figs-metaphor 0 the anger of Yahweh is kindled Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 25 u4m4 figs-pastforfuture 0 He has reached out with his hand against them and has punished them The prophet speaks of the future as if it had already happened. He does this to insist that the prophecy certainly will come about. Alternate translation: “he will punish them with his powerful hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 5 25 k8d7 figs-metonymy 0 has reached out with his hand against them Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 5 25 vu7e 0 corpses dead bodies -ISA 5 25 lyq9 figs-simile 0 their corpses are like garbage in the streets The dead bodies are allowed to lie in the streets as if they were garbage. This implies that many will die but that no one will be there to bury them. The word “garbage” can also be translated as “refuse” or “manure.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 5 25 sgw7 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand” -ISA 5 25 b3v6 figs-metonymy 0 his hand is still stretched out Here “hand” represents God’s power and control. Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 26 jin3 figs-parallelism 0 He will lift up a signal flag for far away nations and will whistle for those at the end of the earth Isaiah says the same thing in two different ways. God causing the armies of nations that are far away from Judah to come and attack is spoken of as if he would raise a flag and whistle to call them to Judah Alternate translation: “He will call for the armies of nations that are far away from Judah and tell them to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 5 26 abj6 0 whistle a loud, high pitched noise a person makes with their mouth to call a person or animal that is far away -ISA 5 26 pqh3 0 they will come “the enemy army will come” -ISA 5 26 i94d figs-doublet 0 speedily and promptly These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how quickly they will come. Alternate translation: “very quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 5 27 m2qf 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah. He describes it as if it were already existing ([Isaiah 5:26](../05/26.md)). -ISA 5 27 q27w 0 tire … stumble … slumbers … sleeps These four words progress from being tired from work to being unable to walk well, to being unable to stay awake, to full sleep, so all four should appear in the translation. -ISA 5 27 hac2 0 Nor are their belts loose The soldiers kept their clothes tight so it would easier to move and fight. -ISA 5 27 xx4t 0 the thongs of their sandals “the straps of their sandals” -ISA 5 28 j18k figs-simile 0 their horses’ hooves are like flint “their hooves are like hard stone.” Isaiah compares the hard part of a horse’s foot to flint, which is a hard stone that can cause sparks when struck. This could mean: (1) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint so to describe the frightening image of their feet causing sparks as they run or (2) Isaiah compares their hooves to flint to emphasize how strong their hooves are which enables the horse to do whatever their master want them to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 5 28 a4f3 figs-simile 0 their chariot wheels like storms Isaiah compares the chariot wheels to storms in order to imply that they will destroy everything in their path. Alternate translation: “the wheels of the chariots will spin like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 5 28 x4c6 0 chariot wheels These wheels often had sharp blades attached to them that would cut to pieces anyone the chariot passed close to. -ISA 5 29 v8gp 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the army that will attack Judah ([Isaiah 5:26](../05/26.md)). -ISA 5 29 dv1u figs-metonymy 0 young lions A young age is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “the strongest lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 5 29 jhq5 figs-metaphor 0 They will growl and seize the prey Isaiah compares the enemy killing the people of Judah to a lion killing a weaker animal. This could mean: (1) lions make a sound not as loud as a roar just before they strike, or (2) the writer is using two words to mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 5 29 kw8f 0 prey animals that another animal wants to catch and kill -ISA 5 29 ixb3 0 with none to rescue “and no one will be able to save them” -ISA 5 30 x52f 0 will roar … sea roars The word “roar” here is translated “growl” in verse 29. Use your language’s word for the sound of waves in a storm or heavy rain or some other frightening natural sound. -ISA 5 30 rw65 figs-metaphor 0 even the light will be made dark by the clouds Here darkness represents suffering and disaster. This metaphor can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the dark clouds will completely block the light of the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 6 intro g9bq 0 # Isaiah 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:3-4,7, 9-13.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Heaven
This vision described in this chapter is probably a scene in heaven. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]])

### Isaiah’s call
This chapter record Isaiah’s call to prophetic ministry. It recognizes the holiness of God and Isaiah recognizes his need for holiness. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/call]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holy]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Inevitability
The way Yahweh speaks in this chapter shows the inevitability of the punishment of Yahweh against the people of Judah. The punishment must now come. It is too late for repentance. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -ISA 6 1 fpg5 figs-doublet 0 he was high and elevated The words “high” and “elevated” emphasize that the throne was very high and above everything around it. The height of the throne represents how great and powerful the Lord is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 6 1 s9gi 0 filled the temple “filled the palace.” The word used for temple here is often used to refer to the palace of kings. -ISA 6 2 rmg2 0 Above him were the seraphim The word “seraphim” is the plural of seraph. This means the Lord was seated on the throne and the seraphim were standing or flying near the Lord ready to serve him. -ISA 6 2 rar1 translate-unknown 0 seraphim This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate this as “winged creatures” or “winged living things.” Or, you can borrow the word and use it in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -ISA 6 2 x82m 0 each one had six wings “each seraph had six wings” or “each creature had six wings” -ISA 6 2 jct3 figs-ellipsis 0 with two each covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew The words “wings” and “seraph” are understood. Alternate translation: “with two wings each seraph covered his face, and with two wings he covered his feet, and with two wings he flew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 6 3 ie28 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe his vision. -ISA 6 3 d6y7 0 Each one called to another and said “The seraphim called out to one another and said” or “The winged creatures proclaimed to one another” -ISA 6 3 vxd8 0 Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of hosts Repeating the word “holy” three times indicates God is completely holy. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts is holy beyond all else” or “Yahweh of hosts is completely holy” -ISA 6 3 m7tr figs-metaphor 0 The whole earth is full of his glory This speaks of the earth as if it were a container and glory were the contents in the container. Alternate translation: “Everything on the earth is evidence of God’s glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 6 4 pjk8 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe his vision. -ISA 6 4 dki2 0 The foundations of the thresholds shook at the voices of those who were crying out “When the seraphim called out, their voices shook the doorways and their foundations” -ISA 6 4 tz4y figs-activepassive 0 the house was filled with smoke This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “smoke filled the temple” or “smoke filled the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 6 5 v2ty figs-activepassive 0 Woe is me! For I am doomed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am in great trouble! Terrible things will happen to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 6 5 ws6z figs-metonymy 0 of unclean lips Here “lips” represent what a person speaks. And, people saying things that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if their lips were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 6 5 a6sd 0 Yahweh, Yahweh of hosts Yahweh, the ruler of the angel armies” -ISA 6 5 kz1b figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes have seen Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I have seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 6 6 qhb5 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe his vision. -ISA 6 6 vk6r translate-unknown 0 seraphim This word suggests that the creatures might have a fiery appearance or resemble snakes. Because we do not know exactly what “seraphim” means, you could translate these as “creatures” or “living things” or “beings.” Or you can borrow the word and use it in your language. See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 6:2](../06/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]]) -ISA 6 6 ah6e 0 tongs a tool used for grabbing or holding objects -ISA 6 7 wf8i figs-parallelism 0 your guilt has been taken away, and your sin atoned for These two phrases say basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken away your guilt and has forgiven your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 6 7 g4x1 figs-metaphor 0 your guilt has been taken away Yahweh no longer considering a person to be guilty is spoken of as if “guilt” were an object that someone could take away from someone else. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 6 8 xf27 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe his vision. -ISA 6 8 n956 figs-synecdoche 0 the voice of the Lord say Here “voice” represents the Lord himself. Alternate translation: “the Lord say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 6 8 at9k figs-explicit 0 Whom shall I send It is implied that Yahweh will send someone to speak his message to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Whom shall I send to be a messenger to my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 6 8 ria2 figs-exclusive 0 who will go for us It seems “us” refers to Yahweh and the members of his heavenly council to whom he is speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 6 9 vja4 0 this people “the people of Israel” -ISA 6 9 iq3c figs-imperative 0 Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive This could mean: (1) the imperatives “do not understand” and “do not perceive” express what God is causing to happen. Alternate translation: “You will listen, but Yahweh will not let you understand; you will look carefully, but Yahweh will not allow you to understand” or (2) the imperatives “Listen” and “see” express the idea of “if.” Alternate translation: “Even if you listen you will not understand; even if you look carefully, you will not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]]) -ISA 6 9 m1yh figs-ellipsis 0 Listen, but do not understand; see, but do not perceive You can state clearly the understood information. Alternate translation: “Listen to Yahweh’s message, but do not understand what it means; look at what Yahweh is doing, but do not realize what it means” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 6 10 j69r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he must do when Yahweh sends him to preach to the people. -ISA 6 10 q3as figs-metonymy 0 Make the heart of this people insensitive Here “heart” represents a person’s mind. A person who does not think clearly and is unable to understand and care about what is happening is spoken of as if his heart were insensitive. Alternate translation: “Make these people unable to understand” or “Make the minds of these people dull” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 6 10 wd4q 0 Make the heart of this people It may be more natural to translate “heart” and “this” as plurals. Alternate translation: “Make the hearts of these people” -ISA 6 10 ffe8 0 Make the heart … insensitive This command means that Yahweh will use Isaiah’s message to cause the people to understand even less and to make them less sensitive to what Yahweh is doing. -ISA 6 10 pqr2 figs-metaphor 0 their ears dull, and blind their eyes “make it so that they cannot hear, and make it so that they cannot see.” Isaiah making people to not understand Yahweh’s message or what he is doing is spoken of as if Isaiah were making them deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 6 10 qi8r figs-metaphor 0 they might see with their eyes, hear with their ears People being able to understand Yahweh’s message and what he is doing is spoken of as if the people were able physically to see and hear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 6 10 sbg9 figs-metonymy 0 understand with their heart Here “heart” represents as person’s mind. Truly understanding something and caring about what is happening is spoken of as if the people were to understand with their hearts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 6 10 fs74 figs-metaphor 0 then turn Repenting and starting to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were physically to turn towards him. Alternate translation: “follow me again” or “then start trusting in me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 6 10 h53y figs-activepassive 0 be healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would heal them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 6 11 wx9r 0 Until cities crash into ruins and are without inhabitants, and the houses are without people “Until all the cities and houses are ruined and no one lives there” -ISA 6 11 b56y figs-idiom 0 the land falls into a desolate waste Here “falls into” is an idiom that means to become something worse. Alternate translation: “the land becomes a desolate waste” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 6 12 wed8 figs-123person 0 until Yahweh has sent the people far away, and the solitude of the land is great Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. Alternate translation: “until I, Yahweh, have sent all the people far away from their land, so that no one is left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 6 13 p7xa figs-activepassive 0 it will again be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “armies will again destroy the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 6 13 r74f figs-simile 0 as a terebinth or an oak is cut down and whose trunk remains, the holy seed is in its stump This simile means that even after Yahweh destroys Israel, he will still set apart people from among the Israelites to serve him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 6 13 h3vb translate-unknown 0 terebinth a kind of oak tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 6 13 tbt2 0 trunk … stump A trunk is the thick main stem of a tree. A stump is the part of a tree that remains in the ground after the tree is cut down. -ISA 6 13 p9id figs-metaphor 0 the holy seed The people who will serve Yahweh after armies destroy Israel are spoken of as if they were set apart as a holy seed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 7 intro kcq7 0 # Isaiah 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:7-9, 18-25.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### “Young woman”
Some translations choose to translate this as “virgin” and believe it is a reference to the Messiah being born of a virgin woman. This is only one possible translation, therefore most translations have avoided forcing this specific connotation into the meaning of the term. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Israel
In this chapter, Israel is a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and not the nation as a whole. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter after its most prominent tribe. -ISA 7 1 u9lp figs-idiom 0 During the days of Ahaz … king of Judah “When Ahaz … was king of Judah” This was when the events happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 7 1 e4tt translate-names 0 Rezin … Pekah … Remaliah men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 1 vuv8 figs-synecdoche 0 Rezin … and Pekah … went up The author speaks as if the kings were the armies they led. Alternate translation: “Rezin … and Pekah … led their armies up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 7 1 py2k figs-metonymy 0 to war against it The author speaks as if the city itself were the people who live in it. Alternate translation: “to war against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 7 2 fs5m figs-activepassive 0 It was reported to the house of David This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house of David heard the report” or “someone reported to the house of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 7 2 lbv6 figs-metonymy 0 the house of David The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. Alternate translation: “King Ahaz and his counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 7 2 y882 figs-metonymy 0 that Aram was allied with Ephraim Here “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to their kings. Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “that Rezin, the king of Aram was helping Pekah, the king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 7 2 k9yy figs-simile 0 His heart trembled, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the forest shake in the wind The trembling of their hearts at this news is compared to the way trees shake when the wind blows through them. Alternate translation: “Ahaz and his people were very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 7 3 zh23 0 General Information: Isaiah writes about what happened to him as if it had happened to someone else. -ISA 7 3 u3qa translate-names 0 Shear-Jashub Translators may also add a footnote that says, “The name Shear-Jashub means ‘a remnant will return.’” The meaning may have given hope to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 3 dcs8 0 at the end of the conduit of the upper pool “where the water flows out of the tunnel and enters the upper pool” -ISA 7 3 jx5e 0 conduit man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows -ISA 7 3 iiu7 0 road If your language has a word for a road or path that people have made smooth by filling in the low places and lowering the high places, you can use it here. -ISA 7 3 v3uw translate-names 0 Launderer’s Field This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderer’s field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 3 cts4 translate-names 0 Launderer’s Field A launderer is either: (1) a man who washes wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “Wool Washer Field,” or (2) a woman who washes dirty clothes, “Clothes Washer Field.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 4 tuu2 0 Tell him “Tell Ahaz” -ISA 7 4 ze8i figs-metaphor 0 do not be afraid or intimidated by these two smoldering firebrands, by the fierce anger of Rezin and Aram, and of Pekah son of Remaliah God compares Rezin and Pekah to burning sticks whose fire has gone out and are making smoke now. God is emphasizing that they are not real threats to Judah. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “do not let Rezin and Pekah make you afraid; their fierce anger is like a burning stick whose fire has gone out and there is only smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 7 4 uy6n figs-doublet 0 afraid or intimidated The words “afraid” and “intimidated” mean the same thing and can be translated as one word. Alternate translation: “afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 7 5 m5i9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz ([Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md)). -ISA 7 5 ss12 figs-metonymy 0 Aram, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah The words “Aram” and “Ephraim” refer to the kings of these lands. Also, “Ephraim” represents the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Rezin the king of Aram and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 7 5 qp64 0 Remaliah This is the name of a man. Translate his name as in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). -ISA 7 5 ysl6 figs-you 0 have planned evil against you Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 7 6 yu1t translate-names 0 son of Tabeel It is unknown who this man is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 7 m94b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell Isaiah what he should tell Ahaz ([Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md)). -ISA 7 8 vb6l figs-metonymy 0 the head of Damascus is Rezin Here “head” is a metonym for the most important part. It is implied that Rezin is only a man, and therefore cannot stop Yahweh’s plan. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “the king of Damascus is Rezin, who is only a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 7 8 y681 translate-numbers 0 sixty-five years “65 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 7 8 gc27 figs-activepassive 0 Ephraim will be shattered and will no longer be a people Here “Ephraim” refers to all of the northern kingdom of Israel. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “an army will destroy Ephraim, and there will no longer be a people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 7 9 el5p figs-explicit 0 the head of Samaria is Remaliah’s son This means Pekah is the king of Samaria and all of Israel. Alternate translation: “the king of Samaria is Pekah, who is a weak man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 7 9 z477 figs-doublenegatives 0 If you do not remain firm in faith, surely you will not remain secure This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “If you continue to believe in me, you will certainly remain safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ISA 7 9 nt63 0 If you do not remain “Unless you remain” -ISA 7 11 f2n6 figs-merism 0 ask for it in the depths or in the height above Yahweh uses the word “depths” and “height” to mean Ahaz could ask him for anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 7 11 li4c figs-abstractnouns 0 depths … height The abstract nouns “depths” and “height” can be translated with prepositions. “places far below you … places far above you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 7 12 cr1k 0 will not ask “will not ask Yahweh for a sign” -ISA 7 13 zw34 figs-metonymy 0 house of David The word “house” is a metonym for the family living in the house. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “King Ahaz, you and your counselors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 7 13 v36u figs-rquestion 0 Is it not enough for you people to test the patience of people? Must you also test the patience of my God? These questions emphasize that the king has sinned greatly. Alternate translation: “You test the patience of people! Now you even test the patience of my God!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 7 14 ecy9 0 the young woman will conceive Some ancient versions and some contemporary versions translate, “the virgin will conceive,” while others translate “the young woman will conceive.” -ISA 7 14 s44h translate-names 0 his name Immanuel Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 7 15 jl15 figs-explicit 0 He will eat curds and honey when he knows to refuse the evil and choose the good This could mean: (1) “By the time that child is old enough to eat curds and honey, he will be able to reject what is evil and choose what is good.” This emphasizes that the child will be very young when he knows to choose what is right instead of wrong or (2) “By the time the child is old enough to reject what is evil and choose what is good, he will be eating curds and honey.” The people of Judah considered a child to be responsible for doing what is right when he was 12 years old. This emphasizes that within twelve years the people will be able to eat much curds and honey because most of the people of Israel will be killed or taken as captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 7 15 s9yg 0 curds milk that people have treated to make it into a soft solid -ISA 7 15 di2m figs-nominaladj 0 refuse the evil and choose the good Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 7 16 e7h5 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the sign that God will give the house of David. -ISA 7 16 dht9 figs-nominaladj 0 refuse the evil and choose the good Here “the evil” and “the good” refer to evil and good things in general. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md). Alternate translation: “refuse to do evil deeds and choose to do good deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 7 16 f8jq figs-you 0 you dread “you fear.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Ahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 7 17 z85k 0 your people This refers to the people of Judah. -ISA 7 18 nk5k 0 At that time before the child knows to refuse the evil and choose the good ([Isaiah 7:15](../07/15.md)) -ISA 7 18 n7m9 0 Yahweh will whistle for “Yahweh will call” or “Yahweh will summon” -ISA 7 18 qve8 figs-metaphor 0 for a fly from the distant streams of Egypt, and for a bee from the land of Assyria Here the armies of Egypt and Assyria are spoken of as if they are insects that will invade the land of Israel. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “for the armies of Egypt and Assyria, and their soldiers will be everywhere like flies and bees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 7 20 l6c2 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army of Assyria will attack Israel. -ISA 7 20 v8kp figs-metaphor 0 the Lord will shave with a razor that was hired beyond the Euphrates River—the king of Assyria The word “razor” is a metaphor for the king of Assyria and his army, and Yahweh speaks of the king as if the king were a man who would do Yahweh’s work and then receive money from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the Lord will call the king of Assyria from beyond the Euphrates River to work for him to shave you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 7 20 d2rx figs-activepassive 0 that was hired This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he bought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 7 20 yli5 0 the head … the hair of the legs … also … the beard It was bad to have someone shave the top of the head; it was worse to have someone shave “the hair of the legs”; it was worst of all to have someone shave the beard. -ISA 7 20 y3tv figs-metaphor 0 the head … the hair of the legs … the beard Isaiah does not say whose head, hair, and beard the Lord is going to shave, but Ahaz and the reader would understand that this is a man; the man is a metaphor for the people living in the land of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 7 20 tyl9 figs-metonymy 0 the head Here “the head” represents the hair that grows on it. Alternate translation: “the hair on the head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 7 20 tkw6 figs-euphemism 0 the hair of the legs This could mean: (1) this is a polite way to speak of the hair on the lower body or (2) this speaks of the hair on the legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 7 20 a1pl 0 it will also sweep “the razor will also sweep.” If your language requires a person to be the subject of “will … sweep,” you can say, “the Lord will also sweep.” -ISA 7 22 tsx4 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abundance of milk which they shall give The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated as a clause. Alternate translation: “because they will give so much milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 7 23 h6cj 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when the army from Assyria will attack the land of Israel. -ISA 7 23 b3ry translate-numbers 0 there were a thousand vines … briers and thorns “there were 1,000 vines.” That is, when Isaiah wrote, there were vineyards, in some of which were 1,000 vines or more each. He says that these vineyards will become full of briers and thorns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 7 23 y1fr translate-numbers 0 a thousand silver shekels “1000 silver shekels.” A shekel is a silver coin worth 4 days wage. Alternate translation: “1,000 silver coins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]]) -ISA 7 23 hu8n figs-doublet 0 briers and thorns The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants. It is not necessary to translate both words. Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” or “brier bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 7 24 sr7t figs-explicit 0 because all the land will be briers and thorns Why the hunters come to these lands can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “because there will be nothing in these lands but briers, thorns, and wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 7 25 azm2 figs-activepassive 0 They will stay away from all the hills that were cultivated with the hoe This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will stay away from the hills where they once prepared the soil to plant crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 8 intro c8jg 0 # Isaiah 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:6-18, 21-22.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust in Yahweh
Israel will not trust in Yahweh. Instead, they will trust in their own power, their Gentile allies and the power of false gods. They will be punished because the power of Yahweh is greater than all of these. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -ISA 8 1 kzi2 0 Yahweh said to me Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah. -ISA 8 2 x1fq 0 I will summon faithful witnesses to attest for me This could mean: (1) Yahweh is speaking: “I will call honest men to be witnesses” or (2) Isaiah is speaking: “I called honest men to be witnesses” or (3) Yahweh is commanding Isaiah: “Call honest men to be witnesses.” -ISA 8 3 j2ld figs-euphemism 0 I went to the prophetess It can be stated explicitly that Isaiah is married to the prophetess. Alternate translation: “I slept with my wife, the prophetess” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 8 4 g5hy figs-activepassive 0 the riches of Damascus and the plunder of Samaria will be carried away by the king of Assyria This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will carry away all the treasures of Damascus and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 8 6 k9mk figs-metaphor 0 Because this people has refused the gentle waters of Shiloah The words “gentle waters” are a metaphor for the law of the Lord. Alternate translation: “Because this people has rejected Yahweh’s law, which is like the gentle waters of Shiloah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 8 6 x9t3 0 this people “this people group.” If your language needs a plural here, you can translate this phrase and the following verbs as “these people have refused … are happy.” -ISA 8 6 mbx4 figs-explicit 0 is happy over Rezin and Remaliah’s son The full meaning can be made explicit. See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “is happy that the armies of Assyria have defeated Rezin, king of Aram, and Pekah, Remaliah’s son, king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 8 7 l4ii figs-pronouns 0 therefore the Lord is Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else to remind the people of who he is. Alternate translation: “therefore I, the Lord, am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -ISA 8 7 pbf5 0 bring up on them The verb is “bring up”; the adverb is “on them.” -ISA 8 7 ctu2 0 on them “on the people of Judah” -ISA 8 7 t9mv figs-metaphor 0 the waters of the River, mighty and many, the king of Assyria and all his glory The river symbolizes the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the army from Assyria, which is powerful like a mighty river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 8 7 x441 0 the River the Euphrates River in Assyria -ISA 8 8 ek4i 0 General Information: The Lord continues to describe the army of Assyria as a river that will flood Judah ([Isaiah 8:7](../08/07.md)). -ISA 8 8 ye6u figs-metaphor 0 The River will sweep onward into Judah, flooding and passing on, until it reaches to your neck The army of Assyria is like a flood of water. Alternate translation: “More and more soldiers will come like a river rising up to your neck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 8 8 yl2k figs-metonymy 0 The River This refers to the Euphrates River in Assyria. This is a metonym for the Assyrian soldiers, who will come from their homes by the Euphrates River ([Isaiah 8:7](../08/07.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 8 8 w2iu figs-metaphor 0 Its outstretched wings will fill This could mean: (1) as “the River” in the metaphor rises, its “wings” flow over and cover what had been dry land or (2) Isaiah changes metaphors and now speaks of Yahweh as a bird who is protecting the land, “But his outstretched wings will cover.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 8 8 j34k 0 Immanuel Translators may add a footnote that says: “The name Immanuel means ‘God with us.’” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:14](../07/14.md). -ISA 8 9 qq71 figs-activepassive 0 You peoples will be broken to pieces This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will break your armies to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 8 9 qzg7 figs-apostrophe 0 Listen, all you distant countries Isaiah speaks as if people in other countries can hear him. Alternate translation: “Listen, all you people in far away places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ISA 8 9 rer3 figs-parallelism 0 arm yourselves for war and be broken in pieces; arm yourselves and be broken in pieces This is basically the same thing, stated twice for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you can prepare yourselves for battle, but I will defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 8 10 q9aj figs-activepassive 0 Form a plan, but it will not be carried out; issue the command, but it will not be carried out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You can prepare to attack Judah, but you will not succeed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 8 10 mfw3 figs-activepassive 0 it will not be carried out … it will not be carried out To “carry out” a plan or command is to do what the person who makes the plan or command wants the hearer to do. These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not be able to do what you plan to do … your soldiers will not be able to do what their commanders tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 8 11 svz5 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh spoke to me, with his strong hand upon me Here “his strong hand upon me” is an idiom that refers to Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke to me in a very powerful way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 8 11 pq3u figs-quotations 0 warned me not to walk in the way of this people. This is an indirect quote that ends in 8:17. Alternate translation: “warned me and said, ‘Do not act like this people.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -ISA 8 12 zbg2 figs-explicit 0 Do not call conspiracy anything that this people calls conspiracy The people imagine there are conspiracies, and it makes them anxious. Alternate translation: “Do not worry like this people who think someone is always trying to harm them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 8 13 nnx7 figs-quotations 0 It is Yahweh of hosts whom you will honor as holy; he is the one you must fear, and he is the one you must dread If you translate this as a direct quote, you can also translate it with Yahweh speaking in the first person: “But you will consider me, Yahweh of Hosts, as holy. And you will fear and be in awe of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -ISA 8 14 m1u3 figs-quotations 0 General Information: Isaiah continues the indirect quote of Yahweh that began in [Isaiah 8:11-13](./11.md). It can be translated as a direct quote with Yahweh speaking in the first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -ISA 8 14 pdv3 figs-metaphor 0 He will become a sanctuary The word “sanctuary” is a metaphor for Yahweh keeping his people safe and protecting them. Alternate translation: “He will protect them when they go to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 8 14 w1mv figs-doublet 0 he will be a trap and a snare to the people of Jerusalem The words “trap” and “snare” mean almost the same thing and emphasize that when Yahweh decides to punish the people of Jerusalem they will not be able to escape. Alternate translation: “he will trap the people of Jerusalem so they cannot escape him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 8 14 su1n 0 trap a device that catches a bird in a net or basket -ISA 8 14 uuy2 0 snare a trap that catches and holds an animal’s leg or nose -ISA 8 15 nj22 figs-activepassive 0 Many will stumble over it and fall and be broken, and be ensnared and captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Many people will stumble over the stone, and when they fall they will not get up. And many people will step into the trap, and they will not be able to get out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 8 15 q3r6 figs-doublet 0 ensnared and captured These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they will be caught in the trap. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 8 16 uss4 figs-parallelism 0 Bind up my testimony, seal the official record These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Close up tightly the scroll with this message written on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 8 16 qg84 0 my testimony … my disciples It is unclear to whom the word “my” refers. It could be Isaiah or Yahweh. It is best to leave the pronouns ambiguous if your language will allow it. -ISA 8 17 vl67 0 I will wait for Yahweh Here “I” refers to Isaiah. -ISA 8 17 y59u figs-metonymy 0 who hides his face from the house of Jacob Yahweh’s “face” is a metonym for his blessing or favor. Alternate translation: “who has taken away his blessing from the house of Jacob” or “who no longer looks with favor on the house of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 8 17 p16z 0 house of Jacob people of Israel -ISA 8 18 b1mr 0 I and the sons whom Yahweh has given me are for signs and for wonders in Israel “I and the sons Yahweh has given me are like signs to warn the people of Israel.” The sons are Shear-Jashub and Maher-shalal-hash-baz, whose names are a message to the people of Israel. (See: [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md) and [Isaiah 8:1](./01.md)) -ISA 8 19 vs7z 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking. -ISA 8 19 ld5t 0 They will say to you, “Consult with those who speak with the dead and with spirits,” the ones who chirp and mutter incantations. But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? Other This could mean: (1) “They will say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations. Should a people not consult their gods? They should consult the dead on behalf of the living for teaching and for testimony.’” or (2) “When they say to you, ‘Consult with the mediums and spiritists, those who chirp and mutter incantations,’ should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? To the law and to the testimony!” -ISA 8 19 im2e figs-you 0 They will say to you The word “they” refers to those who do not trust Yahweh. The word “you” is plural and refers to those who trust Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 8 19 sx96 0 the ones who chirp and mutter incantations The words “chirp” and “mutter” refer to the sounds mediums and spiritists made when trying to speak to dead people. Alternate translation: “they people who whisper and mutter their magic words to try and speak to dead people” -ISA 8 19 n9lj 0 chirp make sounds like birds -ISA 8 19 zsh8 figs-rquestion 0 But should a people not consult their God? Should they consult the dead on behalf of the living? These questions are to show that people should consult God instead of foolishly trying to talk to dead people. Alternate translation: “But people should ask Yahweh to guide them. They should not seek answers from those who have died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 8 20 i7kp 0 To the law and to the testimony This could mean: (1) “Pay attention to God’s instructions and teaching” or (2) “Then you must remember the teaching and testimony I gave.” ([Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md)). -ISA 8 20 fav3 0 the law This is the same word translated “official record” in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md). -ISA 8 20 qpm5 0 the testimony See how you translated this in [Isaiah 8:16](../08/16.md). -ISA 8 20 i61u 0 If they do not say such things “If they do not speak of the law and the testimony” -ISA 8 20 vr4u figs-metaphor 0 it is because they have no light of dawn Isaiah speaks of people who do not know God as if they were people walking in darkness without any light. Alternate translation: “it is because they are like a person lost in the dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 8 22 d61f 0 oppressive gloom “terrible sadness” -ISA 8 22 c4e1 figs-activepassive 0 They will be driven into a land of darkness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will drive them out into complete darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 9 intro e336 0 # Isaiah 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy concluding the previous chapter. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:1-21. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Messiah
The prophecy in 9:1-7 is about the coming Messiah. Parts of this prophecy were fulfilled when he first came to earth. Other parts are to be fulfilled when he will return in glory to earth. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Fulfillment of prophecies
Some of the prophecies in this chapter were fulfilled in Isaiah’s lifetime while others are fulfilled in the distant future. Some scholars believe that there can be multiple fulfillments of each of these prophecies, while others see only one complete fulfillment. -ISA 9 1 c7zh figs-metaphor 0 The gloom will be dispelled from her who was in anguish Isaiah speaks of people who are spiritually lost as if they were walking around in total darkness. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the darkness from her who was in anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 9 1 c8yr 0 The gloom This word means “partial or total darkness.” Translate as you translated “gloom” in [Isaiah 8:22](../08/22.md). -ISA 9 1 q9g1 figs-metaphor 0 her who was in anguish “her who was suffering great pain and sadness.” This is probably a metaphor for the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 1 y275 figs-metonymy 0 In an earlier time he humiliated the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali “Land” refers to the people who live in an area. Alternate translation: “In the past, the Lord humbled those living in Zebulun and Naphtali” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 9 1 wtc7 figs-metonymy 0 but in the later time he will make it glorious, the way to the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations Here “it” refers to Galilee which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but in the future, the Lord will honor the people of Galilee of the nations, which is on the road between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 9 1 rv6s figs-metonymy 0 Galilee of the nations Here “nations” represents the people from other nations that live in Galilee. Alternate translation: “Galilee, where many foreigners live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 9 2 emm3 figs-metaphor 0 walked in darkness … lived in the land of the shadow of death Isaiah speaks of the people living sinful lives and suffering because of it as if they had been walking in a dark or living in a land of shadow of death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 2 y2l2 figs-metaphor 0 a great light … light has shone Here “light” represents hope and deliverance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 2 x5ah figs-idiom 0 the land of the shadow of death The phrase “shadow of death” is an idiom that means absolute darkness. Alternate translation: “the land of deepest darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 9 3 cz7j figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future ([Isaiah 9:1](../09/01.md)), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 9 3 fxk4 figs-you 0 You have multiplied the nation; you have increased their joy The word “you” refers to Yahweh. The word “their” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah includes himself as part of Israel. Alternate translation: “Lord, you will greatly increase our people and our joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 9 3 i1jr figs-simile 0 They rejoice before you like the joy at harvest time, as men rejoice when they divide the plunder The joy that Yahweh will give Israel is described as the same kind of joy people have when they bring in a harvest or divide valuable plunder. Alternate translation: “They will rejoice before you as people rejoice when they gather their crops or when a battle is over and soldiers divide what they took” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 9 4 zgk3 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future ([Isaiah 9:1](./01.md)), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 9 4 i6r4 figs-metaphor 0 For the yoke of his burden … you have shattered as on the day of Midian Isaiah speaks of the Israelites, who are the Assyrians’ slaves, as if they were an ox wearing a yoke. This will happen in the future, but he speaks as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “For as on the day of Midian you will set the people of Israel free from being slaves to their oppressors like a person removes a yoke from the shoulders of an animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 9 4 k2hi figs-metaphor 0 For the yoke of his burden … his shoulder … his oppressor Isaiah speaks of the people of Israel as if they were one man. Alternate translation: “For the yoke of their burden … their shoulders … their oppressor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 4 eh66 0 the beam across his shoulder The beam is the part of the yoke that goes over the shoulders of the ox. -ISA 9 4 hfq6 0 beam Another possible meaning is “staff,” a long piece of wood that a person uses to beat the oxen so they will work and a symbol of one person’s power to rule other people. -ISA 9 4 d1k8 figs-metaphor 0 the rod of his oppressor Isaiah speaks of the power the oppressor has over the people of Judah as if it were the piece of wood used by a person to beat oxen so they will work. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 4 egd7 figs-idiom 0 as on the day of Midian The word “day” is an idiom that can refer to an event that takes more than one day to happen. Alternate translation: “as when you defeated the Midianites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 9 5 klu8 figs-activepassive 0 every boot treading in the tumult and the garments rolled in blood will be burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will burn the boots of the soldiers and their clothes, which are covered with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 9 5 py1z figs-explicit 0 burned, fuel for the fire This can be made more explicit by translating it as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “burned. You will make the boots and the garments fuel for the fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 9 6 i19i figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the time when God will save the people of Israel. Although these events will happen in the future ([Isaiah 9:1](./01.md)), Isaiah describes them as if they have already happened. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 9 6 h5x2 figs-parallelism 0 For to us a child has been born, to us a son has been given These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word “us” refers to both the speaker and the hearer and so is inclusive. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For the Lord will give to us a child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 9 6 g3lc figs-metaphor 0 the rule will be on his shoulder His authority to rule is spoken of as if it were the robe that is a symbol of his authority. Alternate translation: “he will wear his royal robe on his shoulder” or “he will have authority to rule as king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 6 r5cf 0 Counselor one who advises kings -ISA 9 7 nq8j 0 Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end “As time passes he will rule over more and more people and enable them to live more and more peacefully” -ISA 9 7 yu3r figs-metonymy 0 rules on the throne of David Sitting on the “throne of David” is a metonym for having the right to rule; only David’s descendants could be king over Israel. Alternate translation: “has the right to rule as David’s descendant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 9 7 k8w3 0 his kingdom, to establish it and sustain it with justice and with righteousness This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “his kingdom. He will establish and protect his kingdom, and he will do what is fair and just” -ISA 9 7 ge32 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 9 8 x9c9 figs-idiom 0 The Lord sent a word against Jacob, and it fell on Israel “Send a word” means to speak. Alternate translation: “The Lord has spoken against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 9 8 nuf4 0 Jacob … Israel These names refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. -ISA 9 9 w3k1 0 Ephraim … Samaria These names all refer to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. -ISA 9 9 qbl6 figs-explicit 0 All the people will know, even Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria What they will know can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “All the people will know that the Lord has judged them, even those in Ephraim and Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 9 10 gj6i figs-explicit 0 The bricks have fallen, but we will rebuild with chiseled stone; the sycamores have been cut down, but we will put cedars in their place The full meaning can be made explicit. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We will replace the common bricks of our destroyed cities with expensive cut stone, and we will plant great cedar trees where ordinary sycamore trees grew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 9 11 f9f7 figs-synecdoche 0 Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him Rezin, his adversary Here “Rezin” represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Therefore, Yahweh will bring Rezin and his army against the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 9 11 imx9 translate-names 0 Rezin This is the name of a man. See how you translated Rezin in [Isaiah 7:1](../07/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 9 11 hya1 figs-idiom 0 will stir up his enemies The phrase “stir up” is an idiom that means to incite them to attack. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause Israel’s enemies to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 9 12 ju29 figs-metaphor 0 They will devour Israel with open mouth “Devour” is how wild animals eat their prey. Alternate translation: “Like a wild beast eating its prey, the army of the enemy will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 12 gk5w 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). -ISA 9 12 kxn9 figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 13 f9al 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 9 14 in46 figs-metaphor 0 head and tail Isaiah explains this metaphor in verse 15. The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, is “the leader and the noble man,” and the “tail,” the dirty part of the animal, is “the prophet who teaches lies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 14 cj62 figs-metaphor 0 palm branch and reed The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and is a metaphor for people who are important and rule others. The “reed” grows in shallow water and is a metaphor for people who are poor and unimportant and are ruled by others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 16 qp35 figs-metaphor 0 Those who lead this people lead them astray The leaders causing people to disobey is spoken of as if the leaders led them on the wrong path. Alternate translation: “The leaders of Israel have caused the people to disobey God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 16 ck73 figs-metaphor 0 those who are led by them are swallowed up This is a metaphor that can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “those that they lead become confused” or (2) Alternate translation: “Yahweh destroys those that they lead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 9 17 w5bb figs-synecdoche 0 every mouth speaks foolish things The word “mouth” refers to the person. Alternate translation: “every person speaks foolish things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 9 17 b4un 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). -ISA 9 17 v3li figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 18 kf1q figs-metaphor 0 Wickedness burns like a fire; it devours the briers and thorns; it even burns the thickets of the forest The people’s evil deeds are spoken of as if they were a very destructive fire. This fire burns even the briers and thorns, plants that grow in places where people no longer live, and “the thickets of the forest” where no one has ever lived, because it has already destroyed the places where people were living. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 18 ee5n figs-doublet 0 briers … thorns The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one word. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 9 19 ctw3 figs-activepassive 0 Through the fury of Yahweh of hosts the land is scorched Translate “Yahweh of hosts” as in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Like fire that scorches the land, the Lord’s intense anger will destroy the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 19 bg78 figs-idiom 0 No man spares his brother To “spare” someone means to save them from harm. Alternate translation: “No one does anything to help his own brother escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 9 20 e6kn figs-metonymy 0 They will grab food on the right hand … on the left hand This expression means that the people will grab food wherever they can find it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 9 20 sl21 figs-metaphor 0 Each will even eat the flesh of his own arm This could mean: (1) people will be so hungry that they will want to eat or will actually eat their own arms or (2) the word “arm” is a metaphor for the person’s neighbor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 9 21 y7rj 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside; instead, his hand “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry, and his hand.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). -ISA 9 21 gxv7 figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 intro dc9a 0 # Isaiah 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter begins with a prophecy that is a continuation of the prophecy beginning in 8:21. Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 10:1-11, 13-14, 15-19, 27-34.
(See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s sovereignty
Yahweh has so much power and authority that he controls all of the nations. He even controls the nations who do not worship him. He uses Assyria to punish the kingdom of Israel.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to make statements about Israel’s sin. The Assyrians use rhetorical questions in order to boast in their pride. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -ISA 10 1 gwe8 figs-parallelism 0 to those who enact unjust laws and write unfair decrees These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “to those who make laws and decrees that are not fair to everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 10 2 qr4b figs-parallelism 0 They deprive the needy of justice, rob the poor of my people of their rights These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “They are unjust to the poor and needy among my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 10 2 rlv2 0 the needy “poor people” -ISA 10 2 mv4z 0 plunder widows “take everything from women whose husbands have died” -ISA 10 2 w83u figs-metaphor 0 make the fatherless their prey Isaiah compares orphans to animals that other animals hunt and eat. This emphasizes that orphans are powerless and judges can easily harm them. Alternate translation: “harm children who do not have parents like an animal that goes after its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 2 jwk2 0 prey Translated “prey” as in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). -ISA 10 3 gdt3 figs-rquestion 0 What will you do on judgment day … away? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You will be able to do nothing on judgment day … away!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 10 3 xh3w 0 judgment day “the day when Yahweh comes to judge you” or “the day when Yahweh punishes you” -ISA 10 3 u4fv figs-rquestion 0 To whom will you flee for help, and where will you leave your wealth? Isaiah uses a question to scold those in Judah who harm the poor and weak people. Alternate translation: “You have nowhere to run for help, and you will have nowhere to hide your riches!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 10 4 iw4t 0 Nothing remains, and you crouch This could mean: (1) “None of your wealth remains as you crouch” or (2) “You can do nothing else but crouch.” -ISA 10 4 p3u9 0 you crouch among the prisoners or fall among the killed “your enemies will either take you as a prisoner or will kill you” -ISA 10 4 f4fy 0 In all these things, his anger does not subside “Even though all these things have happened, he is still angry.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). -ISA 10 4 dg4p figs-metaphor 0 his hand is still stretched out Isaiah speaks as if Yahweh were a person about to hit another person with his fist. This is a metaphor for Yahweh punishing Israel. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:25](../05/25.md). Alternate translation: “he will still be ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 5 fhx7 0 Woe This word marks the beginning of God’s announcement about a severe punishment against Assyria. -ISA 10 5 e1zg 0 the Assyrian This refers to the king of Assyria. -ISA 10 5 rrc2 figs-parallelism 0 the club of my anger, the rod by whom I wield my fury Both of these phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh compares the king of Assyria to a weapon a person holds in his hand and hits other people with. It emphasizes that the king of Assyria and his army are a tool that Yahweh uses to punish Israel. Alternate translation: “who will be like a weapon in my hands that I will use to show my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 6 bn37 figs-synecdoche 0 I send him … I order him The word “him” here also refers to the king of Assyria. But it does not mean God is only sending the king; he is sending with him the army of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I send the army of Assyria … I order them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 10 6 nvq3 0 against an arrogant nation and against the people who bear my overflowing wrath “to attack a nation full of proud people who have made me very angry” -ISA 10 6 i3fl figs-metaphor 0 who bear my overflowing wrath Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were more liquid than a container could hold; “the people” are trying to carry this container, but it is heavy, and Yahweh keeps pouring liquid in even after it starts to spill out. Alternate translation: “at whom I continue to be angry even after I have punished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 6 tam5 0 to take the spoil “to take everything they have” -ISA 10 6 wy5h 0 to take the prey to take the people like prey. See how you translated “prey” in [Isaiah 5:29](../05/29.md). -ISA 10 6 ay7c figs-simile 0 trample them like mud This could mean: (1) Yahweh compares the army of Assyria attacking Israel to people stomping through mud who do not care what happens to the mud. Alternate translation: “trample them until they become like mud” or (2) the people are stomping on other people so they are lying in the mud and unable to rise. This is a metaphor for completely defeating them. Alternate translation: “completely defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 7 y94n figs-explicit 0 But this is not what he intends, nor does he think this way The meaning of “this” and “this way” can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “But the king of Assyria does not intend to do what I tell him, nor does he think that I am using him as my weapon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 10 7 qn96 figs-doublet 0 It is in his heart to destroy and eliminate many nations The words “destroy” and “eliminate” mean basically the same thing. They are used for emphasis. Alternate translation: “He wants to completely destroy many nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 10 8 pc5q figs-rquestion 0 Are not all my princes kings? The king of Assyria uses a question to emphasize what he believes everyone should already know. Alternate translation: “I have made captains of my army kings over lands I have conquered!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 10 9 y1s2 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Kalno like Carchemish? Is not Hamath like Arpad? Is not Samaria like Damascus? The king of Assyria uses these questions for emphasis. Alternate translation: “Kalno is no different from Carchemish. Hamath is no different from Arpad. Samaria is no different from Damascus. I have conquered them all!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 10 9 gl7w translate-names 0 Kalno … Carchemish … Hamath … Arpad These are all names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 10 hfe3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to quote what the king of Assyria says ([Isaiah 10:8](../10/08.md)). -ISA 10 10 nda6 figs-metonymy 0 As my hand has overcome “Hand” here is a reference to military strength. Alternate translation: “As my powerful army has defeated” or “As I have conquered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 10 10 tpk7 0 my This refers to the king of Assyria. -ISA 10 10 zf5l 0 whose carved figures were greater During this time people believed that the greatness of an idol showed how powerful the kingdom that had built it was. The king of Assyria is saying that because the idols in Jerusalem are not as great as the idols of the kingdoms he has defeated, Jerusalem would be less able to defeat him than they were. -ISA 10 11 g79t figs-metonymy 0 just as I did to Samaria and her worthless idols The word “Samaria” refers to the people who lived there, and “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities and nations were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “just as I did to the people of Samaria and their worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 10 11 y8en figs-rquestion 0 will I not also do the same to Jerusalem and to her idols? The king of Assyria used this question to emphasize the certainty that he will conquer the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will certainly do the same to Jerusalem and her idols!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 10 12 g3hp 0 When the Lord has finished his work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else. “When I, the Lord, have finished my work on Mount Zion and on Jerusalem, I will punish” -ISA 10 12 yv7l 0 his work on … and on his work of punishing. “punishing … and punishing” -ISA 10 12 ly8r 0 I will punish the speech of the arrogant heart of the king of Assyria and his prideful looks “I will punish the king of Assyria for the arrogant things he said and the look of pride on his face” -ISA 10 13 ty9n 0 For he says “For the king of Assyria says” -ISA 10 13 f9lx figs-metonymy 0 I have removed … I have stolen Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “my army has removed … They have stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 10 13 bqh5 figs-simile 0 like a bull “as strong as a bull.” Some ancient texts read, “like a mighty man.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 10 13 y4e1 figs-metaphor 0 I have brought down the inhabitants This could mean: (1) the king of Assyria has shamed the people of the countries he conquered or (2) he has removed the kings of the nations so they no longer rule. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 13 l61t figs-synecdoche 0 I have brought Here the word “I” refers to the king of Assyria. He was the leader of the Assyrian army and took credit for what the army did at his command. Alternate translation: “I and my army have brought” or “we have brought (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 10 14 ni7r 0 General Information: Yahweh is still quoting the king of Assyria ([Isaiah 10:13](../10/13.md)). -ISA 10 14 a1xa figs-metonymy 0 My hand has seized The hand is a metonym for either the king’s power or his army. Alternate translation: “In my power I have seized” or “My army has seized” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 10 14 ij25 figs-simile 0 My hand has seized, as from a nest, the wealth of nations The king of Assyria compares taking the treasures from the nations to a person taking eggs out of a bird’s nest. This emphasizes how easy it was for him and his army to conquer these other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “My army has stolen the wealth from the nations just as easily as a man takes eggs from a nest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 10 14 au8g figs-simile 0 as one gathers abandoned eggs, I gathered all the earth The king of Assyria speaks of taking over nations as if he was gathering eggs. Alternate translation: “just as a person takes eggs from a nest when the bird is not there to protect them, my army has taken the treasures of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 10 14 yer6 figs-simile 0 None fluttered their wings or opened their mouth or chirped This compares the nations to a bird who sits quietly while her eggs are taken. This emphasizes that the nations did nothing while the army of Assyria took all of their possessions. Alternate translation: “And like a bird that does not make a sound or flap her wings when someone steals her eggs, the nations did nothing as we took their treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 10 15 kg69 figs-rquestion 0 Will the ax boast about itself against the one who wields it? Will the saw praise itself more than the one who cuts with it? The speaker uses these questions to mock the king of Assyria. Alternate translation: “An ax cannot boast that it is better than the one who holds it. And a saw does not get more glory than the one who cuts with it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 10 15 l68v 0 the saw a sharp tool used for cutting wood -ISA 10 15 e8a7 figs-parallelism 0 It is as if a rod could lift up those who raise it, or as if a wooden club could lift up a person These phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to strengthen the meaning of the two questions before it. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “And neither can a rod or staff lift the person who picks it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 10 16 n3zs figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore the Lord Yahweh of hosts will send emaciation among his elite warriors It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “emaciation” is expressed as the verb “make weak.” Alternate translation: “Therefore I, Lord Yahweh of hosts, will make the king’s strongest soldiers weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 10 16 h9uv figs-simile 0 under his glory there will be kindled a burning like fire Yahweh compares his punishment to a fire. This emphasizes that his punishment will completely destroy all the splendor and greatness of the kingdom of Assyria. Alternate translation: “I will destroy his greatness as if I were starting a fire to burn everything he is proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 10 17 xf7a figs-metaphor 0 The light of Israel will become a fire The phrase “light of Israel” refers to Yahweh. It is unclear whether Yahweh or Isaiah is speaking. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, the light of Israel, will become like a fire, able to destroy everyone that does not honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 17 x81s 0 his Holy One a flame “I, Yahweh, the Holy one of Israel, will become like a flame.” See how you translated “Holy One” in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 10 17 nh6j figs-metaphor 0 it will burn and devour his thorns and briers “The fire will burn and devour the king of Assyria’s thorns and briars.” The speaker compares the king of Assyria’s army to thorns and briers. This emphasizes how easily God will destroy them. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the Assyrians like a fire burning thorns and briers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 17 a8i4 figs-doublet 0 thorns … briers The words “briers” and “thorns” both refer to useless, thorny plants; they can be translated using one expression. See how you translated these words in [Isaiah 7:23](../07/23.md). Alternate translation: “thorn bushes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 10 18 e4pz figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will consume the glory of his forest and of his fruitful land This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will destroy the great forests and farmlands in the nation of Assyria” or (2) “Yahweh will destroy the army of Assyria as a fire burns up great forests and farmlands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 18 ice3 figs-merism 0 both soul and body This could mean: (1) this emphasizes that God will completely destroy the forests and farmlands. Alternate translation: “completely” or (2) this means God will completely destroy the people of Assyria. The phrase “soul and body” refers to the spiritual part and the physical part of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 10 18 r1h9 figs-simile 0 it will be like when a sick man’s life wastes away This compares either the forests and farmlands of Assyria or the army of Assyria to a sick man as he lies in bed dying. This emphasizes how something so great can become weak and dying. Alternate translation: “they will be like a sick man who grows weak and dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 10 19 li2a 0 The remnant of the trees of his forest will be so few “What remains of the trees in the king’s forest will be so few” -ISA 10 20 whj2 figs-idiom 0 On that day This refers to the time when God does the things that are described in [Isaiah 10:16-19](./16.md). Alternate translation: “At that time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 10 20 jx5m figs-explicit 0 that has escaped The meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “that has escaped from the army of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 10 20 t38g 0 will no longer rely on the one who defeated them “will no longer rely on the king of Assyria, who harmed them” -ISA 10 20 j4ug 0 Holy One See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 10 22 l3hy figs-you 0 your people, Israel, are Here, **your** is singular. Possible meanings are: (1) God is speaking to Isaiah and “your” refers to Isaiah. Alternate translation: “your people Israel are” or (2) Isaiah or God is speaking to the nation of Israel and “your” refers to the nation. Alternate translation: “your people, O Israel, are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 10 22 tmc6 figs-simile 0 are like the sand of the seashore This emphasizes that there were a great number of people of Israel. Alternate translation: “are too many to count, like the sand on the seashore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 10 22 xt1x figs-activepassive 0 Destruction is decreed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has decreed that he will destroy most of those who live in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 10 22 gb5g 0 as overflowing righteousness demands This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “This must be done for the sake of perfect righteousness” or “Yahweh must do this because he is completely righteous” -ISA 10 23 m3jr figs-activepassive 0 carry out the destruction determined throughout the land This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) Alternate translation: “destroy everything in the land just as he has determined to do” or (2) Alternate translation: “destroy the people in the land just as he has determined to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 10 23 b19q 0 determined “decided” -ISA 10 24 ww5n figs-personification 0 the Assyrian Isaiah speaks of the king of Assyria and his army as if he were one man. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 10 24 i2ep figs-metaphor 0 He will strike you with the rod and raise his staff against you The words “rod” and “staff” refer to pieces of wood that people use as clubs to beat animals and other people. Isaiah speaks of the way the Assyrians will rule over the Israelites as if the Assyrians were beating the Israelites with clubs. Alternate translation: “He will rule over you and make slaves of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 24 an2d figs-synecdoche 0 He will strike The word “He” refers to “the Assyrian” which represents the king of Assyria and his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will strike” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 10 24 l3xf figs-explicit 0 as the Egyptians did The full meaning can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as the Egyptians ruled over your ancestors and made them slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 10 25 w374 figs-abstractnouns 0 my anger will lead to his destruction The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will destroy him because I am angry with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 10 26 h791 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 10 26 fnc8 figs-metaphor 0 will wield a whip against them “will beat the Assyrians with a whip.” God will not really use a whip. This refers to God’s power to punish the Assyrians severely. Alternate translation: “will punish the Assyrians severely as if with a whip” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 26 zpq7 translate-names 0 as when he defeated Midian at the rock of Oreb This refers to when God helped a man named Gideon defeat the army of Midian. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 26 vx2h figs-metaphor 0 He will raise his rod over the sea and lift it up as he did in Egypt This speaks of God rescuing the people from the Assyrians as if they were the Egyptian army. This refers to when God caused the water of the Red Sea to split so the people of Israel could escape from the Egyptian army and so that the Egyptian army would drown in it. Alternate translation: “He will help you escape from the army of Assyria as he helped your ancestors escape the army of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 27 e1j7 figs-activepassive 0 his burden is lifted from your shoulder and his yoke from off your neck “Yahweh will lift the burden that Assyria has put on your shoulder, and he will remove the yoke that they have put on your neck.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The words “burden” and “yoke” refer to slavery. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will remove the Assyrians who oppress you and will stop them from making you their slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 10 27 x77u figs-activepassive 0 the yoke will be destroyed because of fatness This expression suggests that the neck of the animal that is wearing the yoke will become too fat to fit the yoke any longer. This is a metaphor for Israel becoming so strong that the Assyrians can no longer rule them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your neck will become so fat that it will break the yoke” or “you will become so strong that you will no longer be the Assyrians’ slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 28 dh9d figs-pastforfuture 0 has come … has passed … has stored Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 10 28 c6sg translate-names 0 Aiath … Migron … Michmash These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 29 nvp6 figs-pastforfuture 0 have crossed … lodge … trembles … has fled Isaiah speaks of these future events as though they have already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 10 29 fay6 translate-names 0 Geba … Ramah … Gibeah These are all cities and villages near Jerusalem that the army of Assyria went through and caused trouble in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 29 b3vg figs-metonymy 0 Ramah trembles and Gibeah of Saul has fled Here “Ramah” and “Gibeah of Saul” refer to the people who lived in those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of Ramah tremble and the people of Gibeah of Saul have fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 10 30 y4ej figs-idiom 0 daughter of Gallim The word “daughter” here refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Gallim” or “people of Gallim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 10 30 ybe1 figs-metonymy 0 Gallim … Laishah … Anathoth These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 31 dv9p figs-metonymy 0 Madmenah … Gebim These are names of more cities and villages near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. All of these refer to the people who live in these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 32 dub4 figs-metonymy 0 Nob This is the name of a village or city near Jerusalem that the Assyrian army traveled through causing fear among the people. It refers to the people who live in this place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 10 32 bf9q figs-idiom 0 he will halt at Nob and shake his fist Here “he” and “his” refer to the king of Assyria and his soldiers. People would shake their fists at people whom they were threatening. Alternate translation: “the army of Assyria will stop at Nob and threaten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 10 32 crq2 figs-metonymy 0 the mountain of the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem The words “mount” and “hill” are metonyms for the people who live on them. The words “mount of the daughter of Zion” mean almost the same thing as the words “hill of Jerusalem.” See how they are translated in [Isaiah 2:14](../02/14.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Mount Zion and the people living on the hill in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 10 33 fn7x 0 Behold This can be translated as “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -ISA 10 33 a8t9 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 10 33 bh4r figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs … the lofty will be brought low Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 33 qb4e figs-metaphor 0 will lop off the boughs “will cut off the big branches of the trees.” In order to make it clear that this refers to the army of Assyria, it can be translated as a simile: He will destroy the army of Assyria like strong men cutting off the big branches of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 33 xxu4 figs-abstractnouns 0 with a terrifying crash This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “crash” is expressed as the verb “make a noise.” Alternate translation: “and the branches will crash down on the ground and make a terrifying noise” or “and the branches will fall to the ground with a very loud noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 10 33 jg1h figs-activepassive 0 the tallest trees will be cut down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will cut down the tallest trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 10 33 uza4 figs-metaphor 0 the tallest trees This is a metaphor for “the strongest soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 33 n2ts figs-activepassive 0 the lofty will be brought low This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will bring down the lofty people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 10 33 bra5 0 lofty proud -ISA 10 34 f4p6 figs-metaphor 0 He will chop down the thickets … and Lebanon in his majesty will fall Isaiah speaks of the army of Assyria as if it were the tall trees in Lebanon. God will destroy the army like people cutting down the mighty trees of Lebanon. This emphasizes that though the army is strong, God has the power to destroy it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 34 xu8i figs-metaphor 0 the thickets of the forest “the dense shrubs in the forest.” This is possibly a metaphor for those people who are not well known. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 10 34 g78z figs-metaphor 0 Lebanon in his majesty will fall “the forests of Lebanon will no longer be so grand.” This is possibly a metaphor for the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will defeat the army of Assyria, as mighty as it is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 intro v1l2 0 # Isaiah 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Messiah
The prophecies of this chapter focus on the coming Messiah. Some of these prophecies concern the first coming of Jesus, while some reference a future day of restoration. The author transitions between these time periods without telling his reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Ambiguity
It is uncertain what period of time these prophecies refer to or who will fulfill them. The translator should allow this uncertainty and ambiguity to remain. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 11 1 fxf2 figs-parallelism 0 A shoot will sprout from the stump of Jesse … a branch out of his roots will bear fruit Isaiah speaks of Jesse and his descendants as if they were a tree that had been cut down. Both of these phrases tell about a descendant of Jesse who would be king. Alternate translation: “As a shoot sprouts out of a tree stump, so a descendant of Jesse will become king over what remains of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 1 b412 figs-metaphor 0 the stump of Jesse A stump is what remains of a tree after it is chopped down. The “stump of Jesse” represents what was left of the kingdom that Jesse’s son David was once king of. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 2 ptc5 figs-metaphor 0 The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him Resting upon him represents being with him and helping him. The word “him” refers to the one who would become king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 2 jsu4 figs-metonymy 0 the Spirit of wisdom … the Spirit of instruction … the Spirit of knowledge … the fear of Yahweh Here the word “Spirit” refers to an ability or quality that the Spirit of Yahweh would give him. Alternate translation: “and he will cause him to have wisdom and understanding, instruction and might, knowledge and the fear of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 3 dks6 0 Connecting Statement: Isaiah continues to describe the king. -ISA 11 3 euz8 figs-explicit 0 he will not judge by what his eyes see The phrase “what his eyes see” refers to seeing things that are not important for judging a person rightly. Alternate translation: “he will not judge a person simply by seeing what the person looks like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 11 3 vff3 figs-explicit 0 nor decide by what his ears hear “and he will not decide by what his ears hear.” The phrase “what his ears hear” refers to hearing what people say about someone. Alternate translation: “and he will not judge a person simply by hearing what others say about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 11 4 qt3z figs-nominaladj 0 the poor … the humble … the wicked These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “poor people … humble people … wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 11 4 i8ls figs-parallelism 0 He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth … with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 11 4 t6i4 figs-metonymy 0 He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth The word “earth” here represents the people on earth. Striking them with the rod of his mouth represents judging them, and that judgement will lead to punishment. Alternate translation: “He will judge the people of the earth, and they will be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 4 ud4k figs-metonymy 0 with the breath of his lips he will slay the wicked The “breath of his lips” represents him judging them. Alternate translation: “he will judge wicked people, and they will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 5 izw4 0 the belt of his waist … the belt around his hips This could mean: (1) the belt is used to secure one’s clothes so he can work, or (2) the belt is an undergarment, or (3) the belt is a sash that a king wears to show his authority. -ISA 11 5 d2b4 figs-metaphor 0 Righteousness will be the belt of his waist Wearing righteousness like a belt represents being righteous. This could mean: (1) the king’s righteousness will enable him to rule. Alternate translation: “His righteousness will be a like a belt around his waist” or (2) the king’s righteousness would show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “He will rule righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 5 xpa4 figs-ellipsis 0 faithfulness the belt around his hips The words “will be” are understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “faithfulness will be the belt around his hips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 11 5 z7kt figs-metaphor 0 faithfulness the belt around his hips Wearing faithfulness like a belt represents being faithful. This could mean: (1) the king’s faithfulness will enable him to rule, or (2) the king’s faithfulness will show his authority to rule. Alternate translation: “his faithfulness will be a like a belt around his hips” or “he will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 6 x4db 0 General Information: Isaiah describes what the world will be like when the king rules. There will be complete peace in the world. This is shown by the peace that there will be even among animals. Animals that normally kill other animals will not kill them, and they will all be safe together. -ISA 11 6 vib1 figs-genericnoun 0 The wolf … the leopard … the young lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 11 6 ns1s figs-genericnoun 0 the lamb … the young goat … the calf … the fattened calf The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 11 6 uz7p translate-unknown 0 leopard a large cat with yellow fur and black spots that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 11 6 z3nc figs-ellipsis 0 the calf, the young lion and the fattened calf, together The phrase “will be” is understood. Alternate translation: “the calf, the lion, and the fattened calf will be together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 11 6 z96c 0 A little child will lead them A child will take care of them and lead them to good places to drink water and eat grass or hay. -ISA 11 7 u4nf figs-genericnoun 0 the bear … The lion These phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific wolf or leopard. These are all strong animals that attack and eat other animals. Alternate translation: “Wolves … leopards … young lions … bears … Lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 11 7 i5nr figs-genericnoun 0 The cow … the ox The phrases refer to these animals in general, not to a specific lamb or goat. These are all animals that eat grass and straw. Other animals sometimes attack and eat them. Alternate translation: “lambs … young goats … calves … fattened calves … Cows … oxen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 11 7 u76u translate-unknown 0 bear a very large animal with thick hair and sharp claws that kills and eats other animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 11 7 jf3m 0 will graze together “will eat grass together” -ISA 11 7 shd9 0 their young This refers to the animals’ offspring shortly after they are born. -ISA 11 8 hu82 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe the complete peace in the world when the king rules. -ISA 11 8 bkr7 figs-explicit 0 A baby will play over the hole of the snake It can be stated clearly that the baby will be safe because the snake will not bite it. Alternate translation: “Babies will play safely over the hole of the snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 11 8 nmp6 figs-genericnoun 0 the snake … the serpent’s den These phrases refer to poisonous snakes in general. Alternate translation: “snakes … serpents’ dens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 11 8 c4md 0 the weaned child a child who no longer drinks its mother’s milk -ISA 11 9 czb2 0 on all my holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “on all of Yahweh’s holy mountain” -ISA 11 9 zv3a figs-metonymy 0 the earth will be full of knowledge of Yahweh The phrase “knowledge of Yahweh” represents people who know Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the earth will be full of those who know Yahweh” or “those who know Yahweh will cover the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 9 asy7 figs-simile 0 as the waters cover the sea This phrase is used to show how full the earth will be of people who know Yahweh. It may be clearer that it does this if its words are similar to the words in the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “as the seas are full of water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 11 10 b699 figs-metonymy 0 the root of Jesse This refers to Jesse’s and King David’s descendant who would become the king that was told about in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jesse’s descendant king” or “the king descended from Jesse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 10 x6gn figs-simile 0 will stand as a banner for the peoples A banner is a flag that a king would raise as a sign for people to see it and come to him. Alternate translation: “will be like a sign for the peoples” or “will attract the peoples to come to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 11 10 e7wp 0 The nations “The people of the nations” -ISA 11 11 g27p figs-metonymy 0 the Lord will again extend his hand to recover the remnant of his people The hand is a reference to God’s power. Alternate translation: “the Lord will again use his power to bring back the remnant of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 11 11 nr2i translate-names 0 Pathros … Elam … Hamath These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 11 12 f68i figs-metaphor 0 He will set up a banner for the nations This could mean: (1) “The Lord will set up the king as a banner for the nations” or (2) “The king will set up a banner for the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 12 n5uv 0 a banner for the nations “a flag for the nations to see” or “a flag to call the nations to himself” -ISA 11 12 wg94 0 the dispersed of Judah “the people of Judah who had been scattered around the world” -ISA 11 12 n4s1 figs-synecdoche 0 from the four corners of the earth The earth is pictured as if it has four corners, and those corners are its most distant places. This refers to everywhere on earth where those people might be. Alternate translation: “from even the most distant places of the earth” or “from all over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 11 13 tv6k figs-abstractnouns 0 He will turn aside the envy of Ephraim Ephraim here refers to the descendants of the northern kingdom of Israel. The noun “envy” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “He will stop the people of Ephraim from being envious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 11 13 f12r figs-activepassive 0 Judah will no longer be hostile to Ephraim Judah here refers to the descendants of the southern kingdom. This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will stop the people of Judah from being hostile” or “he will stop the people of Judah from hating” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 11 14 j77a figs-metaphor 0 they will swoop down on the Philistine hills The people of Israel and Judah are pictured as if they were birds that fly down quickly to attack a person or animal. Alternate translation: “they will go quickly to the Philistine hills to attack the people there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 15 cx6x 0 the gulf of the Sea of Egypt A “gulf” is a large area of water that land partly surrounds. -ISA 11 15 u6da figs-metaphor 0 With his scorching wind he will wave his hand over the Euphrates River Waving his hand over something represents his power to change it. Alternate translation: “By his power he will cause a scorching wind to blow on the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 11 15 k4y5 0 his scorching wind This is a strong or hot wind that causes some of the water in rivers to dry up. -ISA 11 15 hj6s 0 so it can be crossed over in sandals “so that people can cross over it even while wearing their sandals” -ISA 11 16 e52k 0 There will be a highway A highway is a large road that many people can travel on. “Yahweh will make a road” -ISA 11 16 b1xk 0 in their coming up from the land of Egypt “when they came up from the land of Egypt” -ISA 12 intro x9cy 0 # Isaiah 12 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### “That day”
The time of this day is unclear. It may be a time in the near future for Isaiah, or a time in the distant future for him. In the latter case, it would reference the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Tense
Extra care must be taken in translating the tense of this chapter. The author talks about the future, but frequently changes to speak in the present tense. Some languages will have difficulty speaking in this way. -ISA 12 1 yv6k 0 General Information: Here Isaiah continues to describe what it will be like when the king that God has chosen rules ([Isaiah 11:1-2](../11/01.md)). -ISA 12 1 b681 figs-explicit 0 On that day It can be stated clearly what time is being referred to. Alternate translation: “At that time” or “When the king rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 12 1 cgh8 figs-personification 0 your wrath has turned away God’s wrath is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away and leave. It means that God has stopped being angry. Alternate translation: “You are no longer angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 12 2 il35 figs-metaphor 0 God is my salvation God causing someone’s salvation is spoken of as if God were that salvation. The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the noun “savior” or the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “God causes my salvation” or “God is my savior” or “God is the one who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 12 2 g2h1 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my strength God causing someone to be strong is spoken of as if Yahweh were their strength. Alternate translation: “Yahweh makes me strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 12 2 d9eg figs-metaphor 0 song The word “song” here represents what a person sings about. Alternate translation: “the one I joyfully sing about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 12 2 bt8a 0 He has become my salvation “He has saved me” -ISA 12 3 ig6e figs-metaphor 0 With joy you will draw water from the wells of salvation Isaiah speaks of people being saved as if they were getting salvation the way people get water out of well. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice when he saves you, as people rejoice when they draw water from a well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 12 4 ut6u figs-metonymy 0 call upon his name Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Calling on him represents either praising him or asking him for help. Alternate translation: “praise him loudly” or “call to him to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 12 4 jq63 figs-abstractnouns 0 declare his deeds among the peoples The noun “deeds” can be expressed with the phrase “what he has done.” Alternate translation: “Tell the peoples about the great things he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 12 4 wi1x figs-metonymy 0 proclaim that his name is exalted Here “his name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “proclaim that he is exalted” or “proclaim that he is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 12 5 b7hk 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to tell what the people will say when the king rules. -ISA 12 6 b2j7 0 for great in your midst is the Holy One of Israel “because the Holy One of Israel, who lives among you, is mighty” or “because the Holy One of Israel is mighty and he lives among you” -ISA 13 intro qak7 0 # Isaiah 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Prophecies
It is unclear who is addressed by these prophecies. At times, it appears to be the people of Judah, while at other times it seems to reference the last days. This ambiguity should remain in translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]]) -ISA 13 1 ifl8 figs-metonymy 0 about Babylon The name of the city stands for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “about the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 13 1 t34a translate-names 0 Amoz Amoz was the father of Isaiah. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 13 2 she6 0 cry aloud to them The word “them” refers to soldiers from another country. -ISA 13 2 dkx5 figs-metonymy 0 the gates of the nobles This could mean: (1) “the gates of Babylon where the nobles live” or (2) “the gates of the nobles’ large houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 13 2 tsg1 0 the nobles “the respected people” or “the rulers” -ISA 13 3 tw9g 0 my holy ones “the ones I have set apart for myself” or “the army that I have set apart for myself” -ISA 13 3 mlu4 figs-metonymy 0 I have called my mighty men to execute my anger Executing God’s anger represents punishing people because of God’s anger. Alternate translation: “I have called my mighty soldiers to punish the people of Babylon because they have made me angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 13 3 ye22 figs-explicit 0 even my proudly exulting ones “even those who proudly exult.” Why they proudly exult can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “even my people who proudly exult because of the great things I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 13 4 pl8f figs-ellipsis 0 The noise of a multitude in the mountains, as of many people The words “there is” are understood. The phrases “multitude” and “many people” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noise of many people in the mountains” or “There is the noise of a great crowd of people in the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 13 4 gi1h figs-ellipsis 0 The noise of a tumult of the kingdoms like many nations gathered together The words “there is” are understood. The words “kingdoms” and “nations” here refer to the same thing. Alternate translation: “There is the noisy commotion of many kingdoms gathered together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 13 4 h5sg 0 is mustering “is gathering” -ISA 13 5 d44z 0 from way over the horizon “from places far beyond the horizon” or “from very distant places” -ISA 13 5 dlj9 figs-metaphor 0 his instruments of judgment The soldiers that God is sending to attack Babylon are spoken of as if they were weapons. “Judgment” represents punishment because God has judged Babylon. Alternate translation: “the army that he will use to punish Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 13 6 qux3 0 Howl cry out loud. The word is usually used of an animal making a sound because it is in pain. -ISA 13 6 dff2 figs-metaphor 0 the day of Yahweh is near Something that is about to happen soon is spoken of as if it is coming near. Alternate translation: “the day of Yahweh will happen soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 13 6 x1dx figs-metaphor 0 it comes with destruction from the Almighty The word “it” refers to the day of Yahweh. “It comes with destruction” means that destruction will happen on that day. “Destruction from the Almighty” means that the Almighty will destroy them. Alternate translation: “on that day, the Almighty God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 13 7 cd7a 0 all hands hang limp This shows that all the people are very weak and unable to do anything. -ISA 13 7 zbv6 figs-metaphor 0 every heart melts People being terribly afraid is spoken of as if their hearts melt. Alternate translation: “everyone is terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 13 8 cx1n figs-personification 0 pain and agony will seize them People suddenly feeling terrible pain and sorrow is spoken of as if the pains and sorrows were people who grab them. Alternate translation: “they will suddenly feel terrible pain and agony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 13 8 f5tf figs-metaphor 0 like a woman in labor Being in labor represents giving birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman giving birth to a baby” or “like the pain of a woman who is giving birth to a baby” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 13 8 ixg7 figs-metaphor 0 their faces will be aflame Their faces being hot and red is spoken of as if they were burning. Possible reasons for their faces being hot are: (1) the people are very afraid or (2) the people feel ashamed or (3) the people cry. Alternate translation: “their faces will be hot and red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 13 9 wx9a figs-metaphor 0 the day of Yahweh comes with cruel wrath and overflowing anger The day coming with wrath and anger means that there will be wrath and anger on that day. The abstract nouns “wrath” and “anger” can be expressed with the adjectives “furious” and “angry.” Alternate translation: “on the day of Yahweh, he will be furious and extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 13 9 g4nq figs-metaphor 0 overflowing anger Anger here is spoken of as if the one who is angry is a container filled with anger. Overflowing anger means that he is extremely angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 13 9 i8e4 figs-abstractnouns 0 to make the land a desolation This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “desolation” is expressed with the verb “ruin.” Alternate translation: “to ruin the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 13 10 d93q 0 The stars of heaven and the constellations “The stars in the sky” -ISA 13 10 njr5 figs-idiom 0 will not give their light Giving light represents “shining.” Alternate translation: “will not shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 13 10 mgq5 figs-activepassive 0 The sun will be darkened This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will darken the sun” or “The sun will be dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 11 s3b1 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to talk about what he will do on the day of Yahweh. -ISA 13 11 n1em figs-metonymy 0 the world This refers to people. Alternate translation: “the people of the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 13 11 e48c figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked … the proud … the ruthless These phrases refer to people who have these qualities. Alternate translation: “wicked people … proud people … ruthless people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 13 11 d1ab 0 the ruthless “cruel people” -ISA 13 11 j6vq figs-metaphor 0 will bring down the arrogance of the ruthless Being low often represents being humble. Bringing down people’s arrogance represents making them humble. Alternate translation: “will humble the ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 13 12 myy1 figs-explicit 0 I will make men more rare than fine gold Why there will be so few people can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will cause so many people to die that living people will be more rare than fine gold” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 13 12 fe8w figs-parallelism 0 men more rare than fine gold … mankind harder to find than the pure gold of Ophir These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 13 12 bwf1 translate-names 0 pure gold of Ophir Ophir was the name of a place where there was pure gold. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 13 13 k82m 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 13 14 d26d translate-unknown 0 Like a hunted gazelle or like a sheep with no shepherd Yahweh speaks of the defenseless people of Israel as if they were a gazelle or a sheep that was being chased by hunters or wild animals. Alternate translation: “Like gazelles that run away swiftly when people hunt them, and like sheep that have no shepherd run away from wild animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 13 14 mn88 translate-unknown 0 gazelle an animal that is similar to a deer. People hunt them, and wild animals sometimes attack and kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 13 14 x7hp 0 like a sheep with no shepherd Sheep that have no shepherd have no one to protect them from wild animals that attack and kill them. -ISA 13 15 e18y figs-parallelism 0 Every one who is found will be killed … every one who is captured will die by the sword These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will kill with the sword everyone they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 16 zj38 figs-activepassive 0 Their infants also will be dashed in pieces This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will also dash their infants to pieces” or “The enemy will beat their infants until they die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 16 hv3v figs-explicit 0 before their eyes Here the people are represented by their “eyes” to emphasize what they see. It can be stated clearly that the parents are unable to help their infants. Alternate translation: “in front of them” or “while their parents helplessly watch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 13 16 j6pn figs-activepassive 0 Their houses will be plundered This means that everything valuable will be stolen from their houses. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy will plunder the people’s houses” or “The enemy will steal everything valuable from the people’s houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 16 tfy7 figs-ellipsis 0 their wives raped This means that the enemies will attack the women and force them to have sex with them. The words “will be” are understood. This can also be expressed with an active form. Alternate translation: “their wives will be raped” or “their enemies will rape their wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 17 q8ne 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 13 17 nqb5 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to stir up the Medes to attack them Making people want to do something is spoken of as stirring them up. Alternate translation: “I am about to make the Medes want to attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 13 18 xh97 figs-metonymy 0 Their bows will strike down Here “their bows” is a metonym for the soldiers who use the bows. Alternate translation: “Their soldiers will use bows and arrows to kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 13 19 fu8y 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 13 19 cz67 figs-activepassive 0 the most admired of kingdoms This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the kingdom that people most admire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 19 z4ui figs-activepassive 0 Then Babylon … will be overthrown by God This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then God will destroy Babylon, the most admired of kingdoms, the splendor of Chaldean pride, as he destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 19 qt9e figs-abstractnouns 0 the splendor of Chaldean pride The abstract nouns “splendor” and “pride” can be translated with adjectives. The word “splendor” refers to the beautiful appearance of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the beautiful city that the Chaldeans are so proud of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 13 20 lb19 figs-doublet 0 It will not be inhabited or lived in The two verbs mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will live in it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 13 20 zgq2 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. Alternate translation: “for ever” or “ever again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 13 20 vjg1 figs-genericnoun 0 The Arab This refers to Arab people in general, not one person. Alternate translation: “Arabs” or “Arab people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 13 21 aq3d 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Babylon. -ISA 13 21 t272 0 will lie there “will lie in Babylon” -ISA 13 21 ym5w 0 Their houses “The people’s houses” -ISA 13 21 a5fz translate-unknown 0 owls Owls are wild birds that hunt at night. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 13 21 tw7k translate-unknown 0 ostriches Ostriches are large wild birds that run fast and cannot fly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 13 22 r81d translate-unknown 0 Hyenas Hyenas are large wild animals that look like dogs and eat dead animals. Their loud cry sounds like a person laughing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 13 22 inv9 figs-ellipsis 0 jackals in the beautiful palaces The words “will cry” are understood. Alternate translation: “jackals will cry in the beautiful palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 13 22 ly2k translate-unknown 0 jackals wild dogs (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 13 22 wym1 figs-parallelism 0 Her time is near, and her days will not be delayed These two phrases mean basically the same thing. “Her time” and “her days” both refer to the time that God has chosen for Babylon to be destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The time that all of this will happen to the people of Babylon is near, and nothing will stop it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 14 intro k7wp 0 # Isaiah 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:4-27, 29-32.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Satan
It is believed that this chapter references Satan. It describes Satan as a star fallen from heaven. There are five important statements beginning with the words “I will” which appear to show the essence of Satan’s sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/heaven]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Babylon
This is the name of the kingdom that conquered Judah, but it is also the name representing Satan’s kingdom in prophecies. They were not yet a world power when these words were spoken. It should be translated as “Babylon,” but translators should be aware of its dual meaning.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Israel
The use of Israel in this chapter is in reference to the nation or people group of Israel. It is this Israel who will be restored and not the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -ISA 14 1 i59z figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will have compassion on Jacob Here “Jacob” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will have mercy on the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 1 i2au figs-metonymy 0 attach themselves to the house of Jacob The house of Jacob refers to the descendants of Jacob, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “unite with the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 2 s7ge 0 The nations will bring them to their own place “The nations will bring the descendants of Jacob back to the land of Israel” -ISA 14 2 v647 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel This refers to the Israelites, the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 2 v5tj 0 They will take captive those who had captured them “The Israelite soldiers will take as captives those who had captured Israelites” -ISA 14 3 alz7 figs-you 0 from your suffering and anguish The word “your” is singular, but it refers to the people of Israel. Also, “suffering” and “anguish” mean basically the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “from the things that have caused you to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 14 4 nfw3 0 How the oppressor has come to an end “The oppressor has come to an end.” This is an exclamation. -ISA 14 4 bb3j figs-ellipsis 0 the proud fury ended The words “how and “has” are understood. Alternate translation: “how the proud fury has ended” or “his pride and fury have ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 14 4 a26w figs-metonymy 0 the proud fury ended The “proud fury” refers to the king of Babylon being proud and treating other nations cruelly. Alternate translation: “his cruelty has ended” or “he can no longer oppress people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 5 v7xw 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. -ISA 14 5 gb7c figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has broken the staff of the wicked The staff of the wicked probably refers to a stick that wicked people would hit other people with. Breaking that stick represents destroying their power to treat people cruelly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 5 bz1k figs-metonymy 0 the scepter of those rulers A scepter represents a ruler’s power to rule. Breaking the scepter represents destroying the ruler’s power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has destroyed the power of the wicked rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 6 yr4l 0 that struck the peoples “who struck the peoples.” Wicked people struck the peoples with their staff. -ISA 14 6 u5vx 0 with unceasing blows “without stopping” or “again and again” -ISA 14 6 te29 0 that ruled the nations “who conquered other nations” -ISA 14 6 xy5f 0 with an attack that was unrestrained “attacking them without stopping” -ISA 14 7 efq4 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. -ISA 14 7 sk3p figs-metonymy 0 The whole earth This refers to everyone on earth. Alternate translation: “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 8 w8ty figs-personification 0 Even the cypress trees rejoice over you with the cedars of Lebanon Isaiah speaks of the trees as if they were people who could rejoice. This emphasizes that it is such a great thing that God has stopped the king of Babylon that even nature would rejoice if it could. Alternate translation: “It will be as if even the cyprus trees and the cedars of Lebanon rejoice over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 14 8 qr3b figs-explicit 0 rejoice over you Why they rejoice can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “rejoice that God has made you powerless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 14 8 a29a figs-metaphor 0 Since you are laid low Being laid low represents being made powerless and unimportant. Alternate translation: “Since you have become powerless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 9 k8jm figs-personification 0 Sheol below is eager to meet you Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person who is eager to meet his guests. This implies that the king dies. Alternate translation: “Sheol is like a host eager to meet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 14 9 hb56 figs-personification 0 It arouses the dead for you, all the kings of the earth “it wakes up the dead for you, all the kings of the earth.” Sheol is spoken of as if it were a person that could wake up those who are in it. Alternate translation: “All the dead kings of the earth in Sheol wake up to greet you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 14 10 m71x 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. Here they sing about what the dead kings in Sheol will say to him. -ISA 14 10 ykp8 0 They all will speak and say to you The word “they” refers to the dead kings in Sheol, and the word “you” refers to the king of Babylon. -ISA 14 11 d9xe figs-metaphor 0 Your pomp has been brought down to Sheol The dead kings will speak of the king of Babylon having no more splendor as if his splendor had gone down to Sheol. Alternate translation: “Your splendor ended when God sent you here to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 11 lm34 figs-metaphor 0 with the sound of your string instruments People would make music on string instruments to honor the king. The dead kings will speak of people no longer honoring the king of Babylon with music as if the music went to Sheol. Alternate translation: “along with the sound of people playing music to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 11 x7m3 figs-metaphor 0 Maggots are spread under you The maggots under his dead body are spoken of as if they were a mat or bed. Alternate translation: “You lie on a bed of maggots” or “You lie on many maggots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 11 bsu7 figs-metaphor 0 worms cover you The worms all over his body are spoken of as if they were covering him like a blanket. Alternate translation: “Worms cover you like a blanket” or “There are worms all over your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 12 ecp6 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. -ISA 14 12 g41s figs-metaphor 0 How you are fallen from heaven, daystar, son of the morning The daystar is a bright star that rises just before morning. The people of Israel will refer to the king of Babylon in terms of this star in order to imply that he once was great, but now he was not. Alternate translation: “You were like the bright morning star, but you have fallen from the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 12 tms3 figs-metaphor 0 How you are cut down to the ground The people of Israel will speak of the king of Babylon as if he were a tree that was cut down. Alternate translation: “You are defeated like a tree that someone has cut down to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 13 fum9 figs-explicit 0 I will sit on the mount of assembly This alludes to the myth that many people in the Ancient Near East knew, that the Canaanite gods met in council on the top of a mountain in the northern part of Syria. Sitting on the mountain represents ruling with the gods. Alternate translation: “I will rule on the mountain where the gods assemble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 14 13 fr5j 0 in the far reaches of the north “in the most northern places.” The mountain in the north was apparently called Zaphon. Some modern versions say “far away on the sides of Zaphon.” -ISA 14 15 ytw5 0 Connecting Statement: This is part of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. -ISA 14 15 lyk7 figs-activepassive 0 Yet you are now brought down to Sheol This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But now God has sent you down to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 14 16 ne9m figs-rquestion 0 Is this the man The people will use this question either to mock the king of Babylon, or to express their shock at what has happened to him. Alternate translation: “Surely, this is not the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 14 16 uu7r figs-metonymy 0 who made the earth tremble This could mean: (1) the earth trembled as the king’s army marched to conquer people, or (2) this refers to the people of the earth trembling in fear of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 16 i1pd figs-metaphor 0 shook kingdoms This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for “conquered kingdoms” or (2) this is metonymy for “terrified the people of kingdoms.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 17 n2f9 0 who made the world like a wilderness “who made the places where people lived into a wilderness” -ISA 14 18 hj9m 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the taunt song that the Israelites will sing to the king of Babylon. -ISA 14 18 k97g figs-explicit 0 all of them lie down in honor This means that their bodies were buried in an honorable way. Alternate translation: “all the kings who have died are buried in an honorable way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 14 19 s2s8 figs-metaphor 0 But you are cast out of your grave Being thrown out of the grave represents not being buried. Alternate translation: “But you are not buried. Your body is left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 19 a19s figs-simile 0 like a branch thrown away A branch thrown away represents something worthless. Alternate translation: “like a worthless branch that is tossed aside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 14 19 zn4w figs-simile 0 The dead cover you like a garment This represents many dead bodies being on top of his body. Alternate translation: “The bodies of dead people completely cover your body” or “The bodies of dead soldiers are piled on top of your body” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 14 19 s24w figs-metonymy 0 those pierced by the sword This describes “the dead” spoken of at the beginning of this sentence. Being pierced by the sword represents being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “those who were killed in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 19 vwg8 0 who go down to the stones of the pit The pit refers either to hell, or to a large hole in the ground where many dead bodies are simply dumped. -ISA 14 20 p1jq figs-metaphor 0 You will not join them in burial The word “them” refers to the other kings who died and were buried properly. Joining them in burial represents being buried as they were. Alternate translation: “you will never be buried as other kings were buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 20 dax2 figs-activepassive 0 The offspring of evildoers will never be mentioned again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever speak again about the descendants of evildoers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 14 21 m117 figs-abstractnouns 0 Prepare your slaughter for his children This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “slaughter” is expressed with the verb “kill.” Alternate translation: “Get ready to kill the children of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 14 21 usu5 figs-abstractnouns 0 for the iniquity of their ancestors This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “iniquity” is expressed as the verb “sinned greatly.” Alternate translation: “because their forefathers have sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 14 21 dsj6 figs-metonymy 0 so they will not rise up Here “rise up” represents either becoming powerful or attacking. Alternate translation: “so they will not become powerful” or “so they will not attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 21 urm2 figs-metaphor 0 possess the earth This represents taking control of the people on the earth, in this case by conquering them. Alternate translation: “take control of the peoples on the earth” or “conquer the peoples on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 21 pdw1 figs-metaphor 0 fill the whole world with cities This represents causing the world to have many cities on it. Alternate translation: “build cities all over the world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 22 sk3n figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 14 22 hv7k 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 14 23 nzb4 figs-personification 0 I will also make her The word “her” refers to the city of Babylon. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “I will also make it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 14 23 s45f figs-metaphor 0 a possession of owls This represents wild animals living in the city because there are no people there. Alternate translation: “a place where owls live” or “a place where wild animals live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 23 kg27 figs-metaphor 0 into pools of water Causing there to be swamps or ponds of stagnant water where the city was is spoken of as making the city into those things. Alternate translation: “into a place where there are stagnant ponds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 24 b41x 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 14 24 ff86 figs-parallelism 0 as I have intended, so it will come about; and as I have purposed, so it will be These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things that I have planned will surely happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 14 25 x38v figs-metaphor 0 I will break the Assyrian in my land Breaking represents defeating. Alternate translation: “I will defeat the Assyrian in my land” or “I will cause the Assyrian in my land to be defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 25 bf5r figs-synecdoche 0 the Assyrian This represents the Assyrian king and his army. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria and his army” or “the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 14 25 w75i figs-metaphor 0 trample him underfoot This represents completely defeating him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 25 a5nv figs-activepassive 0 Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder This can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “Then I will lift his yoke from them and his burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 14 25 tr41 figs-parallelism 0 Then his yoke will be lifted from off them and his burden from off their shoulder These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Lifting the yoke and burden represents setting people free from slavery. Alternate translation: “Then I will set the Israelites free from slavery to Assyria like removing a heavy burden from their shoulder” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 25 zbe7 0 his yoke … his burden The word “his” refers to Assyria. -ISA 14 25 un4r 0 from off them … from off their shoulder The words “them” and “their” refer to the people of Israel. -ISA 14 26 e4pl 0 General Information: This may be Isaiah speaking or it may be Yahweh speaking. -ISA 14 26 zf8b figs-activepassive 0 This is the plan that is intended for the whole earth The idea of “is intended” can be expressed with an active verb. Alternate translation: “This is the plan that God intends for the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 14 26 vlj3 figs-metaphor 0 this is the hand that is raised over all the nations God being ready to punish the nations is spoken of as if he raised his hand in order to hit them. The word “hand” may also represent his power. Alternate translation: “this is Yahweh’s power to punish all the nations” or “this is how Yahweh will punish the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 27 m56z figs-rquestion 0 who will stop him? This question emphasizes that no one can stop Yahweh. Alternate translation: “there is no one who can stop him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 14 27 q2yi 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 14 27 g997 figs-metaphor 0 His hand is raised This represents Yahweh being ready to punish the nations. Alternate translation: “He is ready to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 27 s25e figs-rquestion 0 who will turn it back? This question is used to say that no one can turn back God’s hand. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from punishing the nations. Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop him from punishing them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 29 erk5 figs-metaphor 0 the rod that struck you is broken The rod that struck Philistia represents a king who sent his army to attack them. Being broken represents either being dead or being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king that sent his army against you is dead” or “the army that attacked you is defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 29 f3g7 figs-parallelism 0 For out of the serpent’s root will grow out an adder … his offspring will be a fiery flying serpent These two phrases are both the image of a serpent’s offspring being even more harmful than the serpent. They represent a king’s successor being more powerful and cruel than the first king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 29 pl9y 0 an adder a kind of poisonous snake -ISA 14 29 i1ui figs-metaphor 0 a fiery flying serpent Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite, and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. Alternate translation: “a quickly moving poisonous snake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 30 c4km figs-metaphor 0 The firstborn of the poor This represents the poorest people. Alternate translation: “The poorest people” or “The poorest of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 30 nhy1 figs-metaphor 0 I will kill your root with famine that will put to death all your survivors Here “your root” refers to the people of Philistia. Alternate translation: “I will kill your people with famine that will put to death all your survivors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 31 i9fx figs-metonymy 0 Howl, gate; cry, city Here “gate” and “city” represent the people at the city gates and in the cities. “Howl, you people at the city gates; cry, you people in the cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 14 31 t4fi figs-metaphor 0 you will melt away Melting away represents becoming weak because of fear. Alternate translation: “you will grow weak with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 31 re77 figs-explicit 0 For out of the north comes a cloud of smoke This implies that a large army is coming from the north. Alternate translation: “For from the north comes a large army with a cloud of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 14 31 m73z figs-metaphor 0 a cloud of smoke This could mean: (1) this represents a cloud of dust that the army stirs up as they travel on dry dirt roads. Alternate translation: “a cloud of dust” or (2) there is a lot of smoke because of all the things that the army destroys and burns. Alternate translation: “much smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 14 31 az3q 0 there is no straggler in his ranks “no one in his ranks walks slowly behind the others” -ISA 14 32 ld7h figs-rquestion 0 How will they respond to the messengers of that nation? The author uses this question to introduce his instruction about how the Israelites should speak to the messengers. Alternate translation: “This is how we will answer the messengers of Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 14 32 geq9 0 Yahweh has founded Zion “Yahweh started Zion” -ISA 14 32 q7h8 0 in her “in Jerusalem” or “there” -ISA 14 32 k8ir 0 the afflicted of his people “those of his people who have been afflicted” -ISA 15 intro u6k8 0 # Isaiah 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter shifts from discussing Judah to the nation of Moab. Moab is punished by Yahweh, even though he is not a god they worship. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/god]]) -ISA 15 1 ss3j figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Often in prophecy events that will happen in future are described as happening now or in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 15 1 y2ws 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” -ISA 15 1 y4g4 translate-names 0 Ar … Kir These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 15 1 x1z2 figs-doublet 0 Ar of Moab is laid waste and destroyed The words “laid waste” and “destroyed” mean the same thing and emphasize that the city was completely ruined. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy armies will completely destroy Ar of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 15 2 z4py translate-names 0 Dibon … Nebo … Medeba These are names of cities and towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 15 2 bsv6 figs-idiom 0 went up to the heights to weep Here “up to the heights” refers to a temple or altar that was built on high ground like a hill or mountain side. Alternate translation: “went up to the temple on the hilltop to weep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 15 2 kq2g figs-metonymy 0 Moab laments over Nebo and over Medeba These place names refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab will weep because of what happened to the cities of Nebo and Medeba” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 15 2 w2hx translate-symaction 0 All their heads are shaved bare and all their beards are cut off They do this to show their extreme sadness. AT” “They will all shave their heads and cut off their beards and grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 15 3 cv4k 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 15 3 xag9 translate-symaction 0 they wear sackcloth They do this to show their extreme sadness. Alternate translation: “they wear sackcloth and mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 15 4 ad56 translate-names 0 Heshbon … Elealeh … Jahaz These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 15 4 hfj7 figs-metonymy 0 Heshbon and Elealeh call out These city names represent the people of these cities. “The people of Heshbon and Elealeh call out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 15 4 e3i9 figs-metonymy 0 they tremble within themselves Physical trembling is a symptom of fear and represents fear. Alternate translation: “they will be completely filled with fear” or “they tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 15 5 yx87 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 15 5 k79u figs-synecdoche 0 My heart cries out for Moab Here God is represented by his “heart” which emphasizes his emotions. God speaks of his great sadness as if his heart cried out. Alternate translation: “I am extremely sad about what is happening to Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 15 5 ubi2 0 her fugitives flee “the fugitives from Moab will flee.” A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. -ISA 15 5 nqe8 translate-names 0 Zoar … Eglath Shelishiyah … Luhith … Horonaim These are names of cities and towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 15 5 y7d7 figs-abstractnouns 0 over their destruction This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “destruction” is expressed as the verb “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their city is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 15 6 yr4r translate-names 0 Nimrim This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 15 7 t1qa 0 The abundance “Everything” -ISA 15 7 cqq1 0 brook of the poplars This may refer to the river at the southern border of Moab. -ISA 15 8 p12d 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 15 8 me26 figs-metaphor 0 The cry has gone around the territory of Moab People’s crying out and others hearing it is spoken of as if the cry had gone out. Alternate translation: “People all over the territory of Moab cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 15 8 teq6 0 the wailing as far as Eglaim and Beer Elim The words “has gone” are understood. People’s wailing and others hearing it is spoken of as if the wailing had gone as far away as these two places. Alternate translation: “the wailing has gone as far as Egalim and Beer Elim” or “people even as far away as Elaim and Beer Elim wail” -ISA 15 8 sc3g translate-names 0 Eglaim … Beer Elim These are names of cities and towns. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 15 9 fd7d translate-names 0 Dimon This is the name of a city or town. Dimon was the principal city of the country of Moab. Several modern versions have “Dibon” instead of “Dimon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 15 9 i5we figs-metonymy 0 but I will bring even more upon Dimon Here “I” refers to Yahweh. Also, “Dimon” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “but I will cause even more trouble for the people of Dimon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 intro ww5p 0 # Isaiah 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and is a prophecy against the nation of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:1-12. -ISA 16 1 cc7x 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present. This verse is probably what God says the rulers of Moab will say to each other ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). -ISA 16 1 tn1s translate-symaction 0 Send rams to the ruler of the land The Moabites will send rams to the king of Judah so that he might protect them from the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 16 1 yi43 translate-names 0 Selah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 16 1 g19r figs-idiom 0 the daughter of Zion The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “the people of Zion” or “the people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 16 2 teb4 figs-simile 0 As wandering birds, as a scattered nest, so the women of Moab are at the fords of the Arnon River All the people of Moab, which includes the women, are forced to flee from their homes. Alternate translation: “Like birds without a home, the women of Moab will flee across the river to another land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 16 2 r8tb figs-doublet 0 As wandering birds, as a scattered nest These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 16 3 d1qp 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present. Verses 3 and 4 is probably the message that the Moabite rulers send to the king of Judah ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). -ISA 16 3 sm3j figs-metaphor 0 provide some shade like night in the middle of the day The heat of the middle of the day represents the Moabites’ suffering from their enemies, and shade represents protection from their enemies. Comparing the shade to night shows that they want strong protection. Alternate translation: “protect us completely from our enemies as a large shadow protects people from the hot sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 16 4 kq3e 0 Let them live among you, the refugees from Moab “Allow the refugees from Moab to live with you.” Here “you” refers to the people of Judah. -ISA 16 4 q1sn figs-metaphor 0 be a hiding place for them from the destroyer Providing a hiding place is spoken of as being a hiding place. Alternate translation: “give them a place to hide from those who are trying to destroy them” or “hide them from those who want to destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 16 5 uvx1 figs-metonymy 0 A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness Here “throne” refers to the power to rule as king. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be faithful to the covenant and he will appoint a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 16 5 v5l7 figs-metonymy 0 one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there Here “David’s tent” represents David’s family, including his descendants. Sitting on the throne represents ruling. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David will rule faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 5 e78m figs-metaphor 0 as he seeks justice Seeking justice represents wanting to do what is just. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 16 6 fy9x 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). -ISA 16 6 k39y figs-metonymy 0 We have heard of Moab’s pride, his arrogance, his boasting, and his anger The words “Moab’s” and “his” refer to the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “We have heard that the people of Moab are proud and arrogant, boastful and angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 6 w42t 0 We have heard Possible meanings are that: (1) Isaiah is speaking and “We” refers to him and the people of Judah, or (2) God is speaking and “We” refers to God. -ISA 16 6 h6ze 0 But his boastings are empty words “But what they say about themselves means nothing” or “But what they boast about is not true” -ISA 16 7 p8b8 figs-metonymy 0 So Moab wails for Moab—they all wail “Moab” represents the people of Moab. “So all the people of Moab will cry out loud over what has happened to their cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 7 pea5 0 for the raisin cakes of Kir Hareseth “because there are no raisin cakes in Kir Hareseth” -ISA 16 7 hn3v 0 raisin cakes The Hebrew word used here means either “raisin cakes” or “men.” -ISA 16 7 u3tz translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth “Kir Hareseth” is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 16 8 v7h6 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it happened in the past ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). -ISA 16 8 tyy8 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). -ISA 16 8 ce7l translate-names 0 Sibmah … Jazer These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 16 8 h33k figs-metaphor 0 The rulers of the nations have trampled the choice vines The land of Moab was known for its vineyards. Here God describes the land of Moab as one large vineyard. This emphasizes that the rulers, which refers to the armies, completely destroyed everything in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 9 p1lz 0 General Information: This continues to describe the land of Moab as one large vineyard ([Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md)). God describes events that will happen in the future as if they are happening in the present. -ISA 16 9 b6jh 0 Indeed I will weep In 16:9-10 the word “I” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 16 9 r1yu figs-metaphor 0 I will water you with my tears God speaks of his deep sorrow for these places as if he would cry much and his many tears would fall on them. Alternate translation: “I will cry much for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 16 9 c583 0 Jazer … Sibmah Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 16:8](../16/08.md). -ISA 16 9 l7qj 0 Heshbon … Elealeh Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Isaiah 15:4](../15/04.md). -ISA 16 9 uuj5 figs-metonymy 0 For on your fields of summer fruits and harvest I have ended the shouts of joy The “shouts of joy” represent people shouting for joy about the harvest of their fruit trees. Alternate translation: “Because of what I will do, you will no longer shout for joy when you harvest your fields of summer fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 10 zu17 figs-metonymy 0 I have put an end to the shouts of the one who treads Here “the shouts” refers to the joy of the people who tread the grapes to produce the wine. Alternate translation: “therefore the people who tread the grapes do not shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 11 hh15 0 General Information: This continues the prophecy about the people of Moab. God describes events that will happen in the future as if it is happening in the present ([Isaiah 15:1-2](../15/01.md)). -ISA 16 11 yx3n figs-synecdoche 0 So my heart sighs like a harp for Moab The phrase “my heart” represents Yahweh and his sad feelings. He compares his sigh to the sound of a sad song played on a harp. Alternate translation: “So I sigh like a sad song on a harp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 16 11 bc51 figs-metonymy 0 Moab This refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 11 r8w1 figs-ellipsis 0 my inward being for Kir Hareseth The phrase “my inward being” represents Yahweh. The word “sighs” is understood from the previous phrase. See how you translated Kir Hareseth in [Isaiah 16:7](../16/07.md). Alternate translation: “my inward being sighs for Kir Hareseth” or “I am very sad for the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 16 11 q54t figs-metonymy 0 Kir Hareseth This is a metonym for the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Kir Hareseth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 12 r3gm figs-metonymy 0 Moab … himself … his All of these words refer to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 12 i9ei 0 his prayers will accomplish nothing “his prayers will not be answered” -ISA 16 13 q3qj 0 This is the word “This is the message.” This refers to all he said in 15:1-16:12. -ISA 16 13 t123 figs-metonymy 0 concerning Moab The word “Moab” refers to the people of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 16 14 ubw7 0 the glory of Moab will disappear “The country of Moab will no longer be glorious” -ISA 17 intro uhu9 0 # Isaiah 17 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

The ULT sets the lines in 17:1-6, 9-14 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Damascus
This chapter prophesies destruction against the people of Damascus. Damascus was the capital of Aram. The people of Damascus worship gods other than Yahweh and have fought Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Ephraim
This chapter prophesied destruction against the kingdom of Israel. They are also called Ephraim in this chapter. Both the northern kingdom of Israel and Aram were conquered at about the same time in history. -ISA 17 1 c1yu translate-names 0 about Damascus Damascus is the name of a city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:8](../07/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 17 2 ez1z figs-activepassive 0 The cities of Aroer will be abandoned This can be stated in active form. “All the people will abandon the cities of Aroer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 17 2 h23p 0 no one will frighten them The word “them” refers to the sheep. -ISA 17 3 c462 figs-synecdoche 0 Fortified cities will disappear from Ephraim Ephraim was the largest tribe in Israel. Here it represents the entire northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Strong cities will disappear from Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 17 3 rk8g 0 will disappear This does not mean that they will vanish, but that the cities will be destroyed. -ISA 17 3 iyi9 figs-ellipsis 0 the kingdom from Damascus The words “will disappear” are understood from the previous phrase. Damascus was where the king of Aram ruled from. The kingdom disappearing represents the king no longer having royal power. Alternate translation: “the kingdom will disappear from Damascus” or “there will be no royal power in Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 17 3 p2wt figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 14:22](../14/22.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 17 4 d7vw 0 It will come about This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -ISA 17 4 zp66 figs-metonymy 0 the glory of Jacob will become thin, and the fatness of his flesh will become lean Here “Jacob” refers to the kingdom of Israel. Israel would no longer be glorious. Rather it would be weak and poor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 17 5 xe3f figs-simile 0 It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain … in the Valley of Rephaim There will be nothing left in the land after God punishes the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 17 5 m9mp translate-names 0 the Valley of Rephaim This is a valley where people normally grew and harvested much food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 17 6 t6d1 0 General Information: This continues to compare the nation of Israel with a field after it is harvested ([Isaiah 17:4-5](./04.md)). -ISA 17 6 l99v figs-metaphor 0 Gleanings will be left The word “Gleanings” here represents the people who will still live in Israel. Alternate translation: “But there will be a few people left in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 17 6 jq39 figs-simile 0 as when the olive tree is shaken People harvested olive trees by shaking them so that the olives would fall out. Alternate translation: “like the few olives that remain on the olive trees after people harvest them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 17 6 ghf6 figs-ellipsis 0 four or five The word “olives” is understood from the phrase before this. Alternate translation: “four or five olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 17 6 j9w2 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh, the God of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, the God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 17 7 srr9 figs-idiom 0 men will look toward their Maker … will look to the Holy One of Israel Looking toward God here represents hoping that he will help them. Alternate translation: “men will hope that their Maker, the Holy One of Israel, will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 17 7 yg6i figs-synecdoche 0 men will look The word “men” represents people in general. Alternate translation: “people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 17 7 ab45 figs-synecdoche 0 their eyes will look Here “eyes” represents the people who look. Alternate translation: “they will look” or “the people will look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 17 7 wn3u 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 17 8 ci52 figs-metonymy 0 They will not look to the altars Looking to the altars represents worshiping idols with the hope that the idols will help them. Alternate translation: “They will not worship idols at their altars” or “The people of Israel will not go to their altars and ask their idols to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 17 8 gg5j figs-synecdoche 0 the work of their hands Here the people are represented by their “hands” to emphasize that they made the altars or idols. Alternate translation: “that they made with their hands” or “which they themselves built” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 17 8 g7l9 figs-metonymy 0 what their fingers have made … the Asherah poles or the sun images The second phrase identifies the things that the people made. Speaking of the fingers here emphasizes that the people made them, so these things are not real gods. Alternate translation: “the Asherah poles or the sun images, which they themselves made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 17 9 c6p6 figs-explicit 0 that were forsaken because of the people of Israel It can be made explicit who left these lands. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the Hivites and Amorites left after the people of Israel came” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 17 10 y72p 0 For you have forgotten Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The word “forgotten” does not mean they have no memory of God. It means they no longer obey him. Alternate translation: “For you no longer obey” -ISA 17 10 y983 0 the God of your salvation “the God who saves you” -ISA 17 10 s6lq figs-metaphor 0 have ignored the rock of your strength This compares God to a large rock which people could climb on to get away from their enemies or hide behind. Alternate translation: “have ignored God, who is like a rock that protects you” or “have ignored the one who protects you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 17 11 mec4 0 the harvest will fail “there will not be much fruit for you to harvest” -ISA 17 12 kh1i figs-simile 0 The uproar of many peoples, that roar like the roaring of the seas An uproar is a very loud noise. Alternate translation: “The sound of many people, that is very loud like the seas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 17 12 cbz3 figs-simile 0 the rushing of nations, that rush like the rushing of mighty waters The enemy armies appear to be a powerful force that no one can stop. Alternate translation: “the nations come rushing in like the mighty waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 17 12 u4ze figs-synecdoche 0 the rushing of nations The word “nations” refers to the armies of those nations. Alternate translation: “the rushing of the enemy armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 17 13 ls6k figs-parallelism 0 before the wind like chaff on the mountains … like weeds whirling before a storm These two phrases mean the same thing. The enemy armies seem powerful but God will easily stop them and send them away. Alternate translation: “like chaff on the mountains that the wind blows away … like weeds that whirl and blow away as a storm approaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 17 14 jpf9 figs-metaphor 0 This is the portion of those What happens to them is spoken of as if it is a portion that they inherit. Alternate translation: “This is what happens to those” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 17 14 i9ms 0 loot us … rob us The word “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Judah. -ISA 18 intro qz72 0 # Isaiah 18 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cush
This chapter records prophecies against the nation of Cush. They are being punished by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
This chapter uses many metaphors to describe the destruction coming to the people of Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 18 1 w55y figs-metaphor 0 Woe to the land of the rustling of wings, which is along the rivers of Cush Here, the phrase **the rustling of wings** could mean (1) the boats that have sails are spoken of as having wings. Alternate translation: “Woe to those who live in the land beyond the rivers of Cush, whose many ships look like insects on the water” or (2) the rustling of wings refers to the noise of insects that have wings, perhaps locusts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 18 2 fa3r figs-metaphor 0 by the sea The Nile River was very wide, and people in Egypt and Cush referred to it as “the sea.” Alternate translation: “on the great river” or “along the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 18 2 na6w translate-unknown 0 vessels of papyrus Papyrus is a tall plant that grows along the side of the Nile River. People bound together papyrus bundles to make boats. Alternate translation: “papyrus boats” or “boats made of reeds” or (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 18 2 v2kg 0 a nation tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. -ISA 18 2 zul8 figs-metonymy 0 a nation tall and smooth The word “nation” here refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “a nation whose people are tall and have smooth skin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 18 2 x6y2 figs-merism 0 a people feared far and near The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 18 2 s5qq figs-metonymy 0 a nation strong and trampling down Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 18 2 r4hc 0 the rivers divide This probably refers to many rivers that flow through the nation so they divide it into different parts. -ISA 18 3 mj1l 0 Connecting Statement: Verse 3 tells what the messengers in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md) must say to the people of the world. -ISA 18 3 bil8 figs-parallelism 0 All you inhabitants of the world … you who live on the earth These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “All you people on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 18 3 ru4b 0 when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look; and when the trumpet is blown, listen The signal and trumpet were to call people to battle. The commands to look and listen are commands to pay attention and prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “pay attention when the signal is lifted up on the mountains and the trumpet is blown” -ISA 18 3 fd8p figs-explicit 0 when a signal is lifted up on the mountains, look The signal was a flag used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you see the battle flag on the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 18 3 art9 figs-explicit 0 when the trumpet is blown, listen The trumpets were used to call people to battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “pay attention when you hear the sound of the battle trumpets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 18 4 d5k5 0 General Information: God uses a parable about a farmer in a vineyard in order to describe how he will punish a certain nation. That nation is either Ethiopia or Ethiopia’s enemy. -ISA 18 4 r5kj 0 This is what Yahweh said to me “Yahweh said to me.” Here the word “me” refers to Isaiah. -ISA 18 4 b3dz figs-explicit 0 I will quietly observe from my home What God will observe can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I will quietly observe that nation from my home” or “From my home, I will quietly watch what the people of that nation do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 18 4 xwg1 figs-simile 0 like the simmering heat in sunshine, like a cloud of mist in the heat of harvest These phrases show how quietly God will watch the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 18 5 uxf1 figs-explicit 0 Before the harvest This is a harvest of grapes. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before the grape harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 18 5 he2s figs-explicit 0 when the blossoming is over It can be stated clearly that this refers to blossoms on grape vines. Alternate translation: “when flowers have finished growing on the grape vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 18 5 i3wm figs-explicit 0 he will cut off the sprigs with pruning hooks Yahweh will cut off the branches before the grapes can ripen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off the branches with knives before their produce fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 18 5 p7u7 0 pruning hooks A pruning hook is a knife that people use to cut branches off of vines or other plants. -ISA 18 5 pg5q 0 he will cut down and take away the spreading branches Yahweh will throw away the branches in judgment. -ISA 18 6 dev6 figs-parables 0 They will be left together God seems to change from telling the parable to speaking more directly about the nation. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Those who are killed will be left together” or “Like branches that are cut off and thrown away, the bodies of those who are killed will be left on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 18 6 f1vz 0 The birds will summer on them “The birds will eat them during the summer.” The word “birds” refers to birds that eat the flesh of dead bodies. -ISA 18 6 dh75 0 all the animals of the earth “all kinds of wild animals” -ISA 18 6 lpf3 0 will winter on them “will eat them in the winter” -ISA 18 7 y8hc 0 a people tall and smooth … a people feared far and near … a nation strong and trampling down, whose land the rivers divide These phrases all describe the people of one nation. See how you translated these phrases in [Isaiah 18:2](../18/02.md). -ISA 18 7 ggw4 0 a people tall and smooth “a people who are tall and have smooth skin” -ISA 18 7 gc7i figs-merism 0 a people feared far and near The words “far” and “near” are used together to mean “everywhere.” Alternate translation: “a people who are feared everywhere” or “a people that everyone in the earth fears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 18 7 n6h8 figs-metonymy 0 a nation strong and trampling down Trampling down represents conquering other nations. Alternate translation: “a nation that is strong and conquers other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 18 7 wrg1 figs-metonymy 0 to the place of the name of Yahweh of hosts, to Mount Zion The word “name” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Mount Zion, where Yahweh of hosts dwells” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 intro y3c4 0 # Isaiah 19 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 19:1-18.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Egypt

This chapter prophesied destruction against the nation of Egypt. Their destruction will come from internal division instead of being conquered by another nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Imagery

Some of the imagery used in this chapter may be connected to the worship of specific false gods. One important god the people of Canaan worshiped was Baal, the god of rain or storms. One of the important gods the Egyptians worshiped was Ra, the god of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “In that day”
This changes the reference from the time when Assyria comes to dominate the world and looks to a more distant future day. -ISA 19 1 iz8p 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -ISA 19 1 pi3g figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh rides on a swift cloud Yahweh seems to be pictured here as riding on a cloud as if he was riding in a chariot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 1 st7u figs-personification 0 the idols of Egypt quake before him The idols are described as having feelings of fear as Yahweh approaches. Alternate translation: “the idols of Egypt tremble in fear before Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 19 1 qi24 figs-metaphor 0 the hearts of the Egyptians melt within themselves The heart melting represents losing their courage. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians have no more courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 2 k6cl figs-ellipsis 0 a man against his neighbor The words “will fight” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “a man will fight against his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 19 2 v5rq figs-metonymy 0 city will be against city The word “city” represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “people of one city will fight against people of another city” or “people from different cities will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 2 k42s figs-ellipsis 0 kingdom against kingdom The words “will be” or “will fight” are understood from the previous phrases. Alternate translation: “kingdom will be against kingdom” or “kingdom will fight against kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 19 2 usw7 figs-metonymy 0 kingdom against kingdom The word “kingdom” refers to a smaller kingdom within Egypt. It may also be called a province. It represents the people of that kingdom or province. Alternate translation: “the people of one province will be against the people of another province” or “people from different provinces will fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 3 k6nj figs-personification 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within. I will destroy his advice The nation of Egypt is spoken of here as if it was a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 19 3 h9az figs-activepassive 0 The spirit of Egypt will be weakened from within This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “I will weaken the spirit of Egypt from within” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 19 3 t2yv 0 I will destroy his advice, though they sought the advice of … spiritualists “They sought the advice of … spiritualists, but that will do them no good. It will not stop me from destroying his advice” -ISA 19 3 j1kh figs-abstractnouns 0 I will destroy his advice This could mean: (1) Yahweh will cause the advice that he gives to be ineffective or (2) Yahweh will cause him to be unable to give any advice. This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “advice” is expressed as the verb “advise.” Alternate translation: “I will confuse those who advise the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 19 3 cz3n 0 mediums … spiritualists These are people who claim to speak with those who have died. -ISA 19 4 e7zd figs-metonymy 0 I will give the Egyptians into the hand of a harsh master Here “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “I will give the Egyptians over to the control of a harsh master” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 4 f37v figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 3:15](../03/15.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 19 5 buc6 figs-parallelism 0 The waters of the sea will dry up, and the river will dry up and become empty Egyptians referred to the Nile River as “the sea.” These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The Nile River will completely dry up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 19 6 mqq8 0 become foul “become foul-smelling” or “stink” -ISA 19 6 v3vr 0 will dwindle “become smaller and smaller” -ISA 19 6 by1b 0 the reeds and flags will wither away “Reeds” and “flags” refer to two similar kinds of water plants. Alternate translation: “the plants along the river will die and decay” -ISA 19 7 tkv1 0 every sown field beside the Nile “the fields near the Nile where people have planted crops” -ISA 19 8 wx4h figs-explicit 0 The fishermen will wail and mourn, and all who cast a hook into the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will grieve These three phrases mean basically the same thing. If necessary, the reason they will grieve can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “The fishermen who catch fish with hooks or nets will cry in despair because the fish in the Nile have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 19 8 u2jx translate-unknown 0 cast a hook into the Nile In order to catch fish, some people put a little food on a hook, tie the hook to a string, and throw the hook into the water. When a fish tries to eat the food, its mouth gets stuck on the hook, and the person pulls the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 19 8 meh3 0 cast throw -ISA 19 8 u1tx translate-unknown 0 spread nets on the waters In order to catch fish, some people toss a net on the water. When fish get caught in it, they pull the net with the fish out of the water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 19 9 dnw4 0 The workers in combed flax “Those who work with combed flax” -ISA 19 9 ram5 translate-unknown 0 combed flax Flax is a plant that grows along the Nile River. People comb its fibers in order to separate them, and use them to make thread for linen cloth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 19 9 kjj4 0 will turn pale “will be ashamed” -ISA 19 10 h4de 0 The cloth workers of Egypt “The people of Egypt who make cloth” -ISA 19 10 m3g2 figs-metaphor 0 will be crushed Being crushed represents being discouraged. Alternate translation: “will be discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 10 fl3d 0 work for hire “work for pay” -ISA 19 10 mg9w 0 will be grieved within themselves “will feel very sad” -ISA 19 11 tj8g figs-parallelism 0 The princes of Zoan are completely foolish. The advice of the wisest advisors of Pharaoh has become senseless These two phrases are similar in meaning. Either the princes of Zoan are also the wisest advisors or Pharaoh, or they are another group of people that also are shown to be foolish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 19 11 ut1b translate-names 0 Zoan This is a city in northern Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 19 11 hg6z figs-rquestion 0 How can you say to Pharaoh … kings? Isaiah uses a question to mock those in Egypt who claim to be wise. Alternate translation: “You foolishly say to Pharaoh … kings.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 19 12 vn7v figs-rquestion 0 Where then are your wise men? Isaiah uses a question to mock the wise men. The word “your” refers to Pharaoh. Alternate translation: “You do not have any wise men.” or “Your wise men are fools.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 19 12 yi3f figs-irony 0 Let them tell you and make known what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt Isaiah is implying that wise men should be able to understand God’s plans, but Isaiah does not really believe they are wise. Alternate translation: “If they were really wise, they would be able to tell you what Yahweh of hosts plans concerning Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 19 13 xcx6 figs-metaphor 0 they have made Egypt go astray, who are the cornerstones of her tribes The princes of Zoan and Memphis are spoken of as if they are the cornerstones of buildings because they are an important part of the community. Alternate translation: “the leaders have made Egypt go astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 13 i9nc 0 princes of Zoan Zoan is a city in northern Egypt. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 19:11](../19/11.md). -ISA 19 13 ws7v translate-names 0 Memphis This is a city in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 19 13 wv4n figs-metonymy 0 made Egypt go astray The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Going astray represents doing what is wrong. Alternate translation: “made the people of Egypt go astray” or “made the people of Egypt do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 14 djx6 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has mixed a spirit of distortion into her midst Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s judgment as if Egypt was a cup of wine. He speaks of Yahweh causing the leaders’ thoughts to be distorted as if their distorted thoughts were a liquid that Yahweh mixed in with the wine. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has judged them by distorting their thoughts” or “Yahweh has judged Egypt by distorting its leaders’ thoughts, as intoxicating drinks confuse people’s thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 14 i24q 0 distortion “perverseness” or “confusion” -ISA 19 14 d2iu figs-personification 0 into her midst Here “her” refers to Egypt. Nations are sometimes spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “within Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 19 14 pf3i figs-metonymy 0 they have led Egypt astray Here, “they” refers to the leaders described in the previous verses. The word “Egypt” represents the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the princes have led the people of Egypt astray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 14 veh2 figs-metaphor 0 have led Egypt astray Leading people astray represents influencing them to do what is wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 14 yj4b figs-simile 0 like a drunk staggering in his vomit Isaiah speaks of the people of Egypt doing what is wrong as if they were made to wander about like a drunken person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 19 15 h1pl figs-metaphor 0 whether head or tail The “head,” the part of an animal a person would want to be, represents the leader. The “tail” is the opposite and represents people who follow. Alternate translation: “whether leader or follower” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 15 h6vu figs-metaphor 0 palm branch or reed The “palm branch” grows high on the tree and represents people who are wealthy and important. The “reed” grows in shallow water and represents people who are poor and unimportant. See how you translated similar phrases in [Isaiah 9:14](../09/14.md). Alternate translation: “whether they are important or unimportant” or “whether rich or poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 16 yjs8 figs-simile 0 Egyptians will be like women This emphasizes that the people of Egypt will be afraid and helpless when God punishes them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 19 16 q4i9 figs-metonymy 0 because of the upraised hand of Yahweh of hosts that he raises over them Here “hand” refers to God’s power, and raising the hand against them represents punishing them. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh of hosts has raised his powerful hand to punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 19 17 zin3 figs-metonymy 0 The land of Judah will become a cause of staggering to Egypt The “land of Judah” and “Egypt” refer to the people in those places. The Egyptians will stagger because they are afraid. Alternate translation: “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to stagger” or “The people of Judah will cause the Egyptians to be terribly afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 17 ad9e 0 Whenever anyone reminds them of her, they will be afraid Here, “them” and “they” refer to the Egyptians and “her” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Whenever anyone reminds the Egyptians of the people of Judah, the Egyptians will be afraid” -ISA 19 18 n3bi figs-metonymy 0 there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak This refers to the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “the people in five Egyptian cities will speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 18 p6li figs-metonymy 0 the language of Canaan This refers to Hebrew, the language of the people of God living in the land of Canaan. Here Canaan represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the language of the people of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 18 w9p7 0 swear allegiance “promise to be loyal” -ISA 19 18 hr4a figs-activepassive 0 One of these will be called This can be stated in active form. “People will call one of these cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 19 18 qu9b translate-textvariants 0 called The City of the Sun It is not clear whether the Hebrew word translated “Sun” here means “sun” or “destruction.” It is also not clear what the name tells us about the city. Alternate translation: “the city called Sun City” or “the city called Destruction City” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-textvariants]]) -ISA 19 19 mnu1 figs-explicit 0 a stone pillar at the border to Yahweh The phrase “the border” refers to the border of Egypt. Alternate translation: “a stone pillar to Yahweh at the border of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 19 20 vgv1 figs-abstractnouns 0 It will be as a sign and a witness to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt The abstract nouns “sign” and “witness” can be expressed with the verbs “show” and prove.” Alternate translation: “The altar will show and prove that Yahweh of hosts is in the land of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 19 20 w4gy figs-explicit 0 to Yahweh of hosts in the land of Egypt Yahweh being in the land of Egypt represents the people of Egypt worshiping him. Alternate translation: “that the people in the land of Egypt worship Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 19 20 c365 0 When they cry “When the Egyptians cry” -ISA 19 20 bp9e 0 because of oppressors “because people are treating them harshly” or “because others are causing them to suffer” -ISA 19 20 e9e2 0 he will send them a savior and a defender “Yahweh will send someone to save and defend the Egyptians” -ISA 19 20 knh3 figs-explicit 0 he will deliver them Who Yahweh will deliver them from can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will deliver the Egyptians from their oppressors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 19 21 rad5 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will become known to Egypt Here “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make the people of Egypt know him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 19 21 wc2k 0 will acknowledge Yahweh “will accept the truth about Yahweh” or “will agree to the truth about Yahweh” -ISA 19 21 r2vl figs-explicit 0 They will worship The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “They will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 19 21 bcm9 0 will make vows to Yahweh and fulfill them “will make promises to Yahweh and keep them” or “they will make promises to Yahweh and they will do what they have promised to do” -ISA 19 22 pvf9 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will afflict Egypt Here, “Egypt” refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will afflict the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 22 v3uj 0 afflict “strike” or “punish” -ISA 19 22 u4gc figs-ellipsis 0 afflicting and healing The word “them” is understood in this phrase. Alternate translation: “afflicting them and healing them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 19 22 i7ek 0 afflicting and healing How this phrase relates to the phrase before it can be made clear with the words “after” and “also.” Alternate translation: “and after he afflicts them, he will also heal them” -ISA 19 23 g1ca 0 there will be a highway A highway is a large road on which many people can travel. -ISA 19 23 s63v figs-genericnoun 0 the Assyrian will come “the Assyrian” refers to a person from Assyria, but represents anyone from Assyria who comes to Egypt. Alternate translation: “Assyrians will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 19 23 h5zp figs-ellipsis 0 the Egyptian to Assyria The words “will come” are understood. Alternate translation: “the Egyptian will come to Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 19 23 vjm5 figs-genericnoun 0 the Egyptian This refers to a person from Egypt, but represents anyone from Egypt who comes to Assyria. Alternate translation: “Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 19 23 vdk8 figs-explicit 0 the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians The object of their worship can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the Egyptians and Assyrians will worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 19 24 x4sx figs-metonymy 0 Israel will be the third with Egypt and Assyria The names of the three nations represent the people of those nations. Alternate translation: “the Israelites will be the third with the Egyptians and Assyrians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 19 24 d63v translate-ordinal 0 be the third with This could mean: (1) “join together with” or (2) “be the third blessing with” or (3) “be equal to.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -ISA 19 25 ial4 figs-metonymy 0 Blessed be Egypt, my people; Assyria, the work of my hands; and Israel, my inheritance The names of the three nations refer to the people of those nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have blessed you, people of Egypt, because you are my people; and I have blessed you, people of Assyria, because I created you; and I have blessed you, people of Israel, because I securely possess you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 19 25 hd4u figs-metonymy 0 the work of my hands Here “hands” refers to God’s power and action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 20 intro qqp3 0 # Isaiah 20 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Naked and barefoot
This is an image used in this chapter to describe Assyria’s victory over Egypt and Ethiopia. While they will be defeated, they will not be totally destroyed. Instead, they will be left with nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 20 1 cw3v translate-names 0 Tartan the name of the chief commander of the armies of Assyria (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 20 1 q4u1 0 Sargon the name of the king of Assyria -ISA 20 1 g7u8 figs-metonymy 0 he fought against Ashdod and took it Ashdod refers to the army of Ashdod. Alternate translation: “he fought against the army of Ashdod and defeated it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 20 2 xk5u 0 walking naked and barefoot “walking around without clothes and without sandals.” Here the word “naked” probably refers to wearing only his undergarments. -ISA 20 3 mig7 0 an omen “a warning” -ISA 20 4 k9su figs-metonymy 0 the king of Assyria will lead away the captives The king orders his army to do this task. Alternate translation: “the king of Assyria will have his army lead away the captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 20 4 y6cb figs-explicit 0 will lead away the captives of Egypt, and the exiles of Cush It can be stated clearly that they will first attack and capture people. Alternate translation: “will attack Egypt and Cush and capture their people and lead them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 20 4 j58w figs-metonymy 0 to the shame of Egypt Egypt refers to the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “which will bring shame on the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 20 5 csg5 0 dismayed and ashamed “afraid and put to shame” -ISA 20 5 x6ix figs-metonymy 0 because of Cush their hope and of Egypt their glory Hope and glory refer to their trust in the military power of these countries. Alternate translation: “because they had trusted in the power of the armies of Cush and Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 20 6 ppe5 0 The inhabitants of these coasts the people who lived in the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea -ISA 20 6 a114 figs-activepassive 0 where we fled for help to be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where we fled to so they would rescue us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 20 6 ul8x figs-rquestion 0 now, how can we escape? The author uses this question to emphasize how hopeless their situation was. Alternate translation: “now there is no way for us to escape!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 21 intro b7ty 0 # Isaiah 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:1-10, 13-17.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Cush
Dumah and Seir are places in Edom. Part of this chapter is a prophecy against Cush. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### The desert by the sea
This is a metaphor for an unknown nation. Scholars are divided over the proper identity of this nation, but it is probably Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

### Mystery
The fulfillment of this chapter is very mysterious. It is unknown who is truly being addressed and how this is to be fulfilled in history. The translator should not attempt to give the reader insight into this prophecy’s fulfillment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 21 1 c5lv 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” -ISA 21 1 x48q figs-metonymy 0 about the desert by the sea This refers to the people who live in Babylon as being a desert, even though God has not made it into a desert yet. This event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “about the people who live in a land that soon will be a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 21 1 x94u figs-simile 0 Like stormwinds sweeping through the Negev Isaiah compares the army that will attack the people to a storm with strong winds. They will be quick and powerful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 21 1 k1uh figs-explicit 0 from the wilderness Here “wilderness” refers to the wilderness of Judea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 21 1 chs7 0 from a terrible land The army is from a people that cause great fear. -ISA 21 2 gk1g figs-activepassive 0 A distressing vision has been given to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh showed me a troubling vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 21 2 rpn1 0 the treacherous man deals treacherously “those who deceive will deceive” -ISA 21 2 ue2c 0 the destroyer destroys “those who destroy will destroy” -ISA 21 2 y49p figs-apostrophe 0 Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media In the vision given to Isaiah, Yahweh speaks to the armies of Elam and Media as if they are there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ISA 21 2 n5ct figs-ellipsis 0 Go up and attack, Elam; besiege, Media It is understood that they are to attack the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “Go up and attack the Babylonians, you soldiers of Elam; go and besiege the Babylonians, you soldiers of Media” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 21 2 x1bk figs-metonymy 0 Elam … Media Here “Elam” and “Media” represent the soldiers from these places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 21 2 ic7h figs-metonymy 0 I will stop all her groaning Here “her” represents all the people who are suffering because of the Babylonians. Yahweh will cause them to stop groaning when he sends the armies of Elam and Media to destroy the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 21 3 sy98 0 my loins are filled with pain The vision that Isaiah sees is so troubling it causes him physical pain. Here he describes the pain and cramping in the middle part of his body. -ISA 21 3 lm8g figs-simile 0 pains like the pains of a woman in labor have taken hold of me Isaiah compares his pain to the pain of a woman giving birth. This emphasizes the great pain he is feeling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 21 3 dv2a figs-activepassive 0 I am bowed down by what I heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “What I heard has caused me to bend over in pain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 21 3 eaj7 figs-activepassive 0 I am disturbed by what I saw This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what I saw has greatly troubled me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 21 4 b8pe 0 My heart pounds; I shake with fear “My heart beats fast and I am shaking” -ISA 21 5 y2mh 0 They prepare Here “They” refers to the leaders of Babylon. -ISA 21 5 isa5 figs-metonymy 0 prepare the table Here “table” represents the food that people will eat at the feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 21 5 t2uh 0 arise, princes Here “princes” refers in general to men with authority and not necessarily to sons of kings. -ISA 21 5 v634 figs-explicit 0 anoint your shields with oil Soldiers would put oil on their leather shields so they would stay soft and not crack during battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 21 6 m5sh 0 post a watchman “tell a watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem” -ISA 21 7 qai9 0 a chariot, a pair of horsemen “a soldier riding in a chariot, a pair of horses pulling it” -ISA 21 8 v2w1 0 Lord, on the watchtower I stand Here “Lord” refers to the person with authority that commanded the watchman to stand on the wall of Jerusalem. -ISA 21 9 x4x6 figs-metaphor 0 Babylon has fallen, fallen Babylon being completely defeated by their enemies is spoken of as if Babylon has fallen. Here “Babylon” is a metonym that represents the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon are completely defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 21 9 udx7 0 fallen, fallen The word “fallen” is repeated to emphasize that the people of Babylon were completely defeated by their enemies. -ISA 21 10 yv9c figs-metaphor 0 My threshed and winnowed ones, children of my threshing floor The people of Israel suffering because of the Babylonians is spoken of as if the people were grain that was threshed and winnowed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 21 10 wdg3 0 My threshed The word “my” refers to Isaiah. -ISA 21 10 nn8k 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 21 11 qk1a 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is a message from Yahweh” -ISA 21 11 f2ac translate-names 0 about Dumah This is another name for Edom. Here “Dumah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “about the people of Dumah” or “about the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 21 11 z3e8 0 One calls to me Here “me” refers to Isaiah. -ISA 21 11 z8pb translate-names 0 Seir This is the name of mountains west of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 21 11 fhv6 figs-parallelism 0 Watchman, what is left of the night? Watchman, what is left of the night? This is repeated to emphasize that the person asking the question is worried and nervous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 21 12 h8eg 0 If you want to ask, then ask; and come back again “Ask me now what you want to know, but also come back later and ask again” -ISA 21 13 qlh5 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is the message of Yahweh” -ISA 21 13 bs2m figs-metonymy 0 about Arabia Arabia refers to the population of Arabia. Alternate translation: “about the people of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 21 13 q4gt figs-explicit 0 In the wilderness of Arabia Arabia does not have a forest. Alternate translation: “Far off from the road in Arabia” or “Out in the bushes of Arabia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 21 13 wxn6 0 caravans a group of people traveling together -ISA 21 13 a76p translate-names 0 Dedanites This is a people group that lived in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 21 14 yz13 translate-names 0 land of Tema This is the name of a city in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 21 14 ck51 0 fugitives A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 15:5](../15/05.md). -ISA 21 14 b4b7 figs-synecdoche 0 with bread Here “bread” represents food in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 21 15 y9if figs-metonymy 0 from the sword, from the drawn sword, from the bent bow Here “sword” and “bow” represents the soldiers who attack the inhabitants of Tema. Alternate translation: “from their enemies who attack them with swords and bows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 21 15 tnx9 figs-metaphor 0 from the weight of war The terror and suffering that is experienced during war is spoken of as if war were a heavy weight on people. Alternate translation: “from the horrors of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 21 16 y8lk figs-explicit 0 as a laborer hired for a year would see it “as a hired laborer would count the days of a year.” A hired worker is careful to count the days so that he works exactly the amount of time he is paid to work. This means Kedar will be defeated in exactly one year. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 21 16 z33f translate-names 0 of Kedar This is a region in Arabia. Kedar represents the population of Kedar. Alternate translation: “of the people of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 intro j95f 0 # Isaiah 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Repentance
On this day of judgment, Judah should be repenting of their sin. Instead, they are celebrating it. Although Judah avoids Yahweh’s punishment through the Assyrians, their punishment will still come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Valley of Visions”
This is a metaphor used in this prophecy against the nation of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -ISA 22 1 k9gg 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” or “This is Yahweh’s message” -ISA 22 1 r9lq figs-metonymy 0 about the Valley of Vision Here “Valley” refers to those who live in the valley, that is, Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “about those who live in the Valley of Vision” or “about those who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 1 eln4 figs-rquestion 0 What is the reason that you have all gone up to the housetops? Isaiah uses a question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “You should not go and stand on the tops of your houses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 22 2 y1ul 0 a town full of revelry “a town full of people celebrating” -ISA 22 2 l5a8 figs-activepassive 0 Your dead were not killed with the sword This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemy soldiers did not kill your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 22 2 g7up figs-metonymy 0 with the sword Here “sword” represents the soldiers who fight in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 3 sd8r figs-activepassive 0 but they were captured without using a bow This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but the enemy captured your rulers who were not even carrying a bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 22 3 geh4 figs-activepassive 0 all of them were captured together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy captured all of them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 22 4 ud7n 0 Therefore I said Here “I” refers to Isaiah. -ISA 22 4 yy7y figs-metonymy 0 of the daughter of my people Here “daughter” represents the people and may imply Isaiah’s feeling of love for them. Alternate translation: “of my people whom I love” or “of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 22 5 mv8s 0 For there is a day “For there will be a time” -ISA 22 5 b51a 0 of tumult, treading down, and confusion for the Lord Yahweh of hosts “when the Lord Yahweh of hosts will cause panic, treading down, and confusion” -ISA 22 5 p1ny 0 treading down This could mean: (1) this refers to soldiers marching or (2) people in general are running in panic and not sure where to go. -ISA 22 5 nbr9 0 in the Valley of Vision This refers to Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 22:1](../22/01.md). -ISA 22 5 q2i2 0 people crying out to the mountains This could mean: (1) “people in the mountains will hear their cries” or (2) “the people’s cries will echo off the mountains” -ISA 22 6 qte5 figs-metonymy 0 Elam takes up the quiver The quiver is a bag to carry arrows and represents the archer’s weapons. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Elam take their bows and arrows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 6 v2pq figs-metonymy 0 Kir lays the shield bare Here “Kir” represents the soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers of Kir will take their shields out of their covers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 6 x6a2 translate-names 0 Kir Kir is a city in Media. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 22 7 hn61 0 your choicest valleys Here “your” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Isaiah does include himself as one of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “our best valleys” -ISA 22 8 f395 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. Past tense verbs can be translated with future tense verbs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 22 8 yr3v figs-abstractnouns 0 He took away the protection of Judah The abstract noun “protection” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will take away everything that has protected the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 22 8 a1h5 figs-idiom 0 you looked in that day to the weapons Here the phrase “to look to” means to trust in something. Alternate translation: “to defend yourselves you will get the weapons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 22 8 mz5j 0 Palace of the Forest This was a part of the temple in Jerusalem where they stored their weapons. -ISA 22 9 b84f figs-explicit 0 you collected the water of the lower pool The people will store water so that they will have enough to drink while their enemies surround the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 22 10 maq8 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when an army will attack the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 22 10 ypg7 0 You counted the houses Here “counted” means they inspected the houses to find material to help them rebuild the city wall. -ISA 22 11 by9j 0 You made a reservoir “You made a storage place” -ISA 22 11 jt97 0 between the two walls It is unclear what two walls Isaiah meant. The main point is that they built the reservoir within the city walls. -ISA 22 11 a66l 0 the city’s maker This could mean: (1) this refers to the original human builder of the city or (2) this refers to Yahweh. -ISA 22 12 x4ws 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 22 12 h6es translate-symaction 0 for shaved heads This was a sign of mourning and repenting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 22 13 ct44 figs-metonymy 0 let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we will die Here “eat and drink” represents having a party and over indulging in food and wine. Alternate translation: “we may as well have fun now by eating and drinking all we want, for we will die soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 14 f7iw figs-synecdoche 0 This was revealed in my ears by Yahweh of hosts Here “ears” represents Isaiah as a whole. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts revealed this to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 22 14 g3sh figs-activepassive 0 Surely this iniquity will not be forgiven you, even when you die This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Surely I will not forgive you for these sinful things you have done, even when you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 22 14 bmu5 0 even when you die This could mean: (1) Yahweh will never forgive them, even after they die or (2) Yahweh will not forgive them until they die. -ISA 22 15 v7mw translate-names 0 Shebna This is the name of the manager of the king’s palace in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 22 15 lkg6 figs-metonymy 0 who is over the house Here “house” represents those in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “who is in charge of all those who work in the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 16 ly8w figs-rquestion 0 What are you doing here and who gave you permission … in the rock? Yahweh uses this question to scold Shebna. Alternate translation: “You have no right … in the rock!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 22 16 kv47 figs-parallelism 0 cut out a tomb … hewing out a grave … carving out a resting place These three phrases all refer to making a burial tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 22 16 ux5x figs-explicit 0 on the heights The most important people in Israel had tombs in the highest places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 22 17 di6f 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna. -ISA 22 18 g81e figs-metaphor 0 He will surely wind you round and round, and toss you like a ball into a vast country The enemy soldiers coming and taking Shebna as a captive to a foreign land is spoken of as if Yahweh were throwing him like a ball into another land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 18 i1nz figs-metonymy 0 you will be the shame of your master’s house Here “house” represents the people who work in the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “you will cause shame for all those in your master’s palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 19 jhf3 figs-metaphor 0 I will thrust you from your office and from your station. You will be pulled down Yahweh causing Shebna to no longer work in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will throw him to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 19 gg54 figs-activepassive 0 You will be pulled down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will bring you down from your honored position” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 22 20 mt6s 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak God’s message to Shebna. -ISA 22 20 pfi1 0 It will come about on that day “It will happen at that time” -ISA 22 20 t9nz translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 22 21 hnw8 figs-metaphor 0 I will clothe him with your tunic and put on him your sash Yahweh causing Eliakim to take Shebna’s place in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Yahweh will dress Eliakim in Shebna’s clothes that represent his authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 21 rpb7 figs-metonymy 0 your tunic … your sash Here the tunic and sash represent authority in the king’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 21 e26e 0 sash This is a piece of cloth that people wear around the waist or across the chest. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 3:20](../03/20.md). -ISA 22 21 xz46 figs-metonymy 0 into his hand Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 21 h2he figs-metaphor 0 He will be a father Eliakim caring for and protecting the people of Judah is spoken of as if he would be their father. Alternate translation: “He will be like a father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 21 y2lj figs-metonymy 0 to the house of Judah Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “to the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 22 q3km figs-metonymy 0 I will place the key of the house of David on his shoulder … none will open Here “key” represents authority. This speaks of Eliakim having authority that no one can oppose as if he had the key to the palace and no one else could lock or unlock the door. Alternate translation: “I will put him in charge of those who work in the king’s palace, and when he makes a decision no one will be able to oppose him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 23 yx5j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to describe Eliakim, who will replace Shebna in the king’s palace. -ISA 22 23 h3j8 figs-metaphor 0 I will fasten him, a peg in a secure place Yahweh causing Eliakim’s authority to be strong and secure in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg and Yahweh will set him firmly in the palace wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 23 re2x figs-metonymy 0 he will become a seat of glory for his father’s house Here “seat of glory” represents a place of honor. Alternate translation: “Eliakim will bring honor to his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 23 vm1p figs-metonymy 0 his father’s house Here “house” represents family. Alternate translation: “his father’s family” or “his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 22 24 gzh4 figs-metaphor 0 They will hang on him all the glory of his father’s house Yahweh causing Eliakim’s whole family to be honored because of Eliakim is spoken of as if Eliakim were a peg in the wall and his family were something that hangs on the peg. Alternate translation: “They will give honor to his whole family because of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 24 p4as figs-metaphor 0 every small container from the cups to all the jugs This continues to speak of Eliakim as a peg. His offspring will be like cups that hang on the peg. This means his descendants will be honored because of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 24 y52b 0 the cups to all the jugs A cup is a small container that holds water. A jug is a larger container that holds water. -ISA 22 25 nw7j 0 General Information: This continues the imagery from [Isaiah 22:23-24](./23.md). -ISA 22 25 tll3 figs-metaphor 0 the peg driven in a firm place … will be cut off Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his authority in the king’s palace is spoken of as if Shebna were a peg in the wall that breaks off and falls to the ground. This emphasizes that Shebna thought his authority was secure but God will remove him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 22 25 l3m8 figs-metonymy 0 the weight that was on it will be cut off Here “weight” represents Shebna’s power and authority. It is spoken of as if it were an object hanging on the peg that represents Shebna. Yahweh causing Shebna to lose his power and authority is spoken of as if someone were to cut off the object that was hanging on the peg. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 23 intro zw88 0 # Isaiah 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Phoenicia
This chapter prophesies destruction against several cities in Phoenicia as well as in Tarshish. The exact location of Tarshish is unknown. Because of the locations mentioned in this chapter, it appears that the Assyrians will conquer many of the nations on the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -ISA 23 1 jb83 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to tell what God has judged against the nations in 13:1-23:18. -ISA 23 1 p3kt 0 A declaration about Tyre “This is what Yahweh declares about Tyre” -ISA 23 1 fmd1 figs-metonymy 0 Howl, you ships of Tarshish Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. Isaiah speaks to the men on the ships of Tarshish as if they could hear him. Alternate translation: “Cry out in despair you men on the ships of Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ISA 23 1 ggd2 0 harbor an area of the sea that is near land and safe for ships -ISA 23 1 vu39 translate-names 0 from the land of Cyprus it has been revealed to them This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men heard about Tyre when they were in the land of Cyprus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 2 h8zu figs-apostrophe 0 Be silent, you inhabitants of the coast Isaiah speaks to the people who live on the coast as if they could hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ISA 23 2 b9vq figs-idiom 0 Be silent This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: “Be shocked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 23 2 e3zr 0 of the coast The “coast” is the land near or around the sea or ocean. Here it refers to the people who live in Phoenicia which borders the Mediterranean sea. -ISA 23 2 x6g6 figs-genericnoun 0 the merchant of Sidon, who travels over the sea, has filled you Here “merchant” means “many merchants.” Alternate translation: “the merchants of Sidon, who travel over the sea, have made you rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 23 3 z18x translate-names 0 Upon the great waters was the grain of Shihor Shihor was the name of a valley near the Nile River in Egypt known for its production of grain. Alternate translation: “The men traveled on the large sea to transport the grain from Shihor in Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 23 3 jsl4 figs-possession 0 the harvest of the Nile was her produce The “harvest of the Nile” refers to the grain that was harvested near the Nile River and transported on the river and then to Phoenicia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ISA 23 3 yvg2 0 her produce “its produce.” It was common to refer to the river as “her.” -ISA 23 3 hf67 figs-metonymy 0 it became the commerce of the nations Commerce is the activity of buying and selling goods. Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “you were where people from other nations came to buy and sell goods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 4 er55 figs-personification 0 for the sea has spoken, the mighty one of the sea … nor brought up young women This could mean: (1) Yahweh describes the city of Tyre as a mother who speaks about the people who live in the city as her children, or (2) Yahweh is describing the Mediterranean Sea as speaking. The people of Tyre considered the sea their god and father. In either meaning the speaker mourns because its children are destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 23 6 bk9d 0 Cross over to Tarshish “Make your way to Tarshish.” Tarshish was the farthest land the people of Tyre traveled to do business. It will be the only place of safety for those who escape from Tyre. -ISA 23 7 m498 figs-rquestion 0 Has this happened to you, the joyful city, whose origin is from ancient times … to settle? Yahweh uses a question to mock Tyre. This rhetorical questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This has indeed happened to you who were full of joy in the ancient city of Tyre … to settle.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 23 7 md2c figs-metonymy 0 the joyful city Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the joyful people who live in the city of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 7 qlk4 figs-synecdoche 0 whose feet carried her far away to foreign places to settle Here “feet” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “who went to distant places to live and make money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 23 7 ws35 figs-metonymy 0 her far away Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people of Tyre. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 8 q8gu figs-rquestion 0 Who has planned this against Tyre … of the earth? Isaiah uses a question to mock Tyre. The word “this” refers to God’s plans to destroy Tyre which Isaiah described in 23:1-7. Also, “Tyre” refers to the people who live in Tyre. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It was Yahweh who has planned to destroy the people of Tyre … of the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 8 lz33 figs-metonymy 0 the giver of crowns Here “crown” refers to the power a person has as a ruler over people. Alternate translation: “who gives people power to rule over others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 8 irz8 figs-metaphor 0 whose merchants are princes The merchants are compared to princes to emphasize how much power they had when they went to different lands. Alternate translation: “whose merchants are like princes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 23 8 qwj2 figs-activepassive 0 whose traders are the honored ones of the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose traders the people of the earth give the highest honors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 9 h693 0 to dishonor her pride and all her glory “to dishonor them because they were proud of their own glory” -ISA 23 9 fxa3 figs-metonymy 0 her pride … her glory … her honored ones Here “her” refers to the city of Tyre which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their pride … their glory … their honored one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 10 h9st figs-simile 0 Plow your land, as one plows the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no longer a marketplace in Tyre This could mean: (1) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish to start planting crops since they can no longer trade with Tyre or (2) Isaiah is telling the people of Tarshish they are free from Tyre’s control. Alternate translation: “Pass through your land like a river, daughter of Tarshish. The people of Tyre no longer have any power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 23 10 kfi3 figs-metonymy 0 daughter of Tarshish The “daughter” of a city represents the people of the city. Alternate translation: “the people of Tarshish” or “the people who live in Tarshish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 11 tv4t figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has reached out with his hand over the sea, and he has shaken the kingdoms Yahweh using his power to control the sea and the people of mighty kingdoms is spoken of as if Yahweh reached out his hand and shook kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 23 11 vi8e figs-metonymy 0 has reached out with his hand over the sea Here “hand” refers to God’s power and control. Alternate translation: “has shown his power over the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 12 rx71 figs-metonymy 0 oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon Here “virgin daughter” represents the people of Sidon. Alternate translation: “people of Sidon, because other people will oppress you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 13 ns9f 0 See the land of the Chaldeans “Chaldeans” here is another name for Babylonians. Alternate translation: “See what happened to the land of the Babylonians” or “See what has happened to Babylonia” -ISA 23 13 y57n 0 siege towers Soldiers built towers or dirt ramps to attack over the walls of a city. -ISA 23 14 vas5 figs-metonymy 0 Howl, you ships of Tarshish Here “ships” represents the men on the ships. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 23:1](../23/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 14 mrm4 figs-activepassive 0 for your refuge has been destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for enemies have destroyed your refuge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 15 bg5c 0 In that day “At that time” or “Then” -ISA 23 15 j3vb figs-activepassive 0 Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years Since people will no longer go to Tyre to buy or sell goods, it will be like they have forgotten about the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for seventy years it will be like the people have forgotten about Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 15 sm6g translate-numbers 0 for seventy years “for 70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 23 15 eq3d 0 like the days of a king “like the years of a king” or “which is about as long as a king lives” -ISA 23 15 y1ei figs-metaphor 0 like in the song of the prostitute This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 23 16 q76p figs-metaphor 0 Take a harp, go about the city, you forgotten prostitute … so that you may be remembered This speaks about the people of Tyre as if they were a prostitute (verse 15). Just as a prostitute who is no longer popular may sing in the streets to regain her former lovers, the people of Tyre will try to get people from other nations to return to them to continue trading so that the people of Tyre will be rich and powerful again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 23 16 sp8f figs-activepassive 0 so that you may be remembered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that people remember you” or “so that people return to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 17 ri8p 0 It will come about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event that will happen. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -ISA 23 17 b4c1 translate-numbers 0 seventy years “70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 23 17 bpr9 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will help Tyre Here “Tyre” represents the people who live in Tyre. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 23 17 au66 figs-metaphor 0 she will start making money again by doing the work of a prostitute … of the earth Isaiah compares the people of Tyre with a prostitute. Just as the prostitute sells herself for money to any man, the people of Tyre will again buy and sell to all kingdoms. Alternate translation: “And like a prostitute they will buy and sell will all the kingdoms of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 23 18 jdj2 figs-activepassive 0 They will not be stored up or kept This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The merchants will not store away their money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 23 18 if24 0 those who live in Yahweh’s presence “those who obey and serve Yahweh” -ISA 23 18 y9rb 0 to supply them with abundant food “so they will have enough food to eat” -ISA 24 intro a6m4 0 # Isaiah 24 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

While it appears that this chapter is a continuation of the prophecy from the previous chapter, it actually looks at the whole of the Assyrian conquest as Yahweh’s punishment on the world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Covenant
The mention of an “everlasting covenant” in this chapter is probably not to a specific covenant with Abraham or Moses. Instead, it is an expectation that mankind would obey Yahweh. Some consider this to be a covenant Yahweh made with Adam. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Reign of Yahweh
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -ISA 24 1 itu1 0 to empty the earth “to make the earth desolate” or “to destroy everything on the earth” -ISA 24 2 v1j9 0 It will come about that This phrase marks an important event. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -ISA 24 2 b89l figs-ellipsis 0 as with … so with What Yahweh will do is not stated here, but it is understood. This shows that God will treat all people the same way. Alternate translation: “as Yahweh scatters … so he will scatter”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 24 2 h3vp figs-genericnoun 0 the priest … the giver of interest In 24:2 Isaiah lists several classes of people. They can be expressed as plural nouns as in the UST. Alternate translation: “the priests … those who give interest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 24 2 bb46 0 the receiver of interest “the one who owes money.” The word “interest” means the extra money someone has to pay so that he may borrow money. -ISA 24 2 i24e 0 the giver of interest “the one who is owed money” -ISA 24 3 w1xb figs-activepassive 0 The earth will be completely devastated and completely stripped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will completely devastate the earth and he will remove everything with value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 3 ie7i 0 Yahweh has spoken this word “Yahweh has said he would” -ISA 24 3 fpt4 figs-metonymy 0 The earth everything that is on the earth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 24 4 br27 figs-parallelism 0 The earth dries up and withers, the world shrivels up and fades away These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Everything on earth will dry up and die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 24 4 hpm9 figs-metonymy 0 The earth … the world Both of these represent everything that is on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 24 5 me5f figs-metaphor 0 The earth is polluted by its inhabitants The people sinning and making the earth unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the people made the earth physically unclean. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people have polluted the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 5 mw6f 0 they have transgressed the laws, violated the statutes, and broken the everlasting covenant “they have not obeyed God’s laws and statutes, and they have broken God’s eternal covenant” -ISA 24 6 nq79 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 24 6 kcu7 figs-metaphor 0 a curse devours the earth Yahweh cursing the earth and destroying it is spoken of as if a curse were either a wild animal that completely eats the earth or a fire that completely burns up the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 24 6 an7c figs-activepassive 0 its inhabitants are found guilty This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will declare that the people are guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 8 aw8w figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 24 8 bpd3 0 tambourines … lyre These are musical instruments. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md). -ISA 24 10 cw66 figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 24 10 nje8 figs-activepassive 0 The city of chaos has been broken down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will break down the city of chaos” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 10 q3a5 0 The city of chaos This could mean: (1) the city was in chaos before the Lord breaks it down; the people did not obey God, the government was corrupt, and the city was full of drinking and parties, or (2) the city will be in chaos after God breaks it down. The walls and buildings that were once built strong and tall are now in ruins on the ground. With either meaning it does not mean one city. It refers to cities in general. -ISA 24 10 rk9d figs-activepassive 0 every house is closed up and empty This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people will close up their houses and leave them empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 11 s8c8 0 because of the wine “because there is no wine” -ISA 24 11 wxr1 figs-parallelism 0 all joy is darkened, the gladness of the land has disappeared These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “all joy will be gone from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 24 11 y34e figs-metonymy 0 gladness of the land Here “land” represents the people of the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 24 12 j1wn figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to describe a time in the future when God will judge the earth. Prophets sometimes describe a future event as something in the past or in the present. This emphasizes the event certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 24 12 dme3 figs-abstractnouns 0 In the city is left a desolation The abstract noun “desolation” can be stated as “desolate” or “empty.” Alternate translation: “The city is desolate” or “The city is left empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 24 12 zs7r figs-genericnoun 0 In the city This is not a specific city but cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 24 13 j5j7 figs-simile 0 as when an olive tree is beaten, as the gleanings when the grape harvest is done This compares the nations after Yahweh devastates the land to trees and vines after their fruit has been picked. This means there will be very few people left in the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 24 14 zd27 figs-idiom 0 They will lift up their voices and shout the majesty of Yahweh The phrase “lift up their voices” is an idiom that means to speak loudly. Alternate translation: “They will sing and shout about the majesty of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 24 14 z4qy 0 They will Here “They” refers to those who are still alive after Yahweh devastates the earth. -ISA 24 14 h3vk figs-explicit 0 and will joyfully shout from the sea Here “the sea” refers to the Mediterranean Sea which is west of Israel. Alternate translation: “and those in the west towards the sea will shout with joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 24 15 l9zj figs-metonymy 0 Therefore in the east glorify Yahweh The phrase “in the east” represents the people living east of Israel. Isaiah is commanding these people as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “Therefore everyone from distant lands in the east will glorify Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 24 15 w2f4 figs-metonymy 0 in the isles of the sea give glory Isaiah is commanding the people who live on the islands in the Mediterranean sea as if they were there with him. But, he is talking to the people in the future after God devastates the earth. Alternate translation: “everyone in the islands will give glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 24 15 ip1j figs-metonymy 0 to the name of Yahweh Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 24 16 zwk3 figs-exclusive 0 we have heard Here “we” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. Isaiah is describing something in the future as if it has already happened. Alternate translation: “we will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 24 16 zy21 figs-parallelism 0 I have wasted away, I have wasted away Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. He was very concerned because he saw people who deceived others and did not do what they promised to do. Alternate translation: “I have become very weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 24 16 u7aa figs-parallelism 0 The treacherous have dealt treacherously; yes, the treacherous have dealt very treacherously Isaiah repeats this phrase to emphasize his anguish. Alternate translation: “Indeed, those who deceive are now deceiving others” or “Indeed, the deceivers have acted deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 24 17 ec2n 0 Terror, the pit, and the snare are upon you, inhabitants of the earth “You people of the earth will experience terror, the pit, and the snare” -ISA 24 17 f3ea figs-synecdoche 0 the pit, and the snare Here “pit” and “snare” represent all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 24 18 gix7 figs-synecdoche 0 caught in the snare Here the “snare” represents all the different bad things that will happen to people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 24 18 y2vm 0 the sound of terror “the terrifying sound” -ISA 24 18 v3vg figs-activepassive 0 will be caught in the snare This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the snare will catch him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 18 h1cr figs-metaphor 0 The windows of the heavens will be opened This speaks of large amounts of rain falling from the sky as if Yahweh opened a window in the sky and let the water pour through. Alternate translation: “The sky will split open and torrents of rain will fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 24 18 irf6 0 the foundations of the earth will shake The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. Isaiah says even the structure that holds the earth will shake. Alternate translation: “the earth will shake terribly” or “there will be a terrible earthquake” -ISA 24 19 r4mc figs-activepassive 0 The earth will be completely broken, the earth ripped apart; the earth will be violently shaken These passive clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The earth will break and split apart; the earth will shake violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 20 gqx5 figs-simile 0 The earth will stagger like a drunken man and it will sway back and forth like a hut These similes emphasize how the earth will shake back and forth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 24 20 j3i5 figs-metaphor 0 Its sin will be heavy on it and it will fall and never rise again This speaks of the earth as if it were a person and transgressions were a heavy object. The person tries to carry the heavy weight but the weight causes the person to fall and not be able to stand back up. Here the earth represents the people of the earth who cause Yahweh to destroy the earth because of their sins. Alternate translation: “The sins of the people are many and so Yahweh will destroy the earth, and the earth will be like a person who falls and cannot get back up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 24 21 dsm9 0 On that day “At that time” -ISA 24 21 l4tv figs-explicit 0 the host of the heaven A host is an army. Here “the host of the heaven” refers to the many powerful spirits in the heavens. It can be stated clearly that they are evil. Alternate translation: “the powerful beings” or “the evil spiritual beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 24 21 vwu5 0 in the heavens “in the sky” -ISA 24 22 m1h2 figs-activepassive 0 They will be gathered together, prisoners in a pit, and will be shut up in a prison Here “pit” refers to a dark room or hole in a prison. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather them together as his prisoners and lock them in the dungeon of a prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 22 a1hh figs-activepassive 0 they will be punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 24 23 jhu9 figs-personification 0 Then the moon will be ashamed, and the sun disgraced The sun and the moon are described as a person who is ashamed of being in front of someone with greater power. In the presence of Yahweh, the light of the moon and sun will seem less bright. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 25 intro p6t1 0 # Isaiah 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter shifts from being a prophecy against the nations to the personal praises of Isaiah. He praises Yahweh for the deliverance of his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Reign of the Messiah
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -ISA 25 1 fw3y figs-metonymy 0 praise your name Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 25 1 e938 figs-activepassive 0 things planned long ago This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “things you planned long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 25 1 th82 figs-abstractnouns 0 in perfect faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” Alternate translation: “because you are perfectly faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 25 2 a6p6 figs-genericnoun 0 the city This is not referring to a certain city. It means cities in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 25 2 f62g 0 a fortress of strangers “a fortress belonging to foreigners” -ISA 25 3 s2dv figs-metonymy 0 a city of ruthless nations Here “city” and “nations” represent the people who live there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 25 4 c6es figs-metaphor 0 you have been a place of safety … a shelter … a shelter from the storm … a shade from the heat Yahweh protecting his people is spoken of as if he were a place that the people could go to be safe and comforted. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 25 4 n142 figs-simile 0 When the breath of the ruthless was like a storm against a wall Ruthless people oppressing the people of God is spoken of as if they were a storm beating against a wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 25 4 nhn3 0 When the breath “When the wind” or “When the blast” -ISA 25 4 y8cs figs-nominaladj 0 the ruthless This is a nominal adjective. Alternate translation: “ruthless people” or “those who are ruthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 25 5 bf3r figs-simile 0 like heat in a dry land This compares the enemies of God’s people to the heat that dries up the land. This emphasizes how much the enemies cause the people of God to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 25 5 t81k figs-simile 0 as the heat is subdued … ruthless ones is answered Yahweh stopping ruthless people from singing and boasting is compared to a cloud providing shade on a hot day. This emphasizes that Yahweh comforts his people by stopping those who cause them to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 25 5 pqi6 figs-activepassive 0 as the heat is subdued by the shade of a cloud This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just like when a cloud passes overhead and subdues the heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 25 5 adv7 figs-activepassive 0 the song of the ruthless ones is answered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will stop the ruthless people from singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 25 6 gbd9 0 On this mountain This refers to Jerusalem or Mount Zion. -ISA 25 6 rt19 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 25 6 jlw1 0 a feast of fat things Here “fat things” means the best food. -ISA 25 6 vv56 0 a feast on the lees “the oldest wine.” This means the best wine. -ISA 25 7 m1ll figs-metaphor 0 the covering over all peoples, the web woven over all the nations Death, suffering, and sadness are spoken of as if they were a dark cloud or web that covers everyone on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 25 8 n8s2 figs-metaphor 0 He will swallow up death forever Yahweh causing people to live forever is spoken of as if he would swallow death. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 25 8 p3ey figs-metaphor 0 the disgrace of his people he will take away from all the earth Yahweh causing the people to never be ashamed again is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that Yahweh would take away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 25 9 bh2b figs-activepassive 0 It will be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 25 9 g6gj 0 on that day “at that time” -ISA 25 10 d1jb figs-metonymy 0 For on this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest The “hand” represents God’s power. For Yahweh’s hand to rest on “this mountain” means he will protect his people Alternate translation: “The power of Yahweh will be on this mountain” or “For on Mount Zion Yahweh will protect his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 25 10 zd1u figs-metaphor 0 Moab will be trampled down in his place, even as straw is trampled down in a pit filled with manure Yahweh destroying the people of Moab is spoken of as if he would step on them and crush them. This is compared to how people trampled on straw to mix it with manure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 25 10 liv7 figs-metonymy 0 Moab will be trampled down in his place Here Moab represents the people of Moab. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will trample the people in the land of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 25 11 dsp1 figs-simile 0 They will spread their hands … his hands to swim This simile emphasizes how badly Yahweh will humiliate the people of Moab. They will spread their hands in dung like a swimmer spreads his hands in water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 25 11 y282 0 They will spread their hands in the midst of it “The people of Moab will push their hands through the dung” -ISA 25 11 zg36 0 as a swimmer spreads his hands to swim “as if they were swimming” -ISA 25 11 kk8y figs-metaphor 0 will bring down their pride Yahweh humiliating a proud person is spoken of as if pride were something high and Yahweh would cause it to be low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 25 11 cmz8 figs-metonymy 0 in spite of the skill of their hands Here “hands” represents the power to do or make something. Alternate translation: “in spite of the great things they have built” or “in spite of the great things they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 25 12 i3tb figs-metonymy 0 Your high fortress walls he will bring down to the ground, to the dust This speaks of Yahweh causing armies to bring down the walls as if he himself were going to bring them down. Alternate translation: “He will send an army to bring your high fortress walls to the ground, to the dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 25 12 m6re figs-123person 0 Your high fortress Here “Your” refers to the people of Moab. It can be stated in third person to be consistent with the previous verse. Alternate translation: “Their high fortress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 26 intro im4d 0 # Isaiah 26 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 26 1 u2d5 0 In that day “At that time” -ISA 26 1 p5n8 figs-activepassive 0 this song will be sung in the land of Judah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people in the land of Judah will sing this song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 26 1 u7ja 0 We have a strong city This refers to the city of Jerusalem. -ISA 26 1 vc1e figs-metaphor 0 God has made salvation its walls and ramparts God’s power to protect and save his people is spoken of as if his salvation were walls around a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 2 q8p1 figs-metonymy 0 the righteous nation that keeps faith Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the righteous and faithful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 3 x8wp figs-metonymy 0 The mind that is stayed on you Here “mind” represents a person’s thoughts. Also “you” refers to Yahweh. The phrase “stayed on you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The person who continually thinks about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 26 4 rlm9 0 Yah, Yahweh Yah is another name for Yahweh. -ISA 26 4 k4ey figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, is an everlasting rock Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a tall rock where people could go to escape from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 5 vry8 figs-metaphor 0 he will bring down those who live proudly Yahweh humiliating those who are proud is spoken of as if proud people were up high and he would cause them to come down low. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 5 lh5m figs-genericnoun 0 the fortified city This means fortified cities in general not a specific city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 26 5 mc9n figs-metonymy 0 he will lay low … he will level Yahweh causing an army to destroy fortified cities is spoken of as if Yahweh would do it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 6 uu7e figs-parallelism 0 It will be trampled down by the feet of the poor and the treading of the needy Both statements mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will trample on the ruins of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 26 7 a6cq figs-parallelism 0 The path of the righteous is level … the path of the righteous you make straight These two phrases mean basically the same thing. People obeying Yahweh is spoken of as if they were walking on his path. Yahweh ensuring the people that what they do is right is spoken of as if he were making the path level and straight for them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 8 xz29 figs-metaphor 0 in the path of your judgments, Yahweh, we wait for you Doing what Yahweh judged to be right is spoken of walking on his path. Alternate translation: “we wait for you, Yahweh, as we continue to do what you judged to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 8 xu1v 0 of your judgments “of your laws” or “of your teachings” -ISA 26 8 xk92 figs-exclusive 0 we wait Here “we” refers to Isaiah and all righteous people who are speaking to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 26 8 cn7i figs-metonymy 0 your name and your reputation are our desire Here “name” and “reputation” represent Yahweh’s character which represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “our only desire is to honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 9 uq9i figs-metaphor 0 my spirit within me seeks you earnestly Wanting to know Yahweh and his laws better is spoken of as if the person were seeking to find Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I earnestly want to know you better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 9 psm8 figs-synecdoche 0 my spirit within me seeks you earnestly Here “spirit” represents the speaker as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 26 10 yd2r figs-activepassive 0 Let favor be shown to the wicked one, but he will not learn righteousness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Even if Yahweh is kind to wicked people, they still do not learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 26 10 v6id figs-genericnoun 0 the wicked one This means wicked people in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 26 10 we5i figs-metonymy 0 In the land of uprightness Here “land” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “In the land where the people do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 10 cl5a figs-metonymy 0 does not see the majesty of Yahweh Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “does not realize that Yahweh is great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 11 nvi7 figs-metaphor 0 your hand is lifted up Yahweh preparing to punish wicked people is spoken of as if his hand were raised and about to hit the wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 11 izk8 0 but they do not notice “but the wicked people do not notice” -ISA 26 11 c1n1 figs-metonymy 0 they will see your zeal for the people Here “see” represents realizing something. Alternate translation: “they will realize that you are eager to bless your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 11 q4xz figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 26 11 bh8p figs-metaphor 0 fire of your adversaries will devour them Yahweh punishing and completely destroying his adversaries is spoken of as if he would send a fire that will completely burn them up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 11 b1pq 0 fire of your adversaries Here “of” does not mean the fire belongs to the adversaries but that the fire is intended to be used against the adversaries. Alternate translation: “your fire will completely burn them up” -ISA 26 12 f2jb figs-exclusive 0 for us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes all the righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 26 13 pb5l figs-metonymy 0 but we praise your name alone Here “name” represents the person of God. Alternate translation: “but we praise you alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 14 uj52 0 they will not arise “they will not come back to life” -ISA 26 14 yt3t figs-metaphor 0 made every memory of them to perish Yahweh causing people to no longer remember those he destroyed is spoken of as if Yahweh made their memory perish or die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 15 mic5 figs-parallelism 0 You have increased the nation, Yahweh, you have increased the nation This clause is repeated for emphasis. Here “nation” represents the people. Alternate translation: “You have greatly increased the number of people in our nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 26 16 m26y figs-123person 0 they looked to you Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. This would include Isaiah. Alternate translation: “we looked to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 26 16 vn3a figs-idiom 0 looked to you This idiom means they asked Yahweh for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 26 16 q3db figs-abstractnouns 0 when your discipline was on them The abstract noun “discipline” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when you disciplined them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 26 17 w2a9 figs-simile 0 As a pregnant woman … cries out in her labor pains This compares the people to a woman giving birth. This emphasizes their suffering and crying when Yahweh disciplined them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 26 18 z3re figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to compare the suffering of the people of Judah to a woman giving birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 18 j8g2 figs-simile 0 but it is as if we have only given birth to wind “but it is as if we have only given birth to air” or “it is like we gave birth to nothing.” This is a simile that emphasizes that the people’s suffering resulted in nothing. Alternate translation: “but nothing good resulted from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 26 18 qd8n figs-metonymy 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth, and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen Here “earth” represents the people who live on the earth. The meaning is unclear, but it seems to mean that the people of Israel have not been able to save themselves or other people by defeating their enemy in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 26 18 v5pe figs-abstractnouns 0 We have not brought salvation to the earth This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “salvation” is expressed as the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “We have not saved the inhabitants of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 26 18 il5k 0 and the inhabitants of the world have not fallen “nor have we caused the wicked people of the world to fall in battle” -ISA 26 19 tuj5 figs-nominaladj 0 Your dead will live This can be reworded so that the nominal adjective “dead” is expressed as the verb “have died.” Alternate translation: “Your people who have died will live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 26 19 ak1f 0 Your dead This could mean: (1) “Your” refers to Yahweh or (2) “Your” refers to the people of Israel. If you choose option two you could translate it as “Our dead.” -ISA 26 19 d48t figs-metaphor 0 Awake This speaks of dead people coming back to life as if they were waking up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 19 cvc4 figs-euphemism 0 you who live in the dust This is a polite way of referring to those who have died. Alternate translation: “those who are dead and buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 26 19 zv5y figs-metaphor 0 for your dew is the dew of light Yahweh acting kindly towards his people and bringing them back to life is spoken of as if it were the dew that causes the plants to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 19 gnz9 0 for your dew This could mean: (1) “your” refers to Yahweh and this is the dew that Yahweh gives or (2) “your” refers to the people of Israel and this is the dew they receive from Yahweh. -ISA 26 19 m8v6 0 dew of light This could mean: (1) “light” refers to Yahweh’s power to make dead people alive again. Alternate translation: “dew from Yahweh” or (2) “light” refers to the morning time when dew is on the plants. Alternate translation: “dew in the morning” -ISA 26 19 gb4p figs-metaphor 0 the earth will bring forth its dead “the earth will give birth to those who died.” Yahweh causing dead people to come back to life is spoken of as if the earth would give birth to those who have died. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh will cause those who have died to rise from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 26 20 z699 0 my people Here “my” refers to Isaiah. Also “people” refers to the people of Israel. -ISA 26 20 k2ad figs-abstractnouns 0 until the indignation has passed by Translate the abstract noun “indignation” as the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “until Yahweh is no longer angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 26 21 rcq2 figs-personification 0 the earth will uncover her bloodshed, and will no longer conceal her slain Yahweh revealing all murders that have happened on the earth so that he can punish the murderers is spoken of as if the earth itself will reveal everyone who has been murdered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 27 intro p2zg 0 # Isaiah 27 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Leviathan
This was an ancient type of dragon or serpent. It is possible that this is a reference to Satan, who is also described as a serpent and a dragon. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/satan]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator should not add explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 27 1 u82j 0 On that day “At that time” -ISA 27 1 zm2d figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh with his hard, great and fierce sword will punish Yahweh having the power to destroy his enemies is spoken of as if he had strong, large sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 1 tj3b 0 the monster that is in the sea This refers to Leviathan. -ISA 27 2 w1yf figs-metaphor 0 A vineyard of wine, sing of it “Sing about the vineyard of wine.” This speaks about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced fruit. Alternate translation: “Sing about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard that produced grapes for wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 3 cy2e 0 I, Yahweh, am its protector “I, Yahweh, protect the vineyard” -ISA 27 3 rpd8 figs-merism 0 night and day The words “night” and “day” are combined here to mean “all the time.” Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 27 4 av5d 0 Connecting Statement: This continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2-3](./02.md)). -ISA 27 4 s3xp 0 I am not angry, Oh, that there were briers and thorns! In battle I would march against them “I am not angry. If there were briers and thorns I would march against them in battle” -ISA 27 4 z6jj figs-ellipsis 0 I am not angry It is understood that Yahweh is not angry with his people any longer. Alternate translation: “I am not angry with my people any longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 27 4 v9e5 figs-metaphor 0 that there were briers and thorns The enemies of the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were briers and thorns growing in the vineyard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 4 tw3t 0 briers and thorns See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md). -ISA 27 4 bic8 figs-metaphor 0 In battle I would march against them Yahweh fighting his enemies is spoken of as if he were a warrior in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 4 ij4d figs-metaphor 0 I would march against them; I would burn them all together Here Isaiah combines different images to speak of Yahweh’s enemies. He speaks of them as if they are briers and thorns but also as soldiers in an army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 5 j31l figs-abstractnouns 0 unless they grasp my protection This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “protection” is expressed as the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “unless they ask me to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 27 5 je5d 0 make peace with me; let them make peace with me “they ask to live peacefully with me; I want them to live peacefully with me” -ISA 27 6 n2nh 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking. He continues to describe the people of Israel as a vineyard ([Isaiah 27:2](../27/02.md)). -ISA 27 6 cx3i figs-metaphor 0 In the coming day This speaks about a day as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “In the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 6 f8jg figs-metaphor 0 Jacob will take root; Israel will blossom and bud Yahweh blessing the people of Israel and causing them to prosper is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows roots and blossoms. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Israel will prosper like a vine that has taken root and blossomed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 6 jk11 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob … Israel Here “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms that represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 27 6 eia2 figs-metaphor 0 they will fill the surface of the ground with fruit Yahweh causing the people of Israel to prosper greatly so that they can help other people is spoken of as if they were a vine that grows so much fruit that it would cover the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 7 am12 figs-rquestion 0 Has Yahweh attacked Jacob and Israel as he attacked those nations who attacked them? The question is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has certainly punished the enemy nations more severely than he punished the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 27 7 r118 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob … Israel These represent the descendants of Jacob. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 27 7 ukm8 figs-activepassive 0 Have Jacob and Israel been killed as in the slaughter of those nations that were killed by them? This question too is used to contrast the severity of God’s punishment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has not killed the people of Israel like they killed their enemies from other nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 27 8 f4he figs-you 0 In exact measure you have contended Here “you” refers to God. Yahweh punishing his people as much as they needed is spoken of as if God’s punishment were something that could be measured. Alternate translation: “But you did punish them as much as was needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 8 kfc2 figs-metonymy 0 sending Jacob and Israel away This represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “sending the Israelites away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 27 8 rqg2 figs-metaphor 0 he drove them away with his fierce breath in the day of the east wind Yahweh’s power to send his people away to a foreign country is spoken of as if Yahweh used his breath to blow them to a foreign country. Alternate translation: “the power of Yahweh drove them out like a fierce wind from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 9 nf4r 0 So in this way This could mean: (1) “this” refers to Yahweh sending the people into exile as Isaiah mentioned in the previous verse or (2) “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will mention in the next part of verse 9. -ISA 27 9 l9b7 figs-activepassive 0 the iniquity of Jacob will be atoned for This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purge the sin from the Israelites” or “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 27 9 yjh1 figs-metonymy 0 iniquity of Jacob … removal of his sin Here “Jacob” represents the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “iniquity of the Israelites … removal of their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 27 9 mn35 0 for this will be Here “this” refers to the actions that Isaiah will describe in the next part of verse 9. -ISA 27 9 zy5g figs-metaphor 0 the full fruit This speaks of the results of an action as if it were the fruit that grows as on a tree or vine. Alternate translation: “the result” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 9 x5ca figs-metonymy 0 he will make all the altar stones as chalk and crushed to pieces, and no Asherah poles or incense altars will remain standing Here “he” refers to Jacob who represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “They will completely destroy all the altars on which they sacrifice to false gods, and they will remove all the Asherah idols and the altars on which they burn incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 27 10 fw6l figs-pastforfuture 0 For the fortified city is … consumes its branches Here Isaiah describes an event that will happen in the future as if it already happened. This emphasizes that it certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 27 10 na1y figs-activepassive 0 For the fortified city is desolate, the habitation is deserted and forsaken like the wilderness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The cities that were strong and had many people living in them will become empty like a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 27 10 b7hh figs-genericnoun 0 the fortified city … the habitation This does not refer to a specific city or habitation but to cities and habitations in general. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 27 10 mv1s figs-genericnoun 0 a calf feeds, and there he lies down and consumes Here “calf” represents calves or cattle in general. Alternate translation: “calves feed, and there they lie down and consume” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 27 11 k9fn figs-metaphor 0 When the boughs … not a people of understanding The people becoming so weak because they disobey Yahweh so that enemies can easily destroy them is spoken of as if they are dry branches that women break off of a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 11 k85z figs-activepassive 0 When the boughs are withered, they will be broken off. Women will come and make fires with them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When the branches wither, women will come and break them off and make fires with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 27 11 pi5e figs-explicit 0 this is not a people of understanding This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “this is not a people who understands Yahweh or his law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 27 11 js5n 0 a people This could mean: (1) “people” refers to the people of Israel or (2) “people” refers the people of foreign nations who oppress the people of Israel. -ISA 27 11 v3yx figs-parallelism 0 Therefore their Maker will not have compassion on them, and he who made them will not be merciful to them Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “Because they do not understand, Yahweh, the one who made them, will not be merciful to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 27 12 f19u 0 It will come about This phrase marks an important event that will happen. -ISA 27 12 g87l 0 on that day “at that time” -ISA 27 12 n43h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will thresh Yahweh gathering his people to bring them back from the foreign nations to the land of Israel is spoken of as if he were threshing wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 27 12 nx3t 0 from the Euphrates River to the Wadi of Egypt Isaiah mentions the Euphrates River and the Wadi of Egypt to mean that Yahweh will bring back the people of Israel who were exiled in lands near those waters, that is, Assyria and Egypt. The Euphrates River is northeast of Israel, and the Wadi of Egypt is southwest of Israel. -ISA 27 12 v8t2 0 the Wadi of Egypt “the brook of Egypt” -ISA 27 12 gz3e figs-activepassive 0 you … will be gathered together one by one This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will gather you together one by one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 27 13 i56v figs-activepassive 0 a great trumpet will be blown This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone will blow a trumpet loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 27 13 qs1g figs-ellipsis 0 the perishing ones in the land of Assyria will come, and the outcasts in the land of Egypt The understood information can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “those who are in exile and dying in the land of Assyria and the land of Egypt will return to the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 27 13 bdq2 0 holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). -ISA 28 intro np8h 0 # Isaiah 28 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphors
There are many metaphors used to describe Yahweh’s punishment as well as the sin of the people of Ephraim. In one such metaphor, they are described as being drunk. Construction and weather metaphors are also used in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. This chapter pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 28 1 j6gg figs-metaphor 0 Woe to the proud garland … on the head of the lush Valley of those who are overcome with wine A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. Samaria and its people being destroyed is spoken of as if the flowers in the garland will grow old and stop being beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 1 i15u 0 who are overcome with wine “who are drunk with wine” -ISA 28 2 yjl9 0 Behold “Listen” or “Pay attention” -ISA 28 2 s6hx figs-synecdoche 0 the Lord sends one who is mighty and strong Here “one” refers to a mighty king who also represents his powerful army. Alternate translation: “the Lord sends a king with his powerful army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 28 2 xf11 figs-simile 0 storm of hail A “storm of hail” or hailstorm happens when hard pieces of ice fall from the sky. Here it is a simile that refers to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Samaria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 28 2 ew8c figs-metaphor 0 he will throw each garland crown down to the ground The king and his powerful army destroying the people of Samaria and their city is spoken of as if the king will throw the people’s garlands onto the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 3 vm68 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak about the people and the city of Samaria as if they were a garland ([Isaiah 28:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 28 3 pp4k figs-activepassive 0 The proud garland of the drunkards of Ephraim will be trodden underfoot This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will crush the proud drunkards of Samaria as if they were crushing flowers under their feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 3 wtt6 figs-metaphor 0 proud garland … of Ephraim A “garland” is a crown made of flowers. Here it represents the city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, which sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 4 qq5i figs-metaphor 0 that is on the head of the rich valley The city of Samaria, the capital of Israel, sits above a fertile valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 4 yw2k figs-simile 0 will be as the first ripe fig … gulps it down This speaks of the enemy soldiers seeing the beauty of Samaria and quickly plundering it as if they were a person who sees the first fig of the season and quickly eats it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 28 5 s84s 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 28 5 twb7 figs-metaphor 0 will become a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty Yahweh is spoken of as if he were to become a beautiful crown that the people who honor him as their true king would wear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 5 llj8 figs-doublet 0 a beautiful crown and a diadem of beauty These mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “a beautiful crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 28 6 mx85 figs-abstractnouns 0 a spirit of justice for him who sits in judgment, and strength for those who This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “justice” and “strength” are expressed as adjectives. These words can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the judges to be just and will cause to be strong those who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 28 6 bay6 figs-idiom 0 a spirit of justice A person who has a “spirit of justice” is someone who has the characteristic of justice and is a just person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 28 6 sak7 figs-idiom 0 sits in judgment This idiom means the person has the authority to judge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 28 6 t37f figs-idiom 0 strength for those who turn back their enemies at their gates Here “to turn back” is an idiom that means to defeat in battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the soldiers to be strong so that they defeat their enemies when the enemies attack their city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 28 7 jcw4 0 But even these “But even the leaders” -ISA 28 7 a7gn figs-genericnoun 0 The priest and the prophet This does not mean a specific priest or prophet. It refers to priests and prophets in general. Alternate translation: “The priests and the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 28 7 lfv9 figs-parallelism 0 reel with wine, and stagger with strong drink These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the priests and the prophets cannot do their job because they are very drunk. Alternate translation: “stumble around because they are drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 28 7 v8we figs-metaphor 0 they are swallowed up by wine Their drinking so much that they can no longer think properly is spoken of as if the wine swallowed them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the wine is causing them to be confused” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 7 d4bm 0 staggering in vision and reeling in decision Just like they are too drunk to walk correctly, they are too drunk to understand the visions God gives them or to make good decisions. -ISA 28 9 ny13 figs-rquestion 0 To whom will he teach knowledge, and to whom will he explain the message? The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, who is trying to correct them. Alternate translation: “The drunk prophets and priests say, ‘Isaiah should not be trying to teach us about Yahweh’s message!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 28 9 t6vi figs-rquestion 0 To those who are weaned from milk or to those just taken from the breasts? The drunk prophets and priests use a question to criticize Isaiah, because they feel that he is treating them like babies. Alternate translation: “He should not treat us like babies!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 10 fb5v 0 For it is command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little The drunk prophets and priests criticize Isaiah because they feel that Isaiah is repeating simple commands as if he were talking to a child. -ISA 28 11 hfl6 figs-synecdoche 0 with mocking lips and a foreign tongue he will speak to this people Here “lips” and “tongue” represent the foreigners who speak a different language than the Israelites do. It is implied that this refers to the Assyrian army that will attack Israel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will speak to this people through enemy soldiers who will speak a foreign language” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 11 kb8u 0 mocking lips “stammering lips” -ISA 28 12 gkx1 figs-abstractnouns 0 This is the rest The abstract noun “rest” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “This is the resting place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 28 12 se68 figs-abstractnouns 0 give rest to him who is weary The abstract noun “rest” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “let whoever is tired come and rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 28 12 v7ew figs-abstractnouns 0 this is the refreshing The abstract noun “refreshing” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “this is the place where you can be refreshed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 28 13 z6r4 0 So the word of Yahweh “So Yahweh’s message” -ISA 28 13 ds6z 0 command upon command, command upon command; rule upon rule, rule upon rule; here a little, there a little These are the words that the drunk priests and prophets used to criticize how Isaiah teaches them. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:10](../28/10.md). -ISA 28 13 i6sd figs-activepassive 0 so that they may go and fall backward, and be broken, ensnared, and captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in order that the army of Assyria will come and defeat them and take them as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 13 b7le figs-metaphor 0 go and fall backward, and be broken People losing in battle to the enemy army is spoken of as if the people will fall down and break. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 13 c32b figs-metaphor 0 ensnared The enemy soldiers capturing the people of Israel is spoken of as if they were hunters that catch an animal in a snare. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 14 y37t 0 So listen to the word of Yahweh “So listen to Yahweh’s message” -ISA 28 15 u1bd figs-parallelism 0 We have made a covenant with death, and with Sheol we have reached an agreement Both of these statements mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem have used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 15 x2p3 figs-metaphor 0 So when the overwhelming whip passes through, it will not reach us This speaks of Yahweh’s judgment and punishment as if it were a whip that would strike the people. And the whip is spoken of as if it were a flood that would pass through Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “As a result, when everyone else is suffering and dying, nothing will harm us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 15 r8ix figs-parallelism 0 For we have made a lie our refuge, and taken shelter in falsehood These two phrases mean basically the same thing. A “lie” and “falsehood” are spoken of as if they were places where a person could go to hide. The leaders in Jerusalem would not have said they trust in a lie. They believed they were truly safe. But Isaiah knows they are not safe, because they trust in lies. Alternate translation: “For lies and falsehoods have become like a place where we can hide from danger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 15 ux1b 0 a lie our refuge … taken shelter in falsehood This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. -ISA 28 16 ff3c 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -ISA 28 16 tf5e figs-metaphor 0 I will lay in Zion a foundation stone … sure foundation Yahweh sending a strong person to help the people of Israel is spoken of as if Yahweh is constructing a strong foundation for a building. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 16 js3j 0 a tried stone “a stone that is solid” -ISA 28 16 mc8y 0 a sure foundation “a firm support” -ISA 28 16 pkf8 0 He who believes will not be ashamed “Anyone who trusts in this foundation stone will not be sorry” -ISA 28 17 n7kr 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to compare what he will do for the people in Jerusalem to a builder setting up a building ([Isaiah 28:16](../28/16.md)). -ISA 28 17 yd66 figs-metaphor 0 I will make justice the measuring stick, and righteousness the plumbline Yahweh testing according to his justice and righteousness to determine if the people are just and righteous is spoken of as if he were a builder using tools to determine that something is the correct length and perfectly level. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 17 xhn1 0 the measuring stick A builder uses a measuring stick to determine if something is the correct length. -ISA 28 17 l2vf 0 the plumbline A builder uses a plumbline to determine if something is straight and level. -ISA 28 17 xg82 figs-metaphor 0 Hail will sweep away Yahweh causing a large amount of hail to fall is spoken of as if it would be an overwhelming flood. Alternate translation: “Hailstorms will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 17 gv6t figs-synecdoche 0 Hail … the floodwaters This could mean: (1) these are a synecdoche representing anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) these are a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 17 hi3p 0 Hail hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky -ISA 28 17 adc4 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge of lies … the hiding place This speaks about “lies” as if they were a place a person could go to hide. They represent what the leaders of Jerusalem trusted in to keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment. This could mean: (1) the leaders trust in their own lies that they have said in order to protect themselves or (2) the leaders trust that the covenant they have made with the false gods of the place of the dead will keep them safe or (3) the leaders trust that the agreement they have made with the Egyptians will keep them safe. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 28 18 l9w6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 28 18 ah82 figs-activepassive 0 Your covenant with death will be dissolved, and your agreement with Sheol will not stand This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cancel the covenant you have with death, and I will cancel the agreement you have with Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 18 fvw2 figs-metaphor 0 covenant with death … agreement with Sheol This could mean: (1) the leaders of Jerusalem had used magic or sorcery to try to make an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead so that these gods would protect them from dying or (2) this is a metaphor that speaks of the leaders having made an agreement with the leaders of Egypt. The leaders of Jerusalem were so confident that the Egyptians would protect that it was like they had made an agreement with the gods of the place of the dead. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:15](../28/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 18 n9he 0 will not stand “will not last” -ISA 28 18 mry1 figs-synecdoche 0 When the raging flood passes through This could mean: (1) “flood” is a synecdoche that represents anything in general that will cause destruction or (2) “flood” is a metaphor referring to the enemy army that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 28 18 var2 figs-activepassive 0 you will be overwhelmed by it This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will overwhelm you” or “it will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 19 g9nc figs-idiom 0 morning by morning This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 28 19 g4wk figs-merism 0 by day and night This means “throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 28 20 xx4i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 28 20 ex86 writing-proverbs 0 For the bed is too short for a man to stretch out on, and the blanket too narrow for him to wrap himself in This was probably a proverb that the people knew at the time. It means that what they believe will keep them safe from Yahweh’s punishment will disappoint them like a bed that is too short or a blanket that is too narrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -ISA 28 21 pp9n figs-idiom 0 Yahweh will rise up Yahweh preparing to act is spoken of as if he were sitting and then rising up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 28 21 e2cw figs-explicit 0 Mount Perazim … Valley of Gibeon These refer to places where God miraculously defeated enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 28 21 l5tw 0 he will rouse himself “he will become very angry” -ISA 28 21 l963 figs-doublet 0 his strange work … his strange deed These two phrases mean the same thing. This work is strange because God is using a foreign army to defeat the people of Jerusalem rather than helping the people of Jerusalem defeat their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 28 22 w3au 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -ISA 28 22 upp3 figs-metaphor 0 your bonds will be tightened Yahweh punishing the people even more severely is spoken of as if he would tighten their bonds. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will tighten your bonds” or “Yahweh will punish you even more severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 22 tpu3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 28 22 fdu9 figs-abstractnouns 0 a decree of destruction on the earth This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “destruction” is expressed as the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “that he is going to destroy people throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 28 23 bjv1 figs-parables 0 General Information: This begins a parable that ends in 28:29. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 28 23 twz5 figs-parallelism 0 Pay attention and listen to my voice; be attentive and listen to my words These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second phrase is used to strengthen the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 28 23 lsh4 figs-metonymy 0 to my voice Here “voice” represents what Isaiah says. Alternate translation: “to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 28 23 s1kf 0 to my words “to my message” -ISA 28 24 nvu3 figs-rquestion 0 Does a farmer who plows all day to sow, only plow the ground? Does he continually break up and harrow the field? Isaiah uses rhetorical questions to make the people think deeply. Alternate translation: “A farmer does not plow the ground over and over and continually work the soil without ever sowing seed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 28 25 dam8 figs-parables 0 General Information: Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 28 25 uq3a 0 When he has prepared the ground “When the farmer has plowed the soil” -ISA 28 25 fsr6 figs-rquestion 0 does he not scatter caraway seed, sow the cumin, put in the wheat in rows and the barley in the right place, and the spelt at its edges? Isaiah uses a question to make the people of Jerusalem think deeply. If your language does not have a word for each of these seeds, they can be stated more generally. Alternate translation: “he will certainly plant each kind of seed in the correct way and in the proper places.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 28 25 pd1v translate-unknown 0 caraway … cumin These are names of plants that are spices. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of spices used to spice food. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 28 25 v8fq translate-unknown 0 wheat … barley … spelt These are all names of plants that are grains. Translators may represent them in general as seeds of grains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 28 26 x6gc figs-parallelism 0 His God instructs him; he teaches him wisely These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh helps the farmer know how to care for each kind of plant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 28 27 m9hs figs-parables 0 General Information: Isaiah continues telling a parable to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]]) -ISA 28 27 w7aj figs-activepassive 0 the caraway seed is not threshed with a sledge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the farmer does not separate the caraway seed from the plant with a heavy club” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 27 p8si 0 caraway See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md). -ISA 28 27 j2hy figs-activepassive 0 nor is a cartwheel rolled over the cumin This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor does he roll a heavy wheel over the cumin seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 27 g75f 0 cumin See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:25](../28/25.md). -ISA 28 27 r6a8 figs-activepassive 0 but caraway is beaten with a stick, and cumin with a rod Isaiah describes the correct way for a farmer to separate the seed from the plant. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he beats the caraway with a stick, and he beats cumin with a rod” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 28 zb1a figs-activepassive 0 Grain is ground for bread but not too finely This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The farmer grinds the grain for bread but not so that it is too small” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 28 29 vw1a figs-explicit 0 This too comes … excellent in wisdom This concludes the parable started in [Isaiah 28:23](../28/23.md). The implied lesson of the parable is that farmers are wise enough to listen to Yahweh’s instructions about planting and threshing. But the leaders of Jerusalem are foolish for not listening to Yahweh’s instructions that he is speaking through Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 28 29 fh5n 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 29 intro e58i 0 # Isaiah 29 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter begins a series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the kingdoms of Ephraim and eventually Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Ariel
This is another name for Jerusalem. It is an uncommon name.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Prophecies
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 29 1 p34x figs-metonymy 0 Woe to Ariel Here “Ariel” represents the people who live in the city of Ariel. Alternate translation: “How terrible it will be for the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 1 kp7k translate-names 0 Ariel This is another name for Jerusalem, and it means “altar.” If possible translate this as “Ariel” rather than “Jerusalem” since the meaning of “Ariel” is important in 29:2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 29 1 bhl8 0 David encamped “David dwelled” or “David lived” -ISA 29 1 wh6s figs-irony 0 Add year to year; let the festivals come round “Keep celebrating your festival year after year.” This is an ironic statement. Yahweh tells the people to keep celebrating their festivals where they sacrifice to him, but he knows it will not prevent him from destroying them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 29 2 rhv8 figs-metonymy 0 But I will besiege The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to besiege Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 2 fh77 figs-metonymy 0 she will Here “she” refers to Ariel, which represents the people of Ariel. Alternate translation: “the people of Ariel will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 2 w19k figs-doublet 0 mourning and lamenting The words “mourning” and “lamenting” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of mourning. Alternate translation: “they will mourn deeply” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 29 2 uey1 figs-simile 0 like Ariel Translators may add a footnote that says, “The name Ariel means ‘altar.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 29 3 aqb4 figs-metonymy 0 I will encamp against you The word “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh causing an enemy army to surround Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I will command the army of your enemies to surround you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 3 z8vg translate-unknown 0 palisade … siege works A “palisade” is a tower armies would build to attack cities with high walls. Also “siege works” refers to other various weapons armies would build to attack cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 29 4 xp4f figs-activepassive 0 You will be brought down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your enemy will bring you down” or “Your enemy will humble you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 29 4 ak9b figs-simile 0 will speak from the ground; your speech will be low from the dust. Your voice will sound like a spirit that speaks from the ground, and out of the dust your speech will whisper All of these statements mean basically the same thing. They emphasize that the people who once spoke with proud words will be weak and grieving after the enemy defeats them. Alternate translation: “you will only be able to speak with weak whispers like a spirit speaking from where dead people dwell” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 29 5 ei77 figs-simile 0 The great number of your invaders will become like fine dust, and the multitude of the ruthless ones as chaff that passes away This emphasizes how weak and insignificant the invading army is before God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will easily remove the horde of your invaders and the multitude of the ruthless ones”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 29 5 w2d7 0 great number of your invaders “many soldiers that will attack you” -ISA 29 5 vl7f figs-ellipsis 0 the ruthless ones as chaff The translator can supply the verb “will become.” Alternate translation: “the soldiers who show you no mercy will become as chaff” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 29 6 gh4q figs-you 0 Yahweh of hosts will come to you The word “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “Yahweh of hosts will come to help you” or (2) “Yahweh of hosts will come to punish you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 29 7 th7g figs-doublet 0 It will be like a dream, a vision of the night The phrase “a vision of the night” is the same thing as “a dream.” The two phrases emphasize that soon it will be like the invading army was never there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 29 7 l4s8 0 A horde of all the nations “Large armies from all the nations” -ISA 29 7 t56e figs-metonymy 0 fight against Ariel The name “Ariel” is another name for Jerusalem, and it represents the people who live there. See how you translated “Ariel” in [Isaiah 29:1](../29/01.md). Alternate translation: “fight against the people of Ariel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 7 h99v figs-metonymy 0 her stronghold. They will attack her and her fortifications to press upon her The word “her” refers to Ariel which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “their stronghold. They will attack the city of Ariel and its defenses and cause the people to be in great distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 8 ncq1 figs-simile 0 It will be like when a hungry man dreams he is eating … his thirst not quenched These similes mean that the enemy will expect victory but they will fail because God will not allow them to conquer Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 29 8 b3vv figs-metonymy 0 Yes, so will be the great number of nations that fights against Mount Zion Here “Mount Zion” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Yes, this will be what happens to the armies from the nations who fight against the people who live on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 9 thb7 figs-explicit 0 Astonish yourselves and be astonished The word “yourselves” refers to the people of Jerusalem. Why they are astonished can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Be astonished at what I am telling you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 29 9 un3a figs-metaphor 0 blind yourselves and be blind The people ignoring what Yahweh says is spoken of as if they would make themselves blind. Alternate translation: “keep being ignorant and spiritually blind to what I am showing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 9 h71h figs-metaphor 0 Be drunk, but not with wine; stagger, but not with beer The people being senseless and not understanding what Yahweh is doing is spoken of as if they were drunk. Alternate translation: “Be senseless like a drunk person, but it is not because you have drank too much wine or beer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 10 g6xx figs-metaphor 0 For Yahweh has poured out on you the spirit of deep sleep Here “the spirit of” means “to have the characteristic of” being asleep. Yahweh causing the people to be asleep is spoken of as if “the spirit” were a liquid that he poured out on the people. Also “deep sleep” is a metaphor that means the people are senseless and cannot understand what Yahweh is doing. Alternate translation: “The reason you are senseless is because Yahweh has caused you to be spiritually asleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 10 u6aj figs-metaphor 0 He has closed your eyes, the prophets, and has covered your heads, the seers Yahweh causing the people to be senseless and not to understand what he is doing is spoken of as if he closed their eyes and covered their heads so they could not see. Alternate translation: “It is as though Yahweh has closed the eyes of the prophets and covered the heads of the seers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 11 jvz4 figs-simile 0 All revelation has become to you as the words of a book that is sealed The other prophets in Jerusalem are unable to hear or understand God’s message. Alternate translation: “All that Yahweh has revealed is to you like a sealed book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 29 11 vii8 0 is sealed, which men might give to one who is learned This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “is sealed. A person may take the sealed book to someone who can read” -ISA 29 12 z14w figs-activepassive 0 If the book is given to one who cannot read This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “If a person takes the book to someone who cannot read” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 29 13 hp14 figs-metonymy 0 This people comes close to me with their mouths and honors me with their lips The words “mouths” and “lips” represent what people say. Here it also represents saying something but not truly meaning it. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem pretend to worship me and honor me with what they say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 13 z6q5 figs-metonymy 0 but their heart is far from me Here “heart” is a metonym that represents a person’s thoughts and emotions. The people not being truly devoted to Yahweh is spoken of as if their hearts were far away from him. Alternate translation: “but they do not honor me in their thoughts” or “but they are not truly devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 13 u7h6 figs-activepassive 0 Their honor for me is only a commandment of men that has been taught This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They honor me only because that is what people tell them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 29 14 ya7e 0 Therefore, see, I will proceed to do a marvelous thing among this people, wonder after wonder “Therefore, look and see! I am going to do wonderful and marvelous things among you that you will not be able to explain” -ISA 29 14 cb9j figs-parallelism 0 The wisdom of their wise men will perish, and the understanding of their prudent men will disappear Both of these statements mean the same thing. Yahweh showing that the wise people cannot understand or explain what Yahweh does is spoken of as if their wisdom and understanding will vanish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 15 n74m 0 General Information: This may be Isaiah speaking or it may continue Yahweh’s speech in 29:13-14. -ISA 29 15 a41v figs-metaphor 0 who deeply hide their plans from Yahweh People trying to make plans without Yahweh knowing about it is spoken of as if they hide their plans in a deep place where Yahweh cannot see. Alternate translation: “who try to hide their plans from Yahweh” or “who try to keep Yahweh from finding out what they are planning to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 15 yh8d figs-explicit 0 whose deeds are in darkness It is implied that they are secretly doing evil things. Alternate translation: “who do evil things in the dark so no one can see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 29 15 mt4k figs-rquestion 0 Who sees us, and who knows us? They use a question to emphasize that they believe no one knows what they are doing. Alternate translation: “No one, not even Yahweh, sees us or knows what we are doing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 29 16 tt3j figs-idiom 0 You turn things upside down This is an idiom that means to distort what is true. Alternate translation: “You make things opposite of the way they should be” or “You distort the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 29 16 ak5f figs-metaphor 0 Should the potter be considered like clay, so that the thing that is made should say about him who made it…“He does not understand”? Yahweh who created humans is spoken of as if he were a potter and humans were the clay. This metaphor emphasizes that it is foolish for humans to reject or criticize the one who created them. Alternate translation: “Should you consider me, your maker, to be like the clay rather than the potter? It is as if a potter created something, and that thing said about the potter, ‘He did not make me,’ or ‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 16 m1ba figs-rquestion 0 Should the potter be considered like clay…“He does not understand”? This question is used to scold the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Obviously, the potter should not be considered like clay…‘He does not understand.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 29 17 vcq7 figs-metaphor 0 Lebanon will be turned into a field, and the field will become a forest This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause the places where trees grew wild in Lebanon to become fruitful fields or (2) this is a metaphor and the large forests of Lebanon represent powerful oppressors, and the crops that grow in the field and become a forest are the common people who are suffering. This means Yahweh will humble those who are powerful, but he will honor those who are suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 17 p68s figs-metonymy 0 Lebanon will be turned into a field Here “Lebanon” represents the large cedar forests in Lebanon. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will turn the mighty forests of Lebanon into a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 29 18 q8r1 figs-metaphor 0 the deaf will hear the words of a book, and the eyes of the blind will see out of the deep darkness This could mean: (1) this is literal and Yahweh will cause deaf people to hear and blind people to see or (2) this is a metaphor that means Yahweh will enable the people to hear and understand his message or (3) it may mean both options 1 and 2. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 18 d7au figs-synecdoche 0 the eyes of the blind Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “those who are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 29 19 y383 figs-parallelism 0 The oppressed will again rejoice in Yahweh, and the poor among men will rejoice in the Holy One of Israel These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “The poor and oppressed people will again be happy because of what Yahweh, the Holy One of Israel, has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 29 20 st9w figs-nominaladj 0 For the ruthless will cease The nominal adjective “the ruthless” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “For the ruthless people will cease” or “For there will no longer be cruel people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 29 20 m2ji figs-nominaladj 0 the scoffer will vanish The nominal adjective “the scoffer” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “those who scoff will vanish” or “the people who mock will disappear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 29 20 i5cr figs-activepassive 0 All those who love to do evil will be eliminated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will eliminate all those who love to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 29 21 zp8p figs-explicit 0 who by a word make a man out to be an offender This refers to giving testimony in court against someone. Alternate translation: “who testify against a man and make him out to be an offender” or “who say in court that an innocent man is guilty of doing something wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 29 21 wl2h figs-metaphor 0 They lay a snare for him who seeks justice at the gate and put the righteous down with empty lies The evil people doing anything they can to stop a good person is spoken of as if the evil people set a trap like a hunter catching his prey. Alternate translation: “They lie and try to stop those who want to do what is fair and right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 29 21 vb33 0 who seeks justice at the gate The city gate was often the place where the city leaders made official decisions. -ISA 29 22 i8ii figs-explicit 0 who redeemed Abraham This possibly refers to when Yahweh called Abraham from his home country and sent him to the promised land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 29 22 v978 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will no longer … his face Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 22 a47e figs-idiom 0 nor will his face be pale This is an idiom that means he will no longer be afraid. Alternate translation: “nor will he be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 29 23 j9rv figs-metonymy 0 he sees his children The words “he” and “his” speak of Jacob (verse 22) and represent his descendants. Alternate translation: “Jacob’s descendants will no longer … their faces … they see their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 23 ri6z figs-metonymy 0 But when he sees his children, the work of my hands Here “hands” represents Yahweh’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When they see all the children I have given them and all that I have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 23 m7l3 figs-metonymy 0 they will make my name holy Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “they will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 23 k7hc figs-metonymy 0 They will make holy the name of the Holy One of Jacob Here “name” represents Yahweh. Yahweh refers to himself as “the Holy One of Jacob.” Alternate translation: “They will honor me, the Holy One of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 29 23 hf61 figs-123person 0 of the God of Israel Yahweh refers to himself as “the God of Israel.” Alternate translation: “of me, the God of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 29 24 ajl7 figs-metonymy 0 Those who err in spirit Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “Those who are wrong in what they think” or “Those who are wrong in their attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 29 24 ly72 figs-explicit 0 will gain understanding This can be made more explicit to explain what they will understand. Alternate translation: “will begin to understand Yahweh and his laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 29 24 uc4z figs-explicit 0 complainers will learn knowledge This can be made more explicit to explain what knowledge they will learn. Alternate translation: “those who complain will begin to know that what Yahweh teaches them is true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 30 intro e211 0 # Isaiah 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Negev
This is an area between Egypt and Judah. The people would have had to travel though it in order to get to Egypt. No one really lived in this area and it was known to be very dangerous.

### Trust
The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. The people were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. The chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 30 1 e6vd figs-metaphor 0 the rebellious children Yahweh speaks about his people as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 1 dq2r figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 30 1 cu63 figs-abstractnouns 0 They make plans, but not from me This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “plans” can be stated as the verb “plan.” Alternate translation: “They plan to do things, but they do not ask me what I want them to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 30 1 vep2 figs-activepassive 0 but they were not directed by my Spirit This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but my Spirit did not direct them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 1 sdp8 figs-metaphor 0 they add sin to sin Continuing to sin is spoken of as if sins were objects that could be stacked on one another. Alternate translation: “they continue to sin more and more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 2 ed8h figs-abstractnouns 0 They seek protection from Pharaoh This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “protection” is expressed as the verb “protect.” Alternate translation: “They ask Pharaoh to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 30 2 k8ag figs-metaphor 0 take refuge in the shadow of Egypt Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. Alternate translation: “they rely on the Egyptians to keep them safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 3 tal7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 3 frg3 figs-abstractnouns 0 Therefore Pharaoh’s protection will be your shame, and the refuge in Egypt’s shade, your humiliation This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “protection,” “shame,” and “humiliation” are expressed as adjectives or verbs. Alternate translation: “Therefore you will be ashamed because you relied on Pharaoh to protect you; you will be humiliated because you relied on the Egyptians to keep you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 30 3 z473 figs-metaphor 0 the refuge in Egypt’s shade Egypt’s protection from enemy armies is spoken of as if it were a shadow that protects someone from the burning heat of the sun. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 4 l5kf 0 their princes Here “princes” mean an official or ambassador, not necessarily sons of the king. -ISA 30 4 ax9t 0 their … their belonging to the people of Judah -ISA 30 4 c3ut translate-names 0 Zoan … Hanes These were cities in the northern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 30 4 apn6 figs-go 0 have come to Hanes Here “come” can be stated as “gone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -ISA 30 5 vs3d 0 They … them These words refer to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 5 pp3g 0 because of a people “because of the people of Egypt” -ISA 30 6 h34s 0 General Information: This continues God’s declaration concerning the people of Judah. -ISA 30 6 i8pw 0 A declaration “This is what Yahweh declares” -ISA 30 6 h1jl figs-genericnoun 0 of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent This refers to these types of animals in general. Alternate translation: “where lionesses and lions dwell, and where there are vipers and serpents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]]) -ISA 30 6 ian2 0 fiery flying serpent Here the word “fiery” probably refers to the serpent’s poisonous bite and the word “flying” refers to its quick movements. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 14:29](../14/29.md). -ISA 30 6 rmj1 0 they carry their riches “the people of Judah carry their riches” -ISA 30 7 x8ua translate-names 0 I have called her Rahab, who sits still There were popular stories about a sea monster named Rahab. The name Rahab means “strength” or “arrogance.” Alternate translation: “I call Egypt a loud boaster who does nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 30 8 u3jb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Isaiah. -ISA 30 8 umq8 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in Yahweh’s declaration about Judah. Here he tells Isaiah to do something. -ISA 30 8 uql1 0 in their presence “in the presence of the people of Judah” -ISA 30 8 x97k figs-metaphor 0 for the time to come This speaks of time as if it travels and arrives somewhere. Alternate translation: “for a future time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 9 v3bl figs-metaphor 0 lying children, children who will not hear the instruction of Yahweh This speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were his children. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “They behave like children who lie and do not listen to what Yahweh commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 10 y449 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. -ISA 30 11 x6bb figs-metaphor 0 Turn aside from the way, stray off the path How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path on which to walk. To disobey Yahweh is spoken of as if the person strays away from Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 11 s3c9 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 30 12 c9xs 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 30 12 q3x7 0 you reject this word “you reject this message” -ISA 30 12 hd23 figs-metonymy 0 trust in oppression and deceit and lean on it This could mean: (1) the leaders of Judah are trusting in the Egyptian leaders who rule by oppressing and deceiving others or (2) the leaders of Judah have oppressed and deceived their own people in order to take their money and send it to the Egyptians leaders as payment for protection. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 30 12 t871 figs-123person 0 lean on it Here the word “it” refers to “oppression and deceit.” Alternate translation: “lean on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 30 12 km37 figs-idiom 0 lean on This is an idiom that means to trust or rely on something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 30 13 f58j figs-simile 0 so this sin will be to you like a broken part … in an instant This simile means that God will destroy the people of Judah suddenly because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 30 13 rwu8 figs-ellipsis 0 like a broken part ready to fall It is understood that this is a broken part of a wall. Alternate translation: “like a broken part of a wall that is ready to fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 30 13 c7k8 figs-abstractnouns 0 whose fall will happen suddenly This can be reworded so that the abstract noun “fall” is expressed as the verb “fall.” Alternate translation: “that will suddenly fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 30 13 m5ka figs-doublet 0 suddenly, in an instant These mean the same thing and emphasize how quickly the wall will fall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 30 14 b2im 0 General Information: Isaiah describes how Yahweh will destroy the people of Judah ([Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md)). -ISA 30 14 amd2 figs-metaphor 0 He will break it Here “it” refers to the part in the wall that is about to fall. The part in the wall is a metaphor that represents the people of Judah and their sin mentioned in [Isaiah 30:12-13](./12.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 14 id9b figs-simile 0 as a potter’s vessel is broken This simile means that the piece of wall will break as quickly and completely as a clay jar that falls to the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 30 14 dbk1 0 potter A potter is a person who makes pots and jars out of clay. -ISA 30 14 k6fi figs-activepassive 0 there will not be found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to find” or “there will not be” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 14 c129 0 a shard with which to scrape “a shard big enough to scrape” -ISA 30 14 gs9n figs-metonymy 0 fire from the hearth The word “fire” here refers here to ashes. Alternate translation: “ashes from the fireplace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 30 15 fd1v 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 30 15 jh13 figs-metaphor 0 In returning and resting you will be saved Repenting is spoken of as if it were physically returning to Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will save you from your enemies if you will repent and rest knowing that I will take care of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 15 zs7v figs-explicit 0 resting It is implied that the people rest because they trust that Yahweh will take care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 30 15 am9c figs-explicit 0 in quietness and in trust will be your strength Quietness here refers to not being anxious and worried. It is implied that they are not worried because they trust in Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You will be strong if you are quiet and trust in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 30 16 x48z figs-explicit 0 we will flee on horses Apparently these are horses that the people of Judah received from the Egyptians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 30 17 cy2g figs-ellipsis 0 One thousand will flee at the threat of one; at the threat of five you will flee The word “solider” is understood. Alternate translation: “One thousand soldiers will flee at the threat of one enemy soldier; at the threat of five enemy soldiers all of your soldiers will flee” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 30 17 l2rt translate-numbers 0 One thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 30 17 g8ks figs-simile 0 until your remnant will be like a flagstaff on the top of a mountain, or like a flag on a hill This simile means there will be so few people left that they will be like a single flag on top of a hill. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 30 18 a5tl 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 19 nsp6 0 you will … to you … answer you Here “you” refers to the people who will live in Zion. -ISA 30 19 k2dh 0 he will answer you “he will help you” -ISA 30 20 u2ns 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 20 s89h figs-metonymy 0 the bread of adversity and the water of affliction Here “bread” and “water” make up the diet of a very poor person. The whole phrase represents the hard times and poverty of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 30 20 j37h 0 your teacher This refers to Yahweh. -ISA 30 20 m8au figs-synecdoche 0 you will see your teacher with your own eyes Here “eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “you yourselves will see your teacher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 30 21 yk8d figs-synecdoche 0 Your ears will hear Here “ears” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 30 21 gx8s 0 a word behind you saying “him speaking behind you saying” -ISA 30 21 n9ys figs-metaphor 0 This is the way, walk in it How Yahweh wants his people to behave is spoken of as if it were a way or path. To obey Yahweh is spoken of as if it were a person walking on his path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 21 day3 figs-metaphor 0 when you turn to the right or when you turn to the left Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if the person turned left or right off of Yahweh’s path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 22 eg6r 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 22 z2re figs-simile 0 You will throw them away like a menstrual rag This simile means they will throw away their idols like they were garbage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 30 22 n2zf figs-personification 0 You will say to them, “Get out of here.” This speaks of the idols as if they could hear and get up and leave a place. Yahweh means that the people will no longer need or want the idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 30 23 g68j 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 23 w7ij 0 He will give “Yahweh will give” -ISA 30 23 hjh1 figs-synecdoche 0 bread with abundance from the ground Here “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “he will cause the ground to produce plenty of food for you to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 30 23 llp6 0 In that day “At that time” -ISA 30 24 e7ff figs-activepassive 0 that has been winnowed with a shovel and a fork Shovels and forks were used to throw the grain in the air so the wind would blow away the chaff, leaving only the part that could be eaten. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you have winnowed with a shovel and a pitchfork” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 25 nb4s 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 25 n5xk 0 On every high mountain … every high hill Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. -ISA 30 25 lg8s 0 in the day of the great slaughter when the towers fall “when Yahweh slaughters your enemies and causes their strong towers to fall” -ISA 30 25 k7p7 0 in the day “at the time” -ISA 30 26 bbc3 0 The light of the moon will be like the light of the sun, and the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days Isaiah describes what will be an ideal situation after Yahweh rescues his people. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Isaiah described it. -ISA 30 26 vup8 0 the light of the sun will be seven times brighter, like the sunlight of seven days “the sun will shine as bright as seven suns” or “the sun will give as much light in one day as it normally does in seven days” -ISA 30 26 s1jc figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will bind up the breaking of his people and heal the bruises of his wounding them Yahweh comforting his people and causing their suffering to end is spoken of as if he would put bandages on their wounds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 27 q2s3 figs-metaphor 0 the name of Yahweh … like a devouring fire Yahweh being extremely angry is spoken of as if he were a large fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 27 vs12 figs-metonymy 0 the name of Yahweh comes Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 30 27 yjg9 figs-synecdoche 0 His lips are full of fury, and his tongue is like a devouring fire Here “lips” and “tongue” are metonyms that represent Yahweh speaking. And, Yahweh speaks with so much anger and power that it is spoken of as if his tongue were a fire. Alternate translation: “When he speaks his fury is like a fire that destroys everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 30 28 n6lp figs-simile 0 His breath is like an overflowing torrent This compares the air coming out of Yahweh’s mouth to a flood to emphasize its power to destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 30 28 r2gf figs-metaphor 0 to sift the nations with the sieve of destruction Yahweh separating the people of the nations and destroying the wicked people is spoken of as if Yahweh puts the nations in a sieve. This can be translated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will separate and destroy the wicked people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 28 wqj9 figs-metaphor 0 His breath is a bridle in the jaws of the peoples to cause them to wander away Yahweh having the power to cause people’s plans to fail or causing them to be destroyed is spoken of as if his breath were a bridle that steers people off the correct path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 28 rhf2 translate-unknown 0 a bridle in the jaws of the peoples A “bridle” is a device that people put over a horse’s head to guide it. The bridle contains a small piece called a “bit” that goes in the horse’s mouth. Alternate translation: “a bridle on the heads of the peoples” or “a bit in the jaws of the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 30 29 mm6g 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 30 29 kpk6 0 You will have a song This can be reworded so the noun “song” is stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “You will sing” -ISA 30 29 m8dh figs-simile 0 as in the night when a holy feast is observed This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 30 29 x78j figs-activepassive 0 when a holy feast is observed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when you observe a holy feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 29 guu5 figs-metonymy 0 gladness of heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “you will be glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 30 29 esh8 figs-simile 0 as when one goes … Rock of Israel This simile emphasizes how happy the people will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 30 29 u4kf figs-metaphor 0 to the Rock of Israel Yahweh having the power to protect his people is spoken of as if he were a rock on which the people could climb and escape from enemies. Alternate translation: “to Israel’s protective rock” or “which is like a protective rock for Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 30 h7qb figs-metonymy 0 show the motion of his arm Here “arm” represents the power of God. It is implied that Yahweh will show his power by destroying his people’s enemies. Alternate translation: “show that he is powerful by destroying your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 30 30 mr74 figs-metaphor 0 in storming anger and flames of fire Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a storm or a fire. Alternate translation: “in anger that is like a storm and flames of fire” or “in great anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 30 d2cp 0 with windstorm, rainstorm, and hailstones “with storms full of wind, rain, and hail” -ISA 30 30 ty89 0 hailstones hard pieces of ice that fall from the sky like rain -ISA 30 31 aq83 figs-activepassive 0 For at the voice of Yahweh, Assyria will be shattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For when Yahweh speaks he will shatter the soldiers of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 31 x1az figs-metaphor 0 Assyria will be shattered Isaiah speaks of Assyria’s fear as if Assyria is an object that Yahweh’s voice shatters. Alternate translation: “Assyria will be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 31 h8gw figs-metonymy 0 Assyria Here this represents the soldiers of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 30 32 w9ms figs-metaphor 0 Every stroke of the appointed rod that Yahweh will lay on them Yahweh causing an army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh would hit the Assyrians with a rod. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 32 wu2h figs-activepassive 0 will be accompanied This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will accompany it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 32 d8x2 0 tambourines This is a musical instrument with a head like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around the side that sound when the instrument is shaken. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:12](../05/12.md). -ISA 30 32 vj9i figs-metaphor 0 he battles and fights with them Yahweh causing the enemy army to defeat the Assyrians is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who would fight along with the enemy army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 30 33 z2rq figs-activepassive 0 For a place of burning was prepared long ago This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For long ago Yahweh prepared a place for burning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 33 ry8p figs-explicit 0 a place of burning This phrase is the meaning of the word “Topheth.” Topheth is a place in the Hinnom Valley, south of Jerusalem, where at one time people burned their children as sacrifices to a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 30 33 lpk7 figs-explicit 0 it is prepared for the king It is implied that this refers to the king of Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh prepared it for the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 30 33 nue1 0 The pile is ready with a fire and much wood “The pile is ready with much wood to make a fire” -ISA 30 33 dbe3 figs-simile 0 The breath of Yahweh, like a stream of brimstone, will set it on fire This speaks of Yahweh’s breath as if it were a river of fire that will set the pile on fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 31 intro a5pj 0 # Isaiah 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter continues the series of “woes” against specific nations. It presents judgments against the people of Ephraim and Judah when they desired to make an alliance with Egypt. It also prophesies the destruction of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust
The people were to trust in Yahweh. Only he could provide them with protection. They were punished for their lack of trust when they were in trouble, but Yahweh only required that they trust him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “That day”
This is a common phrase in this section of Isaiah. This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])

### Israel
The use of the term “Israel” in this chapter is in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel exclusively. -ISA 31 1 h5ig 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 31 1 mn6p 0 go down to Egypt The phrase “go down” is used here because Egypt is lower in Elevation than Jerusalem. -ISA 31 1 u5k2 0 those who go down “those people of Judah who go down” -ISA 31 1 fq71 figs-metaphor 0 lean on horses This speaks about people relying on their horses to help them as if they were leaning on their horses. Alternate translation: “rely on their horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 31 1 lv3b 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this name in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 31 1 p83a 0 nor do they seek Yahweh “nor do they ask Yahweh to help them” -ISA 31 2 rf4c figs-idiom 0 he will bring disaster Here the word “bring” means to “cause.” Alternate translation: “he will cause disasters to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 31 2 uq3q figs-metaphor 0 will not retract his words The phrase “retract his words” speaks of a person not fulfilling what they said they will do as if the words that he had said were something that he could pull back to himself. Here it says that Yahweh will not do this, meaning he will fulfill what he has said. Alternate translation: “he will do what he said he would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 31 2 wni6 0 arise against “punish” -ISA 31 2 ncg3 figs-metonymy 0 evil house This refers to evil people who live there. Alternate translation: “all who do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 31 3 qmy9 figs-metonymy 0 Egypt is a man Here Egypt refers to the soldiers of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The soldiers of Egypt are men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 31 3 al1h figs-explicit 0 their horses flesh and not spirit This means that their horses are only horses and not spiritual beings. Alternate translation: “their horses are only horses; they are not powerful spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 31 3 ee2s figs-metonymy 0 When Yahweh reaches out with his hand The term “hand” is often used in reference to God’s power and action. Alternate translation: “When Yahweh uses his power against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 31 3 b7mw figs-activepassive 0 both the one who helps will stumble, and the one who is helped will fall These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Stumbling and falling are metaphors of failing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “these two things will happen: I will destroy Egypt, who helps you, and I will destroy you, whom Egypt helps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 31 3 mv55 figs-activepassive 0 the one who is helped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the one who is seeking help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 31 4 t89b 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to Isaiah. -ISA 31 4 bfb4 figs-simile 0 As a lion … thus Yahweh of hosts “A lion … in the same way Yahweh of hosts.” Here Yahweh speaks of how he will defend the people who belong to him and not be scared away by comparing himself to a lion who guards it’s prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 31 4 j6qt 0 thus Yahweh of hosts will descend … that hill It may be more clear if you move the last line to before the first line: “Yahweh of hosts will descend to fight on Mount Zion, on that hill, as a lion, even a young lion” -ISA 31 4 cwq4 figs-doublet 0 a lion, even a young lion “a female lion or killer lion.” This is a doublet with both phrase referring to a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 31 4 e9kr 0 growls warns others to stay away -ISA 31 4 vef8 figs-idiom 0 when a group of shepherds is called out against it The phrase “called out against it” means to be sent out to chase the lion away. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone sends shepherds to chase the lion away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] or [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 31 4 i5s6 figs-explicit 0 from their sound The shepherds would make loud noises to try and chase away the lion. Alternate translation: “from the loud noises that they make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 31 4 jrv6 figs-explicit 0 will descend “will come down.” This refers to descending from heaven. Alternate translation: “will come down from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 31 4 wv7p figs-parallelism 0 on Mount Zion, on that hill Both of the phrases refer to Mount Zion. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 31 5 n1mh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 31 5 yn4w figs-simile 0 Like birds in flight, so Yahweh of hosts will protect Jerusalem Here the way that Yahweh protects Jerusalem is compared to the way that a mother bird protects her baby birds in their nest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 31 5 s9xj figs-metaphor 0 he will protect and rescue as he passes over it and preserves it This speaks of how Yahweh protects and rescues Jerusalem, describing him as a bird that flies over the city. Alternate translation: “he will protect and rescue the city from it’s enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 31 5 q5mx 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 31 5 hd1t figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem This refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 31 6 puw5 0 Return to him from whom you have deeply turned away “Return to the one against whom you have rebelled” -ISA 31 7 f2zn figs-synecdoche 0 that your own hands have sinfully made Here the people are referred to by their “hands” the emphasize that they made something with their hands. Alternate translation: “that you have sinned by making with you own hands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 31 8 n2d8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Judah, referring to the Assyrians as though they are one person. -ISA 31 8 vll3 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria will fall by the sword; a sword not wielded by man will consume him “Sword” refers to military might. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God’s sword, and not a man’s sword, will destroy the Assyrian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 31 8 f6pa 0 He will flee “The Assyrians will flee” -ISA 31 8 ib91 figs-activepassive 0 his young men will be forced to do hard labor This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemies will capture their young men and force them to do hard labor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 31 9 cb3x figs-abstractnouns 0 They will lose all confidence because of terror The word “confidence” can be expressed with the adjective “confident.” The word “terror” can be expressed with the adjective “terrified.” Alternate translation: “They will no longer be confident because they are so terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 31 9 eqd6 0 his princes “their leaders” -ISA 31 9 awn7 figs-parallelism 0 whose fire is in Zion and whose firepot is in Jerusalem Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are used together for emphasis. Here God’s presence and his power to judge and destroy are spoken of as if they were a fire. Alternate translation: “whose powerful presence is in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 32 intro qg44 0 # Isaiah 32 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Reign of the Messiah
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 32 1 bfx3 0 Look This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 32 2 he1m figs-simile 0 Each one will be like a shelter from the wind and a refuge from the storm This compares the king and princes who protect the people to a shelter. Alternate translation: “the rulers will protect the people like a shelter does in a storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 32 2 i91q figs-simile 0 like streams of water in a dry place This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide for the needs of the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide for the people like streams of water in a dry place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 32 2 vxn9 figs-simile 0 like the shade of a great rock in a land of weariness This is another comparison that means that the rulers will provide comfort and rest for the people. Alternate translation: “they will provide rest for the people like a huge rock gives shade to weary people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 32 3 d51u figs-metaphor 0 Then the eyes … attentively Both of these phrases emphasize that the leaders will enable the people to understand God’s truth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 32 3 ile5 0 will not be dim “will see clearly” -ISA 32 4 v44b 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing the people after God restores righteous rulers in Judah ([Isaiah 32:1-3](./01.md)). -ISA 32 4 byg3 figs-nominaladj 0 The rash … the stutterer This refers to people who act rashly and people who stutter. Alternate translation: “The rash person … the stuttering person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 32 5 dap4 figs-activepassive 0 The fool will no longer be called honorable This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will give honor to the fool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 32 5 zlq8 figs-activepassive 0 nor the deceiver called principled This can be stated in active form. “The deceiver” refers to a person who is deceptive. Alternate translation: “nor will anyone show respect to the person who deceives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 32 6 zh17 figs-nominaladj 0 For the fool speaks folly, and his heart plans evil “The fool” refers to foolish people. Also, “folly” and “evil” may be expressed as adjectives. Alternate translation: “For the foolish person says foolish things and his heart plans evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 32 6 z5gt figs-synecdoche 0 his heart plans evil Here the foolish person is referred to by his heart to emphasize his inner thoughts. Alternate translation: “he plans evil things in his heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 32 6 vd59 0 He makes The word “he” refers to the foolish person. -ISA 32 6 y9ue figs-nominaladj 0 the hungry empty “The hungry” refers to hungry people. They are hungry because they have empty stomachs. Alternate translation: “the hungry person have an empty stomach” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 32 6 b6mz figs-nominaladj 0 the thirsty he causes to lack drink “The thirsty” refers to people who are thirsty. Alternate translation: “he causes the thirsty person to have nothing to drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 32 7 br91 figs-nominaladj 0 The deceiver’s This refers to a person who deceives others. Alternate translation: “The deceptive person’s” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 32 7 fwx8 figs-nominaladj 0 to ruin the poor with lies “The poor” refers to poor people. Also, the phrase “to ruin” does not means to kill them but to harm them by telling lies about them. Alternate translation: “to harm the poor people by telling lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 32 8 em4r figs-idiom 0 he will stand This means that he will be successful. Alternate translation: “he will be successful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 32 9 ut5j 0 Rise up “Stand up” or “Pay attention” -ISA 32 9 a31y 0 at ease “secure” or “carefree” -ISA 32 9 yi6d figs-metonymy 0 my voice Isaiah refers to himself by his voice to emphasize what he says. Alternate translation: “me speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 32 10 g6m5 figs-activepassive 0 your confidence will be broken This can be stated in active form. Also, Isaiah speaks of them no longer being confident as if their confidence were a physical object that is broken. Alternate translation: “you will no longer be confident” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 32 10 t219 figs-explicit 0 the grape harvest will fail This means that there would not be good grapes to harvest. Alternate translation: “there will be no grapes for you to harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 32 10 d5c3 0 the ingathering will not come “the time for gathering crops will not happen” -ISA 32 11 b3cb 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 32 11 aq71 0 Tremble shake from fear -ISA 32 11 m37x 0 at ease “secure” or “carefree” -ISA 32 11 suv5 figs-explicit 0 take off your fine clothes and make yourselves bare Here “bare” does not necessarily mean naked, but to wear minimal covering such as undergarments. Alternate translation: “take off you fine clothes and make yourself unclothed” or “take off your fancy clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 32 11 dhb7 translate-symaction 0 put on sackcloth around your waists This is an act of grieving or mourning. Alternate translation: “put sackcloth around waists as you grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 32 12 n8hm figs-explicit 0 You will wail for the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vines This means that they will cry out loudly as they grieve what happens to their fruitful fields and vines. Alternate translation: “You will wail because of what happens to your pleasant fields and fruitful vines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 32 13 t131 0 thorns and briers See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:6](../05/06.md). -ISA 32 13 prc1 figs-personification 0 the once joyful houses Here the houses are described as joyful because of the joyful people in them. Alternate translation: “your houses where you were once joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 32 13 az82 0 the city of revelry “your joyful city.” The word “revelry” means celebrating and partying. -ISA 32 14 i3ba 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 32 14 ftk1 figs-activepassive 0 For the palace will be forsaken, the crowded city will be deserted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For the people will forsake the palace and the crowds will abandon the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 32 14 ut34 figs-metonymy 0 the hill This refers to the fort built on the top of the hill. Alternate translation: “the fort on the hill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 32 14 l4wz figs-explicit 0 the hill and the watchtower will become caves This speaks of the fort and the watchtower being abandoned as if they became caves. Alternate translation: “the hill and the watchtower will become abandoned and empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 32 14 g5yl figs-explicit 0 a joy of wild donkeys, a pasture of flocks This means the these animals will enjoy the grass that grows among the abandon fort and watchtower. Alternate translation: “the wild donkeys and the flocks of sheep will eat the grass there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 32 14 x8t3 figs-hyperbole 0 forever This is an exaggeration for a very long time. Alternate translation: “an extremely long time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 32 15 ai5k figs-activepassive 0 until the Spirit is poured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until Yahweh pours the Spirit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 32 15 m9lm figs-metaphor 0 the Spirit is poured on us This speaks of Yahweh giving him Spirit to his people as if his Spirit were a liquid that he would pour on them. Alternate translation: “the Spirit is given to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 32 15 f3x2 figs-metonymy 0 from on high Here heaven is referred to as “on high.” Alternate translation: “from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 32 15 i9yh figs-activepassive 0 the fruitful field is considered as a forest This can be written in active form. This compares how overly bountiful the fruitful fields are by comparing them to a thick, dense forest. Alternate translation: “people will say that the fruitful fields have grown thick like a forest” or “the fruitful fields will be overly bountiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 32 16 p29j 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 32 16 uzl5 figs-personification 0 justice will reside … righteousness will live Isaiah describes “justice” and “righteousness” as a person who lives in these places. This means the people who live in these places will do what is just and right. Alternate translation: “people will act justly in the wilderness and people will act righteously in the fertile fields (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 32 17 w4zs figs-parallelism 0 The work of righteousness will be peace; and the result of righteousness, quietness and confidence forever These two phrases are parallel and both give results of righteousness. These can be combined. Alternate translation: “The result of people acting righteously is that there will be peace, and quietness, and confidence forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 32 18 q9gf 0 habitation place where people live -ISA 32 19 xzc9 0 hails See how you translated this in [Isaiah 28:2](../28/02.md). -ISA 32 19 stg9 figs-activepassive 0 the forest is destroyed, and the city is completely annihilated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it destroys the forest and completely destroys the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 32 20 wd7c figs-activepassive 0 you who sow beside all the streams will be blessed, you who send out your ox and donkey to graze This can be stated in active form. This refers to Yahweh blessing all of his people and speaks of the things that are normal for his people to do. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bless you, as you plant your crops in fields alongside the streams and as you send out your ox and donkey to graze in the pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 33 intro bx2g 0 # Isaiah 33 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter continues the series of “woes.” It speaks against ungodly or evil people in general. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/woe]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -ISA 33 1 uq8j figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks in poetry for Yahweh to the Assyrians. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 33 1 vi89 figs-activepassive 0 who has not been destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom others have not destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 1 uz7b figs-activepassive 0 you will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 1 t9ig 0 they will betray “others will betray” -ISA 33 2 ktn1 figs-metonymy 0 be our arm Here Yahweh’s arm refers to his strength. This speaks of Yahweh strengthening them as if Yahweh would use his strength to act for them. Alternate translation: “give us strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 2 k72t figs-synecdoche 0 every morning This refers to the whole day, not just the morning. Alternate translation: “every day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 33 2 zfi5 figs-ellipsis 0 our salvation This understood verb “be” may be supplied. Also, the word “salvation” may be expressed with the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “be our salvation” or “save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 33 2 vt7m figs-possession 0 in the time of trouble This refers to the times when they are experiencing trouble. Alternate translation: ““when we have troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ISA 33 3 bxw1 figs-explicit 0 At the loud noise the peoples flee Possible meanings of **the loud noise** are: (1) it refers to Yahweh’s voice. Alternate translation: “The peoples flee at the sound of your loud voice” or (2) it refers the loud sounds of Yahweh’s army. Alternate translation: “The people flee at the sound of your army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 33 3 mt58 figs-idiom 0 arise This means to begin doing something. Alternate translation: “begin acting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 33 3 bws5 figs-activepassive 0 the nations are scattered This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “the nations scatter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 4 jx3k figs-simile 0 Your spoil is gathered as the locusts gather; as locusts leap, men leap on it This compares how quick and eager Yahweh’s people are when they gather the spoils from their enemies to the eagerness of locusts when they gather food. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your people gather spoils from your enemies with the same fierceness as the locusts have who devour green plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 5 bu33 0 General Information: Isaiah speaks to the people of Judah. -ISA 33 5 f7z4 figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh is exalted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is greater than anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 5 gk4n figs-metaphor 0 He will fill Zion with justice and righteousness This speaks of Yahweh ruling Zion with his justice and righteousness as if he were filling Zion with justice and righteousness. Alternate translation: “He will rule Zion with justice and righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 6 gy6i figs-metaphor 0 He will be the stability in your times This speaks of Yahweh causing his people to be secure as if he were the stability himself. The phrase “your times” refers to their lives. Alternate translation: “He will make you secure all your lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 33 6 fe6y figs-ellipsis 0 abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge This refers to the things that Yahweh will give to them. The abstract noun “salvation” can be expressed with the verb “save.” The abstract nouns “wisdom” and “knowledge” can be expressed with adjectives. Alternate translation: “and he will give you an abundance of salvation, wisdom, and knowledge” or “he will save you and cause you to be very wise and knowledgeable” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 33 6 p3md figs-metaphor 0 the fear of Yahweh is his treasure This speaks of fearing Yahweh as if it were a treasure that Yahweh gives his people. Alternate translation: “revering Yahweh will be like a valuable treasure that he will give to you” or “to fear Yahweh will be as valuable to you as a treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 7 f6lb 0 Look This word is used here to draw peoples’ attention to what is said next. It is also used here to mark a new section in the book. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 33 7 e9rq 0 envoys messengers -ISA 33 7 m76k figs-explicit 0 the diplomats hoping for peace weep bitterly This means they weep because they do not succeed in making peace. Alternate translation: “the diplomats hope for peace but they do not succeed and so they weep bitterly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 33 8 pf64 figs-parallelism 0 The highways are deserted; there are no more travelers Both of the phrases emphasize that there are no travelers on the highways. These can be combined and stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People no longer travel on the highways” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 8 ftm2 figs-activepassive 0 Covenants are broken, witnesses are despised, and mankind is not respected This passage may refer to general conditions of corruption in Israel, or it may refer to the nation’s inability to make reliable peace treaties with Assyria. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People break covenants that they have made, people ignore the testimony of witnesses, and people do not respect one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 9 czb9 figs-personification 0 The land mourns and withers away This speaks of the land becoming dry as if it were a person mourning. Alternate translation: “The land becomes dry and its plants wither away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 33 9 na5c figs-metonymy 0 Lebanon is ashamed and withers away Here “Lebanon” represents Lebanon’s trees. This speaks of the trees withering and decaying as if they were a person who is ashamed. Alternate translation: “Lebanon’s trees wither and decay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 33 9 d8ct 0 Sharon … Bashan … Carmel Many trees and flowers once grew in these places. -ISA 33 9 dj2w figs-simile 0 Sharon is like a desert plain This compares how dry Sharon is to a desert plain. Alternate translation: “Sharon is as dry as a desert plain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 33 9 aiz6 figs-synecdoche 0 Bashan and Carmel shake off their leaves Here Bashan and Carmel are represented by their trees. Alternate translation: “there are no more leaves on the trees in Bashan and Carmel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 33 10 d6gh figs-metaphor 0 will I arise To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: “will I begin to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 10 gmq4 figs-activepassive 0 now I will be lifted up; now I will be elevated This can be stated in active form. These two phrases have basically the same meaning and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. Alternate translation: “now I will exalt myself and show that I deserve for everyone to honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 33 11 il71 figs-metaphor 0 You conceive chaff, and you give birth to stubble This speaks of the Assyrians making plans as if they were conceiving and giving birth to their plans as a mother gives birth to a baby. This speaks of their plans being useless by comparing them to chaff. Alternate translation: “You make plans that are as useless as chaff and straw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 11 m839 0 stubble The dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after the stalks have been cut. -ISA 33 11 f2w8 figs-metonymy 0 your breath is a fire that will consume you Here the Assyrians’ plans are referred to as their “breath.” This speaks of their plans causing them to die as if their plans would literally burn up their bodies. Alternate translation: “your plans will cause you to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 12 q832 figs-simile 0 The peoples will be burned to lime, as thornbushes are cut down and are burned This compares how the peoples’ dead bodies will be burned to the way thornbushes are burned. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Fire will burn the peoples’ bodies to lime in the same way that a farmer cuts down thornbushes and burns them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 12 k121 0 lime the ashes from burned bones -ISA 33 13 h2cp 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak. -ISA 33 13 qf2k figs-merism 0 You who are far away, hear what I have done; and, you who are near, acknowledge my might Yahweh uses the words “far away” and “near” to mean all people. The word “might” can be expressed with the adjective “mighty.” Alternate translation: “All people everywhere hear what I have done and acknowledge that I am mighty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 33 14 hr7p figs-personification 0 trembling has seized the godless ones This speaks of the godless people trembling as if their trembling were an enemy that had seized them. Alternate translation: “the godless ones are overwhelmed with trembling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 33 14 l4yq figs-explicit 0 Who among us … burnings? It is implied that the sinners in Zion ask these questions. Alternate translation: “They say, ‘Who among us … burnings?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 33 14 p2p3 figs-rquestion 0 Who among us can sojourn with a raging fire? Who among us can sojourn with everlasting burnings? These rhetorial questions have basically the same meaning and emphasize that no one can live with fire. Here fire represents Yahweh’s judgment. Alternate translation: “No one can live with raging fire! No one can live with everylasting burns!” or “No one can live bearing Yahweh’s judgment, it is like an everlasting fire!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 33 14 n2zl 0 sojourn live in a place that is not one’s home -ISA 33 15 a3sk figs-idiom 0 He who walks Here walking refers to living. Alternate translation: “He who lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 33 15 kmw5 figs-abstractnouns 0 who despises the gain of oppression The noun phrase “the gain of oppression” can be expressed as a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “who hates the riches that come from harming other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 33 16 jr9e figs-metaphor 0 this is the man who will dwell on the heights, his place of defense will be the fortress among the cliffs This speaks of the man being safe as if he lived in a home on a high hill. These two phrase are parallel and the second phrase describes the place where the man lives. Alternate translation: “he will be safe, like a man who home is built on a high hill, in a rocky place that is easy to defend” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 33 16 t3ae figs-metonymy 0 the heights This refers to a high hill or mountainside. Alternate translation: “the high hill” or “the mountainside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 33 16 p4zt figs-metaphor 0 the fortress among the cliffs This speaks of rocky areas that are easy to defend as if they were actually fortresses. Alternate translation: “the large piles of rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 16 v96k 0 will be in steady supply “will always be available” -ISA 33 17 vd1r figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes will see … they will see This refers the audience by their “eyes.” Alternate translation: “You will see … you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 33 17 d8s5 figs-metonymy 0 the king in his beauty The king’s royal robes are referred to as “his beauty.” Alternate translation: “the king in his beautiful robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 33 18 h85u figs-synecdoche 0 Your heart will recall the terror This refers to the audience by their “hearts.” “The terror” refers to their war with the Assyrians. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You will remember the terror that the Assyrians caused you when they attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 33 18 m1ib figs-rquestion 0 where is the scribe, where is he who weighed the money? Where is he who counted the towers? These rhetorical question are asked to emphasize that the Assyrian officials are gone. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “The officers of Assyria who counted the tax money that we were forced to pay to them have disappeared! Those men who counted our towers are gone!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 33 18 v7nn 0 weighed the money Money was valuable metal; its value was determined by its weight. -ISA 33 19 b6t2 0 the defiant people, a people of a strange language that you do not understand “a fierce people who speak a language that you do not understand” -ISA 33 20 km19 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak to the people of Judah. -ISA 33 20 ex3i figs-possession 0 the city of our feasts This means that they have their festival and feasts at this city. Alternate translation: “the city where we have our feasts” or “they city where we celebrate our festivals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ISA 33 20 gq29 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes will see The people are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize what they are seeing. Alternate translation: “you will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 33 20 tj7h figs-metaphor 0 a tent that will not be removed This speaks of Zion being secure and well establish as if it were secure tent. This can be stated in active form and written as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “it will be secure, like a tent that no one will ever remove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 20 z75i figs-metaphor 0 whose stakes will never be pulled up nor will any of its cords be broken This is part of the metaphor that compares Zion to a secure tent. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whose stakes no one will ever pull up and whose cords no one will ever break” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 21 js4c figs-exclusive 0 Yahweh in majesty will be with us, in a place of broad rivers and streams Here “us” refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. This speaks of the safety of living with Yahweh as if it were a place that has rivers around it so that enemies cannot attack it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh who is majestic will be with us, and we will be safe as if we were in a place surrounded by broad rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 21 z6si 0 will travel it “will travel the river” -ISA 33 22 x9zc figs-exclusive 0 our … us This refers to Isaiah and includes the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 33 23 er96 figs-metaphor 0 Your riggings are slack; they cannot hold the mast in place; they cannot spread the sail This could mean: (1) The Assyrian army is like a boat that is unable to move through the water: the ropes that support the mast and sail have come loose and no longer support the mast, so the sail is useless ([Isaiah 33:1](../33/01.md)) or (2) the people of Judah are no longer at war: “You have loosened the cords that supported your flagpole; the flag no longer flies” ([Isaiah 33:17](./17.md)-[Isaiah 22](./22.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 33 23 b3bn 0 mast tall poles that support the sail -ISA 33 23 l3q9 0 sail a large cloth that fills with wind and moves a boat through the water -ISA 33 23 a64j figs-activepassive 0 when the great spoil is divided This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when they divide the treasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 33 23 tx7c figs-nominaladj 0 the lame This refers to people who are cannot walk. Alternate translation: “those who are lame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 33 24 brw9 figs-activepassive 0 the people who live there will be forgiven for their iniquity This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will forgive the sins of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 34 intro rp2m 0 # Isaiah 34 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Destruction
There are many images used in this chapter which describe destruction. Here each of these metaphors describes complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Prophecy

This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 34 1 l8gx figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking in poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 34 1 xx72 figs-personification 0 The earth and all that fills it must listen, the world, and all things that come from it Here the earth is spoken of as being required to listen to Yahweh to emphasize that it is under Yahweh’s authority. These two parallel phrases are metonyms for all the people who live in the world. Alternate translation: “In all places everywhere on earth, everyone must listen to what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 34 1 q1g4 figs-ellipsis 0 the world, and all things that come from it This is the second of two parallel phrases. The understood words may be supplied in this phrase. Alternate translation: “the world, and all things that come from it must listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 34 2 maf7 figs-pastforfuture 0 he has completely destroyed them, he has handed them over to the slaughter Often prophets speak of things that will happen in the future as if they have already happened. This emphasizes the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy them, he will give them over to the slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 34 3 g8nr figs-activepassive 0 The bodies of their dead will be thrown out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will bury their dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 34 3 kc9q figs-nominaladj 0 their dead This refers to the dead people. Alternate translation: “those who died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 34 3 alg3 0 the mountains will soak up their blood “the mountains will be covered in their blood” -ISA 34 4 ta5s figs-activepassive 0 the sky will be rolled up like a scroll This can be stated in active form. This compares what Yahweh will do to the sky to a person rolling up a scroll. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will roll up the sky in the same way that a person rolls up a scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 34 4 g3vj figs-simile 0 all their stars will fade away, as the leaf fades from off the vine, and as the overripe figs from the fig tree This emphasizes even the things in the sky that people thought would be there forever will fall as easily as a leaf. Alternate translation: “all the stars will fall from the sky like a leaf falls from a vine or a fig falls from a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 34 5 zep4 figs-metaphor 0 when my sword will have drunk its fill in heaven Yahweh describes himself as a warrior bearing a sword. The phrase “drunk its fill” speaks of Yahweh’s sword as if it were a person who has eaten and become satisfied. Yahweh uses this imagery to emphasize that there will be a lot of destruction in heaven and to state its completion. Alternate translation: “when I am finished destroying things in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 34 5 zs1y 0 look This word is used here to draw the listener’s attention and to have them imagine the things being said. Alternate translation: “listen” or “and then” -ISA 34 5 dh31 figs-metaphor 0 it will now come down on Edom, on the people I am setting apart for destruction The word “it” refers to Yahweh’s sword. This continues the metaphor about Yahweh destroying things with a sword. Alternate translation: “I will come to punish the people of Edom, the people whom I have set aside for me to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 5 n7uq figs-metonymy 0 on Edom Edom refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “on the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 34 6 z82l figs-metaphor 0 The sword of Yahweh is dripping with blood and covered with fat … of rams This speaks of Yahweh killing the people as if he were a priest sacrificing animals. He does this by describing the sword of a priest. Alternate translation: “Yahweh sacrifices them as a priest sacrifices animals, whose sword drips with the blood and fat of lambs, goats, and rams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 6 e9tg figs-abstractnouns 0 For Yahweh has a sacrifice in Bozrah and a great slaughter in the land of Edom The words “sacrifice” and “slaughter” may be expressed here as verbs. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh will sacrifice many people in Bozrah and kill many people in the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 34 6 hx1f translate-names 0 Bozrah This is an important city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 34 7 ruc9 0 will fall “will die” -ISA 34 7 x9xv figs-personification 0 Their land will be drunk with blood This describes the amount of blood that will soak into the ground by comparing the land to a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Their land will be soaked with blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 34 7 cw9p figs-personification 0 their dust made fat with fatness Here “dust” means the dirt on the ground. This describes the amount of fat that will soak into the dirt by comparing it to a person that has become fat from eating so much animal fat. Alternate translation: “the dirt will be full of the fat of the animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 34 8 ypt1 figs-idiom 0 it will be a day of vengeance for Yahweh Here “day” is an idiom for a point in time; it is not a literal “day.” Alternate translation: “it will be the time when Yahweh gets revenge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 34 8 f6ru figs-explicit 0 he will pay them back for the cause of Zion This means that he will take revenge on them for how they had previously waged war against the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “he will give them the punishment they deserve for what they had done to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 34 9 b8cq figs-metaphor 0 The streams of Edom will be turned into pitch … become burning pitch The water and land becoming useless for drinking or growing food because it is burnt and covered in pitch and sulfur is spoken of as if their streams and land will actually become pitch and sulfur. Alternate translation: “The streams in Edom will be full of pitch and the ground will be covered with burning sulfur and burning pitch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 9 yfh4 0 her dust … her land “Edom’s dust … Edom’s land” -ISA 34 9 fd7g 0 pitch a thick, black substance that burns for a long time -ISA 34 10 smi7 figs-merism 0 It will burn night and day This means all of the time. Alternate translation: “It will burn throughout the night and the day” or “It will burn constantly, all night and all day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 34 10 tvh4 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 34 11 yd3v 0 will live there “will live in the land of Edom” -ISA 34 11 drt9 0 owl See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). -ISA 34 11 q1gl 0 raven This is a large black bird. It is difficult to identify some of the precise kinds of birds mentioned in this passage. However, they were all birds that preferred to live in places where there were no people, so they symbolize deserted places. -ISA 34 11 p68y 0 in it “there.” This refers to Edom. -ISA 34 11 pgr3 figs-metaphor 0 He will stretch over it the measuring line of ruin and the plumbline of destruction This speaks of Yahweh as if he were a careful builder as he causes destruction in Edom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will measure that land carefully; he will measure it to decide where to cause ruin and destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 11 z1ph 0 measuring line … plumbline These are builders’ tools. See how you translated similar words in [Isaiah 28:17](../28/17.md). -ISA 34 12 xsb8 0 Her nobles … her princes “The nobles of Edom … the princes of Edom” -ISA 34 12 t7ih figs-hyperbole 0 all her princes will be nothing This exaggerates the princes losing their royal status by saying that they will become nothing. Alternate translation: “all her princes will no longer rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 34 13 ayh3 0 Thorns … nettles … thistles These are all weeds with thorns. Nettles’ thorns have poison that causes itching. -ISA 34 13 pt3i 0 jackals Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md). -ISA 34 13 f3r8 0 ostriches Translate the name of this animal the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). -ISA 34 14 je4l 0 wild animals Translate this the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). -ISA 34 14 p32p 0 hyenas Translate the name of this animal as you did in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md). -ISA 34 14 y56u 0 Nocturnal animals animals that are awake and active at night -ISA 34 15 z2sp 0 Owls Translate this word the same as you did in [Isaiah 13:21](../13/21.md). -ISA 34 15 ty8k 0 hawks birds that kill small animals for food -ISA 34 16 qji5 figs-possession 0 Search through the scroll of Yahweh The phrase “the scroll of Yahweh” means that it contains the messages spoken by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Read carefully what is written in this scroll that contains the messages of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ISA 34 16 me3v 0 not one of these “not one of the animals” -ISA 34 16 w98b figs-doublenegatives 0 None will lack for a mate This can be written as a positive statement. Alternate translation: “Each animal will have a mate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ISA 34 16 zh4w figs-synecdoche 0 for his mouth has commanded it Yahweh is referred to by his “mouth” to emphasize what he has said. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 34 17 wiz7 figs-metaphor 0 He has cast lots for their places This speaks of Yahweh deciding where to cause the animals to live as if he actually cast lots for their places. Alternate translation: “He has determined where they will live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 17 n3hj figs-metaphor 0 his hand has measured it out for them by a cord This refers to the way that people measured things in biblical times. Alternate translation: “he has given the animals their places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 34 17 f3tu figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation they will The phrase “generation to generation” refers to all generations of people who will live in the future. See how you translated the phrase “from generation to generation” in [Isaiah 13:20](../13/20.md). Alternate translation: “forever they will” or “they will always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 35 intro wlq4 0 # Isaiah 35 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Reign of the Messiah
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -ISA 35 1 s4b3 figs-personification 0 The wilderness and the Arabah will be glad; and the desert will rejoice These two phrases have basically the same meaning. These places are described as being glad, like a person is glad, because they have received water and are blossoming. Alternate translation: “It will be like the wilderness and the Arabah are glad and the desert will rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 35 1 pis9 figs-synecdoche 0 blossom This speaks of the plants in the desert blossoming as if the desert itself were blossoming. Alternate translation: “its plants will blossom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 35 2 f7wa figs-simile 0 it will blossom abundantly This compares the way the plants of the desert blossom to the way a rose (verse 1) has many blossoms. Alternate translation: “The desert will grow many new plants and trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 35 2 eqm8 figs-personification 0 and rejoice with joy and singing This speaks of the desert as if it were happy and singing like a person. Alternate translation: “it will be as though everything is rejoicing and singing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 35 2 tt4e figs-activepassive 0 the glory of Lebanon will be given to it This can be stated in active form. This speaks of Yahweh making the desert looks as glorious as Lebanon as if he were giving the desert Lebanon’s glory. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will give it the glory of Lebanon” or “Yahweh will make it as glorious as Lebanon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 35 2 cy7n figs-metaphor 0 the splendor of Carmel and Sharon This speaks of Yahweh making the desert look beautiful as Carmel and Sharon as if he were giving the desert their splendor. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “the splendor of Carmel and Sharon will be given to it” or “Yahweh will make it as splendid as Carmel and Sharon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 35 2 y6hb figs-doublet 0 the glory of Yahweh, the splendor of our God These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize Yahweh’s appearance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 35 3 qfp3 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 35 3 f8st figs-synecdoche 0 Strengthen the weak hands, and steady the knees that shake. The words “weak hands” and “knees that shake” represent a person who is fearful. Alternate translation: “Strengthen those whose hands are weak and whose knees shake from fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 35 4 duk7 figs-synecdoche 0 those with a fearful heart Here people are referred to by their hearts, which emphasize their inner feelings. Alternate translation: “to those who are fearful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 35 4 byx6 0 Look This is used here to draw the listeners’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 35 4 yx44 figs-abstractnouns 0 your God will come with vengeance, with the recompense of God This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “vengeance” and “recompense” are expressed as the verb “punish.” The words “vengeance” and “recompense” mean the same thing and emphasize that God will punish Judah’s enemies. Alternate translation: “your God will punish your enemies for what they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 35 5 n48l 0 General Information: These verses begin a description of the glorious future for God’s people. -ISA 35 5 qq2t figs-nominaladj 0 the eyes of the blind will see “The blind” refers to people who are blind. They are referred to by their “eyes” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “blind people will see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 35 5 n5na figs-nominaladj 0 the ears of the deaf will hear “The deaf” refers to people who cannot hear. They are referred to by their “ears” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “deaf people will hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 35 6 tk9j figs-simile 0 the lame man will leap like a deer Deer can jump far and high. Jumping like a deer is an exaggeration for being able to move about quickly and easily. Alternate translation: “the lame man will jump high” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 35 6 jfl8 figs-synecdoche 0 the mute tongue will sing This refers to people who cannot speak. They are referred to by their “tongues” to emphasize their healing. Alternate translation: “mute people will sing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 35 6 hbh2 figs-ellipsis 0 streams in the wilderness The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “streams will flow in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 35 7 szb4 figs-explicit 0 The burning sand will become a pool This means that a pool of water will appear in the hot sand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “A pool will appear in the burning sand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 35 7 jn3e figs-personification 0 the thirsty ground Here the dry ground is described as being thirsty. Alternate translation: “the dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 35 7 y4rh figs-explicit 0 the thirsty ground springs of water This means that springs will appear in the dry ground. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “springs of water will appear in the thirsty ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 35 7 f1uj 0 jackals See how you translated this in [Isaiah 13:22](../13/22.md). -ISA 35 7 u1py 0 reeds and rushes These are plants that grow in wet areas. -ISA 35 8 c1ji 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the glorious future for God’s people. -ISA 35 8 cz9h figs-activepassive 0 A highway will be there called The Holy Way This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A highway will be there that has the name The Holy Way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 35 8 sy7r 0 highway See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 11:16](../11/16.md). -ISA 35 8 ese5 figs-nominaladj 0 The unclean This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “Those who are unclean” or “People who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 35 8 nfa5 figs-idiom 0 him who walks in it This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to “living.” This refers to the person who lives a holy life. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who lives in the holy way” or “who lives a holy life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 35 9 ns9h figs-activepassive 0 they will not be found there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will find them there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 35 9 aui1 figs-nominaladj 0 the redeemed This refers to people who God has redeemed. Alternate translation: “those who are redeemed” or “those who God has redeemed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 35 10 s1di figs-nominaladj 0 The ransomed of Yahweh To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 35 10 q3ha figs-synecdoche 0 everlasting joy will be on their heads This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will have everlasting joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 35 10 x841 figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy … sorrow and sighing The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “sighing.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 35 10 b5lz figs-personification 0 gladness and joy will overtake them This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone by force. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 35 10 d5f7 figs-personification 0 sorrow and sighing will flee away This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and sighing by giving these emotions the human ability to run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and sighing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 36 intro r5x3 0 # Isaiah 36 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The previous chapters have been constructed as prophecy and contain many poetic elements. This chapter switches to a narrative and is a discussion between the officials from Assyria and Judah. To make the meaning clear here, it may be helpful to set apart the extended quotations by setting them farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trust

The people of Judah were to trust in Yahweh because only he could provide them with protection. The people of Jerusalem were protected because they trusted in Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
The Assyrian commanders use rhetorical questions in this chapter to mock or insult Judah and their God, Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 1 v35t translate-ordinal 0 the fourteenth year “year 14” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -ISA 36 1 jr4c 0 King Hezekiah See how you translated the name of this king in [Isaiah 1:1](../01/01.md). -ISA 36 1 np79 translate-names 0 Sennacherib This is the name of the king of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 1 y3xq figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib … attacked all the fortified cities Here Sennacherib represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army … attacked all the fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 36 2 df93 0 the chief commander Some versions of the Bible translate this as “the Rabshakeh.” This is the Assyrian word for one of the highest ranking military leaders in Assyria. -ISA 36 2 yz32 translate-names 0 Lachish This is a city southwest of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 2 xgl3 0 conduit man-made ditch or tunnel through which water flows. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). -ISA 36 2 su6h translate-names 0 the launderers’ field This could mean: (1) this is the proper name by which the people called the field or (2) this is the common noun that the people used to talk about the field, “the launderers’ field” or “the field where men wash wool” or “the field where women wash clothes.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 2 ilm6 translate-names 0 the launderers’ field Here, **the launderers** are either: (1) men who wash wool that someone has cut from the sheep, “wool washers field,” or (2) women who wash dirty clothes, “clothes washers field.” See how you translated this in [Isaiah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 3 in74 translate-names 0 Hilkiah … Eliakim See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 3 pc89 translate-names 0 Shebna See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 3 ch95 translate-names 0 Asaph … Joah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 4 js58 0 said to them “said to Eliakim, Shebna, and Joah” -ISA 36 4 p18f figs-rquestion 0 What is the source of your confidence? The king of Assyria uses this question to challenge Hezekiah and to say that he does not have a good source for confidence. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have no reliable source for your confidence.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 5 qam5 figs-metonymy 0 there is counsel and strength for war “you have the council and the strength to go to war.” The phrase “strength for war” refers to having a large enough and strong enough army with weapons. Alternate translation: “you have enough military council, strong men, and weapons to go to war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 5 cx3g figs-rquestion 0 Now in whom are you trusting? Who has given you courage to rebel against me? The king of Assyria uses questions to ridicule Hezekiah for believing he has the strength to rebel. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No matter in whom you trust, you will not have the courage to rebel against me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 6 ke68 0 General Information: This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah. The chief commander is speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men ([Isaiah 36:4-5](./04.md)). -ISA 36 6 e9jq 0 Look Sennacherib uses this word to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 36 6 riv6 figs-metonymy 0 trusting in Egypt Here “Egypt” refers to the Egyptian army. Alternate translation: “trusting in the Egyptian army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 6 p2hf figs-metaphor 0 that splintered reed that you use as a walking staff, but if a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it This speaks of Egypt, specifically its army and its Pharaoh, as if it were a splintered reed to emphasize that relying on them would not help them but would only harm them. Alternate translation: “that is like walking with a splintered reed for a staff. If a man leans on it, it will stick into his hand and pierce it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 36 6 ha6p 0 splintered reed A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is splintered or damaged it cannot carry any weight. -ISA 36 6 d7dx 0 walking staff This is a stick that someone would use for support when walking, made of whatever kind of tree limb that is found along the way. -ISA 36 7 rnl2 figs-rquestion 0 is not he the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem”? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule the people and to imply that Yahweh was angry about what Hezekiah did and would not protect them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “he is the one whose high places and altars Hezekiah has taken away … Jerusalem.” or “he is the one whom Hezekiah insulted by tearing down his high places and altars … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 36 7 dd7s figs-quotations 0 has said to Judah and to Jerusalem, “You must worship before this altar in Jerusalem”? This can be written as an indirect quote. “Judah” and “Jerusalem” refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “has told the people of Judah and Jerusalem that they must worship only at this altar in Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 8 bks6 0 General Information: This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men ([Isaiah 36:4-5](./04.md)). -ISA 36 8 cxf8 translate-numbers 0 two thousand horses “2,000 horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 36 8 kf72 figs-irony 0 if you are able to find riders for them The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army by implying that he did not have many soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 36 9 kd1i 0 General Information: This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah by speaking the message to Hezekiah’s men ([Isaiah 36:4-5](./04.md)). -ISA 36 9 kkc7 figs-rquestion 0 How could you resist even one captain … servants? The chief commander continues to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. When he says “you,” referring to Hezekiah, he is actually referring to Hezekiah’s army. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your army could not even defeat one captain … servants.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 10 i4d9 figs-rquestion 0 Now then, have I traveled up here without Yahweh to fight against this land and destroy it? The chief commander uses another question to ridicule Hezekiah and the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I came here with Yahweh’s command to destroy Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 10 lp4l figs-metonymy 0 without Yahweh Here “Yahweh” refers to Yahweh’s orders. Alternate translation: “without Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 10 rme7 figs-metonymy 0 against this land and destroy it … Attack this land and destroy it This means to fight against the people and cause destruction in the place where they live. The land referred to here is Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “against this people and destroy their land … Attack these people and destroy their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 11 u5uf 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebnah See how you translated these men’s names in [Isaiah 22:20](../22/20.md). -ISA 36 11 gv2d 0 Shebnah See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 22:15](../22/15.md). -ISA 36 11 nk7q 0 Joah See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:3](./03.md) -ISA 36 11 k22v 0 chief commander See how you translated this in [Isaiah 36:2](./02.md). -ISA 36 11 t9lq 0 Please speak to your servants Eliakim, Shebnah, and Joah refer to themselves as the chief commander’s servants. This is a polite way to speak to someone who has greater authority. -ISA 36 11 ts48 translate-names 0 the Aramean language, Aramaic “Aramean” is the name of a people group. “Aramaic” is the name of their language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 11 src6 figs-idiom 0 in the ears of the people who are on the wall The idiom “to speak in someone’s ear” means to speak where they can hear you. Alternate translation: “where the people who are on the wall may hear us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 36 11 ka86 figs-explicit 0 who are on the wall This means that they are standing on the wall. The top of the wall was wide and a place where people could sit or stand. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “who are standing on the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 36 12 sj4i figs-rquestion 0 Has my master sent me to your master and to you to speak these words? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize that his message is for all the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, my master has sent me to speak this message to you and to all who can hear.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 12 e31l figs-rquestion 0 Has he not sent me to the men who sit on the wall, who will have to … you? The chief commander uses this question to emphasize his insult. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My master has sent me to everyone who hears this, who will have to … you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 12 q31n figs-explicit 0 will have to eat their own dung and drink their own urine with you This is a very offensive statement. He is implying that they will need to eat these things because they will have nothing else to eat because their city will be under attack. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “will soon need to eat their own dung and drink their own urine, just as you will, because you will have nothing else to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 36 13 r755 0 the chief commander See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). -ISA 36 15 m9dz figs-activepassive 0 this city will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not give Jerusalem into the hand of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 36 15 q7vd figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the king The king’s “hand” refers to his “control.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 16 t4iu 0 General Information: The chief commander continues speaking to the people of Judah. -ISA 36 16 jhn1 figs-idiom 0 Make peace with me This idiom means to agree officially to act peacefully towards one another. Alternate translation: “Let us agree to have peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 36 16 pq46 figs-idiom 0 come out to me This idiom means to surrender. Alternate translation: “surrender to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 36 17 pl47 figs-metonymy 0 until I come and take Here the king of Assyria is referring to his army as himself. Alternate translation: “until my army comes and takes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 17 p9x3 figs-parallelism 0 a land of grain and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards These two phrase have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize how prosperous the land will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 36 17 dnb3 figs-possession 0 a land of grain … a land of bread This means that they land is full of natural resources, such as grain. Alternate translation: “a land where there is plenty of grain … a land where there is plenty of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-possession]]) -ISA 36 18 wdv8 0 General Information: The chief commander continues speaking the king of Assyria’s message to the people of Judah ([Isaiah 36:16](../36/16.md)). -ISA 36 18 u8gl figs-rquestion 0 Has any of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of the gods of the peoples rescued them from … Assyria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 18 gl11 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the king The king’s control is referred to as his “hand.” Alternate translation: “the control of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 19 zj8l figs-rquestion 0 Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where are the gods of Sepharvaim? Have they rescued Samaria from my power? The chief commander uses these questions to ridicule the people of Judah. These questions may be combined and written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The gods of Hamath, Arpad, Sepharvaim, and Samaria did not rescue their people from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 19 r9ju translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 10:9](../10/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 19 g5q3 translate-names 0 Sepharvaim This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 20 tl7p figs-rquestion 0 is there any god who has rescued … as if Yahweh could save Jerusalem from my power? The chief commander uses this question to ridicule the people of Judah. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “there is no god who has rescued … and Yahweh will not save you in Jerusalem from my power.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 36 20 r234 figs-metonymy 0 his land This refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 36 22 zjw1 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Hilkiah … Shebna … Joah … Asaph Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 36 22 yqy8 figs-idiom 0 over the household This idiom means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 36 22 kdc7 translate-symaction 0 with their clothes torn Hezekiah’s officials tore their clothes as a sign of mourning and distress. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “with their clothes torn because they were extremely distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 37 intro vy96 0 # Isaiah 37 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 37:22-38.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Tearing clothes and putting on sackcloth
This was a sign of great distress. While it is often accompanies repentance, in this chapter it is intended to show the king’s anger at the blasphemy of the Assyrians when they spoke against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/blasphemy]])

### Prayer
Hezekiah was different from the other kings because when he was threatened by Assyria, he went to Yahweh in prayer. He did not trust in his army or make an alliance with Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -ISA 37 1 u52c writing-newevent 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]]) -ISA 37 1 qkd2 translate-symaction 0 he tore his clothes, covered himself with sackcloth This is a sign of mourning and distress. Alternate translation: “he tore his clothes and covered himself with sackcloth because he was very distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 37 2 he14 translate-names 0 Eliakim … Shebna Translate the names of these men the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:3](../36/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 2 u8m9 figs-idiom 0 over the household This is an idiom that means that he was in charge of the affairs of the palace household. Alternate translation: “in charge of the palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 2 vd87 translate-symaction 0 all covered with sackcloth This is a sign of mourning and distress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 37 3 vt7q 0 They said to him “The men sent by Hezekiah said to Isaiah” -ISA 37 3 nm3p figs-simile 0 like when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child This comparison is made to emphasizes that they are in a time of extreme difficulty. Alternate translation: “It is as terrible as the day when a child is ready to be born, but the mother has no strength to give birth to her child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 37 4 k27f figs-explicit 0 It may be Yahweh your God will hear the words Hezekiah is indirectly suggesting that if the people pray Yahweh may listen and act upon what the chief commander had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Maybe if you pray to Yahweh your God will hear the message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 4 rr63 0 the chief commander See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). -ISA 37 4 m9rk 0 his master This phrase means that the king is the chief commander’s master. -ISA 37 4 yi1b figs-explicit 0 will rebuke the words which Yahweh your God has heard Here the phrase “the words which Yahweh your God has heard” refers to what the king of Assyria had said. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Yahweh your God will rebuke the king of Assyria for what he has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 4 t6nz figs-metaphor 0 lift up your prayer Praying to Yahweh is described this way to emphasize that Yahweh is in heaven. A prayer is spoken of as if they were objects that could be lifted high into the sky. Alternate translation: “pray” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 37 4 jr8n figs-metonymy 0 for the remnant that is still here This refers to the people who are left in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “for the few of us that are still here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 7 wiv3 figs-idiom 0 I will put a spirit in him, and he will hear a certain report and go back to his own land The phrase “put a spirit in him” means that God will influence him to make a specific decision. The word “spirit” here means a strong attitude or feeling. Alternate translation: “I will influence him so that when he hears a certain report, he will go back to his own land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 7 v1q1 0 Look This word is used here to draw the peoples’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 37 7 ggs5 figs-idiom 0 I will cause him to fall by the sword in his own land The phrase “fall by the sword” is an idiom that means that his enemy will kill him with a sword. Alternate translation: “And there in his own land, I will cause his enemies to kill him with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 8 q58i translate-names 0 Lachish See how you translated the name of this city in [Isaiah 36:2](../36/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 8 j5mn translate-names 0 Libnah This is a city in southern Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 9 d4uz translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 9 kcx5 translate-names 0 Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized to fight against him “Tirhakah” is the name of a man. He had mobilized his army so that they were ready to fight. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “Tirhakah king of Cush and Egypt had mobilized his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 9 wd2v figs-metonymy 0 to fight against him The word “him” represents Sennacherib. Here Sennacherib represents his army. Alternate translation: “to fight against the army of Sennacherib” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 10 vz6u figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem will not be given into the hand of the king of Assyria This can be stated in active form. The word “hand” refers to the king’s military power. Alternate translation: “The king of Assyria and his army will not conquer you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 37 11 l567 0 General Information: This continues the king of Assyria’s message to Hezekiah. -ISA 37 11 l934 0 See, you have heard The word “see” here is used to add emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “You have certainly heard” -ISA 37 11 vik5 figs-rquestion 0 So will you be rescued? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “So you too will not be saved.” or “So of course no one will rescue you either!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 37 12 rk3v figs-rquestion 0 Have the gods of the nations rescued them … Tel Assar? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The nations’ god did not rescue the nations that my fathers destroyed … Tel Assar!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 37 12 iz21 figs-synecdoche 0 that my fathers destroyed These men destroyed the cities listed by conquering them with their armies. Here the word “fathers” refers to his father and his other ancestors who were kings. Alternate translation: “that my fathers destroyed with their armies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 12 k8xm translate-names 0 Gozan … Haran … Rezeph … Eden … Tel Assar These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 13 aku4 translate-names 0 Hena … Ivvah These are places that the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 13 ib9s figs-rquestion 0 Where is the king … Ivvah? The king of Assyria uses this question to ridicule Hezekiah and his army. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “We also conquered the king … Ivvah!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 37 13 t5zc translate-names 0 Hamath … Arpad … Sepharvaim Translate the names of these cities the same as you did in [Isaiah 36:19](../36/19.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 14 ex2e figs-synecdoche 0 from hand of the messengers Here the messengers are referred to by their “hand” to emphasize that they personally gave it to the king. Alternate translation: “that the messengers gave him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 14 a1u4 0 he went up to the house of Yahweh The house of Yahweh was at the highest place in Jerusalem, so it is spoken of as “up.” -ISA 37 14 c2pf 0 spread it before him “spread out the letter in front of Yahweh.” Being in the house of Yahweh is considered the same as being in Yahweh’s presence. The letter was a scroll that could be unrolled and spread out. -ISA 37 16 m4vb figs-explicit 0 you who sit above the cherubim You may need to make explicit that the cherubim are those on the lid of the ark of the covenant. The biblical writers often spoke of the ark of the covenant as if it were Yahweh’s footstool upon which he rested his feet as he sat on his throne in heaven above. Alternate translation: “you who sit on your throne above the cherubim on the ark of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 16 bcb9 0 you are God alone “only you are God” -ISA 37 16 z5zj figs-idiom 0 over all the kingdoms This idiom means to have authority and to rule over all the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “have authority over all the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 16 bl43 figs-merism 0 You made the heavens and the earth This means that he created everything. Alternate translation: “You made everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 37 17 x59g 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh. -ISA 37 17 q72i figs-explicit 0 which he has sent Hezekiah is referring to the letter from Sennacherib. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “in the message he has sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 17 j5py 0 Turn your ear “Incline your ear” or “Turn your head.” This means to turn your head so that you can hear something better. -ISA 37 17 rq3a translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 18 vwq4 figs-hyperbole 0 all the nations and their lands This is a generalization. The kings had destroyed many of the nearby lands, but not necessarily all lands. Alternate translation: “many of the nations and their lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 37 19 ymw5 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues praying to Yahweh. -ISA 37 19 xdh5 figs-synecdoche 0 for they were not gods but the work of men’s hands, just wood and stone This emphasizes that humans made these idols with their own hands and are therefore worthless. Alternate translation: “because they were false gods that men made out of wood and stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 20 t78q 0 from his power “from the king of Assyria’s power” -ISA 37 20 d95t figs-metonymy 0 all the kingdoms This refers to the people in the kingdoms. Alternate translation: “all the people in the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 20 y5e4 0 you are Yahweh alone “only you, Yahweh, are God” -ISA 37 21 rbj3 figs-metonymy 0 sent a message This means that he sent a messenger to give a message to the king. Alternate translation: “sent someone to give a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 22 ha6t 0 is the word that Yahweh has spoken “is what Yahweh has said” -ISA 37 22 hdv5 0 laughs you to scorn “laughs at you” or “makes fun of you” -ISA 37 22 d2ht translate-symaction 0 shakes her head This is a gesture of scorn. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 37 22 f4jf figs-idiom 0 The virgin daughter of Zion … the daughter of Jerusalem These are idioms. Both of these phrases have the same meaning. The “daughter” of a city means the people who live in the city. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “The people of Zion … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 23 xes7 figs-rquestion 0 Whom have you defied and insulted?…Against the Holy One of Israel. Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to ridicule the king of Assyria. These can be written as statements. Alternate translation: “You have defied and insulted Yahweh, you have shouted at and acted pridefully against the Holy One of Israel!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 37 23 m83m figs-metaphor 0 have you exalted your voice This refers to speaking loudly as if the person’s voice were an object that they lifted high. Alternate translation: “have you shouted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 37 23 xz28 figs-idiom 0 lifted up your eyes in pride This is an idiom that means to look at something pridefully, considering yourself more important that you should. Alternate translation: “looked at pridefully” or “acted pridefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 24 f2gc 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria. -ISA 37 24 dt18 figs-explicit 0 By your servants This refers to the servants that he had sent to Hezekiah with a message. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “In the messages you sent with your servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 24 k4e1 figs-synecdoche 0 I have gone … I will cut … I will enter Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have gone … We will cut … we will enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 24 wv8g 0 its tall cedars “Lebanon’s tall cedars” -ISA 37 24 vey3 figs-ellipsis 0 its most fruitful forest Here the word “fruitful” refers to the forest being dense and full of healthy trees. The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “and into its most fruitful forest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 37 25 gwm7 figs-synecdoche 0 I have dug … I dried … my feet Here Sennacherib speaks of himself conquering many things. He is actually conquering them with the armies and chariots that he commands. Alternate translation: “We have dug … we dried … our feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 25 u9gt figs-hyperbole 0 I dried up all the rivers of Egypt under the soles of my feet Here Sennachrib is exaggerating his conquest and travels across the rivers of Egypt by claiming to have dried up the rivers when he marched his army through them. Alternate translation: “I have marched through all the rivers of Egypt as if they were dry under my feet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 37 26 vd5w 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria. -ISA 37 26 k4vl figs-rquestion 0 Have you not heard how … times? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to remind Sennacherib of information that he should already be aware of. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly you have heard how … times.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 37 26 vpm5 figs-explicit 0 You are here to reduce impregnable cities into heaps of ruins Yahweh had planned for Sennacherib’s army to destroy the cities that they had destroyed. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I planned that your army would destroy cities and cause them to become piles of rubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 26 ru16 0 impregnable strong and heavily guarded -ISA 37 26 lbt8 figs-idiom 0 I am bringing it to pass The idiom “to bring something to pass” means to cause a specific thing to happen. Alternate translation: “I am causing it to happen” or “I am causing these things to take place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 27 abl4 0 of little strength “who are weak” -ISA 37 27 z86i figs-metaphor 0 shattered broken into small pieces. This is a metaphor for being greatly discouraged. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 37 27 lp95 figs-metaphor 0 They are plants in the field, green grass, the grass on the roof or in the field, before the east wind This speaks of how weak and vulnerable the cities are before the Assryian army by comparing the cities to grass. Alternate translation: “The cities are as weak as the grass in the fields before your armies. They are as weak as the grass that grows on the roofs of houses and is scorched by the hot east wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 37 27 u4kj 0 before the east wind The east wind is hot and dry from the desert and plants die when it blows. -ISA 37 28 vq6a 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to the king of Assyria. -ISA 37 28 uw6e figs-merism 0 But I know your sitting down, your going out, your coming in This refers to all activities of life. Alternate translation: “I know everything you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 37 28 zm2q figs-abstractnouns 0 and your raging against me The word “raging” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “how you rage against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 37 29 f79t figs-metonymy 0 your arrogance Here the king’s “arrogance” refers to his arrogant speech. Alternate translation: “your arrogant speech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 29 tv21 figs-metaphor 0 your arrogance has reached my ears This speaks of Yahweh hearing the king’s speech as if the king’s speech were something that traveled to his ear. Alternate translation: “I have heard you speaking arrogantly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 37 29 r8sq figs-metaphor 0 I will put my hook in your nose, and my bit in your mouth A person uses a hook and bit to lead an animal around. This speaks of Yahweh controlling the king as if the king were an animal Yahweh controlled with a bit and hook. Alternate translation: “I will control you like a man controls his animal by place a hook in its nose and a bit in its mouth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 37 29 wye1 figs-explicit 0 I will turn you back the way you came This refers to causing the king to return to his own home country. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “I will force you to return to your own country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 37 30 cu1m 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah ([Isaiah 37:21](../37/21.md)). -ISA 37 30 hyd8 figs-you 0 sign for you “sign for you, Hezekiah.” Here “you” is singular and refers to Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 37 30 c1n3 figs-you 0 you will eat … you must plant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 37 30 hw94 figs-ellipsis 0 in the second year what grows This describes what the people will eat. The words “you will eat” are understood from the previous phrase Alternate translation: “in the second year you will eat what grows” or “next year you will eat what grows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -ISA 37 30 b6di 0 what grows from that “what grows wild from that” or “what grows wild” -ISA 37 30 ipd7 translate-ordinal 0 in the third year This refers to the year after the second year. Alternate translation: “the year after that” or “in the following year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -ISA 37 31 cp8q 0 General Information: This continues Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah. -ISA 37 31 frk4 0 remnant A “remnant” is a part of something that remains after the rest is gone. Here this refers to the people who are left in Judah. -ISA 37 31 ngd5 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah Here Judah’s “house” refers to his descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 31 jez8 figs-metaphor 0 will again take root and bear fruit This speaks of the people of Judah becoming prosperous as if they were plants that would root and bear fruit. Alternate translation: “will prosper like a plant that takes root and produces fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 37 32 sc29 figs-parallelism 0 For from Jerusalem a remnant will come out; from Mount Zion survivors will come These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together to emphasize the remnant of people who will survive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 37 32 vre3 figs-metonymy 0 The zeal of Yahweh of hosts will do this This speaks of Yahweh doing something because of his zeal as if his “zeal” were actually doing the action. Alternate translation: “Because of his zeal, Yahweh of hosts will do this” or “Yahweh of hosts will do this because of his zeal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 37 33 i11q figs-synecdoche 0 He will not come … He will not come Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “His army will not come … They will not come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 33 gun8 0 with shield “with shields” -ISA 37 33 vdw6 0 siege ramp a large mound of dirt built against the wall of a city that better enables an army to attach the city -ISA 37 34 yz62 figs-synecdoche 0 he came … he will not enter Here the Assyrian king refers to both him and his army. Alternate translation: “they came … they will not enter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 34 zq4h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 37 35 vmq8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 37 35 fz1d 0 for my own sake and for David my servant’s sake “so that things will be better for me and for my servant David” -ISA 37 36 c1n2 figs-idiom 0 putting to death This idiom means to kill. Alternate translation: “killing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 37 36 v98a translate-numbers 0 185,000 soldiers “one hundred and eighty-five thousand soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 37 37 x3e4 figs-synecdoche 0 Sennacherib king of Assyria left Israel and went home and stayed in Nineveh Here Sennacherib refers to both him and his army. They all left Israel and returned home to Assryia. Sennacherib returned to the city Nineveh. Alternate translation: “Sennacherib and his army left Israel and went home, and Sennacherib stayed in Nineveh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 37 37 ft9a translate-names 0 Sennacherib See how you translated this man’s name in [Isaiah 36:1](../36/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 38 m18l 0 as he was worshiping “as Sennacherib was worshiping” -ISA 37 38 m2c7 translate-names 0 Nisrok This is the name of a false god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 38 id3l translate-names 0 Adrammelek … Sharezer … Esarhaddon These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 37 38 fbz6 0 with the sword “with their swords” -ISA 38 intro s3fq 0 # Isaiah 38 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 38:10-20.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Poetry
This chapter is written as a narrative, but the section including Hezekiah’s prayer is written as poetry. The tone of this prayer shifts from sorrow to praise. -ISA 38 1 g1p4 figs-explicit 0 Set your house in order This means to prepare your family and those in charge of your affairs so that they know what to do after you die. This can be written clearly. Alternate translation: “You should tell the people in your palace what you want them to do after you die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 38 3 c5ru figs-idiom 0 call to mind This idiom means to remember. Alternate translation: “remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 38 3 rvv5 figs-idiom 0 faithfully walked before you This is an idiom. Here “walk” means to “live.” The phrase means to live in a way the pleases Yahweh. Alternate translation: “faithfully lived before you” or “faithfully served you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 38 3 j97c figs-metonymy 0 with my whole heart Here the “heart” refers to the inner-being which represents a person’s complete devotion. Alternate translation: “with all my inner being” or “with my complete devotion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 38 3 hd6d figs-metaphor 0 what was good in your sight The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what pleases you” or “what you consider to be good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 38 4 zb4v figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom that is used to introduce something that God told his prophets or his people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke this message” or “Yahweh spoke these words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 38 5 l5ca 0 See This is used to ask the listener to pay attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 38 5 pg75 translate-numbers 0 fifteen years “15 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 38 6 vqy2 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the king of Assyria Here the king’s “hand” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “the power of the king of Assyria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 38 7 zk63 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Hezekiah. -ISA 38 8 as58 0 Look Yahweh uses this word to draw the listener’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 38 8 j1py figs-explicit 0 stairs of Ahaz These stairs are referred to this way because they were built while Ahaz was king. You can make this information clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 38 10 hgb5 0 that halfway through my life “that before I have grown old.” This refers to dying at middle age, before growing old. -ISA 38 10 vkw8 figs-metaphor 0 I will go through the gates of Sheol This speaks of dying as if Sheol were a kingdom that has gates that one enters. Alternate translation: “I will die and go to Sheol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 38 10 y2v3 figs-activepassive 0 I am sent there for the rest of my years This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “before I have lived all of my years I will go to the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 38 11 bn4a figs-nominaladj 0 in the land of the living “The living” refers to people who are alive. Alternate translation: “in the land where people are alive” or “in this world where people are alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 38 12 pmv9 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues his written prayer. -ISA 38 12 rh4l figs-simile 0 My life is removed and carried away from me like a shepherd’s tent This speaks of how Yahweh is ending Hezekiah’s life quickly by comparing it to how a shepherd removes his tent from the ground. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken my life away from me quickly like a shepherd packs up his tent and carries it away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 38 12 f8qq figs-activepassive 0 My life is removed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has taken my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 38 12 eh2s figs-simile 0 I have rolled up my life like a weaver; you are cutting me off from the loom This speaks of Yahweh quickly ending Hezekiah’s life by comparing it to how a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom and rolls it up. Alternate translation: “you are ending my life quickly, like a weaver cuts his cloth from the loom when it is finished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 38 12 nyl3 figs-you 0 you are cutting Here “you” is singular and refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 38 12 u29m 0 loom a device used to weave thread together to make cloth -ISA 38 13 x3bh figs-simile 0 like a lion he breaks all my bones Hezekiah speaks of how he is in extreme pain by comparing it to having his body torn apart by lions. Alternate translation: “my pain was as though I were being torn apart by lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 38 14 al5q 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues his written prayer. -ISA 38 14 b2w9 figs-parallelism 0 Like a swallow I chirp; I coo like a dove Both of these clauses mean the same thing and they emphasize how sad and pitiful Hezekiah’s cries were. A swallow and a dove are types of birds. Alternate translation: “My cries are pitiful--they sound like the chirp of a swallow and the coo of a dove” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 38 14 qgn5 figs-synecdoche 0 my eyes Here Hezekiah refers to himself my his “eyes” to emphasize that he is looking for something. Alternate translation: “I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 38 14 bhl4 figs-explicit 0 with looking upward This refers to Hezekiah looking to heaven for God to help him. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “of waiting for help to come from heaven” or “of waiting for you to help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 38 14 l1ah figs-activepassive 0 I am oppressed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My sickness oppresses me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 38 15 f5ku figs-rquestion 0 What shall I say? Hezekiah uses a question to emphasize he has nothing left to say. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have nothing left to say.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 38 15 hd6w figs-idiom 0 I will walk slowly This is an idiom. Here “walking” refers to living. Alternate translation: “I will like humbly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 38 15 ph65 figs-explicit 0 all my years This refers to the rest of his life. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “the rest of my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 38 15 gm6e 0 because I am overcome with grief “because I am full of grief” or “because I am very sad” -ISA 38 16 iyk1 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues his written prayer. -ISA 38 16 wak7 figs-activepassive 0 may my life be given back to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “may you give my life back to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 38 17 wz18 figs-explicit 0 from the pit of destruction Hezekiah did not die but he was close to dying. This refers Yahweh saving him from dying. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. Alternate translation: “from dying and going to the pit of destruction” or “so that I did not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 38 17 f8fu figs-metaphor 0 for you have thrown all my sins behind your back Hezekiah speaks of Yahweh forgiving his sins as if they were objects that Yahweh threw behind himself and forgot about. Alternate translation: “for you have forgiven all my sins and no longer think about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 38 18 nm81 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues his written prayer. -ISA 38 18 n9p4 figs-metonymy 0 For Sheol does not thank you; death does not praise you Here “Sheol” and “death” refer to “dead people.” Alternate translation: “For those in Sheol do not thank you; dead people do not praise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 38 18 ps5x 0 those who go down into the pit “those who go down to the grave” -ISA 38 18 nf2c figs-you 0 do not hope in your trustworthiness “do not have hope in your faithfulness.” Here “your” is singular and refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 38 19 ye1q figs-parallelism 0 The living person, the living person Hezekiah repeats this phrase to emphasize that only a living person, not a dead person, can give thanks to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 38 20 nw4z 0 General Information: Hezekiah continues his written prayer. -ISA 38 20 j3ts figs-explicit 0 save me This refers to him being saved from dying. It can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “save me from dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 38 20 k672 figs-exclusive 0 we will celebrate Here “we” refers to Hezekiah and the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 38 21 b3bq writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. This gives background information about Isaiah and Hezekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -ISA 38 21 x8d3 0 Let them “Let Hezekiah’s servants” -ISA 38 21 drf6 figs-explicit 0 a lump of figs This was used as an ointment. The meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “use an ointment of mashed figs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 38 21 t3l6 0 boil a painful area on the skin that is infected -ISA 39 intro lz5x 0 # Isaiah 39 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pride
Although it is not said why it was sinful for Hezekiah to show the king of Babylon his riches, the sin was probably because of his pride. It can be viewed as bragging to another king about how rich and powerful he was without giving proper credit to Yahweh. Because of this sin, Yahweh punished him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])

### Babylon
At this time, Babylon was not very powerful, but was little more than a city. In a short time, however, Babylon became a very powerful nation and conquered Assyria. -ISA 39 1 z1d1 translate-names 0 Marduk-Baladan … Baladan These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 39 2 x7xe figs-explicit 0 Hezekiah was pleased by these things This can be made more explicit. Alternate translation: “When the king’s messengers arrived, Hezekiah was pleased with what they brought to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 39 2 ig2z 0 showed the messengers his storehouse of valuable things “he showed the messengers everything of value he had” -ISA 39 2 i69i 0 storehouse a building where goods are kept -ISA 39 2 bg44 figs-activepassive 0 all that was found in his storehouses This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that was in his storehouses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 39 2 k5u7 figs-doublenegatives 0 There was nothing in his house, nor in all his kingdom, that Hezekiah did not show them This is a slight exaggeration as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not everything. Also, this can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “Hezekiah showed them almost everything in his house and in his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 39 4 lp83 figs-parallelism 0 They have seen everything in my house. There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them These two sentences mean the same thing and are used together to emphasize how much Hezekiah showed the men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 39 4 u3hm figs-hyperbole 0 everything in my house This is a generalization, as Hezekiah showed them many things, but not necessarily everything in the palace. Alternate translation: “almost everything in my house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 39 4 k738 figs-doublenegatives 0 There is nothing among my valuable things that I have not shown them This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I showed them all the valuable things in my palace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ISA 39 5 rsm5 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 39 5 hh3d 0 the word “the message” -ISA 39 6 w6ck 0 Look This word is used here to draw Hezekiah’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 39 6 y5e5 figs-activepassive 0 when everything in your palace … will be carried to Babylon This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “when the enemy army will take everything in your palace … back to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 39 7 wtl9 0 General Information: Isaiah continues to speak Yahweh’s message to Hezekiah. -ISA 39 7 mls8 0 The sons born from you “Your sons” -ISA 39 7 tb9y 0 they will take them “the Babylonians will take them” -ISA 40 intro xc5h 0 # Isaiah 40 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
Yahweh uses many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These rhetorical questions help to prove the point he is making and convince the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “She has received double from Yahweh’s hand for all her sins”
It is common in many languages to use the feminine “she” to refer to a nation, rather than the word “it,” which is neither masculine or feminine. The translator should use the pronoun that aligns with the common usage in the target language. Therefore, it is acceptable to use “he,” “she,” or “it” in reference to a nation.

The phrase “received double” indicates that Jerusalem was punished more severely than the other nations. This is because they had the privilege of a special relationship to Yahweh and had more knowledge than the other nations.

### Reign of Yahweh
This chapter appears to prophesy about a time of restoration when the Messiah will reign. It pictures a time of great peace and harmony in the world. The translator does not need to add an explanation, but should try to maintain the tense of the original text, as a future or uncompleted action. It does not appear that this prophecy was fulfilled in the days of Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 40 1 uzv6 0 Comfort, comfort The word “comfort” is repeated for emphasis. -ISA 40 1 wa9a figs-you 0 says your God Here “your” is plural and refers to those whom the prophet tells to comfort God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 40 2 f6th figs-personification 0 Speak tenderly to Jerusalem The prophet speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a woman whom Yahweh has forgiven. As such, Jerusalem represents the people who live in that city. Alternate translation: Speak tenderly to the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 40 2 v29s figs-123person 0 proclaim to her … her warfare … her iniquity … she has received … her sins These pronouns refer to Jerusalem but may be changed if “the people of Jerusalem” is adopted as a translation. Alternate translation: “proclaim to them … their warfare … their iniquity … they have received … their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 40 2 rrl8 0 her warfare Possible meanings are that the word **warfare** refers: (1) to military battle or (2) to forced labor. -ISA 40 2 ux5w figs-activepassive 0 her iniquity is pardoned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has pardoned her iniquity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 40 2 xkm6 figs-synecdoche 0 from Yahweh’s hand Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 40 3 s925 figs-synecdoche 0 A voice cries out The word “voice” represents the person who cries out. Alternate translation: “Someone cries out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 40 3 kwv5 figs-parallelism 0 In the wilderness prepare the way of Yahweh; make straight in the Arabah a highway for our God These two lines are parallel and mean basically the same thing. The people preparing themselves for Yahweh’s help is spoken of as if they were to prepare roads for Yahweh to travel upon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 3 m8sr 0 Arabah See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 35:1](../35/01.md). -ISA 40 4 uee3 figs-activepassive 0 Every valley will be lifted up, and every mountain and hill will be leveled These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Lift up every valley, and level every mountain and hill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 40 4 xdc9 figs-metaphor 0 Every valley will be lifted up Making the valleys level with the rest of the ground is spoken of as if it were lifting up the valleys. Alternate translation: “Every valley will be filled in” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 4 m9td figs-activepassive 0 and the rugged land will be made level, and the rough places a plain These phrases explain how the people are to prepare a highway for Yahweh. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “make the rugged land level, and make the rough places into a plain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 40 5 ys59 figs-activepassive 0 the glory of Yahweh will be revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 40 5 sf3k figs-synecdoche 0 for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it The word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 40 6 slv6 figs-metaphor 0 All flesh is grass The word “flesh” refers to people. The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “All people are like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 6 tzv2 figs-simile 0 all their covenant faithfulness is like the flower of the field The speaker compares the covenant faithfulness of people to flowers that bloom and then die quickly. The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “they quickly stop being faithful to the covenant, just like a flower of the field dies quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 40 6 h3q7 0 covenant faithfulness This could mean: (1) covenant faithfulness or (2) beauty. -ISA 40 7 m65h 0 when the breath of Yahweh blows on it This could mean: (1) “when Yahweh blows his breath on it” or (2) “when Yahweh sends a wind to blow on it.” -ISA 40 7 p8bp figs-metaphor 0 humanity is grass The speaker speaks of humans as if they are grass, because they both die quickly. Alternate translation: “people die as quickly as grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 8 ilr1 figs-metaphor 0 the word of our God will stand forever The speaker speaks of what God says lasting forever as if his word stands forever. Alternate translation: “the things that our God says will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 9 da3x figs-personification 0 Go up on a high mountain, Zion, bearer of good news The writer speaks of Zion as if it were a messenger who declares good news from a mountain top. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 40 9 w2hr figs-explicit 0 Go up on a high mountain Messengers would often stand on elevated land, such as mountains, so that many people could hear what they proclaimed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 40 9 v9yl figs-metonymy 0 Zion This refers to the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “you people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 40 9 i6vj figs-personification 0 Jerusalem. You who bring good news The writer speaks of Jerusalem as if it were a messenger who declares good news. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 40 10 gme1 figs-metonymy 0 his strong arm rules for him Here the word “arm” represents God’s power. Alternate translation: “he rules with great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 40 10 j4yu figs-parallelism 0 his reward is with him … those he has rescued go before him These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The ones he rescued are his “reward.” Alternate translation: “he is bringing those he rescued with him as his reward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 40 11 m6wg figs-metaphor 0 He will feed his flock like a shepherd The writer speaks of Yahweh’s people as if they were sheep and of Yahweh as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “He will care for his people like a shepherd feeds his flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 12 qkx7 figs-rquestion 0 Who has measured … or the hills in a balance? These rhetorical questions anticipate a negative answer and emphasize that only Yahweh is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one but Yahweh has measured … and the hills in a balance.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 12 n98i figs-metaphor 0 measured the waters in the hollow of his hand Yahweh knowing how much water is in the oceans is spoken of as if Yahweh held the water in his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 12 r9wq figs-metaphor 0 measured the sky with the span of his hand A “span” is the measure of length between the thumb and little finger when the hand is outstretched. Yahweh knowing the length of the sky is spoken of as if he measured it with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 12 hal4 figs-metaphor 0 held the dust of the earth in a basket Yahweh knowing how much dust there is on the earth is spoken of as if he carried it in a basket. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 12 q4eb figs-metaphor 0 weighed the mountains in scales, or the hills in a balance? Yahweh knowing how heavy the mountains are is spoken of as if he weighed them in scales and balances. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 13 g2yh figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Isaiah continues using questions to emphasize Yahweh’s uniqueness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 13 j8t8 figs-rquestion 0 Who has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, or instructed him as his counselor? This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one is able to do these things. Alternate translation: “No one has comprehended the mind of Yahweh, and no one has instructed him as his counselor.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 13 vc3q 0 comprehended the mind of Yahweh Here the word “mind” refers not only to Yahweh’s thoughts, but also to his desires and motivations. -ISA 40 14 e7e8 figs-rquestion 0 From whom did he ever receive instruction? This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done this. Alternate translation: “He has never received instruction from anyone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 14 h7pz figs-rquestion 0 Who taught him the correct way to do things, and taught him knowledge, or showed to him the way of understanding? This rhetorical question anticipates a negative answer and emphasizes that no one has ever done these things. Alternate translation: “No one taught him the correct way to do things. No one taught him knowledge. No one showed to him the way of understanding.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 15 xu1z 0 Look … see These words add emphasis to what follows. -ISA 40 15 m437 figs-simile 0 the nations are like a drop in a bucket, and are regarded like the dust on the scales The prophet compares the nations to a drop of water and to dust in order to emphasize how small and insignificant they are to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 40 15 bl7h 0 like a drop in a bucket This could mean: (1) a drop of water that falls into a bucket or (2) a drop of water that drops out of a bucket. -ISA 40 15 c6k1 figs-activepassive 0 are regarded like the dust on the scales This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh regards them as dust on the scales” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 40 17 bap7 figs-activepassive 0 they are regarded by him as nothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he regards them as nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 40 18 pv1a figs-rquestion 0 To whom then will you compare God? To what idol will you liken him? Isaiah uses two similar questions to emphasize that there is no idol that can compare with God. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare God. There is no idol to which you can liken him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 40 18 q6aj figs-you 0 you This is plural and refers to all of God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 40 19 t66l 0 A craftsman casts it: The goldsmith overlays it with gold and forges silver chains for it “A skilled worker forms it, another covers it with gold and makes a silver chain for it” -ISA 40 21 ru6j 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to God’s people. -ISA 40 21 nm2t figs-rquestion 0 Have you not known? Have you not heard? Has it not been told you from the beginning? Have you not understood from the foundations of the earth? Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness as the creator. Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard! It has been told to you from the beginning; you have understood from the foundations of the earth!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 40 21 p4gz figs-activepassive 0 Has it not been told you from the beginning? This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Have people not told you from the beginning?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 40 21 w7gd figs-metaphor 0 from the foundations of the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the earth as if the earth were a building for which Yahweh laid the foundation. Alternate translation: “from the time that Yahweh created the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 22 vwb7 figs-metaphor 0 He is the one who sits above the horizon of the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh ruling the earth as if Yahweh were seated on a throne above the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 22 r4cn figs-simile 0 the inhabitants are like grasshoppers before him The prophet compares the way Yahweh considers humans to the way humans would consider grasshoppers. Just as grasshoppers are small to humans, humans are small and weak before God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 40 22 jtu6 figs-parallelism 0 He stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them out as a tent to live in These two lines share similar meanings. The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens as if he had erected a tent in which to live. Alternate translation: “He spreads out the heavens as easily as a person would stretch out a curtain or erect a tent in which to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 40 23 sfc9 0 He reduces “Yahweh reduces” -ISA 40 24 d2lf figs-metaphor 0 They are barely planted … and they wither The prophet speaks of rulers being helpless before Yahweh as if they were new plants that wither away when a hot wind blows on them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 24 n61k figs-parallelism 0 They are barely planted, barely sown These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to the point at which the plants or seeds are placed into the ground. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As soon as someone plants them … as soon as someone sows them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 40 24 pcb5 figs-metaphor 0 he blows upon them The prophet speaks of Yahweh removing the rulers from power as if Yahweh were a scorching wind that blows upon the plants and causes them to wither. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 24 d8bi figs-simile 0 the wind carries them away like straw This simile extends the metaphor of the rulers as plants and Yahweh as the wind that causes them to wither. The wind of Yahweh’s judgement will remove the withered plants as easily as wind blows away straw. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 40 25 pts1 figs-rquestion 0 To whom then will you compare me, whom do I resemble? Yahweh uses two similar rhetorical questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. There is no one whom I resemble.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 40 26 t53r figs-rquestion 0 Who has created all these stars? This is a leading question that anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has created all these stars!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 26 aiw3 figs-metaphor 0 He leads out their formations Here the word “formations” refers to military formations. The prophet speaks of the stars as if they were soldiers whom Yahweh commands to appear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 26 y52j figs-doublet 0 By the greatness of his might and by the strength of his power The phrases “the greatness of his might” and “the strength of his power” form a doublet that emphasizes Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “By his great might and powerful strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 40 26 w46r figs-litotes 0 not one is missing This negative statement emphasizes the positive. Alternate translation: “every one is present” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ISA 40 27 p5my figs-rquestion 0 Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel … vindication”? The question emphasizes that they should not say what they say. Alternate translation: “‘You should not say, O people of Israel … vindication’.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 27 s7bb figs-doublet 0 Why do you say, Jacob, and declare, Israel These two phrases both refer to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Why do you say, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 40 27 tsn1 figs-metaphor 0 My way is hidden from Yahweh Yahweh not knowing what happens to them is spoken of as if Yahweh could not see the road upon which they travel. Alternate translation: “Yahweh does not know what happens to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 27 r58k 0 my God is not concerned about my vindication This could mean: (1) “my God is not concerned about others treating me unjustly” or (2) “my God is not concerned about treating me justly.” -ISA 40 28 v4f1 figs-rquestion 0 Have you not known? Have you not heard? Isaiah uses these questions to emphasize that the people should know Yahweh’s greatness. See how you translated these in [Isaiah 40:21](../40/21.md). Alternate translation: “You certainly know and have heard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 40 28 d991 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 40 29 gt6k figs-parallelism 0 He gives strength to the tired; and to the weak he gives renewed energy These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh strengthens those who have no strength. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 40 29 l1wl 0 He gives strength “Yahweh gives strength” -ISA 40 31 gu6x figs-metaphor 0 they will soar with wings like eagles People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if the people were able to fly like eagles fly. An eagle is a bird often used as a symbol for strength and power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 40 31 vgd6 figs-parallelism 0 they will run and not be weary; they will walk and not faint These two lines share similar meanings. People receiving strength from Yahweh is spoken of as if they were able to run and walk without tiring. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 intro mwf4 0 # Isaiah 41 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Mocking
Yahweh tells the people to present their best arguments in favor of honoring their idols. In this Yahweh challenges the people. Yahweh mocks or insults these false gods because they are not real and have no power. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -ISA 41 1 ihs8 0 Listen before me in silence Here “me” refers to God. -ISA 41 1 gik7 figs-metonymy 0 you coastlands This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ISA 41 1 w3dd 0 renew their strength See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 40:31](../40/31.md). -ISA 41 1 kfx1 figs-parallelism 0 let them come near and speak; let us come near together to argue a dispute These two phrases share similar meanings. The second explains the reason for the first. Alternate translation: “then let them come near so they may speak and reason with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 41 2 ji73 figs-rquestion 0 Who has stirred up one from the east, calling him in righteousness to his service? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who caused this ruler from the east to be victorious. Alternate translation: “I am the one who called this powerful ruler from the east and put him in my good service.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 41 2 ckc3 0 He hands nations over to him “I give the nations over to him” or “The one who does these things hands nations over to him” -ISA 41 2 n5yz figs-metaphor 0 He turns them to dust with his sword, like windblown stubble with his bow Turning them to dust and stubble is a metaphor or exaggeration for completely destroying everything the people of these nations have made. The armies of one from the east will conquer these nations and scatter the people easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 41 3 a4li 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the coastlands and the nations. -ISA 41 3 dk7c 0 He pursues them and passes by safely “The ruler from the east pursues the nations” -ISA 41 3 iyl6 figs-metaphor 0 by a swift path that his feet scarcely touch This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which he and his army moving very quickly is spoken of as if his feet barely touch the ground. Alternate translation: “by a path on which he moves with great speed” or (2) “feet” represents the whole person and the phrase indicates that this is a path that they have not traveled before. Alternate translation: “by a path that he has never traveled before” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 41 4 xap2 figs-rquestion 0 Who has performed and accomplished these deeds? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “I have performed and accomplished these deeds.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 41 4 lw9z figs-rquestion 0 Who has summoned the generations from the beginning? Here the word “generations” represents all of human history, which Yahweh created and directed throughout history. The rhetorical question anticipates the answer, Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I have summoned the generations of humanity from the beginning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 41 4 z51k figs-doublet 0 performed and accomplished These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 41 4 rvp7 0 the first, and with the last ones This could mean: (1) that Yahweh existed before creation and will exist at the end of creation or (2) that Yahweh was before the first generation of humanity and will be at the last generation of humanity. -ISA 41 5 xi3d 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 41 5 n6gc figs-metonymy 0 The isles … the ends of the earth These phrases represent the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “People who live on the isles … people who live at the ends of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 41 5 z1m3 0 The isles You can translate “isles” the same way you translated “coastlands” in [Isaiah 41:1](../41/01.md). -ISA 41 5 yg5y figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 5 rd3y figs-doublet 0 they approach and come This doublet means that the people gather together. Alternate translation: “they come together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 41 7 t2rw 0 anvil an iron block on which a person shapes metal with a hammer -ISA 41 7 ny9f 0 saying of the welding Here the word “welding” refers to the process of fastening the gold to the wood as the workers finish making the idol. -ISA 41 7 qdp9 0 They fasten it with nails so it will not topple over. Here “it” refers to the idol that they have made. -ISA 41 8 w8df 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 41 9 ng2r figs-parallelism 0 you whom I am bringing back from the ends of the earth, and whom I called from the far away places These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh is bringing the people of Israel back to their land from distant countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 41 9 unb2 figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:5](../41/05.md). AT “the farthest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 9 ah78 figs-parallelism 0 I have chosen you and not rejected you These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The second states in negative terms what the first states in positive terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ISA 41 10 sv29 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 41 10 y2hx figs-metaphor 0 I will uphold you with my righteous right hand Yahweh strengthening his people is spoken of as if he were holding them with his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 10 m5ra figs-metonymy 0 my righteous right hand Here “right hand” represents Yahweh’s power. This could mean: (1) Yahweh’s right hand is righteous in that he will always do the right thing. Alternate translation: “my righteous power” or (2) Yahweh’s right hand is victorious in that he will always succeed in what he does. Alternate translation: “my victorious power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 41 11 fup1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 41 11 i38z 0 they will be ashamed and disgraced, all who have been angry with you “all who have been angry with you will be ashamed and disgraced” -ISA 41 11 acy9 figs-doublet 0 ashamed and disgraced These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of their shame. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 41 11 bm8s 0 they will be as nothing and will perish, those who oppose you “those who oppose you will be as nothing and will perish” -ISA 41 12 rr8g 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 41 13 mcq1 figs-metaphor 0 I … will hold your right hand Yahweh helping the people of Israel is spoken of as if he were holding their right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 14 nw9b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 41 14 d1xa figs-doublet 0 Jacob you worm, and you men of Israel Here “Jacob” and “men of Israel” mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “you people of Israel who are like worms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 41 14 x6h1 figs-metaphor 0 Jacob you worm This could mean: (1) that this refers to the opinions of other nations regarding the people of Israel or (2) that this refers to Israel’s own opinion of themselves. Yahweh speaks of their insignificance as if they were a worm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 14 vga7 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 41 14 s6u3 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 41 15 dv6j figs-metaphor 0 I am making you like a sharp threshing sledge … you will make the hills like chaff Yahweh speaks of enabling Israel to defeat their enemies as if he were making the nation a threshing sledge that will level mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 15 v5bt 0 a sharp threshing sledge A threshing sledge was a board with sharp spikes that someone would drag over the wheat to separate the grain from the chaff. -ISA 41 15 s3j3 0 two-edged This refers to the edges of the spikes that were attached to the threshing sledge. That they are “two-edged” means that they are very sharp. -ISA 41 15 im62 figs-metaphor 0 you will thresh the mountains and crush them This is a double metaphor. The mountains are a metaphor for grain, and threshing grain is a metaphor for the Israelites defeating the powerful enemy nations near them. Alternate translation: “you will thresh your enemies and crush them as if they were grain, even though they appear to be as strong as mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 41 15 ulv1 figs-metaphor 0 you will make the hills like chaff The hills are a metaphor for the powerful enemy nations near Israel. People having the wind blow the chaff away after they have threshed the grain is a metaphor for them allowing Yahweh to destroy their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 41 16 ii6a 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to use the metaphor of separating grain from chaff to describe how Israel will defeat their enemies. -ISA 41 16 z22h figs-metaphor 0 You will winnow them … the wind will scatter them Here the word “them” refers to the mountains and hill in [Isaiah 41:15](../41/15.md). This represents the next step in the process of threshing grain, in which the grain is winnowed to get rid of the chaff. Israel’s enemies will disappear like chaff blown away by the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 16 mzr8 figs-parallelism 0 the wind will carry them away; the wind will scatter them These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the wind will blow them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 41 17 f1vc figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of people who are in extreme need as if they are extremely thirsty, and of his provision for them as if he caused water to appear in places where it normally would not appear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 19 n27t 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 41 19 g4uv translate-unknown 0 the myrtle … the pines and the cypress box trees These are types of trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 41 20 b7ez figs-synecdoche 0 the hand of Yahweh has done this Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has done this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 41 21 bhd2 figs-irony 0 General Information: In these verses, Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He is challenging the idols to tell what will happen in the future, but he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 41 23 icg9 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to mock the idols and the people who worship them ([Isaiah 41:21-22](./21.md)). -ISA 41 23 qee7 figs-merism 0 do something good or evil The words “good” and “evil” form a merism and represent anything. Alternate translation: “do anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 41 24 yv5h figs-you 0 the one who chooses you Here “you” is plural and refers to the idols. Alternate translation: “the person who chooses you idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 41 25 bsg2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 41 25 rd8b figs-metaphor 0 I have raised up one Yahweh speaks of appointing a person as if he raised that person up. Alternate translation: “I have appointed one” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 25 s97v figs-idiom 0 from the sun’s rising This refers to the east, the direction from which the sun rises. Alternate translation: “from the east” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 41 25 i891 0 him who calls on my name This could mean: (1) that this person invokes Yahweh for his success or (2) that this person worships Yahweh. -ISA 41 25 bb4s figs-metaphor 0 he will trample the rulers Conquering the rulers of other nations is spoken of as if it were trampling them under foot. Alternate translation: “he will conquer the rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 41 25 q8p3 figs-simile 0 like a potter who is treading on the clay Yahweh compares the way in which this person will trample the other rulers with the way that a potter tramples on clay to mix it with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 41 26 u3i7 figs-rquestion 0 Who announced this from the beginning, that we might know? Before this time, that we may say, “He is right”? Yahweh uses these rhetorical questions to mock the idols that the people worship. The implied answers are: (1) that the idols have not done these things and (2) that Yahweh is the one who has done these things. Alternate translation: “None of the idols announced this from the beginning, that we might know. And none of them announced this before time, that we may say, ‘He is right.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 41 26 xn3y 0 Indeed none of them decreed it, yes, none heard you say anything “Indeed, none of the idols decreed it. Indeed, no one heard you idols say anything” -ISA 41 27 b6xr 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 41 28 k8tv 0 not one among them “not one idol” -ISA 41 29 i3rp figs-metaphor 0 their cast metal figures are wind and emptiness Yahweh speaks of the worthlessness of the idols as if the idols are wind and nothing at all. Alternate translation: “their idols are all worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 intro q7al 0 # Isaiah 42 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 42:1-4 is the first of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Servant
Israel is called Yahweh’s servant. The Messiah is also called the servant of Yahweh. It is likely that the two different usages of the word “servant” are intended to contrast with one another. -ISA 42 1 l3dq 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 1 e7j9 0 Behold, my servant “Look, my servant” or “Here is my servant” -ISA 42 1 d5ej 0 in him I take delight “with whom I am very happy” -ISA 42 3 f9m4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 3 w4sn figs-metaphor 0 A crushed reed he will not break, and a dimly burning wick he will not quench Yahweh speaks of weak and helpless people as if they were crushed reeds and dimly burning wicks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 3 blf9 0 crushed reed A reed is the long, thin stem of a plant like tall grass. If it is crushed, it cannot carry any weight. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 36:6](../36/06.md). -ISA 42 3 z56i 0 he will not break “My servant will not break” -ISA 42 4 dhd4 figs-metonymy 0 the coastlands This refers to the people who live on the islands and in the lands bordering or beyond the Mediterranean Sea. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:1](../41/01.md). Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 42 5 kf3j figs-metaphor 0 the one who created the heavens and stretched them out, the one who made the earth The prophet speaks of Yahweh creating the heavens and the earth as if the heavens and earth were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 5 jxn4 figs-parallelism 0 gives breath to the people on it and life to those who live on it These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh gives life to every person. The word “breath” is a metonym for life. Alternate translation: “gives life to the people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 42 6 hg7t figs-you 0 have called you Here “you” is singular and refers to Yahweh’s servant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 42 6 l1kx figs-metonymy 0 I will … set you as a covenant for the people Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. Alternate translation: “I will … make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 42 6 t6si figs-metaphor 0 a light for the Gentiles Yahweh speaks of making his servant the one who delivers the nations from bondage as if he were making him a light that shines in dark places for the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 7 v24a 0 General Information: Yahweh continues describing what his servant will do. -ISA 42 7 tip7 figs-metaphor 0 to open the eyes of the blind Causing blind people to see is spoken of as if it were opening their eyes. Also, Yahweh speaks of his servant delivering those who have been wrongly imprisoned as if his servant were restoring sight to blind people. Alternate translation: “to enable the blind to see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 7 i2h2 figs-parallelism 0 to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and from the house of confinement those who sit in darkness These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The verb may be supplied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “to release the prisoners from the dungeon, and to release those who sit in darkness from the house in which they are confined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 42 8 cbp4 figs-ellipsis 0 nor my praise with carved idols The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “nor will I share my praise with carved idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 42 8 s62b 0 my praise This refers to the praise that Yahweh receives from people. -ISA 42 9 rdt7 figs-you 0 I will tell you Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 42 10 c3wi 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 10 qf1v 0 the sea, and all that is in it, the coastlands, and those who live there “and all the creatures that live in the sea, and all those who live on the coastlands” -ISA 42 11 liq4 figs-metonymy 0 Let the desert and the cities cry out This refers to the people who live in the desert and the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 42 11 mtu1 0 Kedar This is a city north of Arabia. See how this was translated in [Isaiah 21:16](../21/16.md) -ISA 42 11 sfh4 translate-names 0 Sela a city in Edom (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 42 12 gy1u 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 12 bh2u 0 Let them give glory Here “them” refers to the people along the coastlands. -ISA 42 13 bf3l figs-simile 0 Yahweh will go out as a warrior; as a man of war Yahweh is compared with a warrior who is ready to defeat his people’s enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 42 13 ys39 figs-metaphor 0 he will stir up his zeal Here “zeal” refers to the passion that a warrior experiences when he is about to fight a battle. Yahweh stimulating his zeal is spoken of as if he stirred it up like the wind stirs up waves of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 14 tc93 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 14 ej6j figs-parallelism 0 I have kept quiet for a long time; I have been still and restrained myself These two lines share similar meanings. Yahweh’s inactivity is described as quietness and stillness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 42 14 x3e1 figs-doublet 0 I have been still and restrained myself These two phrases mean basically the same thing and indicate that Yahweh has kept himself from acting. Alternate translation: “I have kept myself from doing anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 42 14 sj5x figs-simile 0 I will cry out like a woman in labor; I will gasp and pant Yahweh’s activity as a shouting warrior is compared with a pregnant woman who cries from labor pains. This emphasizes sudden unavoidable action after a period of inactivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 42 15 c5ek figs-metaphor 0 I will lay waste mountains … will dry up the marshes Yahweh uses this metaphorical language to describe his great power to conquer his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 15 qi5p 0 the marshes A marsh is an area of soft, wet land with pools of water. -ISA 42 16 hck4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 16 d8u8 figs-parallelism 0 I will bring the blind by a way that they do not know; in paths that they do not know I will lead them These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will lead the blind in paths that they do not know” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 42 16 e56x figs-metaphor 0 the blind Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 16 l8wt 0 that they do not know This could mean: (1) “that they have never traveled” or (2) “with which they are unfamiliar.” -ISA 42 16 jc1b figs-metaphor 0 I will turn the darkness into light before them Yahweh speaks of his people being helpless as if they could not see because they walked in darkness, and of his helping them as if he caused light to shine in the darkness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 17 tfv2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 17 ayv4 figs-metaphor 0 They will be turned back, they will be completely put to shame Rejecting those who worship idols is spoken of as if it is forcing them to turn back and move the opposite direction. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will reject them and put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 42 18 j331 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 18 q3rs figs-you 0 you deaf … you blind Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. Yahweh speaks of their failure to listen to him and obey him as if they are deaf and blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 19 lx6z figs-rquestion 0 Who is blind but my servant? Or deaf like my messenger I send? Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my servant. No one is as deaf as my messenger whom I send.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 42 19 y1c1 figs-rquestion 0 Who is as blind as my covenant partner, or blind as Yahweh’s servant? Yahweh asks these rhetorical questions to scold his people and to emphasize that no one is as blind or deaf as they are. Alternate translation: “No one is as blind as my covenant partner. No one is as blind as Yahweh’s servant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 42 20 u76d 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 42 20 k16p 0 You see many things, but do not comprehend “Although you see many things, you do not understand what they mean” -ISA 42 20 usp5 figs-metaphor 0 ears are open, but no one hears The ability to hear is spoken of as if the ears were open. Here the word “hears” refers to understanding what one hears. Alternate translation: “people hear, but no one understands what they hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 21 e9j8 0 It pleased Yahweh to praise his justice and to make his law glorious “Yahweh was pleased to honor his justice by making his law glorious.” The second part of the phrase explains how Yahweh accomplished the first part. -ISA 42 22 hh18 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 42 22 p3ne figs-activepassive 0 But this is a people robbed and plundered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But the enemy has robbed and plundered this people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 42 22 eu68 figs-doublet 0 robbed and plundered These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the enemy had plundered them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 42 22 xx18 figs-parallelism 0 they are all trapped in pits, held captive in prisons These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy has trapped them all in pits and held them captive in prisons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 42 23 zs76 0 General Information: Here Isaiah begins speaking. -ISA 42 23 gp1t figs-you 0 Who among you Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 42 24 p2dz figs-rquestion 0 Who gave Jacob over to the robber, and Israel to the looters? These two phrases mean the same thing. Isaiah uses this as a leading question in order to emphasize the answer that he will give in the next phrase. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who gave the people of Israel over to robbers and looters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 42 24 q9du figs-rquestion 0 Was it not Yahweh … refused to obey? Isaiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that Yahweh alone was responsible for Israel’s situation, and to explain the reason that Yahweh did it. Alternate translation: “It was certainly Yahweh … refused to obey.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 42 24 e8z2 figs-exclusive 0 against whom we have sinned Here the word “we” refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 42 24 dla2 figs-parallelism 0 in whose ways they refused to walk, and whose law they refused to obey The word “they” also refers to the people of Israel and to Isaiah. The two phrases mean the same thing. In the first, obeying Yahweh’s laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the paths in which Yahweh commanded them to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 25 al3a 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 42 25 r4nh 0 Therefore he “Therefore Yahweh” -ISA 42 25 uby1 figs-metaphor 0 he poured out on them his fierce anger Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “he showed them just how angry he was” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 25 dqe8 0 on them “against us.” Here “them” refers to the people of Israel, but Isaiah still included himself as part of the people. -ISA 42 25 x8pk figs-abstractnouns 0 and the violence of war The word “devastation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “by devastating them with war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 42 25 ym86 figs-metaphor 0 Its flames encircled them … it consumed them Isaiah speaks of Yahweh’s fierce anger as if it were a fire that burned the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 42 25 q8m2 figs-metaphor 0 they did not take it to heart Paying attention to something and learning from it is spoken of as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “they did not pay attention” or “they did not learn from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 43 intro bc7l 0 # Isaiah 43 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Exodus
This chapter pictures Judah’s eventual return from exile in Babylon as a kind of second exodus. It was reminiscent of their exodus from Egypt.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Exile
This chapter prophesies about the Jews return from Babylon, but the exile has yet to happen and is still more than a hundred years in the future. These events will show that Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 43 1 ce9y figs-parallelism 0 he who created you, Jacob, and he who formed you, Israel Both clauses mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “the one who created you, O people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 43 2 kq19 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 2 q1vm figs-metaphor 0 When you pass through the waters … the flames will not destroy you Yahweh speaks of suffering and difficult experiences as if they are deep waters and fires through which the people walk. The words “waters” and “flames” form a merism and emphasize any difficult circumstance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 43 2 j81j figs-parallelism 0 When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; and through the rivers, they will not overwhelm you These two statements mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people will experience no harm because Yahweh is with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 43 2 wdj7 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will not burn you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 43 3 eyx6 figs-parallelism 0 I have given Egypt as your ransom, Cush and Seba in exchange for you These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh will allow Israel’s enemy to conquer these nations instead of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 43 3 jq3n translate-names 0 Seba This is the name of a nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 43 4 yiz2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 4 z7p1 figs-doublet 0 Since you are precious and special in my sight The words “precious” and “special” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how much Yahweh values his people. Alternate translation: “Because you are very precious to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 43 4 gpe4 figs-parallelism 0 therefore I will give people in exchange for you, and other peoples in exchange for your life Both phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “therefore I will let the enemy conquer other peoples instead of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 43 5 lxw5 figs-merism 0 I will bring your offspring from the east, and gather you from the west The directions “east” and “west” form a merism and represent from every direction. Alternate translation: “I will bring you and your offspring from every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 43 6 gtn5 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 6 l7c3 figs-personification 0 say to the north … to the south Yahweh speaks to “the north” and “the south” as if commanding the nations in those locations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 43 6 l9k3 figs-metaphor 0 my sons … my daughters Yahweh speaks of the people who belong to him as if they were his children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 43 7 yc6h figs-metonymy 0 everyone who is called by my name Here to be called by someone’s name represents belonging to that person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “everyone whom I have called by my name” or “everyone who belongs to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 43 7 l8wb figs-doublet 0 whom I have formed, yes, whom I have made Both of these mean the same thing and emphasize that it is God who made the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 43 8 r5rz figs-metaphor 0 the people who are blind … the deaf Yahweh speaks of those who do not listen to him or obey him as if they were blind and deaf. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 43 9 j9gd figs-explicit 0 Who among them could have declared this and announced to us earlier events? This rhetorical question applies to the gods whom the people of the nations worship. The implied answer is that none of them could do this. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “None of their gods could have declared this or announced to us earlier events.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 43 9 wm6d figs-explicit 0 announced to us earlier events This phrase refers to their ability to tell about events that happened in the past before they happened. Alternate translation: “announced to us earlier events before they happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 43 9 n7pl figs-irony 0 Let them bring their witnesses to prove themselves right, let them listen and affirm, ‘It is true.’ Yahweh challenges the gods whom the nations worship to provide witnesses who will testify that they have been able to do these things, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “These gods have no witnesses who will prove them right, witnesses who will listen and affirm, ‘It is true’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 43 10 zvu7 figs-you 0 You … my servant Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “my servant” refers to the nation, as a whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 43 10 ja9r 0 Before me … after me In speaking this way, Yahweh is not saying that there was a time before which he did not exist or a time after which he will not exist. He is asserting that he is eternal and that the gods whom the people of other nations worship are not. -ISA 43 10 x2gj figs-explicit 0 Before me there was no god formed Here the word “formed” indicates that Yahweh is speaking of idols that people have made. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “None of the gods whom people have formed existed before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 43 10 v98y 0 there will be none after me “none of those gods will exist after me” -ISA 43 11 f73s figs-doublet 0 I, I am Yahweh The word “I” is repeated to emphasize the focus on Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I alone am Yahweh” or “I myself am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 43 11 m7ei 0 there is no savior but me This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I am the only savior” or “I am the only one who can save you” -ISA 43 12 e51j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 13 w2y7 figs-metonymy 0 no one can rescue anyone from my hand Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “no one can rescue anyone from my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 43 13 y176 figs-rquestion 0 who can turn it back? Yahweh uses this question to say that no one can turn back his hand. It can be translated as a statement. Turning back his hand represents stopping him from doing something. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 14:27](../14/27.md). Alternate translation: “no one can turn it back.” or “no one can stop me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 43 14 t4z7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 14 e4rv 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 43 14 ly8f figs-explicit 0 I send to Babylon and lead them all down The object of the verb “send” may be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: “I send an army to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 43 14 jrg7 0 lead them all down as fugitives “lead all of the Babylonians down as fugitives” -ISA 43 14 lpy3 0 fugitives A fugitive is a person who runs away so that his enemy will not capture him. -ISA 43 16 qd5j figs-explicit 0 who opened a way … mighty waters Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 43 17 a8pu figs-explicit 0 who led out … a burning wick Isaiah speaks of the events following the exodus from Egypt, when Yahweh divided the sea to let the Israelites walk through on dry ground but then drowned the Egyptian army. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 43 17 u8ru figs-metaphor 0 They fell down together; they will never rise again Dying is spoken of as if it were falling down to the ground. Alternate translation: “They all died together; they will never live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 43 17 v5sn figs-metaphor 0 they are extinguished, quenched like a burning wick The people dying is spoken of as if they were burning candle wicks that someone has extinguished. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their lives have ended, like a person extinguishes the flame of a burning candle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 43 18 h6ya 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 18 s5e7 figs-parallelism 0 Do not think about these former things, nor consider the things of long ago. These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that they are not to worry about what happened in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 43 19 y1sp 0 Look This word is used to draw attention to the important information that follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention” -ISA 43 19 j15h figs-rquestion 0 do you not perceive it? Yahweh uses a question to teach the people of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “surely you have noticed it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 43 20 fmk2 figs-personification 0 wild animals of the field will honor me, the jackals and the ostriches Here animals honor Yahweh as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 43 20 s4u1 figs-ellipsis 0 the jackals and the ostriches These are examples of the kinds of animals that will honor Yahweh. See how you translated the names of these animals in [Isaiah 13:21-22](../13/21.md). The understood information can be supplied to make the meaning clear. Alternate translation: “the jackals and the ostriches will honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 43 22 h7vb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 24 ie2f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 24 l4vk 0 sweet-smelling cane This is a plant with a pleasant smell used to make anointing oil. It did not grow in the land of Israel so the people had to buy it from other nations. -ISA 43 24 up12 figs-parallelism 0 burdened me with your sins, you have wearied me with your evil deeds These both mean the same thing and emphasize the complaint Yahweh has with his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 43 24 t4mh 0 burdened me with your sins “troubled me with your sins” -ISA 43 25 vh3j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 25 r2jt figs-doublet 0 I, yes, I The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I alone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 43 25 j91x figs-metaphor 0 who blots out your offenses Forgiving sins is spoken of as either: (1) blotting them out or wiping them away or (2) erasing a written record of the sins. Alternate translation: “who forgives your offenses like someone wiping something away” or “who forgives your offenses like someone who erases a record of sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 43 25 s5fa 0 for my own sake “for my own honor” or “for my own reputation” -ISA 43 25 l6uz 0 call to mind “remember” -ISA 43 26 w2ud figs-irony 0 present your cause, that you may be proved innocent Yahweh challenges the people to offer proof that they are innocent of the charges that he has brought against them, although he knows that they cannot do so. Alternate translation: “present your case, but you cannot prove yourselves to be innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 43 26 xn62 figs-activepassive 0 that you may be proved innocent This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that you may prove yourselves innocent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 43 27 n7s2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 43 27 m9k5 0 Your first father sinned This refers to the founder of Israel and may represent either Abraham or Jacob. -ISA 43 28 c8g9 figs-metonymy 0 I will hand Jacob over to complete destruction Here to “hand over” represents putting someone under the power of another. The noun “destruction” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will cause the enemy to completely destroy Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 43 28 rtm7 figs-parallelism 0 Israel to abusive humiliation The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase, with which this phrase is parallel. The noun “humiliation” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will allow the enemy to abuse and humiliate Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 44 intro lx1i 0 # Isaiah 44 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
There is a prophecy in this chapter that gives the name of the king who will end the exile of the Jews from Babylon and rebuild the temple, even though the exile has not yet even occurred. This emphasizes that Yahweh knows the future, so the translator should translate the name of Cyrus given here. There are many other aspects of this chapter that show Yahweh’s power as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -ISA 44 1 lt14 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 44 1 j7v9 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob my servant This refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob, my servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 44 2 a1el figs-metaphor 0 he who made you and formed you in the womb Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 2 aj5d figs-ellipsis 0 you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “you, Jeshurun, whom I have chosen, do not fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 44 2 m3ac translate-names 0 Jeshurun This also refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 44 3 b7lm 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 44 3 r9ge figs-metaphor 0 I will pour water on the thirsty ground, and flowing streams on the dry ground Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people of Israel as if he were causing rain to fall and streams to flow on dry ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 3 cdy4 figs-metaphor 0 the thirsty ground Dry ground is spoken of as if it were a thirsty person. Alternate translation: “the dry ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 44 3 sw8k figs-metaphor 0 I will pour my Spirit on your offspring Yahweh speaks of giving his Spirit to the people as if his Spirit were liquid that he pours out on them. Alternate translation: “I will give my Spirit to your offspring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 3 na48 figs-ellipsis 0 my blessing on your children The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “I will pour out my blessing on your children” or “I will give my blessing to your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 44 4 j6m5 figs-metaphor 0 They will spring up among the grass, like willows by the streams of water The people of Israel being prosperous and multiplying is spoken of as if they were plants that grow because they have plenty of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 4 k6eb 0 willows A willow is a tree with thin branches that grows near the water. -ISA 44 5 w27z 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel -ISA 44 5 lfi3 0 another will call out the name of Jacob “another person will say he is a descendant of Jacob” -ISA 44 5 y4il 0 name himself by the name of Israel “call himself a descendant of Israel” -ISA 44 6 q311 0 his Redeemer “Israel’s Redeemer” -ISA 44 6 tts3 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 44 6 j95i figs-merism 0 I am the first, and I am the last This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. This could mean: (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 44 7 zm2k 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 44 7 r8gi figs-rquestion 0 Who is like me? Let him announce Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there is no one like him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If anyone thinks he is like me, let him announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 44 8 nbn1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 44 8 jc9b figs-doublet 0 Do not fear or be afraid Yahweh uses two similar expressions in order to strengthen his encouragement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 44 8 fb3i figs-rquestion 0 Have I not declared to you long ago, and announced it? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is the one who predicted the events that have now happened. This can be translated as a statement. The word “announced” means basically the same thing as “declared.” Alternate translation: “I declared these things to you long ago.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 44 8 lr9q figs-rquestion 0 Is there any God besides me? Yahweh uses a question again to emphasize that there is no other God. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no God besides me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 44 8 z7iv figs-metaphor 0 There is no other Rock Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a large rock under which people can find shelter. This means he has the power to protect his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 9 y8gz 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 44 9 uhp3 0 the things they delight in are worthless “the idols they delight in are worthless” -ISA 44 9 ht3n figs-metaphor 0 their witnesses cannot see or know anything This phrase refers to those who worship these idols and who claim to be witnesses of the idols’ power. Yahweh speaks of their inability to understand the truth as if they were blind. Alternate translation: “those who serve as witnesses for these idols are like blind people who know nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 9 fps8 figs-activepassive 0 they will be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be ashamed” or “their idols will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 44 10 rn93 figs-rquestion 0 Who would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless? Yahweh is using this question to rebuke those who make idols. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only fools would form a god or cast an idol that is worthless.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 44 10 tu2g figs-distinguish 0 cast an idol that is worthless The word “worthless” does not distinguish worthless idols from idols that have worth, because all idols are worthless. Alternate translation: “cast worthless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]]) -ISA 44 11 dnp6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 44 11 xq1i figs-explicit 0 all his associates This could mean: (1) this refers to the associates of the craftsman who makes the idol. Alternate translation: “all of the craftsman’s associates” or (2) this refers to those who associate themselves with the idol by worshiping it. Alternate translation: “all those who worship the idol” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 44 11 ka7l figs-activepassive 0 be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 44 11 n21m 0 Let them take their stand together “Let them all come together before me” -ISA 44 11 qc5v 0 they will cower “they will be terrified.” To “cower” is to bend over in fear. -ISA 44 12 ui76 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 44 12 rl3h 0 forming it “forming the idol” or “creating the idol” -ISA 44 13 acg5 0 with a line A string was used to outline the shape of the idol in the wood. -ISA 44 13 gzq3 0 stylus This is a sharp tool to scratch the wood so the craftsman can see where to cut. -ISA 44 13 zt8q 0 a compass This is a tool with two points that spread out used to help mark the wood to make the idol. -ISA 44 14 uuw3 0 He cuts down “The carpenter cuts down” or “the woodcarver cuts down” -ISA 44 14 xu2s translate-unknown 0 cypress tree a tall evergreen tree (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 44 15 gc6k 0 Then a man uses it “The man uses the wood” -ISA 44 15 pw7t figs-parallelism 0 he makes an idol and bows down to it This part of the sentence says basically the same as the first to emphasize it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 44 18 pm8e figs-metaphor 0 for their eyes are blind and cannot see Yahweh speaks of those who cannot understand the foolishness of worshiping idols as if they were blind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 18 w7kp figs-synecdoche 0 for their eyes are blind Here “their eyes” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “for they are blind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 44 18 eri6 figs-synecdoche 0 their hearts cannot perceive Here the people are represented by their “hearts.” Alternate translation: “they cannot understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 44 19 zz51 figs-rquestion 0 Now should I make … something disgusting to worship? Should I bow down to a block of wood? Yahweh says that these people should be asking themselves these rhetorical questions. The questions anticipate negative answers and emphasize how foolish it would be for a person to do these things. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I should not now make … something disgusting to worship. I should not bow down to a block of wood.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 44 20 w2em figs-metaphor 0 It is as if he were eating ashes Yahweh speaks of a person worshiping an idol as if that person were eating the burned ashes of the wood from which he made the idol. Just as eating ashes does not benefit a person, neither does worshiping an idol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 20 lnq9 figs-metonymy 0 his deceived heart misleads him The heart represents the inner person. Alternate translation: “he misleads himself because he is deceived” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 44 20 e7xc 0 He cannot rescue himself “The person who worships idols cannot save himself” -ISA 44 21 ach7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 44 21 t81a figs-metonymy 0 Jacob, and Israel This refers to people descended from Jacob, Israel. Alternate translation: “you descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 44 21 bng6 figs-activepassive 0 you will not be forgotten by me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not forget you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 44 22 ey1y figs-parallelism 0 I have blotted out, like a thick cloud, your rebellious deeds, and like a cloud, your sins Both of these statements mean the same thing. God has removed their sins as quickly and easily as a wind can blow away a cloud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 44 22 n1fa figs-ellipsis 0 like a cloud, your sins The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “like a cloud, I have blotted out your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 44 23 p5tq figs-apostrophe 0 Sing, you heavens … glory in Israel Here Isaiah speaks various parts of creation as if they were people and commands them to praise Yawheh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 44 23 pm5m figs-merism 0 you depths of the earth “you lowest parts of the earth.” This could mean: (1) that this refers to very deep places on the earth such as caves or canyons and forms a merism with “heavens” in the previous phrase or (2) that this refers to the place of the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 44 24 c6gm 0 Redeemer See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). -ISA 44 24 ye1e figs-metaphor 0 he who formed you from the womb Yahweh speaks of creating the nation of Israel as if it were forming the nation as a baby in its mother’s womb. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 44:2](../44/02.md). Alternate translation: “he who made you, as I form a baby in the womb” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 24 qcw6 figs-metaphor 0 who alone stretched out the heavens Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 25 nig5 0 omens These are signs that people used to attempt to predict the future. -ISA 44 25 kf5f 0 the empty talkers This refers to people who say things that are meaningless. -ISA 44 26 rga7 figs-parallelism 0 who confirmed the words of his servant and brings to pass the predictions of his messengers Yahweh is saying the same thing twice to emphasize that it is only he, Yahweh, who causes the prophesies to be fulfilled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 44 26 fe6v figs-abstractnouns 0 the words of his servant … the predictions of his messengers The abstract nouns “words” and “predictions” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “what his servant declares … what his messengers announce” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 44 26 eu48 figs-activepassive 0 She will be inhabited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will live there again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 44 26 ply1 figs-activepassive 0 They will be built again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will rebuild them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 44 26 e9rr figs-metaphor 0 I will raise up their ruins The phrase “ruins” refers to places that have been destroyed. Yahweh speaks of rebuilding them as if he were raising them up. Alternate translation: “I will rebuild what others have destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 28 ut9k 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 44 28 nrh6 figs-metaphor 0 He is my shepherd Yahweh speaks of Cyrus ruling and protecting the people of Israel as if Cyrus is their shepherd. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 44 28 q7mc figs-activepassive 0 She will be rebuilt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the people rebuild the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 44 28 j6ev figs-activepassive 0 Let its foundations be laid This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let the people lay its foundations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 45 intro gu9r 0 # Isaiah 45 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Potter and clay
The potter and the clay are important images used in Scripture. They emphasize the power and control of God. This chapter connects this to the truth that Yahweh is the creator of all, which it repeatedly emphasizes. He is even able to “anoint” or chose a future, pagan king. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]]) -ISA 45 1 a5da figs-metaphor 0 whose right hand I hold Yahweh helping Cyrus and causing him to be successful is spoken of as if he were holding his right hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 2 r3lh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus. -ISA 45 2 kyy4 figs-metaphor 0 level the mountains Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles that would hinder Cyrus’s success as if it were leveling mountains before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 2 jjq8 0 the mountains The Hebrew word used in the text is rare and is of an uncertain meaning. Some modern versions have “rough places” or “crooked places.” -ISA 45 2 i615 0 their iron bars This refers to the iron bars on the bronze gates. -ISA 45 3 j4lq figs-abstractnouns 0 the treasures of darkness Here “darkness” refers to places that are secret. Alternate translation: “treasures in dark places” or “the treasures in secret places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 45 4 lb2n 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Cyrus. -ISA 45 4 x9uf figs-doublet 0 Jacob … Israel These both refer to the descendants of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 45 5 uj89 0 I will arm you for battle This could mean: (1) “I will strengthen you for battle” or (2) “I will equip you for battle.” -ISA 45 6 rj47 figs-merism 0 from the rising of the sun, and from the west Since the sun rises in the east, this phrase forms a merism and means everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “from every place on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 45 7 w7ux 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 45 7 fa4k figs-merism 0 I form the light and create darkness; I bring peace and create disaster Both of these expressions form merisms that emphasize that Yahweh is sovereign creator of everything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 45 8 bb15 figs-metaphor 0 You heavens, rain down from above … righteousness spring up together with it Yahweh speaks of his righteousness as if it were rain that falls on the earth, and of his righteousness and salvation as plants that grow on the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 8 lxn8 figs-apostrophe 0 You heavens Yahweh momentarily turns his attention from his people and begins to speak to the heavens. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ISA 45 9 ecu9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 45 9 f6zy figs-metaphor 0 any other earthen pot among all the earthen pots in the ground Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were a potter, and of the one who would argue with him as if that person and the rest of humanity were all clay pots. Alternate translation: “like one piece of pottery among many other pieces of pottery scattered on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 9 v32t 0 earthen pot This could mean: (1) “clay pot” or (2) “piece of broken clay pottery.” -ISA 45 9 tc19 figs-rquestion 0 Does the clay say to the potter … on it’? Yahweh asks this question to rebuke those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “The clay should not say to the potter … on it!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 45 10 pin2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to scold those who argue with him about what he does. -ISA 45 10 m3zm figs-metaphor 0 Woe to him who says to a father,…‘What are you giving birth to?’ Yahweh speaks of those who would argue him as if they were unborn children who argue with their own parents. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 10 d6vv figs-rquestion 0 What are you fathering?…What are you giving birth to? The unborn child asks these rhetorical questions to scold his parents for giving birth to him. These can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “You should not be my father … You should give birth to me.” or “You are not fathering me correctly … You are not giving birth to me correctly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 45 11 f2x1 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 45 11 riq3 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you ask questions about what I will do for my children? Do you tell me what to do concerning the work of my hands? Yahweh uses questions to scold those who argue with him about what he does. Alternate translation: “Do not question me about what I do for my children. Do not tell me … my hands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 45 11 k97i 0 my children This refers to the people of Israel. -ISA 45 11 kv1c figs-synecdoche 0 the work of my hands Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the things that I have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 45 12 tk49 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 45 12 ki21 figs-synecdoche 0 It was my hands that Here the word “hands” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It was I who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 45 12 ati8 0 stretched out the heavens Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric that he stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md). -ISA 45 13 t11e 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 45 13 wzd7 0 I stirred Cyrus up in righteousness Here the word “righteousness” refers to right action. This could mean: (1) that Yahweh has stirred up Cyrus to do the right thing or (2) that Yahweh was right to stir up Cyrus. -ISA 45 13 ikq9 figs-metaphor 0 I stirred Cyrus Yahweh speaks of causing Cyrus to act as if it were stirring him from slumber. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 13 rv5p figs-metaphor 0 I will smooth out all his paths Yahweh speaks of removing obstacles and causing Cyrus to be successful as if he were making the paths smooth on which Cyrus walks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 13 rhm5 0 He will build my city This refers to Jerusalem. -ISA 45 13 ye47 figs-doublet 0 not for price nor bribe Here the words “price” and “bribe” share similar meanings. Cyrus will not do these things for financial gain. Alternate translation: “he will not do these things for money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 45 13 by1u 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 45 14 s5el figs-activepassive 0 The earnings of Egypt and the merchandise of Cush with the Sabeans, men of tall stature, will be brought to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Egypt, Cush, and the tall people of Seba, will bring to you their earnings and their merchandise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 45 14 x113 0 The earnings of Egypt “The profits of Egypt” -ISA 45 14 iqy3 translate-names 0 Sabeans These are people from the nation of Seba. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 45 14 abe9 figs-you 0 to you Here “you” refers to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 45 16 xv24 figs-parallelism 0 They will all be ashamed and disgraced together; those who carve idols will walk in humiliation These two lines share similar meanings, with the second clarifying the subject of the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 45 16 vu1f figs-doublet 0 They will all be ashamed and disgraced together The words “ashamed” and “disgraced” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of shame. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their idols will leave them all completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 45 16 bs61 figs-metaphor 0 will walk in humiliation Living in continual humiliation is spoken of as if it were walking in humiliation. Alternate translation: “will be continually humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 45 17 tdh9 figs-activepassive 0 Israel will be saved by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 45 17 dq2m figs-activepassive 0 you will never again be ashamed or humiliated Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. The words “ashamed” and “humiliated” mean basically the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will ever humiliate you again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 45 18 wbc3 0 not as a waste “not to be empty.” Here the word “waste” refers to an empty, barren place. -ISA 45 18 su8c figs-activepassive 0 but designed it to be inhabited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but he designed it so people could live on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 45 19 w8up 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 45 20 ep69 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking -ISA 45 20 ns4z 0 refugees people who have fled from their homes so the enemy will not capture or kill them -ISA 45 21 fjw3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the refugees ([Isaiah 45:20](../45/20.md)). -ISA 45 21 m1fg 0 Let them conspire together Here the word “them” refers to the refugees from among the nations who worship idols. -ISA 45 21 jum4 figs-rquestion 0 Who has shown this from long ago? Who announced it? Was it not I, Yahweh? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he was the one who told them these things would happen. Alternate translation: “I will tell you who has shown this from long ago. I will tell you who announced it. It was I, Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 45 22 fdd5 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 45 22 mrw2 figs-activepassive 0 Turn to me and be saved This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Turn to me and I will save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 45 22 zpc4 figs-metaphor 0 all the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “all the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 45 22 ee2e figs-metonymy 0 all the ends of the earth Here this phrase represents the people who live at “the ends of the earth.” Alternate translation: “you who live at the farthest places of the earth” or “all of you who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 45 23 yq9q figs-synecdoche 0 To me every knee will bend, every tongue will swear The words “knee” and “tongue” represent the people. Alternate translation: “Every person will kneel before me, and everyone will swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 45 24 b27g 0 They will say All the people on the earth are speaking. -ISA 45 25 kxm4 figs-activepassive 0 In Yahweh all the descendants of Israel will be justified Here the word “justified” does not refer to Yahweh forgiving their sins, but to proving to the nations that Israel was right to worship him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will justify all the descendants of Israel” or “Yahweh will vindicate all the descendants of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 46 intro c5i1 0 # Isaiah 46 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

### Yahweh and the false gods
This chapter is intended to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison at all because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -ISA 46 1 dtc9 figs-metaphor 0 Bel bows down, Nebo stoops; their idols … for weary animals Isaiah speaks of people placing the idols of Bel and Nebo into a cart for animals to transport as if these gods were made to “bow down” and “stoop.” These are both postures of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 46 1 yx1v translate-names 0 Bel … Nebo These were the two primary gods whom the Babylonians worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 46 1 tyx5 0 their idols the idols that represented Bel and Nebo -ISA 46 2 sa1p 0 they cannot rescue the images “Bel and Nebo cannot rescue their images” -ISA 46 2 wq5y figs-metaphor 0 they themselves have gone off into captivity Isaiah speaks of people carrying off these idols as if the false gods whom they represent are being carried off to captivity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 46 3 i31a 0 Listen to me Here “me” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 46 3 pyi8 figs-metaphor 0 who have been carried by me from before your birth, carried from the womb Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a person, and of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 46 3 zb74 figs-metaphor 0 who have been carried by me Yahweh speaks of helping and rescuing the people of Israel as if he were carrying them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I have carried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 46 4 qb31 figs-metaphor 0 Even to your old age I am he, and until your hair is gray I will carry you Yahweh speaks of the nation of Israel becoming very old as if it were an old man with gray hair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 46 5 tv2f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 46 5 x46n figs-rquestion 0 To whom will you compare me? Who do you think I resemble, so that we may be compared? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that there is no one like him. Alternate translation: “There is no one to whom you can compare me. I resemble no one, so that we might be compared.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 46 5 v242 figs-activepassive 0 so that we may be compared This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that you may compare us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 46 7 pr7d 0 They lift it “They” refers to the people who make idols and “it” refers to the idol that they have created. -ISA 46 8 c43e 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to his people. -ISA 46 10 gk7b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to his people. -ISA 46 10 ew3c figs-parallelism 0 I announce the end from the beginning, and beforehand what has not yet happened This basically repeats the same idea for emphasis. The verb from the first phrase may be supplied for the second. Alternate translation: “I announce the end from the beginning, and I announce beforehand what has not yet happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 46 11 f49l figs-metaphor 0 I call a bird of prey from the east Yahweh speaks of Cyrus as if he were “a bird of prey.” As a bird swiftly captures its prey, so Cyrus will swiftly accomplish Yahweh’s purpose to conquer the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 46 11 yfg8 figs-parallelism 0 I have spoken; I will also accomplish it; I have purposed, I will also do it. This repeats the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 46 12 e8tz 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 46 12 cq6x figs-metaphor 0 who are far from doing what is right Yahweh speaks of the people stubbornly doing wrong as if they were physically far away from doing the right thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 46 13 ykp7 figs-personification 0 my salvation does not wait Yahweh speaks of saving his people soon as if his salvation were a person who does not wait to act. The abstract noun “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “I will not wait to save you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 47 intro ss9a 0 # Isaiah 47 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Babylon
This chapter prophesied the destruction of Babylon. At the time that the prophesy was written, Assyria was still in power and Babylon had not yet become a world power. The Chaldeans were not yet a powerful nation either. The people of Judah would become servants or slaves of Babylon and be forced to work very hard. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -ISA 47 1 h2n7 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In this chapter, Yahweh speaks to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 1 qpl4 figs-parallelism 0 sit in the dust, virgin daughter of Babylon; sit on the ground … daughter of the Chaldeans. These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Sitting in the dust was a sign of humiliation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -ISA 47 1 u5gc figs-metaphor 0 virgin daughter of Babylon … daughter of the Chaldeans Both of these phrases refer to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how people think fondly of her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 1 iz8h figs-metonymy 0 without a throne Here “throne” refers to the power to rule. Alternate translation: “without the power to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 47 1 v7zc figs-activepassive 0 You will no longer be called dainty and delicate This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer call you dainty and delicate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 47 1 gl3j figs-doublet 0 dainty and delicate These two words share similar meanings. They describe one who is beautiful and lives in luxury. Alternate translation: “very beautiful” or “very luxurious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 47 2 xev9 0 millstone a large stone used to grind grain -ISA 47 3 nic9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 3 jf7c figs-activepassive 0 Your nakedness will be uncovered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will be naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 47 3 g35e figs-euphemism 0 your shame will be seen Here the word “shame” is a euphemism for one’s private parts. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will see your shame” or “people will see your private parts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 47 4 w7a9 figs-exclusive 0 Our Redeemer “Our” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. See how you translated “Redeemer” in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 47 4 l2cn 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:24](../01/24.md). -ISA 47 4 eul3 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). -ISA 47 5 m7ax 0 daughter of the Chaldeans This phrase refers to the city, Babylon, which is spoken of as if it were a daughter. That the city is a “daughter” indicates how the Chaldeans think fondly of her. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 47:1](../47/01.md). -ISA 47 5 h2qf figs-activepassive 0 for you will no longer be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for people will no longer call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 47 5 zc1h figs-metaphor 0 queen of kingdoms Yahweh speaks of Babylon being the capital city of the Babylonian empire as if it were a queen who ruled many kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 6 x3uv figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 6 r3nq 0 I was angry Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 47 6 nxq8 figs-metaphor 0 I defiled my heritage Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel being his special possession as if they were his heritage or inheritance. Alternate translation: “I defiled my people, who are my special possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 6 f2rz figs-metonymy 0 gave them over into your hand Here the word “hand” represents Babylon’s power or control. Alternate translation: “I put them under your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 47 6 b84q figs-metaphor 0 you placed a very heavy yoke on the old people Yahweh speaks of the Babylonians oppressing the old people as if they had treated the old people like cattle and put heavy yokes on their necks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 7 d71w figs-metaphor 0 I will rule forever as sovereign queen Babylon speaks of permanently ruling over many nations as if she were a queen who would rule forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 7 ia5g figs-metaphor 0 You did not take these things to heart Yahweh speaks of thinking carefully about something as if it were placing that thing on one’s heart. Alternate translation: “You did not consider these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 8 tb6u figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 8 s8dj 0 you who love pleasure “you luxurious one.” This refers to the many luxuries that Babylon enjoyed. -ISA 47 8 k74f figs-idiom 0 sit securely This refers to Babylon’s false sense of security in thinking that she will never lose her position of wealth and honor. Alternate translation: “who think you are safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 47 8 u9jp figs-metaphor 0 I will never sit as a widow … loss of children Babylon believing that other nations will never be able to conquer her is spoken of as if she will never become a widow or never have children die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 8 h71w 0 I will never sit as a widow “I will never become a widow” -ISA 47 9 nwu5 0 in a moment in one day “suddenly at the same time” -ISA 47 10 eql9 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 10 f9kb figs-metonymy 0 you say in your heart Here the word “heart” refers to the inner person. Alternate translation: “you say to yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 47 11 k9al figs-metaphor 0 Disaster will overcome you Yahweh speaks of disaster as if it were a person who captures Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 11 j3z5 figs-metaphor 0 Destruction will fall on you Yahweh speaks Babylon being destroyed as if destruction were an object that falls upon the city. Alternate translation: “You will experience destruction” or “Others will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 11 qe57 figs-metaphor 0 Calamity will strike you Yahweh speaks of Babylon experiencing calamity as if calamity were a person who strikes Babylon. Alternate translation: “You will experience calamity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 47 12 r46s figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 12 zg4g figs-irony 0 Persist in casting your spells … perhaps you will scare away disaster Yahweh mocks Babylon by telling her to continue to practice her sorcery to keep bad things away, but he knows that it will not help her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 47 14 cm8n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh continues to speak to Babylon about her downfall as if she were a queen who is humiliated. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 47 14 v2fe figs-simile 0 they will become like stubble. The fire will burn them up Yahweh compares the magicians and sorcerers to straw that burns quickly in a fire. This means that Yahweh will destroy them as easily as fire burns stubble, and so they are powerless to save Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 47 14 ktj7 figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the flame Here the word “hand” represents strength. Alternate translation: “the power of the flame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 47 14 z4mb 0 There are no coals to warm them and no fire for them to sit by Yahweh emphasizes that this is a destructive fire by stating that it is not one that people will use to warm themselves. -ISA 48 intro db3q 0 # Isaiah 48 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

### Yahweh and the false gods

This chapter is set up to compare Yahweh with various false Gods whom the Israelites worship. There really is no comparison between the two because Yahweh alone is God. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Exile
Yahweh explains purpose behind the Jews exile in Babylon, even though it is still in the future. This emphasizes that Yahweh is much more powerful than the false gods. -ISA 48 1 kwr6 0 Hear this “Listen to my message.” Yahweh is speaking. -ISA 48 1 ur9w figs-metonymy 0 house of Jacob Here “house” refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 48 1 y5hd figs-activepassive 0 who are called by the name Israel This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom everyone calls the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 48 1 b8ht figs-metaphor 0 have come from the sperm of Judah This phrase emphasizes that they are the direct, physical descendants of Judah. Alternate translation: “are the descendants of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 48 1 nzc1 0 invoke the God of Israel “call on the God of Israel” -ISA 48 2 lqn2 figs-123person 0 they call themselves This refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “you call yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 48 2 b2hj 0 the holy city This refers to Jerusalem. -ISA 48 2 w8wb 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 48 3 vsr3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 3 bj46 figs-synecdoche 0 they came out from my mouth “Mouth” refers to someone speaking. Alternate translation: “I spoke these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 48 4 kh64 figs-simile 0 your neck muscles tight as iron, and your forehead like bronze Yahweh compares the tightness of their neck muscles and the hardness of their foreheads to the hardness of iron and bronze. Here, to have a tight neck or a hard forehead is a metaphor that means the people are stubborn. Alternate translation: “it is as if your necks were iron and your heads were bronze” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 48 5 l31k figs-parallelism 0 I declared these things to you beforehand; before they happened I informed you This is saying the same thing twice for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 48 6 wn4y 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 6 vf8u figs-rquestion 0 will you not admit what I said is true? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Israel for not admitting what they should know is true. Alternate translation: “you are stubborn and will not admit what I said is true.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 48 8 ltp3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 8 e9nm figs-metaphor 0 these things were not unfolded to your ears beforehand Yahweh speaks of explaining something as if it were unfolding it. The word “ears” represents the people who are listening. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I did not explain these things to you beforehand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 48 8 i9uv figs-metaphor 0 from birth Yahweh speaks of the nation’s beginning as if it were its birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 48 9 l3mk 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 9 r5sr figs-metonymy 0 For the sake of my name I will defer my anger Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “For the sake of my reputation I will delay my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 48 9 l496 figs-parallelism 0 for my honor I will hold back from destroying you This part of the sentence means basically the same thing as the first part. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 48 10 rn48 figs-metaphor 0 Look, I refined you, but not as silver; I have purified you in the furnace of affliction Yahweh speaks of using affliction to purify his people as if they were precious metals and affliction were a furnace in which he refines them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 48 11 sf4g figs-rquestion 0 for how can I allow my name to be profaned? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can never allow his own name to be dishonored. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I cannot allow anyone to profane my name.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 48 12 lbc9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 12 q7py figs-doublet 0 Jacob, and Israel Both of these refer to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 48 12 f7ei figs-merism 0 I am the first, I also am the last This phrase emphasizes Yahweh’s eternal nature. This could mean: (1) “I am the one who began all things, and I am the one who ends all things” or (2) “I am the one who has always lived, and I am the one who always will live.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 44:6](../44/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 48 13 x9pc figs-synecdoche 0 my hand laid the foundation of the earth, and my right hand spread out the heavens Here “hand” refers to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I laid the foundation of the earth, and I spread out the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 48 13 a1fq 0 the foundation of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). -ISA 48 13 u4il figs-metaphor 0 spread out the heavens Yahweh speaks of creating the heavens as if they were fabric which Yahweh stretched out. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:5](../42/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 48 13 rx2t figs-metaphor 0 when I call to them, they stand up together Standing up when Yahweh calls is a metaphor for being ready to obey him. Yahweh speaks of the earth and the heavens as if they were able to hear him and obey him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 48 13 x82p 0 when I call to them This could mean: (1) “when I call the earth and the heavens” or (2) “when I call the stars in the heavens.” -ISA 48 14 b3gm 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 14 ery6 figs-rquestion 0 Who among you has announced these things? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the idols have not told them these things. Alternate translation: “None of your idols has told this to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 48 14 fb8g figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh’s ally will accomplish his purpose against Babylon. He will carry out Yahweh’s will against the Chaldeans Here “ally” refers to Cyrus. Both of these sentences mean the same thing and are used for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 48 14 iq1y 0 his purpose “Yahweh’s purpose” -ISA 48 15 u3l4 figs-doublet 0 I, I The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. Alternate translation: “I myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 48 16 h55k 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 16 q1tx figs-doublenegatives 0 I have not spoken in secret This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I have spoken plainly and clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -ISA 48 16 w6nj 0 sent me Here “me” refers to an unknown servant of Yahweh, maybe Isaiah or Cyrus or the promised Messiah. -ISA 48 17 x4pq figs-you 0 your Redeemer … your God Here “your” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 48 17 p3n4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). -ISA 48 17 r13i 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 48 17 zn3h figs-metaphor 0 who leads you by the way that you should go Yahweh teaching the people how they should live is spoken of as if he were leading them to walk on the correct paths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 48 18 jb34 figs-hypo 0 If only you had obeyed my commandments Yahweh describes something that could have happened but did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -ISA 48 18 ge2j figs-metaphor 0 Then your peace and prosperity would have flowed like a river, and your salvation like the waves of the sea These two phrases share similar meanings. In both, Yahweh speaks of Israel’s experiencing abundant blessings as if those blessings flowed like water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 48 18 abl9 figs-ellipsis 0 your salvation like the waves of the sea The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “your salvation would have flowed like the waves of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 48 19 f9ug 0 General Information: Yahweh continues describing a hypothetical situation to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 19 ysr5 figs-parallelism 0 Your descendants would have been as numerous as the sand, and the children from your womb as numerous as the grains of sand These both mean that the people would have had more descendants than they could count. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 48 19 tp31 figs-metaphor 0 the children from your womb Yahweh speaks of the descendants of the people of Israel as if they were children to which the nation gives birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 48 19 yjm7 figs-metonymy 0 their name would not have been cut off nor blotted out The people of Israel being destroyed is spoken of as if their name had been cut off, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree, or blotted out. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I would not have cut off nor blotted out their name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 48 19 icj1 figs-metonymy 0 their name Here the word “name” refers to the descendants who would carry on the name of Israel. Alternate translation: “they” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 48 19 w43e figs-doublet 0 cut off nor blotted out These two expressions in this context refer to destroying the people. Alternate translation: “destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 48 20 na7u 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 48 20 lf27 figs-metaphor 0 to the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. Alternate translation: “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 48 20 kr2r figs-metonymy 0 his servant Jacob This refers to the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 48 21 pw4g 0 They did not thirst … the waters gushed out This refers to an event in the history of the people of Israel when Yahweh took care of them while they lived in the desert after escaping Egypt. -ISA 49 intro j3n4 0 # Isaiah 49 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 49:1-6 is the second of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### A day of salvation
It is unclear if this is a reference to the gospel proclaimed by the Messiah or to the day of restoration of all things. The translator should not try to explain its reference to the reader. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/goodnews]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -ISA 49 1 pv8e 0 Listen to me Here “me” refers to Yahweh’s servant. -ISA 49 1 wr47 figs-metonymy 0 you coastlands This refers to the people who live on the coastlands. Alternate translation: “you who live on the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 49 2 wz7q figs-metonymy 0 He has made my mouth like a sharp sword Here the word “mouth” represents the words that he speaks. His words are compared to a sharp sword to emphasize that they will be effective. Alternate translation: “He has made my words as effective as a sharp sword” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 49 2 cz3k figs-metaphor 0 he hid me in the shadow of his hand Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh’s hand cast a shadow over him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 2 uz4m figs-metaphor 0 he has made me into a polished arrow; in his quiver he has hidden me Yahweh’s servant being able to carry out Yahweh’s purposes effectively is spoken of as if the servant were a sharp, new arrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 2 py5e figs-metaphor 0 in his quiver he has hidden me Yahweh protecting his servant and keeping his purpose secret is spoken of as if Yahweh kept him hidden in a quiver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 2 kax8 0 quiver a case used to carry arrows -ISA 49 3 ka59 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking. -ISA 49 3 l2za 0 He said “Yahweh said” -ISA 49 3 uwn2 0 You are my servant, Israel “You are my servant, whom I call Israel” -ISA 49 5 x2r8 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking. -ISA 49 5 ic46 figs-activepassive 0 that Israel would be gathered to him This part of the sentence means the same as the part before it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to bring the people of Israel back to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 49 5 p83j figs-metaphor 0 I am honored in the eyes of Yahweh The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has honored me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 49 6 n48v figs-metaphor 0 I will make you a light to the Gentiles The servant bringing Yahweh’s message to the Gentiles and helping them to understand it is spoken of as if Yahweh made the servant a light that shines among the Gentiles. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:6](../42/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 6 v7h2 figs-metaphor 0 to the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. AT “to all the farthest places of the earth” or “to the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 49 7 u1wg 0 Redeemer See how you translated this word in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). -ISA 49 7 qz3u figs-activepassive 0 to the one whose life is despised, hated by the nations, and a slave of rulers Here the word “life” represents the person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to the one whom people despised, whom the nations hated and held as slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 49 7 ec8d 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 49 8 j5i7 figs-parallelism 0 At a time I decide to show my favor I will answer you, and in a day of salvation I will help you These two clauses mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 49 8 k1c2 0 I will answer you Here “you” refers to Yahweh’s servant. -ISA 49 8 x79w figs-abstractnouns 0 in a day of salvation The word “salvation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “when the time comes for me to save you” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 49 8 l69w figs-metonymy 0 give you as a covenant for the people Here the word “covenant” is a metonym for the one who establishes or mediates a covenant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 42:6](../42/06.md). Alternate translation: “make you be the mediator of a covenant with the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 49 8 p7as figs-metonymy 0 to rebuild the land Here the word “land” represents the cities in the land that had been destroyed. Alternate translation: “to rebuild the ruined places in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 49 8 d3pr figs-metaphor 0 to reassign the desolate inheritance Yahweh speaks of the land as if it were an inheritance that the people of Israel received as a permanent possession. It is implied that the servant is to reassign the land to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “to reassign the desolate land to the people of Israel as their inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 49 9 c25s 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to his servant. -ISA 49 9 zkr5 figs-metaphor 0 They will graze along the roads, and on all the bare slopes will be their pasture Yahweh speaks of the people living freely and prosperously as if they were sheep that had plenty of pasture in which to graze. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 10 sqc7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 49 10 qew7 0 They will not Here “they” refers to God’s people. -ISA 49 10 pc41 figs-hendiadys 0 nor will the heat or sun beat on them Here the word “heat” describes the word “sun.” The people suffering from the sun’s heat is spoken of as if the heat struck them. Alternate translation: “nor will they suffer from the sun’s heat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 10 j8sr figs-123person 0 for he who has mercy on them … he will guide them Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. He speaks of protecting the people and caring for them as if he were their shepherd. Alternate translation: “I, the one who has mercy on them … I will guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 11 y1fv figs-metaphor 0 I will make all my mountains into a road, and make my highways level Yahweh speaks of guiding his people safely and removing obstacles from their path as if he turned mountains into roads and level highways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 12 xd2x translate-names 0 the land of Sinim The location of this place is uncertain, but it may refer to a region in the southern part of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 49 13 y77d figs-apostrophe 0 Sing, heavens, and be joyful, earth; break into singing, you mountains! Isaiah turns his attention from the people of Israel and speaks to the heavens, earth, and mountains as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 49 14 hil4 figs-personification 0 But Zion said The word “Zion” is another name for Jerusalem. Isaiah speaks of the city as if it were a woman who complains that Yahweh has forgotten her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 49 15 sx95 figs-rquestion 0 Can a woman forget her baby, nursing at her breast, so she does not have compassion on the son she has borne? Yahweh uses a question to help his people understand that he will never forget about them or stop caring for them. Alternate translation: “A woman would not forget her nursing baby or stop caring for the son she bore.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 49 16 f8l6 figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 49 16 z9g7 figs-metaphor 0 I have inscribed your name on my palms Yahweh speaks of his unwavering devotion to Zion as if he had written her name on the palms of his hands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 16 fmu4 figs-metaphor 0 your walls are continually before me Yahweh speaks of always thinking about Zion as if her walls were always before him. The word “walls” is a metonym for the city. Alternate translation: “I am continually thinking about your walls” or “I am always thinking about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 49 17 i85i figs-metaphor 0 Your children are hurrying back Yahweh speaks of the people who are returning to live in Jerusalem as if they were the city’s children. Alternate translation: “Your inhabitants are hurrying back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 18 r9kr figs-metaphor 0 you will surely wear them like jewelry, and you will put them on like a bride Yahweh speaks of the inhabitants of Zion as if they were jewelry that the city wears to show her beauty and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 18 ha7m figs-ellipsis 0 you will put them on like a bride The last part of the phrase can be clarified from the previous line. Alternate translation: “you will put them on, like a bride wears jewelry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 49 19 e1i6 figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 49 19 y3yt figs-doublet 0 Though you were a waste and desolate The words “a waste” and “desolate” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the enemy has destroyed Zion and left it empty. Alternate translation: “Though you were completely desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 49 19 ppl1 figs-metaphor 0 those who devoured you The enemy destroying Zion is spoken of as if they had devoured it. Alternate translation: “those who destroyed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 20 th6g figs-metaphor 0 The children born during the time of your bereavement Yahweh speaks of the time when the people of Jerusalem were in exile as if the city was bereaved of her children. Those who were born while the people were in exile are spoken of as the city’s children. Alternate translation: “Those who will inhabit you, who were born while the people were in exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 20 u1bw 0 The place is too cramped for us This means that there will be so many people that the city will be too small for them all to live in it. -ISA 49 21 bh2w figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 49 21 pik2 figs-metaphor 0 Who has borne these children for me? Zion speaks of the people who are returning to inhabit the city as if those people were her children. Zion’s question expresses her surprise that so many children now belong to her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 49 21 ppt4 figs-metaphor 0 I was bereaved and barren, exiled and divorced Zion describes herself as a woman incapable of having more children. She indicates the reasons for her great surprise. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 21 y88k 0 I was bereaved and barren “I was mourning over my dead children and unable to have more” -ISA 49 21 k6i8 0 exiled and divorced “I was sent away, without a husband” -ISA 49 21 h2kt figs-rquestion 0 Who has raised these children? Look, I was left all alone; where did these come from? Again, Zion uses questions to expresses her surprise. Alternate translation: “Look, I was left all alone; now all of these children that I did not raise have come to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 49 22 d1yu figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. He explains how she is able to have so many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 49 22 wx99 figs-parallelism 0 I will raise my hand to the nations; I will raise my signal flag to the peoples These two clauses mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will raise my hand and signal with a flag for the people of the nations to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 49 22 ps5y figs-metaphor 0 They will bring your sons in their arms and carry your daughters on their shoulders Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Jerusalem as if they were the city’s children. He also speaks of the people of other nations helping the Israelites to return to Jerusalem as if they were carrying the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 23 xx8n figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 49 23 q6dc figs-metaphor 0 Kings will be your foster fathers, and their queens your nursemaids Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. The terms “foster fathers” and “nursemaids” refer to men and women who become responsible for the care of children. Alternate translation: “The kings and queens of other nations will provide for your inhabitants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 23 w8ev 0 they will bow down to you with their faces to the earth and lick the dust of your feet These phrases describe gestures that people used to express complete submission to a superior. -ISA 49 23 fx8v figs-idiom 0 lick the dust of your feet This could mean: (1) that this is a literal expression of submission where the person licks the dust off of a superior’s foot or from the ground at the superior’s foot or (2) that this is an idiom that describes a person prostrating himself before a superior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 49 23 j5gn figs-activepassive 0 will not be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will not be ashamed” or “will not be disappointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 49 24 nrw9 figs-personification 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 49 24 w2vc figs-rquestion 0 Can the spoils be taken from the warrior, or captives be rescued from the fierce? Isaiah uses a question to express the difficulty of taking anything from a mighty soldier or a very strong warrior. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “A person cannot take the spoils from a warrior or rescue captives from fierce soldiers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 49 24 c5s2 0 spoils valuable items taken from the losers in a battle -ISA 49 25 kqr1 figs-activepassive 0 the captives will be taken away from the warrior, and spoils will be rescued Yahweh says that he will do what is usually impossible for people to do. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will take the captives from the warrior, and I will rescue the spoils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 49 25 zzu8 figs-metaphor 0 I will … save your children Yahweh speaks of the people who will inhabit Zion as if they were the city’s children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 26 mu96 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Zion as if it were a person. -ISA 49 26 qp7y figs-metaphor 0 I will feed your oppressors with their own flesh This could mean: (1) the oppressors will be so hungry that they will eat the flesh of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to eat their own flesh” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were eating themselves. Alternate translation: “I will cause your oppressors to destroy themselves, as if they were eating their own flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 49 26 l5ym figs-metaphor 0 they will get drunk on their own blood, as if it were wine This could mean: (1) the oppressors will be so thirsty that they drink the blood of their friends who have died. Alternate translation: “they will drink their friends’ blood and be like weak people who are drunk on wine” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the oppressors fighting against and destroying themselves as if they were drinking their own blood. Alternate translation: “they will shed so much of their friends’ blood that it will be as though they were getting drunk with wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 intro w2ie 0 # Isaiah 50 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

Many scholars believe that there are four songs or poems which Isaiah records about the Messiah. Isaiah 50:4-9 is the third of these songs. They are often called the “servant songs” because they focus on the Messiah being a servant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 50 1 ca66 figs-metaphor 0 Where is the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother? Yahweh speaks of Zion as if the city were the mother of the people who lived there and of sending the people into exile as if he were divorcing their mother. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 1 dz6i figs-rquestion 0 Where is the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question so that the people would produce “the certificate of divorce,” which would provide the reason Yahweh sent them into exile. Alternate translation: “Show me the certificate of divorce with which I divorced your mother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 50 1 wz9n figs-metaphor 0 To which of my creditors did I sell you? Yahweh speaks of sending the people into exile as if he were selling them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 1 krc1 figs-rquestion 0 To which of my creditors did I sell you? Yahweh asks this question to emphasize that he did not sell them because he owed a debt to a creditor. It is implied that this is what the people had thought. Alternate translation: “I did not sell you because I owed a debt to someone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 50 1 k7at figs-metaphor 0 you were sold because of your sins, and because of your rebellion, your mother was sent away Yahweh gives the reason for sending the people into exile, which he speaks of as if he had sold them and divorced their mother. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sold you because of your sins, and I divorced your mother because of your rebellion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 50 2 ait1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 50 2 ie1n figs-parallelism 0 Why did I come but there was no one there? Why did I call but no one answered? These two sentences mean basically the same thing. Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that the people are in exile because they did not respond to him, not because he was unwilling to save them. Alternate translation: “When I came to you, you should have been there, but you were not. When I called you, you should have answered, but you did not.” or “When I came to speak to you, you did not respond to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 50 2 s2sd figs-parallelism 0 Was my hand too short to ransom you? Was there no power in me to rescue you? Yahweh uses two similar questions to rebuke the people for believing that he was not strong enough to rescue them. Alternate translation: “My hand was certainly not too short for me to ransom you, and I had the power to rescue you!” or “I certainly have the power to rescue you from your enemies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 50 2 cv6g figs-metonymy 0 Was my hand too short Here the word “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh not being strong enough is spoken of as if his hand were short. Alternate translation: “Was I not strong enough” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 2 lz41 0 Was there no power in me “Did I not have the power” -ISA 50 2 cl62 figs-metaphor 0 I make the rivers a desert Yahweh speaks of drying up the rivers as if he were turning them into a desert. Alternate translation: “I make the rivers as dry as a desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 2 d3r6 0 their fish die for lack of water and rot “their fish die and rot for lack of water.” The word “their” refers to the sea and the rivers. -ISA 50 3 y7n5 figs-metaphor 0 I clothe the sky with darkness; I cover it with sackcloth These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of causing the sky to become dark as if he were clothing it with sackcloth. Alternate translation: “I make the sky dark, as if it were wearing dark sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 50 4 ww6d 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant begins to speak. -ISA 50 4 ahs2 figs-metonymy 0 The Lord Yahweh has given me a tongue as one of those who are taught The word “tongue” represents what he says. This could mean: (1) Yahweh has enabled him to speak as one who has learned to speak skillfully. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to be a skillful speaker” or (2) Yahweh has taught him what to say. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to speak what he has taught me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 50 4 zzf8 figs-synecdoche 0 he awakens my ear to hear Here “my ear” refers to Yahweh’s servant. Yahweh enabling him to hear and understand what Yahweh teaches him is spoken of as if Yahweh awakened his ear from sleep. Alternate translation: “he has enabled me to understand what he says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 4 v3ta figs-simile 0 like those who are taught The servant compares himself with a student who learns from his teacher. This could mean: (1) “like one who learns from his teacher” or (2) “like one whom he has taught” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 50 5 m5ss 0 General Information: The servant of Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 50 5 z5m7 figs-metaphor 0 The Lord Yahweh has opened my ear Yahweh enabling his servant to hear and understand is spoken of as if Yahweh opened his ear. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has enabled me to hear and understand him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 5 hk16 figs-parallelism 0 I was not rebellious, nor did I turn away backward These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Disobeying what Yahweh said is spoken of as if it were turning one’s back toward him. This can be stated in positive terms. Alternate translation: “I obeyed what he said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 6 f2mw figs-metaphor 0 I gave my back to those who beat me, and my cheeks to those who plucked out my beard Allowing people to beat him and pluck out his beard is spoken of as if it were giving his back and cheeks to them. Alternate translation: “I allowed people to beat me on my back and to pluck out my beard from my cheeks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 6 s9l3 figs-synecdoche 0 I did not hide my face from acts of shame and spitting Hiding one’s face means to protect oneself. Alternate translation: “I did not defend myself when they mocked me and spat on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 50 7 h78s 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking. -ISA 50 7 e3bh figs-activepassive 0 therefore I am not disgraced Even though the servant has been mistreated, he will not be ashamed because he has obeyed Yahweh. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “therefore I will not be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 50 7 y168 figs-synecdoche 0 so I have made my face like flint Here “my face” refers to the servant. The servant being steadfastly determined to obey Yahweh is spoken of as if his face were as hard as flint. Alternate translation: “so I am absolutely determined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 7 di16 figs-activepassive 0 for I know that I will not be put to shame The servant looks to the future with confidence, secure in Yahweh’s calling. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for I know that my enemies will not be able to make me feel shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 50 8 bbf6 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking. -ISA 50 8 fkm8 figs-rquestion 0 Who will oppose me? Let us stand … Who is my accuser? Let him come The servant uses these questions to emphasize that there is no one who can legitimately accuse him of wrong. Alternate translation: “If anyone would oppose me, let us stand … If anyone would accuse me, let him come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 50 9 ti2t figs-rquestion 0 Who will declare me guilty? The servant uses this question to assert that no one can declare him guilty. Alternate translation: “There is no one who can declare me guilty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 50 9 yj3u figs-metaphor 0 they will all wear out like a garment; the moth will eat them up There being no one left to accuse the servant of being guilty is spoken of as if the accusers were garments that wear thin and are eaten by moths. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 10 r1ep 0 General Information: The servant continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 50 10 mki5 figs-rquestion 0 Who among you fears Yahweh? Who obeys the voice of his servant? Who walks in deep darkness without light? He should … his God. The servant uses these questions to identify those to whom he is speaking. Alternate translation: “If someone among you fears Yahweh and obeys the voice of his servant, but he walks in deep darkness without light, then he should … his God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 50 10 k89u figs-metonymy 0 obeys the voice of his servant Here the word “voice” represents what the servant says. Alternate translation: “obeys his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 50 10 v35n figs-metaphor 0 walks in deep darkness without light The servant speaks of people who are suffering and feel helpless as if they were walking in a very dark place. Alternate translation: “is suffering and feels helpless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 10 kt5t figs-parallelism 0 trust in the name of Yahweh and lean on his God These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Here the word “name” represents Yahweh himself. Trusting in God is spoken of as if it were leaning on him. Alternate translation: “trust in Yahweh, his God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 11 w57f figs-metaphor 0 all you who light fires … flames that you have ignited This continues the metaphor from the previous verse of people who walk in darkness. Here people who try to live according to their own wisdom instead of trusting in Yahweh are spoken of as if they lit their own fires and carried about torches in order to see in the dark. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 50 11 ftd9 figs-euphemism 0 You will lie down in a place of pain Here to “lie down” refers to dying. Dying painfully is spoken of as if it were lying down in a place where they will experience pain. Alternate translation: “You will die with great suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 intro lu7c 0 # Isaiah 51 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Rhetorical Questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. These questions prove Yahweh’s point and are intended to convince the readers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])

### Awake
In this chapter the author uses sleeping as a metaphor for sin. The people are told to “awake,” meaning they are to repent and return to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -ISA 51 1 amf7 0 Listen to me Here the word “me” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 51 1 uux8 figs-metaphor 0 look at the rock … and to the quarry Looking at something represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: “think about the rock … and the quarry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 1 xs1b figs-metaphor 0 the rock from which you were chiseled and to the quarry from which you were cut God speaks of the nation of Israel as if it were a building made of stones and as if their ancestors were a rock or quarry from which God cut them. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “your ancestors, who are like a rock from which you were chiseled and a quarry from which you were cut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 1 c1ct figs-activepassive 0 the rock from which you were chiseled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the rock from which I chiseled you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 51 1 p5bj 0 chiseled “cut with a chisel” or “cut” -ISA 51 1 hik7 figs-activepassive 0 the quarry from which you were cut This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the quarry from which I cut you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 51 2 hqq2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 2 g6rc figs-metonymy 0 Abraham, your father God speaks of their ancestor as if he were their father. Alternate translation: “Abraham, your forefather” or “Abraham, your ancestor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 2 tb8v figs-metonymy 0 Sarah, who bore you God speaks of Abraham’s wife as if she were their mother and had given birth to them. Alternate translation: “Abraham’s wife, Sarah, of whom you are all descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 2 sx5w figs-explicit 0 when he was a lone individual This means when he did not have any children yet. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “when he had no children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 51 2 n1fl figs-metonymy 0 made him many God speaks of Abraham’s descendants being many as if Abraham were many. Alternate translation: “made his descendants many” or “made him have many descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 3 s9mz figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will comfort Zion The city of Zion, which is also called Jerusalem, here represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will comfort the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 3 cg58 figs-metonymy 0 he will comfort all her waste places Here “waste places” represents the people who live in those desolate areas. Alternate translation: “he will comfort the people who live in all her waste places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 3 puy1 figs-personification 0 her waste places … her wilderness … her desert plains The word “her” refers to Zion. Cities are often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 51 3 v86m 0 waste places places that have been destroyed -ISA 51 3 s4bj figs-parallelism 0 her wilderness he made like Eden, and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh These phrases mean that God will make the empty places in Israel beautiful. In prophecy, events that will happen in the future are often described as being in the past. This emphasizes that they will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “he will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert plains … like the garden of Yahweh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 51 3 mwq3 figs-doublet 0 joy and gladness will be found in her Joy and gladness mean the same thing. Being found there represents being there. Alternate translation: “there will be joy and gladness in Zion again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 51 4 yie3 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 4 r699 figs-parallelism 0 Be attentive to me … listen to me These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they strengthen the command to listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 51 4 lwr6 figs-metaphor 0 I will make my justice to be a light for the nations Here God’s justice represents his law, and a light represents knowledge of what is right. This means the people of the nations will understand and obey God’s law. Alternate translation: “my law will teach the nations what is right” or “the nations will know my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 5 tw5t figs-metaphor 0 My righteousness is near The idea of “near” represents “soon.” God’s righteousness being near represents him soon showing his righteousness. He will do this by fulfilling his promises and saving people. Alternate translation: “I will soon show my righteousness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 5 g33w figs-metaphor 0 my salvation will go out God speaks of saving people as if his salvation were a thing that could go out to them. Alternate translation: “I will save people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 5 m98k figs-metonymy 0 my arm will judge the nations Here God’s arm represents his power, and judging represents ruling. Alternate translation: “I will rule the nations with my power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 5 lfq1 figs-metonymy 0 the coastlands This refers to the people who live on the coasts of distant lands across the sea. Alternate translation: “the people who live on the coastlands” or “the people who live in the lands across the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 5 nf7a figs-metonymy 0 for my arm they will eagerly wait Here God’s arm represents what he will do. Here it refers to him saving people. Alternate translation: “they will eagerly wait for me to do something” or “they will eagerly wait for me to save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 51 6 w2kt 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 6 qs6h figs-metaphor 0 Lift up your eyes to the sky Lifting the eyes represents looking at something above. Alternate translation: “Look up at the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 6 d7zs figs-simile 0 like smoke … like a garment … like flies All of these refer to things that quickly and easily disappear or become useless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 51 6 qh98 figs-metonymy 0 my salvation will continue forever God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Alternate translation: “I will save you, you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 6 s7yc figs-metonymy 0 my righteousness will never stop working God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will never end” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 7 x85p 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 7 xj59 figs-metaphor 0 who have my law in your heart Having God’s law in the heart represents knowing God’s law and wanting to obey it. Alternate translation: “who know and honor my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 7 bh59 figs-activepassive 0 nor be disheartened by their abuse This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and do not lose your courage when they hurt you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 51 8 n35v figs-metaphor 0 For the moth will eat them up like a garment, and the worm will eat them like wool God speaks of people who abuse those who are righteous as if they were wool garments, and of their being destroyed as if insects ate them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 8 zf7f figs-metonymy 0 my righteousness will be forever God’s “righteousness” here represents him ruling righteously. Alternate translation: “my righteous rule will be forever” or “I will rule righteously forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 8 s8ph figs-metonymy 0 and my salvation to all generations God’s “salvation” here represents the result of his salvation, which is freedom. Being “to all generations” represents lasting forever. Alternate translation: “I will save you, and you will be free forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 9 jyd6 figs-personification 0 Awake, awake, clothe yourself with strength, arm of Yahweh People urgently ask Yahweh’s arm to help them as if his arm were a person. If it would be odd to speak to the arm, this can be addressed directly to Yahweh instead. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, Yahweh, and clothe your arm with strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 51 9 hn8n figs-synecdoche 0 Awake, awake … arm of Yahweh People speak as if Yahweh’s arm were asleep because it has not been helping them. Here the “arm of Yahweh” represents Yahweh, specifically him helping people. The word “Awake” is repeated to show that they need God’s help urgently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 51 9 ms86 figs-metaphor 0 clothe yourself with strength Strength is spoken of as if it were some kind of clothing that people would wear to strengthen themselves in battle. Alternate translation: “make yourself strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 9 ff4z figs-rquestion 0 Is it not you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster? The speaker uses a question to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. Alternate translation: “It is you who crushed Rahab, you who pierced the monster.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 51 9 rg6x figs-parallelism 0 Rahab … the monster Rahab was the name of this mythological serpent in the sea. Rahab can symbolize either the nation of Egypt or evil and chaos. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 51 10 auk6 figs-rquestion 0 Did you not dry up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through? Again, the speaker uses questions to emphasize Yahweh’s power to do mighty things. This refers to Yahweh opening the Red Sea for the Israelites to cross and escape the army of Egypt. Alternate translation: “You dried up the sea … for the redeemed to pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 51 11 vt9l 0 General Information: This is very similar to [Isaiah 35:10](../35/10.md). -ISA 51 11 f427 figs-nominaladj 0 The ransomed of Yahweh To “ransom” means to “rescue.” This refers to people whom Yahweh has rescued. Alternate translation: “Those whom Yahweh has rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 51 11 r918 figs-synecdoche 0 with gladness forever on their heads This uses a person’s head to mean the person as a whole. Alternate translation: “they will be glad forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 51 11 ew9a figs-doublet 0 gladness and joy … sorrow and mourning The words “gladness” and “joy” mean basically the same thing, as do “sorrow” and “mourning.” Together they emphasize the intensity of these emotions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 51 11 r6hp figs-personification 0 gladness and joy will overtake them This speaks of the people being overwhelmed by gladness and joy by giving these emotions the human quality of being able to overtake someone. Alternate translation: “they will be overwhelmed by joy and gladness” or “they will be extremely glad and joyful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 51 11 b5dr figs-personification 0 sorrow and mourning will flee away This speaks of the people no longer being sorrowful and mourning by speaking of these emotions as if they could run away. Alternate translation: “they will no longer be sorrowful and mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 51 12 r4xy 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 12 x91f 0 I, I, am he The word “I” is repeated for emphasis. If this is unnatural in your language, the repetition does not need to be used. Alternate translation: “I am he” -ISA 51 12 rzu7 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you afraid of men … like grass? This rhetorical question emphasizes that people who have the Lord’s protection should not be afraid of human beings. This can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid of men … like grass.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 51 12 rjp1 figs-simile 0 who are made like grass This phrase compares men to grass to emphasize that their lives are short and that they die quickly. Alternate translation: “who live and die quickly like grass” or “who will wither and disappear like grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 51 12 q2ck figs-activepassive 0 who are made like This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who are like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 51 13 mp7z 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 13 ht5l figs-rquestion 0 Why have you forgotten Yahweh … earth? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that they should not forget Yahweh. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have forgotten Yahweh … earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 51 13 q4ec 0 Maker See how you translated this name for Yahweh in [Isaiah 17:7](../17/07.md). -ISA 51 13 ysh5 figs-metaphor 0 who stretched out the heavens “who spread out the sky.” This speaks of Yahweh having created the heavens as if he had stretched them out in the same way one would stretch out a large garment. Alternate translation: “who stretched out the heavens like a garment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 13 nx9y 0 the foundations of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated this phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). -ISA 51 13 e7k3 0 the hot fury of the oppressor when he decides to destroy “the oppressor’s hot fury when he decides to cause destruction” -ISA 51 13 mu4c figs-idiom 0 hot fury Here the word “hot” means “strong” or “great.” Alternate translation: “great fury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 51 13 f7jc figs-rquestion 0 Where is the fury of the oppressor? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people should not fear those who want to oppress them. Their oppressors are no longer a threat to them. This may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The fury of the oppressor is not a threat!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 51 14 n7t8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 14 wg9n figs-metonymy 0 The one who is bent down This refers to the people of Israel who are slaves of the Babylonians. This phrase describes how they work. Alternate translation: “The slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 14 kmy1 figs-metonymy 0 the pit This refers to Sheol. Alternate translation: “the pit of Sheol” or “the grave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 14 y1k4 figs-synecdoche 0 nor will he lack bread Here “bread” represents food in general. This can be written in positive form. Alternate translation: “nor will he be without food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 51 15 i14u figs-metaphor 0 who churns up the sea This speaks of Yahweh causing the sea to move and the waves to rise and fall as if he were stirring the sea as one stirs the contents of a bowl with a large spoon. Alternate translation: “who causes the sea to churn” or “who makes the sea move up and down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 15 mi1u 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this name for Yahweh in [Isaiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -ISA 51 16 m5qe figs-metaphor 0 I have placed my words in your mouth This speaks of Yahweh telling Isaiah what to say as if his words were a physical object Yahweh had placed in Isaiah’s mouth. Alternate translation: “I have told you what to say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 16 s6rx figs-metonymy 0 I have covered you in the shadow of my hand Yahweh’s “hand” refers to his power. This speaks of Yahweh protecting Isaiah as if his hand were covering him to protect him. Alternate translation: “my power has kept you safe” or “I have protected you and kept you safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 16 vnh9 figs-metaphor 0 that I may plant the heavens The word “plant” means to establish something in the ground. Here Yahweh firmly establishing the heavens is spoken of as if the heavens were a tent that he would spread out and firmly set it in place with tent pegs. Alternate translation: “that I may establish the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 16 fa33 0 lay the foundations of the earth The word “foundation” normally refers to a stone structure that gives support to a building from underneath. Here it describes a similar structure that was thought to support and hold the earth in place. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 24:18](../24/18.md). -ISA 51 17 x64l figs-metonymy 0 Awake, awake, stand up, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “Awake, awake, stand up, you people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ISA 51 17 pj9b 0 Awake, awake, stand up “Be alert and arise.” The repetition of the word “awake” emphasizes the urgency of the call to arouse the people of Israel. It is not used to wake them from literal sleep. -ISA 51 17 efp6 figs-metaphor 0 you who have drunk out of the hand of Yahweh … from the cup of staggering Yahweh speaks of having punished his people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. And when they drank from the bowl of his anger, they staggered as if they had drank a lot of wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 17 r4ck 0 down to the dregs The word “dregs” means the solid pieces at the very bottom of a container that has a liquid in it. Alternate translation: “down to the very bottom” -ISA 51 17 k9wd figs-synecdoche 0 out of the hand of Yahweh Here Yahweh is referred to by his hand to emphasize that he is the one who gave the bowl to his people. Alternate translation: “that he gave to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 51 17 uw6s 0 from the cup of staggering “from the cup that caused you to stagger as if you were drunk on wine” -ISA 51 17 ca4r 0 staggering not walking straight, or stumbling while walking -ISA 51 18 qz3k figs-parallelism 0 There is no one … to guide her; there is no one … to take her by the hand These two clauses have the same meaning and can be combined. This speaks of Jerusalem being helpless as if the city were a drunk woman without a son to help her walk safely. Alternate translation: “You have no one to help you! You are like a drunk old woman without a son to take her by the hand and guide her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 19 k1we 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 19 h1j1 figs-rquestion 0 who will grieve with you?…Who will comfort you? Isaiah uses questions to emphasize that now there is no one to weep with them or comfort them. These questions may be written as statements. Alternate translation: “but there is no one to grieve with you … There is no one to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 51 19 a7nx 0 These two troubles The two troubles refer to the following two phrases: “desolation and destruction” and “the famine and the sword.” -ISA 51 19 mi81 figs-doublet 0 desolation and destruction These words have similar meanings and emphasize the destruction of the land caused by the opposing army. Alternate translation: “your enemies have left your city empty and ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 51 19 b3y4 figs-metonymy 0 the famine and the sword The words “famine” and “sword” describe the trouble that will come upon the people. The “sword” refers to “war.” Alternate translation: “many of you have died from hunger and war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 20 sgk9 figs-hyperbole 0 they lie at every street corner This is generalization. Many children will lie in the street, but not necessarily on every street corner. Alternate translation: “they lie on the street” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 51 20 jt6u figs-simile 0 like an antelope in a net This speaks of the children being exhausted and helpless as if they were an antelope caught in a trap. Alternate translation: “they are helpless, like an antelope caught in a net” or “as helpless as a trapped antelope” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 51 20 ead6 translate-unknown 0 antelope This is an animal, similar to a deer, that has horns and runs very fast. Alternate translation: “deer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 51 20 le4u figs-metaphor 0 they are filled with the anger of Yahweh, the rebuke of your God The “anger of Yahweh” refers to Yahweh punishing his people because of his anger against them. This speaks of the people having been severely punished as if they had become full of Yahweh’s anger. Also, the word “rebuke” can be written as a verb. Alternate translation: “they have been severely punished by Yahweh because he was angry with them and rebuked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 51 21 nr5x 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 21 icr5 figs-synecdoche 0 you oppressed one and drunken one Yahweh uses the word “one” here to refer to all of the oppressed people. Alternate translation: “you oppressed people and drunken people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 51 21 j17a figs-metaphor 0 drunken one, but not drunk with wine This speaks of the people acting drunk because they are suffering as if they have become drunk from being forced to drink the bowl of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “you who are drunk from drinking the wine of the bowl of Yahweh’s anger” or “you who act drunk, because you have suffered greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 51 22 rfp2 figs-metaphor 0 See, I have taken the cup of staggering from your hand—the bowl, which is the cup of my anger—so that This speaks of Yahweh no longer being angry with his people as if his anger were the contents of a cup that he was taking away from them. Alternate translation: “I will no longer be angry with you. See, it is like I have taken away from you the cup that made you stagger, that is, the cup that was full of my anger, so that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 22 y2ud 0 See This is used to draw the listeners’ attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -ISA 51 22 hi9q figs-metonymy 0 the cup of staggering The word “cup” refers to what is in the cup. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 51:17](../51/17.md). Alternate translation: “the cup of the wine that makes people stagger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 51 22 t4db figs-metaphor 0 the bowl, which is the cup of my anger Yahweh speaks of having punished people as if he had forced them to drink from a bowl that was filled with his anger. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 51:17](../51/17.md). Alternate translation: “the bowl which is filled with my anger” or “the cup which is filled with my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 23 q5ky 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 51 23 qgu7 figs-metaphor 0 I will put it into the hand of your tormentors This speaks of Yahweh punishing their enemies as if he were going to force them to drink from the cup filled with his anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 51 23 wu8d figs-explicit 0 I will put it into the hand of your tormentors It is implied that by putting the cup of his anger in their hand Yahweh will be forcing them to drink what is in the cup. Alternate translation: “I will force your tormentors to drink from the wine of the bowl of my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 51 23 t6ks 0 your tormentors The word “tormentors” may be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “those who have tormented you” or “those who have caused you to suffer” -ISA 51 23 xv84 figs-simile 0 you made your back like the ground and like the street for them to walk on This compares the way their enemies walked on their back to the way people walk on the street. Alternate translation: “you lay in the streets so your enemies could walk on your backs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 52 intro ac65 0 # Isaiah 52 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

The prophecies of this chapter occur after the exile in Babylon and are not in reference to the people contemporary to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

There is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah beginning in this chapter and continues through the next chapter. This prophesy begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]]) -ISA 52 1 rzb3 figs-metaphor 0 Awake, awake This word is repeated for emphasis and shows urgency. Isaiah trying to arouse the people is spoken of as if he were trying to wake them up from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 1 vfg8 figs-metaphor 0 put on your strength Being strong again is spoken of as if strength were clothing that a person puts on. Alternate translation: “be strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 1 p8u4 figs-metonymy 0 Zion … Jerusalem Both of these refer to the people who live in Jerusalem. Isaiah is speaking to the people as if they were there listening to him. Alternate translation: “people of Zion … people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -ISA 52 1 w8h9 figs-nominaladj 0 the uncircumcised or the unclean These nominal adjectives can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “Those who are uncircumcised or those who are unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -ISA 52 1 z2jx figs-metaphor 0 the unclean This refers to unclean people. A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “those who are not acceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 1 wn2c figs-metonymy 0 enter you Here “you” refers to Jerusalem which represents the people who live there. It is understood that the uncircumcised and unclean people would enter the city to attack the people. Alternate translation: “enter your city to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 52 2 l1h5 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 52 2 r7rx figs-metonymy 0 Shake yourself off from the dust; arise and sit, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “People of Jerusalem, sit up and shake the dirt off of yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 2 wey6 figs-metonymy 0 take off the chain from your neck, captive It is implied that the people of Jerusalem were wearing chains because they were slaves while exiled in Babylon. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 52 2 vg9w figs-idiom 0 daughter of Zion This is an idiom. The “daughter” of a city means the people of the city. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “people of Zion” or “people who live in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 52 3 f28v figs-metaphor 0 You were sold for nothing, and you will be redeemed without money This speaks about Yahweh as if he were the owner of the people of Israel. Since he is the rightful owner he can give them away or take them back whenever he wants. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sold you for nothing, and I will redeem you without money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 52 4 bae3 0 In the beginning Here “beginning” refers to the start of Israel’s history as they were first becoming a people. -ISA 52 4 kvl7 0 went down to … Egypt “went to … Egypt.” It was common to use the phrase “went down” when speaking of traveling from Canaan to Egypt. -ISA 52 4 jx27 figs-metonymy 0 Assyria has oppressed them Assyria refers to the people of Assyria. Alternate translation: “the people of Assyria have treated them badly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 5 v517 figs-rquestion 0 Now what do I have here … seeing that my people are taken away for nothing? Yahweh uses a question to make the people pay attention to what he is about to say. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now look at what is happening … my people are again taken away for nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 52 5 h4tq figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 52 5 b5in figs-activepassive 0 seeing that my people are taken away for nothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I see the enemy taking my people away for nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 52 5 pw1c figs-metaphor 0 for nothing This could mean: (1) “for nothing” means the Babylonians took the people unjustly and without cause or (2) this continues the metaphor from [Isaiah 52:3](../52/03.md) where Yahweh is spoken of as if he owned the people of Israel and could give them away for nothing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 5 zer1 0 Those who rule over them mock This refers to the Babylonians who have conquered the people. However, some versions have, “Those who rule over them wail.” For these versions, this passage refers to the leaders of the Israelites in captivity. -ISA 52 5 fb49 figs-metonymy 0 my name is blasphemed continually all day long Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those who watch the enemy take away my people are continually saying evil things about me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 52 6 b17m figs-metonymy 0 Therefore my people will know my name Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation. Alternate translation: “Therefore my people will truly know who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 7 g5yf 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 52 7 gt18 figs-synecdoche 0 How beautiful on the mountains are the feet of the messenger who brings good news Here “feet” represents a messenger who is walking. Alternate translation: “It is beautiful to see a messenger coming over the mountains to announce good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 52 7 r7l9 figs-metonymy 0 to Zion Here “Zion” represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “to the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 8 w7al figs-idiom 0 raise their voices This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “shout loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 52 8 pq5s figs-synecdoche 0 every eye of theirs Here “eye” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “every one of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 52 9 ne24 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 52 9 d43j figs-personification 0 you ruins of Jerusalem Isaiah speaks of the ruins of Jerusalem as if they were a person that could rejoice. This represents the people of Jerusalem who were defeated. Alternate translation: “you people who live among the ruins of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 52 9 r2fs figs-metonymy 0 he has redeemed Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “he has redeemed the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 10 j5iq figs-metonymy 0 bared his holy arm Here “arm” represents Yahweh’s power. Yahweh showing all the people of the nations that he is holy and powerful is spoken of as if Yahweh were a warrior who removed his cloak, baring his arms for battle. Alternate translation: “showed his holiness and mighty power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 10 w6qd figs-metonymy 0 all the nations; all the earth Here “nations” and “earth” represent the people of all the nations all over the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 11 vdv5 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 52 11 yq7w 0 Leave, leave This word is repeated to emphasize that the people must indeed leave, although not necessarily right away. -ISA 52 11 dd7u figs-explicit 0 go out from there It is assumed knowledge that the people of Israel were slaves in Babylon. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “go out from the land where you are slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 52 11 bel2 figs-metaphor 0 touch nothing unclean Something that Yahweh has stated is unfit to touch or eat is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “touch nothing that is unacceptable to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 11 mu7x 0 leave from her midst Here “her” represents Babylon. -ISA 52 12 vxi2 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will go before you; and the God of Israel will be your rearguard Yahweh protecting his people from their enemies is spoken of as if he were the warriors who go ahead of the people and the warriors who stay behind the people to protect them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 13 iaj3 figs-activepassive 0 he will be high and lifted up, and he will be exalted This can be stated in active form. These two phrases “high and lifted up” and “will be exalted” have basically the same meaning and emphasize that Yahweh will honor his servant. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 33:10](../33/10.md). Alternate translation: “I will give my servant the greatest honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 52 14 xyv2 figs-explicit 0 his appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man It is implied that the servant is disfigured because enemies beat him very badly. The full meaning of this can be made clear. Alternate translation: “his enemies beat his body so badly that he did not even look like a human anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 52 15 z9hw 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about his servant. -ISA 52 15 qs33 figs-metaphor 0 my servant will sprinkle many nations The servant causing the people of the nations to be acceptable to Yahweh is spoken of as if the servant were a priest who sprinkles the blood of a sacrifice to make someone or something acceptable to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 52 15 g9pf 0 will sprinkle The Hebrew word translated “sprinkle” here can also be translated as “surprise” or “startle,” which some versions of the Bible do. -ISA 52 15 vtr9 figs-metonymy 0 many nations Here “nations” represents the people of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 52 15 ccn8 figs-idiom 0 kings will shut their mouths The phrase “shut their mouths” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “kings will stop talking” or “kings will be silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 52 15 r1l5 figs-activepassive 0 that which they had not been told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that which no one had told them” or “something no one had told them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 intro znn5 0 # Isaiah 53 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

In this chapter there is an important teaching or prophecy about the Messiah and his life and ministry. It begins in 52:13 and scholars usually note that it portrays the Messiah as a “suffering servant.” (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Atonement
This chapter prophesies about the death of Christ for sin. Most scholars believe it teaches that Christ was a righteous man who died for the sins of mankind. This is usually referred to as the atonement. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/atonement]]) -ISA 53 1 l33i figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant. Here Isaiah describes events that will happen in the future as if they happened in the past. This emphasizes that they certainly will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 53 1 yul6 figs-exclusive 0 Who has believed what they heard from us What Isaiah just found out is so amazing that he wonders if the exiles will believe it. The “we” includes him and those in exile. Alternate translation: “It is hard for anyone to believe what we have heard” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 53 1 vlz4 figs-metonymy 0 to whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed? Arm refers to God’s power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has revealed his power to people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 53 2 v5vm figs-simile 0 For he grew up before Yahweh like a sapling Here “he” refers to God’s servant whom Isaiah compares to a very young tree. This emphasizes that he will appear weak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 53 2 a2he figs-metaphor 0 out of parched earth “parched earth” is hard and dry ground that will not allow plants to grow and represents where the servant of Yahweh will come. Alternate translation: “out of an impossible situation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 53 3 t4ar 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 53 3 xp3g figs-activepassive 0 He was despised and rejected by people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People considered him as nothing and rejected him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 3 bkb5 0 a man of sorrows “a man knowing all kinds of sadness” -ISA 53 3 j3j9 figs-metonymy 0 from whom men hide their faces “Face” represents a person’s attention or fellowship. Hiding one’s face means to turn away from someone. Alternate translation: “from whom people turn away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 53 3 tj7i figs-activepassive 0 he was despised This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they considered him to be worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 4 u1xa 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 53 4 ypj5 figs-metaphor 0 he has borne our sicknesses and carried our sorrows To “bear” or carry an abstraction like sickness and sorrow represents taking it up. Alternate translation: “he has taken our sicknesses and sorrows upon himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 53 4 xe8d figs-activepassive 0 yet we thought he was being punished by God, struck by God, and afflicted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “yet we thought God was punishing and afflicting him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 53 5 x4y1 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 53 5 wc4p figs-parallelism 0 But he was pierced because of our rebellious deeds; he was crushed because of our sins These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the servant suffered because of the people’s sins. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God allowed the enemy to stab him and kill him because of our sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 5 u45c figs-explicit 0 The punishment for our peace was on him This refers to peace with God. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “He accepted this punishment so we could live in harmony” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 53 5 t2bv figs-activepassive 0 with his wounds we are healed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he healed us by his suffering of the wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 6 vh4t 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 53 6 gyq2 figs-simile 0 We all like sheep have gone astray Sheep often leave the path on which the shepherd leads them. Isaiah means that we do what we want instead of what God commands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 53 6 yd6v figs-metaphor 0 the iniquity of us all Our “iniquity” here represents the guilt for our sin. Alternate translation: “the guilt for the sin of every one of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 53 7 u5pf 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 53 7 qk3r figs-activepassive 0 He was oppressed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They treated him harshly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 7 h2l8 figs-metonymy 0 he did not open his mouth “Mouth” represents what a person says. Opening one’s mouth means to speak. Alternate translation: “he did not protest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 53 7 ref7 figs-simile 0 as a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is silent Isaiah compares the servant to a lamb and a sheep to emphasize that he will remain silent as people harm and humiliate him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 53 7 j5bv figs-simile 0 as a lamb that is led to the slaughter This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just as a lamb is silent as a person slaughters it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 8 e1nv 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 53 8 nfv9 figs-activepassive 0 By coercion and judgment he was condemned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They treated him harshly, judged him, and condemned him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 8 yy4i 0 coercion The Hebrew word translated here as “coercion” is interpreted by some versions as “arrest.” For these versions, the thought is that the Servant will be arrested and then judged and condemned. -ISA 53 8 nqw6 figs-rquestion 0 who from that generation thought anymore about him? This question emphasizes that no one thinks about him. Alternate translation: “no one from his generation cared what happened to him.” or “no one among his contemporaries cared what happened to him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 53 8 e9ga 0 who from that generation thought anymore about him? Many versions interpret this passage in Hebrew differently: “Who can say anything about his descendants?” or “Who can say anything about his fate?” -ISA 53 8 d1b3 figs-activepassive 0 But he was cut off from the land of the living “Cut off” here refers to death. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But he died” or “But death took him away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 53 8 j24p 0 of my people “of the people of Israel” -ISA 53 9 y3uz figs-metonymy 0 nor had there been any deceit in his mouth “Mouth” represents what a person says. Alternate translation: “nor did he deceive anyone when he spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 53 10 mv7x 0 General Information: Isaiah continues describing Yahweh’s servant ([Isaiah 53:1-2](./01.md)). -ISA 53 10 db99 figs-metaphor 0 he will see his offspring Here, “offspring” means those people that Yahweh has forgiven because of the servant’s sacrifice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 53 10 zq6y figs-idiom 0 he will prolong his days This speaks of making him live for more time. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will make his servant live again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 53 10 q44m figs-activepassive 0 Yahweh’s purpose will be accomplished through him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will accomplish his purpose through his servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 53 11 y6hr figs-metonymy 0 After the suffering of his life Here “his life” refers to the servant. Alternate translation: “After the servant has suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 53 11 z63d figs-metaphor 0 he will see light Many versions understand “light” here to stand for life. That is, the servant will become alive again. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 53 11 kq9w 0 My righteous servant Here “my” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 53 11 q1ts figs-metaphor 0 he will bear their iniquities The word “bear” means carry. This could mean: (1) “their iniquities” is a metonym representing the punishment for their sins. Alternate translation: “he will take their punishment” or “he will be punished for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])or (2) “their iniquities” is a metonym representing their guilt. Alternate translation: “he will take their guilt upon himself” or “he will be guilty for their sins” -ISA 53 12 y3y2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues describing his servant. -ISA 53 12 p84g figs-parallelism 0 Therefore will I give him his portion among the multitudes, and he will divide the spoils with the many These two clauses mean basically the same thing. “Portion” and “spoils” refer to a king after a victorious battle sharing the plunder or rewards with his army. This means God will greatly honor his servant because of his sacrifice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 53 12 q68p 0 the multitudes Many versions interpret this expression as “the many” or “the strong.” -ISA 53 12 tiu1 figs-metonymy 0 because he exposed himself to death “Exposed” means to be vulnerable or unprotected. The servant of Yahweh put himself in a situation where he would die. Alternate translation: “he willingly accepted the possibility of death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 53 12 ih2g figs-activepassive 0 was numbered with the transgressors This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “allowed people to treat him as a criminal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 54 intro yq8q 0 # Isaiah 54 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness
This chapter focuses on Yahweh’s faithfulness to fulfill his covenants. It references several different covenant promises in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]]) -ISA 54 1 z782 figs-metaphor 0 you barren woman … children of the married woman Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to rejoice because there will be many people living in Jerusalem again is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a barren women she is going to have many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 1 qza5 figs-parallelism 0 break into joyful singing and cry aloud, you who have never been in birth labor This statement means the same thing as the first part of the sentence. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 54 1 zw4s figs-pastforfuture 0 For the children of the desolate one are more An event that will happen in the future is spoken of as if it happened in the past. This emphasizes that the event will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “For the children of the desolate woman will be more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -ISA 54 1 vf4r 0 the desolate one Here “desolate” means that the woman’s husband had rejected and abandoned her -ISA 54 2 j53q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 2 u8qg figs-metaphor 0 Make your tent larger … strengthen your stakes This continues the metaphor that began in [Isaiah 54:1](../54/01.md). Yahweh telling the people of Jerusalem to prepare because Yahweh will greatly increase their people is spoken of as if he is telling a woman to make her tent bigger to make room for many children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 3 a221 figs-you 0 For you will spread out Here “you” is singular and refers to the barren woman. She represents herself and all of her descendants. Alternate translation: “For you and your descendants will spread out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 54 3 b8xu figs-metonymy 0 will conquer nations Here “nations” represents the people. Alternate translation: “will conquer the people of other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 54 4 xjp6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 4 zk1l figs-metaphor 0 you will forget the shame of your youth and the disgrace of your abandonment Yahweh telling the people that in the future they will not even think about the shame they experienced when their enemies defeated them is spoken of as if Yahweh were telling a woman that she will no longer think about the shame she experienced from being unable to have children and having her husband abandon her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 5 yck3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 5 r46e figs-metaphor 0 For your Maker is your husband Yahweh loving and taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were their husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 5 baj2 0 Maker See how you translated this in [Isaiah 17:7](../17/07.md). -ISA 54 5 qmd4 0 Yahweh of hosts See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:24](../01/24.md). -ISA 54 5 um8u 0 The Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 5:16](../05/16.md). -ISA 54 5 nkc4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). -ISA 54 5 zf3w figs-activepassive 0 he is called the God of the whole earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is the God of the whole earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 54 6 mj4h figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has called you back as a wife … like a woman married young and rejected Yahweh sending his people away into exile then bringing them back is spoken of as if Yahweh were a husband who had rejected his wife but now accepts her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 54 6 c9rt figs-metonymy 0 grieved in spirit Here “spirit” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “grieved” or “made sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 54 7 n9cy 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 8 w36x figs-metaphor 0 In a flood of anger Yahweh being very angry is spoken of as if his anger were a flood that overwhelms people. Alternate translation: “When I was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 8 lz5y figs-idiom 0 I hid my face from you Here “hid my face” is an idiom that means God abandoned his people and let them suffer. Alternate translation: “I abandoned you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 54 8 ued4 figs-abstractnouns 0 but with everlasting covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “but because I always am faithful to my covenant with you” or “but because I am always faithful to do what I promise to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 54 8 r671 figs-123person 0 says Yahweh, the one who rescues you Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, your rescuer, say to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 54 9 xuf9 figs-explicit 0 the waters of Noah This refers to the flood that Yahweh caused during the time of Noah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 54 10 z7di figs-hypo 0 Though the mountains may fall and the hills be shaken, yet my steadfast love Yahweh describes a hypothetical condition to explain what would happen even if those conditions were met. Alternate translation: “Even if the mountains fell and the hills shook, my steadfast love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -ISA 54 10 n2al figs-activepassive 0 the hills be shaken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the hills may shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 54 10 g8ib figs-metaphor 0 my steadfast love will not turn away from you Yahweh continuing to love his people is spoken of as if his love would not turn away from the people. Alternate translation: “I will not stop loving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 10 e3aj figs-metaphor 0 nor will my covenant of peace be shaken Yahweh not canceling his covenant with the people is spoken of as if his covenant were an object that would not be shaken. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and I will not cancel my covenant of peace” or “and I will surely give you peace as I promised in my covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 54 10 h5qq figs-123person 0 says Yahweh, who has mercy on you Here Yahweh speaks about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “that is what I, Yahweh, who acts mercifully, say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 54 11 m1w7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 11 dx8e figs-apostrophe 0 Afflicted one Here Yahweh speaks to the city of Jerusalem as if it were listening to him. Here Jerusalem represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “You afflicted people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 54 11 n2mb figs-metaphor 0 storm-driven Yahweh speaks of the people as if they were blown around and damaged by the winds and storms. This means the people were hurt and without stability. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 11 dk4c 0 uncomforted one “without comfort” -ISA 54 11 r3g9 0 I will set your pavement in turquoise … lay your foundations with sapphires Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. -ISA 54 11 ih34 translate-unknown 0 turquoise … sapphires These are precious gemstones. Turquoise is light blue-to-green, sapphires are typically dark blue. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 54 12 v6lh 0 I will make … beautiful stones Yahweh describes in ideal terms how he will restore Jerusalem and cause it to be beautiful again. Although the language may be exaggerated, you should translate this just as Yahweh described it. -ISA 54 12 d32a translate-unknown 0 rubies These precious gemstones are red to pink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 54 13 via6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 13 zt6p figs-activepassive 0 Then all your children will be taught by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And Yahweh will teach all your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 54 13 e6ul figs-123person 0 by Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “by me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 54 14 e2ru figs-abstractnouns 0 In righteousness you will be established The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as the adjective “right.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be strong again because you will do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 54 14 rk6l 0 it will not come near to you No one in the city or outsiders will ever terrify the inhabitants of Jerusalem again. -ISA 54 15 h4z4 0 General Information: Yahweh continue speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 15 hxz5 figs-idiom 0 stirs up trouble This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “causes trouble” or “troubles you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 54 15 ii4x figs-idiom 0 will fall in defeat This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “you will defeat them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 54 17 x962 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 54 17 thu4 figs-metonymy 0 No weapon that is formed against you will succeed Enemies not succeeding against Yahweh’s people is spoken of as if their weapons would not succeed against Yahweh’s people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemies may form weapons to attack you but they will not defeat you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 54 17 f69n figs-metaphor 0 This is the heritage of the servants of Yahweh The reward that Yahweh will give to those who serve him is spoken of as if the reward were something they would inherit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 54 17 b727 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 55 intro c34c 0 # Isaiah 55 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gentiles
Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]]) -ISA 55 1 vge8 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of blessing the people freely as if he were selling food and drink to needy people for free. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 55 1 y9kd 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem in exile through Isaiah. -ISA 55 1 g9yx 0 Come … Come The repetition of this word four times adds a sense of urgency to the invitation. -ISA 55 1 wtd4 figs-irony 0 buy wine and milk without money and without cost There is a sense of irony in this statement since a person usually has to use money to buy something. This emphasizes Yahweh’s amazing grace in giving these things freely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 55 2 c9ai 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 55 2 ha8z figs-rquestion 0 Why do you weigh out … bread, and why do you labor … satisfy? Yahweh asks these questions to rebuke the people. He speaks of the people seeking happiness apart from Yahweh as if they were purchasing things to eat that were not food and working for things that could not satisfy them. Alternate translation: “You should not weigh out silver … bread, and you should not labor … satisfy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 55 2 wil6 figs-explicit 0 weigh out silver This refers to counting silver coins in order to pay someone for something. Alternate translation: “pay money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 55 2 ua4a figs-synecdoche 0 for what is not bread Here the word “bread” represents food in general. It is implied that the people were buying things to eat that were not really food. Alternate translation: “for things to eat that are not really food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 55 2 l8h1 figs-metaphor 0 eat what is good, and delight yourselves in fatness The people trusting Yahweh for blessing and happiness is spoken of as if they are eating good food that is making them happy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 55 2 b221 figs-idiom 0 in fatness The word “fatness” refers to meat that has plenty of fat on it and is an idiom for fine food. Alternate translation: “with the best foods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 55 3 npj6 figs-metaphor 0 Turn your ears Listening to or paying attention to someone is spoken of as if it were turning one’s ears to someone. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 55 4 lar1 0 I have placed him This could mean: (1) this refers to what Yahweh did for King David in the past or (2) it refers to what God will do through one of David’s descendants. -ISA 55 5 leh9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 55 5 pxt4 0 the Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 55 6 qi9x figs-activepassive 0 Seek Yahweh while he may be found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Seek Yahweh while you can still find him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 55 7 c3wy figs-nominaladj 0 Let the wicked leave his path The word “wicked” refers to wicked people. Yahweh speaks of wicked people no longer sinning as if they were to stop walking along a path that they had been traveling. Alternate translation: “Let wicked people change the way they live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 55 7 y63b figs-ellipsis 0 the man of sin his thoughts The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “let the sinful man leave his thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 55 7 wj8e 0 his thoughts This could mean: (1) “the way he thinks” or (2) “his plans” -ISA 55 7 h5ht 0 he will pity him “Yahweh will pity him” -ISA 55 7 mq71 figs-ellipsis 0 to our God The verb may be supplied from the first phrase in this sentence. Alternate translation: “let him return to our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 55 8 faw8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 55 9 gd6x figs-metaphor 0 for as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts Yahweh speaks of the things that he does and how he thinks as being far superior to or higher than what people do and think, just like the sky is much higher than the earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 55 10 i9uz 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 55 10 i7ei 0 For as the rain and snow … do not return there This is likely a description of the rain and snow evaporating. -ISA 55 11 xj89 figs-personification 0 so also my word … it will achieve the purpose for which I sent it Yahweh speaks of his word as if it were a person whom he sends out as his messenger to accomplish a task. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 55 11 mi1p figs-synecdoche 0 my word will be that goes from my mouth Here the word “mouth” represents Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “the word that I speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 55 11 q6s2 figs-explicit 0 it will not return to me empty Here the description of the word returning to Yahweh means that it has completed the task that Yahweh had sent it to complete. That it will not return “empty” means that it will not fail to accomplish its task. Alternate translation: “it will not fail to complete its task” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 55 12 z72i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -ISA 55 12 eni2 figs-activepassive 0 be led along peacefully This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will lead you along peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 55 12 w3uy figs-personification 0 the mountains and the hills will break out in joyful shouts before you, and all the trees of the fields will clap their hands Yahweh speaks of the mountains, hills, and trees as if they were people with voices and hands, celebrating as Yahweh rescues his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 55 13 a7v2 translate-unknown 0 Instead of the thornbushes, the cypress will grow; and instead of the brier, the myrtle tree will grow The words “thornbushes” and “brier” refer to species of plants that have sharp thorns growing on them. The words “cypress” and “myrtle” refer to species of evergreen trees. The thorny plants symbolize desolation, while the evergreens symbolize life and prosperity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -ISA 55 13 l82f figs-metonymy 0 for his name Here the word “name” represents Yahweh’s fame. Alternate translation: “for his fame” or “for his honor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 55 13 pj5z figs-metaphor 0 that will not be cut off Something ceasing to exist is spoken of as if it were cut off, as a branch is cut off of a tree or a piece of fabric is cut off of clothing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that will never end” or “that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 56 intro y2w8 0 # Isaiah 56 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gentiles
Many scholars believe this chapter prophesies that Gentiles will be able to come to a saving faith in Yahweh. At this time, the Israelites believed that only an Israelite could be saved. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Beasts
The Israelites are compared to beasts and dogs in this chapter. This would have been very offensive to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 56 1 f7bp figs-activepassive 0 for my salvation is near, and my righteousness is about to be revealed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will soon save you and show you that I am righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 56 2 v4ay figs-idiom 0 who holds it tightly Here “holds it tightly” is an idiom that means to continue to observe something. Alternate translation: “who is careful to always do this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 56 2 cv9i figs-synecdoche 0 keeps his hand from doing any evil Here the “hand” represents the whole person and emphasizes the person’s actions or behaviors. Alternate translation: “does not do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 56 3 f7kq figs-metaphor 0 See, I am a dry tree This means eunuchs may have thought they could not be a part of God’s people because they were deformed by castration (and for this reason could not have children). Israelites did not practice castration; foreigners did, sometimes for punishment. Eunuchs who had accepted the Hebrew faith knew that normally they were not allowed to worship in the temple (Deut. 23:1). The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 56 5 l1fz figs-doublet 0 in my house and within my walls These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “inside the walls of my temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 56 5 hk5n figs-activepassive 0 that will never be cut off This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that will never end” or “that will never be forgotten” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 56 6 avp4 figs-metonymy 0 who love the name of Yahweh Yahweh’s “name” represents himself. Alternate translation: “who love Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 56 7 ub9a 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). -ISA 56 7 i34j figs-activepassive 0 will be accepted on my altar This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will accept on my altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 56 7 w7t2 figs-activepassive 0 my house will be called a house of prayer This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my house will be a house of prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 56 9 v1f8 figs-metaphor 0 All you wild beasts of the field, come and devour, all you beasts in the forest God is calling armies of other nations by comparing them to animals to come and attack the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 56 10 m4qm 0 All their watchmen are blind This means Israel’s leaders cannot or perhaps do not want to see what is going on in society. -ISA 56 10 tz9w figs-metaphor 0 They are all silent dogs The leaders are supposed to open their mouths and warn the people, but they do not. Comparing someone to a dog in this society is a great insult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 56 10 r63i 0 They dream, and lying down they love to sleep This means the leaders are not bringing God’s word of warning to Israel but prefer their own comfort. -ISA 56 11 tzq4 0 General Information: Yahweh continues describing the evil leaders of his people. -ISA 56 11 ub1k figs-metaphor 0 The dogs have big appetites Yahweh continues comparing Israel’s bad leaders to dogs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 57 intro miv3 0 # Isaiah 57 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Child sacrifice
This chapter references the killing of children. Some religions in the ancient Near East practiced the sacrificing of their children. This was considered evil by Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Mocking
The people abandoned the worship of Yahweh in favor of other gods. When they needed help, he tells them to ask these false gods. This is mocking the power of the false gods and shows the people the uselessness of their worship of these gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -ISA 57 1 r38x figs-abstractnouns 0 the people of covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “the people who are faithful to the covenant” or “the people who are faithful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 57 1 mfl3 figs-euphemism 0 are gathered away … is gathered away “die and go away … dies and goes away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 57 1 u6v1 figs-activepassive 0 that the righteous is gathered away from the evil This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the righteous people die, and Yahweh takes them away from all that is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 57 2 zn46 0 He enters into peace “The righteous enter into peace” -ISA 57 2 gu23 figs-euphemism 0 they rest they die (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 57 2 h6t8 0 those who walk in their uprightness “those who have done what is right” -ISA 57 3 xix7 0 But come here God is calling all of the unfaithful people to come before him so he can judge them in a strong contrast to the promises for the righteous that came before. -ISA 57 3 r3tv figs-metaphor 0 sons of the sorceress This is a strong insult against the people who practice sorcery because sorcery and magic includes idolatry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 57 3 z4xi 0 children of the adulterer and the woman who has prostituted herself This refers to actual and spiritual adultery. They have abandoned the worship of God and now worship other gods and idols along with actual prostitution in pagan Canaanite ceremonies. -ISA 57 4 wik1 figs-rquestion 0 Whom are you merrily mocking? Against whom are you opening the mouth and sticking out the tongue? Yahweh uses questions to scold the people who are mocking him through false worship. Alternate translation: “You are mocking me and making fun of me by opening your mouth wide and sticking out the tongue!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 57 4 mbu5 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not children of rebellion, children of deceit? Yahweh uses another question to scold the people. This does not refer to their birth but to their spiritual state. Alternate translation: “You are children of rebellion, children of deceit!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 57 5 xfv6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. -ISA 57 5 zeb6 figs-explicit 0 You heat yourselves … under the rocky overhangs All of these actions are associated with worshiping idols. The oaks were sacred trees to the Canaanites. People thought such activity would increase fertility for people and the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 57 6 db7z 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. -ISA 57 6 yy1r figs-activepassive 0 that have been assigned to you This can be stated in active form. The exact meaning in Hebrew is unclear. Alternate translation: “that is your lot” or “that is your inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 57 6 r76w figs-rquestion 0 In these things should I take pleasure? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Certainly, these things do not please me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 57 7 mdj3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. -ISA 57 7 h9pb figs-euphemism 0 You prepared your bed This refers to sleeping with prostitutes as a part of worshiping false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -ISA 57 7 er5k figs-explicit 0 on a high mountain People often went on top of hills and mountains to worship false gods. They thought those were the best places for worship. This might even refer to Jerusalem, too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 57 8 bg7e 0 You made a covenant with them “You made a contract with them” -ISA 57 9 qkt8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. -ISA 57 9 ek3t figs-hyperbole 0 you went down to Sheol The people did not literally go to Sheol, the world of the dead. Instead, Yahweh is indicating by exaggeration that the people were willing to go anywhere to find new gods to worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 57 10 yn3i figs-metaphor 0 You found life in your hand After trying so hard, the idolators found they still had strength to keep going. Here “hand” equals “strength” or “capacity.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 57 11 gqf9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. -ISA 57 11 r1q1 figs-rquestion 0 Whom are you worried about? Whom do you fear so much that has caused you to act so deceitfully … about me? Yahweh uses these questions to scold the people. Alternate translation: “You must really fear these idols for you to act so deceitfully … about me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 57 11 wq9h figs-doublet 0 so much that you would not remember me or think about me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that, although the people should have remembered Yahweh, they did not. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -ISA 57 12 cld8 figs-irony 0 I will proclaim all your righteous acts and tell all that you have done Yahweh is being sarcastic, calling their evil deeds so-called righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 57 13 may9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the unfaithful people of Israel. -ISA 57 13 c5vg figs-irony 0 let your collection of idols rescue you Yahweh is mocking the people and their idols. He tells the idols to save the people though he knows they cannot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -ISA 57 13 vdx1 figs-parallelism 0 the wind will carry them all away, a breath will carry them all away This is saying the same thing in two ways to emphasize that idols are helpless and worthless. Alternate translation: “the wind, or even a breath, will blow them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 57 13 s4h7 0 holy mountain The “holy mountain” is Mount Zion, in Jerusalem. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). -ISA 57 14 d8ms figs-metaphor 0 Build, build! Clear a way! Remove all the stumbling blocks from the path of my people Yahweh is emphatic and urgent that a clear and level road be available for the people to return to him and free of obstacles to worshiping Yahweh. This echoes [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 57 15 nf35 0 For this is what the high and elevated One says The words “high” and “elevated” have basically the same meaning here and emphasize Yahweh being exalted. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 6:1](../06/01.md) and [Isaiah 33:10](../33/10.md). See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 52:13](../52/13.md). -ISA 57 15 y31b figs-parallelism 0 to revive the spirit of the humble ones, and to revive the heart of the contrite ones These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will strengthen and encourage those who humble themselves before him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 57 15 z6yj figs-metonymy 0 spirit … heart Here these refer to a person’s thoughts and emotions, not the spirit and heart literally. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 57 16 h42q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 57 17 kl3t figs-idiom 0 I hid my face This means God gave up on his people and no longer helped or blessed them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 57 17 n312 figs-metonymy 0 he went backward in the way of his heart This means the Israelites kept rejecting the true God for false ones. Here “backward” and “way” are location words representing motivations and feelings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 57 18 p57m 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 57 18 utk3 0 his ways “their ways.” Here “his” refers to the people of Israel. -ISA 57 18 kfr6 0 comfort and console those who mourn for him “I will soothe and calm those who feel sad for the people’s suffering because of their sinful behavior” -ISA 57 19 u422 figs-metonymy 0 I create the fruit of the lips Here “fruit of the lips” refers to what a person says. Alternate translation: “I cause them to praise and thank me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 57 19 nl5v 0 Peace, peace, to those who are far off “I have made peace with them who are far off.” The word “Peace” is repeated for emphasis. -ISA 57 20 w5a6 figs-simile 0 But the wicked are like the tossing sea … mire and mud This compares the wicked to rough water on the shore that makes the water dirty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 58 intro wkw6 0 # Isaiah 58 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Fasting
The practice of fasting became more common after the exile. This was intended to bring people into a right relationship with God by creating a designated time to concentrate on him. It may have been believed that Yahweh heard people better when they fasted. The significance of fasting is derived from the faster’s attitude of repentance and faith in Yahweh and not the practice itself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Yet they seek me daily”
The people did not truly seek Yahweh every day. They practiced the outward aspects of the Jewish religion, but their hearts were far from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 58 1 akw2 figs-simile 0 Lift up your voice like a trumpet This means shout loudly. Here “your” refers to Isaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 58 1 dw8k figs-parallelism 0 Confront my people with their rebellion, and the house of Jacob with their sins These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the urgency to confront Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 58 3 c1tq figs-rquestion 0 ‘Why have we fasted,’ they say, ‘but you do not see it? Why have we humbled ourselves, but you do not notice?’ The people of Israel use questions to complain to God because they feel he is ignoring them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 58 4 tg4q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel by answering their challenging question. -ISA 58 4 vt4a 0 Look “Behold!” or “Pay attention.” Yahweh confronts their questioning by telling them to pay attention. -ISA 58 4 i2t9 figs-metonymy 0 fist of wickedness “wicked fist.” This shows that they fight viciously. “Fist” represents anger that is physically violent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 58 5 wb5r figs-rquestion 0 Is this really the kind of fast that I would want … under himself? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. They act like they are humble before God, but they are hurting other people. Alternate translation: “This is not the kind of fast I want … under himself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 58 5 acf6 figs-simile 0 A day for anybody to humble himself, for him to bow down his head like a reed This means the person is bowing down, but he is not truly humble. “A reed” represents a weak plant that bends easily. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 58 5 bg7s figs-rquestion 0 Do you really call this a fast, a day that pleases Yahweh? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Surely you do not think this kind of fast pleases me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 58 6 xbv6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 58 6 ba3r figs-rquestion 0 Is not this the fast that I choose … break every yoke? Yahweh uses a question to teach the people about the kind of fast that pleases him. Alternate translation: “This is the fast that I choose … break every yoke.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 58 6 d4hx figs-metonymy 0 To release wicked bonds, to undo the ropes of the yoke, to set the crushed ones free, and to break every yoke All of these phrases mean they should help those people whom the wicked are hurting and oppressing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 58 7 mv38 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not to … your house? Yahweh uses another question to teach the people. Alternate translation: “It is to … your house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 58 7 g6ne figs-idiom 0 break your bread This phrase represents starting the meal by the host tearing the loaf of bread apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 58 8 dpx1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 58 8 pk9d figs-idiom 0 Then your light would be broken open like the sunrise “Break open” here is an idiom that means when a light begins to shine brightly. This means that if they help people in need, their deeds will be like lights others will see, as when the sun comes up after a dark night. Or the light may refer to the light of the Lord, shining on them and blessing them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 58 8 n7u7 figs-metaphor 0 your healing would quickly sprout up This means God will bless and restore them quickly, as a wound heals quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 58 8 jj59 0 your righteousness would go before you, and the glory of Yahweh would be your rearguard This refers to the time when God protected the people of Israel as they escaped from Egypt. This means God will again protect them from their enemies if they will do what is right. -ISA 58 8 qu5x 0 your righteousness This expression in Hebrew can also be interpreted as the one who gives righteousness or even victory. In this context, this expression would refer to God. A few modern versions have this interpretation. -ISA 58 9 sym6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 58 10 c9f8 figs-metaphor 0 then your light will rise in the darkness, and your darkness will be like the noonday “Your light” represents the acts of kindness that will be examples to everyone, and the “darkness,” the bad deeds, will be overcome by their good deeds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 58 11 g6up 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 58 11 n3uj figs-metaphor 0 satisfy you in regions where there is no water “Water” represents all they need for an abundant life even when their surroundings do not have enough. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 58 11 spd1 figs-simile 0 You will be like a watered garden “A watered garden” represents abundance and plenty so they will have all they need. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 58 11 e2u3 figs-simile 0 like a spring of water, whose waters never fail “A spring of water” represents a source of abundance in a land where water is precious. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 58 12 ue2m 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 58 12 a2lt figs-activepassive 0 you will be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 58 13 ha7a 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 58 13 dvf4 figs-synecdoche 0 you turn back your feet from traveling on the Sabbath day, and from doing your own pleasure on my holy day Here the people are represented by their “feet.” God did not allow long travels or work on the day of rest. Alternate translation: “you stop traveling and doing what you want to do on the Sabbath, my holy day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 58 14 md3q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 58 14 gl7b figs-metaphor 0 I will make you ride on the heights of the earth This refers to God exalting the nation in reputation and power in response to living righteously. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 58 14 g7g6 figs-synecdoche 0 for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken The word “mouth” symbolizes what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “for Yahweh has spoken it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 59 intro ag3n 0 # Isaiah 59 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s deliverance
When Israel was conquered, they were being punished for their sin. Yahweh is strong enough to deliver them, but he did not because he desired to refine them through the experience of the exile. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/deliverer]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]]) -ISA 59 1 pss8 0 Look “Behold!” or “You should know!” Yahweh tells the people to pay attention. -ISA 59 1 q7gn figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s hand is not so short “Hand” represents power and ability. A “short” hand does not have power and ability. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is fully able” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 2 d3ku figs-you 0 your … you These plural pronouns refer to the people of Israel as a single group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 59 2 b6lq figs-personification 0 your sins have made him hide his face from you “Face” represents being present and looking upon. Alternate translation: “your sins have made him turn away from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 59 3 a5my 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 59 3 brc4 figs-metonymy 0 For your hands are stained with blood and your fingers with sin Here “hands” and “fingers” refers to their actions. This means they are guilty of doing violent and sinful things. “Your” is plural. Alternate translation: “For you have committed violent sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 59 3 h19x figs-metonymy 0 Your lips speak lies and your tongue speaks maliciously The parts of the body that make speech represent what people say. Alternate translation: “You speak lies and malicious things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 59 4 a81n figs-metaphor 0 they conceive trouble and give birth to sin “Conceiving” and “giving birth” emphasize how carefully they plan to do sinful things. Here “they” still refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “they work hard to do sinful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 5 nqx3 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel about the evil they do using the metaphors of poisonous snakes and spider’s webs. -ISA 59 5 a5v3 figs-metaphor 0 They hatch eggs of a poisonous snake Eggs of a poisonous snake hatch into more dangerous snakes. “Poisonous snakes” represents evil the people do that harms more and more. Alternate translation: “They make evil that spreads out to make more evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 5 np5s figs-metaphor 0 weave a spider’s web This represents the deeds of the people that are useless. Alternate translation: “produce things and activities that are useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 5 ntp8 figs-metaphor 0 Whoever eats of their eggs dies, and if an egg is crushed, it hatches into a poisonous snake Eating a poisonous egg will kill the one that eats it and represents self-destruction. Breaking the egg allows the young poisonous snake to hatch and represents spreading destruction. Alternate translation: “The activities they do will destroy them and will spread destruction to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 5 zj3v figs-activepassive 0 if an egg is crushed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if someone crushes an egg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 59 6 njm8 figs-metaphor 0 Their webs cannot be used for garments, nor can they cover themselves with their works This means their sinful deeds cannot be covered and hidden, just as a web cannot serve as clothing and cover someone. Alternate translation: “Their evil deeds will be exposed as useless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 6 r1fj figs-activepassive 0 Their webs cannot be used for garments This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They cannot clothe themselves with their webs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 59 6 q53u figs-metonymy 0 deeds of violence are in their hands “Hands” represents the ability and power to do these things and therefore their responsibility. Alternate translation: “they are fully responsible for the violence they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 59 7 u2rk 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 59 7 l2vv figs-synecdoche 0 Their feet run to evil Here people are represented by their “feet.” This speaks of them doing something quickly as their feet running to it. Alternate translation: “They are quick to do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 7 k2ys figs-metaphor 0 are their roads “roads” represents their way of life. Alternate translation: “are all they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 8 i53h figs-metaphor 0 there is no justice in their paths “paths” represents their way of life. Alternate translation: “they never do what is just” or “everything they do is unjust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 8 lc94 figs-metaphor 0 They have made crooked paths “Crooked paths” represents the way of life that is corrupt. Alternate translation: “They say and do dishonest things. They are devious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 9 yen4 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 59 9 ps1q figs-exclusive 0 justice is far from us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. “Far” represents that justice is gone and difficult to get. Alternate translation: “justice is gone and very difficult to get” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 9 ir1h figs-parallelism 0 We wait for light, but see darkness; we look for brightness, but we walk in darkness Each of these phrases means that the people are waiting for God’s goodness, but it seems like he has abandoned them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 10 bg1w figs-simile 0 We grope for the wall like the blind … like dead men This means that because God is not coming to them, they feel helpless, not finding the right path and despairing of the future, with no hope for a vibrant life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 59 11 wv6x 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 59 11 jgk8 figs-simile 0 We growl like bears and moan like doves These refer to the sounds the people made because they were distressed and mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 59 12 ihk9 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 59 12 c6ut figs-exclusive 0 our many transgressions Here “our” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 59 12 dxj1 figs-you 0 before you Here “you” refers to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 59 12 ujp4 figs-personification 0 our sins testify against us Isaiah describes the sins as a person who goes before God to declare that the people are guilty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 59 12 w614 figs-metaphor 0 for our transgressions are with us “With us” represents being aware of them. Alternate translation: “for we are aware of our transgressions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 59 14 shd5 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 59 14 wi7i figs-activepassive 0 Justice is driven back This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people drive justice back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 59 14 e1d8 figs-personification 0 Justice … righteousness … truth … right These are ideas that Isaiah describes as acting like persons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 59 15 g3ak figs-personification 0 Trustworthiness Isaiah describes this idea as acting like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 59 16 j6z8 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 59 16 qym5 0 He saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no one to intervene. “Yahweh was appalled that no one came to help those who were suffering.” or “Yahweh was astonished that no one came to help those who were suffering.” -ISA 59 16 ngp8 figs-metonymy 0 Therefore his own arm brought salvation for him Yahweh’s “arm” represents his ability and power. Alternate translation: “Yahweh used his own power to save the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 59 16 cty4 figs-personification 0 his righteousness sustained him “Righteousness” here is a quality that acts like a person. The word can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “he did right as he always would do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 59 17 c6gq figs-metaphor 0 He put on righteousness as a breastplate and a helmet of salvation upon his head. He clothed himself with garments of vengeance and wore zeal as a mantle “breastplate,” “helmet,” “garments,” and “mantle” are clothing for war and fighting. Isaiah describes Yahweh as putting these on to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 59 17 c42q 0 mantle a loose, flowing robe -ISA 59 18 s3p1 0 He repaid them Isaiah is describing a future event as if it happened in the past. This means that it will certainly happen. -ISA 59 19 hr5t 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 59 19 j5p8 figs-metonymy 0 fear the name of Yahweh Here “name” refers to Yahweh’s reputation and character. Alternate translation: “fear Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 59 19 a6vs figs-merism 0 from the west … from the sun’s rising Isaiah combines these words to mean people in all places of the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 59 19 s4n5 figs-simile 0 for he will come as a rushing stream Narrow valleys in Judah were dry most of the year until a sudden, heavy rain turned them into fast-moving water. When that happened there was a lot of noise and wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 59 19 v9b2 figs-activepassive 0 driven by the breath of Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which the breath of Yahweh drives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 59 20 sbk2 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 59 21 yj33 0 my words which I have put in your mouth “the message I have given you to speak” -ISA 60 intro w59w 0 # Isaiah 60 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Israel’s restoration
This chapter pictures a time when Israel will be fully restored to Yahweh. They will be everything Yahweh intended them to be. All the nations will look to Israel and acknowledge her special relationship to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -ISA 60 1 z5e6 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 1 dli2 figs-metaphor 0 Arise, shine; for your light has come, and the glory of Yahweh has risen on you This refers to the glorious things Yahweh has done for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. They are now to show that glory through what they do and say and have hope in the future. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 60 2 u9cn 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking to the people of Israel. He continues the metaphor about “light” ([Isaiah 60:1](../60/01.md)). -ISA 60 2 ty2x figs-parallelism 0 Though darkness will cover the earth, and thick darkness the nations Both of these phrases mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They refer to “spiritual darkness.” This means all the other people of the world will not know Yahweh or how to please him. This is a metaphor for divine judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 60 2 kp9c figs-metaphor 0 yet Yahweh will arise upon you This means the light of God’s presence will appear for the people of Israel, and it will show the way they should go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 60 2 s5ca figs-activepassive 0 his glory will be seen on you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations will see his glory on you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 60 4 x1z5 0 General Information: Here Yahweh begins speaking. -ISA 60 4 ex8l 0 They all gather themselves “They” refers to the rest of the people of Israel who will come together to return to Jerusalem. -ISA 60 4 b3v9 figs-activepassive 0 your daughters will be carried in their arms This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will carry your daughters in their arms” or “they will carry your daughters on their hips” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 60 5 ku6b figs-parallelism 0 Then you will look and be radiant, and your heart shall rejoice and overflow These phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that they will be very happy because of what will happen in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 60 5 rnt2 0 the abundance of the sea This refers to the riches and goods that will come to Jerusalem by way of shipping, perhaps from along the Mediterranean Sea. -ISA 60 5 dn2d figs-metaphor 0 be poured out to you This describes that the abundance will be like water that gushes out. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 60 6 s2i2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 6 sn7y 0 the dromedaries “the young camels” -ISA 60 6 vu2u translate-names 0 Ephah an area in Arabia (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 60 7 g7av translate-names 0 Kedar … Nebaioth These are the names of areas in Arabia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 60 7 vl7c figs-activepassive 0 All the flocks of Kedar will be gathered together to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Kedar will gather their flocks for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 60 7 pi4p 0 the rams of Nebaioth will serve your needs This refers to their need for sacrifices. -ISA 60 7 ec9a 0 they will be acceptable offerings on my altar “I, Yahweh, will accept them on my altar” -ISA 60 8 tl1p 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 8 af2u figs-rquestion 0 Who are these who fly along like a cloud, and like the doves to their shelters? Yahweh uses questions and poetic images to draw attention here. He compares the sails of the ships to clouds and doves. This is also a picture of the Israelites returning to the country where they belong. Alternate translation: “Look, I see something like clouds moving quickly and like doves returning to their shelters.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 60 9 vl72 figs-metonymy 0 The coastlands This refers to the people who live on the coastlands and describes the area of coastlands as if it was people looking out. Alternate translation: “The people from the coastlands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 60 9 liy6 0 the ships of Tarshish This expression usually means large merchant ships suitable for long voyages. -ISA 60 9 z7pl 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 60 9 ywq6 0 he has honored you “Yahweh has honored you, the people of Israel” -ISA 60 10 cy6u 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 11 eas5 figs-activepassive 0 they will not be shut day or night Here “day” and “night” together mean “all the time.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever shut them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 60 11 c5un figs-activepassive 0 so that the wealth of the nations may be brought, with their kings being led This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people of the nations may bring their wealth, along with their kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 60 12 q5kz 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 12 hdc5 figs-activepassive 0 those nations will be completely destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy the people of those nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 60 13 v72j 0 The glory of Lebanon This refers to Lebanon being famous for its beautiful trees, especially cypress and cedar. The exact identification of all the trees is not known. -ISA 60 13 e35k figs-metonymy 0 the place of my feet This refers to Yahweh’s temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 60 14 py1v 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 14 gb24 0 Holy One of Israel See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:4](../01/04.md). -ISA 60 15 ihk5 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 15 an1x 0 with no one passing through you “with everyone avoiding your land” or “with all the foreigners avoiding your land” -ISA 60 16 njt8 figs-metaphor 0 You will also drink the milk of the nations, and will nurse at the breast of kings This refers to the wealth and plenty that will be drained from foreign nations. Both clauses repeat the same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 60 16 ygm4 0 Redeemer See how you translated this in [Isaiah 41:14](../41/14.md). -ISA 60 16 fef8 0 the Mighty One of Jacob See how you translated this in [Isaiah 49:26](../49/26.md). -ISA 60 17 dg7a 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 17 uwa8 figs-ellipsis 0 instead of wood, bronze, and instead of stones, iron Yahweh will give more valuable building materials to them now. Alternate translation: “instead of wood, I will bring bronze, and instead of stones, I will bring iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 60 17 nbx6 figs-personification 0 I will appoint peace as your governors, and justice your rulers Yahweh describes “peace” and “justice” as human rulers. This means there will be complete peace and justice in the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 60 18 f499 figs-activepassive 0 Violence will no longer be heard in your land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There will no longer be reports of violence in your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 60 18 ik17 figs-metonymy 0 but you will call your walls Salvation, and your gates Praise The physical objects have the names of spiritual qualities. The city of Jerusalem will be a safe place, and the people there will praise Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 60 19 wq86 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 20 l1pb figs-parallelism 0 for Yahweh will be your everlasting light Both verses repeat this same idea for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 60 20 d6du figs-metaphor 0 Your sun will no longer set, nor will your moon withdraw and disappear The moon will not literally disappear. This exaggeration is saying that the light of the sun and the moon will be much less bright than the light of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -ISA 60 21 ppu9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -ISA 60 21 h3th figs-parallelism 0 the branch of my planting, the work of my hands These phrases mean approximately the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 60 21 eqv7 figs-metaphor 0 the branch of my planting Yahweh is comparing the people to young shoots coming up that he planted as if he was a gardener. Yahweh has placed his people in the land of Israel. This gives hope to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 60 21 w3n1 figs-metaphor 0 the work of my hands Yahweh compares the people of Israel to something made by the skill of his handicraft. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 60 21 sit8 figs-activepassive 0 that I may be glorified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that all people may glorify me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 60 22 zuc9 translate-numbers 0 a thousand “1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 61 intro vsb3 0 # Isaiah 61 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

The first part of this chapter is probably a prophecy about the coming Messiah and not Isaiah because this was different than the message Isaiah delivered. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Restoration
This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah’s day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 61 1 s7f8 0 The Spirit of the Lord Yahweh is on me “Spirit” here is the Holy Spirit of Yahweh who compels or motivates the person. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:2](../11/02.md) or in [Isaiah 42:1](../42/01.md). -ISA 61 1 xr6t 0 the afflicted This refers to poor people, those in great sorrow, or oppressed people who have problems they cannot overcome by themselves. -ISA 61 1 n6cg figs-parallelism 0 liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison for those who are bound These two phrases mean the same thing. They state that God will certainly give freedom to captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 61 2 gds9 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 61 2 pj2e figs-metonymy 0 the year of Yahweh’s favor, the day of vengeance Both of these phrases refer to the same span of time. “Year” and “day” are both specific examples that represent the greater whole. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 61 2 b53s 0 year of Yahweh’s favor “time when Yahweh will act kindly toward his people” -ISA 61 3 c4hv 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 61 3 d5cz 0 to give … to give Isaiah repeats this for emphasis. -ISA 61 3 a7bm 0 a turban “a headdress” or “a beautiful head covering.” This is a long piece of cloth that is wrapped around the head. -ISA 61 3 qss6 figs-metonymy 0 oil of joy … a mantle of praise People put oil on themselves and dressed in beautiful, long robes during times of celebration and joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 61 3 x9dy 0 in place of a spirit of dullness “in place of sadness” or “in place of mourning” -ISA 61 3 s3uu figs-metaphor 0 oaks of righteousness, the planting of Yahweh This means Yahweh has caused the people to be strong and sturdy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 61 3 d2mz figs-activepassive 0 that he may be glorified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the people’s lives may glorify him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 61 4 k3bl figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking using parallelisms in each line. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 61 6 zly8 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Yahweh’s servant continues speaking to the people of Israel with each line a parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 61 6 r8ff figs-activepassive 0 You will be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 61 7 x7le 0 you will have double This probably refers to a double portion of land. -ISA 61 7 wxd5 figs-123person 0 they will rejoice over their share … they will … their land … will be theirs This still refers to the people of Israel. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you will rejoice over your share … you will … your land … will be yours” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 61 9 p3mg figs-parallelism 0 Their descendants will be known among the nations, and their offspring among the peoples These two clauses mean the same thing. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People from other nations will know their descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 61 9 kx41 figs-ellipsis 0 their offspring among the peoples This clause assumes the same verb as the previous one. Alternate translation: “their offspring will be known among the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -ISA 61 10 w34d 0 I will greatly rejoice in Yahweh “I” refers to the people of God speaking as one person whom Yahweh has restored. -ISA 61 10 u9w7 figs-metaphor 0 clothed me with the garments of salvation; he has clothed me with the robe of righteousness The people of God speaking as one person now have salvation and righteousness as their distinct appearance visible to all. “Garments” and “robe” are clothing that everyone can see. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 61 10 k3wx figs-simile 0 as a bridegroom adorns himself with a turban, and as a bride adorns herself with her jewels This comparison emphasizes that the speaker is extremely happy, joyful, celebrating. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 61 10 j7bv 0 turban See how you translated this in [Isaiah 61:3](../61/03.md). -ISA 61 11 q4ad figs-parallelism 0 For as the earth produces its sprouting plants, and as the garden makes its planting grow This is saying the same thing in two ways. The fact that whatever God says he will do is certainly going to happen is compared to the fact that seeds sprout after planting. Alternate translation: “Just as seeds sown in a garden sprout from the soil and grow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 61 11 zgl9 figs-metaphor 0 righteousness and praise to sprout up This expression describes these virtues as growing from seed like plants do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 62 intro q3u6 0 # Isaiah 62 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Restoration
This chapter prophesies concerning a future time of peace and restoration. It is unlikely to have been fulfilled in Isaiah’s day. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]]) -ISA 62 1 dja1 figs-parallelism 0 For Zion’s sake I will not be silent, and for Jerusalem’s sake I will not be quiet Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “Zion” and “Jerusalem” both represent the people who live in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “For the sake of the people of Jerusalem I will not be silent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 62 1 b9bc 0 I will not be silent It is most likely that “I” refers to Isaiah. -ISA 62 1 q71s figs-simile 0 until her righteousness proceeds brightly, and her salvation as a burning torch Both clauses reassure the people that God will eventually come and save the people of Israel and that it will be as apparent as light is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 62 3 qm2v figs-parallelism 0 You will also be a crown of beauty in the hand of Yahweh, and a turban of kingship in the hand of your God These mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. They say that Jerusalem will become a royal city under the power and authority of God. Yahweh’s hand is a metonym for his power and authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 62 4 dd4g figs-parallelism 0 It will no more … will it be said, “Desolate.” These mean the same thing are combined for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 62 4 uk2d figs-activepassive 0 It will no more be said of you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will no longer say about you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 62 4 rz8n figs-activepassive 0 nor of your land any longer will it be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nor will people any longer say about your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 62 4 s67z figs-metaphor 0 your land will be married This means Yahweh will love the people of Israel and will always be with them as is a husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 62 5 fh9p figs-simile 0 as a young man marries a young woman, so your sons will marry you Here “sons” refers to the people of Israel and “you” refers to Judah, the land of Israel. This means the people will take possession of the land as a man takes possession of his young wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 62 5 pn1w figs-simile 0 as a bridegroom rejoices over his bride, your God will rejoice over you This emphasizes God’s happiness about his relationship with his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 62 6 me2g 0 I have put Here “I” may refer to Isaiah or to Yahweh. -ISA 62 6 yi1t figs-metaphor 0 watchmen on your walls This refers to prophets, officials, or possibly angels, who are constantly praying for the people of Jerusalem like watchmen who constantly guard the city. See how you translated “watchmen” in [Isaiah 52:8](../52/08.md) and [Isaiah 56:10](../56/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 62 6 v43n figs-litotes 0 they are not silent day or night This means they are continually pleading to Yahweh or calling to each other. Alternate translation: “they are earnestly praying to Yahweh throughout the entire day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 62 7 b9v2 0 Do not allow him to rest Here “him” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 62 8 bnu9 figs-metonymy 0 by his right hand and by the arm of his strength The right hand and arm represent power and authority. Alternate translation: “by his power and authority” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 62 8 tb4w 0 Surely I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies This means Yahweh will not let enemies conquer the people of Israel and take their grain anymore. Perhaps enemies took the grain in the past as a tax or to feed their own armies. -ISA 62 8 jw3p figs-parallelism 0 I will no longer give your grain as food for your enemies … Foreigners will not drink your new wine These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 62 9 lt1b figs-parallelism 0 those who harvest the grain … those who pick the grapes These statements are set together for emphasis and completion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 62 10 f159 0 Come through, come through the gates The phrase “come through” is repeated to show urgency. -ISA 62 10 m5im figs-metonymy 0 Build it, build the highway The word “build” is repeated to emphasize that Yahweh urgently wants the road prepared. The “highway” represents the way the people can return. This is similar to [Isaiah 40:3](../40/03.md) and [Isaiah 57:14](../57/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 62 10 dxb2 figs-synecdoche 0 Gather out the stones “Take the stones out of the road to make it smooth.” Stones represent all the obstacles to quick travel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 62 10 cv7h figs-metonymy 0 Raise up a signal flag for the nations A signal flag represents something to draw the attention of others. This means Yahweh is calling the people of the other nations to take notice of the land of Israel and to see what Yahweh has accomplished as he said he would. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 62 11 u2wh 0 Look “Take notice!” -ISA 62 11 e6rw figs-metaphor 0 the ends of the earth The places on the earth that are very far away are spoken of as if they were the places where the earth ends. This phrase also forms a merism and refers to everywhere in between the ends. See how you translated this in [Isaiah 40:28](../40/28.md). AT “the farthest places of the earth” or “the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 62 11 sa9m figs-idiom 0 the daughter of Zion “Daughter” represents the people of Jerusalem (Zion). See how you translated this in [Isaiah 1:8](../01/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 62 11 n3g6 figs-parallelism 0 See, his reward is with him, and his recompense is going before him These clauses represent the same idea for emphasis. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Isaiah 40:10](../40/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 62 12 q31l figs-activepassive 0 you will be called This can be stated actively, “they will call you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 63 intro g5yz 0 # Isaiah 63 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Imagery
The imagery of judgment in this chapter is intended to be rather vivid. The translator should avoid euphemisms, if possible. Overall, this chapter prophesies a day of great judgment and God’s wrath. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wrath]]) -ISA 63 1 qz61 figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who comes from Edom … Bozrah Isaiah speaks as a watchman using the question and answer format to present this information about Yahweh’s judgment on Edom, an enemy of Israel. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, am coming from Edom, clothed in red from Bozrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 63 1 vv2a translate-names 0 Bozrah This is the capital city of Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 63 1 j2ug 0 It is I Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 63 2 tzm5 figs-rquestion 0 Why are your clothes red, and why … winepress? This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The red on your clothing looks makes you look like you have been treading on grapes in a winepress.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 63 2 nmf4 0 winepress A winepress is a low place carved out of rock in the ground where workers step on the grapes to crush them with their feet, in order to remove the grape juice. -ISA 63 3 ky69 figs-metaphor 0 I have trodden grapes Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This imagery refers to Yahweh destroying his enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 63 4 ebb5 0 the day of vengeance “the time of vengeance” or “the time for vengeance” -ISA 63 4 z515 0 vengeance Yahweh will punish in an appropriate way to bring about justice. His kind of vengeance differs from man’s vengeance. -ISA 63 4 p1bl figs-metonymy 0 the year for my redemption Here “year” refers to a specific time appointed by Yahweh for restoring Israel. Alternate translation: “the time for my redemption” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 63 5 jj1f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 63 5 f8a2 figs-metonymy 0 but my own arm Here “arm” represents power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 63 6 xdg5 figs-metaphor 0 made them drunk in my wrath This means Yahweh made them stunned and senseless by his full wrath and punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 63 6 v3ih figs-metaphor 0 I poured out their blood Here “blood” represents the life of Yahweh’s enemies that was gushing out so they would die. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 63 7 e55q figs-abstractnouns 0 I will tell of the acts of Yahweh’s covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithfully” or “faithful.” See how you translated “covenant faithfulness” in [Isaiah 16:5](../16/05.md). Alternate translation: “I will tell about how God has acted faithfully to his covenant” or “I will tell about all the faithful things God has done for his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -ISA 63 7 d6e5 0 I will tell Here “I” refers to Isaiah. -ISA 63 7 x88u figs-exclusive 0 done for us Here “us” refers to Isaiah and the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -ISA 63 9 gd1d 0 Through all their suffering “Through all our suffering.” Here “their” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people. -ISA 63 9 xq2j 0 he suffered too Here “he” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 63 9 zj13 0 the angel from his presence This is a representative who is sent from God’s presence. -ISA 63 9 cf9k figs-metaphor 0 he lifted them up and carried them This refers to when God protected and saved the people of Israel from the Egyptians many years earlier. The full meaning of this statement can be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 63 10 trm9 0 But they rebelled “but we rebelled.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people. -ISA 63 10 ff3h 0 his Holy Spirit “Yahweh’s Holy Spirit” -ISA 63 11 tt31 0 They said “we said.” Here “they” refers to the people of Israel. Isaiah included himself as a member of the people. -ISA 63 11 xc8g figs-explicit 0 who brought them up out of the sea The story of Yahweh miraculously splitting the waters of the Sea of Reeds so that the Israelites could cross and escape the Egyptians is assumed knowledge. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 63 11 gjt5 figs-metaphor 0 the shepherds of his flock Leaders are sometimes referred to as “shepherds.” Alternate translation: “the leaders of his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 63 12 iq2k 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. -ISA 63 12 zbm6 figs-metonymy 0 who made his glorious power go with the right hand of Moses Here “right hand” represents the power of Yahweh through Moses. This means it was God’s power that enabled Moses to divide the water of the Reed Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 63 13 ymx4 figs-simile 0 Like a horse running on flat land, they did not stumble This means that the people of Israel were sure-footed as horses in open country on their travels toward Israel from Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 63 14 d9fd 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. -ISA 63 14 vw1c figs-simile 0 As the cattle that go down into the valley … rest This image pictures cattle going into a valley where there is green grass and water and emphasizes that God led the people of Israel and took care of them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 63 14 mt35 figs-metonymy 0 to make yourself a name of praise Here “name of praise” refers to honor and one’s reputation. Alternate translation: “to make sure you have an honored reputation for yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 63 15 fet4 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. -ISA 63 15 z3pw figs-rquestion 0 Where are your zeal and your mighty acts? The writer uses a question to express deep emotion and concern because it seems God is not helping them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We do not see your zeal and your mighty acts!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 63 15 ul1l figs-activepassive 0 Your pity and your compassionate actions are kept from us This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You keep your pity and compassion from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 63 16 sb9w figs-synecdoche 0 though Abraham does not know us, and Israel does not recognize us These ancestors of the nation of Israel would not able to identify their descendants because they changed so much. “Abraham” and “Israel” represent the people from the distant past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 63 16 n4aq 0 Israel This refers to the name also called “Jacob.” -ISA 63 17 h7k1 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. -ISA 63 17 w2gk figs-rquestion 0 Yahweh, why do you make us wander from your ways and harden our hearts, so we do not obey you? Here the writer uses a question to express a complaint of the people to God. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you have made us wander from your ways and become stubborn so that we do not obey you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 63 17 dfb6 figs-metaphor 0 why do you make us wander from your ways To not do what Yahweh commands is spoken of as if a person wanders off of the correct path. Alternate translation: “why do you make do what is wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 63 17 pqt9 figs-metaphor 0 harden our hearts This means to become resistant to Yahweh’s teaching by refusing to listen and obey. Here “heart” represents their motives, feelings and desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 63 18 ka89 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking. -ISA 63 19 j3dn figs-activepassive 0 who were never called by your name This can be stated in active form. The word “name” refers to a family relationship. Alternate translation: “who never belonged to your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 63 19 kcq5 0 We have become … called by your name Some modern versions interpret this passage differently: “We are like the people over whom you have not ruled, like those who have not been called by your name.” -ISA 64 intro pn57 0 # Isaiah 64 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Repentance
This chapter records the repentance of the righteous remnant of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -ISA 64 1 k72d 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh ([Isaiah 63:11](../63/11.md)). -ISA 64 1 vzg6 figs-hypo 0 Oh, if you had Isaiah introduces this desire for Yahweh’s presence in their past history with a strong exclamation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -ISA 64 1 ea39 figs-metaphor 0 if you had split open the heavens If Yahweh had shown himself very dramatically by tearing open the sky. The words “split open” refer to ripping a piece of cloth apart. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 64 1 gnw8 figs-hypo 0 mountains would have shaken The mountains would have trembled as in an earthquake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -ISA 64 2 re9g figs-simile 0 as when fire kindles the brushwood, or the fire makes water boil This possibly emphasizes how easily God’s presence would have caused the mountains and the people to tremble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -ISA 64 3 r6lb 0 General Information: The people of Israel continues speaking to Yahweh. -ISA 64 4 ien9 figs-synecdoche 0 nor eye seen Here the “eye” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “nor has anyone seen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 64 5 w5xb 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh. -ISA 64 5 e2mb figs-idiom 0 call to mind This is an idiom that means “remember.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 64 6 y1pd 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh. -ISA 64 6 r68s figs-simile 0 all our righteous deeds are like a menstrual rag A “menstrual rag” is a cloth that a woman uses during the time of month when she bleeds from her womb. This means all their attempts to please God fail. This sentence was meant to be shocking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 64 6 pe9q figs-simile 0 We have all withered like leaves Isaiah compares the people of Israel to leaves that dry up when dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 64 6 zx8k figs-simile 0 our iniquities, like the wind, carry us away This means their sins, as a community, are the reason for their failure. Isaiah compares the iniquities to the wind as the force for their suffering Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 64 7 j4vi figs-idiom 0 you have hidden your face from us This means God gave up on his people and let them suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 64 7 bhp2 figs-metonymy 0 in the hand of our iniquities Here the word “hand” is a metonym for the power of those who are punishing the people for their iniquities. Alternate translation: “as you punish us for our iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 64 8 shy2 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh. -ISA 64 8 j691 figs-metaphor 0 we are the clay. You are our potter; and we all are the work of your hand This means God created the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 64 9 jl2l figs-idiom 0 call to mind This refers to remembering the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 64 9 i877 figs-personification 0 look at us all Isaiah asks Yahweh to pay attention to their situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 64 10 ie3k 0 General Information: The people of Israel continue speaking to Yahweh. -ISA 64 10 gfj3 0 Your holy cities have become a wilderness This emphasizes that the cities have been destroyed and no one lives there. -ISA 64 11 ev92 figs-activepassive 0 Our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, has been destroyed by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has destroyed our holy and beautiful temple, where our fathers praised you, by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 64 12 x5p8 figs-rquestion 0 How can you still hold back, Yahweh? How can you remain silent and continue to humiliate us? They use questions to express their frustration because God has not yet come to help them. Alternate translation: “Please do not hold back, Yahweh! Please do not remain silent and continue to humiliate us!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 65 intro mm3j 0 # Isaiah 65 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.

This chapter is Yahweh’s response to the repentance of the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Judgment and hope
This chapter records that Yahweh’s judgment on the people must come. Despite this, there is hope that in the end, Yahweh will make all things new and restore them to himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -ISA 65 1 fu52 0 I was ready Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 65 2 k5z1 figs-idiom 0 I have spread out my hands all day to a stubborn people “Spreading out my hands” here is a person’s gesture to show imploring or a strong request. Alternate translation: “I have continually begged a stubborn people to receive my help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -ISA 65 3 t8a2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel. -ISA 65 3 y6w2 figs-explicit 0 in gardens … on brick tiles These refer to Canaanite places for worshiping idols. Their sacred altars were made of bricks, which Yahweh forbid for his altars. Yahweh’s altars were made of stone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 65 4 ga3p figs-explicit 0 sit among the graves and keep watch all night This is a reference to consulting the dead, a practice that Yahweh prohibited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 65 4 u4tg figs-explicit 0 eat pork Yahweh did not allow the people of Israel to eat meat from pigs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 65 5 yf6i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to and about the people of Israel. -ISA 65 5 yf97 figs-metaphor 0 These things are smoke in my nose Yahweh compares these people who are continually annoying him to smoke that irritates a person’s breathing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 65 5 kfu5 figs-metaphor 0 a fire that burns all day long Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a slow-burning fire that sends out smoke without stopping as it irritates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 65 6 s3ji 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Israel. -ISA 65 6 e8dl 0 Look, it is written “Take notice and pay attention” -ISA 65 6 ju68 figs-idiom 0 into their laps This means God will punish them to the fullest extent. This expression compares Yahweh punishing the people to dumping on their legs as they are sitting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 65 8 u28s figs-metaphor 0 As when juice is found in a cluster of grapes Yahweh compares the people of Israel to a cluster of grapes that still has some good juice in it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 65 8 p137 figs-activepassive 0 when juice is found in a cluster This can be stated in an active way. Alternate translation: “when you find juice in a cluster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 8 y5df figs-litotes 0 I will not ruin them all This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “I will spare some of them who are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 65 9 v8br 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 65 9 vkn1 0 my mountains This refers to the highest locations of Jerusalem and all of Judea. -ISA 65 10 pzz2 translate-names 0 Sharon This was a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 65 10 gc1h translate-names 0 Valley of Achor This is the name of a valley that possibly ran from Jerusalem to south of Jericho. This was also a fertile grazing area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 65 11 mw8c 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 65 11 cm1c 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). -ISA 65 11 h947 0 who prepare a table … and fill wine glasses of mixed wine People would bring food and drink and place it in front of the idol as part of their worship. -ISA 65 11 crn4 0 mixed wine wine mixed with spices -ISA 65 11 u2ws 0 Fortune … Destiny These are names of false gods. They are also called “Gad” and “Meni.” -ISA 65 12 cb1l 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols. -ISA 65 12 kk9r figs-synecdoche 0 appoint you for the sword “The sword” represents various weapons of war that Yahweh will use to punish those who do not respond to Yahweh’s call. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 65 12 ah6h figs-parallelism 0 when I called, you did not answer; when I spoke, you did not listen Both clauses mean the same and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 65 13 eb2d 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols. -ISA 65 13 hu21 figs-parallelism 0 Look, my servants “Take notice and pay attention” Yahweh repeats this for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 65 14 l9nc figs-parallelism 0 but you will cry because of the pain of the heart, and will wail because of the crushing of the spirit These clauses mean the same and the repetition is for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 65 14 l647 figs-metaphor 0 crushing of the spirit This expression compares the feeling of terrible disappointment and sorrow to something becoming deformed due to high pressure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 65 15 mbr1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to those in Israel who worship idols. -ISA 65 16 x8rm figs-activepassive 0 will be blessed by me, the God of truth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I, the God who always speaks the truth, will bless him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 16 b3zy figs-activepassive 0 the former troubles will be forgotten … will be hidden These clauses can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will forget the former troubles, for these troubles will be out of my memory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 16 xcx8 figs-idiom 0 they will be hidden from my eyes “hidden from my eyes” represents the attention and memory of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will not even think about them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -ISA 65 17 ru1m 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 65 17 au5p 0 For see “Notice! Pay attention!” -ISA 65 17 dn4a figs-merism 0 new heavens and a new earth Both are extremes that also represent everything between. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -ISA 65 17 v792 figs-parallelism 0 the former things will not be remembered or be brought to mind Both of these clauses mean the same thing and are combined for emphasis. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will not even think about what happened in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 18 cdz7 figs-you 0 But you will be glad Here “you” refers to all of God’s servants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -ISA 65 19 wla8 figs-activepassive 0 weeping and cries of distress will no longer be heard in her You can state this in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will hear weeping and cries of distress any longer in her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 20 n372 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people. -ISA 65 20 ars5 translate-numbers 0 one hundred years “100 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -ISA 65 20 qsz1 figs-activepassive 0 will be considered a young person This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider him a young person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 20 fte4 figs-activepassive 0 will be considered cursed This can be stated this in active form. Alternate translation: “people will consider this person as cursed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 22 x44j 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people. -ISA 65 22 t1rr 0 for as the days of trees will be the days of my people “for my people will live as long as trees live” -ISA 65 23 ea83 figs-activepassive 0 they are the children of those blessed by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they are the children of those whom Yahweh blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 65 24 y69k 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about his faithful people. -ISA 65 25 pu4h 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). -ISA 66 intro d1a4 0 # Isaiah 66 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 66:1-17, 21-24.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### In the end
In the end, Yahweh will enact his perfect justice. This is the true hope of this world. The new heaven and the new earth are an important part of this. In the end, this will be the perfect creation of Yahweh and will last forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]]) -ISA 66 1 ym2c figs-metaphor 0 Heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool Yahweh compares heaven to a throne and the earth to a footstool to emphasize how great he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 66 1 fgf8 figs-rquestion 0 Where then is the house you will build for me? Where is the place where I may rest? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that humans cannot build a place for him to dwell. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 66 2 h4r7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 66 2 z6n3 figs-synecdoche 0 My hand has made all these things Yahweh is represented by his hand which emphasizes his power and authority. Alternate translation: “I have made all these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 66 2 js74 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 66 2 d8bv 0 the broken and contrite in spirit Here “broken” and “contrite” refers to a person who is truly humble and who suffers for his faith. -ISA 66 3 us65 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 66 3 r9v8 figs-parallelism 0 He who slaughters … also blesses wickedness These four clauses all describe different ways evil people act and come to the same meaning for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 66 3 k536 0 They have chosen their own ways “They have chosen to do evil things that violate the ways of Yahweh” -ISA 66 4 m1x2 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the wicked people. -ISA 66 4 l9qg figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in my sight Here sight represents judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be evil” or “what is evil in my judgement” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 66 5 ssi3 figs-activepassive 0 May Yahweh be glorified This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Glorify Yahweh” or “May Yahweh glorify himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 66 5 x6r8 figs-activepassive 0 but they will be put to shame This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but I will put them to shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 66 6 ksm5 0 General Information: Yahweh describes the punishment for the hypocrisy of the worshipers. -ISA 66 6 ym61 figs-metonymy 0 A sound of battle tumult The sound represents the real fighting that is going on in the temple as Yahweh is carrying out the punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 66 7 a59i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -ISA 66 7 iy8c figs-metaphor 0 Before she goes into labor, she gives birth; before pain is upon her, she gave birth to a son Yahweh speaks about Zion as if it were a woman who is about to give birth. Although Zion was destroyed and the people no longer lived there, Yahweh promises that without delay and with little effort an entire nation will come from her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 66 8 mnx2 figs-rquestion 0 Who has heard of such a thing? Who has seen such things? Will a land be born in one day? Can a nation be established in one moment? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize how unique this event will be. The series of questions builds tension until Zion is finally mentioned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -ISA 66 9 prd7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)). -ISA 66 9 ykq2 figs-rquestion 0 Do I bring a baby to the birth opening … born? Yahweh uses questions to emphasize that he will not fail to fulfill his promises to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 66 10 jpw5 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother and the inhabitants of Jerusalem as if they were newly born children ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)). -ISA 66 11 m27u figs-metaphor 0 For you will nurse and be satisfied; with her breasts you will be comforted This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For she will satisfy you with her milk; she will comfort you with her breasts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 66 12 di1p 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about Jerusalem as if it were a mother ([Isaiah 66:7-8](./07.md)). -ISA 66 12 j2n7 figs-simile 0 like a river … like an overflowing stream This means God will cause the people of the nations to bring a very large amount of riches, which will be permanent like a river and abundant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 66 12 l5d2 figs-metaphor 0 You will nurse at her side, be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees This means Jerusalem will be a place of safety and comfort for God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 66 12 u5js figs-activepassive 0 be carried in her arms, and be dandled on her knees This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “she will carry you in her arms and bounce you on her knees with delight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 66 13 w86z figs-activepassive 0 so I will comfort you, and you will be comforted in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so I will comfort you in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 66 14 rk3u 0 General Information: Isaiah is speaking to God’s faithful people. -ISA 66 14 fy26 figs-synecdoche 0 your bones will sprout “Bones” refers to the whole body. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 66 14 pe4z figs-simile 0 will sprout like the tender grass “Tender grass” grows fast and strong and compares to the health and vigor of God’s faithful people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 66 14 gt3n figs-activepassive 0 The hand of Yahweh will be made known to his servants Here “hand” refers to his power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will reveal his power to his servants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 66 15 akv1 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking to God’s faithful people. -ISA 66 15 cfq3 figs-metaphor 0 coming with fire Yahweh’s appearances in the Old Testament are often accompanied by fire that represents Yahweh’s anger and judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -ISA 66 15 b53l figs-simile 0 like the windstorm Storms represent Yahweh’s powerful actions to make his judgment effective. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -ISA 66 16 dhc5 figs-synecdoche 0 with his sword “Sword” is one weapon that represents all of warfare and killing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -ISA 66 16 bx7h figs-activepassive 0 Those killed by Yahweh will be many This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will kill many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -ISA 66 17 b5sf 0 General Information: Isaiah continues speaking. -ISA 66 17 rj5b 0 They consecrate themselves “They” are those who worship Yahweh but go against his laws. -ISA 66 17 nv79 figs-explicit 0 enter the gardens This is a place where people would go to worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -ISA 66 17 jx7b 0 the one in the middle This describes the leader of those of go to worship idols. -ISA 66 17 bs95 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Translate as in [Isaiah 30:1](../30/01.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -ISA 66 18 nhd3 0 For I know Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -ISA 66 18 ej4u 0 their deeds … their thoughts Here “their” refers to the worshipers that are hypocrites whom Yahweh has described before. -ISA 66 19 k1r5 translate-names 0 Put … Lud … Tubal … Javan These are names of areas that are far from the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -ISA 66 20 m4dq 0 They will bring Here “they” refers to the foreigners who survived and witnessed to the nations. They will return to Jerusalem with exiled Israelites. -ISA 66 20 lip4 0 holy mountain See how you translated this in [Isaiah 11:9](../11/09.md). -ISA 66 22 g5ni 0 the new heavens and the new earth See how you translated this in [Isaiah 65:17](../65/17.md). -ISA 66 24 ju6e 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes speaking. -ISA 66 24 ivj5 0 They will go out Here “they” refers to all the people, the faithful Israelites and foreigners, who come to worship Yahweh. -ISA 66 24 a8i9 figs-parallelism 0 the worms … and the fire Both clauses describe the same idea to emphasize Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -ISA 66 24 le39 figs-metonymy 0 the worms that eat them The worms represent the horror of decay and rot that are Yahweh’s punishment on the wicked. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 66 24 md8u figs-metonymy 0 the fire that consumes Fire also represents Yahweh’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -ISA 66 24 t9vq figs-litotes 0 will not be quenched This can be expressed positively. Alternate translation: “will burn forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]]) -ISA 66 24 e7xk figs-metonymy 0 all flesh This expression represents all created living beings that shrink from the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) diff --git a/fr_tn_24-JER.tsv b/fr_tn_24-JER.tsv deleted file mode 100644 index 424f15c71..000000000 --- a/fr_tn_24-JER.tsv +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3639 +0,0 @@ -Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote -JER front intro l3xj 0 # Introduction to Jeremiah
## Part 1: General Introduction

### Outline of the Book of Jeremiah

1. Yahweh calls Jeremiah to be a prophet (1:1-19)
1. Yahweh will judge and punish Judah (2:1-29:32)
- Judah called to repent of spiritual adultery (2:1–6:30)
- Judah judged for its false religion (7:1–10:16)
- Jeremiah stands between Yahweh and his people (11:1–20:19)
- Jeremiah confronts his people (21:1–29:32)
1. Yahweh promises to restore Judah (30:1-33:26)
- Yahweh will bring the people of Judah back to their land (30:1–24)
- Yahweh will create a new covenant with them (31:1–40)
- The people will come back (32:1–44)
- Kings descended from David will rule again (33:1–26)
1. Jeremiah suffers (34:1-45:5)
- Before Yahweh punishes Judah (34:1–36:32)
- While Yahweh punishes Judah (37:1–39:18)
- After Yahweh punishes Judah (40:1–45:5)
1. Yahweh will judge and punish the nations (46:1-51:64)
- Egypt (46:1–28)
- Philistia (47:1–28)
- Moab (48:1–47)
- Ammon (49:1–6)
- Edom (49:7–22)
- Damascus (49:23–27)
- Kedar (49:28–33)
- Elam (49:34–39)
- Babylonia (50:1–51:64)
1. Jerusalem captured and destroyed (52:1–34)

### What is the Book of Jeremiah about?

The Book of Jeremiah gives the prophesies of a priest named Jeremiah. It also tells how Jeremiah suffered in different ways while he prophesied.

Jeremiah began prophesying about 626 B.C. After the death of King Josiah, many groups of people in Israel opposed Jeremiah. Some of these people wanted to depend on Egypt to protect the nation. Others were idol worshipers. They hated Jeremiah for denouncing their gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

During the reign of King Jehoiakim, Jeremiah prophesied about the temple of Yahweh. King Jehoiakim received some of these prophecies in writing and burned the document. The next king, Zedekiah, put Jeremiah in prison when he told the king to surrender to Babylon.

King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia invaded Judah in 597 B.C. He conquered Jerusalem in 587 B.C. He offered Jeremiah housing and money if Jeremiah would go to Babylon. But Jeremiah remained in Jerusalem to help the few Jews left there.

Shortly after that, Gedaliah, whom Nebuchadnezzar had chosen to be governor over Judah, was murdered. Some Jewish rebels captured Jeremiah and took him to Egypt. Those rebels went to Egypt to be protected there rather than to live under Nebuchadnezzar’s rule. Jeremiah may have died soon after being taken to Egypt. But while in Egypt he prophesied that the Babylonians would invade and conquer Egypt.

### How should the title of this book be translated?

The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Jeremiah” or just “Jeremiah.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Jeremiah” or “What the Prophet Jeremiah Said.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])

### Who wrote the Book of Jeremiah?

Jeremiah was a priest and a prophet living in Judah. He spoke the prophesies in the Book of Jeremiah. A friend named Baruch wrote down many of the prophecies as Jeremiah spoke them to him.

## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts

### What is the new covenant that is presented in the Book of Jeremiah?

Jeremiah introduced a “new covenant” between Yahweh and Israel (chapter 31). Yahweh would “write this covenant on the hearts” of the people. This means that the covenant would be a part of the people instead of just written on stone or paper. The people would obey the new covenant with all their heart. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])

### What relationship do Jeremiah’s prophecies have to the other nations besides Israel?

Much of the Old Testament before this time is only about the nation of Israel. But Jeremiah also spoke of how Yahweh would judge other nations of the world. Yahweh would also punish the other nations for their wicked deeds. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Part 3: Important Translation Issues

### Are the events in the Book of Jeremiah told in the order that they actually happened?

Many of the events in the Book of Jeremiah are not told in the order that they actually happened. Instead, the various prophecies appear to be arranged by topic.

### Why does the Book of Jeremiah refer to this prophet as “he” or “him”?

Many times in the book, the author refers to Jeremiah as “Jeremiah” or “he.” This is unusual if Jeremiah wrote the book. The reason this occurs is perhaps because Baruch, Jeremiah’s secretary, wrote down some parts of the book. Translators should keep the words “Jeremiah” and “he.” -JER 1 intro e235 0 # Jeremiah 01 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:4-10.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jeremiah appointed as prophet

God chose Jeremiah to be his prophet and although many powerful people would be against him, God promised to protect him. This chapter emphasizes that Jeremiah was chosen by God to be his prophet. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/appoint]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/elect]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]])

### Northern kingdom
This was not a reference to the northern kingdom of Israel; it had already been conquered. It was a reference to a kingdom located north of Judah, that is, to Babylon. The Babylonian armies would attack Judah and conquer it.

### Opposition
The people were supposed to listen to God’s prophet. When he prophesied, they should have repented. Instead, they persecuted Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -JER 1 1 zm8t 0 Jeremiah son of Hilkiah, one of the priests “Jeremiah son of Hilkiah. Jeremiah was one of the priests” -JER 1 1 ynh2 translate-names 0 Hilkiah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 1 1 hbs3 translate-names 0 Anathoth This is the name of a town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 1 1 m9zz 0 the land of Benjamin “the land that belongs to the tribe of Benjamin” -JER 1 2 qj8r figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to him This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave messages to him” or “Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 1 2 tdx8 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this. -JER 1 2 gg1j figs-idiom 0 in the days of Josiah son of Amon, king of Judah Here “in the days of” is an idiom that refers to the time when a king reigned. Alternate translation: “when Josiah son of Amon was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 1 2 xy18 translate-ordinal 0 the thirteenth The word “thirteenth” is the ordinal form of “13.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 1 2 bvz7 translate-names 0 Amon This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 1 2 h452 0 his reign “Josiah’s reign” -JER 1 3 wl81 translate-ordinal 0 the eleventh The word “eleventh” is the ordinal form of “11.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 1 3 vh91 0 It also came “The word of Yahweh also came” -JER 1 3 iba7 figs-idiom 0 in the days of Jehoiakim son of Josiah, king of Judah Here “in the days of” is an idiom that refers to the time when a king reigned. Alternate translation: “when Johoiakim son of Josiah was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 1 3 ui8x translate-hebrewmonths 0 the fifth month This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 1 3 xqi2 figs-explicit 0 of Zedekiah This refers to the rule of Zedekiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “of the reign of Zedekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 1 3 g4f3 figs-activepassive 0 when the people of Jerusalem were taken away as prisoners This can be stated in active form. It can be stated clearly that they were taken to Babylon. Alternate translation: “when the army of Babylon took the people of Jerusalem away as prisoners” or “when the army of Babylon took the people of Jerusalem as prisoners to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 1 4 vzg7 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 1 5 j2el 0 formed you “shaped you” -JER 1 5 f9sn 0 before you came out from the womb This can also be expressed without referring to the womb. Alternate translation: “before you were born” -JER 1 6 x52n 0 Ah, Lord Yahweh Here “Ah” shows Jeremiah’s fear of doing what God has said. -JER 1 6 j6eh figs-hyperbole 0 I do not know how to speak Jeremiah may have been exaggerating to show his fear of speaking in public. Alternate translation: “I do not know how to speak in public” or “I do not know how to make announcements to people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 1 8 r2iu 0 Do not be afraid of them “Do not be afraid of the people I will send you to speak to” -JER 1 8 jk96 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration The word “this” refers to what Yahweh just said in verses 7 and 8. -JER 1 8 tfp9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 1 9 gq1r figs-metaphor 0 Then Yahweh reached out with his hand, touched my mouth This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor representing Yahweh giving Jeremiah special authority to speak. Alternate translation: “Then it was as though Yahweh touched my mouth” or (2) Jeremiah was seeing a vision and Yahweh actually did this as a symbolic act of giving Jeremiah authority to speak. Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh touched my mouth with his hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 1 9 sw5r figs-metaphor 0 I have placed my word in your mouth This phrase represents giving Jeremiah his message. Alternate translation: “I have given you my message for you to speak to the people” or “I have enabled you to tell the people my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 10 xz7w 0 I am appointing you … to uproot and break down, to destroy and overthrow, to build and plant Jeremiah would do these things to various nations by saying that they would happen. -JER 1 10 k126 0 to uproot and break down, to destroy and overthrow, to build and plant He would uproot, break down, destroy and overthrow some nations, and he would build and plant other nations. -JER 1 10 hzc6 figs-metaphor 0 to uproot God speaks of Jeremiah destroying the nations by what he says as if the nations were plants and he were to pull them up out of the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 10 vgg1 figs-doublet 0 to destroy and overthrow Jeremiah uses these words, which mean almost the same thing, to show that this will certainly happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 1 10 q2dm figs-metaphor 0 to build and plant God speaks of Jeremiah causing nations to become strong as if they were a building and he would build them, and as if they were plants and he would plant them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 11 i5z1 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying, “What This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 1:4](./04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said, ‘What” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me: ‘What” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 1 11 hmj4 0 I see an almond branch Yahweh shows Jeremiah a spiritual vision. -JER 1 11 zuu3 translate-unknown 0 an almond branch An almond tree is a kind of nut tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JER 1 12 mr44 figs-metaphor 0 I am watching over my word to carry it out This represents guaranteeing that he will do what he has said. Alternate translation: “I am remembering my word to carry it out” or “I guarantee that I will do what I have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 12 s9ac 0 for I am watching over my word The Hebrew words for “almond” and “watch over” sound almost the same. God wants Jeremiah to remember that God will make his word succeed. -JER 1 13 ntu1 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me a second time, saying The idiom “The word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](./04.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message a second time. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this second message to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 1 13 wx7m figs-metonymy 0 whose surface is churning The surface refers to the surface of the water in the pot. Jeremiah could see the water boiling. Alternate translation: “whose water is boiling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 1 13 dy8k 0 tipping away from the north This means that it was tipping toward the south, where Jeremiah was in Judah. -JER 1 14 sxk1 figs-metaphor 0 Disaster will be opened up out of the north “Disaster will be let loose from the north.” This represents God causing disaster to come from the north to the south. Alternate translation: “Disaster will come from the north” or “I will send disaster from the north” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 15 ci59 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah about the disaster that would come from the north. -JER 1 15 eu1c figs-hyperbole 0 everyone This generalization refers to the kings of the northern kingdoms. Alternate translation: “every king” or “all of the northern kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 1 15 duv8 figs-metaphor 0 will set his throne at the entrance of the gates of Jerusalem This could mean: (1) this represents ruling over Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “will rule at the gates of Jerusalem” or (2) this represents judging Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “will judge Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 15 j1zf figs-metonymy 0 against all the walls that surround it Setting their thrones “against all the walls that surround it” represents commanding their armies to destroy the walls surrounding Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “and they will command their armies to destroy the walls surrounding Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 1 15 d8i9 figs-metonymy 0 against all the cities of Judah Setting their thrones “against all the cities of Judah” represents commanding their armies to destroy all the cities of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 1 16 gg7p 0 I will pronounce sentence against them “I will announce how I will punish them” -JER 1 16 wrh7 0 I will pronounce sentence against them “I will pronounce sentence against the people of Judah” -JER 1 16 s442 0 worshiping what they made with their own hands Since the people had made the idols with their own hands, they should have known that the idols are not worthy of worship. -JER 1 17 k94h 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. -JER 1 17 qw4v figs-metaphor 0 Do not be shattered … I will shatter you Here “be shattered” represents being extremely afraid, and “shatter” represents causing Jeremiah to be extremely afraid. Alternate translation: “Do not be terrified … I will terrify you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 18 q32g 0 Behold! “Pay attention!” -JER 1 18 k16n figs-metaphor 0 Today I have made you a fortified city, an iron pillar, and bronze walls against the whole land Being strong like these things represents being confident and unchanging in saying what God had told him to say. Alternate translation: “I have made you strong against the whole land like a fortified city, an iron pillar, and bronze walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 18 l1sl figs-metaphor 0 iron … bronze These were the strongest materials known at that time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 1 18 u7cf figs-metonymy 0 the whole land This represents all the people of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 1 19 zp53 0 They will fight against you This refers to the people of Judah. -JER 1 19 c3xx figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 2 intro cx16 0 # Jeremiah 02 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:1-31.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The people refuse to learn

The people worshiped other gods, particularly the fertility gods of Baal and Ashtoreth. Even when the nation was punished, the people did not learn. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Metaphor

Israel is compared to a female camel or a wild donkey for being unstable and lustful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 1 n8ww figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 2 2 g2d8 0 Go and proclaim in the hearing of Jerusalem “Go and speak where the people in Jerusalem can hear you” -JER 2 2 mz95 0 I have called to mind on your behalf “I remember about you” -JER 2 2 jw4x figs-abstractnouns 0 the covenant faithfulness in your youthfulness, your love The abstract nouns “faithfulness,” “youthfulness” and “love” can be expressed with the adjectives “faithful” and “young,” and the verb “love.” Alternate translation: “how, when you were young, you were faithful to our covenant, and how you loved me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 2 2 p3v3 figs-metaphor 0 when we were engaged God speaks of his relationship with the people of Israel as though they had been engaged to be married. Alternate translation: “when we first agreed that we would marry each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 2 gl65 figs-activepassive 0 the land that was not sown This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the land where no one had sown seed” or “the land where no food was growing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 2 3 ubv5 figs-metaphor 0 the firstfruits of his harvest God speaks of Israel as if they were an offering dedicated to God. Alternate translation: “like the firstfruits of his harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 3 b2kn figs-metaphor 0 All who ate from the firstfruits were held guilty God speaks of those who attacked Israel as if they were eating the offering that was set apart for God. Alternate translation: “All who attacked Israel were held guilty like people who ate from the first fruits of his harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 3 j1qx figs-metaphor 0 disaster came upon them The phrase “came upon them” is a metaphor for happened to them. Alternate translation: “Disasters happened to them” or “I made terrible things happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 3 bei6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 2 4 u5jc figs-parallelism 0 house of Jacob, all you clans of the house of Israel Jacob and Israel were two names for one man, and these two phrases refer to the same group of people. Alternate translation: “all you descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 2 4 gq5q figs-metonymy 0 house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 4 p8u3 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants, who had become the nation of Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 5 y22p figs-rquestion 0 What did your fathers find wrong with me, that they went far from following me? That they went after useless idols and became useless themselves? Yahweh uses these questions to say that since he has done no wrong, his people should not have rejected him and worshiped idols. Alternate translation: “I did nothing wrong to your forefathers, so they should not have gone far from following me, and they should not have gone after useless idols. By doing that they themselves have become useless!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 5 k654 figs-metaphor 0 they went far from following me This represents rejecting God and refusing to be loyal to him. Alternate translation: “they rejected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 5 p2c2 figs-metaphor 0 they went after useless idols This represents choosing to be loyal to idols and worship them. Alternate translation: “they worshiped useless idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 5 ea5y 0 useless idols idols that people can use for nothing good. The translation should not make people think that there are some idols that are useful. -JER 2 6 qj82 figs-explicit 0 They did not say It is implied that they should have said what follows. Alternate translation: “They should have said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 2 6 bj3g figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh, who brought us … Egypt? This rhetorical question would have been used to show the people’s need of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “We need Yahweh. He is the one who brought us … Egypt.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 6 sb9y figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh, who led us … lives? This rhetorical question would have been used to show the people’s need of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “We need Yahweh. He is the one who led us … lives.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 6 xpu1 figs-metaphor 0 a land of drought and deep darkness A “land of drought” is a land that does not have enough water. Here “deep darkness” is a metaphor for danger. Alternate translation: “a dangerous land where there is not enough water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 7 e78y figs-parallelism 0 you defiled my land, you made my inheritance an abomination! These two phrases mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “you sinned and made the land I gave you disgusting to me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 2 7 z346 figs-metaphor 0 you defiled my land Here “defiled” represents making the land unacceptable to God. They did this by sinning against him there when they worshiped idols. Alternate translation: “by sinning, you made my land no good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 7 x8z6 0 you made my inheritance an abomination “you made my inheritance disgusting by your sin” or “by sinning, you made my inheritance repulsive” -JER 2 7 bs45 figs-metaphor 0 my inheritance This could mean: (1) God is speaking of his land as if he had inherited it. Alternate translation: “my land” or (2) God is speaking of the land he gave to Israel as if he had given it to them as an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land I gave you” or “the land I gave you as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 8 kt1g figs-rquestion 0 Where is Yahweh? This question would have shown that they wanted to obey Yahweh. Alternate translation: “We need to obey Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 8 hl48 0 did not care about me “were not committed to me” or “rejected me” -JER 2 8 vv8y figs-metaphor 0 The shepherds transgressed against me The leaders are spoken of as if they were shepherds and the people who followed them were sheep. Alternate translation: “Their leaders sinned against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 8 fs7t figs-metaphor 0 walked after unprofitable things Here “walked after” represents obeying or worshiping. Alternate translation: “obeyed unprofitable things” or “worshiped unprofitable things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 8 b2si 0 unprofitable things Unprofitable things are things that cannot help a person. Here it refers to idols. -JER 2 9 wb2t 0 your sons’ sons “your future generations” -JER 2 10 m3dc translate-names 0 cross over to the coasts of Kittim Kittim was an island west of Israel. Today it is called Cyprus. It represented all the lands far to the west of Israel. Alternate translation: “go west across the ocean to Kittim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 2 10 r42k translate-names 0 Send messengers out to Kedar Kedar is the name of a land far to the east of Israel. Alternate translation: “Send messengers far east to the land of Kedar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 2 11 g27j figs-rquestion 0 Has a nation exchanged gods … gods? God uses this question to tell the people of Israel that other nations continue to worship their own gods. They do not change and worship other gods. Alternate translation: “You will see that no nation has ever exchanged gods … gods.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 11 y4gc figs-123person 0 But my people have exchanged their glory for what cannot help them Here God speaks as though he were not speaking directly to his people. Alternate translation: “But you, my people, have exchanged me, your glorious God, for what cannot help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 2 11 ad5n figs-metonymy 0 their glory This expression refers to God himself, who is glorious. Alternate translation: “their glorious God” or “me, your glorious God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 11 i74r figs-metonymy 0 for what cannot help Here false gods are spoken of in terms of what they cannot do. Alternate translation: “for false gods, which cannot help” or “for gods who cannot help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 12 gfd1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 2 13 xga4 figs-metaphor 0 have abandoned the springs of living waters God speaks of himself as if he were springs of living waters. Alternate translation: “have abandoned me, their springs of living waters” or “have abandoned me, who is like springs of living water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 13 zfj3 figs-metaphor 0 have dug out cisterns for themselves God speaks of false gods as if they were cisterns that people dig in order to get water. Alternate translation: “have gone to false gods, which are like cisterns they have dug for themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 13 y6j8 0 cisterns deep holes for storing water -JER 2 14 gf3q figs-123person 0 Is Israel a slave? Was he born in his master’s home? So why has he become plunder? Though Yahweh was speaking to the people of Israel, he used the third person as though he were talking to someone else about Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel, are you a slave? Were you born at home? So why have you become plunder?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 2 14 dz58 figs-rquestion 0 Is Israel a slave? Was he born in his master’s home? Yahweh uses these questions to tell why Israel should not have become plunder. Alternate translation: “Israel is not a slave. Israel was not born at home.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 14 fp49 figs-metonymy 0 Was he born in his master’s home Here “born in his master’s home” is metonym for being born into slavery. Alternate translation: “Was he born a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 14 d84g figs-rquestion 0 So why has he become plunder? Yahweh uses this question to indicate that Israel should not have become plunder. Alternate translation: “So he should not have become plunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 14 gd7n figs-metaphor 0 So why has he become plunder Here “become plunder” represents being attacked and taken as captives to another country. Alternate translation: “So why has Israel been taken away as captives” or “So why have Israel’s enemies taken Israel away as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 15 sra1 figs-metaphor 0 Young lions roared against him. They made a lot of noise God speaks of Israel’s enemies attacking Israel as if the enemies were lions roaring and attacking Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 15 w8su figs-metonymy 0 made his land a horror This represents destroying the land in such a way that people will feel horror when they see it. Alternate translation: “destroyed Israel’s land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 15 bs9w 0 Young lions roared A roar is a loud sound that a wild animal makes when it attacks. -JER 2 15 fgd1 figs-activepassive 0 His cities are destroyed without any inhabitants This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They have destroyed Israel’s cities and now no one lives in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 2 15 ph93 0 inhabitants people who live in a certain place -JER 2 16 z9t5 translate-names 0 Memphis and Tahpanhes These are the names of two cities in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 2 16 z84p 0 will shave your skull The Egyptians shaved the head of their slaves to mark them as slaves. -JER 2 16 f67y 0 will shave your skull Some versions interpret the Hebrew text as “have cracked your skull.” -JER 2 17 rh64 figs-rquestion 0 Did you not do this to yourselves when you abandoned Yahweh your God, while he was leading you along the way? Yahweh uses this question to remind Israel that it is their own fault that their enemies attacked them. Alternate translation: “You caused this yourselves by abandoning Yahweh your God while he was leading you along the way.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 18 ksj8 figs-rquestion 0 So now, why take the road to Egypt and drink the waters of Shihor? Why take the road to Assyria and drink the waters of the Euphrates River? Yahweh uses these questions to remind his people that it does not do any good to ask Egypt and Assyria to help them. Alternate translation: “It does not help you to go to Egypt and drink from the waters of the Shihor River, or to go to Assyria and drink from the waters of the Euphrates River.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 18 qic3 figs-metaphor 0 why take the road to Egypt and drink the waters of Shihor … Why take the road to Assyria and drink the waters of the Euphrates River These are a metaphor for asking the Egyptian and Assyrian armies to help them. Alternate translation: “why ask the Egyptians to help you … Why ask the Assyrians to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 18 b4bs translate-names 0 Shihor This is the name of a stream associated with Egypt. It may have been a branch of the Nile River. Some versions call it the Nile. Alternate translation: “the Shihor Stream” or “the Shihor River” or “the Nile River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 2 19 d7s4 figs-personification 0 Your wickedness rebukes you, and your faithlessness punishes you Both of these phrases mean that their punishment is the result of their wicked behavior. Alternate translation: “Because you have been wicked and unfaithful, I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 2 19 r6k2 figs-hendiadys 0 it is wicked and bitter Here the word “bitter” describes “wicked.” Alternate translation: “it is bitterly wicked” or “it is extremely wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -JER 2 20 z744 figs-metaphor 0 For I broke your yoke that you had in ancient days; I tore your fetters off you. Still you said, ‘I will not serve!’ Here “broke your yoke” and “tore your fetters off you” are metaphors for setting them free from slavery. The people of Israel had been slaves in Egypt. Alternate translation: “Long ago I released you from slavery, but still you refused to worship me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 20 i6lm 0 fetters chains used to restrain a person or an animal -JER 2 20 e3b8 figs-metaphor 0 since you bowed down on every high hill and beneath every leafy tree, you adulterer What they bowed down to can be stated clearly. Here “adulterer” is a metaphor for someone who is unfaithful to God. Alternate translation: “You bowed down to idols and worshiped them instead of me, like an adulterous wife who is unfaithful to her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 20 rwq2 0 beneath below -JER 2 21 ppz2 figs-metaphor 0 I planted you as a choice vine, completely from pure seed God speaks of making his people into a great nation in Canaan as if they were the seed of a grapevine that he had planted. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, started you with a very good beginning, like a farmer who uses excellent seed to plant the best kind of vine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 21 w7eu 0 a choice vine “a vine of very good quality” -JER 2 21 ys3q 0 completely from pure seed Here “pure seed” is the best seed that has not been mixed with seed that is not good. Alternate translation: “that grew from excellent seed” -JER 2 21 ht1q figs-rquestion 0 How then have you have changed yourself into a corrupt, worthless vine? God uses this question to rebuke his people for changing and becoming like a corrupt worthless vine. Alternate translation: “But you have changed yourself into a corrupt, worthless vine!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 22 d3qb figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 2 23 njn2 figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, ‘I … have not walked after the Baals’? God uses this question to rebuke his people for saying that they have not worshiped the Baals. Alternate translation: “You lie when you say, ‘I … have not walked after the Baals.’ (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 23 ga8k figs-metaphor 0 walked after This is a metaphor for serving or worshiping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 23 y5u9 figs-metaphor 0 you are a swift female camel running here and there God speaks of Israel worshiping other gods as if they were like a female camel running in different directions looking for a male camel to mate with. Alternate translation: “You are like a swift female camel running back and forth looking for a male camel to mate with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 23 uh3n 0 swift able to run quickly -JER 2 24 vc12 figs-metaphor 0 a wild donkey accustomed to the wilderness, in her heat sniffing the wind God speaks of Israel worshiping other gods as if they were a wild female donkey running to find male donkeys. Alternate translation: “You are like a young female donkey that lives in the desert. When she wants to mate she is out of control and constantly sniffs the breeze to find a mate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 24 ll6w figs-idiom 0 in her heat This phrase is an idiom referring to the time when a female donkey wants to mate with male donkeys. Alternate translation: “when she wants to mate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 2 24 e3r7 figs-rquestion 0 Who can restrain her lust? This question is used to emphasize that no one can control a female donkey when she is wants to mate with a male donkey. Alternate translation: “No one can turn her around when she wants to mate.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 25 j3xn figs-metaphor 0 You must restrain your feet from becoming bare and your throat from being thirsty! God speaks of Israel wanting to worship other gods as if they were running around in the desert looking for those gods. Alternate translation: “I have told you to stop running here and there chasing after false gods, because all that it does is wear out your sandals and make you very thirsty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 25 gpl8 figs-explicit 0 It is hopeless “There is no hope for us to restrain ourselves.” This implies that they cannot stop themselves from running after other gods. Alternate translation: “We cannot stop ourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 2 25 zq2r figs-metaphor 0 No, I love strangers and go after them! Here “strangers” represents foreign gods, and “go after them” represents worshiping them. Alternate translation: “We must follow after foreign gods and worship them!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 26 i7vu figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 26 amq4 figs-idiom 0 when he is found This idiom means that someone discovers that the person’s actions. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone finds him” or “when people know that he has stolen things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 2 26 w6vi 0 they, their kings, their princes, and their priests and prophets This list shows that everyone belonging to Israel will be ashamed. -JER 2 27 yi97 figs-metonymy 0 These are the ones who say to the tree, ‘You are my father,’ and to the stone, ‘You gave birth to me.’ Here “tree” and “stone” represent idols carved from wood and stone. These words emphasize that the idol was made of ordinary things and is not worthy of worship. Alternate translation: “These people are the ones who say to a carved piece of wood, ‘You are my father,’ and to a carved stone, ‘You gave birth to me.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 27 rzb7 figs-metaphor 0 their back faces me and not their faces “their backs are toward me; their faces are not toward me.” This represents them rejecting God. Alternate translation: “they have turned away from me” or “they have turned their backs toward me and not their faces” or “they have completely rejected me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 27 v294 figs-explicit 0 Arise and save us It can be made clear that they say this to Yahweh. “Yahweh, come and save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 2 28 dv1r figs-rquestion 0 Yet where are the gods that you made for yourselves? With this question God implies that people should ask the gods they worship to help them. He uses this irony to show that he is angry that they worship other gods. Alternate translation: “You should ask the gods you made to help you.” or “You do not ask the gods you made to help you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 2 28 bmg6 figs-irony 0 Let them arise if they wish to save you in your time of troubles God implies that false gods should help the people who worship them. He knows that false gods cannot help people. When he said this he was using irony to show that he was angry that his people worshiped false gods. Alternate translation: “You do not ask them because know you that they cannot save you in your time of troubles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 2 29 xa5m figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 2 30 e8re figs-metaphor 0 They would not accept discipline Here “accept discipline” represents learning from discipline. Alternate translation: “They refused to learn from discipline” or “When I disciplined them, they refused to learn to obey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 30 m3cp figs-metaphor 0 Your sword has devoured your prophets like a destructive lion God speaks of the people of Israel killing the prophets as if their sword were a lion that ate the prophets. Alternate translation: “You have killed the prophets brutally with your sword like a destructive lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 30 px12 0 destructive capable of causing a very large amount of damage -JER 2 31 iyj9 0 You who belong to this generation! Pay attention to my word, the word of Yahweh The phrase “this generation” refers to the people who lived when Jeremiah lived. Alternate translation: “You who live today, pay attention to what I, Yahweh, say to you” -JER 2 31 egz3 figs-metaphor 0 Have I been a wilderness to Israel? Or a land of deep darkness? Here “a wilderness” and “a land of deep darkness” are metaphors for danger. God uses this question to rebuke the Israelites for behaving as though he had been dangerous. Alternate translation: “You act as though I have been like a wilderness or a land of deep darkness to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 31 r2gx figs-rquestion 0 Why would my people say, ‘Let us wander around, we will not go to you anymore’? God uses this question to rebuke his people for saying this. Alternate translation: “You my people say ‘We can go where we want to go and not worship Yahweh anymore.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 31 c46a 0 wander move around or go to different places usually without any particular purpose or direction -JER 2 32 ajg9 figs-ellipsis 0 Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils The words “will” and “forget” are understood to be part of the second phrase also. Alternate translation: “Will a virgin forget her jewelry, and will a bride forget her veils” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 2 32 snl1 figs-rquestion 0 Will a virgin forget her jewelry, a bride her veils? God uses this question to introduce the idea of remembering things that are important to someone. Alternate translation: “You know that a virgin would never forget to put on her jewelry, and a bride would never forget to put on her veils.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 2 32 el7h 0 days without number “a very long time” -JER 2 33 amu3 figs-irony 0 How well you make your way to look for love God appears to be praising his people for looking for love, but this is irony. He was showing that he was angry with them for being unfaithful to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 2 33 sl8c figs-metaphor 0 to look for love God speaks of his people worshiping other gods as if they were a woman who is unfaithful to her husband and is looking for other men to love her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 2 33 ymk8 figs-irony 0 You have even taught your ways to wicked women God speaks of how unfaithful his people are to him as though they were even teaching prostitutes how to be unfaithful to their husbands and find other men to be their lovers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 2 34 t7iw figs-explicit 0 The blood that was the life of innocent, poor people has been found on your clothes Blood on their clothes was evidence that they had killed people. Alternate translation: “The blood of innocent, poor people on your clothes shows that you are guilty of killing them” or “You are guilty of killing poor and innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 2 34 z8tn 0 The blood that was the life “The blood that represents the life” -JER 2 34 bb1t figs-activepassive 0 These people were not discovered in acts of burglary If they found people in an act of burglary, this might have been an excuse for killing them. But the people that they murdered were innocent. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You did not discover these people stealing things” or “But you killed them even though they were not even stealing anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 2 35 w9ip figs-personification 0 surely his anger has turned away from me Here anger is spoken of as if it were a person that could turn away from Israel. Its turning represents Yahweh’s stopping be angry with Israel. Alternate translation: “surely Yahweh has stopped being angry with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 2 35 w15i figs-metonymy 0 I will bring down judgment on you Here “judgment” represents punishment. Alternate translation: “I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 2 36 vpy2 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you treat so very lightly this change in your ways? Yahweh is scolding the Israelites because they changed from one kingdom to another for help but did not rely on God for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 2 36 s2aj 0 lightly without care or concern -JER 2 36 gc4f 0 You will also be disappointed by Egypt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Egypt will also disappoint you” -JER 2 36 jiq5 figs-explicit 0 You will also be disappointed by Egypt The people of Israel will be sad because the army of Egypt will not be able protect them. Alternate translation: “You will be disappointed when Egypt does not protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 2 36 f9em figs-ellipsis 0 just as you were by Assyria The word “disappointed” is understood from the previous phrase. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “just as you were disappointed by Assyria” or “just as Assyria disappointed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 2 37 e943 0 You will also go out from there “You will go out from Egypt” -JER 2 37 tk5j translate-symaction 0 with your hands on your head This is a symbol of shame. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 2 37 dzs3 figs-activepassive 0 so you will not be helped by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so they will not help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 3 intro v6u2 0 # Jeremiah 03 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-5, 12-17, 19-25.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 2:1-3:5. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. The same is true for 3:19-4:3. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Judah told to repent

If Judah repents, God will bring the people back from the captivity into which he is going to send them. In this book, “Israel” serves as another name Judah because the northern kingdom of Israel no longer exists. The people group formed by these ten tribes had been scattered among the other nations by the Assyrians, who had conquered them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])

### Adultery
Judah’s faithlessness to God is often pictured as adultery. This is a common image in Scripture. When Judah does not worship God, their nation is spoken of as if it were a woman unfaithful to her husband. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]]) -JER 3 1 hll9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. This is part of the prophecy that he starts revealing to Jeremiah in [Jeremiah 2:1](../02/01.md). -JER 3 1 b8c6 figs-rquestion 0 will he return to her again? God uses this question to remind the people that a man would never return to his wife if another man marries her. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “he would not return to her again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 3 1 wfd2 figs-rquestion 0 Would that land not be greatly polluted? God uses this question to remind the people that a married man would not return to his wife if she married another man, because he knows that the land would become ceremonially unclean. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “He knows that if he did, the land would be greatly polluted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 3 1 f5ac figs-metaphor 0 greatly polluted This is a metaphor for being terribly unacceptable to God. Alternate translation: “completely unacceptable to God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 1 j8li figs-simile 0 You have lived as a prostitute who has many lovers God speaks of Israel worshiping many idols as being like a woman having sex with many men. Alternate translation: “You have given your love and trust to idols the way a prostitute gives her body to men who are not her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 3 1 j5dl figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 3 2 f7nj figs-metonymy 0 Lift up your eyes Here “your eyes” represents looking at something. Alternate translation: “Look up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 2 d2qe figs-metaphor 0 Is there any place where you have not had illicit sex? God speaks of Israel worshiping idols as if they were a woman who had sex with many different men. He uses this question to tell the Israelites that he knows that they have worshiped idols everywhere. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is no place where you have not had illicit sex!” or “As a whore sleeps with many men, you have worshiped your idols everywhere!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 3 2 tkw5 figs-metaphor 0 By the roadsides you sat waiting for your lovers God speaks of his people being eager to worship any idol as being like a prostitute waiting by the road for any man to come along. Alternate translation: “Like a prostitutes waiting at the roadside for her lovers, you were eager to worship any idol you learned about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 2 p75c figs-simile 0 as an Arab in the wilderness God speaks of his people being eager to worship any idol as being like someone in the wilderness waiting for anyone to come along so he could rob them. Alternate translation: “like an Arab in the wilderness waiting for people he might rob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 3 2 h79r translate-names 0 an Arab in the wilderness An Arab is a person from Arabia. Some Arabs lived as nomads in the desert and would rob others who came near them. Alternate translation: “a nomad in the wilderness” or “a robber in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JER 3 3 bza8 figs-activepassive 0 So the showers have been withheld This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So I withheld the showers from you” or “So I prevented the rains from falling” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 3 3 ry2i figs-metonymy 0 you have the forehead of a prostitute The arrogance showing on a person’s face is spoken of as if the face itself were arrogant. Alternate translation: “But the expression on your face shows that you arrogant, like the face of a prostitute” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 5 gxd9 0 Connecting Statement: The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. -JER 3 5 tm6g figs-rquestion 0 Will he … to the end?’ The rhetorical question that begins with the words “Have you not” in verse 4 ends here. God uses this question to rebuke his people for calling out to him and saying these things. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have just called out to me: ‘My father … youth! Will he … to the end?’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 3 5 ks4c figs-rquestion 0 Will he always be angry? Will he always keep his wrath to the end? These questions express the people’s hope that God will not be angry with them forever. They can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Surely he will not always be angry. Surely he will not always keep his wrath to the end.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 3 5 ad4m 0 Look! “pay attention” or “listen” -JER 3 6 q6wm figs-rquestion 0 Do you see what faithless Israel has done? God uses this question to draw Jeremiah’s attention to Israel’s faithlessness. It can be translated as a command or a statement. Alternate translation: “See how faithless Israel is to me.” or “You see how faithless Israel is to me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 3 6 pea6 figs-metaphor 0 She has gone up The people of Israel are spoken of as if Israel were a woman. Alternate translation: “Israel’s people have gone up” or “They have gone up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 6 q6pr figs-hyperbole 0 every high hill and under every leafy tree The tops of hills and under shade trees were common places for people to worship idols. The word “every” is used as a generalization to show that the people were worshiping idols in many different places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 3 6 r3ip figs-simile 0 she has acted like a prostitute God speaks as of Israel worshiping idols as if she were a woman having sex with many men. Alternate translation: (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 3 7 wy1h figs-metaphor 0 her faithless sister Judah saw God speaks of Israel and Judah as if they were sisters. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah, who also did not obey me, saw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 8 nm9n 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak of Israel and Judah being unfaithful to him as if they were two sisters who were unfaithful wives. -JER 3 8 k4ts 0 bill of divorce Something that a man writes to certify that he has divorced his wife. -JER 3 9 l7vx 0 Her prostitution was nothing to her Here prostitution being “nothing” represents Judah not caring about it. Alternate translation: “She did not care about her prostitution” or “She was not ashamed of her prostitution” -JER 3 9 t26n figs-metaphor 0 she defiled the land Here “defiled” represents making the land unacceptable to God. They did this by sinning against him there when they worshiped idols. Alternate translation: “she made my land no good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 9 h9kk figs-metonymy 0 she committed adultery with stones and trees Here “stones” and “trees” represent the stone and wood material that was used to create idols. The people’s idol worship is spoken of as if they were committing adultery. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 10 u38c figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 3 11 cnw5 0 Faithless Israel has been more righteous than faithless Judah! By calling Israel “more righteous” than Judah, God emphasizes that Judah is very guilty. Alternate translation: “Israel has been unfaithful to me, but Judah is even more guilty than Israel” -JER 3 12 nc94 figs-metonymy 0 Go and proclaim these words to the north Here the north represents the people of Israel who had been taken north to Assyria. Alternate translation: “Go and proclaim these words to the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 13 vc3r 0 Acknowledge your iniquity “Admit how you have sinned.” God was speaking to Israel. -JER 3 13 afy2 figs-metaphor 0 you have shared your ways with strangers under every leafy tree! The word “strangers” refers to foreign gods. God speaks of Israel worshiping foreign gods as if Israel were a woman who was having sex with strangers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 13 cyd5 figs-hyperbole 0 under every leafy tree People would worship idols under trees. The word “every” is a generalization used to show that the people of Israel worshiped many gods under many different trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 3 13 n89f figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 3 14 rfl1 figs-metaphor 0 I am your husband God speaks of Israel belonging to him as if he were Israel’s husband. Alternate translation: “you belong to me as a wife belongs to her husband” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 15 khd7 figs-metaphor 0 I will give you shepherds … they will shepherd you Here God speaks of leaders as if they were shepherds and the people they led were sheep. Alternate translation: “I will give you leaders … they will lead you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 15 jfu5 figs-metonymy 0 shepherds after my heart Here “heart” represents Yahweh’s desire or will. The phrase “after my heart” is an idiom that describes people who do God’s will. Alternate translation: “shepherds who do my will” or “shepherds who do what I want” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 3 16 aah8 figs-metaphor 0 you will increase and bear fruit The word “you” refers to the people of Israel. The phrase “bear fruit” is a metaphor for having many descendants. Alternate translation: “you will increase greatly in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 3 16 dr84 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 3 16 p5dj figs-metonymy 0 This matter will no longer come up in their hearts Here “come up in their hearts” represents thinking about it. Alternate translation: “They will no longer think of this matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 17 i1da figs-metonymy 0 This is Yahweh’s throne Here “Yahweh’s throne” represents the place from where Yahweh rules. Alternate translation: “This is from where Yahweh rules” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 17 m3kn figs-metaphor 0 They will no longer walk in the stubbornness of their wicked hearts Yahweh speaks of people’s actions as if the people were walking along a path. Here the word “hearts” represents their minds or wills. Alternate translation: “They will no longer stubbornly do the wicked things that they want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 18 nc4e figs-metaphor 0 the house of Judah will walk with the house of Israel Here “walk with” represents being united. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will be united with the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 18 gyl2 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 18 f85t figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 18 ni8b figs-metaphor 0 the land that I gave your ancestors as an inheritance God speaks of giving them the land to possess forever as if it were an inheritance. Alternate translation: “the land that I gave to your ancestors so that it would belong to their descendants forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 19 mwz9 0 As for me the word “me” refers to Yahweh -JER 3 19 x77q figs-exclamations 0 How I want to treat you as my son … nation This is an exclamation that expresses God’s desire. Alternate translation: “I want so much to treat you as my son … nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]]) -JER 3 19 fll8 figs-simile 0 I want to treat you as my son God speaks of Israel as if Israel were his son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 3 19 h67j figs-metaphor 0 an inheritance more beautiful God speaks of the land he wanted to give to Israel as if it were an inheritance. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 20 p93d figs-simile 0 But like a woman faithless to her husband, you have betrayed me God speaks of Israel being unfaithful to him as if she were an unfaithful wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 3 20 ay61 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “kingdom of Israel” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 20 y4z7 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 3 21 jt6v figs-activepassive 0 A voice is heard This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People hear a noise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 3 21 n3ty 0 the weeping and pleading of the people of Israel “the people of Israel crying and begging loudly” -JER 3 21 kza9 figs-metaphor 0 they have forgotten Yahweh their God Here “have forgotten” represents neglecting or ignoring. Alternate translation: “They have ignored Yahweh their God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 22 y37e figs-metaphor 0 I will heal you of treachery! This could mean: (1) “heal you of treachery” represents causing Israel to stop being unfaithful to God. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to stop being unfaithful to me” or (2) “heal you of treachery” represents forgiving Israel for being unfaithful. Alternate translation: “I will forgive your treachery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 22 n26k 0 heal you of treachery “heal you so you will stop being unfaithful to me” -JER 3 22 z8l6 figs-ellipsis 0 Behold! We will come to you It is understood that this is what the people of Israel will say. Alternate translation: “The people will reply, ‘Behold! We will come to you” or “You will say “Behold! We will come to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 3 22 t3nz 0 Behold “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” -JER 3 23 az6h figs-metonymy 0 Surely lies come from the hills Here “the hills” represent the people’s worship of false gods on the hills. The people now realize that those false gods could not guide and help them. Alternate translation: “The false gods that we worshiped on the hills could not guide us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 3 23 uic1 figs-explicit 0 a confusing noise from the mountains People made a lot of noise on the hills and mountains when they worshiped false gods. Alternate translation: “We made a confusing noise on the mountains while we worshiped them, but they did not help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 3 23 n3uy 0 surely Yahweh our God is the salvation of Israel “surely Yahweh our God is the savior of Israel” or “surely Yahweh our God is the only one who can save Israel” -JER 3 24 q1yv 0 their flocks and cattle, their sons and daughters This is a list of animals and people that the people of Israel had killed and offered to the idols. -JER 3 25 qy9p figs-parallelism 0 Let us lie down in shame. May our shame cover us These phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that the people are fully aware of their shameful behavior. Alternate translation: “Let us be completely humiliated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 3 25 ny7e figs-metaphor 0 May our shame cover us Being fully aware of their shame is spoken of as if shame were covering them like a blanket or a garment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 25 x6vr figs-metaphor 0 from the time of our youthfulness This could mean: (1) “the time of our youthfulness” refers to when each person was young. Alternate translation: “from when we were young” or (2) “the time of our youthfulness” is a metaphor that refers to when Israel was first becoming a nation. Alternate translation: “from when we were first becoming a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 3 25 u638 figs-metonymy 0 have not listened to the voice of Yahweh our God Here “listened” represents obeying, and “the voice of Yahweh” represents what Yahweh has said. Alternate translation: “have not obeyed what Yahweh our God has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 intro yf6n 0 # Jeremiah 04 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:1-9.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 3:19-4:3. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s punishment
This chapter prophecies Yahweh’s punishment on Judah. This should bring Judah to repentance, but it does not. It is also intended to make the nations fear the power of Yahweh and make them desire to worship him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]]) -JER 4 1 nmt1 figs-metonymy 0 then it should be to me that you return This could mean: (1) this is a command that emphasizes who they should return to. Alternate translation: “then come back to me” or “then worship me” (2) this is a repetition of the first phrase, which expresses a condition. Alternate translation: “if you will come back to me” or “if you will start worshiping me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 4 1 q5zm figs-metonymy 0 If you remove your detestable things from before me Here “detestable things” refers to idols, which God hates. Alternate translation: “If you remove your disgusting idols from my presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 1 g7zg figs-metaphor 0 do not wander from me again Here “wander” is a metaphor for being unfaithful. Alternate translation: “if you remain faithful to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 2 qu22 figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “As surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 4 2 i2an figs-metonymy 0 the nations will bless themselves in him Here “the nations” is a metonym for people of other nations. The word “him” refers to Yahweh. Since Yahweh is speaking, it can also be translated as “me.” Alternate translation: “people of other nations will bless themselves in me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 4 2 hbb7 figs-metonymy 0 the nations will bless themselves in him Here “bless themselves in him” is a metonym for asking Yahweh to bless them. Alternate translation: “the people of the nations will ask Yahweh to bless them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 2 nkf4 figs-123person 0 in him they will glory The word “him” refers to Yahweh. Since Yahweh is speaking, “him” can also be translated as “me.” Alternate translation: “they will boast in me” or “they will praise me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 4 3 u4kd figs-metaphor 0 Plow your own ground, and do not sow among thorns Yahweh tells the people to prepare their lives like a farmer prepares the ground for planting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 4 wva4 figs-metaphor 0 Circumcise yourselves to Yahweh, and remove the foreskins of your heart Yahweh describes the people’s devotion to him in terms of the physical sign of covenant. Alternate translation: “Dedicate yourselves completely to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 4 pp1f figs-parallelism 0 Circumcise yourselves … remove the foreskins of your heart These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 4 4 kf3t figs-simile 0 my fury will break out like fire, and burn with no one to quench it Yahweh speaks of becoming extremely angry as if his anger were fire. Alternate translation: “my anger will burn like a fire and no one will be able to stop it” or “I will be extremely angry, and no one will be able to stop me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 4 4 tw9h 0 fury “great anger” -JER 4 5 e8kp figs-parallelism 0 Report in Judah and let it be heard in Jerusalem These phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 4 5 j19h figs-activepassive 0 let it be heard in Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “cause the people in Jerusalem to hear it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 4 5 lrv2 0 Blow the trumpet in the land The trumpet would warn the people that their enemies were coming to attack them. -JER 4 5 n1n6 0 Let us go to the fortified cities They would go to the fortified cities for protection from their enemies. -JER 4 6 tf7e figs-doublet 0 disaster … a great collapse These words mean basically the same thing. The phrase “a great collapse” defines what the “disaster” will be. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 4 6 xug6 figs-metaphor 0 for I am bringing disaster from the north and a great collapse This represents God sending an army from the north to cause disaster and destruction in Judah. Alternate translation: “for I will cause an army from the north to come and destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 6 d4sz figs-metonymy 0 from the north This represents an enemy army that would come from the north. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 7 a149 figs-metaphor 0 A lion is coming God speaks of a powerful army as if it were a fierce lion. Alternate translation: “A powerful and merciless army approaches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 7 myr9 0 thicket a set of bushes that grew closely together -JER 4 7 lwr1 figs-synecdoche 0 someone who will destroy nations Here “someone” represents a king and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 4 7 w16d figs-idiom 0 is setting out This idiom refers to starting to move. Alternate translation: “is starting to march” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 4 7 cix1 figs-metonymy 0 to bring horror to your land This represents destroying the land, which would cause people who see it to be horrified. Alternate translation: “to destroy your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 8 q3kk translate-symaction 0 wrap yourself in sackcloth People would wear sackcloth to show that they were very sad. In this context it would be to show that they were very sorry for the bad things they had done. Alternate translation: “put on the clothes that show you are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 4 8 j7pi 0 wail cry loudly -JER 4 8 pwd6 figs-metaphor 0 For the force of Yahweh’s anger has not turned away from us Anger is spoken of as if it were a living thing that could turn away from people. Here “Yahweh’s anger has not turned away from us” means that Yahweh is still very angry with the people. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is still very angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 9 l39s figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of the king and his officials will die Here “hearts” represent courage. Also “the hearts … will die” represents losing courage and being afraid. Alternate translation: “the king and his officials will stop being courageous” or “the king and his officials will be terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 10 u3zu figs-personification 0 the sword is striking against their life Here enemies being ready to kill people is spoken of as if the sword was a person striking at people. Alternate translation: “our enemies are ready to slaughter us with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 4 11 eaf4 figs-activepassive 0 it will be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 4 11 l2gl figs-metaphor 0 burning wind from the plains Here a “burning wind” represents a fierce and merciless enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 11 apu1 0 will make its way “will travel” or “will rush” -JER 4 11 c8vv figs-metaphor 0 the daughter of my people Yahweh shows his love for his people by speaking of them as a daughter. Alternate translation: “my people, who are like a daughter to me” or “my dear people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 11 y4pq figs-doublet 0 It will not winnow or cleanse them The words “winnow” and “cleanse” refer to blowing away the useless skins from grain. Only a light wind was needed for that. Alternate translation: “It will not be a light wind for blowing the chaff away from the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 12 xws1 figs-metaphor 0 A wind far stronger than that far stronger than the “burning wind” of verse 11. The wind is a metaphor for a fierce and merciless enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 12 s27n 0 will come at my command “will come when I command it to come” -JER 4 12 rx21 0 at my command This expression in Hebrew is interpreted by some modern versions as “for me” or “from me.” -JER 4 12 y377 0 pass sentence against them “announce their punishment” -JER 4 13 t3g7 figs-simile 0 See, he is attacking like clouds The word “he” refers to the enemy king and his army. The great size of the army is spoken of as if they were giant storm clouds. Alternate translation: “See, great armies like giant clouds are gathering to attack” or “See, great armies are gathering to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 4 13 y26t figs-simile 0 his chariots are like a storm The enemies’ chariots are spoken of as if they were like a storm. Storms can be noisy, destructive, and fast-moving. Alternate translation: “the roar of their chariots coming is like a fierce storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 4 13 pd5b 0 Woe to us “This is terrible” -JER 4 13 rkz7 figs-activepassive 0 for we will be devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for they will devastate us” or “for they will destroy us all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 4 14 n8cb figs-metaphor 0 Cleanse your heart from wickedness, Jerusalem This is a warning to the people living in Jerusalem to repent. “Cleanse your heart” is a metaphor for removing evil from their lives. Alternate translation: “People of Jerusalem, stop being evil” or “People of Jerusalem, stop living wickedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 14 wj5b figs-rquestion 0 How long will your deepest thoughts be about how to sin? This question is used to rebuke the people for always planning how to sin. Alternate translation: “Your deepest thoughts are about how to sin!” or “You are always thinking about how to sin!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 4 15 ri3n figs-synecdoche 0 a voice is bringing news from Dan Here “a voice” represents a messenger. Alternate translation: “a messenger comes and tells about what is happening in Dan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 4 15 w5rx 0 Dan This probably refers to the region of Dan, which was west of Jerusalem. -JER 4 15 mu7y figs-activepassive 0 the coming disaster is heard from the mountains of Ephraim This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people hear about the disaster that is coming from Ephraim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 4 15 t4qv 0 from Dan … mountains of Ephraim By hearing that the enemies had gotten to Dan and Ephraim, people in Jerusalem would understand that the enemies were getting closer to them. -JER 4 16 e4lv 0 besiegers are coming Besiegers are soldiers who surround a city in order to keep the people in the city from being able to get supplies of food and water. -JER 4 17 b2nh figs-simile 0 They will be like the watchmen of a cultivated field against her all around Carefully guarding a city to keep people from going in and out is spoken of as if they are carefully watching a field to keep people from stealing from it. Alternate translation: “they will guard Jerusalem carefully like watchmen who carefully guard a cultivated field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 4 17 vj61 figs-personification 0 against her all around The word “her” refers to Jerusalem. Jerusalem was often spoken of as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 4 18 vwi9 figs-personification 0 your conduct and your deeds have done these things to you Here “conduct” and “deeds” are spoken of as if they are people that could do things. These abstract nouns can be expressed with the phrase “what you have done.” Alternate translation: “These things are happening to you because of what you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 4 18 xek6 figs-metaphor 0 It will strike your very heart Here “heart” probably refers to the emotions, and “strike your very heart” probably refers to causing them to suffer terribly. Alternate translation: “It will be as if it strikes your very heart” or “It will cause you to suffer terrible anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 19 yrw5 figs-metonymy 0 My heart! My heart! Here “heart” represents painful emotions, such as grief and fear. The phrase is repeated to express the intensity of the pain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 19 zw89 0 I am in anguish in my heart The speaker feels severe emotional pain that causes severe physical pain. -JER 4 19 l92y 0 My heart is turbulent within me “My heart is beating wildly.” Here “heart” refers to the body part. It is turbulent because it is beating much stronger and faster than normal. -JER 4 19 a6je 0 turbulent full of confusion, violence, or disorder; not stable or steady -JER 4 20 eaz9 figs-activepassive 0 Suddenly my tents are destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemies have suddenly destroyed my tents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 4 20 edb5 figs-ellipsis 0 my curtains in a moment The words “are destroyed” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “my curtains are destroyed in a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 4 20 b4gs 0 my curtains Curtains are cloths that are hung to separate the rooms in the tents. -JER 4 21 k2xu figs-rquestion 0 How long will I see the standard? Will I hear the sound of the horn? Jeremiah uses these questions to show his distress about seeing the battle flag and hearing the sound of the horn for such a long time. He wishes that the battle would end soon. It can be stated as an exclamation. Alternate translation: “Oh, how I wish that the battle would end, and the flag would be lowered, and the sound of the army’s horn would stop” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 4 21 cy1e 0 the standard “the battle flag” -JER 4 21 bdm1 0 the sound of the horn Someone would blow the horn as a signal for battle. -JER 4 22 q9tl figs-explicit 0 For the foolishness of my people … do not know to do good. It can be stated clearly that Yahweh says this. This is probably his reply to Jeremiah, telling why the battle is still happening. Alternate translation: “Yahweh replied, ‘It is because of the foolishness of my people … do not know to do good.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 4 22 ci3d 0 idiotic people “stupid people” -JER 4 23 lj51 0 General Information: Jeremiah describes a vision that God gave him about things that would happen later. -JER 4 23 r4yf 0 Behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -JER 4 23 p6iz 0 formless and empty This vision is a prophecy of what the land of Israel would be like after the people were all taken into captivity. -JER 4 23 ex8r 0 there was no light for the heavens “there were no lights in the sky” -JER 4 26 y7ek 0 all the cities had been pulled down “all the cities had been destroyed” or “all the cities were a heap of ruins” -JER 4 26 zkf9 0 before Yahweh, before the fury of his wrath This indicates that all these things would happen because Yahweh was so angry with the people of Judah. -JER 4 27 zmu6 0 All the land will become a devastation “All the land of Judah will be devastated” or “all the land of Judah will be ruined” -JER 4 28 a8f6 figs-personification 0 the land will mourn, and the heavens above will darken Jeremiah emphasizes Yahweh’s judgment by saying that the earth itself expresses great sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 4 28 p7nd 0 I will not hold back “I will not change my mind” -JER 4 28 nz7a figs-metaphor 0 I will not turn from carrying them out Here “turn” represents deciding not to do what he said he would do. Alternate translation: “I will not change my mind about doing what I said I would do” or “I will not refuse to do what I planned to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 29 s7su figs-metonymy 0 Every city Here “city” represents the people living in the city. Alternate translation: “The people of every city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 29 w9pv 0 cavalry a group of soldiers riding horses -JER 4 29 q17v 0 they will run into the forests They will run away to the forests for safety. -JER 4 29 v4z8 figs-parallelism 0 The cities will be abandoned, for there will be no one to inhabit them These two clauses have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. Alternate translation: “The cities will be empty. There will be no one left to live in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 4 30 dp7c 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of the people of Judah as if they were a prostitute because they were unfaithful to him by worshiping other gods. -JER 4 30 n253 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Judah. -JER 4 30 cmv6 figs-rquestion 0 Now that you have been devastated, what will you do? This question is used to tell the people of Judah that there is nothing they can do to help themselves. Alternate translation: “Now that your enemies have devastated you, there is nothing you can do to find help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 4 30 r96u figs-explicit 0 you dress in scarlet … gold jewelry … eyes … with paint God speaks of the people of Judah as if they were a prostitute making herself look beautiful in order to attract men to her. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Like a prostitute you dress in scarlet … good jewelry … eyes … with paint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 4 30 qfd4 figs-metonymy 0 you dress in scarlet Here “scarlet” represents expensive, red clothing. Alternate translation: “you wear expensive red clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 30 r71v 0 adorn yourself with gold jewelry “you put on gold jewelry” -JER 4 30 z4md figs-metaphor 0 men who lusted for you now reject you God speaks of the nations that Judah had depended on for wealth and business as if they were men who lusted after Judah. Those nations would reject Judah when they see God’s judgment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 30 vu5x figs-metonymy 0 they are trying to take away your life Here “trying to take your life away” represents trying to kill the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “They are trying to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 4 31 fqh9 figs-simile 0 distress as in the birth This simile is used to show how greatly distressed Judah will be. Alternate translation: “severe distress as in the pain and suffering a woman has while giving birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 4 31 l6l7 figs-metaphor 0 the daughter of Zion God shows his love for the people of Jerusalem by speaking of them as a daughter. Alternate translation: “my dear daughter, Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 4 31 j9ka 0 Woe to me “I am in great danger” -JER 4 31 r56w 0 I am fainting “I am becoming weak” -JER 5 intro hq1g 0 # Jeremiah 05 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 5:1-31.

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Hyperbole
It is possible that Yahweh is using the word “a” (meaning “even one”) as hyperbole when he states, “If you can find a man or anyone who is acting justly and trying to act faithfully, then I will forgive Jerusalem.” The purpose of this is to show how evil Jerusalem had become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

### Rhetorical questions
Yahweh asks several rhetorical questions in this chapter. This is intended to show Jeremiah the justness of his actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 5 1 wtq8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 5 1 a164 0 Rush about through the streets “Go quickly through the streets” -JER 5 1 ig3t 0 Then look and think about this “look and find out” -JER 5 1 qf12 0 city squares broad and open places in a city where people can gather -JER 5 1 rhm7 0 who is acting justly “who does what is just” -JER 5 2 y47l 0 Although they say The word “they” refers to the people of Jerusalem. -JER 5 2 ey96 figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 5 3 cl5c figs-rquestion 0 do your eyes not look for faithfulness? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that what Yahweh really wants is faithfulness. Wanting people to be faithful is spoken of as looking for faithfulness. Alternate translation: “you look for faithfulness.” or “you want people to be faithful.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 3 dma9 figs-metaphor 0 You struck the people, but they do not feel pain. God punished his people in various ways. Here it is spoken of as if he hit them. Alternate translation: “You punish the people, but they do not pay attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 3 bwd1 figs-metaphor 0 they still refuse to receive discipline Here “to receive discipline” represents learning from discipline to do what is right. Alternate translation: “they still refuse to learn their lesson” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 3 v9en figs-metonymy 0 They make their faces harder than rock Hard faces represents the expression on their faces that shows that they are stubborn. The simile “harder than rock” shows that the people are extremely stubborn. Alternate translation: “They are extremely stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 5 4 ty12 0 So I said Jeremiah is speaking. -JER 5 5 mu9t figs-metaphor 0 But they all broke their yoke together; they all tore apart the chains that bound them to God. The yoke and chains represent the law which bind God and his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 6 d8ks figs-metaphor 0 So a lion … A wolf … A lurking panther These are dangerous animals that can kill people. This could mean: (1) this really is about wild animals killing people or (2) these wild animals are metaphors for enemy armies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 6 ei8j figs-metaphor 0 So a lion … A wolf … A lurking panther … torn apart One possible meaning is that these are metaphors for enemy armies who will attack Judah. Alternate translation: “Like a lion from the thicket, a wolf from the Arabah, and a lurking panther, enemy armies will come against their cities, attack them, and destroy them. Anyone who goes outside his city will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 6 qkm7 0 thicket a set of bushes that grew closely together. -JER 5 6 a7xd 0 wolf a large wild dangerous dog -JER 5 6 nb63 0 lurking watching for an opportunity to attack -JER 5 6 jm2c 0 panther a large wild dangerous cat -JER 5 6 eb17 figs-abstractnouns 0 For their transgressions increase The abstract noun “transgressions” can be translated with the verb “sin.” Alternate translation: “For they sin much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 5 6 bl92 figs-abstractnouns 0 Their acts of faithlessness are unlimited The abstract nouns in “acts of faithlessness” can be translated as “the faithless things they do.” Alternate translation: “The faithless things they do are many” or “They do many faithless things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 5 7 tgq4 figs-rquestion 0 Why should I pardon these people? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he has no reason to pardon these people. Alternate translation: “Because of the things that they do, I cannot pardon these people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 5 7 i1na 0 these people the people of Jerusalem -JER 5 7 duz8 figs-personification 0 Your sons Yahweh is speaking to Jerusalem as though she were a woman who had children. Jerusalem’s “sons” represent the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 5 7 mvg1 figs-metaphor 0 I fed them fully Providing all they needed is spoken of as feeding them. Alternate translation: “I gave them everything they needed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 7 cc9s figs-metaphor 0 they committed adultery and walked in great numbers to the houses of prostitutes This may be a metaphor for being unfaithful to God and worshiping idols, but idol worship also included prostitution. Alternate translation: “they were unfaithful to me and went in large numbers to the houses of prostitutes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 7 vq87 0 walked in great numbers to the houses of prostitutes “went in large groups to the houses of prostitutes” or “large groups of them went to the houses of prostitutes” -JER 5 8 m3wt figs-metaphor 0 They were horses in heat … neighed to his neighbor’s wife Because the God speaks of them as if they were horses that wanted to mate with other horses. Alternate translation: “They were like horses in heat … neighed to his neighbor’s wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 8 yq1u 0 in heat ready to mate -JER 5 8 u1ts 0 mate when animals breed to reproduce -JER 5 8 hgv8 figs-metaphor 0 Each man neighed to his neighbor’s wife Male horses neigh loudly to female horses when they want to mate with them. Alternate translation: “Like horses who mate with more than one horse, these men wanted to sleep with other men’s wives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 9 i5z2 figs-rquestion 0 So should I not punish them … and should I not avenge myself on a nation that is like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will no have mercy but will punish them. Alternate translation: “Because they do these things, I will punish them … I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 5 9 l377 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 5 10 rwg3 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak. Here he speaks to the enemies of Israel. -JER 5 10 uh17 figs-explicit 0 Go up onto her vineyards’ terraces In verses 10-13 Yahweh speaks to Israel’s enemies. This can be made clear in the quotation. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Israel, go up onto her vineyards’ terraces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 10 tnx6 figs-metaphor 0 Go up onto her vineyards’ terraces and destroy Yahweh speaks of Israel and Judah as if they were a vineyard and the people there were vines. Alternate translation: “Go up into Israel and Judah, which are like a vineyard to me, and destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 10 q848 0 do not bring complete destruction to them “do not completely destroy them” -JER 5 10 dtf8 figs-metaphor 0 Trim their vines, since those vines do not come from Yahweh The word “their” refers to the vineyards. Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel and Judah as if they were vines. Alternate translation: “like farmers who trim the vines of a vineyard, you must remove many of the people of Israel and Judah, because they do not belong to Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 11 r8hw figs-metonymy 0 For the houses of Israel and Judah The word “house” is a metonym for a person’s descendants. In this case it refers to the people of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Alternate translation: “For the people of Israel and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 11 b2gh figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 5 12 hy7p 0 They have spoken falsely about Yahweh and they said “They have spoken falsely about Yahweh by saying” -JER 5 12 i2ai figs-parallelism 0 no harm will come upon us, and we will not see sword or famine These two sentences say the same thing, the second is more specific than the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 5 12 b9kn figs-idiom 0 no harm will come upon us The idiom “come upon us” means “happen to us.” Alternate translation: “No harm will happen to us” or “no one will harm us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 5 12 g399 figs-metaphor 0 we will not see sword or famine Here “see” is a metaphor for experience, and “sword” is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “we will not experience war or famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 13 b87v figs-metonymy 0 The prophets will become wind Here “prophets” is a metonym that represents what the prophets say, and “wind” is a metaphor for something that does not do anything. Alternate translation: “The prophets words are just noisy wind” or “The prophets make noise like the wind, but what they prophesy will not happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 13 z6ye figs-explicit 0 the word is not in them Here “the word” refers to God’s message. Alternate translation: “God’s message is not in them” or “the messages that they speak are not from God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 13 nhv2 figs-explicit 0 so let what they say be done to them It can be stated clearly what kinds of things the prophets were talking about. Alternate translation: “so let the harm that the prophets talk about come to them” or “since the prophets say that bad things will happen to us, let those bad things happen to the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 14 r6t4 0 Because you The word “you” refers to the people of Israel and Judah. -JER 5 14 x6w7 0 have said this See what the people said in [Jeremiah 5:12](../05/12.md). -JER 5 14 pet2 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 5 14 e41j figs-metaphor 0 I am about to place my word in your mouth Here “place my word in your mouth” represents causing Jeremiah to speak God’s message. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to speak my message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 14 bax7 figs-simile 0 It will be like a fire, and this people will be like wood Yahweh speaks of his message as if it were a fire, and of his people as if they were wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 5 14 th8l figs-metaphor 0 For it will consume them “For my message will consume them.” Yahweh’s message was about how he would punish his people, so he speaks as if his message would destroy them as a fire destroys wood. Alternate translation: “For when you speak my message, it will destroy the people of Israel as fire destroys wood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 15 hr3d 0 against you “to attack you.” The word “you” refers to the people of Israel. -JER 5 15 w6v8 figs-doublet 0 it is a lasting nation, an ancient nation These phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize how long the nation has existed. This refers to the nation from far away that Yahweh will bring against Israel. Alternate translation: “it is a very old and enduring nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 5 15 f6kv 0 a lasting nation “an enduring nation” or “a very strong nation” -JER 5 15 c9wc figs-parallelism 0 It is a nation whose language you do not know, nor will you understand what they say These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the Israelites do not know the language of those people. It may imply that the Israelites have not had much contact with them. Alternate translation: “It is a nation whose language you will not understand at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 5 16 ub23 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. -JER 5 16 yjs1 figs-metonymy 0 Its quiver … They are all soldiers Here “Its quiver” represents the enemy nation’s army, and the arrows in the quiver represent the soldiers in the army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 16 a4wr 0 quiver a container for holding arrows -JER 5 16 nsx2 figs-simile 0 Its quiver is like an open tomb An open tomb is one that is prepared to have many dead bodies put in it. The enemy army will kill many people. Alternate translation: “That nation’s army will use their arrows and kill many people” or “Because of the arrows of its army, many people will die and be buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 5 17 x18i figs-metaphor 0 So your harvest will be consumed, your sons and daughters also, and your food This could mean: (1) their harvest and their food that was for their sons and daughters would be consumed. Alternate translation: “So your harvest and your food for your sons and daughters will be consumed” or (2) their harvest, sons and daughters, and food would all be consumed. The idea of the sons and daughters being “consumed” would be a metaphor for killed. Alternate translation: “So your harvest and your food will be consumed, and your sons and daughters will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 17 ty62 figs-activepassive 0 So your harvest will be consumed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “So the army of that nation will eat the food that you expected to harvest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 5 17 ycw1 0 your sons and daughters also, and your food This could mean: (1) the enemies would eat the food that the sons and daughters should eat, or (2) the enemies will destroy the sons and daughters and eat the food. -JER 5 17 e76e 0 They will eat The word “They” refers to the army of that nation. -JER 5 17 aj2t figs-synecdoche 0 They will beat down with a sword your fortified cities The sword is a synecdoche for all of the different weapons that people use in war. Alternate translation: “They will use their weapons to conquer your strong cities that you trusted to protect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 5 17 fe1b 0 your fortified cities Fortified cities had a wall around them to protect the people inside from their enemies outside. -JER 5 17 evt5 0 that you trusted in “that you thought were strong enough to keep you safe” -JER 5 18 hp6x 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel and Jeremiah. -JER 5 18 fq65 0 do not intend to destroy “will not destroy” -JER 5 19 v6cs figs-explicit 0 done all these things to us The phrase “these things” refers to sending armies to attack them. Alternate translation: “done all these things to harm us” or “sent foreign armies to attack us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 19 f6pe figs-metaphor 0 Just as you … served foreign gods in your land, so you must also serve strangers Here “served foreign gods” represents worshiping foreign gods. God would punish them for serving foreign gods by making them serve foreign people. Alternate translation: “Because you … worshiped foreign gods in your land, you will have to serve foreigners” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 20 h8i5 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. -JER 5 20 i1qw 0 Report this “Tell this” -JER 5 20 x88v figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. Translate “house of Jacob” as in [Jeremiah 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 20 c3ln figs-activepassive 0 let it be heard in Judah This can be expressed in active from. Alternate translation: “Let those in Judah hear it” or “announce it in Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 5 21 huc3 0 who have no understanding “who do not understand” or “who understand nothing” -JER 5 21 iqw3 figs-metonymy 0 you cannot see Here “cannot see” is a metonym for not understanding. Alternate translation: “you do not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 21 h6v9 figs-metonymy 0 you cannot hear Here “cannot hear” represents not understanding. “Alternate translation: “you do not understand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 22 y6ba figs-rquestion 0 Do you not fear me … face? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the people are extremely foolish because they do not fear Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is foolish that you do not fear me … face!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 5 22 u7l9 figs-explicit 0 or tremble before my face The trembling would be because of fear, and being “before my face” represents being aware of who God is. Alternate translation: “or shake with fear because of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 22 l6nf 0 I have placed a border of sand against the sea “I placed the sand as the border for the sea” -JER 5 22 l23z figs-metaphor 0 an ongoing decree that it does not violate God speaks of the ocean not going past the border of sand as if the border were a law, and as if the ocean were a person who obeys the law. Alternate translation: “an everlasting limit that it cannot cross” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 22 ayh2 0 rises and falls “moves back and forth” -JER 5 22 kd3c figs-metaphor 0 it does not violate it “the ocean does not violate my decree.” God speaks of ocean not going past the border of sand as if the border were a law, and as if the ocean were a person who obeys the law. Alternate translation: “it does not succeed in going past the border” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 23 ic83 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel. -JER 5 23 l32t figs-metaphor 0 this people has a stubborn heart. It turns The people’s heart represents their attitude toward God. If Yahweh is speaking to the people, this can also be expressed with the word “you.” Alternate translation: “but you people have a stubborn heart. You turn” or “but you people are stubborn. You turn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 5 23 cf4m figs-metaphor 0 It turns away in rebellion and goes away The word “it” refers to the people. Here “goes away” represents disobeying God. Alternate translation: “They rebel and disobey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 24 s5r8 figs-metaphor 0 they do not say in their hearts Here “their hearts” represent their thoughts, and “say” represents thinking. Alternate translation: “they do not think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 24 k3at figs-explicit 0 keeping the fixed weeks of the harvest for us Here “keeping the fixed weeks of the harvest” represents making sure that those weeks happen at the right time. Alternate translation: “making sure for us that the weeks of harvest happen when they are supposed to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 25 g8i4 0 Your iniquities The word “Your” refers to the descendants of Jacob and the people of Judah. -JER 5 25 kl5g 0 these things This refers to the rains and the harvests. -JER 5 25 th39 figs-metaphor 0 Your sins have stopped good from coming to you Good things “coming” represents good things happening. “Because of your sins, good things have stopped happening to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 26 k1ep 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak. -JER 5 26 x9gl figs-activepassive 0 For wicked men are found with my people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “For I have found wicked men among my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 5 26 zk7i figs-simile 0 They watch as someone crouches to capture birds God speaks of wicked people wanting to harm someone as if they were waiting to capture birds. Alternate translation: “Like someone hiding and waiting to capture birds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 5 26 rv4u figs-metaphor 0 they set a trap and catch people God speaks of wicked people intentionally harming others as if they were setting a trap. Alternate translation: “They set things up so that they can take advantage of people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 27 qx63 figs-simile 0 Like a cage full of birds, their houses are full of deceit Here “deceit” represents the things that were taken by deceit. Alternate translation: Like a cage full of birds that a hunter has caught, wicked people’s houses are full of things that they have taken by deceiving people (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 5 27 ktf1 figs-metaphor 0 they grow large and become rich Here “large” represents powerful. Alternate translation: “these wicked people become powerful and rich” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 28 cw6j 0 they shine with well-being This could mean: (1) their skin shines because of the healthy food they eat, or (2) their body is smooth because of the muscle and fat between their bones and skin. It indicates that they eat well. -JER 5 28 plb9 figs-metaphor 0 They crossed over all bounds of wickedness Doing all kinds of wicked things is spoken of as if there were a boundary separating some wicked things from things that are even more wicked. Alternate translation: “They do all kinds of wicked things” or “They even do the most wicked things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 5 28 mc4l 0 They do not plead the cause of the people, or the cause of the orphan “They do not plead with the rulers to give the people and the orphans what they need” or “They do not plead with the rulers to give justice to the people and the orphans” -JER 5 28 fdb8 0 they have not given justice to the needy “they have not helped the needy by doing what is just for them” -JER 5 29 pah8 figs-rquestion 0 Should I not punish … a nation like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will no have mercy but will punish them. See how you translated a similar sentence in [Jeremiah 5:9](../05/09.md). Alternate translation: “So I will punish them, this is Yahweh’s declaration. I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.”(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 5 29 s1ep figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 5 30 y4qb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak. -JER 5 30 jnz7 figs-explicit 0 Atrocities and horrors have occurred This can be stated more actively. Alternate translation: “People do terrible and horrible things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 30 a5il figs-explicit 0 in the land Here “the land” refers to the land of Israel.’ Alternate translation: “in the land of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 31 m6tl 0 The prophets prophesy with deceit, and the priests rule with their own power These are the atrocities and horrors that are spoken of in verse 30. -JER 5 31 jd9n 0 The prophets prophesy with deceit “The prophets prophesy lies” or “The prophets tell lies when they prophesy” -JER 5 31 md9e figs-explicit 0 the priests rule with their own power This could mean: (1) the priests do not submit to God’s authority. Alternate translation: “the priests rule by their own authority” or (2) the priests rule according to the directions of the prophets (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 5 31 lf6j figs-rquestion 0 but what will happen in the end? “but what will you do at the end of all of this?” Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the people will regret being wicked when he punishes them for it. Alternate translation: “but in the end I will punish you and you will be regret your wicked behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 intro f4ic 0 # Jeremiah 06 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 6:1-30.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Gods and battle
In the ancient Near East, it was commonly believed that a nation’s gods were responsible for military victory. It may have been believed that a god would not defend an evil city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]]) -JER 6 1 h511 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking. -JER 6 1 f21l figs-idiom 0 Find safety … by leaving Jerusalem Here “Find safety” represents doing what they can in order to be safe. Alternate translation: “Be safe … by leaving Jerusalem” or “Leave Jerusalem … so that you can be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 6 1 a8g6 0 people of Benjamin This is who Yahweh was speaking to. -JER 6 1 h78h figs-explicit 0 Blow a trumpet in Tekoa A trumpet is used as a warning that people will be attacked. Alternate translation: “Blow a trumpet in Tekoa to warn the people that they will be attacked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 1 v1e9 translate-names 0 Tekoa This is the name of a town about 18 kilometers south of Jerusalem. The name means “a horn for blowing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 6 1 m5nz 0 Raise up over Beth Hakkerem a signal This could mean: (1) the signal is smoke from a fire. Alternate translation: “Light a fire to send up smoke at Beth Hakkerem to warn people about the enemy coming” or (2) the signal is a flag. Alternate translation: “Raise up a flag over the town of Beth Hakkerem to warn people about the enemy coming” -JER 6 1 cj9u 0 Beth Hakkerem the name of a town about 10 kilometers south of Jerusalem. The name means “the place of the vineyard.” -JER 6 1 fa2a figs-metonymy 0 wickedness is appearing from the north Here “wickedness” represents disaster and the people who will cause it. Alternate translation: “enemies will come from the north and cause disaster to happen to you” or “enemies coming from the north will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 1 sub6 figs-explicit 0 a great crushing is coming How the crushing will come can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Enemies will come and crush you” or “Enemies will come and destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 2 cw79 figs-personification 0 The daughter of Zion, the beautiful and delicate woman Zion is another name for Jerusalem. Yahweh speaks of Jerusalem as though it were a woman. He speaks of it as a daughter to show his love for Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “My dear Zion, which is like a beautiful and delicate woman” or “My dear Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 6 3 l12q figs-metaphor 0 The shepherds and their flocks will go to them Kings were often spoken of as shepherds of their people. Alternate translation: “The kings and their soldiers will go to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 3 j632 figs-explicit 0 they will set up tents against her all around The phrase “against her” means “in order to attack Zion.” Alternate translation: “they will set up tents all around Zion in order to attack it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 3 g9el figs-metonymy 0 each man will shepherd God speaks of kings leading their armies to destroy the land, as if they were shepherds leading their sheep to eat grass. Alternate translation: “like a shepherd each king will lead his army” or “each king will lead his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 3 uz2s figs-metaphor 0 with his own hand Here “hand” represents the portion of something someone his assigned to take in his hand. Here it refers to the portion of land the king is assigned to conquer. Alternate translation: “and conquer his portion of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 4 u13f 0 General Information: A king from the attacking army is speaking to the men under his control. -JER 6 4 ejj3 figs-explicit 0 Dedicate yourselves It can be stated clearly that the kings say this. Alternate translation: “The kings say to their armies, ‘Dedicate yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 4 am3p figs-explicit 0 Dedicate yourselves to the gods for the battle The attacking army tries to ensure that their gods will help them during the war by performing ceremonies and making sacrifices to them. Alternate translation: “Prepare for war by purifying yourselves and sacrificing to the gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 4 l529 figs-metaphor 0 Arise, let us attack To arise or stand up is a metaphor for no longer watching and thinking and instead beginning to act. Alternate translation: “Let us stop thinking and begin to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 4 ldp8 0 let us attack at noon “Let us attack Jerusalem at noon” -JER 6 4 d1mc 0 It is too bad that the daylight is fading away, that the evening shadows are falling The kings say this later in the day when they want their army to keep fighting even though it is getting dark. -JER 6 4 hnt2 figs-metonymy 0 the daylight is fading away The end of the day is spoken of in terms of its light becoming dark. Alternate translation: “the day is ending” or “it is beginning to get dark” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 4 su9l 0 are falling “are stretching out” or “are getting longer” -JER 6 5 jc1c 0 at night “during the night even though it is dark” -JER 6 5 qmf3 figs-explicit 0 her fortresses People often spoke of cities as if they were women. Her the word “her” refers to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the strong buildings of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 6 unq2 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. -JER 6 6 crp6 figs-personification 0 Cut her trees God says this to the army that will attack Jerusalem. The word “her” refers to Jerusalem; cities were often spoken of as if they were women. Alternate translation: “Cut down the trees outside of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 6 6 v6t3 0 heap up siegeworks against Jerusalem Siegeworks are either high mounds of dirt or high ramps made of wood that the enemies build outside the city wall in order go on top of the wall and attack the people inside the city. -JER 6 6 p62r figs-metaphor 0 because it is filled with oppression Here “it is filled with oppression” represents people there always oppressing people. Alternate translation: “because its people are always oppressing each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 7 x25i figs-simile 0 As a well pours out fresh water, so this city keeps producing wickedness Here “this city keeps producing wickedness” represents people in the city continuing to do wicked things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 6 7 q16a figs-activepassive 0 Violence and disorder are heard within her This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I hear violence and disorder in her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 6 7 ky66 figs-idiom 0 sickness and wounds are continually before my face These things being “before” God’s face represents him seeing them. Alternate translation: “I constantly see sickness and wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 6 8 ctm4 figs-metonymy 0 Accept discipline, Jerusalem … make you into a ruin, an uninhabited land Here God speaks to the people of Jerusalem as if he were speaking to the city itself. Alternate translation: “Accept discipline, you people of Jerusalem … make your land into a ruin, an uninhabited land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 8 nn5k figs-metonymy 0 Accept discipline “Accept discipline” here is a metaphor for learning from discipline. Alternate translation: “Learn from your discipline” or “When I punish you, learn to do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 8 vvn8 0 an uninhabited land “a land that has no people living in it” -JER 6 9 sz1r figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly glean those who are left in Israel like a vineyard Yahweh speaks of the enemy attacking those who remain as if the enemy were to pick grapes that remain in a vineyard after others have harvested it. Alternate translation: “After destroying Israel, they will certainly come back to attack the people who are still alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 9 e5tr 0 They will certainly The word “They” refers to the enemy that Yahweh sends to destroy Israel. -JER 6 9 kl5d figs-metaphor 0 Reach out again with your hand to pick grapes from the vines Yahweh commands the enemy to attack those who remain in Israel as if the enemy were pick to grapes that remain in a vineyard after others have harvested it. Alternate translation: “Come back and attack the people of Israel who remain” or “Like people who reach out again to pick grapes from vines that they have already harvested, come back and attack the people who remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 10 g9ic figs-rquestion 0 To whom should I declare and warn so they will listen Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that none of the people of Israel would listen to him even after they survived the attack of their enemies. Alternate translation: “There is no one left for me to speak to and warn who might listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 6 10 uv57 0 Look “You can see it yourself” -JER 6 10 p8ap figs-metaphor 0 Their ears are uncircumcised This represents their stubborn unwillingness to listen to God. Alternate translation: “Their ears are closed” or “They refuse to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 10 n19z 0 Their ears The word “Their” refer to the people of Israel. -JER 6 10 yw68 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh has come to them This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to them. He did this through his prophets. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent messages to them” or “Yahweh has spoken to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 6 10 p8sc 0 they do not want it “they do not want to listen to the word of Yahweh” -JER 6 11 dqg7 figs-idiom 0 But I am filled with Yahweh’s fury Jeremiah is speaking. He feels the same anger that Yahweh feels, and he speaks of being extremely angry as if he were filled with anger. Alternate translation: “I am completely angry as Yahweh is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 6 11 bdn3 figs-metaphor 0 I am tired of holding it in Jeremiah speaks of not showing Yahweh’s anger as if he were holding the anger inside himself. Alternate translation: “I am tired from not expressing this anger” or “I am tired of not doing anything about this anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 11 mm2e figs-metaphor 0 Pour it out on the children in the streets and on the groups of young men God speaks of punishing the people of Israel as if his anger were a liquid that he wanted Jeremiah to pour out on them. Alternate translation: “In anger punish the children in the streets and the groups of young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 11 xce7 figs-activepassive 0 For every man will be taken away with his wife This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Because enemies will capture every man with his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 6 11 p4cb figs-ellipsis 0 every old person heavy with years The words “will be taken” are understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “every old person heavy with years will be taken” or “they will take every old person heavy with years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 6 11 ug45 figs-idiom 0 every old person heavy with years The phrase “heavy with years” is an idiom that means “very old.” It reinforces the phrase “old person.” Alternate translation: “every very old person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 6 12 c4qb figs-activepassive 0 Their houses will be turned over to others This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their houses will become the possession of other people” or “There people will take their houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 6 12 m3qu figs-ellipsis 0 both their fields and their wives together The phrase “will be turned over to others” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “and their fields and their women will also be turned over to others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 6 12 efu6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 6 13 eyw7 figs-merism 0 that from the least to the greatest, all of them are greedy The phrase “from the least to the greatest” shows that all the people of Israel are included in the phrase “all of them,” regardless of how important they are. Alternate translation: “all of them, including the least powerful, the most powerful, and every one else, are greedy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 6 13 vs6m figs-nominaladj 0 the least This refers to the least powerful and least important people. Alternate translation: “the least powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 6 13 gwi1 figs-nominaladj 0 the greatest This refers to the most powerful and most important people. Alternate translation: “the greatest people” or “the most powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 6 13 vdj4 0 all of them “all of the people of Israel” -JER 6 13 qw1u figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain The abstract noun “gain” can be expressed with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 6 13 b8dn 0 all of them practice deceit “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars” -JER 6 14 it97 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds of my people lightly This could mean: (1) the wounds represent the problems the people have as a result of their sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s problems are not serious, like small wounds” or (2) the wounds represent the people’s sin. Alternate translation: “They acts as though my people’s sins are not serious, like small wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 14 kz57 figs-metaphor 0 They have healed the wounds … lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 14 lqp6 0 ‘Peace, Peace,’ when there is no peace “‘All is well, All is well,’ but it is not well” -JER 6 15 l12m figs-rquestion 0 Were they ashamed when they practiced abominations? God uses this question to show his anger that the people were not ashamed of their sins. Alternate translation: “They committed terrible sins, and they were not ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 6 15 vc8r 0 they did not know how to blush When a person is ashamed, his face normally turns red. Alternate translation: “their faces did not even turn red” -JER 6 15 c3ai figs-metaphor 0 they will fall among the fallen Here “fall” represents being killed. Alternate translation: “they will be killed along with the others who are killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 15 qg6n figs-metaphor 0 they will be brought down when they are punished Here “will be brought down” represents being destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy them when I punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 6 16 s27z figs-explicit 0 Yahweh says this It can be stated clearly who Yahweh says this to. Alternate translation: “Yahweh says this to the people of Israel” or “Yahweh says this to his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 16 s5rz figs-metaphor 0 Stand at the road crossing … We will not go The roads and pathways refer to ways that people live their lives. Yahweh wants the people of Israel to ask what is the good way to live their lives and for them to live that way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 16 ez9b 0 the road crossing This refers to the place where two roads meet. -JER 6 16 s5kk figs-metaphor 0 ask for the ancient pathways The ancient pathways represent their ancestors’s behavior, how their ancestors lived long ago. Alternate translation: “ask about the pathways that your ancestors walked on” or “ask about how your ancestors behaved” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 16 h56h figs-metaphor 0 Where is this good way This could mean: (1) “this good way” represents the good way to live. Alternate translation: “What is the good way to live” or (2) “this good way” represents the way to live that results in blessings. Alternate translation: “Where is the way to what is good” or “What is the way to live that results in blessing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 16 a4xf figs-metaphor 0 Then go on it “Then walk on that path.” Going on that path represents living that way. Alternate translation: “Then live that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 16 s29n figs-metaphor 0 We will not go This represents not living that way. Alternate translation: “We will not live that way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 17 zs9d figs-metaphor 0 I appointed for you watchmen to listen for the trumpet Yahweh speaks of his prophets as if they were watchmen who were sent to warn the people of danger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 17 jp7i 0 appointed for you The word “you” refers to the people of Israel. -JER 6 17 a3n7 0 to listen for the trumpet “to listen to the sound of the trumpet.” Yahweh speaks of his warning messages to his prophets as if the messages were a trumpet being blown to warn people about the danger that would come. The prophets were to listen to the warning and tell the people about it. -JER 6 18 upm1 figs-metonymy 0 Therefore, nations, listen! See, you witnesses, what will happen to them. These two sentences are telling the people of other nations to witness what Yahweh will do to the rebellious people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Therefore, you people of other nations, listen! You witnesses, see what will happen to my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 6 18 k97t 0 Therefore, nations, listen! “Therefore, nations, listen to what I am about to say!” -JER 6 18 cge9 0 you witnesses “you who are witnesses” -JER 6 18 zw4l 0 will happen to them The word “them” refers to the people of Israel. -JER 6 19 jt8u figs-apostrophe 0 Hear, earth Jeremiah is speaking to the people of nations far away from him as if they could hear him. He is speaking as if to the earth itself. Alternate translation: “Listen, everyone who lives on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 6 19 yn3n 0 I am about to bring disaster to this people “soon I will punish these people severely” -JER 6 19 dce8 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of their thoughts Here the word “fruit” represents results or consequences. Alternate translation: “the consequences of their thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 19 du18 figs-explicit 0 They paid no attention to my word or law, but they instead rejected it Here “paid no attention to my word” refers to not listening to what God said, and “rejected it” refers to refusing to obey God’s law. Alternate translation: “They did not listen to what I said. Instead they disobeyed my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 20 p9c4 figs-rquestion 0 What does this frankincense going up from Sheba mean to me? Or these sweet smells from a distant land? God uses these questions to rebuke the people. Alternate translation: “Frankincense from Sheba and sweet smelling cane from a distant land mean nothing to me.” or “I do not want your burnt offerings of frankincense from Sheba or sweet smelling cane from a distant land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 6 20 lzv5 0 these sweet smells People would burn sweet smelling cane as an offering to God. -JER 6 20 x7y3 0 are not acceptable to me “do not please me” or “do not make me happy” -JER 6 21 nwr1 0 See, I “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: I” -JER 6 21 d486 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to place a stumbling block against this people “I am about to put obstacles in front of this people.” Yahweh speaks of the troubles that he will make happen to the people of Israel as if they were a blocks that people stumble over. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 21 wc6y figs-ellipsis 0 fathers and sons together The phrase “will stumble” is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “fathers and sons will both stumble” or “fathers and sons will both be hurt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 6 21 eq4s 0 Inhabitants and their neighbors “Neighbors and their friends” -JER 6 22 yxt3 figs-explicit 0 a people is coming Their purpose can be made clear. Alternate translation: “a people is coming to attack you” or “an army is coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 22 a582 figs-synecdoche 0 a great nation Here “nation” represents the army of the nation. Alternate translation: “the army of a great nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 6 22 xr58 figs-metaphor 0 is being stirred up from the farthest parts of the earth Being “stirred up” represents preparing to do something. Alternate translation: “is being prepared to come from a distant land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 23 m4uq 0 They will pick up bows and spears “The soldiers will carry bows and spears” -JER 6 23 bam3 figs-simile 0 Their sound is like the sea roar The loud noise that the soldiers make is compared to the loud noise of the ocean. Alternate translation: “The sound that they make is very loud, like the sound of the ocean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 6 23 xl54 figs-explicit 0 they are riding on horses, set out in order as men for battle The phrase “set out in order” means that they have organized themselves and are riding in rows. The phrase “as men for battle” indicates that they are ready to fight. Alternate translation: “they are riding on horses in their assigned rows, and they are ready to fight against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 24 fbb5 0 We have heard The word “We” probably refers to Jeremiah and the people of Judah. -JER 6 24 l8gs 0 our hands fall limp in distress “our hands are weak because we are anxious” -JER 6 24 d28c figs-metaphor 0 Anguish seizes us Feeling great anguish is spoken of as if the anguish grabs them. Alternate translation: “We feel terrible anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 24 b25e figs-simile 0 as a woman giving birth The anguish that they feel because the enemy coming to attack them is compared to the anguish that a woman feels when she is about to give birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman who is about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 6 25 k3f1 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to the people of Jerusalem. Some versions interpret this as Yahweh speaking to the people of Jerusalem. -JER 6 25 n3uk figs-metonymy 0 for the swords of the enemy and terror are all around The phrase “swords of the enemy” represents the enemy with their swords ready to attack. The abstract noun “terror” refers to things that cause people to be frightened and can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “For the enemy is everywhere with their swords and everyone else is terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 6 26 ti8u figs-metaphor 0 Daughter of my people Jeremiah shows Yahweh’s love for his people by speaking to them as a daughter. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “My people, you who are like a daughter to me” or “My dear people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 26 bkm8 translate-symaction 0 put on sackcloth and roll in ashes People do these things to show that they are extremely sad. Alternate translation: “Show how sad you are by wearing sackcloth and rolling in ashes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 6 26 u1nu figs-simile 0 mourn with painful sobs as for an only son Jeremiah compares the people’s great sadness to the sadness that a mother feels if her only son dies. Alternate translation: “mourn with painful sobs as you would if your only son died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 6 26 as8r 0 for the destroyer will suddenly come upon us “because the enemy army will suddenly come to attack us” -JER 6 27 nfn2 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Jeremiah. God speaks of the people of Israel being very sinful as if they were silver that was full of impurities. God speaks of punishing Israel to make them stop sinning as if he were boiling silver and lead in a hot fire in order to remove the impurities from the silver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 27 i71y figs-simile 0 one who tests my people like one would test metal Yahweh compares Jeremiah testing his people to a person who tests metal to see how good it is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 6 27 uh6e 0 their ways “their behavior” or “how they live” -JER 6 28 lmk7 0 who go about slandering others “and constantly slander other people” -JER 6 28 qg4z figs-metaphor 0 All of them are bronze and iron Bronze and iron are hard metals. Yahweh speaks of the people being stubborn as if they were hard like bronze and iron. Alternate translation: “All of them are hard like bronze and iron” or “All of them are stubborn, as hard as bronze and iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 29 zb2n figs-explicit 0 The bellows are scorched by the fire that is burning them; the lead is consumed in the flames God speaks of punishing his people as if they were silver and he was boiling the silver in a very hot fire. These phrases emphasize that the one boiling the metal was working very hard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 6 29 zf3z figs-metaphor 0 The bellows are scorched by the fire that is burning them The fire is so hot that it burns the bellows. This can be stated in active form. This very hot fire represents God’s judgment. Alternate translation: “The fire is so hot that it scorches the bellows” or “The punishment is so severe that it is like a fire that even burns the bellows” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 6 29 r6p8 translate-unknown 0 The bellows are scorched Bellows are a tool used to blow large amounts of air into a burning fire to make the fire hotter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JER 6 29 a9dw figs-explicit 0 the lead is consumed in the flames The silver has so many impurities in it that the lead is used up before it can remove them all. This represents the people of Israel being so full of sin, that they continue to sin even after God punishes them. Alternate translation: “the silver is so full of impurities, that the lead that is used to remove them is used up” or “they are like silver that is so full of impurities that the lead cannot remove them all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 6 29 fd3z figs-activepassive 0 The refining continues among them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will continue to refine them” or “You will continue to try to purify them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 6 29 ujx6 figs-activepassive 0 because the evil is not removed God speaks of Israel continuing to be evil as if they were silver and the impurities remained in the silver. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because the evil remains” or “the impurities remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 6 30 q4md figs-activepassive 0 They will be called rejected silver, for This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will say about the people of Israel, ‘They are rejected silver,’ for” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 7 intro i2dl 0 # Jeremiah 07 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 7:29-34, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Justice in society
Jeremiah commanded the people of Jerusalem to live justly. Without justice, they did not truly have faith in Yahweh. Without this faith in Yahweh, the temple and its rituals were useless. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### “Do not pray for this people”
Yahweh wanted the people to repent. This statement, and the others that follow, may be taken in another way. They are intended to show that it is too late for the people, and their punishment will come regardless of their response. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -JER 7 1 y68e figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said,” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 2 bj92 0 all you of Judah “all you people of Judah” -JER 7 3 vlv3 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 3 f884 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 7 3 c23a 0 Make your ways and practices good, and I will let you continue “If you improve your ways and your practices, then I will let you continue” -JER 7 3 s5g6 0 in this place This means in the land of Judah, not in the temple. -JER 7 4 e2w3 figs-rpronouns 0 Do not entrust yourself to deceitful words and say The reflexive pronoun “yourself” emphasizes the personal risk to the Israelites. Alternate translation: “Do not trust in deceitful words to protect you, saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 7 4 ru5l figs-explicit 0 Temple of Yahweh! Temple of Yahweh! Temple of Yahweh! It is implied that, since the temple belongs to Yahweh and represents his presence, he will protect it and the people of Judah will be safe. Possible meanings for why **Temple of Yahweh** is repeated three times are (1) it was repeated for emphasis or (2) it was repeated as part of a temple liturgy. Alternate translation: “This is the temple of Yahweh so it is absolutely certain that no one will destroy it and we are safe.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 7 5 yex8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 5 b71h 0 make your ways and practices good “improve your ways and practices.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:3](../07/03.md). -JER 7 5 s949 figs-abstractnouns 0 completely execute justice The abstract noun “justice” can be translated using the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “judge rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 7 6 f96n 0 do not exploit the one “treat fairly the foreigner” -JER 7 6 klb1 0 orphan child whose parents have died -JER 7 6 ivv5 figs-metonymy 0 pour out innocent blood Here pouring out innocent blood represents killing those not deserving death. Alternate translation: “kill innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 6 q1kh figs-metonymy 0 walk after other gods Here walking after is a metonym for following after with the intent to serve and obey. Alternate translation: “serve other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 6 q3q6 0 in this place Here “this place” refers to the land of Judah. -JER 7 7 p965 0 will let you stay “will let you continue to live” -JER 7 7 n3ke 0 from ancient times and forever “from ancient times and continually.” This means Yahweh gave the land to the people of Judah to be their permanent possession. -JER 7 8 d4gt 0 General Information: The word “you” in these verses refers to the people of Judah. -JER 7 8 znm8 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 8 s1dh 0 Behold! The word “Behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the information that follows. -JER 7 9 bi95 figs-rquestion 0 Do you steal, kill, and commit adultery? Do you swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known? These questions expect a positive answer to make the point that God knows the sins they are committing. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You steal, kill, and commit adultery. You swear … and walk after other gods whom you have not known.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 7 9 ikv4 0 swear deceitfully “lie even in your oaths” -JER 7 9 ps9p figs-metonymy 0 walk after other gods Here walking after is a metonym for following after with the intent to serve and obey. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:6](../07/06.md). Alternate translation: “serve other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 10 w19j figs-rquestion 0 Then do you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows the hypocrisy of their words and actions. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Then you come and stand … so you can do all of these abominations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 7 10 ras4 figs-metonymy 0 house that is called by my name This is a metonym for Yahweh’s temple. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “house that belongs to me” or “temple where you worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 7 11 pb4b figs-rquestion 0 Is this house, which carries my name, a den of bandits in your eyes? This question expects a positive answer to make the point that God knows what they think about Yahweh’s temple. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This house, which carries my name, is a den of bandits in your eyes!” or “You act as though you think this house, which is called by my name, should be a place where bandits can go to hide!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 7 11 kj59 figs-idiom 0 this house, which carries my name Yahweh’s temple is spoken of as if it was carrying the name of Yahweh. This has a similar meaning to “this house that is called by my name” in the previous verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 11 e4vn 0 bandits violent people who steal and destroy -JER 7 11 tj9h 0 But behold, I have seen it “But I certainly have seen what you are doing” -JER 7 11 ume9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 7 12 j5kh 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. -JER 7 12 n4ba 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 12 c6l5 figs-idiom 0 my place that was in Shiloh, where I allowed my name to stay there in the beginning Here “where I allowed my name to stay” is an idiom that means this was a place where Yahweh was worshiped. Alternate translation: “the place in Shiloh where I first allowed my people to worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 13 m7ib figs-hendiadys 0 time and time again This hendiadys is also an idiom that means something is done many times. Alternate translation: “repeatedly” or “persistently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 14 g8pq figs-metonymy 0 this house that is called by my name This is a metonym for Yahweh’s temple. It can be expressed in active form. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:10](../07/10.md). Alternate translation: “this house that belongs to me” or “this temple where you worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 7 16 b1uq 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to Jeremiah about the people of Judah. In these verses, “this people” refers to the people of Judah. -JER 7 16 h32v figs-parallelism 0 do not pray for this people, and do not lift up a lamenting wail or say a prayer on their behalf, and do not petition me These four clauses each mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 7 16 mpn3 0 lift up a lamenting wail “cry out with sadness” -JER 7 16 ym42 0 on their behalf “for their benefit” or “for them” -JER 7 16 d2un 0 petition me “plead with me” -JER 7 17 qn8a figs-rquestion 0 Do you not see what they are doing in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem? This question expects a positive answer and is asked to bring these things to Jeremiah’s attention. They can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at what they are doing in the cities of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 7 18 u9lk 0 kindling the fire “starting the fire” -JER 7 18 jc1l 0 kneading dough mixing dough by hand -JER 7 18 t6z1 0 dough a thick mixture of flour and liquid used for baking -JER 7 18 u6gq figs-explicit 0 the queen of the heavens This was the name of a false god. Alternate translation: “the false god known as ‘the queen of the heavens’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 7 18 sq9a 0 will provoke me “will anger me” -JER 7 19 ia89 0 General Information: In these verses, “they” and “themselves” refer to the people of Judah. -JER 7 19 t7ze 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak to Jeremiah about the people of Judah. -JER 7 19 ta4u figs-rquestion 0 is it not themselves whom they are provoking, so that shame is on them? This question expects a positive answer. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “they are provoking themselves, so that shame is on them!” or “they are troubling and bringing shame on themselves!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 7 19 jj5b figs-abstractnouns 0 shame is on them The abstract noun “shame” can be translated using the verb “shamed.” Alternate translation: “they are shamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 7 20 ccj2 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 7 20 ta7u figs-idiom 0 my anger and wrath will gush out onto this place Yahweh speaks of his anger as if it were something that could be poured out. Alternate translation: “I will punish this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 20 xv82 figs-doublet 0 anger and wrath These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of Yahweh’s anger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 7 20 v5eu 0 gush out “pour out” -JER 7 20 mf3h figs-idiom 0 It will burn and never be extinguished Yahweh speaks of his anger as if it were a fire that could not be put out. Alternate translation: “No one will be able to stop my anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 20 wz4y 0 never be extinguished “never stop burning” -JER 7 21 bjt8 0 General Information: In these verses, “you” and “your” refer to the people of Judah. -JER 7 21 i6xb 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 21 hg9i 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 7 21 p7ch figs-irony 0 Add your burnt offerings to your sacrifices and the meat from them This is an ironic statement emphasizing that none of their sacrifices were acceptable to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “Go ahead and eat the burnt offerings along with your sacrifices and meat from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 7 23 zn4g figs-metonymy 0 Listen to my voice Here listening to Yahweh’s voice means to both hear his words and obey what he says. Alternate translation: “Hear and obey what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 23 ug56 figs-metaphor 0 walk in all the ways that I am commanding you Yahweh speaks of obeying his commands as if one were walking in them, like person would walk along a road. Alternate translation: “do everything that I am commanding you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 7 24 gts3 0 General Information: The words “you” and “your” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. “They” refers to the ancestors of the people of Judah. -JER 7 24 u79z 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 24 mmx8 figs-doublet 0 they did not listen or pay attention These phrases mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 7 24 hex1 0 by their own stubborn plans of their wicked hearts “according to their own plans because they were wicked and stubborn” -JER 7 24 pn8b figs-metaphor 0 they went backwards, not forward This is a metaphor. This could mean: (1) they refused to pay attention to Yahweh, instead of eagerly obeying him. Alternate translation: “they went away from me instead of drawing closer to me” or (2) they got worse and worse instead of improving. Alternate translation: “they got worse instead of better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 7 25 g7qg figs-hyperbole 0 Ever since the day when your ancestors went out from the land of Egypt until this day This is a generalization that means over this entire period of time, not every day during this period of time. Alternate translation: “From the time your ancestors went out from the land of Egypt until now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 7 25 wl88 0 I persisted in sending them “I sent them again and again” or “I repeatedly sent them” -JER 7 26 x6ns figs-idiom 0 they hardened their necks This is an idiom that means they were stubborn. Alternate translation: “they became stubborn” or “they resisted me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 26 hje2 0 They were more wicked “Each generation was more wicked” -JER 7 27 rs3g 0 General Information: The words “them” and “they” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. -JER 7 27 m2j2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 27 nc7q figs-parallelism 0 So proclaim all these words to them, but they will not listen to you. Proclaim these things to them, but they will not answer you. These two sentences say the same thing, The second emphasizes the message of the first. Alternate translation: “Tell them my message, but they will not listen to you or answer you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 7 28 y4p4 figs-metonymy 0 the voice of Yahweh its God Here “the voice of Yahweh” represents what Yahweh has said. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:25](../03/25.md). Alternate translation: “what Yahweh its God has said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 28 di1t figs-activepassive 0 Truth is destroyed and cut off from their mouths Yahweh speaks of truth as if it was something the people could destroy and stop saying. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people destroy truth and cut it off from their mouths” or “The people tell only lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 7 28 zj54 figs-abstractnouns 0 Truth is destroyed The abstract noun “truth” can be translated using the adjective “truthful.” Alternate translation: “What is truthful is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 7 29 d5yd 0 General Information: The word “your” in these verses refers to the people of Judah. -JER 7 29 y4ae 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 7 29 rrp6 translate-symaction 0 Cut off your hair and shave yourself, and throw away your hair This would be done as a sign of mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 7 29 p56k figs-doublet 0 rejected and abandoned These two words have similar meanings and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 7 30 hxu1 figs-metonymy 0 sons of Judah This refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 30 aui5 figs-metonymy 0 their detestable things Here “detestable things” refers to idols, which God hates. Alternate translation: “their disgusting idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 30 szk4 figs-metonymy 0 house that is called by my name This is a metonym for Yahweh’s temple. It can be expressed in active form. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:10](../07/10.md). Alternate translation: “house that belongs to me” or “temple where they worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 7 31 bpk3 0 General Information: The words “they” and “their” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. -JER 7 31 ud4q 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to describe the evil things that the people of Judah had done. -JER 7 31 v64i translate-names 0 the high place of Topheth This is the name of a place where the people of Israel sacrificed their children to a false god by burning them with fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 7 31 ikn7 translate-names 0 the Valley of Ben Hinnom This is the name of a valley south of the city of Jerusalem, where people sacrificed to false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 7 31 iq5w figs-metonymy 0 nor did it enter my mind Here the word “mind” refers to Yahweh’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “nor did I ever think about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 32 dgv5 0 So see The word “see” here adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Indeed” -JER 7 32 pkn1 figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when it Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” Alternate translation: “in the future … it” or “there will be a time … when it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 7 32 t424 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 7 32 ums9 figs-activepassive 0 it will no longer be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will no longer call it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 7 32 zbr4 0 they will bury bodies “they will bury dead people” -JER 7 32 tue8 0 no room left “no place remaining” -JER 7 33 xa8f 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak of his judgment on the people of Judah. -JER 7 33 mb9t 0 The corpses “The dead bodies” -JER 7 33 sc5b 0 this people “the people of Judah” -JER 7 33 h5ey 0 the birds of the skies See how you translated “the birds of the heavens” in [Jeremiah 4:25](../04/25.md). -JER 7 33 jv9c 0 the beasts of the earth “the wild animals of the land” -JER 7 33 tf93 0 to frighten them away “to scare them away” -JER 7 34 cm8g 0 I will put an end to “I will remove from” -JER 7 34 w3gl figs-doublet 0 the sound of joy and the sound of gladness These two phrases mean almost the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. The abstract nouns “joy” and “gladness” can be translated using the verb “rejoicing” and the adjective “glad.” Alternate translation: “the sounds of people rejoicing and being glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 7 34 mbc1 figs-metonymy 0 the sound of the groom and the sound of the bride This is a metonym for what happens at marriage ceremonies. Alternate translation: “and people celebrating marriage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 7 34 t5xh figs-abstractnouns 0 will become a desolation The abstract noun “desolation” can be translated using the adjective “desolate.” Alternate translation: “will become desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 8 intro b29a 0 # Jeremiah 08 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 8:5-22.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Hyperbole
The author frequently uses hyperbole in this chapter to describe the complete destruction of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 8 1 w8bg 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak of his judgment on the people of Judah. -JER 8 1 x5ig 0 they will bring This word “they” here refers to the enemies of the people of Judah. -JER 8 1 c3wu 0 its officials “its princes” or “its rulers” -JER 8 2 p4kx 0 will spread them out The word “them” refers to the bones of the people listed in the previous verse. -JER 8 2 i7h2 figs-parallelism 0 that they have followed and served, that they have walked after and sought, and that they have worshiped The word “they” here refers to the people of Judah. These three phrases mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 8 2 gvn4 figs-metaphor 0 walked after This is a metaphor for serving or worshiping. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 2:23](../02/23.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 2 mxy9 figs-activepassive 0 The bones will not be gathered or buried again This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will gather their bones or bury them again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 8 2 j8lx figs-simile 0 They will be like dung on the surface of the earth The bones are compared to dung on the ground both to emphasize that they will be disgusting and because they will not be buried. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 8 2 vr8n 0 on the surface of the earth “all over the ground” -JER 8 3 w45m 0 where I have driven them The word “them” refers to the people of Judah. -JER 8 3 vl6x figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 8 4 xxz7 0 General Information: The words “them” and “they” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. -JER 8 4 tke2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to speak of his judgment on the people of Judah. -JER 8 4 rz6z 0 So say to them Yahweh is telling Jeremiah what to say to the people of Judah. -JER 8 4 v36i figs-rquestion 0 Does anyone fall and not get up? Does anyone get lost and not try to return? These questions make the point that the way that the people of Judah were acting did not make sense. They can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that when someone falls, he gets back up, and when someone gets lost, he tries to find his way back.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 5 zes9 figs-rquestion 0 Why has this people, Jerusalem, turned away in permanent faithlessness? Yahweh is saying that the way the people of Judah are acting does not make sense. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It does not make sense that this people, Jerusalem, has turned away in permanent faithlessness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 5 vgq1 figs-synecdoche 0 Jerusalem The word “Jerusalem” here is a synecdoche for all the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 8 5 h7hw figs-metaphor 0 hold on to treachery What the people of Judah were doing is spoken of as if they were clinging to treachery and would not let it go. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 5 n5b8 figs-abstractnouns 0 They hold on to treachery The abstract noun “treachery” is spoken of as if it were a physical object that a person could hold on to. It can be translated using the verb “deceive.” Holding on to something is a metaphor for loving. Alternate translation: “They refuse to turn away from what deceives them” or “They love the people who deceive them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 6 y22u 0 General Information: The words “they” and “them” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. -JER 8 6 v92n 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 8 6 w5p2 figs-doublet 0 paid attention and listened These two things mean about the same thing and are repeated for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 8 6 sg8t 0 did not speak right “did not say what is right” -JER 8 6 i9mx figs-abstractnouns 0 for his wickedness The abstract noun “wickedness” can be translated using the adjective “wicked.” Alternate translation: “for being wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 8 6 yw8x figs-explicit 0 What have I done? The implied information is that this is a question that the people of Judah should have been asking. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I have done a terrible thing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 6 g12y 0 go where they wish “go their own way” -JER 8 6 r6ux figs-simile 0 like a stallion rushing toward battle The eagerness of the people to follow their own evil way is compared to the eagerness of a war horse running toward a battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 8 6 j57y 0 stallion adult male horse -JER 8 7 j78m figs-explicit 0 Even the stork in heaven knows the right times; and the doves, swifts, and cranes The implied information is that these types of birds know the right times to migrate, which means to fly from one place to another at different times of the year for feeding or breeding. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 8 7 lsk2 translate-unknown 0 stork … doves, swifts, and cranes All of these are different types of birds that migrate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JER 8 7 i7xx figs-explicit 0 They go on their migrations at the right time, but my people do not know Yahweh’s decrees The implied information is that the people should have naturally known Yahweh’s decrees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 8 7 g1he figs-abstractnouns 0 They go on their migrations The abstract noun “migrations” can be translated using the verb “migrate.” Alternate translation: “They migrate” or “They fly from one region to another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 8 8 qa8a 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 8 8 n65d figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, “We are wise, for the law of Yahweh is with us”? Yahweh asks this question to make the people of Judah think about what they were saying. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You think that you are wise because you have the law of Yahweh with you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 8 g95l 0 How can you say The “you” here refers to the people of Judah. -JER 8 8 d131 0 Indeed, see! These words tell the hearer to pay close attention to what follows. -JER 8 8 qeg1 figs-metonymy 0 The deceitful pen of the scribes The pen represents the words that the scribes write. Alternate translation: “The false things that the scribes write” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 8 8 xs9e 0 has created deceit “has given you false ideas” -JER 8 9 g2b6 figs-irony 0 The wise men will be ashamed This is irony because the wise men are normally honored for their wisdom. Alternate translation: “Those men who think they are wise will feel ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 8 9 eb2b 0 dismayed terrified or shattered -JER 8 9 kk1b 0 Behold! “Pay attention!” -JER 8 9 i9ya figs-rquestion 0 so what use is their wisdom? This question expects a negative answer and is intended to make the hearers think about how little what they consider wisdom is really worth when they reject Yahweh’s word. Alternate translation: “so what they think is wise does not do them any good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 10 n8yx 0 because from the least to the greatest, all of them are greedy for dishonest gain! From the prophet to the priest, all of them practice deceit See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:13](../06/13.md). -JER 8 10 eq1m figs-merism 0 because from the least to the greatest, all of them are greedy The phrase “from the least to the greatest” shows that all the people of Judah are included in the phrase “all of them,” regardless of how important they are. Alternate translation: “because all of them, including the least powerful, the most powerful, and everyone else, are greedy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 8 10 by2f figs-nominaladj 0 the least This refers to the least powerful and least important people. Alternate translation: “the least powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 8 10 m98v figs-nominaladj 0 the greatest This refers to the most powerful and most important people. Alternate translation: “the greatest people” or “the most powerful people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 8 10 ry2p 0 all of them “all of the people of Judah” -JER 8 10 c6bc figs-abstractnouns 0 are greedy for dishonest gain The abstract noun “gain” can be expressed with the phrases “get more money” or “get more things.” Alternate translation: “want to get more money by lying to people” or “strongly desire to get more things and will even trick people in order to get them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 8 10 me66 0 all of them practice deceit “all of them deceive people” or “all of them are liars” -JER 8 11 a894 0 General Information: The words “they,” “their” and “them” in these verses refer to the people of Judah. -JER 8 11 f7ex 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues giving Jeremiah his message to the people of Judah. -JER 8 11 t6ta figs-metaphor 0 They healed the wounds of my people lightly This could mean: (1) the wounds represent the problems the people have as a result of their sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s problems are not serious, like small wounds” or (2) the wounds represent the people’s sin. Alternate translation: “They act as though my people’s sins are not serious, like small wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 11 t1ge figs-metaphor 0 They healed the wounds … lightly Here “lightly” represents treating the wounds as if they were not serious, as if they were not difficult. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 11 mjy3 0 “Peace, Peace,” when there was no peace “‘All is well, All is well,’ but it was not well” -JER 8 12 j556 figs-rquestion 0 Were they ashamed when they practiced abominations? God uses this question to show his anger that the people were not ashamed of their sins. Alternate translation: “They committed terrible sins, and they were not ashamed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 12 a8qy 0 they did not know how to blush “their faces did not even turn red.” When a person is ashamed, his face normally turns red. -JER 8 12 m1ix figs-metaphor 0 they will fall among the fallen Here “fall” represents being killed. Alternate translation: “they will be killed along with the others who are killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 12 x1y2 figs-metaphor 0 they will be brought down when they are punished Here “will be brought down” represents being destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy them when I punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 8 13 b972 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 8 13 yf5y 0 the leaf will wither “the leaf will dry up” -JER 8 13 qr8u 0 what I have given to them will pass away The meaning of the original text is uncertain here. -JER 8 14 fx4e 0 General Information: The words “we,” “us” and “our” refer to the people of Judah. -JER 8 14 nn25 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message by telling us what the people of Judah will say at the time of their punishment. -JER 8 14 r249 figs-rquestion 0 Why are we sitting here? This question is asked to motivate action. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “We should not stay here.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 14 bl3v 0 Come together; let us go to the fortified cities The “fortified cities” were cities with high walls and strong defenses. See how you translated the similar phrases in [Jeremiah 4:5](../04/05.md). -JER 8 14 vsn4 figs-metaphor 0 we will become silent there in death Here “become silent” means to die. Alternate translation: “let us die there” or “let us wait for our enemies to kill us there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 14 pv27 figs-metaphor 0 For Yahweh our God will silence us Here “silence” is a metaphor for condemning to death. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh our God has condemned us to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 14 tg23 figs-idiom 0 He will make us drink poison This is an idiom for Yahweh’s judgment on his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 8 15 cpw9 0 but there will be nothing good “but nothing good will happen” -JER 8 15 i77n 0 but see “but understand” -JER 8 16 fvu7 0 General Information: The words “his” and “they” in these verses refer to the enemies of Judah. -JER 8 16 s1ew 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message about the punishment coming to Judah. -JER 8 16 ck4x figs-activepassive 0 The snorting of his stallions is heard from Dan This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Dan hear the snorting of his stallions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 8 16 qq3k 0 snorting a loud sound that a horse makes with its nose -JER 8 16 x69l 0 stallions adult male horses -JER 8 16 v3by figs-hyperbole 0 The whole earth shakes This is an exaggeration that is a metaphor for the people of Judah trembling with fear. Alternate translation: “All the people of the land shake with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 16 hjp2 0 at the sound of the neighing of his strong horses “when they hear the sound of the enemy’s strong horses” -JER 8 16 x6ln 0 neighing a sound that a horse makes -JER 8 16 a2w1 figs-idiom 0 they will come and consume Here the word “consume” means to eat up. It is an idiom for how the enemies come and destroy the land and its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “they will come and destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 8 17 ns7j 0 For see “Now pay attention” -JER 8 17 nvi3 0 vipers that you cannot charm To charm means to sing or make music in order to control snakes. -JER 8 17 ma3y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 8 18 f7zw 0 General Information: Jeremiah and Yahweh have a conversation about the people of Judah. -JER 8 18 hkg9 0 My sorrow has no end The word “my” refers to Jeremiah. The original text is unclear and is interpreted here in different ways by modern versions. -JER 8 18 ia82 figs-hyperbole 0 has no end These words are an exaggeration that express the great extent of Jeremiah’s sorrow. Alternate translation: “is very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 8 18 ah2i figs-synecdoche 0 my heart is sick Here “heart” represents Jeremiah, emphasizing his feelings and emotions. Alternate translation: “I feel sick deep down inside me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 8 19 i7c2 0 Behold! This alerts the reader to pay attention to what follows. “Pay attention!” -JER 8 19 i2u5 figs-metaphor 0 the daughter of my people Jeremiah is speaking about the people of Judah in a way that shows his affection for them, as if for a daughter. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “my dear people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 8 19 qg4d 0 from a land far away This could mean: (1) From exile. Alternate translation: “from exile in a distant land” or (2) From throughout the land of Judah. Alternate translation: “throughout our land” -JER 8 19 r91i figs-parallelism 0 Is Yahweh not in Zion? Is her king no longer there? These two questions are similar in meaning. They imply that the people of Judah are wondering why Yahweh is not saving them. Alternate translation: “Why does Yahweh not save us if he is the king in Zion?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 19 i1se figs-rquestion 0 Why then do they provoke me to anger with their carved figures and their worthless foreign idols? The word “me” refers to Yahweh. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If they want me to save them, then they must not offend me with their carved figures.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 8 20 i3bj 0 General Information: The word “we” refers to the people of Judah. The words “I” and “my” refer to Jeremiah. -JER 8 20 f1z4 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues talking about the people of Judah. -JER 8 20 ey1x 0 The harvest has passed on “Harvest time is over” -JER 8 20 d3mu figs-activepassive 0 But we have not been saved Jeremiah tells what the people of Judah are saying. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh has not saved us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 8 21 epc5 figs-parallelism 0 I am hurt because of the hurt of the daughter of my people. I mourn at the horrible things that have happened to her; I am dismayed These statements express the same idea in more than one way for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 8 22 j9cz figs-rquestion 0 Is there no medicine in Gilead? Is there no healer there? Why will the healing of the daughter of my people not happen? These questions are asked to make the point that the people of Judah have not been saved. Alternate translation: “There is medicine in Gilead, and there are healers there, so tell me why the healing of my dear people will not happen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 9 intro muj3 0 # Jeremiah 09 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 9:1-12, 17-24.

The prophecy revealed to Jeremiah is recorded in 8:5-9:12. Despite covering more than one chapter, this should be seen as one unit. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Funeral
This chapter pictures Jerusalem as having a funeral with its typical songs. This is an image used to describe their destruction. It is a time of great sadness.

### Circumcision
Circumcision is used here in an unusual way. Since circumcision was intended to be a display of faith, the author uses the term to differentiate between those who have faith in Yahweh and those who don’t. This is a type of metaphor. Those who have a circumcised heart have faith in Yahweh while those with an uncircumcised heart do not have faith in Yahweh, regardless of whether they are physically circumcised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/circumcise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 1 dw2v 0 General Information: Yahweh and Jeremiah continue talking about the people of Judah. -JER 9 1 rjn7 figs-parallelism 0 If only my head could produce water, and my eyes be a fountain of tears This is Jeremiah speaking. These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how much Jeremiah is weeping. Alternate translation: “I wish I could make more tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 1 f1ez figs-merism 0 day and night By mentioning both “day” and “night” this phrase means all the time. Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 9 1 x4zd figs-metaphor 0 the daughter of my people Yahweh shows his love for his people by speaking of them as a daughter. Here Jeremiah uses this same phrase for the people that Yahweh uses. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:11](../04/11.md). Alternate translation: “my people, who are like Yahweh’s daughter” or “my dear people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 1 gx7s figs-activepassive 0 who have been killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the enemy has killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 9 2 m5fi 0 If only someone would give me “I wish someone would give me.” This is still Jeremiah speaking. -JER 9 2 t6vy 0 a place for travelers in the wilderness to stay This refers to a building for people traveling in the wilderness, where they can stop and sleep overnight. -JER 9 2 l2ci 0 abandon my people “leave my people” -JER 9 2 y2h4 0 a band of traitors “a group of people who betray other people” -JER 9 3 m7dg 0 Yahweh declares See how you translated “this is Yahweh’s declaration” in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). -JER 9 3 dkt1 figs-metaphor 0 They tread on their bows of lies with their tongues Telling lies is spoken of as being done by the tongues of the wicked. Also, since a spoken lie cannot be taken back, telling lies is spoken of as if it were shooting arrows. Men who use bows must step on their bows in order to fasten the bowstrings, so liars are referred to here as if they were stringing their bows using their tongues. Alternate translation: “Their lies are like arrows that they shoot with the tongues” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 3 q5qh figs-irony 0 but it is not because of any faithfulness of theirs that they grow strong on the earth “They do not grow strong on the earth because they are faithful to Yahweh, as they are wicked” and “This means that the people are not faithful to Yahweh, but rather are wicked and have gained their power through wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 9 3 vc82 figs-metaphor 0 They go from one wicked act to another Committing one evil action after another is spoken of as if the evildoers were going from one action to another. Alternate translation: “They keep doing evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 4 m87i 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking with Jeremiah about the people of Judah. -JER 9 4 i6ut 0 Each of you The word “you” refers to the people of Judah. -JER 9 4 zbn4 0 be on guard against your neighbor and do not trust in any brother “be careful not to trust your fellow Israelites, and do not even trust your own brother” -JER 9 4 n2fi figs-idiom 0 every neighbor walks in slander Here “walking” is an idiom for living. Alternate translation: “every neighbor slanders one another” or “every neighbor is a slanderer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 5 t4rw 0 Each man mocks his neighbor and does not speak the truth “All of the people mock each other, and they do not tell the truth” -JER 9 5 w9wa figs-synecdoche 0 Their tongues teach deceitful things Here people are represented by their “tongues” to emphasize their speech. Alternate translation: “They teach deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 9 5 k167 0 They are exhausted from committing iniquity “They are tired from committing so much sin” -JER 9 6 kdu3 figs-metaphor 0 Your dwelling is in the midst of deception Yahweh speaks of living among people who are liars as living in the middle of deception. Alternate translation: “Your dwelling is among the dwellings of liars” or “You dwell in the midst of liars” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 6 ijp7 0 in their deceit “By telling all of these lies” -JER 9 6 ra6u figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 9 7 n1gs 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about the people of Judah. -JER 9 7 l451 figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw Jeremiah’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 7 kq5h figs-metaphor 0 to refine them Yahweh speaks of testing the people and dealing with their evil ways, as if they were metal that he were melting in a crucible to remove its impurities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 7 y5gl figs-rquestion 0 for what else can I do, because of what my people have done? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to state that this is how he needs to deal with his people because of what they have done. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “for this is how I must deal with my people because of what they have done.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 9 8 ak19 figs-metaphor 0 Their tongues are sharpened arrows This speaks of people’s tongues as if they were sharpened arrows because of how the people hurt others by what they say. Here their speech is represented by their “tongues.” Alternate translation: “Their words are like sharpened arrows that hurt other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 8 yi2b figs-metonymy 0 With their mouths they proclaim peace with their neighbors Here people’s speech is represented by their “mouths.” Alternate translation: “They speak, saying that they want peace with their neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 8 f4zw figs-metaphor 0 but with their hearts they lie in wait for them Here a people’s desires are represented by their “hearts.” This speaks of them wanting to hurt their neighbors as if they were an animal crouching and waiting to attack its prey. Alternate translation: “but what they really want is to destroy their neighbors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 9 x1jx figs-rquestion 0 Should I not punish them because of these things … should I not avenge myself on a nation that is like this? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that the things that they are doing are so bad that he will not have mercy and stop himself from punishing them. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 5:9](../05/09.md). Alternate translation: “Because they do these things, I will punish them … I will certainly get revenge for myself against them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 9 9 fm1d figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 9 10 p4rg 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. In verse 12, Jeremiah makes a comment. -JER 9 10 zfu4 figs-parallelism 0 I will sing a song of mourning … a funeral song will be sung for the meadows Yahweh is mourning for the land of Israel as if it were a person who died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 9 10 s5s7 figs-activepassive 0 a funeral song will be sung This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will sing a funeral song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 9 10 xf64 0 the meadows “the fields of grass that the livestock eats” -JER 9 10 x2nb figs-activepassive 0 For they are burned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Because someone has burned the meadows and pastures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 9 10 dv5k 0 They will not hear the sound of any cattle “Nobody will hear the sound of cattle there” -JER 9 11 mp5y 0 a hideout for jackals “a place for jackals to hide.” Jackals are fierce wild dogs. -JER 9 11 har1 0 places without inhabitants “places where no people live” -JER 9 12 lun7 figs-rquestion 0 What man is wise enough to understand this? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a very wise person will understand the things he has said. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only people who are very wise can understand these things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 9 12 dem8 figs-rquestion 0 To whom has the mouth of Yahweh spoken, and he will declare it? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only the people he has spoken to can declare these things. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only those who have been taught by Yahweh can explain these things to others.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 9 12 r7i9 figs-synecdoche 0 the mouth of Yahweh Here Yahweh’s speech is represented by his “mouth.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 9 12 ru4f figs-rquestion 0 Why has the land perished and been destroyed … pass through? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that only a wise person could explain why the land has been destroyed. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Only a wise person could explain why the land has perished and been destroyed … pass through.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 9 12 x8mt figs-activepassive 0 has the land perished and been destroyed This can be stated in active form. Both “perished” and “been ruined” describe the land being ruined. Alternate translation: “is the land ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 9 13 nkx8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. -JER 9 13 v98g 0 It is because “These things will happen because” -JER 9 13 dqx8 figs-metaphor 0 they have abandoned my law Yahweh speaks of the people not obeying his law as if it were something that they had walked away from. Alternate translation: “they have rejected my law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 13 maj3 figs-metonymy 0 they do not listen to my voice Here Yahweh’s “voice” represents what he says. Alternate translation: “they do not pay attention to the things I tell them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 13 cf6h figs-idiom 0 or walk by it Here “walk” is an idiom for “live.” Alternate translation: “or live the way I tell them to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 14 d459 figs-metonymy 0 they have walked by their stubborn hearts Here the people’s “stubborn hearts” represent their stubborn desires and stubborn will. Also, here “walked” represents living. Alternate translation: “they have been stubborn and lived the way they want to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 14 upa5 0 have followed the Baals “have worshiped the Baals” -JER 9 15 rz7x 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the people of Judah. -JER 9 15 bg34 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 9 15 za9v figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw the people’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 15 s4r8 0 wormwood a plant that tastes bitter -JER 9 16 nyj4 0 Then I will scatter them among the nations “Then I will force them to leave here and live in many different countries” -JER 9 16 axn5 figs-ellipsis 0 neither they nor their ancestors The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “that neither they nor their ancestors have known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 9 16 w74v figs-metonymy 0 I will send out a sword after them Here the word “sword” refers to an enemy army. Alternate translation: “I will send an army of soldiers to fight against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 16 bq4y figs-metonymy 0 I have completely destroyed them This is a metonym for Yahweh causing the people’s enemies to destroy them. Alternate translation: “I have caused their enemies to completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 17 lv4i 0 General Information: Yahweh tells the people of Judah to mourn for the coming destruction of the land. -JER 9 17 ict2 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 9 17 air9 figs-parallelism 0 Summon funeral singers; let them come … Send out for women skilled at lamenting; let them come These two phrases have the same meaning. They emphasize that they are to call funeral singers to come. Alternate translation: “Get women who are trained in mourning and bring those women here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 9 17 d5sd 0 Summon funeral singers “Call women who are professional singers at funerals” -JER 9 17 u7sp figs-idiom 0 let them come This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “tell the women to come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 17 j5jq figs-metonymy 0 Send out for women skilled at lamenting The phrase “send out for” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Send people out to get women who are skilled at mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 18 ln9m figs-exclusive 0 Let them hurry and sing a mournful song … and our eyelids flow with water Here Yahweh says what the people of Judah will say when the destruction comes. The words “us” and “our” refer to the people of Judah and does not include Yahweh. This may be written instead as a command from Yahweh to the people. Alternate translation: “Tell them to hurry and sing a song to mourn for you, so your eyes may run with tears and your eyelids flow with water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]]) -JER 9 18 fft6 figs-explicit 0 so our eyes may run with tears and our eyelids flow with water This describes the people crying a lot. Alternate translation: “so we will cry very hard with tears flowing from our eyes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 9 19 g4rv 0 General Information: Here Yahweh is saying what the people of Judah will say when he destroys the land. -JER 9 19 la1m figs-activepassive 0 For the sound of wailing is heard in Zion This refers to the people of Zion wailing loudly and can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Zion are crying loudly, saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 9 19 s2nn figs-idiom 0 How we are devastated Yahweh tells what the people of Judah will say when the land is destroyed. Alternate translation: “We are very upset” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 19 g3w7 0 We are greatly ashamed, for we have abandoned the land since they tore down our houses “Our shame is great, because enemies destroyed our houses and we had to leave the land of Israel” -JER 9 20 n18s figs-parallelism 0 hear Yahweh’s word; pay attention to the messages that come from his mouth These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the command to listen to what Yahweh says. In the second phrase Yahweh’s “mouth” is a metonym for himself. Alternate translation: “listen to what Yahweh says. Pay attention to his words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 9 20 hr1b figs-ellipsis 0 each neighbor woman a funeral song The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “teach each neighbor woman a funeral song” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 9 21 ruq9 0 General Information: Here Yahweh is saying what the people of Judah will say when he destroys the land. -JER 9 21 tk2q figs-personification 0 For death has come through our windows … young men in the city squares The people of Judah will compare death to a person who can climb in windows to attack the people inside and attacks people in the palaces, streets, and city squares. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 9 21 nap5 0 palaces fancy houses where kings live. Death will come to rich and poor alike. -JER 9 21 w73h 0 city squares marketplaces -JER 9 22 b1lf figs-123person 0 This is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “This is what Yahweh has declared” or “This is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 9 22 tfy4 figs-parallelism 0 the corpses of men will fall like dung … like grain stalks after the reapers These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the large number dead bodies. Alternate translation: “dead bodies will fall all over the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 9 22 q61w figs-simile 0 corpses of men will fall like dung in the fields This describes the great number of people who will die, by comparing their bodies to dung that falls in the fields. Alternate translation: “dead bodies will drop everywhere like animal dung falls all over the fields” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 9 22 j451 figs-simile 0 like grain stalks after the reapers This describes the great number of people who will die, by comparing their bodies to cut stalks of grain. Alternate translation: “like stalks of grain fall everywhere after the farmers cut them down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 9 22 hyq6 0 there will be no one to gather them “there will be nobody to gather the dead bodies” -JER 9 23 v41m 0 General Information: These are the words of Yahweh. -JER 9 23 cbr4 0 Do not let the wise man take pride in his wisdom “A wise man should not be proud because he is wise” -JER 9 23 r3w7 figs-ellipsis 0 or the warrior in his might The understood verb may be supplied. Alternate translation: “or let the warrior take pride in his might” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 9 23 mi8d 0 Do not let the wealthy man take pride in his riches “A rich man should not be proud because he is rich” -JER 9 24 vub7 figs-parallelism 0 has insight and knows me “understands who I am and knows me.” Both of these phrases have similar meanings. They emphasize people knowing who Yahweh is and understanding who he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 9 24 eht9 figs-explicit 0 For I am Yahweh This refers to people knowing Yahweh and his ways. Alternate translation: “Because people should understand that I am Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 9 24 ccv3 0 For it is in these that I take pleasure The word “these” refers to covenant loyalty, justice, and righteousness. -JER 9 24 t9de figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 9 25 wg3m 0 General Information: These are the words of Yahweh. -JER 9 25 md99 figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw the people’s attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Indeed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 9 25 k6yc figs-metaphor 0 all the circumcised who are such only in their body This refers to the people of Israel who have entered into Yahweh’s covenant by getting circumcised physically, but who have not changed their inner beings by following his laws. Alternate translation: “all those people who have changed their bodies by circumcising them but who have not changed their inner beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 9 26 qn15 0 all the people who cut the hair on their heads very short This probably refers to people who cut their hair short in order to honor a pagan god. Some modern versions interpret this Hebrew expression as “all the people who live on the edge of the wilderness.” -JER 9 26 siw4 figs-metonymy 0 For all these nations are uncircumcised The word “nations” refers to the people who live in these places. Foreigners being uncircumcised was a sign that they were not in Yahweh’s covenant. Alternate translation: “For the people of these nations did not enter into a covenant with Yahweh through circumcision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 9 26 l471 figs-metonymy 0 all the house of Israel has an uncircumcised heart The “heart” represents a person’s will and desires. An “uncircumcised heart” represents the character of a person that does not follow Yahweh and his laws. Also, the “house” of Israel refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “all the people of Israel are only circumcised on the outside and have not changed their hearts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 intro v6xy 0 # Jeremiah 10 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 10:1-25 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are a long quotation.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Yahweh’s power
This chapter contrasts the great power of Yahweh with the powerlessness of any other false god. It is intended to question why the Jews would worship any other god. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -JER 10 1 v6qy 0 General Information: Yahweh has just reminded the people of Judah, as well as Egypt, Edom, Ammon, Moab and all people, that they will be punished. -JER 10 1 d4ld 0 Hear the word “Hear the message” -JER 10 1 str3 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel Here the “house” of Israel represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 2 zcj4 0 Do not learn the ways of the nations “Do not act like the other nations act” -JER 10 2 v9aa 0 dismayed worried or upset -JER 10 2 cej6 0 by the signs in the heavens “by strange things in the sky” -JER 10 2 f2sy figs-activepassive 0 for the nations are dismayed by these Here “the nations” refer to the people who live in them. This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “for the people of the nations are afraid of the strange things they see in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 3 d8ux 0 General Information: Yahweh has just reminded them not to learn the ways of the nations nor be worried by things that happen in the sky. -JER 10 3 t24u 0 craftsman a man skilled in his work -JER 10 5 xhf6 figs-simile 0 What they make with their hands is like scarecrows A scarecrow is a man-like figure made to scare birds and prevent them from eating the crops. Here Yahweh compares the idols to scarecrows because they are not capable of doing anything. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 10 5 y84p 0 cucumber a vegetable that is usually long, with green skin and white flesh that contains much water -JER 10 5 s7ty figs-activepassive 0 they have to be carried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people have to carry them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 10 6 gd4l 0 General Information: Jeremiah has just been talking about idol worship. -JER 10 6 n439 figs-metonymy 0 your name is great in power Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to himself and his reputation. Alternate translation: “you are very powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 7 c4dh figs-rquestion 0 Who does not fear you, king of the nations? Jeremiah asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that everyone should fear Yahweh. Here he refers to Yahweh as “king of the nations.” This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Everyone should fear you, king of the nations.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 10 7 d3y9 0 what you deserve “what you have earned” -JER 10 8 p37g figs-doublet 0 They are all the same, they are brutish and stupid, disciples The words “brutish” and “stupid” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how foolish the people are for worshiping idols. Alternate translation: “They are all very stupid, they are disciples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 10 8 hm7c 0 disciples of idols that are nothing but wood “they try to learn from an idol which is only a piece of wood” -JER 10 9 ni29 translate-names 0 Tarshish … Uphaz places where silver and gold are mined (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 10 9 zr2p figs-activepassive 0 gold from Uphaz made by artificers, the hands of refiners This can be stated in active form. Also, the refiners are represented here by their “hands” because they do their work with their hands. Alternate translation: “gold from Uphaz that skilled craftsmen and refiners have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 9 a9y4 0 artificers “skilled craftsmen” -JER 10 9 xa2h 0 refiners people who heat gold to remove from it anything that is not gold -JER 10 9 e22z 0 Their clothes are blue and purple cloth “The people dress the idols in blue and purple cloth” -JER 10 10 mm4u figs-personification 0 The earth quakes at his anger This speaks of the earth shaking as an emotional response to Yahweh’s anger, when actually Yahweh causes the earth to quake. Alternate translation: “The earth quakes when he is angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 10 10 re97 0 quakes “shakes” -JER 10 11 ng9f 0 General Information: God is speaking to Jeremiah. -JER 10 11 bq56 0 You will speak to them like this The word “you” refers to the Israelites and the word “them” refers to the people of the other nations. -JER 10 11 csc7 figs-metaphor 0 will perish from the earth This speaks of the idols disappearing and losing their significance as if they were dying. This emphasizes their lack of power. Alternate translation: “will disappear from the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 12 sjc2 figs-metaphor 0 stretched out the heavens This speaks of Yahweh creating the sky as if it were a large sheet that he stretched out. Alternate translation: “created the heavens” or “created the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 13 hlz6 figs-metonymy 0 His voice makes the roar of waters in the heavens Here Yahweh is represented by his “voice” to emphasize his speech. The phrase “the roar of waters” refers to loud storms. Alternate translation: “His voice causes the storms in the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 13 b87n figs-explicit 0 he brings up the mists from the ends of the earth This means that he causes the mists to evaporate and form clouds. The phrase “the ends of the earth” refers to all of the earth. Alternate translation: “he causes clouds to form over every part of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 10 13 y78p figs-metaphor 0 sends out wind from his storehouse This speaks of Yahweh causing the wind to blow as if the wind were kept in a storehouse and brought out when he desires. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 13 h3h9 0 storehouse a building where things are kept -JER 10 14 rb7t 0 has become ignorant “is lacking knowledge” or “does not know” -JER 10 14 up7n figs-activepassive 0 Every metalworker is put to shame by his idols This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every metalworker’s idols put him to shame” or “As for every metalworker, his idols shame him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 10 15 l8cb figs-personification 0 they will perish at the time of their punishment This speaks of the final destruction of the idols. Alternate translation: “there will be a time when God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 10 16 gc2y figs-metonymy 0 the portion of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents the people of Israel. God being their “portion” is an idiom that means that they worship him. Alternate translation: “the portion of Israel” or “whom the people of Israel worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 10 16 q8sb 0 the molder of all things “the creator of all things” or “the one who created all things” -JER 10 16 p7kl figs-metaphor 0 Israel is the tribe of his inheritance This speaks of Israel belonging to Yahweh as if it were something that Yahweh gained through inheritance. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Israel belongs to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 17 hm4j 0 Gather your bundle “Gather your belongings” -JER 10 17 g8r9 0 who have been living under the siege “whose city has been surrounded by your enemies’ army” or “who have been living in your city while an enemy army surrounds it” -JER 10 18 h5w8 figs-idiom 0 See Yahweh uses this word here to draw the peoples’ attention to what he says next. Alternate translation: “Listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 10 18 yy6k figs-metaphor 0 I am about to throw the inhabitants of the land out this time Here Yahweh speaks of causing the people to leave the land as if they were objects that he were throwing out of a container. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people living in the land to leave that land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 18 bz7p 0 inhabitants of the land “people who live in the land” -JER 10 18 ku2a 0 distress great pain or suffering -JER 10 19 wud3 figs-synecdoche 0 General Information: Jeremiah is speaking as if he were the whole tribe of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 10 19 k8py figs-metaphor 0 Woe to me! Because of my broken bones, my wound is infected Jeremiah speaks of the peoples’ distress as if they were physically wounded by broken bones and infection. Alternate translation: “Woe to us! It is as though we have broken bones and an infected wound” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 19 m4ix figs-synecdoche 0 but I must bear it Here Jeremiah represents the whole tribe of Israel. Alternate translation: “but we must bear it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 10 20 g663 figs-metaphor 0 My tent is devastated, and all of my tent cords are cut in two Here Jeremiah speaks of the enemy having destroyed their city as if their tent had been destroyed. Alternate translation: “It is as though our great tent is destroyed; the ropes that held it up have been cut” or “The enemy has completely destroyed our city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 20 l9vb figs-activepassive 0 My tent is devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My enemy has devastated my tent” or “Our enemy has destroyed our tent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 10 20 plf2 figs-synecdoche 0 They have taken my children away from me Here Jeremiah represents the whole tribe of Israel. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have taken our children away from us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 10 20 tc5f figs-metaphor 0 so they no longer exist The children no longer existing is a metaphor for the parents never seeing them again. Alternate translation: “and it is like they no longer exist” or “and they will never return again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 20 n6v1 figs-metaphor 0 There is no longer anyone to spread out my tent or to raise up my tent curtains Here Jeremiah speaks of them not having descendants to rebuild their city as if their city were a tent that needs to be rebuilt. Alternate translation: “There is no one to rebuild our city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 21 x7r1 figs-metaphor 0 For the shepherds are stupid … all their flock has been scattered Here the leaders of Israel are spoken of as if they were shepherds and the people of Israel are spoken of as if they were flocks of sheep. Alternate translation: “For the shepherds of our people are stupid … all the people of their flock have been scattered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 21 zmx4 figs-activepassive 0 all their flock has been scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and their enemies have scattered all their flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 10 22 r6v8 figs-metaphor 0 See! It is coming, a great earthquake is coming Here the marching enemy armies are spoken of as if they were an earthquake. The word “See!” is used here as an idiom to draw the listener’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Look! The enemy army is coming, they sound like a great earthquake as they are marching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 10 22 t67q 0 jackals a type of fierce wild dog -JER 10 23 vv9s 0 General Information: Jeremiah prays for the people of Israel. -JER 10 23 iqa8 figs-parallelism 0 that the way of a man does not come from himself. No person walking directs his own steps These two phrases mean the same thing. This means that no one has control over the various things that will happen to him during his life. Alternate translation: “that no person controls what will happen to him; no one is able to direct the events that he will experience” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 10 25 kfn6 figs-metaphor 0 Pour your fury on the nations Here “the nations” refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “In your fury, punish the nations” or “In your anger, punish the nations of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 10 25 pi1m figs-idiom 0 that do not call on your name This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that do not worship you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 10 25 b1zn figs-parallelism 0 For they have devoured Jacob and consumed him so as to completely destroy him These three phrases have the same meaning. Jeremiah repeats this idea three times to emphasize the utter destruction of Israel. This speaks of the enemy armies attacking the people of Israel as if the armies were a fierce animal attacking and devouring its prey. Alternate translation: “For they have fiercely attacked the people of Israel and consumed them so as to completely destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 10 25 z8p8 0 demolish his habitation “demolish their homes” -JER 11 intro tg7m 0 # Jeremiah 11 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 11:15-17, 20.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### The covenant

The covenant Yahweh made with Moses is prominent in this chapter. Because the people disobeyed this covenant, God will not help them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]]) -JER 11 1 l9ym figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said,” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 11 2 q9d8 0 the inhabitants of Jerusalem “the people who live in Jerusalem” -JER 11 3 d8vl figs-activepassive 0 Cursed is anyone This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will curse anyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 4 gi9b figs-metaphor 0 from the land of Egypt, from the furnace for smelting iron This speaks of the horrible circumstances and oppression the Israelites were living in Egypt by comparing them to a smelting furnace. Alternate translation: “of Egypt. What happened to them in Egypt was terrible; it was as though they were living in a hot furnace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 4 q1a1 0 smelting heating iron to liquid form -JER 11 4 fni7 figs-metonymy 0 Listen to my voice The word “voice” here is a metonym for what the speaker says with the voice, and “listen” is a metonym for “obey.” Alternate translation: “Obey what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 5 dhd3 figs-metaphor 0 the land flowing with milk and honey “the land where milk and honey flow.” God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. Alternate translation: “the land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 6 ts3p 0 the words of this covenant “the terms of this covenant” -JER 11 6 szb8 figs-idiom 0 carry them out This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “obey them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 11 7 q8ju 0 solemn serious and important -JER 11 7 k1gz figs-metonymy 0 Listen to my voice The word “voice” here is a metonym for what the speaker says with the voice, and “listen” is a metonym for “obey.” Alternate translation: “Obey what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 8 uvr6 figs-idiom 0 Each person has been walking in the stubbornness of his wicked heart. Here “walking” is an idiom for the way a person lives. The word “heart” is a metonym for a person’s desires and emotions. Alternate translation: “Each person has refused to change and has been living by his own wicked desires” or “Each person has refused to change and continues to do the evil things that they want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 8 dla5 0 So I brought all the curses in this covenant that I commanded to come against them “So I punished them with all the curses that I described in this covenant that I had commanded them to obey” -JER 11 9 n1vg figs-activepassive 0 A conspiracy has been discovered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There is a conspiracy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 9 n8g7 0 conspiracy a secret plan to do something that is harmful or illegal -JER 11 9 lr11 0 the inhabitants of Jerusalem “the people who live in Jerusalem” -JER 11 10 g2wu figs-activepassive 0 They have turned to the iniquities of their earliest ancestors The phrase “turned to” is an idiom that means to start doing something. Alternate translation: “They have returned to committing the same iniquities as their earliest ancestors committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 10 u3ji 0 walked after “followed after” -JER 11 10 x1cg figs-metonymy 0 The house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “The kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 10 u4q4 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 11 sr2g 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 11 12 cy8r figs-metonymy 0 The cities of Judah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem Here the “cities of Judah” represents the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “The people who live in the cities of Judah and in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 12 kpf4 figs-activepassive 0 but they will certainly not be saved by them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but their gods will certainly not save them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 13 k26k 0 to equal “to as many as” -JER 11 13 d3q3 0 her streets “the streets in Jerusalem” -JER 11 14 em49 0 You must not wail “You must not make a loud cry of sadness” -JER 11 15 r1nl figs-rquestion 0 Why is my beloved one, the one who has had so many wicked intentions, in my house? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that the people Judah no longer have a right to be in his temple. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My beloved one, the one who has had so many wicked intentions, should not be in my house.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 11 15 r9hb figs-metaphor 0 is my beloved one, the one who has had The people of Judah are spoken of as if they were a single woman greatly beloved. Alternate translation: “are the people whom I love, those who have had” or “are the people of Judah whom I love, who have had” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 16 ia9c figs-metaphor 0 In the past Yahweh called you a leafy olive tree In the Old Testament people were often compared to trees or plants. Those who were prosperous and healthy were spoken of as leafy, fruitful tree. Alternate translation: “In the past Yahweh said that you were like a leafy olive tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 16 q1zk figs-metaphor 0 will light a fire on it This expression continues the metaphor of the tree. The fire stands for the destruction of the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 16 jn51 figs-simile 0 that will sound like the roar of a storm This compares the sound of the raging fire to the sound of a severe storm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 11 16 bt3s figs-activepassive 0 its branches will be broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will break off your branches” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 17 u8fc figs-metaphor 0 the one who planted you This speaks of Yahweh placing the people of Israel and Judah in the places where they live as if they were a tree that Yahweh had planted. Alternate translation: “who planted you like a farmer plants a tree” or “the one who placed you to live in the land of Israel and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 17 b82g 0 has decreed disaster against you “has decreed that disaster will come upon you” -JER 11 17 cs7v figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 17 p53z figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 18 aeu2 0 Yahweh made me know these things, so I know them “You have revealed things to me and so I know them.” The refers to Yahweh revealing to Jeremiah that his enemies were planning to kill him. -JER 11 18 nd6g figs-metaphor 0 made me see their deeds The refers to Yahweh revealing to Jeremiah that his enemies were planning to kill him. This is spoken of here as if Jeremiah has already see their actions. Alternate translation: “have revealed to me their evil plans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 19 s72l figs-metaphor 0 I was like a gentle lamb being led to a butcher This speaks of Jeremiah being unaware of his enemies’ plans to kill him by comparing him to a lamb who is being led to be slaughtered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 19 msn1 figs-activepassive 0 being led to a butcher This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that my enemies were leading to a butcher” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 19 jta1 figs-metaphor 0 Let us destroy the tree with its fruit Here Jeremiah’s enemies speak of killing him as if he were a fruit tree that they were planning to destroy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 19 brr9 figs-idiom 0 Let us cut him off from the land of the living The phrase “cut him off” means to destroy him. Also, “the living” refers to living people. Alternate translation: “Let us kill him so he is no longer in the land of those who are alive” or “Let us destroy him so that he is no longer among the world of living people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 11 19 cr3r figs-activepassive 0 his name will be no longer remembered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will no longer remember his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 20 xa3x figs-metonymy 0 the heart and the mind The heart is a metonym for what a person feels and desires and “the mind” is a metonym for what a person thinks and decides. Alternate translation: “a person’s feelings and thoughts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 20 u147 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will witness your vengeance The word “vengeance” here can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will watch you take revenge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 11 21 xz1z translate-names 0 Anathoth This is the name of a special city where priests live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 11 21 jh6a figs-metaphor 0 seeking your life This phrase represents wanting or trying to kill someone. Alternate translation: “wanting to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 11 21 m8v8 0 They say “They say to me.” The men are speaking to Jeremiah. -JER 11 21 g4k7 figs-synecdoche 0 you will die by our hand Here the men refer to their “hand” to emphasize that they plan to kill him themselves. Alternate translation: “we ourselves will kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 11 22 d5xb 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 11 22 y5mj 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” -JER 11 22 kn5i 0 vigorous young men men at the strongest time of their lives -JER 11 22 hgu8 figs-metonymy 0 will die by the sword Here the “sword” represents battle. Alternate translation: “will die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 11 23 k7a8 figs-activepassive 0 None of them will be left This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will leave none of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 11 23 wlv1 figs-idiom 0 a year of their punishment The word “year” here is a idiom that describes a specific period of time that Yahweh decides. Alternate translation: “in the time of their punishment” or “for the time of their punishment is coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 12 intro mtm9 0 # Jeremiah 12 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 12:1-13.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper

Jeremiah complains that evil men prosper. He questions Yahweh’s justice. Yahweh’s response: if Jeremiah is upset by the people of Anathoth, how will he face enemies in Jerusalem? (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])

### Yahweh’s grace to the other nations

Yahweh gives a gracious offer to the Gentile nations. If the other nations who have been against Judah leave their idols and worship God, then God will allow them to return to their lands. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]]) -JER 12 1 h7ur 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to Yahweh. -JER 12 1 v383 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 12 2 xd5m figs-metaphor 0 You planted them and they took root. They continue to produce fruit Here Jeremiah speaks of the wicked as if they were fruit trees. Alternate translation: “They are like fruit trees that you planted, that you allow to prosper and to produce lots of fruit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 2 bj22 figs-metonymy 0 You are near to them in their mouths, but far away from their hearts Here “mouths” represents what a person says. And, “hearts” represents what a person thinks or feels. Also, being loyal is spoken of as if it were being near a person, and being disloyal is spoken of as if it were being far away from a person. Alternate translation: “They always say good things about you, but they do not love or respect you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 3 lcj7 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking to Yahweh. -JER 12 3 kt44 figs-metonymy 0 my heart Here the “heart” represents a person’s thoughts and true feelings. Alternate translation: “my thoughts” or “my inner feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 12 3 p1lp figs-metaphor 0 Take them away like sheep to the slaughter Here Jeremiah asks Yahweh to prepare to punish the wicked as if they were sheep to be taken away to be slaughtered. Alternate translation: “Take the wicked people away, like sheep for slaughter” or “Prepare to punish those wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 3 jep3 0 the day of slaughter “the day they will be destroyed” -JER 12 4 gvz5 0 How long will the land go on drying up … because of the wickedness of its inhabitants? Their land is dry and rain has not come as punishment for the peoples’ wickedness. -JER 12 4 bea9 0 wither dry up -JER 12 4 lm57 figs-activepassive 0 The animals and the birds have been taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The animals and the birds are gone” or “The animals and the birds have all died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 12 4 a1hp 0 God will not see what happens to us This could mean: (1) The people are saying that God does not know what things will happen to them in their future or (2) God is unaware of their sin. Alternate translation: “God does not see the sinful things that we do” -JER 12 5 hax2 figs-rquestion 0 how can you compete against horses? This rhetorical question implies that he would not be able to run with horses. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “you will never compete well against horses.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 12 5 e5b2 figs-ellipsis 0 If you fall down This refers to while the person is running. Alternate translation: “If you fall down while running” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 12 5 km32 0 the safe countryside This refers to the open countryside, where it is easy to travel quickly, in contrast to the overgrown thickets along the Jordan River, where it is difficult to move. -JER 12 5 rki9 figs-rquestion 0 how will you do in the thickets along the Jordan? This rhetorical question implies that he would not be able to run through the thickets along the Jordan. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “you will surely not be able to run in the thickets along the Jordan.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 12 5 c56k 0 thickets many bushes or small trees growing close together -JER 12 6 g1pt 0 denounced to have accused someone publicly -JER 12 7 js9l figs-parallelism 0 I have abandoned my house; I have forsaken my inheritance. I have given my beloved into the hands of her enemies. These three sentences have similar meanings. The first and second one strengthens the thought in the third. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 12 7 v9at figs-metaphor 0 I have abandoned my house; I have forsaken my inheritance The two phrases are metaphors in which Yahweh speaks of his people as if they were his “house” and his “inheritance.” Alternate translation: “I have abandoned my Israelite people, the people whom I chose to belong to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 7 v6xh figs-metonymy 0 into the hands of her enemies Here the word “hands” represents control. Alternate translation: “to be conquered by her enemies” or “over to the control of her enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 12 7 ra61 figs-personification 0 of her Here Yahweh refers to his people as a female by using a feminine pronoun. Alternate translation: “of their” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 12 8 n59e 0 she sets herself against me with her own voice This continues to speaks of Yahweh’s people as a lion. This speaks of the people showing they are against him as if they were roaring at him. Alternate translation: “it is like she roars at me to defy me” -JER 12 8 ik2q figs-personification 0 she sets herself … with her … hate her Here Yahweh refers to his people as a female by using feminine pronouns. Alternate translation: “they set themselves … with their … hate them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 12 9 m995 figs-rquestion 0 Has not my prized possession become a speckled bird, that other birds of prey go against her all around? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that his people are surrounded by their enemies. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My prized possession has become a speckled bird and other birds of prey go against her all around.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 12 9 j8nr figs-explicit 0 Has not my prized possession Here Yahweh speaks of his people as his “prized possession.” Alternate translation: “Have not my people, who are my prized possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 12 9 rn3n figs-metaphor 0 become a speckled bird, that other birds of prey go against her all around Here Yahweh speaks of his people being in danger and surrounded by their enemies as if they were a speckled bird surrounded by birds of prey. Alternate translation: “become like a speckled bird, and her enemies are like birds of prey attacking her on all sides” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 9 q57h 0 a speckled bird “a strange looking bird.” This refers to a bird that was often picked on and eaten by other birds. -JER 12 9 l3t3 0 birds of prey birds that attack and eat animals -JER 12 9 idp1 figs-apostrophe 0 Go and gather all the wild beasts and bring them to devour her Yahweh speaks here in the form of a command to strengthen what he says. This command is not directed to a specific person and may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Let all the wild beasts in the fields come and eat her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 12 10 jl5k figs-metaphor 0 Many shepherds have destroyed my vineyard Here Yahweh speaks of his land and his people being destroyed by armies as if they were a vineyard that shepherds had destroyed. Alternate translation: “My people and my land are like a vineyard that many shepherds have destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 10 nw8j figs-metonymy 0 Many shepherds have destroyed Here the word “shepherds” refers to their sheep. Alternate translation: “Many shepherds have allowed their sheep to destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 12 10 dr86 0 They have stomped all over “They have crushed under their feet” -JER 12 10 d5c7 0 my portion of land “the ground I planted” or “my field” -JER 12 11 ry1p figs-activepassive 0 All the land has been made desolate This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “All the land is desolate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 12 11 z4k3 figs-idiom 0 takes it to heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “cares” or “pays any attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 12 12 uwl3 0 Destroyers have come “Destroying armies have come” -JER 12 12 rbb1 0 bare places in the wilderness “places in the wilderness where nothing grows” -JER 12 12 s2mb figs-metaphor 0 for Yahweh’s sword is devouring Here Yahweh speaks of the armies that he is using to punish his people as being his “sword.” His”sword” is described here as if it were a large animal that attacked and devoured the people. Alternate translation: “for the armies are my sword that I am using to punish you” or “for I am sending the destroying armies to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 12 12 c8pt 0 from one end of the land to the other This refers to the whole land that belongs to his people. -JER 12 13 du4i 0 They have sown wheat but harvest thornbushes “They have sown wheat, but there is nothing to harvest but thornbushes” -JER 12 13 k4yk 0 They have “My people have” -JER 12 13 c3di 0 thornbushes a large plant that is covered in sharp points -JER 12 13 jez5 0 exhausted unable to do more, without any more strength -JER 12 13 fby2 0 So be ashamed of your gain because of Yahweh’s anger “So be ashamed of your tiny harvest because Yahweh is angry with you.” Here the word “gain” does not mean a large amount of something, but refers to a small amount. -JER 12 14 w8dl 0 strike at the possession “have been trying to take away the land” -JER 12 14 c7h3 0 made my people Israel inherit “gave my people Israel as an inheritance” -JER 12 14 e4jf 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 12 14 b371 figs-metaphor 0 to uproot them from their own ground God speaks of forcing the people to leave their land as if they were plants that he was pulling out of the ground. See how you translated this concept in [Jeremiah 1:10](../01/10.md). Alternate translation: “to make them leave their own land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 14 sv7x figs-metaphor 0 I will pull up the house of Judah from among them Here Yahweh speaks of causing the people of Judah to leave the lands of the other nations as if they were plants that he was pulling out of the ground. Alternate translation: “I will cause the house of Judah to leave their lands as well” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 14 ylh4 0 pull up “uproot” -JER 12 14 t297 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 12 15 i4tb figs-metaphor 0 I uproot those nations God speaks of forcing the people to leave their land as if they were plants that he was pulling out of the ground. Alternate translation: “I make those nations leave their lands and move to different places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 12 16 f6ti 0 General Information: God’s word about Judah’s neighbors. -JER 12 16 i1wv 0 It will come about that “It will happen that” -JER 12 16 j3ji figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “As surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Swearing in Yahweh’s name instead of in Baal’s name indicates that they worship Yahweh instead of Baal. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 12 16 uph7 figs-metaphor 0 they will be built up in the midst of my people This speaks of the people becoming prosperous as if they were a building that was being built. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will build them up in the midst of my people” or “I will make them wealthy and they will live among my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 12 16 pe5g 0 midst middle -JER 12 17 w4yd figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 13 intro ky38 0 # Jeremiah 13 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 13:15-27.

===Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter ===

### Symbolism

The action of hiding the undergarment was intended to be a symbolic event. It was supposed to get the Jews’ attention and be a lesson for them to learn. Jeremiah performed the action, but it was not the action itself that was important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 13 1 yq1d 0 linen a type of very fine cloth -JER 13 1 puq2 0 undergarment clothing that people wear under their clothes; underwear -JER 13 1 d4jw 0 waist the middle part of the body, usually the narrowest, between the hips and chest -JER 13 1 kf2e 0 do not put it in water first “do not wash it or get it wet” -JER 13 3 z13h figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me a second time, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message a second time. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this second message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 13 4 b7b3 0 rock crevice a space between rocks or a crack in a rock, big enough to put something into it -JER 13 8 wf3x figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 13 9 a1zp figs-metonymy 0 of Judah and Jerusalem Here Judah and Jerusalem refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “of the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 13 10 j3d9 0 to listen to my word “to obey what I say” -JER 13 10 rn4k figs-idiom 0 who walk in the hardness of their heart This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “who are stubborn and only do the things they desire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 13 11 z1xb 0 clings to … cling to me “sticks to … stick to me” or “stays close to … stay close to me” -JER 13 11 t4mp 0 all the house of … all the house of “all the people of … all the people of” -JER 13 11 uak7 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 13 11 h7ch figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 13 11 b9j5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 13 12 sbk9 figs-activepassive 0 Every jar will be filled with wine … every jar will be filled with wine This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every wineskin should be full of wine … every wineskin should be full of wine” or “Every wine jar should be full of wine … every wine jar should be full of wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 13 13 bv6t 0 See This word is used here to draw someone’s attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 13 13 g8y3 0 fill with drunkenness every inhabitant of this land “cause all the people of this land to be drunk” -JER 13 13 e418 figs-metonymy 0 the kings who sit on David’s throne Here the throne that the king of Judah sits on is represented as “David’s throne.” Alternate translation: “the kings who sit on Judah’s throne” or “the kings of the nation of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 13 14 e1iz figs-gendernotations 0 smash each man against the other, fathers and children together Here the words “each man” refer to both men and women. Alternate translation: “Then I will cause the people to fight with each other, even parents and children will fight one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -JER 13 14 g1jc figs-ellipsis 0 fathers and children together The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “I will smash fathers and children together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 13 14 kq6a figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 13 14 n1g8 0 I will not pity “I will not feel sorry for” -JER 13 14 p3a5 0 will not spare them from destruction “will not withhold punishment from them.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will allow them to be destroyed” -JER 13 15 d8mp 0 arrogant falsely believing oneself to be important -JER 13 16 wwm1 0 he brings darkness “he causes darkness to come.” Here trouble and despair are spoken of as if they were “darkness.” Alternate translation: “he brings trouble and despair” or “he cause great troubles to come” -JER 13 16 f21v figs-synecdoche 0 before he causes your feet to stumble Here a person is referred to by his “feet” to emphasize that he is walking. Alternate translation: “before he causes you to trip and fall as you walk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 13 16 nkc1 0 twilight early morning or evening when it is partially dark, when the sun is beginning to rise or when the sun is almost set -JER 13 16 lg6k figs-metaphor 0 For you are hoping for light, but he will turn the place into a deep darkness, into a dark cloud This speaks of goodness and blessings as “light” and of trouble and despair as “darkness.” Alternate translation: “For you were hoping for light and blessings, but Yahweh will give you darkness and great despair--you will feel like you are surrounded by a dark cloud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 13 17 k2pj figs-activepassive 0 for Yahweh’s flock has been taken captive This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for enemies have captured Yahweh’s flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 13 17 j4z9 figs-metaphor 0 for Yahweh’s flock has been taken captive Here Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh’s people as Yahweh’s “flock” because he cares for them like a shepherd cares for his sheep. This event has not happened yet, but it is written here as if it already has. This can be written in future tense. Alternate translation: “for you who are Yahweh’s flock, your enemies will soon capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -JER 13 18 f5bj 0 General Information: Yahweh is continuing to talk to Jeremiah. He is telling Jeremiah what to say to the king of Judah and the king’s mother. -JER 13 18 ihz2 0 queen mother the mother of the king -JER 13 18 i8em translate-symaction 0 for your splendid crowns have fallen from your heads A king and queen mother wear crowns to represent their royal positions as the king and queen mother. Also, this event has not happened yet, but it is written here as if it already has. This can be written in future tense. Alternate translation: “for you will no longer be the king and queen mother, for your crowns, your pride and glory, will fall off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -JER 13 19 jw8r figs-explicit 0 The cities in the Negev will be shut up, with no one to open them This means that the cities will be surrounded by their enemies, who will not allow anyone to go in or come out of the cities. Alternate translation: “The cities in the Negev will be shut up, and no one will be able to go into them or come out of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 13 19 r9z3 figs-activepassive 0 The cities in the Negev will be shut up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your enemies will shut the cities in the Negev up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 13 19 hr6g figs-metonymy 0 All Judah will be taken captive, completely taken captive Here “Judah” represents the people who live there. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemies will take all of the people of Judah captive into exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 13 20 qx4s 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking to the people of Jerusalem. -JER 13 20 s5yj figs-idiom 0 Lift up your eyes and look at the ones coming from the north Here the word “look” is an idiom that means to pay attention and be aware of what is happening. Also, “Lift up your eyes” represents looking at something. Alternate translation: “Pay attention and be aware of the ones coming from the north” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 13 20 ve51 figs-explicit 0 the ones coming from the north This refers an enemy army that will come from the north. Alternate translation: “the enemy army coming from the north” or “the enemy army marching from the north” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 13 20 iny8 figs-rquestion 0 Where is the flock he gave to you, the flock that was so beautiful to you? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that the people of Judah will be captured by the enemy armies. This question is asked as if the people of Judah had already been captured even though this has not yet happened. The question can be written as a statement and in future tense. Alternate translation: “I gave you the people of Judah to care for, like a beautiful flock of sheep, but the enemy army will capture them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -JER 13 20 e5mm figs-metaphor 0 the flock This speaks of the people of Judah as a “flock” of sheep to emphasize that the leaders of Judah were supposed to care for them and look after them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 13 21 t9l3 figs-rquestion 0 What will you say when God sets over you those you had trained to be your special allies? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that the people who Judah’s leaders thought they were at peace with will conquer them. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The people you thought were your friends will conquer you and rule over you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 13 21 br9q figs-rquestion 0 Are these not the beginnings of the labor pains that will seize you just like a woman in childbirth? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to tell the people that their capture is just the beginning of the suffering they will go through. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “These things that you will suffer are like the beginning of the labor pains of a woman in childbirth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 13 22 uzi6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to talk to Jeremiah. He is telling Jeremiah what to say to the king of Judah and the king’s mother. -JER 13 22 i8we figs-euphemism 0 that your skirts are raised up and you have been violated This means that the enemy soldiers will rape the Judean women. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the enemy soldiers will lift up the skirts of your women and rape them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 13 23 wyf8 figs-rquestion 0 Can the people of Cush change their skin color, or a leopard change its spots? This rhetorical question is used to state an example of something that is impossible. This question can be written as a statement. Also, the understood verb “can” maybe be supplied in the second phrase. Alternate translation: “The people of Cush cannot change their skin color and a leopard cannot change its spots.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 13 23 m8ie figs-irony 0 If so, then you yourself, although accustomed to wickedness, would be able to do good This statement is ironic because the examples about the Cushite and the leopard are impossible situations. This states that if those impossible things could happen then they could do good. Alternate translation: “Just like these things are impossible, so it is also impossible for you who always do evil to do good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 13 24 rw5p figs-simile 0 I will scatter them like chaff that perishes in the desert wind “I will scatter them like chaff that is blown away by the wind.” Yahweh is saying He will scatter His people throughout the world just as chaff is scattered by the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 13 26 pid5 figs-metaphor 0 I myself will strip your skirts off you, and your private parts will be seen. This means that Yahweh will make them feel ashamed. It does not in any way mean that he will rape them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “It is as though I myself will strip your skirts off of you so that everyone will see your private parts and you will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 13 27 r896 figs-metaphor 0 neighing This is the sound of a male horse desiring a female horse. Alternate translation: “lusting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 14 intro pqn1 0 # Jeremiah 14 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 14:1-10, 17-22.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### False prophets

The false prophets promised there would not be any war or drought. They gave people a false sense of hope, when they needed to repent. Because of this, Yahweh sent a drought and said that the false prophets would die of drought and war. This showed that these were not true prophets of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -JER 14 1 dvb6 0 General Information: Yahweh, through the prophet Jeremiah, has just talked about the adultery of the people. -JER 14 1 c8lt figs-idiom 0 This is the word of Yahweh that came to Jeremiah This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 14 2 cn9g figs-metonymy 0 Let Judah mourn Here “Judah” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “Let the people of Judah mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 2 zct6 figs-synecdoche 0 let her gates fall apart Here the word “gates,” which keep enemies out of cities and where people conduct business and government, is a synecdoche for Judah’s cities, and Judah’s cities are a metonym for the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “let her cities fall apart” or “let the people in her cities become unable to defend themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 2 twu5 0 fall apart “fall into pieces” -JER 14 2 qu68 figs-idiom 0 their cries for Jerusalem are going up The phrase “going up” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “They are calling out loudly in prayer for Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 14 3 v2l2 0 Their mighty ones “The rich people” -JER 14 3 z6ul figs-doublet 0 ashamed and dishonored Both of these words have similar meaning and together emphasize that the servants were ashamed that they were unable to get water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 14 3 drx3 translate-symaction 0 they cover their heads In biblical times, people would wear a headcovering to show that they were ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 14 4 l4rv 0 General Information: Yahweh, through the prophet Jeremiah, has continued to tell the people about the drought. -JER 14 4 je8k translate-symaction 0 The plowmen are ashamed and cover their heads In biblical times, people would wear a headcovering to show that they were ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 14 5 yca3 figs-parallelism 0 the doe leaves her young in the fields and abandons them These two phrase have the same meaning and emphasize that the doe leaves her young deer because she cannot provide for them. A doe is a female deer. Alternate translation: “the deer leaves her young in the field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 14 5 q5hd figs-explicit 0 for there is no grass This means that there is no grass for the deer to eat. Alternate translation: “for there is no grass for them to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 14 6 rv34 figs-simile 0 they pant in the wind like jackals This speaks of the donkeys panting because they are thirsty by saying that they pant like jackals. Jackals are fiece wild dog which pant a lot. Alternate translation: “they pant in the wind like thirsty jackals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 14 6 sa12 0 Their eyes fail to work, for there is no vegetation “They become blind because there is no grass to eat” -JER 14 7 u1uz 0 General Information: Yahweh, through the prophet Jeremiah, has just told the people about the drought. -JER 14 7 a7md figs-personification 0 our iniquities testify against us Here their “iniquities” are spoken of as if they were people who testified against them about their wrong doing. Alternate translation: “our iniquities give evidence of our wrongdoing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 14 7 hdk6 figs-metonymy 0 for the sake of your name Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “for the sake of your reputation” or “in order that everyone can see that you are very great and keep your promises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 8 t2bf figs-explicit 0 Hope of Israel This is another name for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “You are the hope of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 14 8 pi7p figs-parallelism 0 why will you be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer who stretches out and spends just one night? The people are asking if Yahweh is unconcerned with his people and unable to help them. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you should not be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer who stretches out and spends just one night.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 14 8 m5rq figs-simile 0 why will you be like a stranger in the land, like a foreign wanderer … just one night This question speaks of the possibility of Yahweh being unconcerned with helping his people as if he were a stranger just travelling though a place unconcerned with those living there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 14 9 i24n figs-simile 0 Why are you like someone who is astounded, or like a warrior who has no power to rescue? This speaks of the possibility of Yahweh being unable to help his people as if he were a confused warrior who was unable to rescue anyone. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You do nothing to help us, like someone who is astounded or like a warrior who has no power to rescue us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 14 9 np92 0 astounded unable to understand or to think clearly -JER 14 9 s46u figs-activepassive 0 your name is called over us This can be stated in active form. This speaks of the people being Yahweh’s people by saying that his name is over them. Alternate translation: “we bear your name” or “we are your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 14 10 jb8u 0 General Information: Jeremiah has been praying and asking Yahweh not to leave them alone. -JER 14 10 u7uz figs-metaphor 0 they love to wander “they love to wander away from me.” This speaks of people being unfaithful to Yahweh and not obey him as if they had wandered from the place where he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 14 10 x599 figs-synecdoche 0 have not held back their feet Here the people are referred to by their “feet” to emphasize their walking away from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “have not kept themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 14 10 t4hn figs-idiom 0 calls to mind This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “remembers” or “recalls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 14 11 i69u 0 on behalf of “to assist” or “to help” -JER 14 12 a2l9 0 wailing loudly crying because of sorrow -JER 14 12 vgw6 figs-euphemism 0 I will put an end to them This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JER 14 12 c1vk figs-metonymy 0 by sword Here war is represented by the “sword” which was the common weapon used in battle. Alternate translation: “by war” or “by battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 13 xfr8 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told Jeremiah not to pray for the people of Judah. -JER 14 13 l6t3 figs-metonymy 0 You will not see the sword Here “sword” represents war, and to “see” represents experiencing. Alternate translation: “You will not experience any war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 13 sd1w figs-metaphor 0 I will give you true security Here “security” is spoken of as if it were an object that someone could give to another person. Alternate translation: “I will allow you to live securely” or “I will allow you to live peacefully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 14 14 jsc3 figs-abstractnouns 0 prophesy deceit The word “deceit” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “prophesy deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 14 14 xd4x figs-metonymy 0 in my name This phrase refers to speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 14 jv6e figs-explicit 0 I did not send them out This means that Yahweh did not send them out with messages to give to the people. Alternate translation: “I did not send them to prophesy to other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 14 14 t2xs figs-metaphor 0 coming from their own minds Here “minds” are spoken of as if they were a place instead of the ability to think of ideas. Alternate translation: “that they think up themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 14 15 p8k9 0 General Information: Jeremiah has just been talking to Yahweh about the things the false prophets have been prophesying. -JER 14 15 kl3i figs-metonymy 0 in my name This phrase refers to speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 14:14](../14/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 15 q47z figs-metonymy 0 there will be no sword … perish by sword Here the “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “there will be no war … perish by war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 16 yx8a figs-metonymy 0 famine and sword Here the “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “famine and war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 16 ex5f figs-activepassive 0 Then the people to whom they prophesied will be thrown out in the streets of Jerusalem because of famine and sword This can be stated in active form. This means that whole families will die and people will throw their bodies into the streets instead of burying them. Alternate translation: “Then the people to whom they prophesied will die by famine and sword and people will throw their bodies into the streets of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 14 16 vjb4 0 their wives, their sons, or their daughters This describes who is referred to by the word “them,” that is, everyone who died by famine and sword. -JER 14 16 wam5 figs-metaphor 0 I will pour out their wickedness on them Here Yahweh speaks of punishing the people in accordance to their wicknedness as if their own wickedness were a liquid that he would pour upon them. Alternate translation: “I will punish them like they deserve to be punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 14 17 m8yd figs-merism 0 night and day Here two opposite times of the day are given to mean all the time. Alternate translation: “all the time, both night and day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 14 17 v4hr 0 incurable wound a cut or break in skin that cannot be cured -JER 14 18 kwc2 figs-activepassive 0 who were killed by the sword This can be stated in active form. Also, here the “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “who died by the sword” or “who died in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 18 xa86 figs-metonymy 0 there are the diseases that are caused by famine Here the “diseases” represent the people who have these diseases because of their starvation. Alternate translation: “there are the ones who are sick because of famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 18 uax5 0 wander move around without purpose -JER 14 18 nrq3 figs-explicit 0 they do not know It may be helpful to state what they do not know. Alternate translation: “they do not know what they are doing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 14 19 bxi3 figs-ellipsis 0 for a time of healing The understood information may be supplied. Alternate translation: “we hoped for a time of healing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 14 20 z8n3 0 We admit, Yahweh, our offenses, the iniquity of our ancestors “Yahweh, we admit our wicked offenses and our ancestors’ iniquity” -JER 14 21 ni6n 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues his prayer to Yahweh. -JER 14 21 ur4i figs-metonymy 0 For the sake of your name Here Yahweh’s “name” refers to his reputation. Alternate translation: “For the sake of your reputation” or “In order that everyone can see that you are very great and keep your promises” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 21 h4sh figs-metonymy 0 your glorious throne Yahweh’s “throne” is represented by Zion, that is Jerusalem. His “throne” also represents the place where he rules as king. Alternate translation: “do disgrace Zion where you glorious throne is” or “do not disgrace Zion, where you rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 14 22 my15 0 can the skies themselves send down showers “Can the skies decide when they make the rain to fall?” -JER 15 intro ebq4 0 # Jeremiah 15 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 15:2, 5-21.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Do not pray for the people

God told Jeremiah not to pray for the people because God was punishing them. This was meant to be an illustration for Jeremiah. Jeremiah was not to pray because the punishment was already determined. Yahweh also explains that even the great Moses could not help the sinful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

### Yahweh uses Gentile nations
Yahweh is going to use the Gentile nations to punish Judah. This would have been very offensive to the Jews. They would have also been surprised to learn that Yahweh was using the Gentile nations to punish his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 1 w1rn 0 General Information: Jeremiah has just been praying to Yahweh. -JER 15 1 az7b figs-explicit 0 were standing in front of me, I would still not be in favor of this people This implies that they are pleading for Yahweh to spare the people. Alternate translation: “were standing in front of me pleading for these people, I would still not be in favor of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 1 g56c figs-parallelism 0 Send them out from before me, for them to go away Yahweh repeats this idea of sending away his people to add emphasis to it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 15 2 i7zf 0 Those who are for “Those whom I have appointed to go to” -JER 15 2 a7na figs-metaphor 0 should go to death This speaks of dying as if death were a place that people can go to. Alternate translation: “should die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 2 qrc1 figs-metonymy 0 those who are for the sword should go to the sword Here the “sword” represents war. To be “for the sword” means that God has appointed them to die in war. Alternate translation: “those whom I have appointed to die in war should go to die in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 2 s5vx figs-metaphor 0 Those who are for famine should go to famine This means that Yahweh has appointed these to die because of famine, and these words speak of dying by famine as if “famine” were a place that people can go to. Alternate translation: “Those whom I have appointed to die by famine should go and die by famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 2 ub7g 0 should go to captivity “should go into captivity” -JER 15 3 xfn3 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told them he will send some of them to death, some to die by the sword, some to die by famine, and some to be captives. -JER 15 3 b44y figs-metonymy 0 the sword Here the “sword” refers to the enemy soldiers. Alternate translation: “the enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 15 4 etb6 0 I will make of them Here the word “them” refers to the people of Judah, not to the four groups listed in the previous verse. -JER 15 4 g2xb figs-explicit 0 because of what Manasseh … did in Jerusalem Manasseh was a very wicked king who did many evil things in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “because of the wicked things that Manasseh … did in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 5 sb18 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told them he will assign them to four groups to kill them—the sword, dogs, birds, and beasts. -JER 15 5 lb4g figs-rquestion 0 For who will have compassion for you, Jerusalem? Who will grieve for you? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one should mourn for Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one should have compassion on you, Jerusalem. No one should mourn for your destruction.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 15 5 wfj2 figs-metonymy 0 for you, Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” refers to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “for you people who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 15 6 es4m figs-parallelism 0 You have forsaken me … you have gone back from me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people have, indeed, forsaken Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 15 6 w5w5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 15 6 hk2v 0 gone back from me “left me” or “gone away from me” -JER 15 6 ub2d figs-metonymy 0 I will strike you with my hand Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “I will use my power to strike you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 15 7 xa8z figs-metaphor 0 So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land Here Yahweh speaks of scattering the people and causing them to leave Jersalem as if they were winnowed chaff being blown away on the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 7 i5zm 0 pitchfork a farm tool with a long handle and sharp metal prongs, used especially for lifting and tossing grain in the air for winnowing -JER 15 7 tdb1 0 I will bereave them “I will cause their children to die” or “I will let their enemies kill their children” -JER 15 8 lzr4 0 General Information: Yahweh has just told them no one will care about them and that he will destroy his people since they would not turn from their wicked ways. -JER 15 8 pg9y 0 widows women whose husbands have died -JER 15 8 zf6z figs-hyperbole 0 more than the sands of the seashore “than the grains of sand on the seashore.” This comparison is an exaggeration used to emphasize an uncountable number. Alternate translation: “more than you can count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 15 8 xv7a figs-explicit 0 Against the mothers of young men I will send the destroyer at noonday This means that Yahweh will send an enemy army to kill young men, which will cause their mothers great sorrow. Alternate translation: “At noonday I will send an enemy army to destroy young men and cause their mothers to weep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 8 rv53 figs-idiom 0 fall on them This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 15 9 ab1l figs-doublet 0 She will be ashamed and embarrassed The words “ashamed” and “embarrassed” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of shame. Alternate translation: “She will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 15 9 ysv5 figs-idiom 0 will waste away This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “will grow faint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 15 9 syp4 figs-metaphor 0 Her sun will set while it is still day This speaks of a woman becoming sorrowful because her children have died, as if her life were a day in which the sun had set early and turned to darkness. Here the darkness represents her sorrow. Alternate translation: “Because of her sorrow, it will be as though the sun has set and her day has turned to darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 9 e2fw figs-metonymy 0 I will give those who remain to the sword in the presence of their enemies Here the “sword” represents the enemy soldiers. This means that Yahweh will allow the enemy solider to kill any of her children that remain. Alternate translation: “I will allow the enemy soldiers to kill those of her children that remain alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 9 yh62 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 15 10 tf3x 0 General Information: In these verse, Jeremiah speaks to Yahweh about his suffering, and Yahweh answers him. -JER 15 10 bwu4 figs-apostrophe 0 Woe to me, my mother Jeremiah pretends to speak to his mother as a way to emphasize how sad he is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 15 10 z3f7 figs-doublet 0 a man of controversy and argument The words “controversy” and “argument” mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize how much Jeremiah is arguing. Alternate translation: “a man with whom everyone argues all the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 15 10 pi56 figs-explicit 0 I have not lent, nor has anyone lent to me This refers to lending money to people. Often lending money causes people to fight with one another. Alternate translation: “I have not lent money to anyone, nor has anyone lent money to me” or “I have not made anyone angry by lending or borrow money and then quarreling about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 15 11 jwd5 figs-rquestion 0 Will I not rescue you for good? The implicit answer to this rhetorical question is “yes.” This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “I will certainly rescue you for good!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 15 11 hg1a 0 your enemies Those are the enemies of Jeremiah who disagreed with his prophecies. -JER 15 11 t2nb figs-doublet 0 in the time of calamity and distress Here the words “calamity” and “distress” mean basically the same thing. They emphasize the amount or intensity of the calamity. Alternate translation: “in the time of great calamity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 15 12 gp33 figs-rquestion 0 Can one smash iron? Especially iron from the north that is mixed with bronze? In these questions Yahweh speaks of the strength of Judah’s enemies as if they were iron mixed with bronze. These rhetorical questions can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can smash iron, especially if it is as strong as the iron from the north that is mixed with bronze.” or “But Judah’s enemies, who are as strong as iron or bronze, will attack Judah from the north, no one will be able to stop them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 13 m4cc 0 General Information: In these verse, Yahweh speaks to the nation of Israel as if it were one person. -JER 15 13 r9fq figs-doublet 0 wealth and treasures The words “wealth” and “treasures” mean the same thing and refer to anything that people consider to be valuable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 15 13 cy1n 0 plunder things that you steal from a city after conquering it -JER 15 13 c2bt figs-activepassive 0 all your sins committed This can be written in active form. Alternate translation: “all of the sins you have committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 15 13 dzj5 0 within all your borders “throughout your country” -JER 15 14 e1nj 0 a land that you do not know “to a land that is strange to you” -JER 15 14 p77q figs-metaphor 0 for a fire will ignite, kindled in my wrath against you The wrath of God is spoken of as if it were a destructive fire. Alternate translation: “I will destroy you because I am very angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 14 y1s1 figs-metaphor 0 for a fire will ignite, kindled in my wrath against you Here Yahweh speaks of his wrath as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “for my wrath is like a fire that I will kindle against you” or “for I will come against you in my wrath, and my wrath will be like a burning fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 14 ap1i 0 kindled to light a fire -JER 15 15 mlt5 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to Yahweh. -JER 15 15 lk6p figs-explicit 0 You are patient, but do not allow them to take me away Jeremiah is asking Yahweh not to be patient with the sins of his enemies. The phrase “take me away” refers to him being killed. Alternate translation: “Please do not continue to be patient with them and allow them to kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JER 15 16 ds55 figs-activepassive 0 Your words have been found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have heard your message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 15 16 a55i figs-metaphor 0 I consumed them Jeremiah speaks of listening and understanding Yahweh’s message as if it were food that he ate. Alternate translation: “I understood your message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 16 f4hq figs-metonymy 0 the delight of my heart Here the “heart” represents a person emotions and feelings. Alternate translation: “what I love most” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 15 16 se2v 0 I bear your name “people know that I serve you” -JER 15 17 xx62 figs-idiom 0 I did not sit in the circle of This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I did not spend time with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 15 17 lst3 figs-metaphor 0 of your powerful hand Here Yahweh’s “powerful hand” refers to his control and influence over Jeremiah. Alternate translation: “you powerfully influence me” or “you are the one who controls what I do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 18 xb1d figs-rquestion 0 Why is my pain ongoing and my wound incurable, refusing to be healed? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize his pain. He speaks of his pain as if it were a physical wound. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “My pain is ongoing, it is like a wound that will not heal.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 18 f64w figs-personification 0 refusing to be healed This speaks of Jeremiah’s wound as if it were a person that refuses to be healed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that will not heal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 15 18 c2kw figs-rquestion 0 Will you be like deceitful waters to me, waters that dry up? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that he feels like he cannot depend on Yahweh. He speaks of this as if Yahweh were a stream that dries up. Alternate translation: “It feels like you are undependable to me, like a stream I go to for a drink only to find it dried up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 15 19 l1n1 figs-simile 0 you will be like my mouth Jeremiah is compared to the mouth of Yahweh because he will be used to speak Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “you will speak for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 15 19 ud46 figs-rpronouns 0 you yourself The pronoun, “yourself”, is used here to emphasis the command was specifically for Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 15 20 gf1p figs-simile 0 like an impenetrable bronze wall to this people Yahweh compares Jeremiah to a wall because the people will not be able to defeat him. Alternate translation: “I will make you strong, like a bronze wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 15 20 nx8l figs-metaphor 0 they will wage war against you This speaks of the people fighting with Jeremiah as if he were an army that they waged war against. Alternate translation: “they will fight against you” or “they will oppose you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 15 20 z1e8 figs-doublet 0 save and rescue The words “save” and “rescue” mean the same thing and emphasize the safety that God promises. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 15 21 bet8 figs-parallelism 0 rescue you from … and redeem you from These phrases have similar meanings and are used together to emphasize the safety that God provides. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 15 21 z99x figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the wicked … the hand of the tyrant Here the word “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “the control of the wicked … the control of the tyrant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 15 21 lwc5 figs-nominaladj 0 the wicked This refers to wicked people. Alternate translation: “wicked people” or “those who are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 15 21 mm5k 0 tyrant a ruler who demands absolute obedience and is not friendly for the people under his rule -JER 16 intro mts4 0 # Jeremiah 16 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 16:19-21. This poem also continues in chapter 17, and these should be seen as one section.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Coming punishment

The punishment that is prophesied in this chapter will happen quickly. The author gives many illustrations which describe how quickly this punishment will come. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

### Israel restored

God will bring his people back from captivity. Even though the punishment of Judah will be great, Yahweh promised a future restoration. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]]) -JER 16 1 iq2r figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 16 4 bdx2 0 They will die diseased deaths “They will die from deadly diseases” -JER 16 4 nm5s figs-activepassive 0 They will not be mourned or buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will mourn for them or bury them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 16 4 paq4 figs-simile 0 They will be like dung on the ground The sons and daughters born in the land are compared to dung on the ground to emphasize that they will be disgusting and that no one will bury them. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 8:2](../08/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 16 4 b995 figs-euphemism 0 they will come to an end by sword and famine The phrase “come to an end” is a mild way to say that they will die. The word “sword” represents an army whose soldiers fight with swords. The phrase represents dying in battle. Alternate translation: “they will die in battle or from famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 16 5 irw5 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, ‘Do This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said, ‘Do” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me: ‘Do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 16 5 byl9 figs-abstractnouns 0 where there is mourning The word “mourning” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “where people are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 16 5 e7zp figs-metaphor 0 I have taken away my peace from this people … and my steadfast love and mercy Yahweh speaks of no longer acting towards the people with peace, steadfast love, and mercy as if these were items that he has taken away from them. Alternate translation: “I will no longer act towards them with peace … or with steadfast love and mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 16 5 fg62 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 16 6 ngj4 figs-merism 0 Both the great and the small will This refers to all kinds of people and uses size to refer to how important they are. Alternate translation: “Both the important and the unimportant” or “Many people, regardless of how important they are, will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 16 6 k2n5 figs-activepassive 0 They will not be buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No one will bury them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 16 6 s8kp translate-symaction 0 no one will … cut themselves or shave their heads for them Cutting oneself and shaving one’s head were symbolic actions that expressed strong grief, especially when a loved one died. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 16 7 t3iq figs-parallelism 0 No one must share any food in mourning to comfort them because of the deaths … none must give a comforting cup to his father or his mother These two clauses have a similar meaning. God said basically the same thing twice for emphasis. It was customary to take food or wine to people whose relative had died. Yahweh has removed all comfort from the people because of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 16 7 ae18 figs-metonymy 0 none must give a comforting cup Here the word “cup” represents the drink that the cup holds. Alternate translation: “none must give a comforting drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 16 8 rzm9 0 a banquet house “a house where people are feasting” -JER 16 9 z6t7 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 16 9 hq3r 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 16 9 fxi9 figs-you 0 before your eyes Here the word “your” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. The idiom means that Yahweh will do this where they can see. Alternate translation: “in front of you” or “where you can see” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 16 9 b3s5 figs-idiom 0 in your days This idiom means during their lifetime. Alternate translation: “during your lifetime” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 16 9 lki1 0 the sound of joy and the sound of gladness, the sound of the groom and the sound of the bride See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:34](../07/34.md). -JER 16 11 fq83 figs-parallelism 0 worshiped and bowed down to them The words “bowed down to” mean basically the same thing as “worshiped” and describe the posture that people used in worship. God said essentially the same thing twice for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 16 12 cu97 0 ancestors, for see, each person “ancestors. Look at these people and you will see that each person” -JER 16 12 c169 figs-metaphor 0 walking by the stubbornness of his wicked heart Yahweh speaks of a person’s actions as if the person were walking along a path. Here the word “heart” represents the mind or will. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 11:8](../11/08.md). Alternate translation: “stubbornly doing the wicked things that he wants to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 16 12 qh3g 0 who listens to me “who does what I tell him to do” -JER 16 13 y41b figs-metaphor 0 throw you from this land Yahweh speaks of forcefully removing the people from the land as if he were throwing them from the land. Alternate translation: “force you to leave this land and go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 16 13 e16l figs-merism 0 by day and night The mention of both “day” and “night” means all the time. Alternate translation: “all the time” or “continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 16 14 em2d 0 behold The word “behold” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -JER 16 14 l615 figs-activepassive 0 when it will no longer be said This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when people will no longer say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 16 14 xr81 figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “As surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 16 16 mt7v figs-metaphor 0 I will send for many fishermen … so they will fish the people out Yahweh speaks of enemy armies who will attack and kill the people as if they were fishermen who are catching fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 16 16 mx2n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 16 16 y22w figs-metaphor 0 I will send for many hunters so they will hunt for them among Yahweh speaks of enemy armies who will attack and kill the people as if they were hunters who are hunting animals. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 16 17 l1xj figs-synecdoche 0 my eye is on all their ways Here the word “eye” represents Yahweh who sees all that they do. Alternate translation: “I am watching everything they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 16 17 c7ju figs-activepassive 0 they cannot be hidden from before me Here the word “they” may refer either to the people or to their actions. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they cannot hide from me” or “they cannot hide their ways from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 16 17 f9r8 figs-synecdoche 0 Their iniquity cannot be concealed from before my eyes Here the word “eyes” represents Yahweh who sees. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They cannot conceal their iniquity from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 16 18 tpe4 figs-metaphor 0 for their polluting of my land Yahweh speaks of causing the land to be unacceptable to him as if the people had polluted the land. The words “their polluting” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because they have polluted my land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 16 18 sq29 figs-idiom 0 for their filling my inheritance with their disgusting idols The idiom “to fill” means that they have placed many idols in the land. The words “their filling” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “because they have filled my inheritance with their disgusting idols” or “because their disgusting idols are everywhere in my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 16 18 wkp2 figs-metaphor 0 my inheritance Yahweh speaks of the land as if it were his inheritance that he has claimed as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “the land that is my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 16 19 rt34 0 Yahweh, you are my stronghold Here Jeremiah begins speaking to Yahweh. -JER 16 19 y75t figs-metaphor 0 my stronghold and my refuge, my place of safety Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh as a place where enemies cannot attack him. He repeats the same idea three times. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 16 19 x7cn figs-metonymy 0 The nations will go to you Here the word “nations” represents the people from the nations. Alternate translation: “The people from the nations will go to you” or “The people of the nations will come to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]]) -JER 16 19 nk1x figs-idiom 0 the ends of the earth This is an idiom that means the farthest places on the earth. By referencing both ends, it refers to everywhere in between. Alternate translation: “the farthest places on the earth” or “everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 16 19 c5xl figs-metonymy 0 our ancestors inherited deceit Here the word “deceit” refers to false gods. Alternate translation: “our ancestors inherited nothing but false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 16 19 jrc3 figs-parallelism 0 They are empty; there is no profit in them Here the words “They” and “them” refer to the false gods that the ancestors taught them to believe in. The two phrases mean basically the same thing, with the second explaining how they “are empty.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 16 20 y3fg figs-rquestion 0 Do people make gods for themselves? But they are not gods The people ask this rhetorical question to emphasize that people cannot make gods for themselves. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “People cannot make gods for themselves. The things that they make are not gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 16 21 gwn6 0 Therefore see “Therefore, indeed.” Here Yahweh begins speaking. The word “see” adds emphasis to what follows. -JER 16 21 fz8r 0 I will cause them to know Here the word “them” refers to the people from the nations. Yahweh repeats this phrase for emphasis. -JER 16 21 cs55 figs-metonymy 0 my hand and my power Here the word “hand” refers to power and authority. The two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize Yahweh’s great power. Alternate translation: “my great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 16 21 hl7n figs-metonymy 0 they will know that Yahweh is my name Here the word “name” refers to Yahweh’s entire person. Alternate translation: “they will know that I am Yahweh, the true God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 17 intro l48r 0 # Jeremiah 17 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 17:1-18. This poem is a continuation of 16:19-21, and these should be seen as one section.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Trusting God or humans

Trust is an important part of this chapter. Those who trust in human wisdom will not prosper. Those who trust in God will have all of their needs met. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wise]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Simile

The person who depends on the power of other people is compared to a bush in the desert which always has to struggle for life. But the person who trusts in God is like a tree growing by a stream and has all his needs supplied. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 17 1 f2as writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 17 1 qcz2 figs-metaphor 0 The sin of Judah is written … on the horns of your altars Yahweh speaks of Judah’s sins being so great that they cannot stop committing them as if someone had engraved their sin permanently. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 1 ntb1 figs-activepassive 0 The sin of Judah is written Here the word “Judah” represents the people of Judah. This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has written the sin of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 1 r9u2 figs-activepassive 0 It is engraved This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone has engraved it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 1 t19m figs-synecdoche 0 engraved on the tablet of their hearts The sinful habits of the people are spoken of as if their sins had been engraved on their own hearts. The word “hearts” refers to the whole person: their thoughts, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: “engraved in their very beings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 17 1 gc1k 0 on the horns of your altars The word “horns” refers to the projections on the corners of the altars. -JER 17 3 ve7m figs-doublet 0 your wealth and all your treasures The words “wealth” and “treasures” mean the same thing and refer to anything that they consider valuable. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 17 3 gfz3 0 plunder This refers to things that people steal or take by force. -JER 17 4 mei2 figs-metaphor 0 You will lose the inheritance that I gave to you Yahweh speaks of the land as if it were an inheritance that he had given to the people of Judah as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “You will lose the land that I have given to you as an inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 4 w768 figs-metaphor 0 you have ignited a fire in my wrath, which will burn forever Yahweh speaks of the fierceness of his anger as if his anger were a fire that burns those with whom he is angry. Alternate translation: “you have made me so angry that my anger will be like a fire that will burn forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 5 zp54 figs-activepassive 0 The person who trusts in mankind is accursed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will curse any person who trusts in mankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 5 sd5y figs-metonymy 0 he makes flesh his strength Here the word “flesh” represents humans. Alternate translation: “he depends on mere humans for strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 17 5 f1ec figs-metonymy 0 turns his heart away from Yahweh Here the word “heart” refers to the thoughts and emotions. Alternate translation: “turns his devotion away from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 17 6 wqm5 figs-simile 0 like a small bush The person who trusts in man instead of Yahweh will be like a plant that struggles to survive in an infertile land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 17 6 d8k3 figs-doublet 0 the wilderness, barren land without inhabitants The phrase “barren land without inhabitants” describes and means basically the same thing as “wilderness.” Alternate translation: “the barren wilderness where no person lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 17 8 rs4s figs-simile 0 he will be like a tree planted by water The person who trusts in Yahweh will always prosper, just like a tree does when it is planted by a river. It is not affected when there is no rain. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will be like a tree that someone has planted by water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 8 pf89 figs-personification 0 It will not fear the heat when it comes … It is not anxious in a year of drought Yahweh speaks of a tree that draws its water from a stream being unaffected by heat and drought as if the tree were unafraid of these things. Alternate translation: “The heat will not affect it when it comes … No harm is caused to it in a year of drought” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 17 9 q56q figs-metonymy 0 The heart is more deceitful Here the word “heart” refers to the minds and thoughts of people. Alternate translation: “The human mind is more deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 17 9 h5pr figs-rquestion 0 who can understand it? The speaker uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that no one can understand the human heart. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “no one can understand it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 17 10 per1 figs-metonymy 0 who tests the hearts Here the word “hearts” represents the emotions. Alternate translation: “who tests the emotions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 17 10 zu1h figs-metaphor 0 according to his ways Here a person’s behavior is spoken of as if it were the paths along which he walks. Alternate translation: “according to how he lives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 10 hlu7 figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of his deeds Here the results of a person’s actions are spoken of as if they were fruit. Alternate translation: “what he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 11 r1bc 0 A partridge hatches an egg … become rich unjustly This analogy of a bird that hatches another bird’s eggs is meant to illustrate a rich man who makes his money by robbing others. -JER 17 11 j8my figs-idiom 0 when half his days are over Here the word “days” stands for someone’s entire life. Alternate translation: “when he has lived only half of his life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 17 11 t4k5 figs-personification 0 those riches will abandon him The riches are spoken of as if they were servants who would abandon their owner. Alternate translation: “he will lose his wealth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 17 11 wwb2 0 in the end “at the end of his life” -JER 17 12 c58h figs-metaphor 0 The place of our temple is a glorious throne Jeremiah speaks of the temple being a “glorious throne” because it is there that Yahweh dwells and rules. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 12 mmb5 0 The place of our temple This refers to Mount Zion in Jerusalem. -JER 17 13 j27x 0 All who abandon you Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh. -JER 17 13 tkv3 figs-activepassive 0 those in the land who turn away from you will be written in the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will write in the dust those in the land who turn away from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 13 e5ej figs-metaphor 0 will be written in the earth This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of people dying and being forgotten as if someone writes their names in the dust, and those names quickly disappear. Alternate translation: “will disappear like names that someone writes in the dust” or (2) the word “earth” is a metonym for the place of the dead. The phrase is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of people going to the place of the dead as if someone enrolled their names in the records of those who have died. Alternate translation: “will join those in the place of the dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 17 13 vf2c figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, the fountain of living waters Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh being the source of life as if he were a fountain of living waters. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, who is like a fountain of living waters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 13 pj3q figs-metaphor 0 the fountain of living waters Jeremiah speaks of fresh, running water as if it were living water. Alternate translation: “the fountain of fresh, running water” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 14 emc7 figs-activepassive 0 I will be healed … I will be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you really will have healed me … you really will have rescued me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 14 t5hz 0 For you are my song of praise This could mean: (1) “For you are the one whom I praise” or (2) “For you are the reason I sing praise.” -JER 17 15 c8ap 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -JER 17 15 kn8p 0 they are saying to me Here the word “me” refers to Jeremiah and the word “they” to his enemies. -JER 17 15 qef1 figs-rquestion 0 Where is the word of Yahweh? The people use this question to ridicule Jeremiah because the things that he said had not yet happened. It can also be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Where are the things that Yahweh told you would happen?” or “The things that Yahweh told you would happen have not happened.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 17 15 s66x 0 Let it come “Let what Yahweh has said happen” -JER 17 16 dye9 figs-metaphor 0 I did not run from being a shepherd following you Jeremiah speaks of leading and caring for the people as if he were a shepherd caring for sheep. He speaks of his abandoning that work as if he were running away from it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 16 vlg8 0 I did not long for “I did not desire” -JER 17 16 m8x1 figs-synecdoche 0 the proclamations that came from my lips Here the word “lips” represents Jeremiah who spoke. The word “proclamations” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “the proclamations that I spoke” or “the things that I proclaimed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 17 16 hkb7 figs-activepassive 0 They were made This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I made them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 17 q4lu figs-metaphor 0 You are my refuge Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh as a place where enemies cannot attack him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 17 ls2i 0 on the day of calamity “in times of calamity” -JER 17 18 p168 figs-activepassive 0 May my pursuers be ashamed, but do not let me be ashamed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Bring shame on my pursuers, but do not bring shame on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 18 us8n figs-parallelism 0 May they be dismayed, but do not let me be dismayed This phrase means basically the same thing as the previous one and adds emphasis to Jeremiah’s prayer. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Make them very afraid, but do not make me afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 18 xrc7 figs-metaphor 0 shatter them with a double share of destruction Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh destroying his enemies as if they were objects that Yahweh would shatter. The idiom “a double share” means to give twice as much. Alternate translation: “shatter them with complete destruction” or “destroy them twice as much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 17 19 ab1v figs-ellipsis 0 then in all the other gates of Jerusalem The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “then go and stand in all the other gates of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 17 21 jye6 0 for the sake of your lives “to protect your lives” -JER 17 23 cu16 figs-doublet 0 They did not listen or pay attention These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the people refused to listen. Alternate translation: “They refused to listen” or “They refused to obey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 17 23 ksk9 figs-metaphor 0 stiffened their neck Jeremiah speaks of the people being stubborn as if they had made their necks stiff and unmovable. Alternate translation: “became stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 17 25 i3jj figs-metonymy 0 those who sit on David’s throne Here the throne that the king of Judah sits on is represented as “David’s throne.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 13:13](../13/13.md). Alternate translation: “those who sit on Judah’s throne” or “the kings of the nation of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 17 25 r4s3 figs-activepassive 0 this city will be inhabited forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will inhabit this city forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 17 27 xjp9 0 I will light a fire in its gates “I will set the gates of Jerusalem on fire” -JER 17 27 r5tg figs-activepassive 0 it cannot be put out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people cannot put it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 18 intro z3ii 0 # Jeremiah 18 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 18:13-17, 19-23.

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Attacking Jeremiah
Things were so bad in Judah, they even attacked Jeremiah. To attack Yahweh’s prophet was to attack Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Simile

Like a potter can change what he is making from one type of pot to another, God can change his plans and not punish people if they repent. The image of God as a potter and mankind as clay is an important one in Scripture. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 18 1 ad7f figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said, ‘Arise” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah: ‘Arise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 18 2 ww5x 0 the potter’s house “the workshop of the potter.” A potter is someone who makes pots from clay. -JER 18 3 z9ps 0 behold! The word “behold” alerts us to a new person in the story. Your language may have a way of doing this. -JER 18 3 x9yr 0 on the potter’s wheel The potter’s wheel is a small table that spins. A potter uses it to make pots. -JER 18 4 j5pm figs-activepassive 0 the pot he was making from the clay was spoiled in the potter’s hand The word “spoiled” means that something about the pot made the potter unhappy. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the pot that the potter was making with his hands was not good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 18 4 ffd2 0 was making “was forming” or “was shaping” -JER 18 4 qs6u 0 he returned the clay and formed it into another pot He stopped making the pot, crushed the clay back into a lump, and then used that lump of clay to make another pot. -JER 18 4 kd4f figs-metonymy 0 that was pleasing in his eyes Here the word “eyes” represents sight and sight represents one’s opinion. Alternate translation: “that he thought was good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 18 5 gj6x figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 18 6 y4ia figs-rquestion 0 Should I not be able to act like this potter with you, house of Israel? With this question, Yahweh emphasizes his authority to do as he pleases with Israel. Alternate translation: “I am allowed to act toward you, house of Israel, like the potter acts toward the clay.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 18 6 j2v5 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “kingdom of Israel” or “people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 18 6 elt6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 18 6 zg76 0 Behold “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important” -JER 18 6 uzq5 figs-simile 0 Like clay in a potter’s hand—that is how you are in my hand Yahweh compares his being able to remake Israel as he see fit to the way that the potter is able to remake a lump of clay as he sees fit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 18 7 jk3p figs-doublet 0 tear it down, or destroy it These two expressions basically mean the same thing. In the first expression, Yahweh speaks of destroying a kingdom as if the kingdom were a plant or a building that he tears down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 8 lnu4 0 relent from “withhold” or “not bring” -JER 18 9 n3us figs-doublet 0 build it up or plant it These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of strengthening kingdoms as if they were buildings that he would build, and as if they were plants that he would plant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 10 q9ah figs-metonymy 0 if it does evil in my eyes Here the word “it” refers to a nation or kingdom, which is a metonym for the people in that nation or kingdom. The word “eyes” represents seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “if the people of that nation do things that I consider to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 10 u2ti figs-metonymy 0 not listening to my voice Here the word “voice” represents the words that Yahweh speaks. Here, “not listening” is an idiom that means that they do not obey. Alternate translation: “not obeying what I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 18 11 h8xz 0 See This tells the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 18 11 tj92 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to form disaster against you. I am about to devise a plan against you Yahweh speaks of planning disaster as if disaster were an object that he forms, like the potter would form clay. The second sentence repeats the same idea as the first using different words. Alternate translation: “I am about to devise a plan to bring disaster against you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 18 11 v6ut 0 devise a plan “make a plan” -JER 18 11 me21 figs-metaphor 0 his wicked way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 11 w5eq figs-doublet 0 so your ways and your practices will bring good to you The words “ways” and “practices” both refer to a person’s actions and general lifestyle. Alternate translation: “so your actions will result in good happening to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 18 12 fq15 0 But they will say The word “they” refers to the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem. -JER 18 12 nmb4 figs-idiom 0 This is no use Here, this idiom could mean: (1) the people do not care about what Jeremiah will say to them. Alternate translation: “We do not care what you say” or (2) The people do not think that anything good will come of what Jeremiah tells them to do. Alternate translation: “What you are saying will not work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 18 12 yc7y figs-metonymy 0 what his evil, stubborn heart desires Here the word “heart” represents the person’s mind or will. Alternate translation: “what his evil, stubborn mind desires” or “whatever evil things that we stubbornly want to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 18 13 w781 figs-rquestion 0 Ask the nations, who has ever heard of such a thing as this? Here the word “nations” represents the people in the nations. Yahweh asks this question to scold the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “Ask the nations if any of them have ever heard of such a thing as this.” or “Nowhere on earth has anyone ever heard of such a thing like this.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 18 13 vta7 figs-personification 0 The virgin Israel has committed a horrible act It was common to refer to nations as if they were women. Yahweh speaks of Israel being pure and faithful towards him as if she were a virgin and of Israel being unfaithful to him as if she had “committed a horrible act.” Alternate translation: “Israel, who is like a virgin, has done something horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 14 bbi9 figs-rquestion 0 Does the snow in Lebanon ever leave the rocky hills on its sides? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the snow on the mountains never melts. Alternate translation: “The snow in Lebanon never leaves the rocky hills on its sides.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 18 14 pn6p 0 the rocky hills on its sides “the sides of the rocky hills” -JER 18 14 utv2 figs-rquestion 0 Are the mountain streams coming from far away ever destroyed, those cold streams? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that the mountain streams never cease to flow. He speaks of the streams drying up as if they were destroyed. Alternate translation: “Those cold mountain streams that come from far away never cease to flow.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 15 k5st figs-metaphor 0 been made to stumble in their paths Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a path along which he walks, and of living unfaithfully to him as if the person stumbled along the path. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “this caused them to stumble in their paths” or “it is like they stumbled while walking on a path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 18 15 x24p figs-metaphor 0 they have left the ancient paths to walk lesser paths Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a path along which he walks. Here, “the ancient paths” represents the way that Yahweh had told their ancestors to live and “lesser paths” represents living unfaithfully to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 16 qh44 figs-abstractnouns 0 will become a horror The word “horror” may be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “will become something that horrifies people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 18 16 g6ye 0 an object of everlasting hissing The word “hissing” refers to a sound that shows strong disapproval and can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “an object at which people will always hiss” -JER 18 16 mx2e 0 passes by her Here the word “her” refers to “Their land.” -JER 18 17 n6hk figs-metaphor 0 I will scatter them before their enemies like an eastern wind Yahweh speaks of causing the people to flee before their enemies as if he were an eastern wind that scatters dust and debris. Alternate translation: “I will be like an eastern wind and scatter them before their enemies” or “I will scatter them before their enemies like an eastern wind scatters dust and debris” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 17 n2xm 0 will scatter them Here the word “them” refers to “my people.” -JER 18 17 mn5a translate-symaction 0 I will show them my back, and not my face “I will turn my back toward them, and not my face.” Turning one’s back towards someone is a symbolic action that represents rejection and turning one’s face towards someone is a symbolic action that represents favor. Alternate translation: “I will reject them and not act favorably towards them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 18 18 vh9w 0 let us make plots against Jeremiah “let us make plans to harm Jeremiah” -JER 18 18 cf4s figs-ellipsis 0 the law will never perish from the priests, or advice from the wise men, or words from the prophets The words “will never perish” can be supplied to each of these phrases. This can also be expressed in positive terms. Alternate translation: “the law will never perish from the priests, and advice will never perish from the wise men, and words will never perish from the prophets” or “the priests will always have the law, the wise men will always give advice, and the prophets will always speak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 18 18 f353 figs-explicit 0 words from the prophets Here “words” represents messages that the prophets speak from Yahweh. Alternate translation: “words of Yahweh from the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 18 18 ay55 figs-metaphor 0 attack him with our words The people speak of speaking harmful words against Jeremiah as if their words were weapons with which they attack him. Alternate translation: “say things that will harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 19 u46b 0 Pay attention to me Here Jeremiah begins speaking to Yahweh. -JER 18 20 p988 figs-rquestion 0 Will disaster from them really be my reward for being good to them? Jeremiah asks this question to emphasize that good actions should not be repaid with bad things. Alternate translation: “Disaster from them should not be my reward for being good to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 18 20 t4h5 figs-metaphor 0 they have dug a pit for me Jeremiah speaks of his enemies planning to kill him as if they had dug a pit in which to trap him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 20 p3xy figs-metonymy 0 to cause your fury to turn away from them Here the word “fury” represents the punishment that Yahweh intended to inflict upon them. Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh not punishing them as if he were turning his fury away from them. Alternate translation: “so that you would not punish them in your anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 21 xrk4 figs-idiom 0 give their children over to famine The idiom “give over” means to place a person in the power of another person. Jeremiah speaks of “famine” as if it were a person who could have power over others. Alternate translation: “cause their children to die from famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 18 21 x3mp figs-metonymy 0 give them to the hands of those who use the sword Here the word “hands” represents power. Alternate translation: “cause those who use the sword to have power over them” or “cause them to die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 18 21 c2vn 0 let their women become bereaved and widows “let the children and husbands of their women die.” The word “bereaved” refers to a woman whose children have all died. -JER 18 21 yp4k figs-ellipsis 0 their men be killed The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people kill their men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 18 21 gz9s figs-ellipsis 0 their young men killed by the sword in battle The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people kill their young men with swords in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 18 22 nj6w figs-activepassive 0 Let a distressed shout be heard The phrase “a distressed shout” can be translated with a verbal phrase. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Let people hear a distressed shout” or “Let people hear others shout in distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 18 22 zdc2 figs-parallelism 0 For they have dug a pit to capture me and have hidden traps for my feet These two phrases share similar meanings. Jeremiah speaks of his enemies planning to kill him as if they had dug a pit for him to fall into and set traps in which to capture him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 18 22 l4rh 0 they have dug a pit See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:20](../18/20.md). -JER 18 22 pxk9 figs-synecdoche 0 have hidden traps for my feet Here the word “feet” represents Jeremiah. Alternate translation: “have hidden traps for me” or “have hidden traps for me to step on” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 18 23 yh1m figs-parallelism 0 Do not wipe their sins away from you Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh forgiving his enemies’ sins as if someone had written their sins down and Yahweh would erase them. This phrase means the same thing as the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Do not pardon their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 18 23 fin3 figs-activepassive 0 let them be overthrown before you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “let people overthrow them in your presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 18 23 jrr6 figs-abstractnouns 0 in the time of your wrath The word “wrath” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “when you are still angry with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 19 intro e68t 0 # Jeremiah 19 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### People horrified

The destruction of Jerusalem will be so complete that it will leave dead bodies everywhere and horrify people who see it. -JER 19 2 r77q 0 Valley of Ben Hinnom This is the name of a valley south of the city of Jerusalem, where people sacrificed to false gods. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). -JER 19 3 lse3 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 19 3 tn4j 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 19 3 wu9y figs-idiom 0 the ears of everyone who hears of it will tingle Here “ears … will tingle” is an idiom that means everyone will be shocked by what they hear. Alternate translation: “it will shock everyone who hears of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 19 3 w8jh 0 will tingle This could mean: (1) “will ring” or (2) “will quiver.” -JER 19 4 i11f 0 they have abandoned me Here the word “they” refers to the people of Judah. -JER 19 4 h6hz figs-metonymy 0 filled this place with innocent blood Here “innocent blood” represents the murder of innocent people. Yahweh speaks of murdering many people as filling a place with blood. Alternate translation: “murdered many innocent people in this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 19 5 hi1p figs-metonymy 0 nor did it enter my mind Here the word “mind” refers to Yahweh’s thoughts. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). Alternate translation: “nor did I ever think about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 19 6 h15q 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 19 6 r6da figs-activepassive 0 this place will no longer be called This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will no longer call this place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 19 6 n996 0 Topheth … the Valley of Ben Hinnom … the Valley of Slaughter See how you translated the names of these places in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). -JER 19 7 mk3z figs-idiom 0 I will make them to fall by the sword before their enemies The idiom “to fall by the sword” means to die in battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will enable their enemies to kill them with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 19 7 l3wj 0 I will make them The word “them” refers to the people of Judah and Jerusalem. -JER 19 7 hl7t figs-ellipsis 0 by the hand of the ones seeking their lives The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. The idiom “fall … by the hand of” means to be killed by someone, with the word “hand” representing the whole person. Alternate translation: “I will enable those who want to kill them to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 19 8 qfw1 figs-abstractnouns 0 the object of hissing The word “hissing” refers to a sound that shows strong disapproval and can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “an object at which people hiss” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 19 9 x4ye 0 I will make them eat “I will make the people who live in Jerusalem eat” -JER 19 9 gu5g 0 in the siege “because of the siege” -JER 19 9 jy23 figs-activepassive 0 and in the anguish brought on them by their enemies and the ones seeking their lives This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because their enemies and those who are seeking their lives have brought anguish upon them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 19 10 ck5z figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the men who went with you The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the men who went with you are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 19 11 vi9r 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 19 11 uis2 figs-activepassive 0 it could not be repaired again This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can repair it again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 19 13 l6aa figs-ellipsis 0 of the kings of Judah The words “the houses” may be supplied here. Alternate translation: “the houses of the kings of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 19 13 u9v5 figs-metaphor 0 the unclean people People who are not acceptable for God’s purposes are spoken of as if they were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 19 15 ut7s 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 19 15 d4pr 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 19 15 rv5y figs-parallelism 0 stiffened their neck and refused to listen These two phrases both speak of the people being stubborn. In the first phrase, Yahweh speaks of the people being stubborn as if they had made their necks stiff. Alternate translation: “stubbornly refused to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 20 intro apn5 0 # Jeremiah 20 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 20:7-18.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Pashhur
This chapter prophesied punishment against a specific leader named Pashhur. He was in charge of protecting the temple and had Jeremiah beaten and arrested. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])

### Jeremiah’s reaction
Jeremiah’s reaction contrasts with the reaction of the Jews in general. Although Jeremiah was not happy with Yahweh’s actions, he still trusted in Yahweh. On the other hand, the Jews were not happy with the prophecies Yahweh gave to Jeremiah, so they beat the prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -JER 20 1 l4ka writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 20 1 xjd1 translate-names 0 Pashhur … Immer These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 20 2 h7fz figs-metonymy 0 Pashhur beat Jeremiah This could mean: (1) that Pashhur himself beat Jeremiah or (2) that Pashhur ordered other men to beat Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 20 2 rg2f 0 stocks Stocks are a wooden frame with holes in it that people use to lock up a prisoner’s hands, feet, and head. -JER 20 2 yc2r 0 Upper Gate of Benjamin This gate is different from the gate in the city wall that shared the same name. -JER 20 3 wf2c 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 20 3 pwz5 translate-names 0 you are Magor Missabib This name means “terror on every side” or “surrounded by terror.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 20 4 a8gs 0 Look, This word adds emphasis to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -JER 20 4 ebi2 figs-idiom 0 they will fall by the sword of their enemies The idiom “fall by the sword” means that they will die in battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their enemies will kill them with swords” or “their enemies will kill them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 4 xmk6 figs-synecdoche 0 your eyes will see it Here the word “eyes” represents Pashhur. Alternate translation: “you will see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 20 4 n4ua figs-metonymy 0 I will give all of Judah into the hand of the king of Babylon Here the word “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “I will enable the king of Babylon to conquer all of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 20 5 hbk2 0 I will give him Here the word “him” refers to the king of Babylon. -JER 20 5 kd4g figs-parallelism 0 all the wealth … all of its riches, all of its precious items and all the treasures Yahweh repeats the same basic idea four times for emphasis. Babylon will take away all the wealth of Israel, including the king’s possessions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 20 5 j1gs figs-metonymy 0 I will place these things in the hand of your enemies Placing things in people’s hands represents giving thing to the people or allowing the people to take the things. Alternate translation: “I will give these things to your enemies” or “I will allow your enemies to take possession of these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 20 6 i5vn figs-activepassive 0 You and all of your loved ones to whom you prophesied deceitful things will be buried there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “There, people will bury you and all of your loved ones to whom you prophesied deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 7 sx22 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to Yahweh. -JER 20 7 xwv7 0 Yahweh, you deceived me, and I was deceived Some modern versions interpret these Hebrew expressions as “Yahweh, you persuaded me, and I was indeed persuaded.” -JER 20 7 np4x figs-activepassive 0 I was deceived This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you deceived me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 7 r6kv figs-parallelism 0 I have become a laughingstock all day long; everyone mocks me These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the way others mock him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 20 7 r3gc 0 laughingstock This is a person whom others laugh at and make fun of. -JER 20 8 dqv6 figs-doublet 0 called out and proclaimed These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that he proclaimed Yahweh’s message boldly. Alternate translation: “openly proclaimed” or “proclaimed loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 20 8 bd79 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s word has become for me reproach and mocking every day Here “word” refers to the message of Yahweh. The words “reproach” and “mocking” can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “people reproach and mock me every day because I proclaim Yahweh’s message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 20 8 t4n7 figs-doublet 0 for me reproach and mocking The words “reproach” and “mocking” mean basically the same thing and emphasize that people have ridiculed Jeremiah for proclaiming Yahweh’s message. Alternate translation: “a reason for people to ridicule me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 20 9 bs6s figs-metonymy 0 I will not speak any longer in his name This could mean: (1) “I will never mention Yahweh or say anything about him” or (2) the word “name” represents authority. Alternate translation: “I will no longer speak as his messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 20 9 a3zh figs-synecdoche 0 it is like a fire in my heart, held within my bones Here the words “heart” and “bones” represent Jeremiah’s innermost being. Jeremiah speaks of being unable to not speak Yahweh’s message as if Yahweh’s message were a fire that burns within him. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s word is like a fire that burns deep within me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 20 10 tf3t 0 Report! We must report it Jeremiah’s enemies say these words. -JER 20 10 x8mp figs-metaphor 0 watch to see if I will fall Jeremiah speaks of his enemies waiting for him to do something wrong for which they might accuse him as if they were watching for him to fall down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 20 10 zz5y 0 Perhaps he can be tricked … take our revenge on him Jeremiah’s enemies say these words. -JER 20 10 i3zl figs-activepassive 0 Perhaps he can be tricked This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Perhaps we can trick him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 11 zzb4 figs-simile 0 Yahweh is with me like a powerful warrior Jeremiah compares Yahweh helping him and defending him against his enemies to a powerful warrior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 20 11 yi4y figs-metaphor 0 so the ones pursuing me will stagger Jeremiah speaks of his enemies trying to harm him as if they were chasing after him and of their failing to harm him as if they were to stagger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 20 11 a96t figs-activepassive 0 They will be greatly ashamed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will bring great shame upon them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 11 uvt7 figs-activepassive 0 it will never be forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will never forget it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 12 m8yj figs-metonymy 0 see the mind and the heart The word “mind” is a metonym for what a person thinks and decides, and the word “heart” is a metonym for what a person feels and desires. Alternate translation: “know every person’s thoughts and feelings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 20 13 g8hc figs-metonymy 0 those who are oppressed from the hand of evildoers Here the word “hand” represents power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom evildoers oppress with their power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 14 z188 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking to Yahweh. -JER 20 14 rdr5 figs-activepassive 0 Let the day when I was born be cursed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Curse the day I was born” or “Let people curse the day when I was born” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 14 n6m1 figs-activepassive 0 Do not let the day that my mother bore me be blessed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Do not bless the day that my mother bore me” or “Do not let people bless the day that my mother bore me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 15 se5g figs-activepassive 0 Let the man who informed my father be cursed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Curse the man who informed my father” or “Let people curse the man who informed my father” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 20 16 r8ir 0 that man This refers to the man who informed Jeremiah’s father of Jeremiah’s birth. -JER 20 16 p6vf 0 the cities that Yahweh overthrew This refers to Sodom and Gomorrah. -JER 20 16 l3tc 0 he did not have compassion Here the word “he” refers to Yahweh. -JER 20 16 ucg7 0 Let him hear a cry for help Here the word “him” refers to “that man.” -JER 20 17 j5v9 figs-metaphor 0 making my mother to be my tomb Jeremiah speaks of his dying while his mother was still pregnant with him as if his mother’s womb were his tomb. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 20 17 z5dt figs-metaphor 0 a womb that was pregnant forever Jeremiah speaks of his pregnant mother never giving birth to the baby in her womb as if she had been pregnant forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 20 18 zc9e figs-rquestion 0 Why is it that I came out from the womb to see troubles and agony … shame? Jeremiah uses this rhetorical question to complain that there was no good reason for him to be born. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There was no reason for me to be born only to see troubles and agony … shame.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 20 18 szf6 figs-doublet 0 to see troubles and agony The words “troubles” and “agony” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the amount and severity of suffering. Alternate translation: “to experience so much suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 20 18 fz2s figs-synecdoche 0 my days are filled with shame Here the word “days” represents all the days of Jeremiah’s life. Alternate translation: “my life is filled with shame” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 21 intro d7pt 0 # Jeremiah 21 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 21:12-14.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Jerusalem doomed

God will fight against Jerusalem and will use the nation of Babylon to fight his battle. If the Jews wanted to live, they needed to surrender to Babylon. Most of the Jews would have rather died than to surrender to Babylon. Usually, fighting against a Gentile nation was a sign of trust in Yahweh’s power. In this instance, it was a sign of trust in Yahweh to surrender. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]]) -JER 21 1 tf6j figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke a message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 21 1 ur9x 0 Pashhur This is not the same Pashhur that was mentioned in [Jeremiah 20:1](../20/01.md). -JER 21 1 ad5j translate-names 0 Pashhur … Malkijah … Maaseiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 21 1 zpe3 0 and they said “Pashhur and Zephaniah said to Jeremiah” -JER 21 2 q4d4 0 Seek advice from Yahweh on our behalf … making war on us This was a polite, but urgent request. Alternate translation: “Please speak to Yahweh for us … attacking us” -JER 21 2 z5nz 0 as in times past “as he did in the past” -JER 21 2 s62n 0 will make him withdraw from us “will make him go away” -JER 21 4 leg9 0 See This tells the hearer to pay special attention to what follows. -JER 21 4 ax9r 0 turn back This could mean: (1) to make useless or (2) to send back into the city. -JER 21 4 rb48 figs-metonymy 0 the instruments of war that are in your hand This could mean: (1) the instruments of war refers to the soldiers who carry them and “hand” represents control. Alternate translation: “the soldiers that you command” or (2) the instruments of war are literal weapons and “your hand” represent both the king and his soldiers. Alternate translation: “the weapons that you and your soldiers carry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 21 4 a79u 0 Chaldeans This term here is another name for the Babylonians. -JER 21 4 xk9a 0 closing you in “coming close to you” -JER 21 4 cju6 0 I will gather them This could mean: (1) Yahweh will allow the Babylonians to enter the city or (2) Yahweh will cause the Israelites to bring their weapons back into the center of the city. -JER 21 5 hc2w figs-rpronouns 0 Then I myself This is emphatic and stresses that Yahweh is the one who will do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 21 5 jrm2 figs-idiom 0 with a raised hand and a strong arm Both of these phrases are idiomatic expressions that refer to great power. Alternate translation: “with very great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 21 5 f3ic figs-doublet 0 with wrath, fury, and great anger These words all mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the great intensity of his anger. Alternate translation: “with extremely great anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 21 6 c5rg 0 inhabitants of this city “those who live in Jerusalem” -JER 21 7 k4qv figs-metonymy 0 the sword Here this refers to the battle in which swords are used. Alternate translation: “the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 7 ziv3 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand Here “hand” refers to the power of their enemies over them. Alternate translation: “into the power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 7 vgu8 figs-parallelism 0 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon … their enemies … those seeking their life All of these phrases refer to Nebuchadnezzar and his army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 21 7 z1zk 0 seeking their life “wanting to kill them” -JER 21 7 equ4 figs-metonymy 0 with the edge of the sword This could mean: (1) this is a metonym for death in battle. Alternate translation: “in battle” or (2) they will be killed by literal swords. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 7 j95p figs-doublet 0 He will not pity them, spare them, or have compassion These three phrases have the same meaning and emphasize that Nebuchadnezzar will deal severely with them. Alternate translation: “He will not show them any mercy or compassion at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 21 8 uz34 0 this people “the people of Jerusalem” -JER 21 8 k2vf 0 I am about to place before you the way of life and the way of death Yahweh is offering the people of Jerusalem a choice that will determine whether they live or die. -JER 21 9 uw2k figs-metonymy 0 by the sword, famine, and plague Death by the sword refers to death in battle. Alternate translation: “in battle and by famine and plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 9 fn95 translate-symaction 0 falling on his knees before This symbolic act represents surrender. Alternate translation: “surrendering to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 21 9 g472 0 closed in against you “attacked you from all sides” -JER 21 9 as7l 0 He will escape with his life The one who surrenders to the Babylonians will escape with his life, even though he will lose all his possessions. -JER 21 10 s4dv figs-idiom 0 I have set my face against this city This idiom means he “firmly decided.” Alternate translation: “I have made up my mind to oppose this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 21 10 e61c 0 have set my face against “am staring angrily at” -JER 21 10 wwu1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 21 10 jk2w figs-activepassive 0 It has been given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have given it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 21 10 sef1 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of the king Here “hand” represents the power of the king to destroy the city. Alternate translation: “into the power of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 11 u3ev 0 Concerning the house of the king of Judah, listen to the word of Yahweh This may serve as a title for 21:12 - 23:8. Alternate translation: “Listen to what Yahweh says about the king of Judah, his family, and his servants” -JER 21 11 l7p3 figs-metonymy 0 the house of the king of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to king and his family. Alternate translation: “the king of Judah and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 12 nl9b figs-metonymy 0 House of David This refers to the same people as “the house of the king of Judah.” All of the kings of Judah were descendants of David. Alternate translation: “Descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 12 s22h figs-abstractnouns 0 Bring about justice in the morning The abstract noun “justice” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “Always treat the people whom you rule over fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 21 12 l5bg figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the oppressor Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “the power of the one who oppresses them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 21 12 bpj8 figs-metaphor 0 my fury will go out like fire and burn Here Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if it was a fire that would burn up those who did evil. Alternate translation: “I will punish and destroy you in my anger quickly and completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 21 12 ph8p figs-metaphor 0 there is no one who can quench it Jeremiah continues the simile of Yahweh’s punishment as a fire that was so hot that no one could put it out with water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 21 13 a8zt 0 See This alerts whoever is hearing to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” -JER 21 13 qie5 0 inhabitant of the valley This could mean: (1) this may refer to Jerusalem, which was located above a valley, because “inhabitant” is singular and feminine, as is Jerusalem or (2) this is directed to another city or group of people. Most versions leave the original form rather than specifying the city. -JER 21 13 h96i 0 I am against “I oppose” or “I am going to punish” -JER 21 13 dxt4 figs-rquestion 0 Who will come down to attack us?…Who will enter our houses? These questions are used to state their confidence that they can resist attack. Alternate translation: “No one will attack us!…No one will enter our houses!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 21 14 uf3g figs-metaphor 0 I have assigned the fruit of your practices to come against you The result of their evil deeds is spoken of as fruit which grew from those practices. Alternate translation: “I will punish you as you deserve because of the things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 21 14 nf8v figs-metaphor 0 in the thickets This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for the columns of wood that supported the palace or (2) these are literal patches of brush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 intro in1u 0 # Jeremiah 22 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 22:6-10, 13-28, 28-30.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Luxury and oppression

Because the king lived in luxury and oppressed the poor, God was sending him and his mother into captivity unless he repented. The king lacked justice. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/oppress]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]]) -JER 22 1 z5bz 0 the house of the king of Judah “the palace of the king of Judah.” The word “house” has a range of possible meanings. In this case it refers to the royal palace where the king lived. -JER 22 1 qfg5 0 proclaim this word “proclaim this message” -JER 22 2 qj9k figs-explicit 0 your people who come through these gates These gates are the gates of the king’s palace. Alternate translation: “your people who come to visit the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 22 3 qb4x figs-abstractnouns 0 Perform justice and righteousness The abstract nouns “justice” and “righteousness can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “Act fairly and justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 22 3 m8e5 0 anyone who has been robbed—rescue him from the hand of the oppressor “rescue anyone who has been robbed from the hand of the oppressor” -JER 22 3 y9er figs-metonymy 0 the hand of the oppressor Here “the hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “the power of the oppressor” or “the one who would harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 3 m38q 0 Do not mistreat “Do not treat badly” -JER 22 3 z2z9 0 orphan a child who does not have parents -JER 22 3 b6c5 figs-idiom 0 Do not … pour out innocent blood Here “pour out … blood” is associated with murder, and “blood” refers to the murdered people. Alternate translation: “Do not … murder innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 22 3 t9h8 0 in this place This could mean: (1) Jerusalem or (2) the whole country of Judah. This does not imply that it is good to murder people in other places. -JER 22 4 f37x figs-metonymy 0 kings sitting on David’s throne The metonym “throne” refers to kingly authority like David had. Alternate translation: “kings, ruling like David before them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 4 vfy3 0 the gates of this house This refers to the gates to the courtyard of the palace. -JER 22 4 l5m1 figs-metonymy 0 riding in a chariot and on horses This phrase is a metonym that describes the kings as powerful and wealthy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 4 rx2m figs-ellipsis 0 he, his servants, and his people This sentence lists all who will be powerful and wealthy. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “he, his servants, and his people will ride into the palace on chariots and horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 22 5 zef9 0 if you do not listen to “if you refuse to pay attention to” or “if you do not obey” -JER 22 5 w37m 0 this royal house This phrase here appears to refer specifically to the royal palace. -JER 22 6 hfy3 figs-metonymy 0 the house of the king of Judah This could mean: (1) this refers to the royal palace where the king lived or (2) “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, who were the royal line of the kings of Judah. Alternate translation: “the royal dynasty of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 6 v879 figs-simile 0 You are like Gilead, or like the summit of Lebanon This could mean: (1) “You are as beautiful as Gilead or the summit of Lebanon” or (2) “You give me as much pleasure as Gilead or the summit of Lebanon.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 22 6 ahd6 figs-metaphor 0 turn you into a wilderness What was formerly beautiful is said to become bare and deserted. Alternate translation: “cause you to become empty like the desert” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 7 wcw6 0 I have designated destroyers to come against you “I have chosen an army to attack you” -JER 22 7 d1mn figs-metaphor 0 the best of your cedars This could mean: (1) the beams of the palace or (2) the leading men of the royal family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 7 wb7h figs-metaphor 0 fall into the fire This could mean: (1) a literal fire that will burn the palace beams or (2) the destruction of the royal family is spoken of as if they were burned in a fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 8 t15z figs-synecdoche 0 Then many nations will pass by this city Here “nations” refers to the people from those nations that pass by. Alternate translation: “Then many people from various nations will pass by this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 22 9 a4v3 figs-doublet 0 bowed down to other gods and worshiped them These two phrases mean the same thing. The phrase “bowed down” describes the posture that people used in worship. Alternate translation: “they worshiped other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 22 10 mwb9 0 General Information: Yahweh has shifted from addressing the King of Judah and is now speaking to a general audience. -JER 22 10 n3gc 0 the one who is dead This is singular, and refers to King Josiah who had been killed. -JER 22 10 nz1s 0 him who is about to go away This refers to King Jehoahaz who was taken into exile in Egypt. -JER 22 10 mc5c 0 never return and see his native land “never come back and see the land of Israel again” or “never see his homeland again” -JER 22 11 gm4b translate-names 0 Jehoahaz The name in Hebrew is “Shallum,” but he is better known as Jehoahaz. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 22 11 rw5q 0 who served as king instead of Josiah his father “who became king when his father, Josiah, died” -JER 22 13 qz4r 0 him who builds … his upper rooms … who makes … for him … he does not give The words “him” and “his” and “who” and “he” refer to King Jehoahaz (verse 11). -JER 22 13 qb7j figs-doublet 0 builds his house by unrighteousness, his upper rooms by injustice The abstract nouns “unrighteousness” and “injustice” have similar meanings, are repeated for emphasis, and can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “unjustly forced men to build his house and his upper rooms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 22 13 rzx8 figs-metonymy 0 his house The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jehoahaz (verse 11) and his family. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 13 b5uz 0 him his wages This refers to any of the neighbors of King Jehoahaz (verse 11) whom the king forces to work. -JER 22 14 m567 0 he says … he cuts … he panels … he paints These refer to King Jehoahaz (verse 11). -JER 22 14 ub8w 0 a large house with spacious upper rooms … large windows … cedar … red These characteristics all describe a very expensive house. -JER 22 15 ag7u figs-rquestion 0 Is this what makes you a good king, that you wanted to have boards of cedar? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to rebuke Jehoiakim for his expensive palace. Alternate translation: “Having a cedar palace does not make you a good king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 22 15 b88r figs-rquestion 0 Did not your father also eat and drink, yet do … righteousness? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to remind Jehoiakim about the example of his father, King Josiah. Alternate translation: “Your father King Josiah enjoyed his life, yet did … righteousness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 22 15 y86v figs-doublet 0 do justice and righteousness These abstract nouns have similar meanings, are repeated for emphasis and can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “act justly and fairly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 22 16 nkx5 0 It was good then “Things went well for him” -JER 22 16 y4lk figs-rquestion 0 Is this not what it means to know me? Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to rebuke Jehoiakim for not following the example of his father, King Josiah. Alternate translation: “This is what it means to know me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 22 16 rd6y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 22 17 tab3 figs-metonymy 0 there is nothing in your eyes and heart except worry … crushing of others Here “eyes” is a metonym for seeing and “heart” is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “you never look for or think about anything except … crushing of others” or “you only look for and think about ways to cheat others and pour out innocent blood, and to oppress and crush others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 17 u23t 0 unjust profit This is getting money by cheating or by using unfair means. -JER 22 17 idh3 figs-idiom 0 pouring out innocent blood Here “pouring out … blood” is associated with murder, and “blood” refers to the murdered people. Alternate translation: “murdering innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 22 17 l1rn 0 crushing of others “doing violence to others in order to get money” -JER 22 18 h7h1 figs-ellipsis 0 They will not lament for him In verse 18, Yahweh stops speaking directly to Jehoiakim and begins to speak to other people. Here “lament” refers to grieving at Jehoiakim’s death. Alternate translation: “They will not lament for Jehoiakim when he dies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 22 18 n6j5 figs-parallelism 0 Woe, my brother!…Woe, my sister!…Woe, master!…Woe, majesty! Yahweh uses the word “Woe” several times for emphasis. He addresses the various people who would normally show great sadness when someone dies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 22 19 s435 figs-metaphor 0 He will be buried with a donkey’s burial, dragged away and thrown out The burial of Jehoiakim is spoken of as being the same as the manner in which people would bury a donkey. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will bury his dead body the way they would bury a dead donkey; they will drag it away and throw it out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 22 20 ggs2 0 General Information: It appears that Yahweh is here speaking to the people of Jerusalem, telling them that they will be destroyed. -JER 22 20 gv51 figs-idiom 0 Lift your voice This idiom refers to shouting. In this case, they are crying out in grief. Alternate translation: “Cry out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 22 20 ptb6 translate-names 0 Abarim mountains a mountain range that was southeast of Jerusalem (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 22 21 t5yr 0 I spoke to you when you were safe “I spoke to you when you were doing well” -JER 22 21 fs7b 0 This was your custom “This was your way of life” -JER 22 21 n4fz figs-metonymy 0 you have not listened to my voice Listening is a metonym for obeying. Alternate translation: “you have not obeyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 22 l2p1 figs-metaphor 0 The wind will shepherd away all your shepherds This is a wordplay—Yahweh uses the idea of “shepherd” in two different ways. Here “shepherds” is a metaphor for the leaders of Jerusalem, and the wind “leads” them away. The wind represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will take your leaders away as if the wind had blown them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 22 m6ua 0 go into captivity “become captives” or “go into exile” -JER 22 23 i6fc figs-metaphor 0 You who live in ‘Lebanon,’ who is nestled in cedar buildings Yahweh speaks of the royal palace as “Lebanon” and “cedar buildings” because it was constructed with a lot of cedar. Alternate translation: “You who live in a palace made from the cedars of Lebanon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 23 n9dg figs-you 0 You who live This “You” is singular and refers to the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 22 23 x4j2 figs-activepassive 0 how you will be pitied The meaning of the Hebrew is not clear. This can be stated in active form. This could mean: (1) “they will greatly pity you” or (2) “you will groan greatly.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 22 23 vfv9 figs-simile 0 when the labor pains come upon you, pain like that of a woman in labor The pain that the king will feel when his enemies defeat him will be as intense as the pain a woman feels in childbirth. Alternate translation: “when you experience pain as intense as the pain of a woman in childbirth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 22 24 lcv6 figs-hypo 0 even if you … were the signet on my right hand Yahweh speaks to Jehoiachin as if it were possible for him to be the ring on Yahweh’s hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 22 24 fu3p figs-metonymy 0 the signet on my right hand A signet ring was used by a king to place his seal of authority on documents. The signet ring therefore represents authority to rule. The right hand also represents authority to rule. Alternate translation: “the signet ring on my right hand that represented my authority to be king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 24 dv7c 0 I would tear you off “I would tear you off from my hand” or “I would quickly pull you off of my hand” -JER 22 25 s6ia figs-activepassive 0 I have given you to the hand of the ones seeking your life This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have made it possible for the ones seeking your life to capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 22 25 h93i figs-metonymy 0 to the hand of Here the metonym “hand” represents power and control. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 22 25 sr7r figs-metaphor 0 seeking your life This phrase represents wanting or trying to kill someone. See how this phrase is translated in [Jeremiah 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: “trying to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 27 cm6e 0 this land to which they will want to return This refers to the land of Judah. -JER 22 28 clg1 0 Is this a despised and shattered vessel?…did not know? It is not clear who is speaking in verse 28. -JER 22 28 h3sy figs-metaphor 0 Is this a despised and shattered vessel? Is this man Jehoiachin a pot that pleases no one? Jehoiachin is spoken of as a pot that was completely worthless and not liked by anyone. The questions emphasize that he has no value or friends. Alternate translation: “Jehoiachin is as useless as a broken vessel and no one is happy with him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 22 28 qal1 figs-rquestion 0 Why have they thrown him and his descendants out, and have poured them out into a land that they did not know? This rhetorical question explains what will happen to the worthless Jehoiachin. Alternate translation: “Therefore the enemy will remove Jehoiachin and his family from the land and take them to a foreign land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 22 28 vh5v figs-metaphor 0 have poured them out Jehoiachin and his descendants are spoke of as if they had been poured out in another country like garbage from a vessel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 22 29 ac8x figs-apostrophe 0 Land, Land, Land Yahweh speaks his message to all the people of the land by calling out to the land where they live. The title is repeated to call attention to the message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 22 30 ll6p figs-explicit 0 He will be childless Jehoiachin has several sons. This phrase, then, means it is as if he was childless. His children will not succeed him as king. Alternate translation: “It will be as if he did not have any children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 22 30 h57d figs-metonymy 0 sit on David’s throne Sitting on a throne is a metonym for ruling as king. Alternate translation: “become king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 intro u767 0 # Jeremiah 23 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 23:5-6, 9-24.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Prophesying lies

The false prophets had encouraged people to continue sinning by saying everything will be alright. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Wordplay

In Hebrew, the word for “message” can also mean “burden.” In translations that are using footnotes, you may want to explain the wordplay in a footnote. In translations that are not using footnotes or which will primarily be distributed in an oral form, you may need a sentence like “What message has the Lord burdened you with now?” or “You (plural) call God’s message a heavy burden on you.” -JER 23 1 q9nk figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In verses 1-4, Yahweh refers to Israel as his pasture, the people of Israel as his sheep, and the leaders of Israel as the shepherds. Shepherds have a duty to protect the sheep, but the leaders were not doing that. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 1 z9sb figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 23 2 hus7 figs-doublet 0 You have scattered my flock and have driven them away These two phrases have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 23 3 rk1f figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about the people of Israel as if they were his sheep and the leaders of Israel as if they were his shepherds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 3 n6wn figs-metaphor 0 to a grazing place Yahweh refers to the land of Israel as if it were good pasture for his people. This good pasture is a metonym for provision for their needs. Alternate translation: “to good pasture” or “to where all their needs will be supplied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 3 k44c figs-doublet 0 they will be fruitful and increase The word “increase” explains how they will be “fruitful.” Alternate translation: “they will increase greatly in number” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 23 4 ybw9 0 I will raise up “I will appoint” -JER 23 4 t983 figs-doublet 0 they will no longer fear or be shattered The words “be shattered” mean that someone has caused them to be afraid and mean basically the same thing as “fear.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will make them afraid anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 23 4 n8p6 0 None of them “None of my people” -JER 23 4 ku28 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 23 5 xn4x 0 See This word alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows. -JER 23 5 wru3 figs-idiom 0 I will raise up This idiom means he will appoint a successor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 23 5 wi4u figs-metaphor 0 a righteous branch This future king descended from David is spoken of as if he were a branch grown on a tree. Alternate translation: “a righteous descendant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 5 he9a 0 a righteous branch Some modern versions translate this as “a legitimate successor to the throne.” -JER 23 5 ki8r figs-abstractnouns 0 cause justice and righteousness in the land The abstract nouns “justice” and “righteousness” can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “cause people to act justly and rightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 23 5 k63x figs-metonymy 0 in the land Here “land” refers to the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “for all the people in the nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 6 ls7f figs-metonymy 0 Judah will be rescued Here “Judah” refers to the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah will be rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 6 cl3x figs-activepassive 0 Judah will be rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will rescue Judah from their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 23 6 y7s1 figs-metonymy 0 Israel will live in security Here “Israel” refers to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel will live in security” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 6 b9n9 0 he will be called this refers to the king -JER 23 6 tg6a figs-abstractnouns 0 Yahweh is our righteousness The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, the one who does what is right for us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 23 7 kss4 0 General Information: This verse is very similar to [Jeremiah 16:14](../16/14.md), although not exactly the same. Compare how you translated that verse. -JER 23 7 t4jx 0 see The word “see” here alerts the reader to pay attention to the important information that follows. -JER 23 7 xb5a figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives “as surely as Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 23 8 d1ds 0 General Information: This verse is very similar to [Jeremiah 16:15](../16/15.md), although not exactly the same. Compare how you translated that verse. -JER 23 8 yqm5 figs-doublet 0 who brought up and who led back These two phrases mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “who brought back” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 23 8 e2wl figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 8 eqs7 0 the northern land and all the lands where they had been driven This refers to the way the northern ten tribes of Israel were captured and spread out among the surrounding countries. -JER 23 8 c7iz figs-explicit 0 Then they will live in their own land This refers to Israel, from where they were scattered. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Then they will live in their own land again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 23 9 j7qj 0 General Information: In verses 9-32 Jeremiah delivers Yahweh’s message to the false prophets and the priests. Jeremiah is speaking in verse 9, but it is not clear if verse 10 are the words of Jeremiah or of Yahweh. -JER 23 9 f11c figs-metonymy 0 Regarding the prophets, my heart is broken in me, and all of my bones tremble The prophet speaks of his heart being broken and his bones trembling because he is afraid of the judgment that will result from the lies of the false prophets. Alternate translation: “I have great fear for what will happen because of the false prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 9 lb5c figs-idiom 0 my heart is broken in me This idiom refers to deep sadness. Alternate translation: “I am very sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 23 9 g6mk figs-metonymy 0 all of my bones tremble Here trembling is associated with fear. Alternate translation: “I am very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 9 a63q figs-simile 0 I have become like a drunk man, like a man whom wine has overpowered People who are drunk are not able to control themselves. Likewise, Jeremiah has lost control of himself out of fear of Yahweh’s punishment. Alternate translation: “I am like a drunk man; I cannot control myself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 23 10 v7jt figs-hyperbole 0 the land is full of adulterers The land is spoken of as if it were a container and the adulterers were objects that filled the container completely. That is, everyone in the land is an adulterer, which in turn is an exaggeration for very many people being adulterers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 23 10 pz91 figs-metaphor 0 adulterers This word here probably has two senses. It has the literal meaning that the men in the nation had committed adultery against their own wives, and it also has the figurative meaning that they had abandoned Yahweh in order to worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 10 t6w1 0 the land is dried up Some modern versions interpret this Hebrew phrase as “the land mourns.” -JER 23 10 u1vx figs-metaphor 0 These prophets’ paths are wicked The wicked actions of the false prophets are spoken of as if they were walking on an evil path. Alternate translation: “These prophets are doing things that are wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 11 g5xv 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). -JER 23 11 pq1v figs-metaphor 0 the prophets and the priests are polluted The prophets and priests are defiled by sin in the same way that water can be polluted by filth. Alternate translation: “the prophets and the priests are sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 12 fgb1 figs-simile 0 their way will be like a slippery place in the darkness The danger of their actions is spoken of as if they were about to fall off the slippery edge of a cliff in the dark and injure themselves. Alternate translation: “there actions are unstable and dangerous, like walking on a slippery place in the darkness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 23 12 cdv6 figs-metaphor 0 I will send disaster against them Yahweh speaks of disaster as an enemy that he will send to attack the priests and false prophets. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to experience disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 13 q2w8 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). -JER 23 13 sqi5 figs-metaphor 0 led my people Israel astray The deception of the people by the false prophets is spoken of as leading them down the wrong path. Alternate translation: “deceived my people, the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 14 kpq8 0 They commit adultery This could mean: (1) they were literally unfaithful to their wives or (2) their worship of other gods is spoken of as spiritual adultery. -JER 23 14 gu9j figs-idiom 0 walk in deceit This idiom means they lived a life of deceit. Alternate translation: “live in dishonesty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 23 14 v93v figs-synecdoche 0 They strengthen the hands of evildoers Here “hands” refers to the whole person. Alternate translation: “They strengthen those who do evil” or “They encourage people who do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 23 14 hf5u 0 no one turns back from his evildoing This can be state in positive form. Alternate translation: “everyone continues in their sin” -JER 23 14 cc8r figs-simile 0 All of them have become like Sodom … like Gomorrah Sodom and Gomorrah were cities that were so wicked that God destroyed them with fire from heaven. Alternate translation: “They all became as evil as Sodom … as wicked as Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 23 15 t5fw 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 23 15 cv5x 0 Look The word “look” here alerts the reader to pay attention to the important information that follows. -JER 23 15 ug5g figs-metaphor 0 I am about to make them eat wormwood and drink poisonous water Wormwood is a plant that is very bitter and unpleasant to eat. This phrase describes the punishment that Yahweh was going to bring about on the evil prophets. In the same way wormwood was bitter and the water was poisonous, so would Yaweh’s judgment be on the evil prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 15 wjd4 0 I am about to “I will soon” -JER 23 15 zxk6 figs-metaphor 0 pollution has gone out from the prophets Here the evil teaching of the priests and false prophets is spoken of as if it were something filthy that ruined the land. Alternate translation: “evil has come from the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 15 fxa4 0 pollution dirty and unsafe things that spoil the air, water, or land where they are found -JER 23 16 z212 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). -JER 23 16 u2nu 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 23 16 yu7d 0 They have deluded you! “The prophets have caused you to believe something that is not true!” -JER 23 16 qzm5 figs-metonymy 0 visions from their own minds Here “minds” refers to the thoughts of the false prophets. Alternate translation: “visions that they imagined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 16 nij1 figs-metonymy 0 not from Yahweh’s mouth Here “mouth” refers to what Yahweh said. Alternate translation: “not what Yahweh said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 17 e3yb figs-hyperbole 0 They are constantly saying The word “constantly” is an exaggeration to emphasize that this is what they normally say. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 23 17 kg1k figs-metaphor 0 everyone walking in the stubbornness of his own heart says Here “heart” refers to their desires. To follow those desires is spoken of as walking in them. Alternate translation: “everyone stubbornly does whatever they desire to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 17 ww1a 0 Disaster will not come upon you “Nothing bad will happen to you” -JER 23 18 rtl1 figs-rquestion 0 Yet who has stood in Yahweh’s council meeting? Who sees and hears his word? Who pays attention to his word and listens? These questions are used to rebuke the priests and false prophets for not obeying Yahweh. Alternate translation: “No one advises Yahweh. No one understands what Yahweh says. No one obeys Yahweh’s commands.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 23 18 crs3 0 pays attention to his word and listens These two phrases mean the same thing. They can be combined in one phrase. Alternate translation: “obeys his word at all” -JER 23 19 sv8q 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). -JER 23 19 b4tl figs-metaphor 0 there is a storm coming from Yahweh … His fury is going out … a tempest is whirling about These three phrases all refer to a great storm that is a metaphor for Yahweh’s anger. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s anger is coming like a great storm, going out with fury and whirling like a tempest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 23 19 gsy3 0 a tempest a violent windstorm -JER 23 19 w4qs figs-metaphor 0 It is whirling around the heads of the wicked Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it were a windstorm whirling around the wicked. Alternate translation: “It is coming upon the wicked like a windstorm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 23 20 n8pg figs-personification 0 Yahweh’s wrath will not return until it Yahweh’s wrath is spoken of as if it were alive and could act on its own. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not stop being angry until he” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 23 20 p9sd figs-metonymy 0 carried out and brought into being his heart’s intentions Here “heart’s intentions” refers to the things that Yahweh wanted to happen. Alternate translation: “completed and accomplished all the punishment that he had planned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 20 b1p2 0 the final days “the future” -JER 23 21 duz4 0 General Information: Yahweh is the speaker in verses 21-40. -JER 23 21 e2zq 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues to deliver Yahweh’s message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). -JER 23 21 jy71 figs-explicit 0 they have still prophesied It is understood that they are prophesying falsely. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “they have prophesied falsely anyway” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 23 22 nx49 figs-hypo 0 if they had stood in my council meeting Yahweh states what would have happened if the priests and false prophets had participated in Yahweh’s council meeting in heaven. This hypothetical situation is impossible. Alternate translation: “if they had truly listened to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 23 22 kym3 0 my council meeting In ancient times, God was thought to hold meetings with the angels in heaven. Yahweh is referring to this kind of meeting, which humans could not attend. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 23:18](../23/18.md). -JER 23 22 n2ix figs-idiom 0 to turn from This idiom means they would stop doing these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 23 23 w171 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). -JER 23 23 dpw9 figs-rquestion 0 Am I only a God nearby … and not also a God far away? Yahweh uses this question to rebuke the priests and false prophets for thinking that he did not rule everywhere. Alternate translation: “I am not only a God who is here in Jerusalem … but I am everywhere!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 23 23 ek7y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 23 24 s2d6 figs-rquestion 0 Can anyone hide in a secret place so I cannot see him? Yahweh uses this question to rebuke the priests and false prophets for thinking that he did not see the evil that they were doing. Alternate translation: “No one can hide in a secret place so I cannot see him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 23 24 asa4 figs-rquestion 0 do I not fill the heavens and the earth? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that he is everywhere in heaven and on earth. Alternate translation: “I am everywhere, both in the heavens and on the earth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 23 25 efh2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). -JER 23 25 z8fx figs-abstractnouns 0 prophesying deceit The word “deceit” can be expressed as an adjective or an adverb. Alternate translation: “prophesying deceit things” or “prophesying deceitfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 23 25 aqc3 figs-metonymy 0 in my name This phrase refers to speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. See how you translated this phrase in [Jeremiah 14:14](../14/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 25 ax5f figs-explicit 0 I had a dream! They meant that this dream was from God. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “I had a dream from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 23 26 ud78 figs-rquestion 0 How long will this go on, prophets who prophesy lies from their minds, and who prophesy from the deceit in their hearts? Yahweh asks this question to emphasize that this is something that should not continue. Alternate translation: “This should not continue, prophets declaring lies which they themselves have made up.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 23 26 acr3 figs-doublet 0 prophesy lies from their minds … prophesy from the deceit in their hearts These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the false prophets made up their prophesies. Alternate translation: “prophesy things that come only from their own minds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 23 27 z1ge figs-metonymy 0 forget my name … forgot my name Here the word “name” refers to the whole being of Yahweh. Alternate translation: “forget me … forgot me” or “forget who I am … forgot who I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 27 ph7r figs-metonymy 0 in favor of Baal’s name Here “Baal’s name” refers to the god Baal. Alternate translation: “leading my people to worship Baal instead of me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 28 uu8f 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). -JER 23 28 nf21 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 23 29 cmi2 figs-rquestion 0 Is not my word like fire?…and like a hammer that shatters a rock into pieces? Yahweh uses these questions to emphasize that his word is much more powerful than the words of mere men. In that way, his word is like fire or a hammer. Alternate translation: “My word is powerful like fire … and powerful like a hammer that shatters a rock into pieces.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 23 30 s9jd 0 I am against “I am opposed to” -JER 23 30 za3e 0 steals words from another person This implies that the false prophets are thieves. They are so evil that they take each other’s messages without permission rather than make up their own false messages. -JER 23 31 fj9k 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). -JER 23 31 eh6r 0 See This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention” -JER 23 31 cyr7 figs-metonymy 0 who use their tongues Here “tongues” is a metonym for the ability to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 33 a291 0 General Information: In verses 33-40 there is a wordplay with the word “burden.” Sometimes it means “a message” and other times it means “a heavy load to carry.” This wordplay should be retained if possible. -JER 23 33 c2ph 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). -JER 23 33 rek5 figs-you 0 asks you … you will say These two instances of “you” are singular and refer to Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 23 33 t7eb 0 What is the burden of Yahweh? Here “burden” means a message or prophecy from Yahweh. -JER 23 33 smx4 figs-you 0 You are the burden … cast you off These two instances of “you” are plural and refer to the false prophets and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 23 33 gg8m figs-metaphor 0 You are the burden Here “burden” means a heavy load. This is a metaphor that means they annoy Yahweh and he no longer wants to put up with them. Alternate translation: “You are a burden that I am tired of carrying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 33 ct8x figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 23 34 dnw7 0 This is the burden of Yahweh Here “burden” means a message or prophecy from Yahweh. -JER 23 34 zc9i figs-metonymy 0 his house Here “house” is a metonym for the family that lives inside it. Alternate translation: “his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 23 35 x255 0 General Information: In verses 33-40 there is a wordplay with the word “burden.” Sometimes it means “a message” and other times it means “a heavy load to carry.” This wordplay should be retained if possible. -JER 23 35 lj8n 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues to deliver his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md) and completes in [Jeremiah 23:40](./40.md). -JER 23 35 m2dm 0 You continue to say…‘What did Yahweh declare?’ It may be helpful to reorder this sentence. Alternate translation: “Each person continues to ask his neighbor and his brother, ‘What did Yahweh answer?’ and ‘What did Yahweh declare?’” -JER 23 36 c4en 0 But you must no longer talk about the ‘burden of Yahweh,’ for the burden is every man’s own word, and This could mean: (1) both instances of “burden” mean “message.” Alternate translation: “You must no longer call your visions the ‘burden of Yahweh’ because they are really only every man’s own words, and” or (2) the first ‘burden’ means “message” and the second means “heavy load.” Alternate translation: “You must no longer talk about the ‘message of Yahweh’ because the words that each of you speak are what is a ‘heavy load.’ In this way” -JER 23 36 ppq7 0 you have perverted the words … our God To “pervert” something is to twist or distort it. Alternate translation: “you have changed the message of the living God, Yahweh of hosts, our God, to say what you want it to say and not what God said” -JER 23 37 ntt4 0 General Information: In verses 33-40 there is a wordplay with the word “burden.” Sometimes it means “a message” and other times it means “a heavy load to carry.” This wordplay should be retained if possible. -JER 23 37 pg4g 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh completes his message about the false prophets and priests that he began in [Jeremiah 23:9](../23/09.md). -JER 23 37 u96b figs-you 0 This is what you will say Here “you” is singular and refers to Jeremiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 23 38 da5b figs-you 0 But if you say … Because you have said … when I sent to you … You will not say All of these instances of “you” are plural and refer to the priests and false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 23 39 uyp8 0 therefore, behold “therefore, pay attention.” This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. -JER 23 39 w43s figs-metaphor 0 I am about to pick you up and throw you away from me Yahweh speaks of sending these priests and false prophets into exile as if they were an object that he was going to throw far away. Alternate translation: “I am about to drive you away from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 23 39 u7cv figs-you 0 pick you up … throw you … I gave you All of these instances of “you” are plural and refer to the priests and false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 23 39 ad6n 0 the city that I gave you This refers to Jerusalem. -JER 23 40 bq3w figs-you 0 insult on you This instance of “you” is plural and refers to the priests and false prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 23 40 t2qe 0 I will put everlasting shame and insult on you that will not be forgotten “I will cover you with shame that will last forever and insult that you will never forget” or “I will cause people to make fun of you forever. People will never forget that you were disgraced.” Yahweh speaks of the humiliation of the priests and false prophets as if he would put shame and insult on them like clothing. -JER 23 40 p6n8 figs-activepassive 0 that will not be forgotten This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 24 intro fru9 0 # Jeremiah 24 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The exiles are blessed and the others punished

God will bless the people who were taken away into Babylon but punish the people left in the land because they still did not repent and turn to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/bless]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]]) -JER 24 1 dy22 0 me All instances of this pronoun refer to Jeremiah. -JER 24 1 gh4c 0 Behold The word “Behold” here shows that Jeremiah saw something interesting. -JER 24 1 mx54 writing-background 0 This vision happened … them to Babylon This part of the story is used to provide historical information to show when the events of the happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 24 1 gms2 0 craftsmen people skilled at building things -JER 24 1 i6yi 0 metalworkers people skilled at creating things out of metal -JER 24 2 yn27 figs-activepassive 0 they could not be eaten These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 24 3 wk1l figs-activepassive 0 they cannot be eaten These can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one could eat them … no one can eat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 24 4 th8u figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 24 5 bn7y figs-idiom 0 I will look on the exiles of Judah for their benefit Here “look on” is an idiom that means Yahweh will take care of them. Alternate translation: “I will take good care of the exiles of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 24 5 vt5h figs-simile 0 just like these good figs The good figs represent those Judean exiles sent to the land of Chaldea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 24 6 p9np figs-metonymy 0 I will set my eyes on them for good Here “set my eyes” means he will see them. Seeing them is a metonym for caring for them. Alternate translation: “I will bless them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 24 6 i7sm figs-parallelism 0 I will build them up, and not tear them down. I will plant them, and not uproot them These two metaphors have similar meanings. The second one strengthens the thought in the first. Alternate translation: “I will help them to prosper in Chaldea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 24 6 pp2q figs-metaphor 0 I will build them up, and not tear them down Yahweh speak of the exiles as a building which Yahweh will build and not tear down. Alternate translation: “I will help them flourish in the land, and not ruin them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 24 6 whb1 figs-metaphor 0 I will plant them, and not uproot them Yahweh speak of the exiles as plants which Yahweh will plant in good soil and not pull out. Alternate translation: “I will establish them in the land, and not remove them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 24 9 hi95 figs-doublet 0 I will turn them into a frightening thing, a disaster … a disgrace and a subject for proverbs, taunts, and curses These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how thoroughly Yahweh will judge the people of Jerusalem. They will become something that will frighten other people when they see it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 24 10 f8lu 0 I will send out sword, famine, and plague against them “I will kill them with war, famine and sicknesses” -JER 24 10 j4rn figs-metonymy 0 I will send out sword Here “sword” refers to war or enemy armies. Alternate translation: “I will send enemy armies” or “I will send out war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 24 10 k2as figs-personification 0 sword, famine, and plague These things are spoken of as if they were living things that could attack the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 24 10 l4fs 0 they are destroyed from the land “none of them remain in the land” -JER 25 intro uf7k 0 # Jeremiah 25 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 25:30-38.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Seventy years

Babylon will rule over Judah for seventy years. Because Yahweh is just, he will soon punish Babylon for their evil actions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

Jeremiah uses the idiom of drinking the cup of wine of God’s punishment to say that Babylon will destroy all the surrounding nations and then be destroyed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 1 jgw9 figs-idiom 0 This is the word that came to Jeremiah It is implied that the word that came to Jeremiah was from Yahweh. This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 1 a9rv translate-ordinal 0 the fourth … the first (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 25 3 q39g translate-names 0 Amon This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 25 5 nw93 figs-metaphor 0 Let each man turn from his wicked way and the corruption of his practices Jeremiah speaks of people who stop committing an action as if those people were turning away from that action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 5 xe34 figs-doublet 0 his wicked way and the corruption of his practices The terms “wicked way” and “corruption of his practices” mean the same thing and refer to every sinful thing that they do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 25 5 jc1p 0 the corruption of his practices “his corrupt practices” -JER 25 6 yxs7 figs-metaphor 0 do not walk after other gods Jeremiah speaks of a person being devoted to a god as if the person were walking behind the god. Alternate translation: “do not become devoted to other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 6 cgg6 figs-explicit 0 do not provoke him with the work of your hands The word “him” refers to Yahweh. Here, the phrase **the work of your hands** could mean: (1) it is a reference to the idols that the people have made with their hands. Alternate translation: “do not provoke Yahweh with the idols that you have made” or (2) It is an idiom that refers to the actions of a person, with the word “hands” being a synecdoche that represents the person who does those actions. Alternate translation: “do not provoke Yahweh by the things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 7 fz11 figs-explicit 0 you have provoked me with the work of your hands to do harm to you See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 25:6](../25/06.md). Here, the phrase **the work of your hands** could mean: (1) it is a reference to the idols that the people have made with their hands. Alternate translation: “you have provoked me to harm you because of the idols that you have made with your hands” or (2) It is an idiom that refers to the actions of a person, with the word “hands” being a synecdoche that represents the person who does those actions. Alternate translation: “you have provoked me to harm you because of the things that you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 7 t2s6 0 to do harm to you “so that I do harm to you” -JER 25 8 i8m8 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 25 9 rd1n 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” -JER 25 9 kxv7 figs-idiom 0 bring them against this land The idiom to “bring … against this land” means that they will attack the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “bring them to attack this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 9 h39v figs-idiom 0 I will set them apart for destruction The idiom “set … apart for destruction” means to destroy something completely. Alternate translation: “I will destroy them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 9 h2cj figs-abstractnouns 0 I will turn them into a horror The word “horror” may be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will turn them into something that horrifies people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 25 9 e1u4 0 an object for hissing The word “hissing” refers to a sound that shows strong disapproval and can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “an object at which people will hiss” -JER 25 10 nzy3 0 millstones These are two large, round stones used to grind grain. -JER 25 10 n68f 0 the sound of joy and sound of gladness, the sound of the groom and the sound of the bride See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:34](../07/34.md). -JER 25 11 zyt1 figs-abstractnouns 0 all of this land will become a desolation and a horror The words “desolation” and “horror” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “I will cause this land to be desolate and something that horrifies people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 25 12 m9ye 0 when seventy years have been completed “after seventy years” or “after seventy years have passed” -JER 25 12 pua7 figs-abstractnouns 0 an unending desolation The noun “desolation” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “desolate forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 25 13 dbu3 figs-activepassive 0 everything written in this book This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “everything that Jeremiah has written in this book” or “everything that one has written in this book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 25 14 tv7d figs-metaphor 0 I will repay them for their deeds and the works of their hands Yahweh speaks of punishing the people of the nations for what they have done as if he were paying them back. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 14 l9f2 figs-doublet 0 their deeds and the works of their hands These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The idiom “the works of their hands” refers to the actions of a person, with the word “hands” being a synecdoche that represents the person who does those actions. Alternate translation: “everything that they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 25 15 uqa7 figs-metaphor 0 Take this cup of the wine of fury Yahweh speaks of his extreme anger as if it were wine that fills a cup. Alternate translation: “Take this cup of wine that represents my fury” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 15 nl26 figs-metonymy 0 make all the nations … drink it The word “nations” represents the people of the nations. Yahweh speaks of people experiencing his fury as if they were to drink the wine that is in the cup. Alternate translation: “make all the people of the nations … drink the wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 16 y8ww figs-metaphor 0 they will drink and then stagger about and rant madly Yahweh speaks of the people being terrified about his fury as if they were drunk from drinking the wine from the cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 16 ftn1 figs-metonymy 0 before the sword that I am sending out among them Here the word “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “because of the wars that I am causing to happen among them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 25 17 ti8x figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh’s extreme anger as wine that he causes the people of the nations to drink from a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 17 h4ut figs-metonymy 0 I made all the nations … drink it The word “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “I made all the people of the nations … drink the wine from the cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 25 18 a2nm 0 something terrifying The adjective “terrifying” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “something that terrifies people” -JER 25 18 m6p4 0 an object for hissing and cursing The word “hissing” refers to a sound that shows strong disapproval. Both “hissing” and “cursing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “an object at which people hiss and which they curse” -JER 25 18 jbw1 0 they are at this present day Here, this phrase could mean: (1) refers to the time when the book of Jeremiah was written and some time after Jeremiah had proclaimed this prophecy or (2) means that the things about which Jeremiah prophesies here have already started to happen. -JER 25 19 zv1x figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh’s extreme anger as wine that he causes the people of the nations to drink from a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 19 c8ay figs-metonymy 0 Other nations also had to drink it The word “nations” represents the people of the nations. Alternate translation: “People from other nations also had to drink the wine from the cup” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 25 20 lnv5 0 people of mixed heritage This could mean: (1) people whose ancestors were from different people groups or (2) foreigners who lived in Egypt. -JER 25 20 y7a1 translate-names 0 Uz This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 25 22 q9z1 figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh’s extreme anger as wine that he causes the people of the nations to drink from a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 22 e275 0 the sea This is a reference to the Mediterranean Sea. -JER 25 23 ufe5 translate-names 0 Dedan, Tema, and Buz These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 25 23 ak9u 0 all the ones who cut the hair on the sides of their heads This probably refers to people who cut their hair short in order to honor a pagan god. Some modern versions interpret this Hebrew expression as “all the people who live on the edge of the wilderness.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 9:26](../09/26.md). -JER 25 23 dgh2 0 they also had to drink it “they also had to drink the wine from the cup” -JER 25 24 gv4u figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh’s extreme anger as wine that he causes the people of the nations to drink from a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 25 dg7i translate-names 0 Zimri This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 25 26 kn4i figs-idiom 0 everyone with his brother This is an idiom that means every person, one after another. Alternate translation: “one after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 25 26 f9h6 figs-metonymy 0 all of them had to drink the cup from Yahweh’s hand Here “the cup” is a metonym for the wine that it contains. Alternate translation: “all of these people had to drink the wine from the cup in Yahweh’s hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 25 27 p9dl figs-metaphor 0 This passage continues the metaphor of Yahweh’s extreme anger as wine that he causes the people of the nations to drink from a cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 27 dq9j 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 25 27 v2lj figs-metonymy 0 before the sword that I am sending among you Here the word “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “before the wars that I am causing to happen among you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 25 29 ut1e figs-metonymy 0 the city that is called by my name This refers to Jerusalem and can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the city that I have called by my name” or “Jerusalem, which I have called by my name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 25 29 xp4x figs-rquestion 0 and should you yourselves be free from punishment? Yahweh asks this question to rebuke the people and to emphasize that he will certainly punish them. Alternate translation: “so do not think that you yourselves will be free from punishment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 25 29 xg8j figs-metonymy 0 I am calling a sword against all the inhabitants of the land Here the word “sword” represents war. Yahweh speaks of declaring war against the people as if he were calling a sword against them. Alternate translation: “I am declaring war against all the inhabitants of the land” or “I am bringing war against all the inhabitants of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 30 c55r figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will roar Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh shouting very loudly as if he were roaring like a lion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 30 l53r figs-metonymy 0 from the heights This phrase is a metonym for heaven. Alternate translation: “from heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 25 30 x8nc figs-metaphor 0 he will roar mightily against his fold Jeremiah speaks of Yahweh as if he were a lion and his people were a flock of sheep. The people will be helpless when Yahweh comes to punish them, as sheep are helpless when a lion attacks. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 30 ct53 0 those who tread the grapes This refers to people who crush grapes in a winepress with their feet in order to make wine. -JER 25 31 fjq3 figs-idiom 0 to the ends of the earth This is an idiom that means the farthest places on the earth. By referencing both ends, it refers to everywhere in between. Alternate translation: “to the farthest places on the earth” or “to everywhere on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 25 31 ytv7 figs-metonymy 0 on all flesh Here the word “flesh” represents humanity. Alternate translation: “on all mankind” or “on all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 25 31 luq6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 25 32 gee1 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 25 32 vv51 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 25 32 zv4e figs-personification 0 disaster is going out from nation to nation Yahweh speaks of great disasters happening in each nation as if “disaster” were a person who goes from nation to nation. Alternate translation: “great disasters are going to happen in one nation after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 25 32 dfh9 figs-metaphor 0 a great storm is beginning from the farthest parts of the earth Here, this metaphor could mean: (1) Yahweh speaks of Babylonian army and the destruction that it will cause as if it were a great storm or (2) Yahweh speaks of his great anger as if it were a great storm that causes much destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 33 nd4h figs-activepassive 0 those killed by Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom Yahweh killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 25 33 zab4 figs-merism 0 will on that day extend from one end of the earth to the other By mentioning both ends of the earth, this phrase represents everywhere in between those ends. Alternate translation: “will on that day cover the entire earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 25 33 gm43 figs-activepassive 0 they will not be mourned, gathered, or buried This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will mourn them, gather them, or bury them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 25 33 brq6 figs-simile 0 They will be like dung on the ground The bodies are compared to dung on the ground to emphasize that they will be disgusting and that no one will bury them. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 16:4](../16/04.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 25 34 i7rd figs-metaphor 0 shepherds Yahweh speaks of the leaders of Israel as if they were shepherds who are responsible for protecting and caring for the people, who, implicitly, are spoken of as if they are the sheep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 34 tec2 translate-symaction 0 Roll about in the dust This is a sign of sorrow, mourning or distress. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 25 34 ufa1 figs-metaphor 0 you leaders of the flock This phrase also refers to the leaders of Israel who are responsible to care for the people, who are spoken of as if they were a flock of sheep. Alternate translation: “you leaders of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 34 chn4 figs-irony 0 for the days of your slaughter have come Usually it is the sheep that are slaughtered, but here Yahweh says that he will slaughter the shepherds. The word “slaughter” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “for the time has come for me to slaughter you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 25 34 cj7k figs-metaphor 0 you will be scattered when you fall like fine pottery Yahweh speaks of the leaders of Israel being destroyed as if they are pieces of pottery that shatter when they fall to the ground. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will fall like fine pottery and your shattered pieces will scatter on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 25 36 taa7 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is destroying their pastures Yahweh speaks of the nation in which the leaders think that they live peacefully as if it were the “pastures” in which they care for the sheep (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 37 n1fc figs-metaphor 0 So the peaceful pastures will be devastated Yahweh continues to speak of the leaders of Israel as if they were shepherds. Here he speaks of the nation as the “pastures” in which they think they live peacefully. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 37 nz1v figs-activepassive 0 the peaceful pastures will be devastated because of Yahweh’s fierce anger This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will devastate the peaceful pastures because of he extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 25 38 gc84 figs-metaphor 0 Like a young lion, he has left his den Yahweh punishing his people in his extreme wrath is spoken of as if Yahweh were a lion who leaves his den in search of prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 25 38 tr4c figs-abstractnouns 0 their land will become a horror The word “horror” may be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “their land will become something that horrifies people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 25 38 ef4f 0 the oppressor’s anger This refers to the anger of Israel’s enemies. -JER 26 intro m6jw 0 # Jeremiah 26 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The people want to kill Jeremiah

The people wanted to kill Jeremiah but other people intervened and said that they should listen to Jeremiah and repent. They represent the remnant of the faithful Jews. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]]) -JER 26 1 hc6c figs-idiom 0 this word came from Yahweh, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 18:1](../18/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This message came from Yahweh. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 26 1 v8wh figs-explicit 0 this word came from Yahweh, saying It can be stated clearly who Yahweh gave this message to. Alternate translation: “this word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 26 2 f1ff figs-metaphor 0 cities of Judah The word “cities” is a metonym for the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “people from the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 26 2 aun6 0 Do not cut short any word! “Do not leave anything out from what I have told you!” -JER 26 3 x43j figs-metaphor 0 each man will turn from his wicked ways Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. Alternate translation: “each man will stop his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 26 3 v13u 0 so I will relent concerning the disaster This is conditional destruction. If Judah repents, God will not destroy but heal them. -JER 26 3 ig56 0 the wickedness of their practices “the wicked way that they live” or “the wicked things that they do” -JER 26 6 vka9 figs-simile 0 then I will make this house like Shiloh Yahweh had destroyed a place of worship at Shiloh, and he was threatening to destroy this place of worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 26 6 qd3h figs-metonymy 0 I will turn this city into a curse What Yahweh would turn the city into is a metonym for what people would use the city for. Alternate translation: “I will make this city so that people will ask me to destroy others the way I have destroyed this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 6 w3q2 0 in the sight of all the nations on earth “so that all the nations on earth can see me do it” -JER 26 7 id3z 0 Yahweh’s house the temple -JER 26 8 zr32 0 all the people seized him and said, “You will certainly die! This could mean: (1) The people chose to believe the lie of false peace and did not want to be confronted with the truth, or (2) the people believed the other prophets proclaiming peace and saw Jeremiah as a false prophet who should be stoned for leading the people astray. -JER 26 9 sb1y figs-rquestion 0 Why have you prophesied … inhabitant? This rebuke can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not have prophesied … inhabitant.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 26 10 kp6h 0 the New Gate the name of the gate through which people went into the temple -JER 26 11 n24j 0 you heard with your own ears “you heard” -JER 26 12 m8sc 0 this house and this city “the people who worship in Yahweh’s temple and those who live in the city of Jerusalem” -JER 26 13 u7ib figs-doublet 0 your ways … your practices These two phrases mean almost the same thing. Alternate translation: “the things you do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 26 13 u76z figs-synecdoche 0 listen to the voice of Yahweh The voice is a synecdoche for the person, and the same word can be translated “listen” or “obey.” Alternate translation: “obey Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 26 14 kr6k figs-doublet 0 Do to me what is good and right in your eyes The words “good” and “right” mean the same thing. The eye is a metonym for the person’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “Do to me whatever you think is the right thing to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 26 15 r93l figs-metonymy 0 you are bringing innocent blood on yourselves and on this city and its inhabitants Blood is a metonym for violent death, and to bring blood on someone is to make them guilty of violent death. Alternate translation: “you are making yourselves and this city and its inhabitants guilty of the violent death of an innocent person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 15 cu9w figs-doublet 0 this city and its inhabitants These are two ways of speaking of the same people, perhaps first as a group and then as individuals. The city is a metonym for the people in the city. Alternate translation: “all the people in the city and every one of the people who live here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 26 15 mi1q figs-metonymy 0 for your ears The ear is a metonym for what the ear hears. Alternate translation: “for you to hear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 16 jf98 figs-metonymy 0 in the name of Yahweh our God The person’s name is a metonym for his authority. Alternate translation: “with the authority of Yahweh our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 18 z8nb translate-names 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] -JER 26 18 t6dn 0 Morashite a person from the town or region of Moresheth -JER 26 18 az6u 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 26 18 pi1j figs-metaphor 0 Zion will become a plowed field … and the hill of the temple will become a thicket “Zion” and “the hill of the temple” refer to the same place. When a farmer plows a field, he turns over all the dirt and uproots all the plants that are growing there. A thicket is so full of bushes that no one can use it for anything. These two metaphors cannot be literally true at the same time, but they emphasize that Yahweh will allow the invaders to completely destroy the temple area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 26 19 qp3q figs-rquestion 0 Did Hezekiah … put him to death? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. Alternate translation: “You know very well that Hezekiah … did not put him to death.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 26 19 pa6c figs-metonymy 0 all of Judah The land is a metonym for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “all the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 19 vxq8 0 Did he not fear Yahweh and appease the face of Yahweh … them? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. Alternate translation: “You know very well that he feared Yahweh and appeased the face of Yahweh so that Yahweh … them.” -JER 26 19 gxw9 figs-synecdoche 0 appease the face of Yahweh The face is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “cause Yahweh to be less angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 26 19 fc9w figs-rquestion 0 So will we do greater evil against our own lives? The speakers are trying to get the hearers to agree with what they are saying. The word “lives” is a metonym for the people. Alternate translation: “If we kill Jeremiah, we will do greater evil against our own lives.” or “We do not want to do worse things to ourselves.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 26 20 vwh1 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah stops telling about his own life and begins telling about what happened to another prophet. -JER 26 20 lp4c 0 Meanwhile there was “While what I was just telling you about was happening, there was” -JER 26 20 dij2 figs-metonymy 0 prophesied against this city and this land The words “city” and “land” are metonyms for the people who live there. Alternate translation: “prophesied that bad things would happen to the people who lived in this city and this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 21 m5dp 0 heard his word “heard what he said” -JER 26 22 pux5 0 Connecting Statement: This is the end of the story of Uriah. -JER 26 22 q88r translate-names 0 Elnathan … Akbor men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 26 23 dgv1 0 corpse dead body -JER 26 24 d2pc figs-metonymy 0 the hand of Ahikam … was with Jeremiah The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. Ahikam was not a soldier, so he probably was able to talk to people and change their minds. Alternate translation: “Ahikam … was able to help Jeremiah” or “Ahikam … was able to keep the people from harming Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 26 24 t71n translate-names 0 Ahikam … Shaphan men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 26 24 y6jk figs-metonymy 0 he was not given into the hand of the people to be put to death The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Ahikam did not allow the people to have the power to put Jeremiah to death” or “the people could not kill Jeremiah because Ahikam did not give them the power to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 27 intro ka54 0 # Jeremiah 27 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The nations should serve Babylon

Jeremiah told the king of Judah, and all the surrounding nations, to serve the Babylonians and live in their land. If they refused, Babylon would take them as captives to another land. -JER 27 2 w3cz 0 fetters things that keep a person from moving freely -JER 27 3 ak1w 0 Then send them out This seems to mean that Jeremiah was to send a set of fetters and yoke to each king listed. But some versions of the Bible translate this as “Then send out messages.” -JER 27 3 tkx8 figs-synecdoche 0 Send them by the hand of those kings’ ambassadors who … Judah The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “Have those kings’ ambassadors, who … Judah, take them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 27 4 tqe7 0 Give commands to them for their masters Jeremiah was instructed to give a set of chains and yoke to each ambassador and a message for each king regarding the chains and yoke. -JER 27 4 ujr8 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 27 5 si5k figs-idiom 0 by my great strength and my raised arm The phrase “raised arm” refers to great power and intensifies the first phrase. Alternate translation: “by my very great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 27 5 yla5 0 I give it to anyone who is right in my eyes Another possible meaning is “I give it to anyone I want to.” -JER 27 6 p2p5 figs-metonymy 0 I … am giving all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar … servant The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises, and the word “lands” is a metonym for the people who live in those lands. Alternate translation: “I … am putting the people who live in all these lands under the power of Nebuchadnezzar … servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 27 7 j598 figs-explicit 0 the time for his land comes You may need to make explicit the nature of the time. Alternate translation: “the time for me to destroy his land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 27 7 q3bv figs-metonymy 0 subdue him Here “him” refers to Nebuchadnezzar who represents the kingdom of Babylon. Alternate translation: “will defeat Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 27 8 p98j figs-metaphor 0 that does not put its neck under the yoke of the king Being the king’s slave is spoken of as being an animal on to the shoulders of which the king puts a yoke so it can do heavy work. Alternate translation: “and whose people do not willingly become slaves of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 27 8 e21c figs-metonymy 0 I have destroyed it by his hand The hand here could be a metonym for Nebuchadnezzar’s power, or it could be a metonym for Nebuchadnezzar’s armies. Alternate translation: “I have used Nebuchadnezzar’s power to destroy it” or “I have enabled Nebuchadnezzar’s armies to destroy i” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 27 9 yx3t 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak through Jeremiah to the people of Judah -JER 27 9 vwe7 0 soothsayers people who say what will happen in the future -JER 27 11 l1up figs-metaphor 0 the nation that places its neck under the yoke of the king Being the king’s slave is spoken of as being an animal onto the shoulders of which the king puts a yoke so it can do heavy work. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 27:8](../27/08.md). Alternate translation: “the nation whose people willingly becomes slaves of the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 27 11 hi97 0 the nation that places The nation here is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “the nation of people who place” -JER 27 11 w1tr 0 cultivate This means to prepare and use land to grow food crops -JER 27 11 eq6b 0 make their homes in it “make their homes in their own land” -JER 27 12 d48x 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak through Jeremiah to the king of Judah. -JER 27 12 s392 0 Place your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon Being the king’s slave is spoken of as being an animal onto the shoulders of which the king puts a yoke so it can do heavy work. See how similar words were translated in [Jeremiah 27:8](../27/08.md). -JER 27 12 gls2 figs-you 0 Place your necks The word “your” refers to Zedekiah and the people of Judah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 27 13 dl31 figs-rquestion 0 Why will you die … king of Babylon? Jeremiah uses this question to warn the king that his actions will lead to his death. Alternate translation: “For if you do not do this, you will surely die … king.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 27 14 sgg7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak through Jeremiah to the king and people of Judah. -JER 27 14 dre5 0 Do not listen to the words Yahweh is warning the people about all the false prophets that he did not send and that are lying to them. -JER 27 15 xb8h figs-metonymy 0 they are prophesying deceit in my name The phrase “in my name” represents speaking with Yahweh’s power and authority or as his representative. Here these prophets claim that they received their message from Yahweh, but that had not. The abstract noun “deceit” can be translated as the verb “deceiving.” Alternate translation: “they say they are speaking for me when they prophesy, but they are deceiving you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 27 15 qnt1 0 I will drive you out “I will force you to leave your home country” -JER 27 16 uap6 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to speak the words of Yahweh. -JER 27 16 cbz7 figs-activepassive 0 The objects belonging to Yahweh’s house are being returned from Babylon now! This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People are bringing back all the gold items that they took from Yahweh’s temple!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 27 17 sk8y figs-rquestion 0 Why should this city become a ruin? Yahweh uses a question to warn the people. Alternate translation: “You can keep this city from becoming a ruin if you do what Yahweh wants you to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 27 18 a925 figs-hypo 0 If they are prophets, and if the word of Yahweh has truly come to them, let them beg This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh knows is not true. Alternate translation: “If they were prophets, and if the word of Yahweh had truly come to them, they would beg” or “Because they are not prophets and the word of Yahweh has not truly come to them, they will not beg” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 27 18 p374 0 if the word of Yahweh has truly come to them The phrase “word of Yahweh” refers to messages from God. Alternate translation: “if Yahweh has truly given them messages” or “if Yahweh truly spoke messages to them” -JER 27 18 tay8 figs-123person 0 the word of Yahweh … beg Yahweh of hosts not Yahweh is speaking of himself in third person. Alternate translation: “my word … be me, Yahweh of hosts, not” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 27 18 ej1m 0 the house of the king of Judah The word “house” has a range of possible meanings. In this case it refers to the royal palace where the king lived. Alternate translation: “the palace of the king of Judah” -JER 27 19 h1ve 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to bring the message of Yahweh. -JER 27 19 sly4 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 27 19 mv9m 0 the pillars, the large basin known as “The Sea” and its base These were objects that were in the temple. “The Sea” was a large bronze bowl. -JER 27 20 x7ff 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Jeconiah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. -JER 27 21 r3av 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to speak the words of Yahweh. -JER 27 21 x7vp 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 27 21 trv4 0 the house of the king of Judah The word “house” has a range of possible meanings. In this case it refers to the royal palace there the king lived. Alternate translation: “the palace of the king of Judah” -JER 27 22 s56l figs-activepassive 0 They will be brought to Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will bring them to Babylon” or “I will bring them to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 27 22 au73 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 27 22 jjc7 0 I will bring them up The reader should understand that Yahweh will have people carry them up. -JER 28 intro r9mb 0 # Jeremiah 28 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### False prophecies continue

A false prophet prophesied that the captives would return from Babylon with all the temple vessels. Jeremiah told the false prophet that he would die that year for prophesying lies, and he did die. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -JER 28 1 eue8 0 General Information: Hananiah claims to speak for God. -JER 28 1 uk8e translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the fourth year and the fifth month This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the dry season. It is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. This was after Zedekiah had been king for three years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 28 1 i5s1 translate-names 0 Azzur This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 28 2 nwh3 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 28 2 aar4 figs-metaphor 0 I have broken the yoke imposed by the king of Babylon Hananaiah speaks of the people being in slavery as if they were oxen on which the Babylonians had put yokes to make them do heavy work. Alternate translation: “I have made it so you are no longer slaves of the king of Babylon” or “I have set you free from slavery to the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 28 3 ccb6 0 General Information: Hananiah continues to speak. -JER 28 4 p8wn 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Jeconiah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. -JER 28 4 g5wx figs-activepassive 0 who were sent This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I sent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 28 6 jm3q 0 May Yahweh confirm the words that you prophesied “May Yahweh prove you have prophesied truly” -JER 28 8 kgg7 0 The prophets who existed before me and you from long ago “The prophets who lived long ago before you and I” -JER 28 9 v7cm figs-activepassive 0 then it will be known that he is indeed a prophet sent out by Yahweh This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “then you will know that he is indeed a true prophet and that Yahweh has sent him out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 28 11 ski8 0 Just like this “Just as Hananiah has taken the yoke off Jeremiah’s neck” -JER 28 11 aj19 figs-metaphor 0 I will break from off the neck of every nation the yoke imposed by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon Hananaiah speaks of the people being in slavery as if they were oxen on which the Babylonians had put yokes to make them do heavy work. Alternate translation: “I will make it so all nations are no longer slaves of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon” or “I will set every nation free from slavery to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 28 11 u45s figs-metonymy 0 every nation The word “nation” is a metonym for the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “the people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 28 11 dg28 figs-activepassive 0 the yoke imposed by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the yoke that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon has imposed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 28 11 ahp8 0 imposed put on people -JER 28 12 qez4 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 28 13 k1s2 0 You broke a yoke of wood, but I will make instead a yoke of iron “You broke a weak yoke, but I will replace it with a yoke that you cannot break” -JER 28 14 u3bq 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 28 14 y7rs figs-metaphor 0 I have placed a yoke of iron on the neck of all of these nations to serve Nebuchadnezzar Yahweh speaks of making nations to be slaves of Nebuchadnezzar as if he were putting yokes on oxen to make them do heavy work. Alternate translation: “I have made all of these nations slaves, and they will have to serve Nebuchadnezzar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 28 16 mdf5 figs-123person 0 you proclaimed rebellion against Yahweh It is not clear why Yahweh speaks of himself by name. Alternate translation: “you urged people to rebel against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 28 17 gp9j translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 29 intro l6ne 0 # Jeremiah 29 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Two letters

Jeremiah sent a letter to Babylon telling the exiles to prepare for a long stay. A false prophet in Babylon wrote back to the chief priest telling him to punish Jeremiah. Even though Jeremiah had prophesied the exile, the Jews still did not believe him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]]) -JER 29 1 j1gt 0 sent out from Jerusalem “proclaimed from Jerusalem” -JER 29 1 kv6v 0 remaining elders “elders who were still alive” -JER 29 2 ici1 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Jeconiah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. -JER 29 2 lph9 0 the queen mother the king’s mother -JER 29 2 dd2l 0 high officials “very important officials” -JER 29 3 jx8m figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Elasah Jeremiah gave the scroll to Elasah so that Elasah could take it to Babylon. The reader should understand that Elasah probably put the scroll in a container to keep it safe as he traveled. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 29 3 c79u translate-names 0 Elasah … Shapan … Gemariah … Hilkiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 29 4 wj14 0 Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, says this to all the captives When people wrote letters in that society, they would write their name first, then the name of the person to whom they were writing, and then the main part of the letter. Yahweh speaks of himself by name as if he were writing the letter himself. -JER 29 4 zdg1 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 29 5 b9h6 figs-explicit 0 Build houses and live in them. Plant gardens and eat their fruit Yahweh is telling them they will be there for a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 29 6 x2ss 0 take wives for your sons, and give your daughters to husbands Parents commonly arranged their children’s marriages. -JER 29 7 e28z figs-metonymy 0 Seek the peace of the city The peace of the city is a metonym for the people living in peace. Alternate translation: “Do everything you can so the people of the city live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 7 y2ms 0 the city … its behalf … it is at peace These words refer to the city of Babylon. -JER 29 8 n627 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the captive Israelites. -JER 29 8 ty27 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 29 8 uw13 0 you yourselves are having Another possible meaning is “you are encouraging the prophets to have for you.” -JER 29 9 k591 0 they are prophesying deceitfully … I did not send them This could mean: (1) these words refer to the prophets and diviners, not to the dreams or (2) “they are prophesying deceitfully” refers to the dreams, and “I did not send them” refers to the prophets and diviners. -JER 29 9 dl19 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 29 10 u5xk 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to the captives of Israel. -JER 29 10 j5jj 0 you the captive Israelites -JER 29 10 f7ht translate-numbers 0 seventy years “70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 29 12 y9js 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to the captives of Israel. -JER 29 12 t5ie figs-metonymy 0 you will call to me Praying is spoken of as calling out with a loud voice. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 12 chj7 figs-explicit 0 I will listen to you This implies that Yahweh will give them what they want. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 29 13 t4q8 figs-metonymy 0 you will seek me Wanting to know what Yahweh requires is spoken of as trying to find where Yahweh is. Alternate translation: “you will want to do what I require you to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 13 w17i 0 you will seek me with all your heart “you will be completely sincere when you seek me” -JER 29 14 wng6 0 I will bring back your fortunes “I will cause things to go well for you again” or “I will cause you to live well again” -JER 29 14 e84g figs-activepassive 0 I caused you to be exiled This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I sent you into exile” or “I sent you to be exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 29 15 mq78 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to the captive Israelites. -JER 29 16 nxs3 figs-metonymy 0 the king who sits on the throne of David Sitting on the throne is a metonym for ruling as king. Alternate translation: “the king who rules the Israelites as David did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 17 v7vj 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 29 17 c4i2 0 See This alerts the reader to pay attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention” -JER 29 17 u8ah figs-metonymy 0 I am about to send sword, famine, and disease on them The word “sword” is a metonym for war. The sword, famine, and disease are spoken of as people who can obey Yahweh’s command to harm the Israelites. Alternate translation: “I am going to punish them by having them die in war, from hunger, and from illness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 29 17 u3lc figs-simile 0 For I will make them like rotten figs that are too bad to be eaten Rotten figs are useless because they cannot be eaten, and Yahweh sees no use for the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 29 18 pv3g 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Israel. -JER 29 18 c9s9 0 a horror, an object of curses and hissing, and a shameful thing These words all share similar meanings and describe how the people of other nations will react when they see what Yahweh has done to the people of Judah. -JER 29 18 m2u4 0 hissing the sound people make when they disapprove of something -JER 29 19 xg4e figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 29 20 n6ah 0 So you yourselves listen Yahweh is now about to issue a command and wants them to pay attention. Alternate translation: “But as for you, listen carefully” -JER 29 21 hg4m translate-names 0 Kolaiah … Maaseiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 29 21 li6x figs-metonymy 0 who prophesy falsely to you in my name Here “name” is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “liars who tell you that they are speaking my words to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 21 rtz1 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 29 21 nlw5 figs-metonymy 0 I am about to put them into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon Here “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “I will allow Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon to conquer them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 21 rp45 0 before your eyes “where you can see him do it” -JER 29 22 bu5e figs-activepassive 0 a curse will be spoken about these persons by all the captives of Judah in Babylon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the captives of Judah in Babylon will say a curse about these persons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 29 22 d1hq figs-euphemism 0 roasted This word usually refers to cooking food over an open fire or in a pan, not to burning completely. This could mean: (1) this is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “burned to death” or (2) the king’s men attached them to poles over the fire close enough that the fire would slowly kill them but far enough away that it would not totally consume their bodies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JER 29 23 siu5 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 29 24 b1e4 translate-names 0 Shemaiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 29 24 zl7z translate-names 0 Nehelamite This is the name of a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 29 25 l5qk 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 29 25 atv3 figs-metonymy 0 in your own name The word “name” refers to a person’s authority and reputation. Alternate translation: “based on your own authority and reputation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 29 25 p62k translate-names 0 Maaseiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 29 26 x2p7 translate-names 0 Jehoiada This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 29 26 bf8u 0 stocks a wooden frame that holds the feet, hands, or head of a person whom someone is punishing -JER 29 27 z9tj 0 General Information: This finishes the letter by Shemaiah that he sent out to the people in Jerusalem. -JER 29 27 p5f5 figs-rquestion 0 why have you not rebuked Jeremiah of Anathoth … against you? Shemaiah uses a rhetorical question to scold the people of Jerusalem for not rebuking Jeremiah. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want you to rebuke Jeremiah of Anathoth … against you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 29 28 v7fm figs-explicit 0 he has sent to us You may need to make explicit what it was that Jeremiah sent. Alternate translation: “he has sent a message to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 29 28 v3zf 0 Build houses and live in them, and plant gardens and eat their fruit See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 29:5](../29/05.md). -JER 29 29 vih2 0 in the hearing of Jeremiah the prophet “so that Jeremiah the prophet could hear him read it.” See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 29 30 z78k figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 29 31 ysp9 0 Shemaiah the Nehelamite See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 29:24](../29/24.md). -JER 29 32 h1dk figs-nominaladj 0 the good This can be translated as a noun phrase. Alternate translation: “the good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 29 32 q7ck figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 29 32 bs4i figs-123person 0 he has proclaimed rebellion against Yahweh It is not clear why Yahweh speaks of himself by name. Alternate translation: “he has urged people to rebel against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 30 intro pf1y 0 # Jeremiah 30 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:5-24.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### God promises restoration

Despite the prophesied punishment in this chapter, Yahweh promises to restore Judah. In addition to this, he also declares that he will ultimately restore Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
The author uses the term “Israel” in two different ways. He uses it in reference to the nation of Israel. He also uses it in reference to the people who used to inhabit the northern kingdom of Israel, namely the people group of Israel. -JER 30 1 f64q figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 30 3 iwm1 0 For look “For listen carefully.” This phrase brings attention to what Yahweh is going to say next. -JER 30 3 s2us figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will restore the fortunes Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will restore the fortunes” or “there will be a time … when I will restore the fortunes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 3 db1t figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 30 3 xt2s 0 I will restore the fortunes of my people, Israel and Judah “I will cause things to go well for my people, Israel and Judah, again” or “I will cause my people, Israel and Judah, to live well again.” See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). -JER 30 4 m5dx writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 30 5 l2xq 0 We have heard This could mean: (1) that these are the words of Yahweh referring to himself as “we.” Alternate translation: “I have heard” or (2) that these are the words of the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “You people of Jerusalem say, ‘We have heard” -JER 30 5 mej1 0 a trembling voice of dread and not of peace This could mean: (1) “people cry out in dread because there is no peace” or (2) “you cry out in dread because there is no peace.” -JER 30 6 br85 0 Ask and see if a man bears a child “You know that no man has ever given birth to a child” -JER 30 6 t7ik figs-simile 0 Why do I see every young man with his hand on his loins like a woman bearing a child? Why have all their faces become pale? A woman about to give birth is in great pain and unable to do anything. The young men are so frightened that their bodies hurt, and they are unable to fight. Alternate translation: “The young men are holding their bellies like a woman giving birth; they all look sick because they are so afraid.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 30 7 uva8 figs-metonymy 0 for Jacob, but he will be rescued from it The name Jacob is a metonym for the man’s descendants. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “for the descendants of Jacob, but I will rescue them from it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 30 8 es78 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the Israelites. -JER 30 8 h8gt figs-metaphor 0 I will break the yoke off your neck, and I will shatter your chains Being a slave is spoken of as wearing a yoke like an animal and wearing chains like a prisoner. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 9 zlx4 figs-123person 0 they will worship Yahweh their God … their king … over them Yahweh continues speaking about the descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “you will worship Yahweh your God … your king … over you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 30 9 qp76 figs-metonymy 0 David their king This is a metonym for one of David’s descendants. Alternate translation: “a man descended from their King David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 30 10 j2kb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -JER 30 10 ff1b figs-metonymy 0 my servant Jacob … Israel “Jacob” and “Israel” are the two names of the ancestor of the Israelites, and these names are metonyms for the Israelites. Alternate translation: “descendants of Jacob … you Israelite people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 30 10 ldb9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 30 10 gri4 0 do not be dismayed “do not be discouraged” -JER 30 10 anv7 0 For see, I am “Listen carefully while I tell you why: I am” -JER 30 10 t49p figs-abstractnouns 0 from the land of captivity The abstract noun “captivity” can be translated using the noun “captive.” Alternate translation: “from the place where they were captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 30 10 zir5 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob will return … he will be secure Jacob’s name is a metonym for his descendants. Yahweh speaks to Jacob as if he were speaking to another person. You may need to make explicit to where Jacob will return. Alternate translation: “Jacob will return to his own land … he will be secure” or “The descendants of Jacob will return … they will be secure” or “You descendants of Jacob will return … you will be secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 30 10 f2gl 0 secure “safe” -JER 30 11 e618 0 where I have scattered you “where I have sent you” -JER 30 11 zng1 figs-euphemism 0 But I will certainly not put an end to you “But I will not completely destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JER 30 11 r6x7 figs-doublenegatives 0 will certainly not leave you unpunished This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JER 30 12 mt3r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -JER 30 12 fs7f figs-metaphor 0 Your injury is incurable; your wound is infected This means that Yahweh has punished them so severely that there is no one who can help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 13 k22x 0 There is no one to plead your case “There is no one who asks me to show you mercy” -JER 30 13 bxy1 figs-metaphor 0 no one to plead your case … no remedy for your wound Yahweh has punished them so severely that there is no one who can help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 14 xev8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -JER 30 14 v4ha figs-metaphor 0 All of your lovers Yahweh describes the people of Israel as an unfaithful wife who takes lovers other than her husband. Here “lovers” refers to other nations. The Israelites allied with them and worshiped their gods instead of relying on Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 14 a26m 0 They will not look for you “They no longer want to be your friends” -JER 30 14 rir2 figs-metaphor 0 I have wounded you with the wound of an enemy Yahweh has treated his people like he would treat his enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 14 b768 figs-metaphor 0 the discipline of a cruel master Yahweh has treated his people like a cruel master would treat a rebellious slave. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 14 m2nq 0 your innumerable sins “your sins, which are too many to count” -JER 30 15 q12y figs-rquestion 0 Why do you call for help for your injury? Yahweh asks a question here to make the people think about why they are asking him for help now. Alternate translation: “You are calling for help for your injury because you have disobeyed me.” or “Do not call for help for your injury.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 30 16 d7ma figs-metaphor 0 So everyone who consumes you will be consumed Destroying the nation is spoken of as consuming or eating it. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So those who destroy you, their enemies will destroy them” or “So I will destroy everyone who destroys you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 30 16 a2ze 0 have plundered … plunder To plunder is to steal from peaceful people using violence, and plunder is what people steal. -JER 30 16 i8dj 0 despoiling … spoil To despoil here is to take items from an enemy one has defeated, and the items one takes are the spoil. -JER 30 17 xdt5 0 healing … wounds See how you translated these words in [Jeremiah 30:12](../30/12.md). -JER 30 17 wi66 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 30 17 bdr3 0 they called you: Outcast An outcast is a person whom other people do not accept or allow to associate with them. Alternate translation: “they called you: Rejected” or “they said, ‘Nobody wants you’” -JER 30 17 sg4l figs-metonymy 0 No one cares for this Zion The place name “Zion” is a metonym for the people who live in Zion. Alternate translation: “No one cares about the people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 30 18 n9h7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -JER 30 18 bcm3 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -JER 30 18 q3jx figs-metonymy 0 I am about to bring back the fortunes of Jacob’s tents and have compassion on his homes The places where people live are metonyms for the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “I am about bring back the fortunes of the descendants of Jacob, and I will have compassion on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 30 18 c7w1 0 I am about to bring back the fortunes of Jacob’s tents “I will cause things to go well for the people in Jacob’s tents again” or “I will cause the people in Jacob’s tents to live well again.” See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). -JER 30 18 di2a figs-activepassive 0 Then a city will be built on the heap of ruins This can be translated in active form. You may need to make explicit that the city they will build will be Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Then they will rebuild Jerusalem on its ruins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 30 19 rrl4 0 Then a song of praise and a sound of merriment will go out from them “Then they will sing songs of praise and joy” -JER 30 19 hbg1 0 for I will increase them and not diminish them “I will cause them to increase in number, not to become fewer” -JER 30 19 z7qu figs-activepassive 0 so they will not be humbled This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that no one will humble them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 30 20 u5tb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -JER 30 20 tnn9 figs-activepassive 0 their assembly will be established before me This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will establish them as a people before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 30 21 nyu6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translates this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 30 23 u8p2 figs-metaphor 0 See, the tempest of Yahweh, his fury, has gone out This speaks of God’s anger and punishment as if it were a storm. This emphasizes his power and ability to destroy wicked people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 30 24 wc7x figs-abstractnouns 0 his heart’s intentions The abstract noun “intentions” can be translated using the verb “intends.” The heart is a synecdoche for the whole person. Alternate translation: “what he intends to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 31 intro r3ad 0 # Jeremiah 31 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 31:1-6, 8-22, 35-37.

The ULT sets 31:29 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because it is an important quotation.

This chapter begins with a transition from the previous chapter. “At that time” is a reference to the day of restoration mentioned in [Jeremiah 30:24](../../jer/30/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The new covenant

This chapter is an important teaching regarding the new covenant. God will make a new covenant that will bring forgiveness of sins and a desire to obey God. Scholars disagree about whether this new covenant has begun. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Israel
In this chapter, Jeremiah uses the term “Israel” in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole. He also uses it in reference to the northern kingdom of Israel and their people group. -JER 31 1 p3h6 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 31 2 ht7e figs-idiom 0 The people who have survived the sword have found favor in the wilderness The phrase “found favor” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “While the people who have survived the sword have been in the wilderness, I have had grace on them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 31 2 ml2j figs-metonymy 0 who have survived the sword The word “sword” is a metonym for war. Alternate translation: “who have survived the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 2 kc9p 0 wilderness; I will go out to give rest to Israel Another possible meaning is “wilderness, where Israel went out to find rest.” -JER 31 3 egs4 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh appeared to me Jeremiah speaks of himself as if he were the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 3 rmr8 figs-abstractnouns 0 I have drawn you toward myself with covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “I have been faithful to my covenant and brought you near to me” or “I have faithfully loved you and brought you near to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 31 4 ab77 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Israel. -JER 31 4 bv1q figs-activepassive 0 I will build you up again so you will be built Yahweh purposefully repeats the idea that he will build Israel to emphasize it. If your language can only use active verbs and has some other way to emphasize the idea, you may want to use it here. Alternate translation: “I will build you up again. Remember this: I will build you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 31 4 bt11 figs-personification 0 virgin Israel It was common to refer to nations as if they were women. However, “virgin” makes a person think about a young woman who has never married and so has never had the opportunity to be faithless to her husband. Therefore, calling Israel a virgin is an ironic use of language. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:13](../18/13.md). Alternate translation: “Israel, who falsely pretends to be fully devoted to me” or “my faithless people Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 31 4 v1aw translate-unknown 0 tambourines musical instruments with heads like a drum that can be hit and with pieces of metal around their sides that sound when the instruments are shaken (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JER 31 7 n6rl figs-apostrophe 0 Shout … Shout … Let praise be heard … Say Yahweh is speaking in an apostrophe to all people of the world, so these verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -JER 31 7 g2zs 0 the chief people of the nations “the most important people group of all the nations” or “the people group that is more important than any other” -JER 31 7 hu9h figs-activepassive 0 Let praise be heard This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Cause everyone to hear your praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 31 8 tg8t 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about how he will bring the Israelite people back from being captives in Babylon. -JER 31 8 y2x1 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 31 8 jg4x 0 to bring them “to bring the Israelite people” -JER 31 9 ai7p 0 I will lead them as they make their pleas Yahweh will lead them and they will be praying to Yahweh. Some ancient versions read, “Yahweh will lead them and will comfort them.” -JER 31 9 v75t figs-metaphor 0 I will be a father to Israel, and Ephraim will be my firstborn Here “Ephraim” is another name for “Israel.” Alternate translation: “I will be like a father to the people of Israel, and they will be like my firstborn child” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 9 gg9d 0 my firstborn The firstborn had special honor and responsibility. -JER 31 10 z57h 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about how he will bring the Israelite people back from being captives in Babylon. -JER 31 10 n8v4 figs-pronouns 0 Hear … Report Yahweh is speaking to the nations, so these verbs are plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -JER 31 10 dc3t figs-pronouns 0 The one who scattered Israel is gathering her up and keeping her Yahweh speaks of himself as if he were someone else, and he speaks of the people of Israel as if they were a helpless woman. Alternate translation: “I caused my people Israel to be scattered among the nations, but now I am bringing them home and keeping them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 10 pyt3 figs-simile 0 as a shepherd keeps his sheep A shepherd cares for and protects his sheep, and Yahweh is promising to care for and protect the Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 31 11 t3xt figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh has ransomed Jacob and has redeemed him from the hand that was too strong for him These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that it is Yahweh who has rescued the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh has rescued the people of Israel from their enemy who was too strong for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 12 x6vs figs-metaphor 0 on the heights of Zion “on Zion, the high place” or “on Mount Zion.” Being on top of a hill is a metaphor for being happy. If your language associates mountain tops with sadness, it would be best to leave out the metaphor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 12 s2y2 figs-simile 0 like a watered garden This means they will be strong and healthy, and they will prosper. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 31 12 d4iw figs-hyperbole 0 they will never again feel any more sorrow The world “never” is a generalization. The Israelites will almost always feel joy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 31 13 f4jc 0 I will change their mourning into celebration The abstract nouns “mourning” and “celebration” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to mourn no longer but instead to celebrate” or “I will make it so they are no longer sad but happy” -JER 31 13 z18g 0 I will change “Yahweh will change” -JER 31 14 v9rm figs-abstractnouns 0 I will saturate the lives of the priests in abundance The abstract noun “abundance” can be translated as “many good things.” The lives of the priests are spoken of as if they were a field that would become completely wet when much rain falls on it. Life is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “I will give the priests all the good things they would like” or “I will satisfy the priests with good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 14 yp3m figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 15 gfw6 figs-activepassive 0 A voice is heard in Ramah This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I hear a voice in Ramah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 31 15 qr6k figs-metonymy 0 It is Rachel weeping for her children Rachel was the wife of Jacob/Israel and was the mother of the tribes of Joseph and Benjamin. Her name is a metonym for the women of Israel who are crying because the Babylonians have killed their children or taken them away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 15 iel2 figs-activepassive 0 She refuses to be comforted over them, for they live no longer This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “She will not let anyone comfort her, for her children are dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 31 16 sw6x figs-personification 0 Hold your voice back from weeping and your eyes from tears The voice and eyes are spoken of as if they were people whom Rachel needed to keep from moving. Alternate translation: “Stop weeping aloud and stop crying tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 31 16 m4pv figs-you 0 Hold your voice … your eyes … your work … your children Yahweh is speaking to the Israelites as if he were speaking to Rachel ([Jeremiah 31:15](../31/15.md)), so all instances of “your” and the commands are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 31 16 n1bx figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration In both instances of this phrase, Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 17 v8ly figs-you 0 your future … your descendants Yahweh is speaking to the Israelites as if he were speaking to Rachel ([Jeremiah 31:15](../31/15.md)), so all instances of “your” and the commands are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 31 18 we7q figs-metonymy 0 I have certainly heard Ephraim sorrowing Ephraim was the ancestor of the largest tribe in Israel. His name is a metonym for the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “I have certainly heard the descendants of Ephraim sorrowing” or “I have certainly heard the people of Israel sorrowing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 18 mfd1 figs-parallelism 0 You punished me, and I have been punished The speaker repeats the phrase to show either that Yahweh punished him severely or that Ephraim learned what Yahweh wanted to teach him through punishing him. The words “I have been punished” can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “You punished me. Yes, you punished me severely” or “You punished me, and I learned from you when you punished me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 31 18 s9qf figs-simile 0 I have been punished like an untrained calf When people train calves, they strike them and otherwise cause them to suffer. Yahweh had caused the people of Israel to suffer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 31 18 pay9 0 punished Another possible meaning is “disciplined.” -JER 31 19 ip4s figs-idiom 0 I slapped my thigh in grief. If people use a different phrase or action in your language to show that they are very sad, you may want to use it here. Alternate translation: “I rubbed my brow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 31 19 p5xj figs-doublet 0 I was ashamed and humiliated The words “ashamed” and “humiliated” mean basically the same thing and intensify the idea of shame. Alternate translation: “I was completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 31 20 lm82 figs-rquestion 0 Is not Ephraim my precious child? Is he not my dear, delightful son? Yahweh is speaking tenderly, trying to comfort the people. These questions can be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “Ephraim is my precious child. He is my dear, delightful son. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 31 20 y1a8 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 21 tws6 0 General Information: God continues to speak from verse 7. -JER 31 21 t8m8 figs-pronouns 0 Place road signs for yourself … Set up guideposts for yourself … Set your mind … you should take … Come back These commands and instances of “yourself” and “your” and “you” are addressed to “virgin Israel” and so are singular. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -JER 31 21 kbs3 figs-metaphor 0 Come back, virgin Israel! God is referring to a changed Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 22 w4vz figs-rquestion 0 How long will you waver, faithless daughter? Yahweh is telling his people that he is becoming impatient with them because they are not obeying him. Alternate translation: “Do not hesitate to start obeying me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 31 22 ix8p figs-metaphor 0 waver This could mean: (1) be unable to decide what to do or (2) often go off the correct path, a metaphor for disobeying Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 22 gt15 figs-idiom 0 new on earth—a woman surrounds a strong man This could mean: (1) the people will be so safe that women will not need anyone to protect them or (2) this is an idiom for something no one would ever expect. Alternate translation: “new on earth—something as strange as a woman protecting a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 31 23 i697 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 31 23 glu1 figs-explicit 0 the people Here this refers to the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 31 23 v46w figs-apostrophe 0 May Yahweh bless you, you righteous place where he lives, you holy mountain Jerusalem is on the top of a hill, and the temple was built at the highest point in Jerusalem. AT; “May Yahweh bless those who live in Jerusalem with Yahweh, where his temple is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 23 w9bz 0 you holy mountain Mount Zion, where the temple had stood -JER 31 24 w96e figs-metonymy 0 Judah and all its cities will live together there The name of the man Judah is a metonym for the land on which his descendants, the people of the tribe of Judah, live, and the cities of Judah are spoken of as if they were the family of the man Judah, all of them living “there,” in the land of Judah. Alternate translation: “it will be as if the land were a house in which Judah lived with his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 24 r4wa 0 as will farmers and those who set out with flocks “and farmers and those who set out with flocks will also live there” -JER 31 24 ycz6 0 those who set out with flocks people who take care of sheep and goats -JER 31 26 fc1y 0 had been refreshing “had refreshed me” -JER 31 27 nmn8 0 Look “Pay attention” or “Listen” -JER 31 27 hzy4 figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will sow Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will sow” or “there will be a time … when I will sow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 27 u22q figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 27 h4zz figs-metonymy 0 I will sow the houses of Israel and Judah with the descendants of man and beast The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house, in this case the people of Israel and the people of Judah. The house in turn is spoken of as if it were a field in which Yahweh would sow seed, and the people and the animals they raise for food, milk, and skins are spoken of as if they are that seed. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people of Israel and Judah to become many people with many animals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 28 k8da 0 I kept them under surveillance in order to uproot them “looked for ways to uproot them” -JER 31 28 i6nn 0 uproot … tear them down … overthrow … destroy See how you translated these ideas in [Jeremiah 1:9](../01/09.md). -JER 31 28 ha61 figs-metaphor 0 in order to build them up and to plant them Yahweh speaks of the Israelites as if they were a house or a food crop. Alternate translation: “in order to make them strong and many” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 29 h14f writing-proverbs 0 Fathers have eaten sour grapes, but the children’s teeth are dulled These words are a proverb that Jeremiah heard people say when they were complaining that Yahweh was punishing children for the sins of their fathers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -JER 31 29 cx2i 0 sour grapes This could mean: (1) grapes with too much acid in them or (2) grapes that are not ripe. If grapes are not part of your culture, you may want to use a general word for fruit. -JER 31 29 ic1b 0 teeth are dulled Use the common words in your language for how people’s mouths feel when they eat sour or unripe fruit. -JER 31 30 uyf9 0 For each man will die in his own iniquity “For each man will die because of his own sins” -JER 31 30 pl7f writing-proverbs 0 everyone who eats sour grapes, his teeth will be dulled Jeremiah restates the proverb so that it now means people will suffer as a consequence of their own behaviors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-proverbs]]) -JER 31 31 tl76 0 Look “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am going to tell you” -JER 31 31 kz1m figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will establish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will establish” or “there will be a time … when I will establish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 31 wtb3 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 31 d1xu figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 31 q554 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 32 nqk6 figs-metaphor 0 I took them by their hand as a loving husband would hold the hand of his wife as they walk (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 33 j6dq figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 33 bkt8 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 33 bf4z figs-parallelism 0 I will place my law within them and will write it on their heart These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that Yahweh’s law will become a part of them, rather than merely written on stone. Here “heart” represents “emotions” or “mind.” Alternate translation: “My law will be part of their thoughts and emotions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 31 34 qvg2 figs-merism 0 from the smallest of them to the greatest This phrase refers to every person, from the least important to the most important. Alternate translation: “every single one of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 31 36 l19t figs-hypo 0 Only if these permanent things vanish … will Israel’s descendants ever stop from forever being a nation This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh never expects to truly happen. Alternate translation: “These permanent things will never vanish … and Israel’s descendants will never stop from forever being a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 31 36 rfl3 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 37 z5ud figs-hypo 0 Only if the highest heavens can be measured, and only if the earth’s foundation below can be discovered, will I reject all of Israel’s descendants This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh never expects to truly happen. Alternate translation: “The highest heavens can never be measured, and the earth’s foundation below can never be discovered, and I will never reject all of Israel’s descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 31 37 yx41 figs-merism 0 the highest heavens … earth’s foundation These phrases refer to the whole of creation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 31 37 ejs7 figs-activepassive 0 the earth’s foundation below can be discovered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone can dig all the way down to the earth’s foundation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 31 37 p28t 0 foundation below “deepest part.” The “foundation” is the part of a house on which every other part rests. -JER 31 37 l43y 0 reject throw away or refuse to take -JER 31 37 j9cp figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 38 s6ck figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when the city will be rebuilt Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … the city will be rebuilt” or “there will be a time … when the city will be rebuilt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 31 38 nfv8 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 31 38 g1l1 figs-activepassive 0 the city will be rebuilt for me This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will rebuild the city for me” or “I will have them rebuild the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 31 38 nd1w translate-names 0 Tower of Hananel … Corner Gate These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 31 39 pz74 translate-names 0 hill of Gareb … Goah These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 31 40 bf2f figs-activepassive 0 The whole valley … will be set apart for Yahweh This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “They will set apart the whole valley … for me” or “I will have them make the whole valley … holy for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 31 40 z7hx translate-names 0 Kidron Valley … Horse Gate These are the names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 31 40 j8yq 0 set apart “made holy” -JER 31 40 gu9q figs-metaphor 0 The city will not be pulled up or overthrown again The city is spoken of as if it were a plant that someone could pull out of the ground or a building that someone could break down. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will not allow anyone to pull up or overthrow the city again” or “No one will tear the city down or destroy it again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 intro vcw6 0 # Jeremiah 32 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
The king should have listened to the prophet Jeremiah and repented of his sin. Instead, he objected to his message. Yahweh punished him because of this. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Israel
The term “Israel” is used exclusively in reference to the nation of Israel as a whole in this chapter. -JER 32 1 xs6y figs-idiom 0 This is the word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Jeremiah. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:2](../01/02.md) Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave messages to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 32 1 mul1 0 in the tenth year of Zedekiah king of Judah, the eighteenth year of Nebuchadnezzar “after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for more than nine years and Nebuchadnezzar had been king for more than seventeen years” -JER 32 2 nkx2 figs-activepassive 0 Jeremiah the prophet was imprisoned This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they were keeping Jeremiah as a prisoner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 2 fp96 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah the prophet was imprisoned It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 32 2 ke5d 0 the courtyard of the guard at the house of the king of Judah This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. -JER 32 3 ih69 figs-metonymy 0 Zedekiah king of Judah had imprisoned him It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people helped Zedekiah do this. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 3 p2a2 figs-123person 0 had imprisoned him Here “him” refers to Jeremiah. It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 32 3 x9qt figs-rquestion 0 Why do you prophesy and say Zekekiah uses a question to rebuke Jeremiah. Alternate translation: “It is wrong for you to continue prophesying and saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 32 3 sd28 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to give over this city into the hand of the king of Babylon Yahweh speaks of the city as if it were a small object that one person could give to another. The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “I am about to put this city under the control of the king of Babylon” or “I am about to allow the king of Babylon to do whatever he wants with this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 3 r41w 0 he will capture it It might be best to translate so that the reader understands that other people would help the king of Babylon take control of the city. -JER 32 4 ymp7 figs-metonymy 0 he will certainly be given into the hand of the king of Babylon The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will certainly put him under the control of the king of Babylon” or “I will certainly allow the king of Babylon to do whatever he wants with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 4 jf8a figs-synecdoche 0 His mouth will speak to the king’s mouth, and his eyes will see the king’s eyes Here “mouth” and “eyes” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “Zedekiah himself will see and directly speak with Nebuchadnezzar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 32 5 h4hy figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 32 5 q8rv figs-you 0 you fight Here “you” is plural and refers to the people in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 32 6 bkt2 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah said It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 32 6 js77 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave me a message. He said, ‘Look” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me: ‘Look” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 32 7 d1sv figs-quotations 0 ‘Look, Hanamel son of Shallum your uncle is coming to you and will say, “Buy my field that is in Anathoth for yourself, for the right to buy it belongs to you.”’” The long quotation that begins with the words “The word of Yahweh” in verse 6 ends here. You may translate this as indirect speech. Alternate translation: “Jeremiah said that the word of Yahweh had come to him and told him that Hanamel son of Shallum his uncle was coming to him and would tell him to buy his uncle’s field that was in Anathoth for himself, for the right to buy it belonged to Jeremiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -JER 32 7 z5u4 translate-names 0 Hanamel … Shallum These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 32 7 ane1 translate-names 0 Anathoth This is the name of a place. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 32 8 j42b figs-123person 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking, but he begins to speak of himself in first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 32 8 t71a 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 32 9 f1zz translate-bmoney 0 seventeen shekels A shekel is 11 grams. Alternate translation: “17 shekels” or “187 grams” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bmoney]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 32 10 i97w 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking. -JER 32 10 yj4l 0 in a scroll and sealed it, and had witnesses witness it This refers to the deed that a person would sign to purchase land. Other people would be witnesses to confirm that Jeremiah had purchased this land. -JER 32 10 mbq3 0 had witnesses witness it “had people watch me purchase the land so they could tell others that I had purchased the land” -JER 32 11 npr2 figs-activepassive 0 that was sealed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that I sealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 11 sh86 0 unsealed deed “opened copy” or “the deed that did not have a seal on it” -JER 32 12 ta8p translate-names 0 Baruch … Neriah … Mahseiah These are names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 32 12 f3bq 0 the courtyard of the guard The open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 32 13 fq7l 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking. -JER 32 13 i63i 0 before them Here “them” refers to Hanamel, the witnesses, and the Judeans. -JER 32 14 la2y 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 32 15 g6gc figs-activepassive 0 Houses, fields, and vineyards will again be bought in this land This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel will buy houses, vineyards and fields again in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 16 m2ju 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking. He begins a long prayer, a lament with a long introduction of praise. -JER 32 16 puz1 0 the receipt of purchase This means the sealed scroll and the unsealed scroll. -JER 32 17 xs6m writing-background 0 Woe, Lord Yahweh! Look! The word “woe” here indicates that in this prayer Jeremiah is sad, complaining or lamenting. The word “look” here indicates that the next words are an introduction or background for the most important part of the prayer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 32 17 r8xl figs-metonymy 0 by your great strength and with your raised arm The phrase “raised arm” is a metonym for the strength of the arm, so the words “your great strength” and “your raised arm” form a doublet. Alternate translation: “by your great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 32 18 zsm3 figs-abstractnouns 0 You show covenant faithfulness to thousands The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “You are faithful to your covenant towards thousands” or “You keep your promise and faithfully love thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 32 18 cd54 figs-metonymy 0 pour the guilt of men into the laps of their children after them The word “guilt” is a metonym for Yahweh punishing people because they are guilty of doing evil things. Yahweh punishing people is spoken of as if he were pouring a large container full of liquid or small objects into people’s laps as they sit. Alternate translation: “you punish children for the sins of their parents” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 32 19 z67p 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues praying the introduction to his lament to Yahweh. -JER 32 19 zh7i figs-metonymy 0 for your eyes are open to all the ways of people Open eyes are a metonym for what the person sees. How a person lives is spoken of as if he were walking on a path. Alternate translation: “You see everything that people do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 32 19 jhc8 figs-abstractnouns 0 to give to each man what his conduct and deeds deserve The abstract nouns “conduct” and “deeds,” which are similar in meaning, can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “and will reward everyone according to how good or evil the things they do are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 32 20 ff83 0 You did signs and wonders in the land of Egypt This refers to an event in the past when God used his power to free the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt. -JER 32 20 txa5 0 To this present day “To this day” -JER 32 20 v54d 0 among all mankind “among all people” -JER 32 20 nuz1 figs-metonymy 0 you have made your name famous Here “name” refers to God’s reputation. Alternate translation: “you have made yourself famous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 21 yz8j figs-metonymy 0 with a strong hand, with a raised arm The phrase “strong hand” is a metonym for strength, and the phrase “raised arm” is a metonym for the strength of the arm, so the phrases “strong hand” and “raised arm” form a doublet. Alternate translation: “by your great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 32 22 gd9s 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues praying to Yahweh. He ends the introduction to his lament (“Woe,” [Jeremiah 32:17](../32/17.md)) with the words “took possession of it” and begins the lament with “but they did not obey.” -JER 32 22 zm76 0 gave them “gave the people of Israel” -JER 32 22 m6c3 figs-metaphor 0 land flowing with milk and honey “land where milk and honey flow.” God spoke of the land being good for animals and plants as if the milk and honey from those animals and plants were flowing through the land. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 11:5](../11/05.md). Alternate translation: “land that is excellent for raising livestock and growing crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 23 j41s figs-metonymy 0 But they did not obey your voice The voice is a metonym for the message the speaker gives. Alternate translation: “But they did not obey what you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 24 h8z8 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues praying to Yahweh. -JER 32 24 r8nr figs-metaphor 0 The siege mounds have reached up to the city to capture it The large piles of dirt and rocks that the enemy built around the city so they could stand on them and attack it are spoken of as if they were the attackers themselves reaching out to capture the city. Alternate translation: “The enemy’s seige mounds are so close to the city that the enemy will be able to capture the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 32 24 y1cb figs-metonymy 0 because of sword The word “sword” is a metonym for war, where soldiers use swords. Alternate translation: “because soldiers will attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 24 b3n7 figs-abstractnouns 0 famine, and plague These abstract nouns can be translated with verbal phrases. Alternate translation: “people have no food to eat, and everyone is weak from being ill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 32 24 p2wr figs-metonymy 0 the city has been given into the hand of the Chaldeans Here “hand” means power or control. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have given Jerusalem to the Chaldean army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 24 l673 0 happening, and see, you are watching “happening, as you can see very well” -JER 32 25 v7a7 0 have witnesses witness it “have people watch you purchase the land so they can tell others that you have purchased the land” -JER 32 25 fl8j figs-activepassive 0 this city is being given This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I am giving this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 26 m8wk figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 32 26 m9gx figs-123person 0 came to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 32 27 v6cp figs-rquestion 0 Is anything too difficult for me to do? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he can do anything. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing is too difficult for me to do.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 32 28 dcf6 0 See, I am about to give “Listen carefully! I am the one who will give” -JER 32 28 fb9t figs-metonymy 0 give this city into the hand of the Chaldeans Yahweh speaks of the city as if it were a small object that he could put into a person’s hand. The word “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand puts into action. Alternate translation: “put this city under the power of the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 29 w46s 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. -JER 32 29 s7dq 0 in order to provoke me “so that I would become very angry” -JER 32 30 r5j3 figs-metonymy 0 doing evil before my eyes Here the metonym “eyes” represents what God sees. This could mean: (1) “doing what I consider evil” or (2) “doing evil knowing that I am watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 30 e1kb figs-metaphor 0 since their youth A person being young is a metaphor for the people of Israel first becoming a nation. Alternate translation: “from the time they were young” or “from the time that they became a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 32 30 qwp4 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 32 31 fxx2 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. -JER 32 31 u2mt figs-metonymy 0 this city has been a provocation of my wrath and fury since the day that they built it Here “city” is a metonym for the people that live there. The words “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how very angry he is. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem have made me very angry since the day they built their city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 32 31 bcj1 figs-abstractnouns 0 has been a provocation of The abstract noun “provocation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “has been something that has provoked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 32 31 v1l3 0 It has been that right up to this present day “They continue to make me angry even now” -JER 32 31 hn3i figs-personification 0 from before my face The face is a metonym for the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “from my presence” or “completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 33 l9le 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah about what the people of Israel had done. -JER 32 33 tx7l translate-symaction 0 They turned their backs to me instead of their faces One turns one’s face to someone to show that one is listening, and one’s back to show that one refuses to listen. Alternate translation: “Instead of listening carefully to me, they refused to listen at all” or “They refused to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 32 33 lg6f 0 to receive correction “to learn how to act correctly” -JER 32 34 k9ry 0 their abominable idols “their idols which I hate” -JER 32 34 jn46 figs-activepassive 0 the house that is called by my name Here “name” represents Yahweh. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house that belongs to me” or “the building in which they worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 35 cau1 0 Valley of Ben Hinnom See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:31](../07/31.md). -JER 32 35 x89j figs-metonymy 0 It never entered my mind Here “mind” refers to Yahweh’s thoughts. Alternate translation: “I never thought at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 36 y1ua figs-you 0 which you are saying Here “you” is plural. This could mean: (1) this refers to Jeremiah and those with him, or (2) it refers to all the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 32 36 ag2w figs-metonymy 0 It is given into the hand of the king of Babylon Here “hand” means power or control. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given it to the king of Babylon” or “Yahweh has given the king of Babylon the power to rule it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 37 j7yh 0 to gather them “to gather my people” -JER 32 37 d9i7 figs-doublet 0 wrath, fury, and great anger All three words mean the same thing and emphasize how very angry he is. Alternate translation: “extreme anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 32 37 h1sp 0 in security “where they are safe” -JER 32 38 a4rn 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -JER 32 39 q5cb figs-metonymy 0 one heart and one way to honor me The people of Israel will want to work together to honor Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 32 40 f7yh 0 an everlasting covenant “eternal agreement” -JER 32 40 xt5h 0 will not turn away from doing good “stop doing good” -JER 32 40 w44d figs-metaphor 0 I will set honor for me in their hearts Honor is spoken of as if it were a solid object put in a container from which no one can remove it. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to always honor me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 32 40 r8jy 0 so that they will never turn away from me “so that they will never stop obeying and worshiping me” -JER 32 41 f6dv 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking. -JER 32 41 diu3 0 doing good to them Here “them” refers to the people of Israel. -JER 32 41 rwm9 figs-metaphor 0 I will faithfully plant them in this land Yahweh speaks of having his people live in the land forever as if he were planting plants in a garden. Alternate translation: “I will permanently settle the Israelites in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 32 41 j5ie figs-doublet 0 with all my heart and all my life Together, these two phrases form an idiomatic expression that refers to a person’s entire being. Alternate translation: “with all that I am” or “wholeheartedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 32 42 sj3m 0 I have brought all this great disaster on this people, so I will bring on them all the good things “I have caused all these bad things to happen to this people, and now I will cause the good things to happen to them” -JER 32 43 qct6 figs-activepassive 0 Then fields will be bought in this land This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then people will buy fields in this land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 43 s9q4 figs-you 0 you are saying Here “you” refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 32 43 mhj8 figs-metonymy 0 It has been given into the hand of the Chaldeans Here “hand” is a metonym for power or control. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has given it to the Chaldeans” or “Yahweh has given the Chaldeans power over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 32 44 ytf6 0 write in sealed scrolls. They will assemble witnesses The “sealed scrolls” are the deeds that a person would sign to purchase land. Other people would be witnesses to confirm the purchase. -JER 32 44 tg5c figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 intro vtz5 0 # Jeremiah 33 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Covenant faithfulness
Despite the great punishment Judah is facing and Israel has undergone, there is hope. This hope is based in the covenant faithfulness of Yahweh. Ultimately, he will restore his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenantfaith]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/hope]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]]) -JER 33 1 zhp8 writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -JER 33 1 rj9y figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah a second time, while he was … guard, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:13](../01/13.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah a second time, while Jeremiah was … guard. He said,” or “While Jeremiah was … guard, Yahweh spoke this second message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 33 1 wa3r figs-123person 0 came to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 1 k2z4 0 he was still shut within “he was still a prisoner in” -JER 33 1 fe41 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 33 2 hz5q 0 who forms in order to establish who creates things so he can make them exist forever -JER 33 4 g9p1 figs-activepassive 0 that are torn down because of the siege ramps and the sword This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) the people tore the houses down to make walls to defend against the Chaldeans. Alternate translation: “that the people have torn down to defend against the siege ramps and the sword” or (2) Alternate translation: “the houses that the Chaldeans have torn down to make siege ramps so they can make war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 33 4 u2ec figs-metonymy 0 the sword This is a metonym for people dying violently when soldiers kill with swords. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 5 lp8r figs-doublet 0 in my wrath and fury The words “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his wrath. Alternate translation: “in my extreme wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 33 5 czm7 figs-synecdoche 0 I hide my face Yahweh is represented by his “face.” This phrase shows Yahweh’s displeasure with the city. Alternate translation: “I have turned away from you” or “I am no longer concerned with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 33 7 z3sl 0 I will bring back the fortunes of Judah and Israel “I will cause things to go well for Judah and Israel again” or “I will cause Judah and Israel to live well again.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). -JER 33 9 l5i7 figs-metonymy 0 this city … do for it … give to it The city is a metonym for the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “the people who live in this city … do for the people who live there … give to the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 9 t8ug figs-metonymy 0 a song of praise and honor for all the nations of the earth The word “song” is a metonym for the object about which people will sing the song. Alternate translation: “something about which all the people groups of the earth will sing songs of praise and honor to me, Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 9 l75s figs-hendiadys 0 they will fear and tremble The hendiadys “fear and tremble” can be translated by a single verb. Alternate translation: “they will tremble with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]]) -JER 33 9 i3fz 0 fear Another possible meaning is “awe.” -JER 33 9 vmq7 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of all the good things and the peace that I will give to it The abstract noun “peace” can be translated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “because of all the good things that I will give to it and because I will cause it to be peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 33 10 k7wb figs-parallelism 0 It is desolate, a place with neither man nor beast,” in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem that are desolate having neither man nor beast These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that Judah has become desolate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 33 11 gf2i 0 the house of Yahweh the temple in Jerusalem -JER 33 11 pi42 figs-metonymy 0 I will restore the fortunes of the land The word “land” is a metonym for the people who live on the land. Alternate translation: “I will again cause things to go well for the people who live on the land” or “I will cause the people who live on the land to live well again” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 11 cg2k figs-explicit 0 to what they were before This refers to the time before the exile to Babylon. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “to what they were before I sent the Israelites into exile in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 33 12 aqm5 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 33 13 w446 figs-explicit 0 the flocks will again pass under the hands of the ones counting them This refers to the practice of a shepherd counting and inspecting his sheep as the sheep walked under his hand. Alternate translation: “shepherds will again count their sheep as the sheep walk by” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 33 14 z61y 0 Look “Listen carefully” -JER 33 14 rc5u figs-metaphor 0 Days are coming … when I will do Future time is spoken of as if the “Days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “In the future … I will do” or “There will be a time … when I will do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 33 14 jj5h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 14 ed3q figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 14 r2n7 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 14 fsd5 figs-metonymy 0 Judah This is a metonym for the people who live in Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 15 y4wd figs-doublet 0 In those days and in that time The phrase “in that time” means the same thing as, and intensifies the phrase “In those days.” Alternate translation: “In those very days” or “At that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 33 15 hd8c figs-metaphor 0 I will make a righteous branch to grow for David Yahweh speaks of a descendant of David as if he were a branch off of a tree trunk. Alternate translation: “I will cause a righteous man to come from and bring glory to the line of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 33 15 c2sm figs-metonymy 0 the land the nation of Israel (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 16 yng7 figs-metonymy 0 Judah … Jerusalem These towns’ names are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah … the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 16 sr7d figs-activepassive 0 Judah will be saved This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will save Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 33 16 q5ei 0 Jerusalem will live in security “the people of Judah will be safe from their enemies” -JER 33 16 x44h figs-metaphor 0 this is what she will be called Yahweh speaks of Jerusalem as if the town were a woman. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “this is what they will call her” or “this is what I will call the town” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 33 17 lnb8 0 A man from David’s line will never be lacking “There will always be a man from David’s line” -JER 33 17 d7da 0 A man from David’s line a male descendant of King David -JER 33 17 pqu6 figs-metonymy 0 to sit on the throne of the house of Israel The throne is a metonym for the king. Alternate translation: “to be king over the house of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 17 eml3 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 3:18](../03/18.md). Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 18 g9nx 0 nor will a man from the Levitical priests be lacking before me to raise burnt offerings “and there will always be a man from the Levitical priests to raise burnt offerings” -JER 33 18 i89e 0 raise burnt offerings “offer burnt offerings” -JER 33 19 w4dw figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 33 19 j1gw figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 20 s39s figs-123person 0 Yahweh says Yahweh is speaking of himself here. Alternate translation: “I say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 20 f1mt figs-hypo 0 If you can break … proper times These words begin a hypothetical statement that describe a situation that will never occur. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 33 21 u6sr figs-hypo 0 then you will be able to break my covenant with David my servant The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If you can break my covenant … times,” in verse 20 ends here. No one can change day and night, and no one can change God’s covenant with David. Alternate translation: “You know that you cannot break my covenant … times, so you know that you will never be able to break my covenant with David my servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 33 21 x13t figs-metonymy 0 to sit on his throne The throne is a metonym for the king who sits on the throne. Alternate translation: “to rule the kingdom I have given to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 22 xip8 figs-simile 0 As the hosts of heaven cannot be counted, and as the sand of the seashores cannot be measured, so I will increase the descendants of David my servant and the Levites who serve before me No one can count the stars in the sky or the sand on the seashore, and no one will be able to count the descendants of David and Levi who serve Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 33 23 ufu8 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 33 23 liq9 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 33 24 wv8q figs-rquestion 0 Have you not considered what this people has declared when they said, ‘The … them’? Yahweh wants Jeremiah to think deeply about what the people have said. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should have noticed what this people are really saying when they said, ‘The … them.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 33 24 k7ki 0 In this way they despise my people, saying … sight “What they are really saying is that my people are worthless and that my people will never again be a nation.” -JER 33 24 yua9 figs-metonymy 0 my people … are no longer a nation in their sight Sight is a metonym for thinking. Alternate translation: “they no longer think of my people as a nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 33 25 j74f figs-hypo 0 If I have not established … and if I have not fixed This is the beginning of a hypothetical statement that describes a situation that Yahweh never expects to be true.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 33 26 x6zy figs-hypo 0 The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If I have not established the covenant” in verse 25 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 33 26 w9mt figs-hypo 0 then I will reject … and not bring The hypothetical statement that begins with the words “If I have not established the covenant” in verse 25 ends here. This is a situation that Yahweh never expects to be true. Alternate translation: “I have established the covenant … so I will never reject … and I will bring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 33 26 z156 0 I will restore their fortunes “I will cause things to go well for them again” or “I will cause them to live well again” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). -JER 33 26 e4m9 0 show mercy to Translate as “have compassion on” is translated in ([Jeremiah 30:18](../30/18.md)). -JER 34 intro vkt9 0 # Jeremiah 34 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter
### Law of Moses
According to the law of Moses, the people were required to free their indebted slaves after a period of time. The king led them in freeing their fellow Israelites whom they held as slaves, but later they changed their minds and enslaved them again. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Actions with cultural meaning

When the people of Israel made a sacred promise to God, they cut a calf in two and passed between its parts. It was a very serious sin not to do what one had promised. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 34 1 z8xz figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh, when Nebuchadnezzar … her cities, saying: This idiom “The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah when Nebuchadnezzar … her cities. He said,” or “When Nebuchadnezzar … her cities, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 34 1 d4fn figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name in this chapter. There is no need to translate using first person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 34 1 p1vd 0 waging war “fighting” -JER 34 1 qc7b figs-metonymy 0 all of her cities This refers to all the towns around Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 2 g3l2 0 to give this city See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:28](../32/28.md) -JER 34 2 b3et figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of the king of Babylon Here the word “hand” is a metonym for the control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “under the control of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 3 x3cf figs-metonymy 0 You will not escape from his hand Here the word “hand” is a metonym for the control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “You will not escape from his control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 3 w4mj figs-activepassive 0 you will certainly be seized and given This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Babylonians will certainly seize you and give you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 34 4 uht1 figs-metonymy 0 You will not die by the sword. The word “sword” is a metonym for dying in war. Alternate translation: “You will not die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 5 xn8v 0 the funeral burning of your ancestors The people would burn spices in honor of people who had recently died. They did not burn the dead people’s bodies. -JER 34 5 x2la figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 34 7 lw71 translate-names 0 Lachish and Azekah These are names of cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 34 7 r9p7 0 These cities of Judah remained as fortified cities “the only fortified cities of Judah that the Babylonians had not yet captured” -JER 34 8 r2u9 figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. However, the actual message does not begin until [Jeremiah 34:12](./12.md). See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke a message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 34 8 pb27 0 word message -JER 34 8 us2n writing-background 0 after King Zedekiah had made a covenant … freedom to them These words begin to provide background information to events that will be described later. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 34 9 ka4p writing-background 0 that each man … his brother The background information that begins with the words “after King Zedekiah had made a covenant” in verse 8 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 34 10 l3j5 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah continues giving the background information that began in [Jeremiah 34:8](../34/08.md). -JER 34 12 jbq2 0 Connecting Statement: Jeremiah resumes the story from [Jeremiah 34:8](../34/08.md) after the background information of [Jeremiah 34:8](../34/08.md)-[Jeremiah 11](./10.md). -JER 34 12 pf6k figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said, ‘Yahweh” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah: ‘Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 34 13 b8wy figs-idiom 0 house of slavery This is an idiom. “place where you were slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 34 14 x834 0 each man must send away his brother, his fellow Hebrew who had sold himself to you and served you “each of you must free any fellow Hebrews who sold themselves to you and have been your slaves” -JER 34 14 jnm6 0 Send him away in freedom “You must let them be free from serving you” -JER 34 14 gs8l figs-metonymy 0 did not … incline their ears to me To incline the ear, to lean the head toward the speaker so as to hear better, is a metonym for paying attention to what the speaker is saying. Alternate translation: “did not … pay attention to what I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 15 ryr7 0 Now you yourselves repented Here the word “now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -JER 34 15 re32 figs-metonymy 0 right in my eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for someone’s opinion or idea. Alternate translation: “what I consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 15 x4yg figs-activepassive 0 the house that is called by my name This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the house that belongs to me” or “the building in which they worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 16 r5d6 figs-metonymy 0 turned and polluted my name A person’s name is a metonym for what people think of him. Alternate translation: “stopped doing what was right and did evil things that have made people think that I am evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 17 n7sg 0 So look! “Listen!” or “Pay attention to the important thing I am going to tell you!” -JER 34 17 b72s figs-irony 0 I am about to proclaim freedom to you … freedom for the sword, the plague, and famine Jeremiah uses irony to say that the “freedom” the people will enjoy will actually be suffering. Alternate translation: “I will proclaim misery to you … misery from the sword, the plague, and famine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 34 17 h19u 0 proclaim freedom to you “proclaim that you are free” -JER 34 17 n2mw figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 34 17 vx6q figs-metonymy 0 sword This is a metonym for soldiers who carry swords. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 17 eyz6 figs-metaphor 0 am going to make you a horrible thing in the sight of every kingdom on earth Here “sight” represents judgment or evaluation. The word “kingdom” is a metonym for the people who live in the kingdom. Alternate translation: “I am going to make the people in every kingdom on earth think that you are horrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 18 r9sg writing-background 0 when they cut a bull … walked between its parts These words begin to describe how the people established the covenant. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 34 18 cec2 0 established before me “agreed to with me” or “established while I was watching” -JER 34 19 lhx2 writing-background 0 and then the leaders … walked between the parts of the bull The description of how the people established the covenant that began with the words “when they cut” in verse 18 ends here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 34 20 xu7g figs-metonymy 0 I will give them into the hand of their enemies The word “hand” here is a metonym for the power or control that the enemies will exercise using their hands. AT; “I will allow their enemies to have complete control over them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 20 gan7 figs-euphemism 0 seeking their lives This is a polite way to say that they wanted to kill them. Alternate translation: “seeking to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JER 34 20 sjp1 figs-metonymy 0 into the hand of their enemies Here the word “hands” represents control. Alternate translation: “to be conquered by their enemies” or “over to the control of their enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 34 21 wl9t 0 risen up “come to fight” -JER 34 22 ug2t 0 bring them bring the Babylonian armies -JER 35 intro jt1x 0 # Jeremiah 35 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### The Rechabites

The actions of the Rechabites contrasted with the actions of the Jews. The Rechabites obeyed the commands their ancestor had give while living in Canaan, but Judah did not obey Yahweh’s commands. Because the Rechabites were obedient, Yahweh preserved their clan. The Rechabites’ history is found in the book of Judges. -JER 35 1 pt2v figs-idiom 0 The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh in the days … of Judah, saying, The idiom “The word that came to Jeremiah from Yahweh” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah in the days … of Judah. He said,” or “In the days … of Judah, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 35 1 x1f1 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 35 2 t4d9 translate-names 0 Rekabites This is a people group. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 35 2 dr1g 0 my house the temple -JER 35 3 c47f translate-names 0 Jaazaniah … Habazziniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 35 4 kb1e translate-names 0 Hanan … Igdaliah … Maaseiah … Shallum These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 35 5 lxe8 0 Rekabites See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 35:2](../35/02.md). -JER 35 6 plf8 translate-names 0 Jonadab … Rekab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 35 7 ah95 0 live many days in the land “live many years in the land.” “Days” refers to the span of time. -JER 35 8 ki9k figs-metonymy 0 the voice of Jonadab The word “voice” is a metonym for the command that Jonadab spoke. Alternate translation: “the command of Jonadab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 35 8 zh8r 0 all of our days “as long as we live.” “Days” refers to the span of time. -JER 35 12 icr4 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, saying, This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah. He said, ‘Yahweh” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah: ‘Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 35 12 lq6r figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 35 13 ba4f 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 35 13 z2wy figs-rquestion 0 Will you not receive correction and listen to my words? Yahweh is telling Israel to listen carefully to his rebuke. Alternate translation: “You must certainly receive this correction and listen to my words.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 35 13 s8s7 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 35 14 k1yp figs-activepassive 0 The words of Jonadab son of Rekab that he gave to his sons as a command, not to drink any wine, have been observed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The sons of Jonadab son of Rekab have observed their father’s command to not drink wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 35 14 mr7f translate-names 0 Jonadab … Rekab These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 35 15 k88i figs-metaphor 0 let no one walk any longer after other gods Walking after a god is a metaphor for obeying the laws of that god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 35 17 xqh5 0 Look This word tells the reader to pay special attention to what follows. -JER 35 18 a9b9 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah said It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 35 18 ijd5 0 Rekabites This is the name of the people group. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 35:2](../35/02.md). -JER 35 18 i21g 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 35 18 nqf5 0 Jonadab a man’s name. See how you translated it in [Jeremiah 35:5](../35/05.md). -JER 35 19 ehq6 0 Jonadab … Rekab These are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Jeremiah 35:5](../35/05.md). -JER 36 intro f643 0 # Jeremiah 36 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Opposition to Jeremiah

Jeremiah wrote God’s prophesies on a scroll but the king burned it. It is possible that this action was intended to be understood as representing the definitiveness of these prophecies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -JER 36 1 w23y writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -JER 36 1 a3lh 0 It came about “It happened.” This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 36 1 v3ak translate-ordinal 0 in the fourth year of Jehoiakim … king of Judah Jehoiakim had been king of Judah for more than three years. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 25:1](../25/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 36 1 tg7j 0 that this word The phrase “this word” refers to the message that follows. -JER 36 1 dr12 figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 1 knl3 0 he said “Yahweh said” -JER 36 2 wmr2 0 every nation “all of the nations” -JER 36 2 ym8v 0 I have told from “I have told you from” -JER 36 2 k9kn 0 from the days of Josiah until this very day “from the time Josiah was king until today” -JER 36 3 iuw6 0 Perhaps the people “It is possible that the people” -JER 36 3 vkj1 0 to bring on them “to cause to happen to them” -JER 36 3 yk1m figs-metaphor 0 his wicked way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:11](../18/11.md). Alternate translation: “his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 36 3 s9uw figs-metonymy 0 forgive their iniquity and their sin The words “iniquity” and “sin” are metonyms for the persons who commit iniquity and sin. Alternate translation: “forgive them for their iniquity and their sin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 36 4 ff7m figs-123person 0 Jeremiah called … at Jeremiah’s dictation … to him It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I called … at my dictation … to me … I gave … I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 4 d5mh 0 Baruch wrote in a scroll, at Jeremiah’s dictation, all the words of Yahweh spoken to him “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote in a scroll all of Yahweh’s words that Yahweh had spoken to Jeremiah” -JER 36 5 l4t5 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah gave … He said It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. Alternate translation: “I called … at my dictation … to me … I gave … I said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 6 j3tt 0 read from the scroll “read out loud from the scroll” or “proclaim from the scroll” -JER 36 6 e6rd 0 must read “must read out loud” or “must proclaim” -JER 36 6 y6ch 0 in the hearing of the people in his house “so that the people in Yahweh’s house can hear them.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 36 6 ywi1 0 in the hearing of all of Judah who have come from their cities “so all the people of Judah who have come from their cities can hear them.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 36 7 z1n2 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to give instructions to Baruch. -JER 36 7 jiw4 0 Perhaps their pleas “It is possible that their pleas” -JER 36 7 a6dv 0 their pleas for mercy will come before Yahweh “Yahweh will hear them plead for mercy and do as they ask” -JER 36 7 xtz1 0 their pleas for mercy The word “their” refers to the people in the house of Yahweh and the people of Judah who had come to the house of Yahweh from their cities. -JER 36 7 kqx8 figs-metaphor 0 from his wicked way Yahweh speaks of a person’s lifestyle as if it were a “way” or path along which the person walks. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 18:11](../18/11.md). Alternate translation: “his wicked way of living” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 36 7 p71z 0 the wrath and fury “the anger and rage” -JER 36 9 tvk8 0 It came about See how you translated this phrase in [Jeremiah 36:1](../36/01.md). -JER 36 9 fa5n translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the fifth year and ninth month of Jehoiakim … king of Judah This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of November and the first part of December on Western calendars. “after Jehoiakim … had been king of Judah for more than four years, during the ninth month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 36 9 mf4x 0 of Jehoiakim son of Josiah, king of Judah See how you translated this phrase in [Jeremiah 25:1](../25/01.md). -JER 36 9 ywy2 0 proclaimed a fast “told everyone that they were going to fast” -JER 36 10 v96d figs-123person 0 Jeremiah’s words It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 10 g1m5 translate-names 0 Gemariah son of Shaphan This is the name of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 10 t8dv 0 the scribe “who was a scribe” -JER 36 10 x7c1 0 by the gate of the entrance to the house of Yahweh “in the entrance of the new gate of the house of Yahweh” -JER 36 10 hp8u 0 He did this He read aloud Jeremiah’s words. -JER 36 10 snx3 0 in the hearing of all the people “where all the people could hear him.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 36 11 f91c 0 Now Here the word “now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -JER 36 11 wey5 0 Micaiah son of Gemariah son of Shaphan “Micaiah who was the son of Gemariah, who was the son of Shaphan” -JER 36 11 sn4i translate-names 0 Micaiah This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 11 v211 translate-names 0 Gemariah son of Shaphan See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:10](../36/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 12 kl3c 0 Look “Pay attention to what I am going to say” -JER 36 12 v5np translate-names 0 Elishama … Delaiah These are names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 12 z6c7 translate-names 0 Shemaiah See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 26:20](../26/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 12 tbc8 translate-names 0 Elnathan son of Akbor See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 26:22](../26/22.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 12 f6nh translate-names 0 Zedekiah See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 12 b566 translate-names 0 Hananiah See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 28:1](../28/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 12 f2b4 0 all the officials “all of the other officials” -JER 36 13 c2d3 0 Micaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:11](../36/11.md). -JER 36 13 q1an 0 reported to them The word “them” refers to officials in [Jeremiah 36:12](../36/12.md). -JER 36 13 xx8s 0 in the hearing of the people “so that the people could hear” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 36 14 u57c translate-names 0 Jehudi … Nethaniah … Shelemiah … Cushi These are men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 15 u4gb 0 in our hearing “so we can hear you read it” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 36 15 td5p 0 read the scroll “read the scroll aloud” -JER 36 16 p6rk 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 36 16 vym2 0 when they heard The word “they” refers to the officials. -JER 36 16 n53p 0 all these words the words that Baruch read aloud from the scroll -JER 36 17 ipi7 0 how did you come to write “how did you write” -JER 36 17 p4vi 0 at Jeremiah’s dictation See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). -JER 36 18 s4kx 0 dictated Jeremiah spoke out loud so that Baruch could write down his words. -JER 36 18 pqp3 0 wrote them in ink “used ink to write them” -JER 36 18 is54 0 ink a dark liquid that is used for writing -JER 36 19 zge9 figs-ellipsis 0 Jeremiah, too You may need to make this a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “Jeremiah should hide himself, too” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 36 19 kih8 figs-you 0 where you are The word “you” refers to Baruch and Jeremiah and so is plural. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 36 20 ddc1 0 So they “Then the officials” -JER 36 20 x5gj 0 put the scroll in the room of Elishama “put the scroll in the room of Elishama so it would be safe” -JER 36 20 b16g 0 Elishama the secretary See how you translated “Elishama the scribe” in [Jeremiah 36:12](../36/12.md). -JER 36 20 nlt3 0 in the hearing of the king “where the king could hear him” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 2:2](../02/02.md). -JER 36 21 rz17 0 Jehudi See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:14](../36/14.md). -JER 36 22 xeh7 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here Jeremiah starts to tell a new part of the story. -JER 36 22 nd2u translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the ninth month This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. This is at the end of the sowing season and the beginning of the cold season. It is during the last part November and the first part of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 36 22 zw8h 0 a brazier was burning in front of him “the brazier was in front of him with a blazing fire” -JER 36 22 tf4p 0 a brazier a fireplace that people can move -JER 36 23 sz7v 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 36 23 z4cg 0 Jehudi See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:14](../36/14.md). -JER 36 23 l2gf 0 columns these are columns of words on the scroll -JER 36 23 ip73 0 would cut it off “would cut that part of the scroll off” -JER 36 23 gbu3 0 with a knife “using a scribe’s knife” or “using the kind of knife that scribes use” -JER 36 23 ar14 0 brazier See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 36:22](../36/22.md). -JER 36 23 vjz5 0 until all of the scroll was destroyed “until the scroll was completely gone” -JER 36 24 s3et 0 all these words the words from the scroll that Baruch wrote as Jeremiah dictated -JER 36 24 bgq6 translate-symaction 0 nor did they tear their clothes People tore their cloths when they were extremely sad. Alternate translation: “nor did they mourn by tearing their clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 36 25 ts8f 0 Elnathan, Delaiah, and Gemariah See how you translated these names in [Jeremiah 36:12](../36/12.md). -JER 36 25 km58 0 urged the king “pleaded with the king” -JER 36 26 vne7 translate-names 0 Jerahmeel … Seraiah … Azriel … Shelemiah … Abdeel These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 36 26 uyd9 0 a relative “a relative of the king” -JER 36 26 d67a figs-123person 0 Jeremiah the prophet … hidden them It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 27 h7zx figs-idiom 0 Then the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah after … dictation, saying, The idiom “The word of Yahweh came” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah after … dictation. He said,” or “After … dictation, Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 36 27 i9hx figs-123person 0 to Jeremiah … Jeremiah’s dictation It is not clear why Jeremiah is referring to himself by name here. You may translate using first person, as the UST does. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 27 ksc8 0 at Jeremiah’s dictation See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). -JER 36 28 x9ye 0 Go back, take another scroll for yourself “Take another scroll for yourself again” -JER 36 28 m6mh 0 the original scroll “the first scroll” -JER 36 29 bf3y figs-rquestion 0 Why have you written on it … beast in it’? Jehoiakim uses this question to emphasize that Jeremiah should not have written that the king of Babylon would come and attack. Alternate translation: “You should not have written … beast in it!” or “You were wrong to write … beast in it’!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 36 29 ngk4 0 for he will destroy “and he will destroy” -JER 36 30 pl99 figs-metonymy 0 will ever sit on the throne of David Sitting on the throne is a metonym for ruling as king. See how you translated “sits on the throne of David” in [Jeremiah 29:16](../29/16.md). Alternate translation: “will ever rule the Israelites as David did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 36 30 d7yi figs-activepassive 0 your corpse will be thrown out This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will throw your dead body outside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 36 30 n16b 0 your corpse “your dead body” -JER 36 30 jp3b 0 into the heat of day “so that it is exposed to the dry heat of the daytime” -JER 36 30 ws5c 0 frost ice that forms on grass during cold nights -JER 36 31 bvh4 0 of you all “of all of you” -JER 36 32 k5z6 figs-123person 0 Jeremiah took … Jeremiah’s dictation Jeremiah speaks of himself by name for reasons that are not clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 36 32 k1wh figs-abstractnouns 0 Baruch wrote on it at Jeremiah’s dictation The abstract noun “dictation” can be translated as a verb. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 36:4](../36/04.md). Alternate translation: “while Jeremiah was speaking, Baruch wrote on it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 36 32 b4kt 0 burned by Jehoiakim king of Judah “that Jehoiakim king of Judah had burned in the fire” -JER 36 32 mev6 figs-activepassive 0 Furthermore, many other similar words were added to this scroll This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Furthermore, Jeremiah and Baruch added to this scroll many more words which were similar to the words that had been in the first scroll” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 intro du3z 0 # Jeremiah 37 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Ironic situation

Jeremiah was thrown into prison and beaten for prophesying the word of God. Then the king asked him, “Is there any word from Yahweh?” This is a type of irony. The king simply did not agree with God’s original word. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/wordofgod]]) -JER 37 1 c5u8 0 Jehoiachin The Hebrew text has “Coniah,” which is a variation of the name “Jehoiachin.” Many modern versions have “Jehoiachin” in order to make it clear that the same king is being referred to. -JER 37 2 vt3f 0 of the land “of the land of Judah” -JER 37 2 j785 figs-synecdoche 0 he proclaimed by the hand of Jeremiah the prophet The hand is a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “he had Jeremiah the prophet proclaim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 37 2 crn1 0 he proclaimed “Yahweh proclaimed” -JER 37 2 t2q2 0 Jeremiah the prophet Jeremiah refers to himself by name for reasons that are not clear. -JER 37 3 hw6v translate-names 0 Jehukal This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 37 3 ynt3 translate-names 0 Shelemiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:14](../36/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 37 3 f9qq 0 Zephaniah son of Maaseiah the priest See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 21:1](../21/01.md). -JER 37 3 r1ds 0 on our behalf “for us” or “for our sake.” The word “our” refers to King Zedekiah and the rest of the people of Judah. -JER 37 4 u9nx writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a break in the main story line. The narrator tells background information about what Jeremiah had been doing before Zedekiah sent the message. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 37 4 qa7u figs-idiom 0 Jeremiah was coming and going among the people Here “coming and going” is an idiom that means he was free to move about. Alternate translation: “Jeremiah was able to go wherever he wanted with everybody else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 37 4 j14u figs-activepassive 0 for he had not yet been put in prison This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “because no one had put him in prison” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 5 m95i 0 came out “had set out” -JER 37 5 b9va 0 besieging See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 37 6 p84n figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah the prophet, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah the prophet. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah the prophet:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 37 7 y24f figs-you 0 you will say The word “you” refers to the two men that king Zedekiah had sent to Jeremiah, Jehukal son of Shelemiah, and Zephaniah son of Maaseiah the priest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 37 7 wic9 0 to seek advice from me The word “me” refers to Yahweh. -JER 37 7 g9p8 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 37 8 xgj8 0 They will fight against this city, capture it, and burn it Compare how you translated “to wage war against it and take it, and to burn it” in [Jeremiah 34:22](../34/22.md). -JER 37 9 egq8 0 Do not deceive yourselves The word “yourselves” refers to King Zedekiah and the rest of the people of Judah. -JER 37 9 ppa5 figs-explicit 0 Surely the Chaldeans are leaving us The people of Judah think that they will be safe because the Chaldeans had left. Alternate translation: “Surely we are safe because the Chaldeans are leaving us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 37 10 w4f5 0 they would get up “the wounded men would get up” -JER 37 11 gsm7 0 So it was “It came about that.” This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 37 12 n9nx 0 a tract of land “a piece of land” or “some land” -JER 37 12 kr6j 0 among his people “among his relatives.” Jeremiah was from the town of Anathoth in the land of Benjamin ([Jeremiah 1:1](../01/01.md)). -JER 37 13 pfg7 0 Benjamin Gate This is the name of the gate. -JER 37 13 t5gr translate-names 0 Irijah This is the name of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 37 13 w2f7 translate-names 0 Shelemiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:14](../36/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 37 13 az9a translate-names 0 Hananiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 28:1](../28/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 37 13 uez4 0 deserting escaping trouble and leaving people who need help -JER 37 14 asx2 0 deserting This means escaping trouble and leaving people who need help. -JER 37 14 nwr4 translate-names 0 Irijah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 37:13](../37/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 37 14 q1jq 0 officials See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:18](../01/18.md). -JER 37 15 s5cv translate-numbers 0 Jonathan the scribe “Jonathan, who was a scribe.” This is a man’s name. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 37 16 c2h2 figs-activepassive 0 Jeremiah was put into an underground cell This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the officials put Jeremiah into a room that was under the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 17 h6f8 0 brought him “brought Jeremiah” -JER 37 17 x17c 0 his house the palace of King Zedekiah -JER 37 17 s43j figs-metonymy 0 You will be given into the hand of the king of Babylon The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. See how you translated similar words in [Jeremiah 32:4](../32/04.md). Alternate translation: “I will certainly put you under the control of the king of Babylon” or “I will certainly allow the king of Babylon to do whatever he wants with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 18 lu1a figs-rquestion 0 How have I sinned against you … prison? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that he has not done anything wrong. Alternate translation: “I have not done anything wrong to you … prison.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 37 18 hq9m 0 this people the people of the kingdom of Judah -JER 37 18 a64h 0 have placed “have put” -JER 37 19 utn2 figs-rquestion 0 Where are your prophets, the ones who prophesied … against this land? Jeremiah uses this question to emphasize that the other prophets were lying but that he had done nothing wrong because he had told the truth. Alternate translation: “Your prophets who prophesied … against this land were obviously wrong, but now it is clear that I was telling you the truth.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 37 19 tq67 0 your prophets The word “your” refers to King Zedekiah and the other people of the kingdom of Judah. -JER 37 19 gp83 0 will not come against you or against this land “will not attack you or attack this land” -JER 37 20 a8fv 0 Let my pleas come before you “Hear me plead for mercy and do as I ask.” See how you translated “their pleas for mercy will come before Yahweh” in [Jeremiah 36:7](../36/07.md). -JER 37 20 e2hq 0 the house of Jonathan the scribe “the house of Jonathan, who is a scribe.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 37:15](../37/15.md). -JER 37 21 pss2 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 37 21 s566 figs-activepassive 0 A loaf of bread was given him This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “His servants also gave Jeremiah a loaf of bread” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 37 21 v6xa 0 from the street of the bakers “from the street where the bakers worked” -JER 38 intro eu3f 0 # Jeremiah 38 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Surrender and live

If the king obeyed God and surrendered to the Babylonians, he would be allowed to live and the city would not be burned. But if he refused, he would be captured and the city burned. This took faith that Yahweh was using this ungodly, Gentile nation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/godly]]) -JER 38 1 gl7q translate-names 0 Shephatiah … Mattan, Gedaliah … Pashhur, Jehukal … Shelemiah … Pashhur … Malkijah men’s names (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 38 2 p2xn figs-activepassive 0 Anyone staying in this city will be killed by sword, famine, and plague This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Anyone staying in this city will die by sword, famine, and plague” or “I will kill anyone staying in this city with sword, famine, and plague” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 38 2 izt9 0 He will escape with his own life The one who surrenders to the Babylonians will escape alive, even though he will lose all his possessions. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 21:9](../21/09.md). -JER 38 3 f89i figs-metonymy 0 This city will be given into the hand of the army of the king of Babylon The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will allow the army of the king of Babylon to conquer Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 38 3 u8f5 0 he will capture it The reader should understand that others will help the king of Babylon capture the city. “his army will capture it” -JER 38 4 s9za 0 Let this man die “Order someone to kill this man” -JER 38 4 l3h5 figs-metonymy 0 he is weakening the hands of the fighting men who remain in this city, and the hands of all the people Weak hands are a metonym for a person who is afraid. Alternate translation: “he is causing the soldiers and all the people in the city to lose courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 4 lzh8 0 for this man is not working for safety for this people, but disaster “for Jeremiah is not working to help this people be safe, but he is working for bad things to happen to this people” -JER 38 5 xr6q 0 Look “Listen carefully” -JER 38 5 a92p figs-metonymy 0 he is in your hand The hand is a metonym for the power that the hand has. Alternate translation: “you are able do whatever you want with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 6 z9f6 figs-hyperbole 0 they … threw him into the cistern They literally “lowered Jeremiah down on ropes,” but the word “threw” is an exaggeration to say that they treated him roughly. Your language may have another way of saying this. Alternate translation: “they … roughly pushed him into the cistern” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 38 6 b4bv 0 cistern a deep hole in the ground where people collect and store rain water -JER 38 6 rb8h 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 38 6 y2m2 0 They lowered Jeremiah down on ropes This tells how “they threw him into the cistern.” -JER 38 7 jqm6 0 Now Ebed-Melek The word “now” is used here to mark a break in the main story line. Here the narrator starts to tell a new part of the story. -JER 38 7 uc4i translate-names 0 Ebed-Melek the Cushite This is the name of a man from Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 38 7 lix8 writing-background 0 Now the king Here the word “now” marks a break in the main story line where the narrator tells background information about what the king was doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 38 7 kfm3 figs-idiom 0 sitting at the Benjamin Gate King Zedekiah was probably hearing and judging legal cases. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 38 7 tch5 0 Benjamin Gate This is an entrance into the city of Jerusalem that people named after Benjamin, Jacob’s son. -JER 38 10 ex3t translate-numbers 0 thirty men “30 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 38 11 d1k2 0 let them down by ropes “used ropes to lower them down” -JER 38 12 xa9e 0 under your arms and on top of the ropes “between your arms and the ropes” -JER 38 13 s46y 0 they pulled Jeremiah Here the word “they” refers to some of the thirty men who were with Ebed-Melech. -JER 38 13 xs87 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 38 15 vvt7 figs-rquestion 0 If I answer you, will you not certainly kill me? Jeremiah uses this question to express his belief that the king will kill him if he answers truthfully. Alternate translation: “If I tell you the truth, you will certainly kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 38 16 cjp9 figs-idiom 0 As Yahweh lives, the one who made us “as surely as Yahweh, the one who made us, is alive.” This is a way of making a solemn promise. The king says it to emphasize that what he is about to say next is true. See how you translated “As Yahweh lives” in [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear by Yahweh, the one who made us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 38 16 yv2m figs-metonymy 0 I will not … give you into the hand of those men Here the word “hand” refers to the men’s control or power. Alternate translation: “I will not … allow those men to capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 16 q87t figs-metaphor 0 seeking your life This phrase represents wanting or trying to kill someone. See how this phrase is translated in [Jeremiah 11:21](../11/21.md). Alternate translation: “trying to kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 38 17 p9k7 figs-metonymy 0 God of Israel The name of the people group is metonym for the people of that group. Alternate translation: “God of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 17 kku6 figs-activepassive 0 this city will not be burned This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Babylonian army will not burn this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 38 18 gja5 figs-activepassive 0 this city will be given into the hand of the Chaldeans The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 38:2](../38/02.md). Alternate translation: “I will allow the Chaldeans to conquer this city” or “I will allow the Chaldeans to do whatever they want with this city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 38 18 fbz5 figs-metonymy 0 you will not escape from their hand The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “you will not escape from their power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 19 m4jz 0 deserted escaped trouble and left people who needed help. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 37:13](../37/13.md). -JER 38 19 i4pf figs-activepassive 0 I might be given over into their hand The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Chaldeans might put me under the control of the people of Judah who have deserted” or “the Chaldeans might allow the people of Judah who have deserted to do whatever they want with me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 19 r1ze 0 for them to treat me badly Here the word “them” refers to the people of Judah who have deserted. -JER 38 20 x9uy figs-you 0 They will not give you over to them “The Chaldeans will not give you over to the Judeans.” Here “you” refers to Zedekiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]]) -JER 38 21 b1pi 0 this is what Yahweh has shown me Here the word “this” refers to what Jeremiah will say next. -JER 38 22 a91b 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues speaking with King Zedekiah. -JER 38 22 z6cx figs-activepassive 0 All the women who are left … will be brought out to the officials of the king of Babylon The reader should understand that the officials will take these women as slaves. Alternate translation: “Soldiers will bring all the women who are left … out to the officials of the king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 38 22 ndr9 figs-activepassive 0 You have been deceived by your friends This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your friends have deceived you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 38 22 jgf2 figs-metaphor 0 Your feet are now sunk into the mud The king is now helpless. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 38 23 dti7 figs-activepassive 0 For all of your wives and children will be brought out to the Chaldeans The reader should understand that the officials will take these people as slaves. Alternate translation: “Soldiers will bring your wives and children out to the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 38 23 k3p7 figs-metonymy 0 will not escape from their hand The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. Alternate translation: “will not escape from their power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 38 23 x21i figs-metonymy 0 You will be captured by the hand of the king of Babylon, and this city will be burned The word “hand” is a metonym for the power or control that the hand exercises. This can be translated in active form. The reader should probably understand that many people will help the king do this. Alternate translation: “The army of the king of Babylon will capture you and will burn the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 38 26 l1fb 0 Jonathan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 37:15](../37/15.md). -JER 38 27 e9tl figs-abstractnouns 0 the conversation between Jeremiah and the king The abstract noun “conversation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “what Jeremiah and the king said to each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 38 28 kaj5 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 38 28 l5rj figs-activepassive 0 until the day Jerusalem was captured This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the day that the Babylonian army captured Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 39 intro i9ad 0 # Jeremiah 39 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The prophesied destruction of Jerusalem is over and the actual conquering of the Promised Land by Babylon begins in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -JER 39 1 bc1u 0 came … against Jerusalem “came to attack Jerusalem” -JER 39 1 dap3 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the ninth year and tenth month of Zedekiah king of Judah This is after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for eight years, in the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of December and the first part of January on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “In the tenth month of the ninth year that Zedekiah was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) -JER 39 1 yh1s translate-ordinal 0 ninth … tenth See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] -JER 39 2 v5d9 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the eleventh year and fourth month of Zedekiah, on the ninth day of the month This is after Zedekiah had been king of Judah for more than ten years, in the fourth month of the Hebrew calendar. The eleventh day is near the beginning of July on Western calendars. Alternate translation: “On the ninth day of the fourth month of the eleventh year that Zedekiah was king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]]) -JER 39 2 ph29 translate-ordinal 0 eleventh … fourth See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] -JER 39 3 bu4u translate-names 0 Nebo-Sarsekim, Samgar Nebo, and Sarsechim These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 39 3 ew2q 0 in the middle gate “in the middle entrance to the city.” It was common for leaders to sit at the gate of the city to discuss important matters. -JER 39 4 rpl5 0 They went out at night from the city by the king’s garden path “They left the city at night going out on a path in the king’s garden” -JER 39 5 w8c7 0 the plains of the Jordan River valley This is the flat land at the southern end of the valley. -JER 39 5 uma7 translate-names 0 at Riblah in the land of Hamath Riblah was a town in the territory of Hamath, which is in Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 39 5 v4xk 0 pursued them and overtook “followed them and caught” -JER 39 5 f3u5 0 passed sentence on him “decided how to punish him” -JER 39 6 l5id figs-synecdoche 0 slaughtered Zedekiah’s sons before his own eyes The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. The reader should also understand that others probably helped the king of Babylon kill Zedekiah’s sons. Alternate translation: “forced Zedekiah to watch as the king’s soldiers killed Zedekiah’s sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 39 7 ei9s 0 he put out Zedekiah’s eyes “the king’s men made Zedekiah blind.” Use the common words for making a person blind. It is not clear that the king of Babylon took Zedekiah’s eyes out of his head. The reader should also understand that others probably helped the king of Babylon make Zedekiah blind. -JER 39 8 ku9v 0 the king’s house Zedekiah’s house -JER 39 8 cbe2 0 the people’s houses the houses that had belonged to the people of Jerusalem -JER 39 9 sr9p translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 39 9 qvc3 0 the king’s bodyguards “Nebuchadnezzar’s guards” -JER 39 9 nt1i figs-hyperbole 0 the rest of the people who were left in the city This is probably a generalization. Alternate translation: “the people who were still living in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 39 10 h3ys figs-hyperbole 0 who had nothing for themselves The word “nothing” is probably an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “who owned nothing of great value” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 39 13 r536 translate-names 0 Nebushazban a man’s name (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 39 13 w1xh figs-explicit 0 sent men out They sent them out to get Jeremiah. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “sent men out to get Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 39 14 x1ja translate-names 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 39 14 k5dx 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 39 14 uw8h figs-explicit 0 among the people You may need to make explicit which people the speaker is speaking of. Alternate translation: “among the people who remained in Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 39 15 sbp1 0 General Information: This story happened before the events in the first part of the chapter. -JER 39 15 rz5c writing-background 0 Now This word is used here to mark a return to the story line, as the narrator tells what Yahweh had said to Jeremiah after Nebuchadnezzar gave the orders about Jeremiah ([Jeremiah 39:12-14](./12.md)). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-events]]) -JER 39 15 qm3a figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah while he was … guard, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah while he was … guard. He said,” or “while Jeremiah was … guard, Yahweh spoke this message to him:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 39 15 g5jx 0 the courtyard of the guard This was an open area attached to the king’s palace that was surrounded by buildings and in which they kept prisoners. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:2](../32/02.md). -JER 39 16 g2jt 0 Ebed-Melek the Cushite See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 38:7](../38/07.md). -JER 39 16 c57h 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 39 16 tg3k 0 I am about to carry out my words against this city for disaster and not for good “I am bringing disaster, not good, against this city, just as I said I would” -JER 39 16 pb72 0 For they will all come true before you on that day “For you will see it all happen on that day” -JER 39 17 w69c 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah. -JER 39 17 d4fl figs-metonymy 0 you will not be given into the hand of the men whom you fear Here “hand” refers to power or control. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the men you fear will not harm you” or “I will not allow anyone to put you under the control of the people whom you fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 39 18 y55h figs-euphemism 0 You will not fall by the sword The sword is a metonym for dying in war. Alternate translation: “No one will kill you with their sword” or “You will not die in war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 39 18 h19r 0 with your life “alive” -JER 40 intro rx94 0 # Jeremiah 40 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

### Peace in Judah

After Babylon conquered Jerusalem, this chapter reveals an unfolding peace in the area. Ammon, who was supposed to be Judah’s ally against Babylon, probably sought to distract Babylon from attacking them by ruining the peace in the region of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/reveal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 40 1 vp76 figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah from Yahweh This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Jeremiah. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 32:1](../32/01.md) Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave messages to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 40 1 nzv7 translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 1 w77l figs-activepassive 0 who were being carried into exile to Babylon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom the soldiers were about to take to Babylon as exiles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 40 3 p9na 0 this thing “this disaster” -JER 40 4 pm8f 0 But now look! Nebuzaradan says this to bring Jeremiah’s attention to the present moment. -JER 40 4 m5yi figs-metonymy 0 it is good in your eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for what the person thinks. Alternate translation: “it is what you consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 40 5 zah3 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan These are the names of men. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). -JER 40 5 cw75 0 among the people “among the Judeans” -JER 40 5 kwh6 figs-metonymy 0 it is good in your eyes “Eyes” here is a metonym for what the person thinks. Alternate translation: “it is what you consider to be right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 40 6 v5hd 0 who were left behind in the land “who stayed in Judah” -JER 40 7 h3c3 0 Now This marks a new part of the story. -JER 40 7 iep2 figs-activepassive 0 those who had not been exiled to Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the enemy soldiers had not sent to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 40 8 ug21 translate-names 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah … Johanan … Jonathan … Kareah … Seraiah … Tanhumeth … Ephai … Jaazaniah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 8 lt8t 0 Netophathite … Maakathite people from the regions of Netophah and Maakah -JER 40 9 a2lc 0 took an oath to them “swore to the Judean commanders” -JER 40 10 y2bg 0 Look “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention” -JER 40 10 n6bm 0 summer fruit “fruit that becomes ripe during the summer” -JER 40 10 rd9k 0 you have occupied “you have taken over.” “Occupy” here is a military term. Gedaliah was talking to soldiers ([Jeremiah 40:7](../40/07.md)) who may have conquered or otherwise taken control of cities. -JER 40 11 pe3x 0 remnant of Judah “remnant of the people of Judah” -JER 40 11 d4gs 0 had appointed … over them “had put … in charge of them” -JER 40 11 gn3r 0 Gedaliah son of Ahikam son of Shaphan See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). -JER 40 11 c3ya 0 over them “over the people of Judah” -JER 40 12 zs8v figs-activepassive 0 where they had been scattered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “where the Babylonians had driven them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 40 12 hny7 0 wine and summer fruit in great abundance “a huge amount of grapes and summer fruit” -JER 40 12 t7ep 0 summer fruit “fruit that becomes ripe during the summer.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 40:10](../40/10.md). -JER 40 13 qk6a translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 13 yp1p translate-names 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 14 dj6f figs-rquestion 0 Do you realize that Baalis king of the people of Ammon sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah to murder you? Johanan and the commanders use a rhetorical question to warn Gedaliah. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You need to understand that Baalis king of the people of Ammon sent Ishmael son of Nethaniah to murder you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 40 14 mv1l translate-names 0 Baalis This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 14 p3zy translate-names 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah Translate these names as in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 14 q9l2 translate-names 0 Ahikim See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 26:24](../26/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 15 yyw2 translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 40 15 tfj9 0 Gedaliah See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). -JER 40 15 vk6u 0 Ishmael … Nethaniah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). -JER 40 15 tnu5 0 No one will suspect me “No one will think that I did it” -JER 40 15 l7ed figs-rquestion 0 Why should he kill you? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to change Gedaliah’s thinking. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You should not allow him to kill you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 40 15 mc43 figs-rquestion 0 Why allow all of Judah that has been gathered to you to be scattered and the remnant of Judah destroyed? Johanan uses a rhetorical question to try to get Gedaliah to think about what will happen if Gedaliah does what Gedaliah is planning to do. Alternate translation: “If you do this, all of Judah that has been gathered to you will be scattered and the remnant of Judah will be destroyed.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 40 15 c9ug figs-hyperbole 0 all of Judah The word “all” is a generalization. Alternate translation: “many of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 40 15 hp75 figs-activepassive 0 that has been gathered to you This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “who have come to you” or “whom Yahweh has brought to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 40 15 mj6g figs-activepassive 0 to be scattered This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “to have the Chaldeans scatter them” or “to flee away to many different lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 40 15 pxq9 figs-activepassive 0 the remnant of Judah destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “allow the Chaldeans to destroy the remnant of Judah” or “and allow the remnant of Judah to perish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 40 15 zr8s 0 remnant of Judah “remnant of the people of Judah.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 40:11](../40/11.md). -JER 40 16 gc11 0 Ahikam See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 26:24](../26/24.md). -JER 41 intro u2q2 0 # Jeremiah 41 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Life in Judah
This chapter explains what life was like in Judah after the Babylonian conquest. It was a difficult and dangerous time, but some of the faithful remained in the Promised Land. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -JER 41 1 mz9m 0 it happened that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 41 1 rce7 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the seventh month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 41 1 va8n translate-names 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:8](../40/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 41 1 uv6y translate-names 0 Elishama This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 41 2 yly4 translate-names 0 Gedaliah son of Ahikam son of Shaphan See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 41 2 mt62 figs-metonymy 0 in charge of the land Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “in charge of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 41 3 s68d figs-synecdoche 0 Then Ishmael killed Here “Ishmael” represents himself and the ten men with him. Alternate translation: “Then Ishmael and the ten men with him killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 3 pzn9 figs-activepassive 0 the Chaldean fighting men found there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “also the Chaldean soldiers there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 41 4 xv5y translate-ordinal 0 the second day after The word “second” is the ordinal form of the number 2. This could mean: (1) “the day after” or (2) “two days after” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 41 5 te6l translate-numbers 0 eighty men “80 men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 41 5 c3sk figs-metonymy 0 in their hands Having things in the hands here is probably a metaphor for carrying those things or having them in their possession. Alternate translation: “in their possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 41 5 v4qg 0 to go to Yahweh’s house “to go worship Yahweh at his temple” -JER 41 6 p4gy 0 to meet them “to meet the 80 men” -JER 41 6 n7k7 0 Then it happened This phrase is used here to mark where the action starts. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 41 7 iju5 0 It came about that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 41 7 tp8u 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah slaughtered them and threw them into a pit, he and the men who were with him It is stated it in [Jeremiah 41:8](../41/08.md) that Ishmael and his men did not kill all 80 men. You can state here that they killed most of the 80 men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael son of Nethaniah, and the men who were with him, killed most of the 80 men and threw them into a pit” -JER 41 8 nt5a 0 ten men among them The word “them” refers to the 80 men. -JER 41 8 zn9l figs-explicit 0 for there are provisions of ours in a field It is implied that they would give their provisions to Ishmael and his men. Alternate translation: “for we will give you our provisions that we have hidden in a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 41 8 c4gu 0 provisions supplies to be used to provide for future needs -JER 41 9 p33k writing-background 0 The cistern where Ishmael … against King Baasha of Israel This is background information about the cistern that Ishmael used. King Asa had his men dig the cistern so his people would have a water supply when King Baasha attacked them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 41 9 kzd3 figs-metonymy 0 that King Asa dug Here King Asa represents his men. Alternate translation: “that King Asa ordered his men to dig” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 41 9 p7br figs-synecdoche 0 against King Baasha of Israel Here King Baasha represents himself and his army. Alternate translation: “against Baasha, king of Israel, and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 9 ny7m figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah filled it Here Ishmael represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men filled it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 9 nw96 figs-nominaladj 0 with the dead This nominal adjective can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “with those who were dead” or “with those they had killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 41 10 w324 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael captured Here Ishmael represents himself and his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 10 y6nt translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 41 10 rk3e 0 went to cross over to the people of Ammon “traveled towards the land of the Ammonites” -JER 41 11 j1v7 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 12 pak6 figs-synecdoche 0 Ishmael son of Nethaniah … found him Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “Ishmael and his men … found them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 13 a4a1 0 Then it happened that This phrase is used here to mark an important event in the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 41 13 efz7 0 when all the people who were with Ishmael Here “people” refers to those whom Ishmael and his men had captured. -JER 41 14 tjt4 figs-synecdoche 0 whom Ishmael had captured Here “Ishmael” represents himself and all of his men. Alternate translation: “whom Ishmael and his men had captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 15 zag1 figs-synecdoche 0 He went to the people of Ammon “He” refers to Ishmael who represents himself and the eight men with him. Alternate translation: “They went to the people of Ammon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 41 16 d9f5 figs-activepassive 0 who had been rescued This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom they had rescued” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 41 16 x13r writing-background 0 This was after Ishmael had killed Gedaliah son of Ahikam The author stops the story to refer to a previous event so that the order of events are understood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 41 16 r944 0 the strong men, the fighting men These both refer to soldiers. Alternate translation: “the soldiers” -JER 41 16 j14l figs-activepassive 0 who had been rescued at Gibeon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom they had rescued at Gibeon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 41 17 b8j8 0 they went “Johanan, his companions, and all the people they rescued went” -JER 41 17 di1c translate-names 0 Geruth Kimham This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 41 18 k3qd figs-explicit 0 because of the Chaldeans It is implied that they were afraid that the Chaldeans would attack them. Alternate translation: “because they thought the Chaldeans may attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 41 18 iuc2 figs-metonymy 0 in charge of the land Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “in charge of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 42 intro ye1g 0 # Jeremiah 42 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### Life in Babylon
The remaining army commanders, who scattered after the Babylonian victory, asked Jeremiah to ask Yahweh about where they should go. Yahweh encouraged them to go to Babylon because they would soon return to the Promised Land. They would be punished if they went to Egypt or anywhere else. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promisedland]]) -JER 42 1 jc5i translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:13](../40/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 42 1 w479 translate-names 0 Jezaniah … Hoshaiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 42 1 h1f8 figs-merism 0 all the people from the least to the greatest This is a way to refer to people from every social status. Here “least” and “greatest” represent those who are least important and those who are most important. Alternate translation: “all the people from every social status” or “all the people, including the least important and the most important people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 42 1 wx9l figs-hyperbole 0 all the people Most likely not every individual in the town went. The word “all” is a generalization that means very many people went. Alternate translation: “many other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 42 2 te2b figs-abstractnouns 0 Let our pleas come before you “Let us present our urgent request to you.” The abstract noun “pleas” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “Listen as we plead with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 42 4 yl1b 0 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 42 4 v54c figs-idiom 0 I will keep nothing back from you The phrase “keep nothing back from you” is an idiom that means to tell someone everything. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will tell you everything the Lord tells me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 42 5 tze5 0 May Yahweh be This is a way of beginning an oath. Alternate translation: “We ask Yahweh to be” or “Yahweh will be” -JER 42 5 htw1 figs-doublet 0 true and faithful Here these words share similar meanings. They describe Yahweh as a witness whom no one will be able to contradict. Alternate translation: “trustworthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 42 6 aj3n figs-merism 0 Whether it is good or if it is bad The people mention both extremes to emphasize that they will obey no matter what Yahweh’s answer is. Alternate translation: “Whatever he answers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 42 6 ixn4 figs-metonymy 0 the voice of Yahweh our God Here “voice” represents what Yahweh says. Alternate translation: “what Yahweh our God says” or “we will obey Yahweh our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 42 7 k8xs figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Jeremiah. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave messages to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 42 8 c9v6 figs-merism 0 to all the people from the least to the greatest This is a way to refer to people from every social status. Here “least” and “greatest” represent those who are least important and those who are most important. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 42:1](../42/01.md). Alternate translation: “to all the people from every social status” or “to all the people, including the least important and the most important people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 42 8 t51j figs-hyperbole 0 to all the people Most likely not every individual in the town went. The word “all” is a generalization that means very many people went. Alternate translation: “to many other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 42 10 m39t figs-metaphor 0 I will build you and not tear you down Yahweh refers to the people of Israel like a wall that can be built or torn down. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to prosper and I will not destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 42 10 aj8z figs-metaphor 0 I will plant you and not pull you up Yahweh uses another example to express how he will cause the people of Israel to prosper and not be destroyed. He refers to them like a plant in the same way he referred to them as a wall. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 42 10 a8zc figs-metaphor 0 I will turn back the disaster that I have brought on you A disaster is here spoken of as something that a person can put onto someone else. Alternate translation: “I will prevent the disaster that I have caused to happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 42 11 k5t5 figs-doublet 0 to save you and rescue you The words “save” and “rescue” mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will, indeed, save. Alternate translation: “to save you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 42 11 jv59 figs-metonymy 0 rescue you from his hand Here the word “hand” refers to power and authority. Alternate translation: “rescue you from his power” or “rescue you from him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 42 13 qi8z figs-metonymy 0 if you do not listen to my voice, the voice of Yahweh your God Here “voice” represents a command. To not obey is like the people did not hear Yahweh’s command. Alternate translation: “if you do not obey my commands, even though I am Yahweh, your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 42 14 bg9x figs-parallelism 0 where we will not see any war, where we will not hear the sound of the trumpet Both of these phrases describe being at war by the ability to see or hear it. Alternate translation: “where we will not experience the hardships of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 42 14 n28p figs-metonymy 0 we will not go hungry for food Being hungry for food is used to describe famine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 42 15 t7ch 0 Now The word “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -JER 42 15 te43 0 to this word of Yahweh “to Yahweh’s message” -JER 42 15 e21x 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 42 15 cpw7 0 set out to go to “depart for” or “leave for” -JER 42 16 s8nw figs-metonymy 0 the sword that you fear will overtake you Here “the sword” represents war. The Israelites experiencing war even if they go to Egypt is spoken of as if the sword would chase after the people catch up with them. Alternate translation: “you will experience the terrible results of war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 42 16 pea7 figs-personification 0 The famine that you are worrying about will pursue you to Egypt The Israelites experiencing famine even in Egypt is spoken of as if famine would chase after them. Alternate translation: “You worry about famine in Israel but if you go to Egypt you will suffer from famine there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 42 17 vak7 figs-synecdoche 0 all the men who set out The men are used to refer to all the people because they are the leaders in their families. Alternate translation: “anyone who sets out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]]) -JER 42 17 b82t figs-metaphor 0 the disaster that I will bring on them Causing a disaster is spoken of as if disaster were an object that is brought to a person. Alternate translation: “the disaster that I will cause to happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 42 18 v4kb 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 42 18 hxc8 figs-metaphor 0 my wrath and my fury were poured out on the inhabitants of Jerusalem Yahweh punishing people because he is very angry is spoken of as if wrath and fury were liquids that he poured out on the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I became very angry and punished the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 42 18 ss3l figs-doublet 0 my wrath and my fury The words “wrath” and “fury” mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the intensity of his wrath. Alternate translation: “my terrible wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 42 18 rm4e figs-metaphor 0 in the same way my fury will be poured out on you Yahweh punishing people because he is very angry is spoken of as if fury were a liquid that he pours out on the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will became very angry and punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 42 18 m8xv figs-parallelism 0 You will become an object of cursing and a horror, an object for speaking curses, and something dishonorable All of these statements mean basically the same thing and emphasize how badly the nations will treat the people of Judah after Yahweh punishes them. Alternate translation: “People will be terrified when they see what has happened to you. They will curse and mock you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 42 19 m4t7 figs-idiom 0 I have been a witness against you The phrase “been a witness against” is an idiom that means to give a warning. Alternate translation: “I have warned you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 42 20 tm47 figs-idiom 0 we will carry it out This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “we will do it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 42 21 q58d 0 you have not listened “you have not paid attention” -JER 42 21 bn7i figs-metonymy 0 to the voice of Yahweh your God Here “voice” represents what Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “to what Yahweh your God commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 42 22 ewj3 0 now The word “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -JER 42 22 ah9a figs-metonymy 0 you will die by sword Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “you will die in warfare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 42 22 b8em figs-explicit 0 in the place where you desired to go to live They desired to live in Egypt. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “in Egypt, where you thought you would be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 43 intro b33q 0 # Jeremiah 43 General Notes
## Special concepts in this chapter

### They did not believe Jeremiah
After Jeremiah prophesied the destruction of Judah, the people did not believe him. Judah was conquered and destroyed. Even after this, the people did not believe they would be safe in Babylon as Jeremiah prophesied. This is shocking. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/believe]])

### Babylon invades Egypt
Babylon is described as invading part of Egypt. This would have been unthinkable for the people. It would have gotten their attention.

## Other possible translation issues in this chapter

### Symbolic actions
Jeremiah’s burial of the stones was intended to be a symbolic action for the people. This was supposed to teach the people a lesson. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 43 1 ufu5 0 It happened that This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. If your language has a way for doing this, you could consider using it here. -JER 43 2 wg2c translate-names 0 Azariah This could mean: (1) this is another name for Jezaniah in [Jeremiah 42:1](../42/01.md) or (2) this is a different son of Hoshaiah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 43 2 a3qd translate-names 0 Hoshaiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 42:1](../42/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 43 2 u1n1 translate-names 0 Johanan … Kareah See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 40:13](../40/13.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 43 3 h7cf 0 inciting to cause someone to act in a harmful or violent way -JER 43 3 gh4k figs-metonymy 0 to deliver us into the hand of the Chaldeans Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “to give us over to the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 43 3 bw5d figs-abstractnouns 0 for you to cause our death and to make us captives in Babylon The abstract noun “death” can be stated as “to kill.” Alternate translation: “for you to cause the Chaldeans to either kill us or to take us as captives to Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 43 4 glv6 figs-hyperbole 0 all the people This probably did not include every individual there. The word “all” is a generalization that means many people. Alternate translation: “many of the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 43 4 a6mj figs-metonymy 0 refused to listen to Yahweh’s voice Here “voice” represents commands. And here “to listen” means “to obey.” Alternate translation: “would not obey Yahweh’s command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 43 5 n9qa figs-activepassive 0 where they had been scattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “where Yahweh had scattered them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 43 6 qj48 translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 43 6 s144 translate-names 0 Gedaliah … Ahikam … Shaphan See how you translated these men’s names in [Jeremiah 39:14](../39/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 43 7 rup9 translate-names 0 Tahpanhes See how you translated the name of this city in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 43 8 p6h5 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah in Tahpanhes, saying, The idiom “the word of Yahweh came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Jeremiah in Tahpanhes. He said,” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah in Tahpanehs:” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 43 9 i4wa figs-abstractnouns 0 in the sight of the people of Judah The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “watching.” Alternate translation: “while the people of Judah are watching” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 43 9 usg5 0 mortar a substance used to hold bricks together -JER 43 9 sha8 0 to Pharaoh’s house “to Pharaoh’s royal building” -JER 43 10 eb2l 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 43 10 uz43 figs-metonymy 0 I will place his throne over these stones that you, Jeremiah, have buried. Nebuchadnezzar will place his pavilion over them Both the king’s “throne” and “pavilion” are used to refer to his royal authority. Alternate translation: “I will cause him to rule as king over the people of Egypt. He will place his throne and pavilion over these stones you have buried” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 43 10 k69r 0 pavilion a very large tent -JER 43 11 krw1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling his message. -JER 43 11 j4bf figs-metonymy 0 he will come Here “he” refers to Nebuchadnezzar who represents his whole army. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar’s army will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 43 11 njk5 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who is assigned to death will be given to death The abstract noun “death” can be stated as “die.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone will die whom I have decided must die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 43 11 iqj5 figs-activepassive 0 Anyone who is assigned to captivity will be taken captive This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Babylonians will take everyone captive whom I have decided must go into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 43 11 prf4 figs-metonymy 0 Anyone who is assigned to the sword will be given to the sword Here “sword” represents battle. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Everyone will die in battle whom I have decided will die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 43 12 fy3l figs-metonymy 0 Then I will light a fire Here “I” refers to Yahweh. This represents Yahweh sending the Babylonian army to light a fire. Alternate translation: “Then I will cause the Babylonian army to light a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 43 12 yqt6 figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar will … He will Here Nebuchadnezzar represents his army. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar’s army will … They will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 43 12 nms7 0 burn them or capture them “burn the Egyptian idols or take them” -JER 43 12 e3qj figs-simile 0 He will clean out the land of Egypt just as shepherds clean vermin off their clothes Taking or destroying everything in Egypt is compared to how a shepherd carefully cleans off his clothes. Alternate translation: “He will take or destroy everything valuable in Egypt just as a shepherd is careful to get every insect off of his clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 43 13 pyt4 translate-names 0 Heliopolis This is the name of a city. The name means “city of the sun.” In this city was a temple where they worshiped a sun god. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 44 intro xf8j 0 # Jeremiah 44 General Notes
## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Idiom

The people called Ashtoreth the goddess of the Canaanites, “the queen of heaven.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -JER 44 1 s5cz figs-idiom 0 The word came to Jeremiah It is implied that the word that came to Jeremiah was from Yahweh. This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 7:1](../07/01.md). Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 44 1 gzg8 translate-names 0 Migdol This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 44 1 a4bd translate-names 0 Tahpanhes … Memphis Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 44 1 jee4 0 in Upper Egypt This refers to the southern region of Egypt. It is sometime called “Pathros.” -JER 44 2 j6cn 0 Yahweh of hosts … says Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 44 2 wb58 figs-rpronouns 0 You yourselves have seen The word “yourselves” is used for emphasis to specify the people of Judea who live in the land of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 44 2 zs94 figs-metaphor 0 all the disasters that I brought on Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah Causing disasters is spoken of as if disasters were an object that can be put on something. Alternate translation: “all the disaster that I caused to happen to Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 44 2 bjm6 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -JER 44 3 a86s 0 they did to offend me “the people of Jerusalem and all the cities of Judah did to offend me” -JER 44 3 uvb1 figs-rpronouns 0 they themselves The word “themselves” is used for emphasis to specify the people of Jerusalem and the other cities of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people from the ruined cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 44 4 jwn6 0 So I repeatedly sent The word “I” refers to Yahweh. -JER 44 5 a6zd figs-metaphor 0 or turn from their wickedness in burning incense to other gods To stop doing something is spoken of as if it were physically turning away from something. Alternate translation: “or to stop behaving wickedly by burning incense to other gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 44 6 kck1 figs-metaphor 0 my fury and my wrath were poured out Becoming angry and punishing people is spoken of as if fury and wrath were liquids there could be poured on people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I became very angry and punished them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 44 6 gje9 figs-doublet 0 my fury and my wrath The words “fury” and “wrath” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his wrath. Alternate translation: “my terrible wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 44 6 if3y figs-metaphor 0 kindled a fire Yahweh becoming angry and punishing the people of Judah is spoken of as his fury and wrath were a fire. Alternate translation: “my fury and wrath were like a fire” or “my punishment was like a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 44 6 j69q figs-doublet 0 they became ruins and devastations The words “ruins” and “devastations” mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize the complete devastation of Judah and Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “they became completely devastated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 44 6 bb1y 0 as at this present day This refers to the current time at which Yahweh was speaking this message. -JER 44 7 gez9 figs-rquestion 0 Why are you doing … yourselves? Why are you causing … and babies? Yahweh uses these questions to rebuke the people for doing things that cause him to punish them. Alternate translation: “You are doing … yourselves. You are causing … and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 44 7 mnr5 figs-abstractnouns 0 Why are you doing great wickedness against yourselves? The abstract noun “wickedness” can be stated as “wicked.” Alternate translation: “Why are you doing these wicked things that harm yourselves?” or “You are doing wicked things that cause terrible things to happen to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 44 7 n4fj figs-metaphor 0 Why are you causing yourselves to be cut off from among Judah … and babies? Being separated from the people of Judah is spoken of as if the people are cut off from Judah the way a person may cut off a branch from a vine or cut off a piece of cloth. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Why are you causing me to remove you from the people of Judah … and babies?” or “You are causing me to remove you from the people of Judah … and babies.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 44 8 prs6 figs-abstractnouns 0 By your wickedness you have offended me with the deeds of your hands The abstract noun “wickedness” represents actions that are “wicked.” Here “hand” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “You have offended me with the wicked things you have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 44 8 bqw9 0 You have gone there so that … so that “The result of going to Egypt is that … and that” -JER 44 8 d96k figs-activepassive 0 you will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you will cause me to destroy you” or “you will destroy yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 44 8 qgd6 figs-metonymy 0 you will be a curse and a reproach among all the nations of the earth Here “nations” represent the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of all the nations of the earth will curse you and hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 9 zk7z figs-rquestion 0 Have you forgotten the wickedness committed by your ancestors and the wickedness committed by the kings of Judah and their wives? Yahweh rebukes the people for not thinking about the wicked behavior of their ancestors and how Yahweh punished them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Think about what happened to your ancestors and the kings of Judah and their wives when they did wicked things.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 44 9 v2a3 figs-rquestion 0 Have you forgotten the evil committed by yourselves and your wives in the land of Judah and the streets of Jerusalem? Yahweh rebukes the people for not thinking about their own wicked behavior and how Yahweh punished them. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Think about what happened to you and your wives when you did evil things in the land Judah and the streets of Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 44 9 w74z figs-synecdoche 0 the streets of Jerusalem Jerusalem is referred to by the part of the city where people walk. This means the people did evil things in public places. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem” or “the public places of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 44 10 ai8e figs-123person 0 they still are not humbled “the people of Judah are still not humble.” Yahweh is still speaking to the people of Judah, so this can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “you are still not humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 44 10 a4hl figs-metaphor 0 nor do they walk in them Obeying the laws is spoken of as if it were walking in the laws. Alternate translation: “nor do they obey them” or “nor do you obey them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 44 11 ppb1 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 44 11 vc6r figs-idiom 0 I am about to set my face against you This idiom means he “firmly decided.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 21:10](../21/10.md). Alternate translation: “I have made up my mind to oppose you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 44 11 j5gg 0 set my face against “stare angrily at” -JER 44 11 is79 figs-metaphor 0 to bring disaster to you Causing disaster to happen is spoken of as if disaster were an object that can be brought to someone. Alternate translation: “to cause disaster to happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 44 12 t7mn figs-idiom 0 They will fall by sword and famine Here “fall” means to die. And “sword” represents the enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “Enemies will kill some of them and others will die of hunger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 12 pmr4 figs-merism 0 From the least to the greatest This is a way to refer to people from every social status. Here “least” and “greatest” represent those who are least important and those who are most important. Alternate translation: “all the people from every social status” or “all the people, including the least important and the most important people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]]) -JER 44 12 t4e4 0 will become an object of swearing, cursing, reproaching, and a horrible thing “people will be horrified because of what happened to the people of Judah, and people will mock and curse them” -JER 44 13 yvm2 figs-metonymy 0 I punished Jerusalem Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “I punished the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 13 xt2p figs-metonymy 0 with the sword, with famine, and with the plague Here “sword” represents enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “by causing enemies to kill some of them, others to starve to death, and others to die because of disease” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 15 e1fj 0 in the great assembly “in the large crowd” -JER 44 15 ql9v 0 Lower … Egypt “Lower Egypt” refers to the northern region of Egypt. -JER 44 15 a1sx 0 Upper Egypt This refers to the southern region of Egypt. It is sometime called “Pathros.” -JER 44 16 k3bm figs-metonymy 0 About the word that you have told us in Yahweh’s name—we will not listen to you Here “in Yahweh’s name” means “in Yahweh’s authority” or “as Yahweh’s representative.” Alternate translation: “We will not obey this message that you say Yahweh told you to tell us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 17 aja3 figs-explicit 0 queen of heaven This a title of a false goddess that the people of Judah worshiped. This goddess is also called “Asherah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 44 17 fh7r figs-synecdoche 0 the streets of Jerusalem Here “streets” represent the public places in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “in the public places of Jerusalem” or “in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 44 17 clp3 figs-explicit 0 Then we will be filled with food and will prosper, without experiencing any disaster The people of Judah thought they would prosper because the queen of heaven would bless them if they worshiped her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 44 17 u8y8 figs-activepassive 0 Then we will be filled with food This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then we will have plenty of food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 44 18 ux4h 0 General Information: The remnant of the people living in Egypt continue to speak. Beginning in 44:19, the women address Jeremiah. -JER 44 18 hs8y figs-metonymy 0 were dying by sword and famine Here “sword” represents enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers were killing some of us and some of us were dying of hunger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 19 dne8 figs-rquestion 0 was it against our husbands that we did these things … to her? The women were claiming to be innocent because their husband approved of what they were doing. Alternate translation: “our husbands knew what we were doing … to her.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 44 19 ec3w 0 cakes in her image These were probably small cakes shaped like stars or the crescent moon. -JER 44 21 qc2v figs-rquestion 0 Did not Yahweh remember … of the land? Jeremiah uses a question to scold the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh certainly knew about … of the land.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 44 21 ir8d figs-parallelism 0 For Yahweh calls this to mind; it comes to his thoughts Both of these phrases mean the same thing. They emphasize that Yahweh knows that the people were worshiping false gods. Alternate translation: “Yes, Yahweh knows what you were doing, and he does not forget” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 44 22 a6w5 0 was no longer able to bear it “was no longer able to tolerate it” -JER 44 22 t1fz figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the abominations that you did The abstract noun “abominations” can be stated as “things he hated.” Alternate translation: “because you did things that he hated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 44 22 x1jw figs-abstractnouns 0 Then your land became a desolation, a horror, and a curse so there was no longer an inhabitant as at this present day This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “a desolation,” “a horror,” and “a curse.” Alternate translation: “Then Yahweh caused it so that no one lives in the land. He made it a desolate and horrifying place. People use its name to curse others. And this is how it is even to this day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 44 23 z7ak figs-explicit 0 burned incense Why people burn incense can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “burned incense to false gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 44 23 m5km figs-metonymy 0 you would not listen to his voice Here “voice” refers to Yahweh’s commands. Alternate translation: “you would not obey his commands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 24 lr74 figs-metonymy 0 all of Judah Here “Judah” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 25 q7r5 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 44 25 rst9 figs-synecdoche 0 have said with your mouths and carried out with your hands what you said Here “mouths” and “hands” represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “have done what you promised to do when you said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 44 25 nwz1 0 carry out the vows “fulfill the vows” or “complete the vows” -JER 44 25 lq9t figs-irony 0 Now fulfill your vows; carry them out This is an ironic statement. Yahweh does not really want them to fulfill their vow to a false goddess. Yahweh knows they will not listen to him so he tells them to go ahead and do what they want. Alternate translation: “Very well! If that is what you want to do, then go fulfill your vows and do what you promised to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 44 25 vw9i 0 Now The word “now” does not mean “at this moment,” but is used to draw attention to the important point that follows. -JER 44 26 vwq1 figs-metonymy 0 all of Judah Here “Judah” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 26 d9iz figs-metonymy 0 My name will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt Here “name” represents the whole being of Yahweh. And, “mouth” represents the whole person. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “No person of Judah living in the land of Egypt will ever call upon me again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 44 26 n652 figs-idiom 0 As the Lord Yahweh lives “as surely as the Lord Yahweh is alive.” The people use this expression to show that what they say next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. See how you transited “As Yahweh lives” [Jeremiah 4:2](../04/02.md). Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” or “I solemnly swear by the Lord Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 44 27 c948 figs-hyperbole 0 Every person of Judah in the land of Egypt will perish by sword and famine until they are all finished Here “Every person” is a generalization that means “very many people.” Also, “sword” represents enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “Nearly every person of Judah in the land of Egypt will die. Enemies will kill many of them and many of them will starve to death until there is very few of them left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 28 ar61 figs-metonymy 0 Then the survivors of the sword Here “sword” represents enemies carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “Then those whom the enemies do not kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 29 vj4v figs-idiom 0 I am setting against you This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I am opposed to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 44 29 g448 figs-personification 0 my words will certainly attack you with disaster Yahweh causing disaster on the people as he promised is spoken of as if his word would attack them. Alternate translation: “what I have said will happen and you will have a disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 44 30 wm1f 0 Look “Listen” or “Pay attention” -JER 44 30 fk1y figs-metonymy 0 I am about to give Pharaoh Hophra king of Egypt into the hand of his enemies and into the hand of those who seek to kill him Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “I will allow the enemies who want to kill Pharaoh Hophra, the king of Egypt, to defeat him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 44 30 k1p8 translate-names 0 Hophra This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 44 30 sf5s figs-metonymy 0 when I gave Zedekiah king of Judah into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, his enemy who sought his life Here “hand” represents power or control. And, Nebuchadnezzar represents his whole army. The phrase “sought his life” is an idiom that means to want to kill someone. Alternate translation: “when I allowed the army of Nebuchadnezzar to defeat Zedekiah king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 45 intro m5sy 0 # Jeremiah 45 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

This chapter forms a break in the narrative sequence. It records prophecies that have already occurred. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]]) -JER 45 1 n8gv 0 this was in the fourth year of Jehoiakim son of Josiah This information can be placed at the beginning of 45:1 as in the UST. -JER 45 1 uid7 figs-ellipsis 0 in the fourth year of Jehoiakim The words “of the rule” are understood. Alternate translation: “in the fourth year of the rule of Jehoiakim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 45 1 d24t translate-ordinal 0 fourth year The word “fourth” is the ordinal form of the number four. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 45 1 w799 0 he said “Jeremiah said to Baruch” -JER 45 3 vg45 0 for Yahweh has added agony to my pain “for I was already suffering and now Yahweh causes me to be sad as well” -JER 45 3 jwx7 figs-abstractnouns 0 My groaning has wearied me The abstract noun “groaning” can be stated as “cry.” Alternate translation: “I am tired because I cry so much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 45 4 sdw1 0 This is what you must say to him Yahweh is telling Jeremiah what to say to Baruch. -JER 45 5 jtj1 figs-rquestion 0 But are you hoping for great things for yourself? Yahweh uses a question to state that he knows Baruch is hoping for others to treat him in a special way. Alternate translation: “I know you hope for great things for yourself.” or “I know you hope others will honor you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 45 5 m1dh 0 For see “For understand” or “Be aware” -JER 45 5 n1jc figs-metaphor 0 your life as your plunder everywhere you will go Allowing Baruch to escape and remain alive is spoken of as if his life were plunder that he would take after a battle. Alternate translation: “but wherever you go, I will protect you and allow you to live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 45 5 a5tu 0 plunder things stolen from a place by force -JER 46 intro ul65 0 # Jeremiah 46 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 46:3-12, 14-24.

This begins a section where Jeremiah prophesies about other nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Justice
Much of Jeremiah is concerned with Yahweh’s punishment of Judah. Yahweh used Egypt to punish Judah. Because Yahweh is just, he is going to punish Egypt for their evil deeds as well. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/works]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter

### Battle preparations
Jeremiah commands the Egyptian army to prepare for battle, even though they will not be able to defend themselves. Their punishment has already been determined by Yahweh. -JER 46 1 sfw3 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 46 1 e496 figs-idiom 0 This is the word of Yahweh that came to Jeremiah This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 14:1](../14/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 46 2 q4ql 0 For Egypt This phrase indicates this message is intended for the nation of Egypt. -JER 46 2 zfd4 translate-names 0 Necho This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 2 dv75 translate-names 0 Carchemish This is the name of a city on the west bank of the Euphrates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 2 tsq6 figs-metonymy 0 that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon Here Nebuchadnezzar represents his army. Alternate translation: “that the army of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 2 nsv9 figs-explicit 0 in the fourth year of Jehoiakim This refers to the fourth year of Jehoiakim’s reign. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “in the fourth year of the reign of Jehoiakim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 46 2 v9gg translate-ordinal 0 the fourth year The word “fourth” is the ordinal form of “four.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 46 4 vhi9 0 Put the harness on the horses; mount up on the horses A “harness” is a set of straps placed on a horse so that it can pull a chariot. Here “mount up on the horses” means that the soldiers rode in the chariots that the horses were pulling. -JER 46 4 z233 0 helmets A helmet is armor which protects the head in battle. -JER 46 4 v58m 0 polish the spears This phrase means to “sharpen” the spear. -JER 46 5 h8b9 0 General Information: Jeremiah’s vision for Egypt continues. -JER 46 5 nj2q figs-rquestion 0 What am I seeing here? The word “I” here refer to Yahweh. Yahweh uses a question to introduce the vision and to draw attention to what he says next. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at what is happening here” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 46 5 hry1 figs-abstractnouns 0 They are filled with terror The abstract noun “terror” can be stated as “terrified.” Alternate translation: “The Egyptian soldiers are terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 46 6 gr1r figs-doublet 0 the swift cannot run away, and the soldiers cannot escape These two phrases share similar meanings and emphasize that no one, not even the strongest and fastest, can escape. The nominal adjective “the swift” can be stated as an adjective. Alternate translation: “even the swiftest soldier cannot escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]]) -JER 46 6 bv4q figs-parallelism 0 They stumble in the north and fall beside the Euphrates River Both statements mean the same thing. Being and dying in battle is spoken of as if the soldiers stumble and fall. Alternate translation: “The Egyptian soldiers suffer defeat and die in the north by the Euphrates River” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 7 qv9y 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues quoting Yahweh’s declaration to the nation of Egypt. -JER 46 7 j7fk figs-rquestion 0 Who is this who rises like the Nile … the rivers? Yahweh uses a question to draw attention to what he is about to say concerning Egypt. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Look at who rises like the Nile … the rivers.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 46 8 n8ng figs-simile 0 Egypt rises like the Nile The Nile river floods its banks once a year, covering the surrounding area with water. Yahweh compares the kingdom of Egypt to the Nile because the Egyptian people think they are mighty enough to destroy cities in all the lands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 46 8 udt1 figs-metonymy 0 Egypt rises … Egypt says … I will Here “Egypt” represents all the people of Egypt. Alternate translation: “The Egyptians rise … The Egyptians say … We will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 9 ew5h figs-metonymy 0 Go up, horses. Be angry, you chariots Here “horses” and “chariots” represent the soldiers who use horses and chariots in battle. The leaders of Egypt are ordering their soldiers to start the battle. Alternate translation: “Go up to battle, you soldiers on horses. Fight furiously, you soldiers in chariots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 9 a538 figs-explicit 0 Let the soldiers go out, Cush and Put, men skillful with a shield This command can be addressed directly to the soldiers. What they were to go out for can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “You soldiers from Cush and Put, who are skillful with your shields, go out to battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 46 9 fz8w translate-names 0 Cush … Put These are biblical names for the countries of Ethiopia and Libya. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 9 c8vs figs-ellipsis 0 Ludim, men skillful at bending their bows The ideas of soldiers and going out to battle are understood from earlier in the sentence. They can be repeated. This command can also be addressed directly to the soldiers. Alternate translation: “you soldiers from Lud, who are skillful at bending your bows, go out to battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 46 9 mem7 translate-names 0 Ludim This is the name of the people group from the nation of Lud. Lud is the biblical name for Lydia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 9 awb5 figs-idiom 0 skillful at bending their bows The phrase “bend the bow” means to pull the string of the bow back with an arrow in order to shoot the arrow. Alternate translation: “skillful at shooting arrows from their bows” or “skillful with the bow and arrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 46 10 b6mc 0 General Information: Jeremiah’s quotation of Yahweh’s declaration to the nation of Egypt continues. -JER 46 10 k221 0 That day This phrase refers to the day the Egyptians lose the battle to the Babylonians. -JER 46 10 kb95 figs-123person 0 for the Lord Yahweh of hosts, and he will avenge himself on his foes Yahweh speaks of himself in third person. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “for me, Lord Yahweh of hosts, and I will avenge myself on my foes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 46 10 xmi3 figs-parallelism 0 The sword will devour and be satisfied. It will drink its fill of their blood This speaks of Yahweh’s sword as if it were devouring people and drinking blood. Both these phrases are saying similar thing and are combined to emphasize that there will be complete destruction. Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy my enemy. It will be like my sword devours them and gets drunk on their blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 46 10 c3fe figs-metaphor 0 The sword will devour Yahweh punishing and killing his enemies is spoken of as if he would use a sword to kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 10 i9dw figs-metaphor 0 For there will be a sacrifice Yahweh avenging himself by causing the Egyptians to lose in battle against the Babylonians is spoken of as if the Egyptian army would be a sacrifice to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “For the Egyptians will be like a sacrifice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 11 h7iu 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes his declaration to Egypt. -JER 46 11 b1x3 figs-irony 0 Go up to Gilead and obtain medicine Gilead was a region famous for having people skillful with medicine. Yahweh is mocking the Egyptians by telling them to go get medicine, but he knows it will not help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]]) -JER 46 11 k73x figs-metaphor 0 virgin daughter of Egypt The people of Egypt are spoken of as if they were the virgin daughter of Egypt. Alternate translation: “people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 12 m6ni 0 disgrace This word means a condition of feeling ashamed or the loss of respect. -JER 46 12 xc2h figs-metonymy 0 The earth is filled with your laments Here “earth” is a metonym for the people of the earth and a generalization for the people who know what has happened to Egypt. All the people of the earth hearing the Egyptians crying is spoken of as if their laments filled the earth. Alternate translation: “All the people of the earth hear you crying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 12 jk5t figs-metaphor 0 for soldier stumbles against soldier; both of them fall together Soldiers dying in battle is spoken of as if they were stumbling and falling down. Alternate translation: “for your soldiers die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 13 q31x figs-metonymy 0 when Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon Here Nebuchadnezzar represents his army. Alternate translation: “when the army of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 13 jr9a figs-metonymy 0 the land of Egypt Here “land” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Egypt” or “the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 14 g5lu translate-names 0 Migdol Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 44:1](../44/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 14 qy9a translate-names 0 Memphis … Tahpanhes Translate the names of these cities as you did in [Jeremiah 2:16](../02/16.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 14 b4vr figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour those around you The word “sword” here represents soldiers carrying weapons. The enemy soliders killing people is spoken of as if their swords were devouring people. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill people all around you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 46 15 a8tg 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Some Bibles translate this as “Why has Apis fled? Why did your bull not stand?” Apis was an Egyptian god that was represented by the form of a bull. The bull is often a symbol for strength. That is why the ULT and other versions of the Bible translate this as “strong ones” or “mighty ones,” which refers to soldiers. -JER 46 15 i1pz figs-rquestion 0 Why are your mighty ones face-down on the ground? They will not stand Yahweh uses a question to mock the strength of the Egyptian soldiers. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Your soldiers are face-down on the ground and will not stand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 46 16 a5tm 0 He increases the numbers of those who stumble “Yahweh causes more and more of your soldiers to stumble” -JER 46 16 c7x1 figs-metonymy 0 Let us leave this sword that is beating us down Here “sword” represents the enemy soldiers who are carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “Let us run away from our enemies because they are killing us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 17 bd2w 0 They proclaimed there This could mean: (1) “they” refers to people in general who are in Egypt or (2) “they” refers to the foreign soldiers who are fleeing to their native lands of Cush, Put, and Lud. -JER 46 17 kv5n figs-idiom 0 Pharaoh the king of Egypt is only a noise, one who has let his opportunity slip away These two phrases are saying that the nation of Egypt has become of little importance. The phrase “only a noise” is an idiom that means a person says he will do something but he does not do it. Alternate translation: “Pharaoh brags much but cannot do what he brags he will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 46 18 a2ci figs-123person 0 declares the King Here “King” refers to Yahweh. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “this is what I, the King, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 46 18 gmj6 figs-simile 0 someone will come like Mount Tabor and Mount Carmel by the sea This refers to the nation of Babylon who will be as overwhelming to the nation of Egypt as the these two mountains are to the plains that surround them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 46 18 t2bs translate-names 0 Mount Tabor This is the name of a mountain in the northern part of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 46 19 n24i 0 Pack for yourselves baggage to carry into exile “Prepare to go into exile” -JER 46 20 nf61 figs-metaphor 0 Egypt is a very beautiful young cow The nation of Egypt, which was very strong and prosperous, is spoken of as if it were a beautiful young cow. Alternate translation: “Egypt is like a very beautiful heifer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 20 pcx7 figs-metaphor 0 but a stinging insect The enemy army coming to attack the Egyptians is spoken of as if the army were an insect that stings. Alternate translation: “but a powerful army like a stinging insect” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 21 duz9 figs-simile 0 soldiers in her midst are like a fattened bull The writer compares soldiers to “fattened bulls” because the soldiers are well cared for by the Egyptians just as a farmer takes care of a bull and makes it fat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 46 21 y6gt figs-idiom 0 They will not stand together To “stand together” is an idiom meaning to remain united. The writer is saying that the soldiers will not fight as a unit but will run away thinking only of saving themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 46 21 h8zt figs-metaphor 0 the day of their disaster is coming against them This speaks of a day as if it travels and arrives in a location. Alternate translation: “they will experience disaster on that day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 22 pc27 figs-simile 0 Egypt hisses like a snake and crawls away The inability of the Egyptians to do anything to stop their enemy is spoken of as if they were snakes that can only hiss and crawl away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 46 22 z1yp figs-simile 0 They are going toward her like woodcutters with axes The enemies coming with the weapons to destroy the Egyptians is spoken of as if they were woodcutters with axes preparing to cut down a tree. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 46 23 q15l figs-metaphor 0 They will cut down the forests … although it is very dense This continues speaking of the enemy army attacking the Egyptians as if the army were woodcutters cutting down trees. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will kill many Egyptians like woodcutters cutting down a forest … even though there are very many trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 46 23 p42g figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 46 23 gvh6 0 locusts This is a type of insect that travels in very large groups and can cause great destruction by eating crops. -JER 46 23 dl76 figs-activepassive 0 unable to be counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will be able to count them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 46 24 ut6g figs-metaphor 0 The daughter of Egypt will be made ashamed The people of Egypt are spoken of as if they were the daughter of Egypt. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will humiliate the people of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 46 24 n1ba figs-metonymy 0 She will be given into the hand of people from the north Here “hand” represents power or control. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will allow the people from the north to defeat the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 46 25 v4iz translate-names 0 Amon of Thebes “Amon” is the king of the Egyptian gods. “Thebes” is the capital of the northern part of Egypt, and here it represents the people of Thebes. Alternate translation: “Amon, god of Thebes” or “Amon, god of the people of Thebes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 25 au2w figs-metonymy 0 Egypt and her gods Here “Egypt” represents the people. Alternate translation: “all the people of Egypt and the gods they worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 26 pq89 figs-metonymy 0 I am giving them into the hand of the ones seeking their lives Here “hand” represents power or control. The phrase “seeking their lives” is an idiom that mean to want to kill someone. Alternate translation: “I will allow those who are wanting to kill them to defeat them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 46 26 n18z figs-metonymy 0 and into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his servants Here “hand” represents power or control. “Nebuchadnezzar … his servants” names specifically “the ones seeking their lives.” Alternate translation: “that is, I will allow Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon and his servants to defeat the Egyptians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 26 zb51 figs-activepassive 0 Then after this Egypt will be inhabited This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then after this, people will live in Egypt again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 46 27 cfi7 figs-parallelism 0 my servant Jacob, do not fear. Do not be dismayed, Israel These two phrases mean the same thing. Here “Jacob” and “Israel” represent the people of Israel. Yahweh is emphasizing that the people should not be afraid. Alternate translation: “people of Israel, my servants, do not be afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 46 27 n8yh 0 from the land of their captivity “from the land where they are captives” -JER 46 28 r2ij figs-abstractnouns 0 I will bring complete destruction against all the nations The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated using the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 46 28 h92x figs-doublenegatives 0 will certainly not leave you unpunished This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JER 47 intro y84e 0 # Jeremiah 47 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 47:2-7.

Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter

### Flood waters
This chapter uses the imagery of a flood to describe the enemies who conquer the Philistines. Their destruction will be swift and complete. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 1 up7u figs-idiom 0 This is the word of Yahweh that came to Jeremiah The idiom “the word of Yahweh that came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 14:1](../14/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 47 1 z4d3 figs-idiom 0 This word came to him The idiom “this word came to” is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave this message to Jeremiah” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 47 1 n7b3 figs-metonymy 0 before Pharaoh Here “Pharaoh” represents the Egyptians army. Alternate translation: “before Pharaoh’s army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 47 2 br4s 0 See The word “see” alerts us to pay attention to what is about to be said. -JER 47 2 na2f figs-parallelism 0 floods of water are rising in the north. They will be like an overflowing river! The two phrases have a similar meaning. The enemy army is spoken of as if it were a flood. Alternate translation: “an army in the north will come like a flood. They will be powerful like an overflowing river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 2 wnx1 figs-metaphor 0 they will overflow the land This continues speaking of the army from the north as an overflowing river. Alternate translation: “like an overflowing river, the army from the north will destroy the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 3 yv46 figs-parallelism 0 At the sound of the stamping of their strong horses’ hooves, at the roar of their chariots and the noise of their wheels Together these represent the sounds of an oncoming army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 47 3 yya7 figs-doublet 0 at the roar of their chariots and the noise of their wheels These two phrase have similar meanings and they are combined to emphasize the loud noise they will make. Alternate translation: “at the very loud sound of the wheels of the chariots” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 47 4 q4r1 figs-metaphor 0 For the day is coming that will devastate all of the Philistines, to cut off from Tyre This speaks of a day as if it were something that travels and arrives in a place. Alternate translation: “For on that day, the enemy army will devastate all of the Philistines and cut off from Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 4 f7br figs-metaphor 0 to cut off from Tyre and Sidon every survivor who wants to help them Removing someone is spoken of as if they were cut off the way a person may cut a branch from a tree or a piece of cloth from a garment. Alternate translation: “to remove anyone who may want to help Tyre and Sidon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 4 g199 translate-names 0 Caphtor This is the name of an island of the northern region of the Philistines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 47 5 u8ep figs-abstractnouns 0 Baldness will come upon Gaza The abstract noun “baldness” can be stated as “bald.” “Gaza” represents the people. Alternate translation: “The people of Gaza will shave their heads bald” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 47 5 yv2n translate-symaction 0 Baldness The shaving of the entire head or portions of the head is a sign of great sorrow practiced by idol worshipers in nations such as Philistia. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 47 5 dw3l figs-euphemism 0 the people … will be made silent This could mean: (1) the people will be silent because they are mourning or (2) this is a euphemism that means the enemy soldiers will kill them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JER 47 5 m4h3 figs-rquestion 0 How long will you cut yourself in mourning? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Ashkelon will never stop mourning. Yahweh speaks to the people as if he were speaking to one woman, who is a metaphor for the city itself. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You will forever cut yourselves in mourning.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 47 5 f7f4 translate-symaction 0 cut yourself in mourning The cutting of one’s skin was another practice done by the idol worshipers when they mourn the dead. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 47 6 eck8 figs-personification 0 sword of Yahweh! How long will it be until you become silent? Go back to your scabbard! Stop and be silent. The Philistines speak to the sword of Yahweh as if it were a person who could hear them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, you who are holding your sword! When will you stop striking us with your sword? Stop your sword and put it back in its scabbard!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 47 6 m6j8 figs-metaphor 0 sword of Yahweh Yahweh punishing the Philistines by sending the army from the north is spoken of as if Yahweh were striking them with a sword. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 6 cid1 figs-rquestion 0 How long will it be until you become silent? The people of the Philistines use this question to express their deep frustration about the devastation caused by their enemies. This may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Please be silent!” or “Please, Yahweh, stop striking us with your sword!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 47 6 r4br figs-idiom 0 you become silent A sword makes a noise as it slashes back and forth. Asking the sword to be silent means to ask it to stop slashing and killing. Alternate translation: “you rest” or “you stop slashing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 47 6 hg5n 0 scabbard This is the case used to protect the blade of a sword. -JER 47 7 x3p6 figs-personification 0 How can it rest … along the sea? Here Jeremiah is speaking. He continues speaking of the sword of Yahweh as if it were a person who could rest. Yahweh punishing the Philistines by sending the army of the north is spoken of as if Yahweh were striking the people with a sword. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot rest … along the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 47 7 w3uj figs-rquestion 0 How can it rest when Yahweh has commanded it, when he has ordered … the sea? Jeremiah uses a question to mean that the sword cannot stop since Yahweh has commanded it to continue killing. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It cannot stop, for Yahweh has commanded it. He has ordered … the sea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 48 intro d44i 0 # Jeremiah 48 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 48:1-25, 28-33, 39-47.

Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations continue in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Obeying Yahweh

Moab worshiped and served other gods. Despite this, Yahweh expected every nation to worship and serve him and him alone. They were punished because of it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]]) -JER 48 1 r24j writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 48 1 kuu3 figs-metonymy 0 To Moab Here “Moab” represents the people. Alternate translation: “To the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 1 tu4z 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 48 1 xw9v figs-metonymy 0 Woe to Nebo, for it has been devastated Here “Nebo” represents the people. Alternate translation: “How terrible it is for the people of Nebo, for their city is devastated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 1 b21z translate-names 0 Nebo This is the name of a city near Mount Nebo in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 1 vv99 figs-metonymy 0 Kiriathaim has been humiliated Here “Kiriathaim has been humiliated” represents the people being humiliated. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has captured the city of Kiriathaim and humiliated the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 1 e7lp translate-names 0 Kiriathaim This is the name of a city in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 1 w4q3 figs-metonymy 0 Her fortress has been disgraced Here “fortress has been disgraced” represents the people being disgraced. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has destroyed the fortress in Kiriathaim and disgraced its people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 2 f8nr 0 The honor of Moab is no more “People no longer honor Moab” or “People no longer praise Moab” -JER 48 2 hq3s translate-names 0 Heshbon This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 2 dmn9 translate-names 0 Madmen will also perish “Madmen” here is a town in Moab. The name of the city has nothing to do with the English word “madmen.” Alternate translation: “Their enemies will destroy the city of Madmen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 2 ie7u figs-metonymy 0 a sword will go after you Here “sword” represents the enemy army carrying weapons. Alternate translation: “your enemies will chase after you and kill you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 3 bp4x 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to tell of the destruction of Moab. -JER 48 3 f5ti translate-names 0 Horonaim This is the name of a town in the south of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 3 ue2v figs-doublet 0 ruin and great destruction These two terms mean the same thing. Together they emphasize complete destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 48 4 u8km figs-activepassive 0 Moab has been destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy army has destroyed Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 4 h6mu figs-metonymy 0 Her children This could mean: (1) the children who lived in Moab or (2) “children” is a metonym that represents the people of Moab in general. Alternate translation: “The people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 5 uj9q translate-names 0 Luhith This is the name of a place in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 5 cpt9 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of the destruction The abstract noun “destruction” can be stated as “destroyed.” Alternate translation: “because their town is destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 48 6 lhh3 0 Save your lives The word “your” refers to the people of Moab. -JER 48 6 kv9q figs-simile 0 become like a juniper bush in the wilderness The people fleeing from their cities into the desert is compared to a bush or shrub that grows in the desert. Alternate translation: “become like a shrub that grows in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]]) -JER 48 7 gkg1 figs-abstractnouns 0 because of your trust The abstract noun “trust” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “because you trusted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 48 7 z18z 0 in your practices “in your own efforts” or “in your own work” -JER 48 7 v42e figs-activepassive 0 you also will be captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy army will also capture you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 7 x4hy translate-names 0 Then Chemosh will go away into captivity “Chemosh” is the chief god of the Moabites. This means the enemy army will take the idol of Chemosh that the people made to worship. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will take your god Chemosh as a captive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 48 8 uxi3 figs-explicit 0 For the destroyer will come to every city Here “the destroyer” represents the enemy army. Alternate translation: “For the enemy army will come to every city and destroy it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 48 8 wca7 figs-metonymy 0 no city will escape Here “city” represents the people. Alternate translation: “no people from any city will escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 8 e6c4 figs-metonymy 0 So the valley will perish and the plain will be devastated Here “valley” and “plain” represent the cities and the people in those places Alternate translation: “So the enemy army will destroy everything in the valleys and on the plains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 9 jd6u figs-metaphor 0 Give wings to Moab, for she must certainly fly away Helping the people is spoken of as if they would put wings on the people so that could fly away. Alternate translation: “Help the people of Moab to escape as if you were giving them wings to fly away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 9 eq9z 0 Give wings to Moab, for she must certainly fly away The translation of the original language is uncertain. Some Bibles translate this as “Set up a tombstone for Moab, for the enemy will certainly destroy it.” Other Bibles translate it as “Put salt on the cities of Moab, for the enemy will completely destroy it.” Enemies through salt on ruins to keep thing from ever growing there again. -JER 48 10 c5zb figs-metonymy 0 from shedding blood Here “blood” represents a person’s life. And “shedding blood” is an idiom that means to kill. Alternate translation: “from killing people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 48 11 lvs4 figs-personification 0 Moab has felt secure since he was young … He is … his wine … He has never gone … he tastes … his flavor Here Yahweh speaks of Moab as if it were a man. Here it represents the people of Moab. All occurrences of “he” and “his” can be stated as “they,” “their,” or “them.” Alternate translation: “Even from their earliest times, the people of Moab have felt secure … They are … their wine … They have never gone … they tastes … their flavor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 48 11 tpx9 figs-explicit 0 He is like his wine that has never been poured from pot to pot For wine to taste good, it has to be left undisturbed for a long time and not poured from one pot to another. Yahweh compares the people of Moab, who are prosperous because no one has ever conquered them and taken them as captives, to wine that is undisturbed and has a good flavor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 48 12 mt13 0 So see, the days are coming “Listen carefully because there will be a time” -JER 48 12 p3kf figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 12 z48t figs-metaphor 0 I will send him those who will tip him over and pour out all his pots and shatter his jars The enemy army defeating the people of Moab and taking them as captives is spoken of as if the people of Moab are wine and someone will come and pour them out and break the wine jars. Alternate translation: “I will send an army that will destroy them as if they were pouring out wine and breaking the jars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 12 nky7 figs-personification 0 send him … tip him over … his pots … his jars Here Yahweh speaks of Moab as if it were a man. Here it represents the people of Moab. All occurrences of “he,” “his,” and “him” in 48:11-12 can be stated as “they,” “their,” or “them.” Alternate translation: “send them … tip them over … their pots … their jars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 48 13 le7f figs-metonymy 0 Then Moab Here “Moab” represents the people. Alternate translation: “Then the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 13 biu2 translate-names 0 Chemosh Chemosh is the chief god of the Moabites. See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 48:7](../48/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 13 qrf9 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “the Israelites” or “the Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 13 fr2l 0 Bethel This could mean: (1) this refers to the city of Bethel where the Israelites worshiped a golden calf or (2) Bethel is the name of a false god the Israelites worshiped. -JER 48 14 r8r7 figs-rquestion 0 How can you say, ‘We are soldiers, powerful fighting men’? Here Yahweh is speaking to the soldiers of Moab. Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the soldiers. Alternate translation: “No longer can you say, ‘We are soldiers, powerful fighting men.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 48 15 z5yr figs-activepassive 0 Moab will be devastated and its cities attacked This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy army will devastate Moab and attack its cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 15 b73e figs-metaphor 0 its finest young men have gone down to the place of slaughter The best men of Moab going to battle and being killed is spoken of as if they were animals taken to a place to be slaughtered. Alternate translation: “their fine young men will all be slaughtered” or “the enemy army will kill all of the finest men of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 15 x1zc figs-123person 0 This is the king’s declaration Here “king” refers to Yahweh. This can be stated in first person. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 46:18](../46/18.md). Alternate translation: “This is what I, the king, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 16 f7i9 figs-parallelism 0 Moab’s disaster is soon to happen; calamity is hurrying quickly These two sentences mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Moab’s destruction will happen very soon. Alternate translation: “Moab’s enemies will destroy her very soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 48 16 u5tf figs-metaphor 0 calamity is hurrying quickly Something terrible happening soon is spoken of as if calamity were something that could move quickly to a place. Alternate translation: “terrible things will happen very soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 17 l1hb figs-metonymy 0 the strong staff, the honored rod, has been broken Here the words “staff” and “rod” represent the power and political support that Moab provided to other nations. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moab’s enemies have ended her great power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 18 f8bi figs-metaphor 0 you daughter living in Dibon The people of Dibon are spoken of as if they were the daughter of Dibon. Alternate translation: “you people living in Dibon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 18 l7bv translate-names 0 Dibon This is the name of a city in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 18 y9wk 0 the one who will destroy Moab “the enemy army that will destroy Moab” -JER 48 19 l7di translate-names 0 Aroer This is the name of a city in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 19 vrl3 0 Ask the ones “Ask the people” or “Ask the men and women” -JER 48 20 zk9c figs-metonymy 0 Moab has been shamed, for it has been shattered Here “Moab” represents the people. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people are disgraced, for the enemy army has destroyed Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 20 lmj3 0 Howl and lament “Cry loudly in pain and anger” -JER 48 20 zl7d figs-activepassive 0 that Moab has been devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the enemy army has devastated Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 21 m1zb figs-activepassive 0 punishment has come to the hill country, to Holon … Mephaath Yahweh punishing the people of the hill country and cities of Moab is spoken of as if punishment were something that could travel and arrive in a place. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will punish the people of the hill country, of Holon … Mephaath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 21 wa5a translate-names 0 Holon, Jahzah, and Mephaath These are cities in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 24 z44v translate-names 0 Bozrah a city in Moab (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 25 y4ql figs-parallelism 0 The horn of Moab has been hacked off; its arm has been broken Both of these statements mean the same thing. Here “horn” and “arm” represent power. To have these hacked off or broken means to lose one’s power. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Moab has become weak; the people are not able to fight anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 25 b8p9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 26 r5qs figs-imperative 0 Make him drunk, because he acted proudly against Yahweh Yahweh is speaking. The command “Make him drunk” indicates what Yahweh will cause to happen. Here “him” and “he” refers to Moab which represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, will cause the people of Moab to be drunk, for they acted proudly against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 26 v6it figs-metaphor 0 Make him drunk Here people experiencing Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if they were drunk on wine, acting foolishly so that people laugh at them. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to be like a drunk person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 26 lx5w figs-metaphor 0 Let Moab wallow in his vomit … an object of ridicule Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Moab as if they were a drunk person. Alternate translation: “Now the people of Moab will be like a person who wallows in his vomit … an object of ridicule (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 26 ln6t 0 let him be an object of ridicule “so that people will laugh at him” -JER 48 27 hq3z figs-rquestion 0 For did not Israel become an object for laughter to you? Yahweh uses a question to remind the people of Moab how they treated the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For you used to mock and laugh at the people of Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 48 27 j56c figs-metonymy 0 Israel … Was he found … at him … about him Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel … Were they found … at them … about them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 27 ft2u figs-rquestion 0 Was he found among thieves, so that you shook your head … about him? Here Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the people of Moab for treating the people of Israel with shame though they did nothing wrong. Alternate translation: “Although they were not thieves, you still shook your head … about him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 48 27 s168 translate-symaction 0 shook your head at him This is a symbolic action that shows feeling of scorn or disgust towards someone. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 48 28 e2f5 0 cliffs A cliff is a steep side of a mountain. -JER 48 28 ag7z figs-simile 0 Become like a dove … in the rocks This simile emphasizes the people should leave their cities and live in the rocky cliffs to hide from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 48 28 bp3p figs-idiom 0 the mouth of a hole in the rocks Here “mouth of a hole” is an idiom that means the entrance to a cave. Alternate translation: “the entrance to caves” or “an opening in the rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 48 29 zjt4 0 We have heard Here “We” refers generally to all the people in the surrounding area. -JER 48 29 c6m3 0 arrogance … haughtiness … pride … self-glory … conceit in his heart All of these words have similar meanings. They are used together to emphasize the extreme pride of the people of Moab. -JER 48 29 qa3k figs-metonymy 0 the conceit in his heart Here “heart” represents a person’s inner being. Alternate translation: “his conceit” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 30 sx8k figs-rpronouns 0 I myself know his defiant speech The word “myself” is used to emphasize that Yahweh was the one who knew about Moab’s defiant speech. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 48 30 wf2k figs-metonymy 0 his defiant speech … like his deeds Here “his” refers to Moab which represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “their defiant speech … like their deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 30 s8fk figs-abstractnouns 0 his defiant speech The abstract noun “speech” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “that he has spoken pridefully” or “that he has spoken arrogant words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 48 31 jtn1 figs-parallelism 0 I will howl a lament for Moab, and I will shout in sorrow for all of Moab Both of these statements mean the same thing. Alternate translation: “I will cry loudly for the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 48 31 cdx5 0 I will howl This could mean: (1) “I” refers to Jeremiah or (2) “I” refers to Yahweh. -JER 48 31 x2jk 0 howl a sad and loud cry that a person makes when he is in pain or deep sorrow -JER 48 31 be4l translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth This is the name of the old capital city of Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 32 xbx7 translate-names 0 Jazer … Sibmah These are the names of two towns in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 32 xk3l figs-metaphor 0 vine of Sibmah! Your branches passed … your wine The town of Sibmah had many vineyards. Here, Yahweh speaks to the people of Sibmah as if there were a grapevine. Alternate translation: “people of Sibmah, who are like a grapevine with branches that passed … your wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 32 z5h3 figs-metaphor 0 The destroyers have attacked your summer fruit and your wine Yahweh continues speaking of the people of Sibmah as if they were a grapevine. Alternate translation: “The destroyers have attacked you and have taken the fruit from your vineyards and your wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 48 32 lk5n 0 The destroyers have “The enemy army has” -JER 48 33 kv8p figs-abstractnouns 0 So celebration and rejoicing have been taken away from the fruit trees and the land of Moab The abstract nouns “celebration” and “rejoicing” can be stated as verbs. The phrase “have been taken away” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will no longer celebrate and rejoice because of their fruit trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 33 fn4p 0 I have put an end to the wine from their winepresses “I have stopped the wine from their winepresses” or “I have stopped the people from making wine” -JER 48 33 u8yw 0 I have put an end Here “I” refers to Yahweh. -JER 48 33 db16 figs-explicit 0 They will not tread The wine makers would stomp on the grapes to squeeze out the juice. Alternate translation: “The wine makers will not stomp the grapes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 48 34 hx1i translate-names 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 48:2](../48/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 34 zq8f translate-names 0 Elealeh … Jahaz … Zoar … Horonaim … Eglath Shelishiyah These are names of other cities in Moab. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 34 puy7 translate-names 0 Nimrim This is the name of a stream or river near the Dead Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 35 ler4 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 36 jaw6 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart is lamenting for Moab like a flute Here “heart” represents the whole person. The person’s sad crying is compared to the sad music played on a flute at a funeral. Alternate translation: “I cry sadly for Moab. My cries are like the sad music a person plays on a flute at a funeral” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 48 36 qwv8 0 my heart This could mean: (1) “my” refers to Jeremiah or (2) “my” refers to Yahweh. -JER 48 36 b311 translate-names 0 Kir Hareseth Kir Hareseth was an ancient capital of Moab. See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 48:31](../48/31.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 37 mzh2 translate-symaction 0 For every head is bald and every beard shaved. Incisions are on every hand, and sackcloth is around their waists These are all things that the people of Moab did when they were mourning or expressing deep sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 48 37 t4g3 0 Incisions cuts made on the skin -JER 48 38 yc69 figs-abstractnouns 0 There is mourning everywhere The abstract noun “mourning” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “There are people mourning everywhere” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 48 38 vhp3 0 every flat roof “every housetop” -JER 48 38 k4ve 0 plazas open public areas, such as open marketplaces -JER 48 38 x6fh 0 For I have destroyed The word “I” refers to Yahweh -JER 48 38 aj4j figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 39 bl2b figs-exclamations 0 How it has been shattered! How they howl in their lamenting! Here “How” begins exclamations. The phrase “has been shattered” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have completely shattered them! They shout loudly and weep!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 39 kh25 0 howl a sad and loud cry that a person makes when he is in pain -JER 48 39 n6k8 figs-metonymy 0 Moab turns its back in shame Here Moab represents the people. To turn one’s back is a sign of feeling ashamed. Alternate translation: “The people of Moab turn their backs in shame” or “The people of Moab are ashamed and will not show their faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 48 39 b4ii figs-abstractnouns 0 So Moab will become an object of derision and a terror to all those who are around him This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “derision” and “terror.” Alternate translation: “So all the people nearby will be terrified at what happened to the people of Moab and they will mock them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 48 40 m362 figs-simile 0 the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings These phrases compare how a powerful army will descend on Moab and conquer it to the way an eagle swoops down to capture its prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 48 41 bm6y figs-activepassive 0 Kerioth has been captured, and its strongholds have been seized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy has captured Kerioth and seized its strongholds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 41 ud2e translate-names 0 Kerioth This is a city in Moab. See how you translated this name in [Jeremiah 48:24](../48/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 41 l119 figs-simile 0 in that day the hearts of Moab’s soldiers … women in birth labor This phrase compares the fear that will overwhelm the soldiers of Moab to the fear a woman may feel when she is about to give birth to her child. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 48 41 nyn5 figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of Moab’s soldiers will be like the hearts of women in birth labor Here “hearts” represent a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “Moab’s soldiers will be afraid like a woman about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 42 a6pz figs-activepassive 0 So Moab will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “So the enemy will destroy the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 43 dsi5 figs-idiom 0 Terror and the pit, and a trap are coming on you Here “coming on you” is an idiom that means “to experience” something. Alternate translation: “You will experience the terror, the pit, and a trap” or “You will be terrified, and you will fall into pits and traps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 48 43 r55q figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 44 qa8k figs-synecdoche 0 fall into the pit … caught in the trap Here “the pit” and “the trap” represent all the different bad things that will happen to the people. People will run away to escape one bad thing but they will just experience another bad thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 48 44 n33r 0 in the year of Here, “year” could be translated as “time” or “season” or “time period.” -JER 48 45 gbj4 0 The ones who flee This refers to the people who were able to run away during the destruction of Moab. -JER 48 45 jpn8 figs-metonymy 0 will stand in the shadow of Heshbon Here “in the shadow” represents protection or shelter. Alternate translation: “will hide in Heshbon for protection” or “will go to Heshbon for shelter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 48 45 ypv8 figs-parallelism 0 for fire will go out from Heshbon, flame from the middle of Sihon These two phrases have similar meanings and emphasize that Moab’s destruction will begin and spread out from Heshbon, where King Sihon once lived. Alternate translation: because a fire will burn in Heshbon, which is the city where King Sihon lived long ago (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 48 45 r5h5 translate-names 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 48:2](../48/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 45 m2yh translate-names 0 Sihon This is the name of an Amorite king who once ruled over Heshbon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 48 45 ail8 figs-synecdoche 0 It will devour the forehead of Moab and the top of the heads of the boastful people Here “forehead” and “top of the heads” represent the people of Moab as a whole. Alternate translation: “It will burn up all the people in Moab who noisily boasted very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 48 45 rkn8 0 forehead the part of the face that is above the eyes, but below the hairline -JER 48 46 fd8h figs-explicit 0 Chemosh’s people are destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy army has destroyed the people who worship Chemosh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 46 dpj3 0 Chemosh This is the chief god of the Moabites. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 48:7](../48/07.md). -JER 48 46 k4g8 figs-activepassive 0 your sons are taken as captives and your daughters into captivity This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy army has taken your sons and daughters as captives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 48 47 b2it 0 I will restore the fortunes of Moab “I will cause things to go well for Moab again” or “I will cause Moab to live well again.” See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 29:14](../29/14.md). -JER 48 47 ei27 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 48 47 i5t1 0 The judgment on Moab ends here “That is the end of what Jeremiah prophesied about Moab” -JER 49 intro t6np 0 # Jeremiah 49 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The ULT sets the lines in 49:1-11, 14-27, 29-33, 37-39 farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text because they are part of a long quotation.

Jeremiah’s prophesies about other nations conclude in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Covenant with Abraham
Ammon is destroyed because it drove the people of the tribe of Gad from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]])

## Important figures of speech in this chapter
### Rhetorical questions
There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. The purpose of these rhetorical questions is to convict those Yahweh addresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 1 q42f writing-poetry 0 General Information: See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -JER 49 1 tz36 0 Yahweh says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 49 1 rj3z figs-rquestion 0 Does Israel have no children? Is there no one to inherit anything in Israel? Why does Molech occupy Gad, and his people live in its cities? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people of Israel should be living in Gad rather than those who worship Molech. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “There are plenty of Israelites to inherit the land of Israel. The people who worship the false idol, Molech, should not live in Gad.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 1 t5qg figs-metonymy 0 Why does Molech Here “Molech” represents the people who worship Molech. Alternate translation: “Why do the people who worship Molech” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 2 lb84 0 So look This adds emphasis to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look and listen” -JER 49 2 b61d figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will” or “there will be a time … when I will” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 2 i8qt figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 2 jfb2 figs-metaphor 0 when I will sound the signal for battle Yahweh causing an army to attack is spoken of as if he would sound the signal for the battle to start. Alternate translation: “when I will cause the enemy army to sound the signal for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 2 cl24 0 its villages will be set on fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy army will burn their villages” -JER 49 2 p4ct figs-metonymy 0 For Israel will possess those who possessed him Here “Israel” represents the people of Israel. “Those” refers to people of Ammon, who represent the land that they took from Israel. Alternate translation: “Then the people of Israel will again possess the land that the people of Ammon took away from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 3 ve5q 0 Howl in lament “Cry loudly and weep” -JER 49 3 ywk1 translate-names 0 Heshbon Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 48:2](../48/02.md). Here “Heshbon” represents the people. Alternate translation: “people of Heshbon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 3 kfc8 figs-activepassive 0 for Ai will be devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “for your enemies will devastate Ai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 3 bf53 figs-metaphor 0 daughters of Rabbah This could mean: (1) “daughters” represent the women who live in Rabbah. Alternate translation: “women of Rabbah” or (2) all the people in general are spoken of as if they are the daughters of Rabbah. Alternate translation: “people of Rabbah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 3 z6g9 0 for Molech is going into captivity “for your enemies will take your god Molech captive.” This means the enemies will take the idol that represents Molech back to their land. -JER 49 4 p3m1 figs-rquestion 0 Why do you brag about your valleys … daughter? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people for bragging about the large amount of fruit that grows in their valleys. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Do not be proud of your valleys … daughter.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 4 ve6p 0 Why do you brag about your valleys, your valleys that are so fruitful Some versions of the Bible read, “Why do you brag about your strength, your strength which is ebbing away” -JER 49 4 a3g4 figs-metaphor 0 faithless daughter Here, the people of Ammon are spoken of as if they were a daughter. Alternate translation: “faithless people” or “rebellious people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 4 yq5q figs-rquestion 0 say, ‘Who will come against me?’ The Ammonites use this question to state that they do not believe anyone can defeat them. It can be reworded as an indirect statement. Alternate translation: “falsely think that no one can defeat you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]]) -JER 49 5 a2bs 0 you The word “you” refers to the people of Ammon. -JER 49 5 wlw8 figs-abstractnouns 0 this terror will come from all those who surround you. Each one of you will be scattered before it The abstract noun “terror” can be stated as the verb “terrify.” The phrase “will be scattered” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will cause all those around you to terrify you. Each one of you flee to different directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 7 j239 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 49 7 j6lv figs-rquestion 0 Is there no longer any wisdom to be found in Teman? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people of Teman for not acting wisely. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 7 rhs5 translate-names 0 Teman This is the name of a district in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 7 c4hs figs-parallelism 0 Has good advice … understanding? Has their wisdom become corrupted? The same idea is expressed in two different ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 49 7 hk68 figs-rquestion 0 Has good advice disappeared from those who have understanding? Yahweh uses this question to scold the people. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “It seems that there are no longer any wise people in Teman district in Edom!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 7 gu21 figs-rquestion 0 Has their wisdom become corrupted? Yahweh uses this question to scold the people. This question may be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Their advice is no longer wise.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 8 mu6m translate-names 0 Dedan The is the name of a city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 8 b1f3 figs-metonymy 0 I am bringing the disaster of Esau on him at the time that I punish him Here “Esau” represents the people of Edom. The Edomites were descendants of Esau. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people of Edom to experience disaster when I punish them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 8 wxg4 figs-123person 0 on him … I punish him Yahweh is speaking to the people of Edom. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “on you … I punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 9 jea8 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Edom. -JER 49 9 rj8q figs-rquestion 0 If grape harvesters … would they not leave a little bit behind? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how grape harvesters leave some grapes behind. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If grape harvesters … they would certainly leave some grapes behind.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 9 j7jl figs-rquestion 0 If thieves … would they not steal only as much as they wanted? Yahweh uses a question to cause the people to think about how thieves only take what they want. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If thieves … they would only take as much as they wanted.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 10 fyc2 figs-metaphor 0 But I have stripped Esau bare Yahweh causing an enemy army to come and take everything is spoken of as if Yahweh stripped all the clothes off of Esau. Alternate translation: “But I have sent an army to take everything away from Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 10 sn3n figs-metonymy 0 Esau … his hiding … he will not … hide himself … His children … he is gone Here “Esau” represents the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom … their hiding … they will not … hide themselves … Their children … they are gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 10 i22l 0 I have revealed his hiding places “I have made known to the enemy soldiers where the people of Edom hide” -JER 49 12 z547 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Edom. -JER 49 12 l9lp 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 49 12 auj9 figs-metonymy 0 must certainly drink some of the cup … for you will certainly drink Here “the cup” is a metonym that represents the contents in the cup that the people must drink. The people experiencing Yahweh’s punishment is spoken of as if Yahweh’s punishment were liquid in a cup and the people must drink it. Alternate translation: “must certainly experience my punishment … for you will certainly experience my punishment” or “I will certainly still punish … for I will certainly punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 12 h58s figs-rquestion 0 Do you yourself think you will go without punishment? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize the people of Edom have sinned and will certainly be punished. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly, you must be aware that you will personally experience my punishment for your sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 12 fb4j figs-you 0 you yourself The words “you” and “yourself” refer to Edom, which represents the people of Edom. The word “yourself” is used to draw attention to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “you yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]]) -JER 49 13 g6tz figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 13 g35q figs-abstractnouns 0 Bozrah will become a horror, a disgrace, a devastation, and an object for cursing The abstract nouns “a horror,” “a disgrace,” and “a devastation” can be translated as verbs. Alternate translation: “People will be horrified when they see that the city of Bozrah is devastated. And they will mock the city and use its name when they curse others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 49 13 u174 translate-names 0 Bozrah This is the name of a city in Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 13 d9vp 0 All of its cities “All of Edom’s cities” -JER 49 14 ly1e 0 General Information: Jeremiah is now speaking to the people of Edom. -JER 49 14 h7yn 0 I have heard The word “I” refers to Jeremiah. -JER 49 14 vb6a figs-activepassive 0 a messenger has been sent out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sent out a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 14 z9ze figs-ellipsis 0 to the nations, ‘Gather together … for battle.’ It is understood “Gather together” is the beginning of the messenger’s message. Alternate translation: “to tell the nations, ‘Gather together … for battle.’” or “to the nations, and he will tell them, ‘Gather together … for battle.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]]) -JER 49 14 uw6a 0 attack her The word “her” refers to Edom. -JER 49 15 pdt6 0 I have made you The word “I” refers to Yahweh. Here “you” refers to the nation of Edom. -JER 49 15 g33b figs-explicit 0 made you small Here “small” represents having the least political importance. Alternate translation: “made you least important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 49 15 wr35 figs-activepassive 0 despised by people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and people despise you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 16 l2gu 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Edom. -JER 49 16 l7en figs-abstractnouns 0 As for your fearsomeness Here the abstract noun “fearsomeness” can be translated with either an adjective or a verb. Alternate translation: “As for how terrifying you think you are” or “Although you think you scare other people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 49 16 kjt4 figs-metonymy 0 your heart’s pride has deceived you Here “heart” represents the whole person. People deceiving themselves is spoken of as if their pride deceived them. Alternate translation: “you have become prideful, but you have deceived yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 16 mwf3 figs-explicit 0 so that you may make your nest high like an eagle It is implied that the people made homes in high places to remain safe from enemies. Alternate translation: “live in safety like an eagle in the heights of the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 49 16 v7eu 0 eagle This is a very large, powerful bird of prey. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 4:13](../04/13.md). -JER 49 16 lr1b figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 17 xx9q 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Edom. -JER 49 17 hj17 figs-abstractnouns 0 Edom will become a horror to everyone passing by it The abstract noun “horror” can be stated using the verb “horrified.” Alternate translation: “The people passing by will be horrified when they what happened to Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 49 17 n5jw translate-symaction 0 tremble and hiss The word “hiss” refers to a sound that shows horror or awe. Alternate translation: “shake from fear and gasp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]]) -JER 49 18 ihe5 figs-parallelism 0 no one will live there; no person will stay there Yahweh says the same thing twice to emphasize that Edom will be completely uninhabited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 49 19 et9f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Edom. -JER 49 19 f4y5 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.” -JER 49 19 r4k5 figs-simile 0 he will go up like a lion from the forests of the Jordan to the green pasturelands This simile means that when Yahweh punishes the people of Edom, it will be fierce and unexpected like when a lion attacks sheep. This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “When I punish the people of Edom, it will be fierce and unexpected like when a lion comes out of forest and attacks sheep in the pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 19 k55q 0 pasturelands This is land covered with grass where animals feed on the grass. -JER 49 19 yjn4 figs-metonymy 0 Edom run from it Here “Edom” represents the people. “It” refers to the land. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom will run from their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 19 c4yq figs-activepassive 0 who will be chosen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I will choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 19 l6pt figs-rquestion 0 For who is like me, and who will summon me? Yahweh uses the question to emphasize that no one is like him. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “For no one is like me, no one can summon me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 19 j5u5 0 who will summon me “who will challenge me” or “who will call me to account” -JER 49 19 y36a figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses the question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 20 kqc2 0 the inhabitants of Teman “the people who live in Teman” -JER 49 20 yyc7 0 Teman Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 49:7](../49/07.md). -JER 49 20 x5ym figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Edom as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 20 k44h figs-metaphor 0 even the smallest flock Here the youngest and weakest people of Edom are spoken of as if they are the smallest flock of sheep. Alternate translation: “even the weakest and the smallest people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 20 qbe4 figs-metaphor 0 Their pasturelands will be turned into ruined places Here the land of Edom is spoken of as if it were pasturelands for flocks. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will turn their pasturelands into ruined places” or “He will completely get rid of the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 21 c9gl figs-metaphor 0 At the sound of their falling the earth shakes The loud sound of Edom being destroyed is spoken of as if Edom were a large object that shakes the earth when it falls. Alternate translation: “When enemies come and destroy Edom, the noise will be extremely loud, with the result that the earth will shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 21 mw81 figs-activepassive 0 The sound of distressed shouts is heard at the Sea of Reeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People at the Sea of Reeds will hear the people of Edom crying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 22 u1u7 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you” -JER 49 22 u5hd figs-simile 0 someone will attack like an eagle, and swoop down and spread his wings This simile means that when the enemy army attacks it will be vicious and unexpected. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 49 22 fk85 translate-names 0 Bozrah Translate the name of this city as you did in [Jeremiah 48:24](../48/24.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 22 u2ir figs-metonymy 0 the hearts of Edom’s soldiers will become like the heart of a woman in birth labor Here “hearts” represent a person’s emotions. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 48:41](../48/41.md). Alternate translation: “Edom’s soldiers will be afraid like a woman about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 23 v81s 0 General Information: Yahweh tells what will happen to the people of Damascus. -JER 49 23 yc2q figs-metonymy 0 Hamath and Arpad will be ashamed Here “Hamath” and “Arpad” represent the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people who live in Hamath and Arpad will be ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 23 ecb7 translate-names 0 Hamath and Arpad These are cities in Syria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 23 tpi9 figs-metaphor 0 They melt away A person being afraid is spoken of as if the person were melting. Alternate translation: “They are very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 23 pe7l figs-simile 0 They become as troubled as the sea, which cannot stay calm The water of the sea is always moving and is never still. This is compared to the people who cannot rest because they are so anxious about the bad news they heard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 49 24 tg9v figs-metonymy 0 Damascus has become very weak. It turns … seizes it Here “Damascus” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people of Damascus have become very weak. They turn … seizes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 24 ik2u 0 terror seizes it The abstract noun “terror” can be stated as the verb “terrified.” Alternate translation: “Damascus is terrified” or “The people of Damascus are terrified” -JER 49 24 b8u2 figs-abstractnouns 0 Distress and pain seize it, like the pain of a woman giving birth This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “distress” and “pain.” The people are compared to a woman giving birth to emphasize their pain and fear. Alternate translation: “The people are afraid and suffering like a woman giving birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 49 25 u3wm figs-rquestion 0 How has the city of praise not been forsaken, the town of my joy? Yahweh uses a question to express that the people should have left the city. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This famous city once caused me to rejoice, but now the people should leave it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 49 25 c4ki 0 How has the city of praise not been forsaken, the town of my joy? Some Bibles translate this with the people of Damascus speaking. Alternate translation: “The people of Damascus say, ‘The famous city, which once made us rejoice, is now empty.’” -JER 49 26 w6r9 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Damascus. -JER 49 26 b744 0 its The word “its” refers to Damascus and its people. -JER 49 26 p99r figs-metaphor 0 its young men will fall in its plazas They young men being killed is spoken of as if they will fall. Alternate translation: “enemies will kill the young men of Damascus in its plazas” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 26 sd8d figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how similar words are translated in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 27 zq53 figs-metonymy 0 I will light a fire Causing the enemy army to light a fire is spoken of as if Yahweh will light the fire. Alternate translation: “I will cause the enemy army to light a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 27 xw47 0 it will devour “the fire will completely burn up” -JER 49 27 ghf4 translate-names 0 Ben Hadad This the name or title of the king of Damascus. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 28 vn4c 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks about what will happen to Kedar. -JER 49 28 xl4r translate-names 0 Kedar This is the name of a land far to the east of Israel. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 28 fp4y translate-names 0 Hazor This is the name of kingdom or district far to the east of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 49 28 l7n2 writing-background 0 now Nebuchadnezzar Here “now” introduces background information about Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]]) -JER 49 28 yq1x figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon was going to attack Here “Nebuchadnezzar” represents his army. Alternate translation: “the army of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon was going to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 29 mmd9 figs-activepassive 0 Their tents and their flocks will be taken, along with their tent curtains and all of their equipment This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your soldiers will take their flocks, tent curtains, and all of their equipment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 29 mdi2 figs-activepassive 0 their camels will be led away from them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your soldiers will take their camels from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 49 29 hri3 0 men will shout to them, “Terror is on every side!” This could mean: (1) these are men being attacked by the enemy. Alternate translation: “men will shout, ‘We are terrified because terrible things are happening all around us!’” or (2) these are soldiers in the invading army. Alternate translation: “soldiers will shout at them, ‘Be afraid because we are all around you!’” -JER 49 30 p7ww 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Kedar and the kingdoms of Hazor. -JER 49 30 a8sg 0 Flee! Wander … Turn back! Here Yahweh is speaking to the people of Kedar. -JER 49 30 dpv9 0 inhabitants of Hazor “people who live in Hazor” -JER 49 30 f53n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 30 l16w 0 devised a plan “made a plan” -JER 49 31 dyc3 figs-apostrophe 0 Arise! Attack … themselves Here Yahweh is speaking to Nebuchadnezzar as if he was there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 49 31 qnr3 figs-metonymy 0 Attack the nation at ease, that lives in safety Here “nation” represents the people living there. Alternate translation: “Attack this nation, whose people feel safe and secure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 31 hxk3 0 They … them The words “They” and “them” refer to the people who feel safe and secure. -JER 49 32 iq5h 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling Nebuchadnezzar to attack the people of Kedar and the kingdom of Hazor. -JER 49 32 bn78 figs-apostrophe 0 For their camels will become plunder, and the abundance of their property will become war plunder Yahweh is still speaking to Nebuchadnezzar as if he were there listening to him. This can be stated in second person. Alternate translation: “For your soldiers will take their camels and all of their property” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 32 i9ed figs-metaphor 0 Then I will scatter to every wind Here “every wind” represents the nations. Alternate translation: “Then I will send to nations in all different directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 32 m49g 0 those who cut the corners of their hair This probably refers to people who cut their hair short in order to honor a pagan god. Some modern versions interpret this Hebrew expression as “those who live on the edge of the wilderness.” See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 9:26](../09/26.md). -JER 49 32 vge9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 49 33 kqm2 0 a lair of jackals “a place where jackals live.” Jackals are fierce wild dogs. See how you translated “jackals” in [Jeremiah 9:11](../09/11.md). -JER 49 33 u8xq figs-parallelism 0 No one will live there; no human being will stay there These two lines mean basically the same thing and emphasize that Hazor will be completely uninhabited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 49 34 z9k4 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking about what will happen to Elam. -JER 49 34 iy32 figs-idiom 0 This is the word of Yahweh that came to Jeremiah This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 14:1](../14/01.md), and make any changes as needed. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave to Jeremiah” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke to Jeremiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 49 35 gga5 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 49 35 f1xj 0 I am about to break the bowmen of Elam, the main part of their power “The archers made Elam very powerful, but I will stop them” -JER 49 35 phc1 0 bowmen men who are skilled with a bow and arrows -JER 49 36 k5pp figs-idiom 0 I will bring the four winds from the four corners of the heavens Here “four winds from the four corners” is an idiom that represents wind blowing from every direction. Alternate translation: “I will cause the winds to blow from every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 49 36 p5sx figs-metaphor 0 I will bring the four winds from the four corners of the heavens Here “winds” represents nations. And the nations are a synecdoche representing the armies from those nations. Causing armies to come from all directions is spoken of as if Yahweh will cause wind to blow from all directions Alternate translation: “I will bring your enemies from every direction to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 49 36 hx53 figs-metaphor 0 to all of those winds Here “winds” represents “nations.” Alternate translation: “to all those nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 36 a1gl figs-doublenegatives 0 There is no nation to which those scattered from Elam will not go This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “I will scatter the people of Elam to every nation on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]]) -JER 49 37 p5tp 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about what will happen to Elam. -JER 49 37 pcx2 figs-metonymy 0 I will shatter Elam These words are a metonym for Yahweh causing enemies to destroy Elam. Alternate translation: “I will cause Elam’s enemies to destroy Elam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 37 z98d figs-metonymy 0 Elam the people of Elam (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 37 e227 figs-metaphor 0 those who seek their lives Seeking a person’s life represents wanting or desiring to kill someone. Alternate translation: “those who want to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 37 l2b9 figs-metaphor 0 I will bring disaster against them Yahweh causing people to experience disaster is spoken of as if he would bring disaster against them. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to experience disaster” or “I will cause terrible things to happen to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 49 37 kkm4 figs-metonymy 0 the sword after them Here “sword” represents the enemy army carrying their weapons. Alternate translation: “the enemy army to pursue and kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 38 we6b figs-metonymy 0 I will put my throne in Elam Here “throne” represents Yahweh’s right to rule and judge as the king. Alternate translation: “I will judge the people of Elam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 49 39 s61m 0 in later days “in the future” -JER 50 intro dyn1 0 # Jeremiah 50 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 50:1-5, 6-46.

## Special concepts in this chapter

### Babylon destroyed

Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter
### Israel
The author sometimes uses the term “Israel” to refer to the people of the old northern kingdom of Israel, and at other times to the nation of Israel as a whole. He switches between these uses several times without warning the reader. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 1 mzg3 writing-poetry 0 General Information: God gives Jeremiah a message about Babylon. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] -JER 50 1 je71 figs-idiom 0 This is the word that Yahweh declared This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Yahweh gave” or “This is the message that Yahweh spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 50 1 k291 figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Jeremiah the prophet The hand is a synecdoche for the person. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 37:2](../37/02.md). Alternate translation: “through Jeremiah, who was a prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 50 2 gf1a figs-parallelism 0 cause them to listen … cause them to listen This phrase is repeated to emphasize the importance of the command. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 50 2 a85t 0 Lift up a signal “Put up a sign” -JER 50 2 q3di 0 Babylon is taken “Babylon is conquered” -JER 50 2 zzg6 figs-parallelism 0 Bel is made ashamed. Marduk is dismayed. Its idols are put to shame; its images are dismayed These lines mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh has disgraced the gods of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 2 x394 translate-names 0 Bel … Marduk These are two names for the chief god of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 50 3 g6ih 0 arise against it … live in it Here “it” refers to Babylon in both phrases. -JER 50 3 daw4 0 her land The word “her” refers to Babylon. -JER 50 3 sf89 figs-abstractnouns 0 make her land a desolation The abstract noun “desolation” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “destroy her land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 50 4 xb8i figs-doublet 0 In those days and at that time These phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the importance of that future time. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 33:15](../33/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 4 f3j1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, Yahweh, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 50 4 sdx6 figs-metaphor 0 seek Yahweh their God Seeking **Yahweh their God** represents either: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 5 e8cx 0 They will ask The word “They” refers to the people of Israel or the people of Judah who are returning from Babylon to Jerusalem. -JER 50 5 q3s7 figs-idiom 0 join ourselves to Yahweh This is figurative language used to explain a spiritual connection to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 50 5 ch4b figs-activepassive 0 that will not be forgotten This states that the covenant will be obeyed forever. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that no one will forget” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 6 fsj1 figs-metaphor 0 My people have been a lost flock The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were a group of sheep that was lost. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “My people have been like a lost flock of sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 6 a67k figs-metaphor 0 Their shepherds The leaders of Israel are spoken of as if they were the shepherds of people. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “Their leaders were like shepherds who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 6 zpk8 0 turned them around from hill to hill “lead them around to many different places” -JER 50 7 h59f figs-metaphor 0 devoured them Attacking the people of Israel is spoken of as if a wild animal ate them. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “devoured them like a wild animal would eat its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 7 u3dr 0 they sinned The word “they” refers to the people of Israel. -JER 50 7 id3n figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh, the hope of their ancestors Yahweh is spoken of as the source of their trust. The abstract noun “hope” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “the one whom their ancestors confidently expected to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 50 8 en1b 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to his people in captivity in Babylon. -JER 50 8 ey2s 0 Leave from the midst of Babylon This command is addressed to the people of Israel who were in exile in Babylon. -JER 50 8 y6hx figs-simile 0 be like male goats that leave Male goats tend to be more independent than the rest of the flock. This could mean: (1) they should be the first to leave Babylon or (2) they should lead the rest of the Israelites away from Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 9 dns1 0 For see The word “see” alerts the reader to pay attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention, because” -JER 50 9 db8i 0 set in motion “stir up” -JER 50 9 rv59 figs-activepassive 0 Babylon will be captured from there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “These nations will capture Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 9 sd99 0 from there This could mean: (1) “from the north” or (2) “from their battle positions.” -JER 50 9 nm58 figs-simile 0 Their arrows are like a skilled warrior who does not return empty-handed The effectiveness of the arrows of the attacking nations are spoken of as if they were soldiers that always accomplish their mission. The idiom “empty-handed” means “without success.” Alternate translation: Each of their arrows are like skilled soldiers that always hit their target” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 50 10 n671 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, Yahweh, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 50 10 wnf6 0 Chaldea will become plunder “They will plunder Chaldea” -JER 50 11 a17k 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to the people of Babylon. -JER 50 11 qcl4 figs-doublet 0 You rejoice, you celebrate These terms mean the same thing and are used to emphasize how happy they were to conquer Israel. Alternate translation: “You people of Babylon rejoice, celebrate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 11 gt23 figs-pronouns 0 You rejoice … you jump … you neigh Each instance of “You” or “you” is plural and refers to the people of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -JER 50 11 sq4c figs-simile 0 you jump around like a calf stamping in its pasture The joy of the people of Babylon is compared to a calf who runs around joyfully in a pasture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 11 ef11 0 stamping the action a calf makes when kicking the ground -JER 50 11 e4bz figs-simile 0 you neigh like a powerful horse The people of Babylon are compared to stallions that are making loud noises because they are excited. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 12 a827 figs-pronouns 0 bore you The word “you” is plural and refers to the people of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]]) -JER 50 12 i83h figs-doublet 0 So your mother will be greatly ashamed; the one who bore you will be embarrassed These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of her embarrassment. The words “mother” and “the one who bore you” refer either to Babylonia or to the city of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 12 n6mv 0 the least of nations “the most unimportant nation” -JER 50 12 crm8 figs-doublet 0 a wilderness, a dry land, and a desert These words have basically the same meaning and emphasize the complete barrenness of the land. This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor for an uninhabited place or (2) this refers to Babylon literally becoming a barren wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 13 mm1s figs-abstractnouns 0 a complete devastation The abstract noun “devastation” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 50 13 fl2h 0 shudder shake violently due to fear -JER 50 13 tj8m 0 hiss make a sound like a snake that means great disapproval -JER 50 14 z26z 0 General Information: Yahweh tells the other nations to attack Babylon. -JER 50 14 wrr7 figs-explicit 0 Arrange yourselves against Babylon Yahweh is speaking to the enemies of Babylon. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Babylon arrange yourselves against her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 14 p1p9 0 Arrange yourselves “Line up in military formation” or “Form battle lines” -JER 50 14 z8c6 0 Everyone who bends a bow This refers to the soldiers who use bows and arrows to fight. -JER 50 14 m55f figs-personification 0 shoot at her Jeremiah speaks of the people who live in the city of Babylon as if they were the city itself, and he speaks of the city as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “shoot at the people in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 50 14 a1ig 0 Do not keep back any of your arrows This emphasizes that they should shoot all their arrows. Alternate translation: “Shoot every one of your arrows at her” -JER 50 14 x188 figs-personification 0 she has sinned Jeremiah speaks of the people who live in the city of Babylon as if they were the city itself, and he speaks of the city as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 15 smz6 figs-metonymy 0 She has surrendered … she has done Jeremiah speaks of the people who live in the city of Babylon as if they were the city itself, and he speaks of the city as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “The people of Babylon have surrendered … they have done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 15 ke5w figs-personification 0 her towers … her walls Jeremiah speaks of the city of Babylon as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the towers of the city … the walls of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 50 15 pwd7 figs-activepassive 0 her walls are torn down This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the nations have torn down her walls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 16 xev6 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to tell the other nations to attack Babylon. -JER 50 16 jvv6 0 the farmer who sows seed and the one who uses a sickle These people collectively represent all the farmers and harvesters of Babylon. -JER 50 16 ifx7 0 the one who uses a sickle at the time of harvest A “sickle” is a farm tool that people use to harvest grain. Together with the previous phrase, Yahweh is saying that all planting and harvesting will stop in Babylon. -JER 50 16 m3vk figs-doublet 0 Let each person turn back to his own people … let them flee to their own land These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Together they strengthen the command for foreigners to flee from Babylon back to their own countries. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 16 eg2j figs-metonymy 0 from the oppressor’s sword Here the word “sword” refers to the armies that will attack Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 17 g6hw 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to Jeremiah about Israel. -JER 50 17 n1nd figs-metaphor 0 Israel is a sheep scattered and driven away by lions Yahweh speaks of Israel as if it were a sheep that was trying to escape from hungry lions. This metaphor can be stated as a simile and in active form. Alternate translation: “Israel is like a sheep that lions scattered and drove away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 17 r7en figs-metonymy 0 Israel This refers collectively to all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 17 n5qc figs-metonymy 0 the king of Assyria This refers to the army of the king of Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 17 ux4g figs-metaphor 0 devoured him The destruction of Israel by Assyria is spoken of as if Israel were a sheep that Assyria ate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 17 rfs4 figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon This refers to the army of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 17 uqu9 figs-metaphor 0 broke his bones The destruction of Israel by Nebuchadnezzar is spoken of if it were a sheep which had its bones crushed by a lion. Alternate translation: “destroyed Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 18 g9kd 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 50 18 v4k1 0 See, I am about to The word “See” means to pay special attention to what follows. -JER 50 18 wg6j figs-metonymy 0 his land Here “land” is a metonym for the people who live in the land of Babylon. Alternate translation: “the Babylonian people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 19 xb8l 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking to Jeremiah about Israel. -JER 50 19 wz33 0 I will restore The word “I” refers to Yahweh. -JER 50 19 gp73 figs-metonymy 0 Israel to his homeland … he will be satisfied This refers collectively to all the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel to their homeland … they will be satisfied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 19 tl27 figs-metaphor 0 he will graze on Carmel and Bashan Israel is spoken of as if they were sheep that eat grass. Alternate translation: “they will eat food that grows in Carmel and Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 20 aqy8 figs-doublet 0 In those days and at that time These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that future time. See how you translated this in as [Jeremiah 33:15](../33/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 20 pw89 figs-parallelism 0 iniquity will be looked for in Israel, but none will be found. I will inquire about the sins of Judah, but none will be found These two lines mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that Yahweh will completely forgive the sins of the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 50 20 vxj6 figs-activepassive 0 iniquity will be looked for in Israel, but none will be found This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will look for iniquity in the people of Israel, but will not find any” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 20 k64e figs-explicit 0 that I spare They will escape the destruction of Babylon. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “that I allow to escape the destruction of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 21 v5u9 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to Jeremiah about the enemies of Babylon. -JER 50 21 ajt3 figs-explicit 0 Arise against the land Yahweh is speaking to the enemies of Babylon. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Babylon, arise against the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 21 bqj7 translate-names 0 Merathaim This is another name for Babylon. This is a name that means “double rebellion.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 50 21 wh45 translate-names 0 Pekod This is another name for the Chaldeans. This is a name that means “visitation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 50 21 h6k6 figs-metonymy 0 Put them to the sword This refers to having a sword come down on people to kill them. Alternate translation: “Kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 21 x5j6 figs-metonymy 0 Put them to the sword Here the word “sword” represents war. Yahweh speaks of Babylon’s enemies killing them in battle as if he were placing those people under the sword’s power. Alternate translation: “Kill them in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 22 aq6m figs-metonymy 0 The sounds of battle and enormous destruction are in the land These sounds are heard during battle and great destruction. They are spoken of in the present tense to indicate that this will certainly happen soon. Alternate translation: “The sounds of fierce battle and terrible destruction are going to happen soon in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 23 y8x3 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people of Babylon. -JER 50 23 vq6u figs-metaphor 0 How the hammer of all the lands has been cut apart and destroyed The army of Babylon is spoken of as if it were a hammer. The destruction of this army is spoken of as if the hammer was to be cut up and destroyed. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “The mighty army of Babylon that conquered all the nations is like a hammer that will be broken into pieces and destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 23 gzv9 0 How Babylon has become a destroyed place among the nations Babylon was a nation like the other nations, but it will become a complete ruin, totally destroyed. -JER 50 24 kl72 figs-metaphor 0 I have set a trap for you and you were taken The destruction of Babylon is spoken of as if Yahweh had caught them in a trap like an animal. Alternate translation: “I set a trap and caught you in it as a hunter catches an animal” or “You people of Babylon, I have set a trap for you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 24 hn79 figs-activepassive 0 you were taken … You were found and captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have captured you … I found you and captured you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 25 v2ka figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has opened his armory and is bringing out the weapons for carrying out his anger Yahweh’s anger that causes him to send enemies against Babylon is spoken of as if Yahweh had an armory and weapons. To open an armory is a metonym for preparing for battle. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has prepared for war and is sending the nations to attack Babylon in his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 25 qd2z 0 armory this is a building or room where weapons of war are stored -JER 50 26 ek5x 0 Attack her from far away Yahweh speaks to the enemies of Babylon. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Babylon, attack her from far away” -JER 50 26 h3rp figs-metaphor 0 Open her granaries Here “granaries” represent where Babylon stored its treasures. Alternate translation: “Raid the places where her treasures are stored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 26 p24s 0 granaries buildings where grain is stored -JER 50 26 kge6 figs-simile 0 pile her up like heaps of grain This could mean: (1) reduce the city to piles of rubble that look like stacks of grain or (2) stack up the plunder from the city like piles of grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 26 k8z3 figs-idiom 0 Set her apart for destruction This idiom means to destroy something completely. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Jeremiah 25:9](../25/09.md). Alternate translation: “destroy her completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 50 26 uq7q 0 Leave no remnant of her This is stated in a negative way to emphasize the completeness of the destruction. Alternate translation: “Kill every person in her” -JER 50 27 n3yb 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling how to destroy the people of Babylon and Chaldea. -JER 50 27 wv75 figs-metaphor 0 Kill all her bulls. Send them down to the place of slaughter Here, the word **bulls** could mean: (1) soldiers or (2) strong young men. Killing them is spoken of as taking them to a place of slaughter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 27 e5p8 figs-explicit 0 Kill all her bulls Yahweh speaks this to the enemies of Babylon. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “You enemies of Babylon, kill all her bulls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 27 k3c1 0 her bulls The word “her” refers to Babylon. -JER 50 27 jtx6 0 them … their The word “them” and “their” refer to the people of Babylon. -JER 50 27 h2tx figs-doublet 0 their day has come—the time for their punishment The phrases “their day” and “the time” mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “the time for their punishment has come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 28 tx67 0 There is the sound of those fleeing “Listen and you will hear those who are fleeing” -JER 50 28 i7g2 0 those … those … These The words “those” and “These” refer to the survivors from Babylon who will tell others about Yahweh’s vengeance. -JER 50 28 e143 figs-abstractnouns 0 the vengeance of Yahweh our God for Zion, and vengeance for his temple The abstract noun “vengeance” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “Yahweh our God has taken revenge for what they did to Zion and to his temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 50 29 a82b 0 General Information: Yahweh continues telling how to destroy the people of Babylon and Chaldea. -JER 50 29 uhm2 figs-doublet 0 the archers … those who bend their bows These phrases refer to the same people and are repeated for poetic effect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 29 riq5 0 her … her … she The words “her” and “she” refer to Babylon. -JER 50 29 gm1z 0 let no one escape This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “capture or kill every person” -JER 50 29 dr67 figs-metaphor 0 Do to her by the measure she has used The evil things the Babylonians did to Israel are spoken of as if Babylon measured them. Alternate translation: “Measure out punishment for her with the same amount she used to punish Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 30 yd19 0 her young men will fall “they will kill her young men” -JER 50 30 tu9n figs-activepassive 0 all her fighting men will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will destroy all her fighting men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 30 du7b figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, Yahweh, declare” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 50 31 wr6r figs-explicit 0 See, I am against you Yahweh speaks this to the people of Babylon. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “See, I am against you, people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 31 t5id 0 See This alerts the reader to pay special attention to what follows. -JER 50 31 jxp6 0 proud one This is Yahweh’s description of Babylon. -JER 50 31 axv1 figs-doublet 0 for your day has come … the time when I will punish you These two phrases mean the same thing. The second phrase defines the “day” that the first phrase mentions. Alternate translation: “for the day when I will punish you has come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 31 n6p7 0 your day “your time.” This refers to the entire span of time during which the horrible judgment will come upon Babylon. -JER 50 32 rvn2 figs-idiom 0 the proud ones will stumble and fall Here “stumble and fall” are idioms that refer to defeat and death. Alternate translation: “I will cause enemies to defeat and kill the proud ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 50 32 vwn6 figs-metaphor 0 it will devour everything around him Fire burning the cities of Babylon is spoken of as if the fire were an animal that ate them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 32 sgv3 0 around him Here “him” refers to the “proud one” which describes Babylon. -JER 50 33 avf9 0 General Information: Yahweh now speaks through Jeremiah about Israel and Judah. -JER 50 33 xl6p 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 50 33 gnz4 figs-activepassive 0 The people of Israel are oppressed, together with the people of Judah This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Babylonians are oppressing the people of Israel and Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 33 k2wh 0 captured them The word “them” refers to the people of Israel and Judah who were captured and taken into exile. -JER 50 34 id2p figs-metaphor 0 He will truly plead their case Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a lawyer who represents the people of Israel in court. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 34 bc96 figs-metonymy 0 in order to bring rest to the land Here “the land” is a metonym for the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “in order that the people who live in Israel might live in peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 34 d2c4 0 bring rest … bring strife These two terms represent opposite ideas and bring a strong contrast to how Yahweh will treat Israel and Babylon. -JER 50 34 m3i6 0 bring rest “give peace” -JER 50 35 ayk2 figs-metonymy 0 A sword is against … and against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to … and to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 35 ai3w figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 50 36 u7pl figs-metonymy 0 A sword against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 36 v1iv 0 They will become fools “Their actions are foolish, and everyone will see that they are fools” -JER 50 36 fve6 0 They will be filled with terror “they will be terrified” -JER 50 37 d4gj figs-metonymy 0 A sword is coming against Here “sword” represents war. Alternate translation: “War will soon happen to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 37 ts2p figs-simile 0 they will become like women The weakness of the Babylonian soldiers is spoken of as if they were women. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “they will all become as weak as women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 37 j5zb 0 storerooms A storeroom is a place where supplies or valuables are kept. -JER 50 37 fkg9 figs-activepassive 0 they will be plundered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers will plunder them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 38 kbz3 0 A drought is coming on her waters “A drought will soon happen that will affect all her waters” -JER 50 38 tww1 0 her waters Here “waters” represent all the sources of water for the Babylonians, especially the river that went through the city. -JER 50 39 tq6w 0 desert beasts with the jackals This could mean: (1) “wild animals and hyenas” or (2) “wild demons and evil spirits.” -JER 50 39 i9i9 0 jackals A jackal is a wild dog found in Asia and Africa. -JER 50 39 qe4b 0 ostriches very large African birds that run fast but cannot fly. Some versions translate this as “owl.” -JER 50 39 e1qh 0 will live in her The word “her” refers to Babylon. -JER 50 39 d5ib figs-doublet 0 For all time, she will no longer be inhabited. From generation to generation, she will not be lived in These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that Babylon will be completely uninhabited. Alternate translation: “People will never live there again; it will be uninhabited forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 39 y9d5 figs-activepassive 0 she will not be lived in This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will live in her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 40 r3e2 figs-doublet 0 no one will live there; no person will stay in her These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that Babylon will be completely uninhabited. They can be combined. Alternate translation: “no one will ever live there again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]]) -JER 50 41 us4n 0 General Information: These verses are almost identical to [Jeremiah 6:22](../06/22.md) and [Jeremiah 6:23](../06/23.md). See how you translated those verses. -JER 50 41 p4d1 figs-explicit 0 See, a people is coming Yahweh speaks to the people of Babylon. This can be made clear. Alternate translation: “See, people of Babylon, a people is coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]]) -JER 50 41 n3n8 0 See, a people “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important: a people” -JER 50 41 m77s figs-synecdoche 0 a great nation and many kings This phrase refers to the time when the Medes and Persians conquered Babylon in 539 BC. Here “nation” represents their armies. Alternate translation: “the armies of a great nation and many kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 50 41 qf6b figs-metaphor 0 are being stirred up from the farthest parts of the earth Being “stirred up” represents being urged to take action. Alternate translation: “are preparing to come from the most distant places on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 42 fw6p 0 They will pick up bows and spears “The soldiers will carry bows and spears” -JER 50 42 d5r3 figs-simile 0 Their sound is like the sea roar The loud noise that the soldiers make is compared to the loud noise of the sea. Alternate translation: “The sound that they make is very loud, like the sound of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 42 y1tc 0 they are riding on horses, set out in order as men for battle The phrase “set out in order” means that they have organized themselves and are riding in rows. The phrase “as men for battle” indicates that they are ready to fight. Alternate translation: “they are riding on horses in their assigned rows, and they are ready to fight” -JER 50 42 yn6t figs-metonymy 0 daughter of Babylon This phrase refers to the Babylonian people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 50 43 r3fu 0 General Information: This verse is almost identical to [Jeremiah 6:24](../06/24.md). See how you translated that verse. -JER 50 43 y1du 0 his hands fell limp in distress “his hands were weak because he was anxious” -JER 50 43 um5z figs-metaphor 0 Anguish seized him Feeling great anguish is spoken of as if anguish grabs the king of Babylon. Alternate translation: “He felt terrible anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 43 uui8 0 Anguish suffering and grief that would bring a person to tears -JER 50 43 j129 figs-simile 0 like a woman giving birth The anguish that they feel because the enemy coming to attack them is compared to the anguish that a woman feels when she is about to give birth to a baby. Alternate translation: “like a woman who is about to give birth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 50 44 mn9k 0 General Information: This verse is almost identical to [Jeremiah 49:19](../49/19.md). See how you translated that verse. -JER 50 44 g65t 0 Behold! The word “Behold” here tells the reader to pay attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention!” -JER 50 44 u7tz figs-simile 0 He goes up like a lion from the heights of the Jordan to the enduring grazing place This simile means that when Yahweh punishes the people of Babylon, it will be fierce and unexpected like when a lion attacks sheep. This can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “When I punish the people of Babylon, it will be fierce and unexpected like when a lion comes out of mountains and attacks sheep in the pasture” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 50 44 bst6 0 the enduring grazing place This is land covered with grass where animals feed on the grass. -JER 50 44 uiu8 0 I will quickly cause them to run from it Here “them” refers to the Babylonian people; the word “it” refers to the invasion. -JER 50 44 wgy7 figs-activepassive 0 who will be chosen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “whom I will choose” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 44 g8wy figs-rquestion 0 For who is like me, and who will summon me? Yahweh uses this question to emphasize that no one is like him. Alternate translation: “For no one is like me, no one can summon me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]]) -JER 50 44 vd1u 0 who will summon me “who will challenge me” or “who will call me to account” -JER 50 44 ume1 figs-rquestion 0 What shepherd is able to resist me? Yahweh uses this question to show no one can defeat him. Here “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king” or “ruler.” Alternate translation: “No king is able to resist me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 45 h7vf 0 General Information: These verses are almost identical to [Jeremiah 49:20](../49/20.md) and [Jeremiah 49:21](../49/21.md). See how you translated those verses. -JER 50 45 bl7z figs-parallelism 0 the plans that Yahweh has decided against Babylon, the plans that he has planned against the land of the Chaldeans These two phrases have the same meaning and are used together for emphasis. Alternate translation: “the plans that Yahweh has decided for the people of Babylon and the Chaldeans” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 50 45 e83p figs-metaphor 0 They will certainly be dragged away, even the smallest flock This continues speaking of Yahweh punishing the people of Babylon as if he would come like a lion and attack the sheep. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will drag them away, even the smallest flock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 45 dja3 figs-metaphor 0 even the smallest flock Here the youngest and weakest people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the smallest flock of sheep. Alternate translation: “even the youngest and weakest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 45 fwh2 figs-metaphor 0 Their pasturelands will be turned into ruined places Here the land of Babylonia is spoken of as if it were pasturelands for flocks. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will turn their pasturelands into ruined places” or “He will completely destroy the people who live there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 50 46 q28h figs-metaphor 0 At the sound of conquered Babylon the earth shakes This phrase compares the fall of the once powerful nation of Babylon to the extremely loud noise of an earthquake. Alternate translation: “The fall of Babylon will sound like a mighty earthquake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 50 46 sue1 0 distress pain or unhappiness -JER 50 46 y112 0 their shout of distress “their shout of pain” -JER 51 intro e537 0 # Jeremiah 51 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 51:1-64.

The prophesied destruction of Babylon continues in this chapter. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])

## Special concepts in this chapter
### Babylon destroyed

Babylon will be conquered and the Jews will return to their homeland. At this time, Babylon controlled almost the entire Near East. The fulfillment of this prophecy would have been unthinkable. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fulfill]])

### Covenant with Abraham
Babylon is destroyed because it drove the people of Judah from their homeland. This is in line with the promises of the covenant Yahweh made with Abraham to curse those who curse Abraham’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/promise]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/curse]]) -JER 51 1 bz33 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Jeremiah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 51 1 mgs4 0 See This draws attention to what is said next. Alternate translation: “Listen carefully” or “Pay attention” -JER 51 1 az5v 0 a wind of destruction This could mean: (1) “a wind that destroys” or (2) “the spirit of a destroyer.” This would mean that Yahweh would cause or inspire the enemy army to go and attack Babylon. -JER 51 1 br1w translate-names 0 Leb Kamai This is code name for Chaldea, a region of Babylonia. It is not clear why Jeremiah uses this name here, so you may want to translate as “Chaldea” or “Babylonia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 51 2 bdq6 figs-metaphor 0 scatter her and devastate her land … they will come against her The word “her,” a metaphor that refers to Babylon as if it were a woman, is also a metonym for the people who live in Babylon. Alternate translation: “separate the people who live there from each other, send them in different directions, and make their land empty … foreigners will attack the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 2 w4jj figs-idiom 0 on the day of disaster The phrase “day of” is a Hebrew idiom for “when.” Alternate translation: “when I destroy Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 51 3 yl8g 0 Do not let … do not let Yahweh wants the attack to be so sudden that the archers have no time to prepare for battle. -JER 51 4 u6a8 figs-activepassive 0 those who are killed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “those whom the attackers kill” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 5 u9ey figs-metonymy 0 Israel and Judah are not forsaken by their God, by Yahweh of hosts The words “Israel” and “Judah” are metonyms for the people of Israel and Judah. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts, the God of the people of Israel and Judah, has not forsaken them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 5 t4nl figs-metaphor 0 their land is filled with offenses committed against the Holy One of Israel The land in which they live is spoken of as if it were a container and their offenses as if they were solid objects that could fill the container. The abstract noun “offenses” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “they have offended the Holy One of Israel everywhere throughout the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 51 6 ht2y figs-metaphor 0 in her iniquity Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. The word “iniquity” is a metonym for God punishing the people for their iniquity. Alternate translation: “when Yahweh punishes Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 6 dia4 figs-metaphor 0 will repay all of it to her Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman, and the iniquity of the people is spoken of as if Yahweh needed to pay back a debt. The word “her,” meaning Babylon, is a metonym for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “will punish the Babylonians as much as they deserve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 7 tj8i figs-metaphor 0 Babylon was a golden cup in the hand of Yahweh that made all the world drunk The word “world” is a metonym for the people living in the nations surrounding Babylon. This could mean: (1) Making those people drunk could be a metaphor for Yahweh punishing those nations by allowing Babylon to conquer them. Alternate translation: “Babylon was a strong nation that Yahweh used to punish all the people of the surrounding nations severely” or (2) It could be a metaphor for those nations joining Babylon in worshiping idols and being violent. Alternate translation: “Babylon was a rich and powerful nation, and other nations wanted to become sinful just like it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 7 bqq8 figs-metaphor 0 Babylon was a golden cup in the hand of Yahweh Babylon being a powerful nation that Yahweh used for his own purposes is spoken of as if Babylon were a golden cup in his hand. Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 7 ye28 figs-metaphor 0 nations drank her wine and became insane This could mean: (1) “Babylon defeated and destroyed other nations” or (2) “nations enjoyed her riches and power and became evil.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 7 s9ql 0 insane unable to think clearly -JER 51 8 zm1s figs-activepassive 0 Babylon will … be destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will destroy Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 8 rer2 0 Wail to make a long, loud cry that shows that the person is sad -JER 51 8 l2ej figs-activepassive 0 perhaps she can be healed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “perhaps Yahweh can heal her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 9 v18i 0 General Information: Yahweh used Babylon to punish Judah and the nation. It is either the people of Judah or the people of the nations who are speaking the words in this quotation. -JER 51 9 cl11 figs-metonymy 0 Babylon … she is not healed … leave her … her guilt The name of the city is a metonym for the people who live there, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon … they are not healed … leave them … their guilt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 9 xi9j figs-activepassive 0 she is not healed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “we have not been able to heal her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 9 r4vl figs-metaphor 0 For her guilt reaches up to the heavens; it is piled up to the clouds Guilt is spoken of as if it were an object that could be made into a pile. The words “to the heavens” and “to the clouds” are an exaggeration for something that is very high. Alternate translation: “For Babylon is so very guilty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]]) -JER 51 10 sgl7 0 Yahweh has declared our innocence Yahweh had punished the Israelites for their sins, but now has let them return to him. -JER 51 11 np2a figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: Jeremiah is speaking to the people of Jerusalem as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon and their enemies, who cannot hear him, telling them that Yahweh will destroy Babylon before the Babylonians can prepare to defend themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 51 12 jt7x 0 Lift up a banner over Babylon’s walls “Give a signal to attack Babylon’s walls” -JER 51 12 udw5 0 make the watch strong “make sure the guards are strong and have good weapons” -JER 51 12 usv8 0 set up watchmen “make sure there are enough men watching the city” -JER 51 12 rs5j 0 prepare the ambushes This was done in order to catch anyone running from the city. -JER 51 13 n6b4 figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: Jeremiah continues to speak to the people of Jerusalem as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon, who cannot hear him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]]) -JER 51 13 s2hm figs-metaphor 0 The thread of your life is now cut short The people’s lives are spoken of as if they were threads that God could cut. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your lives will be ended quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 14 tqq8 figs-simile 0 like a swarm of locusts The large number of enemy soldiers is spoken of as if they were a mass of locusts invading the city. Alternate translation: “with a large number of soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 14 mxl6 0 battle cry This is a shout that a soldier makes in battle. -JER 51 16 hr5x figs-metaphor 0 When he thunders, there is the roar of waters in the heavens These phrases compare the voice of Yahweh to the loud sound made by thunder and rain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 16 f1vn 0 storehouses A storehouse is a building where people keep things they might want to use in the future. -JER 51 17 w7tq 0 General Information: Translate many of the words in this verse as in [Jeremiah 10:14](../10/14.md). -JER 51 17 r1wa 0 has become ignorant “is lacking knowledge” or “does not know” -JER 51 17 vgb8 figs-activepassive 0 Every metalworker is put to shame by his idols This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Every metalworker’s idols put him to shame” or “As for every metalworker, his idols shame him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 18 qxg3 0 General Information: Translate many of the words in this verse as in [Jeremiah 10:15](../10/15.md). -JER 51 18 ux1i figs-personification 0 they will perish at the time of their punishment This speaks of the final destruction of the idols. Alternate translation: “there will be a time when God will destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 51 19 rd4k 0 General Information: Translate many of the words in this verse as in [Jeremiah 10:16](../10/16.md). -JER 51 19 mei8 figs-metonymy 0 the portion of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents the people of Israel. God being their “portion” is an idiom that means that they worship him. Alternate translation: “the portion of Israel” or “whom the people of Israel worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 51 19 dwl8 0 the molder of all things “the creator of all things” or “the one who created all things” -JER 51 19 st72 figs-metaphor 0 Israel is the tribe of his inheritance This speaks of Israel belonging to Yahweh as if it were something that Yahweh gained through inheritance. Alternate translation: “The tribe of Israel belongs to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 20 f9ni 0 You are “You, the Babylonian army, are” -JER 51 20 ap1j figs-metaphor 0 With you I will smash Yahweh speaks of punishing people as if he were smashing them with a hammer. Alternate translation: “With you I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 20 k6w9 0 With you I will “I will use you to” -JER 51 22 b82y figs-metaphor 0 With you I will smash Yahweh speaks of punishing people as if he were smashing them with a hammer. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 51:20](../51/20.md). Alternate translation: “With you I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 22 n6g5 0 With you I will “I will use you to.” See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 51:20](../51/20.md). -JER 51 24 rf4t figs-abstractnouns 0 in your sight I will pay The abstract noun “sight” can be expressed with the verb “see.” Alternate translation: “you will see it when I pay” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 51 24 r6wa figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 51 25 n2fb figs-apostrophe 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people of Jerusalem, who could hear him, as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon, who could not hear him. He speaks to the city of Babylon as if he were speaking to the people of Babylon itself. He speaks of the city as if it were a mountain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 25 gfh7 figs-metonymy 0 I will stretch out my hand against you The word “hand” is a metonym for the power that the hand exercises. See how “I will attack the inhabitants of the land with my hand” is translated in [Jeremiah 6:12](../06/12.md). Alternate translation: “I will use my strength to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 25 pu56 figs-metaphor 0 I will … roll you down from the cliffs Yahweh stops speaking of Babylon as a mountain and speaks of it as a building that he is breaking down and throwing away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 25 f3es 0 cliffs A cliff is the steep side of a mountain or hill. -JER 51 25 tb96 figs-metaphor 0 I will … make you a burned-out mountain Yahweh speaks of Babylon as no longer being the great “mountain of destruction” but now a mountain that he has destroyed. Alternate translation: “I will … make you a pile of useless rocks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 25 b8fv figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 51 26 pw6e figs-abstractnouns 0 you will become an everlasting devastation The abstract noun “devastation” can be translated as a verb “devastate.” Alternate translation: “I will devastate you and no one will ever rebuild you” or “I will turn you into an empty place where no one will ever live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]]) -JER 51 27 rw7n figs-parallelism 0 Lift up a banner … Blow the trumpet … Call … to attack Lifting a banner and blowing a trumpet are both ways of calling people to attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 51 27 hw53 0 banner “battle flag.” This is large flag for the soldiers to follow in battle. -JER 51 27 wq6v figs-metonymy 0 attack her The city of Babylon is a metonym for the people of Babylon, and it is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “attack the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 27 hkx4 translate-names 0 Ararat … Minni … Ashkenaz These are names of nations or people groups. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 51 27 w3wj figs-simile 0 bring up horses like swarming locusts Yahweh compares a great number of horses to a swarm of locusts. Alternate translation: “bring many horses with soldiers quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 28 hs9h 0 governors … officials See how you translated these words in [Jeremiah 51:23](../51/23.md). -JER 51 29 s84v figs-metonymy 0 the land will shake and be in anguish The land is a metonym for the people who live on the land. Shaking and being in anguish are metonyms for being very afraid. Alternate translation: “the people who live in Babylon will shake with fear and be in anguish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 29 nf9p 0 anguish suffering and grief that would bring a person to tears -JER 51 29 vd9r figs-metonymy 0 against Babylon The city of Babylon is a metonym for the people of Babylon. Alternate translation: “against the people of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 29 d6kr 0 there is no inhabitant “no one lives” -JER 51 30 a6hx figs-pastforfuture 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of what will happen as if it had already happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pastforfuture]]) -JER 51 30 l7ic figs-metaphor 0 her homes are on fire, the bars of her gates are broken The city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the homes in the city are on fire, the bars of the city gates are broken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 31 wh3s figs-activepassive 0 his city has been taken This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemies have overcome the whole city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 32 j8z8 figs-activepassive 0 the fords over the river are seized This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemies have taken control of all the fords over the river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 32 u4eq 0 fords shallow parts of a river where people can walk across -JER 51 32 a1kx 0 marshes places with shallow water and grasses growing in deep mud -JER 51 32 gpu4 0 confused unable to think clearly -JER 51 33 yz8h 0 Yahweh of hosts … says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 51 33 mic2 figs-metonymy 0 The daughter of Babylon “Daughter of Babylon” here is another name for the people who live in Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 33 w9he figs-simile 0 is like a threshing floor People thresh grain by trampling it on a threshing floor, and Yahweh speaks of people punishing the daughter of Babylon as if they were threshing grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 33 h2d9 figs-metaphor 0 It is time to trample her down Yahweh punishing the daughter of Babylon is spoken of as if he were trampling and threshing grain on a threshing floor. Alternate translation: “It is time to punish her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 33 i4ix figs-metaphor 0 the time of harvest will come to her The harvest is a metaphor for the result of the actions that the people did before. Babylon will experience the result of its people’s sins. Alternate translation: “God will punish her for her sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 34 e1t5 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: The speaker speaks as if he were a woman. The woman is a metaphor for the city of Jerusalem, which in turn is a metonym for the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 34 re9d 0 he has driven me into confusion This could mean: (1) “he has caused me to be unable to think clearly” or (2) “he has crushed me.” -JER 51 34 v2wg figs-metaphor 0 has made me an empty pot Babylon has taken everything from Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 34 v4f3 figs-simile 0 Like a monster Here Babylon is compared to a monster. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 34 k3yc figs-metaphor 0 he has swallowed me Jerusalem compares its destruction to being swallowed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 34 g9pi figs-metaphor 0 he has filled his stomach with my delicious foods This continues to speak of Babylon as if it were a monster. This states in another way the previous idea that Babylon has taken everything from Israel. Here “foods” represents all the good things that were there before. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 34 uc2v figs-metaphor 0 he has spit me out Nebuchadnezzar took what he wanted and spit out what he did not want. Alternate translation: “he has vomited me up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 35 v7aa 0 The one who lives in Zion “She who lives in Zion” -JER 51 35 x9kf 0 The one … to me and my flesh … my blood All of these phrases refer to a woman. -JER 51 35 pj1v 0 inhabitants of Chaldea “people who live in Chaldea” -JER 51 36 s6hs 0 General Information: This begins Yahweh’s reply to Jerusalem’s request in verses 34 and 35. -JER 51 36 duw6 figs-metaphor 0 I am about to plead your case and bring about vengeance Yahweh defending his people is spoken of as if he were a lawyer pleading their case in court. Alternate translation: “I will be like your lawyer to defend you and I will bring about vengeance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 37 srq7 0 heaps of rubble buildings that have become piles of rock -JER 51 37 fd8l 0 den of jackals home for wild dogs -JER 51 37 qax1 0 a horror something that terrifies everyone who looks at it -JER 51 37 k6wl 0 hissing a sound people make to show that they dislike something very much -JER 51 37 a91l 0 there are no inhabitants “no one lives” -JER 51 38 ht1r 0 roar loud sound made by a lion -JER 51 38 e66g 0 growl a sound animals make to frighten other animals -JER 51 39 t613 0 become happy As a soldier is happy when he defeats a strong enemy. Another possible meaning is “are very drunk” . -JER 51 40 y454 figs-simile 0 like lambs … male goats Lambs and goats do not know before it happens that people are going to slaughter them, and the Babylonians will not know before it happens that Yahweh is going to destroy them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 41 mjn3 figs-activepassive 0 How Babylon has been captured … How Babylon has become a ruined place The word “how” here shows that something that people thought was impossible has happened. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “We never thought that enemies could capture Babylon, but they have captured her … We never thought that Babylon could become a ruined place, but it has become a ruined place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 41 epv5 figs-metonymy 0 the praise of all the earth is seized The word “praise” is a metonym for the thing that people praised, and the word “earth” is a metonym for the people living on the earth. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemies have seized Babylon, the nation that everyone on earth praised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 42 jlw8 figs-metaphor 0 The sea … roaring waves Babylon’s enemies have overcome her. “Waves” represent many people groups overcoming Babylon. The words “sea” and “water” often represent the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 42 xv1n figs-activepassive 0 She is covered with its roaring waves This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Its roaring waves have covered her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 43 i1ik 0 Her cities “Babylon’s cities” -JER 51 44 ua7k figs-metonymy 0 I will punish Bel Bel was the main god of the Babylonians and represents the whole country and the people that worshiped it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 44 x7hy figs-personification 0 out from his mouth what he swallowed Yahweh compares all the sacrifices and offerings to Bel to things he ate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 51 44 b1d8 figs-metaphor 0 the nations will no longer flow The many nations that come to Babylon to sacrifice to Bel is spoken of as a river that moves along. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will no longer come in large groups” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 46 e7mp figs-activepassive 0 the news that is heard in the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when you hear the news that is in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 46 y5k9 figs-metonymy 0 Ruler will be against ruler The ruler is a metonym for the nations under his control. Alternate translation: “Nations will fight against other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 47 hlg9 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” -JER 51 47 hh7n figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will punish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will punish” or “there will be a time … when I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 47 x6k7 figs-metaphor 0 I will punish the carved idols of Babylon Removing the idols of Babylon is spoken of as if Yahweh would punish the idols. Alternate translation: “I will remove the carved idols of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 47 m3al figs-metonymy 0 Babylon … her land … her slaughtered ones … her midst The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon … their land … their slaughtered ones … their midst” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 48 r764 figs-metonymy 0 over Babylon … come for her The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “over the Babylonians … come for them … the Babylonians have made … their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 48 a7da figs-personification 0 the heavens and the earth Heaven and earth are viewed as if they were people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]]) -JER 51 48 ry4n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 51 49 y6sf figs-metonymy 0 Babylon has made … her land The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “the people of Babylon … their land … their slaughtered ones … their midst … over the Babylonians … come for them … the Babylonians have made … their land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 49 mh52 0 the killed of all her land “those whom the Babylonians’ enemies have killed in the land” -JER 51 50 rnu2 0 General Information: Jeremiah speaks to the Israelite people in verse 50. -JER 51 50 v78z figs-metonymy 0 Survivors of the sword The sword is a metonym for war, in which soldiers use swords. Alternate translation: “You who have survived the war” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]) -JER 51 50 esb3 figs-idiom 0 Call Yahweh to mind from far away; let Jerusalem come to mind The phrases “Call … to mind” and “come to mind” are idioms that mean to think about or remember. Alternate translation: “Though you are far away, think about Yahweh; think about Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]]) -JER 51 51 l188 0 insults words that one person uses to offend another -JER 51 51 u8ak figs-metaphor 0 reproach has covered our faces The speakers’ reaction to people expressing disapproval of them is spoken of as if it were a cover placed over the speakers’ faces. Alternate translation: “our faces show that we are hurt because others disapprove of us” or “we cover our faces in shame because others disapprove of us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 52 gq6f 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what i am about to tell you” -JER 51 52 t1lg figs-metaphor 0 days are coming … when I will punish Future time is spoken of as if the “days are coming.” See how you translated this metaphor in [Jeremiah 7:32](../07/32.md). Alternate translation: “in the future … I will punish” or “there will be a time … when I will punish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 52 ipn3 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 1:8](../01/08.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]) -JER 51 52 h25y figs-metaphor 0 I will punish her carved idols Removing or destroying idols is spoken of as if Yahweh would punish the idols. Alternate translation: “I will destroy her carved idols” or “I will remove her carved idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 52 c2dr figs-metonymy 0 her carved idols … her land The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their carved idols … their land … the Babylonians … their highest fortresses … to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 52 z6xh 0 groan to cry out because of pain or sadness -JER 51 53 i44x figs-metonymy 0 her highest fortresses … to her The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their highest fortresses … to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 53 t773 figs-hypo 0 if Babylon went up … or fortified … destroyers would come from me This is a hypothetical situation that Yahweh does not expect to happen. Alternate translation: “Babylon will not go up … or fortify … destroyers will surely come from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]]) -JER 51 54 j9es figs-parallelism 0 A shout of distress came from Babylon, a great collapse from the land of the Chaldeans The same thought is expressed in two different ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]]) -JER 51 55 i691 figs-metonymy 0 destroying Babylon … her loud voice The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “destroying the people of Babylon … their loud voices” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 55 rb5t 0 Their enemies … their noise “The enemies of the people of Babylon … the noise of the enemies” -JER 51 55 hs3i figs-simile 0 enemies roar like the waves of many waters The waves of the ocean and of flooding rivers make a loud sound, and the enemies will make a very loud sound as they come. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 56 bdd2 figs-metonymy 0 against her—against Babylon!—and her warriors The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “against the people of Babylon—yes, against Babylon!—and their warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 56 sx3e figs-activepassive 0 her warriors have been captured This phrase can be changed to have an active verb. Alternate translation: “her enemies have captured her warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 57 n6e9 figs-metonymy 0 her princes, her sages, her officials, and her soldiers The people of Babylon are spoken of as if they were the city itself, and the city is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their princes, their sages, their officials, and their soldiers … their high gates … their aid … for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 57 gc1t figs-euphemism 0 they will sleep in an unending sleep and never wake up They will be dead. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 51:39](../51/39.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]]) -JER 51 58 qv76 0 Yahweh of hosts says this Jeremiah often uses these words to introduce an important message from Yahweh. See how you translated this in [Jeremiah 6:6](../06/06.md). -JER 51 58 nvh5 figs-activepassive 0 The thick walls of Babylon will be completely demolished This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “The invaders willl completely demolish the thick walls of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 58 v2lw figs-metonymy 0 her high gates … her aid … for her The city of Babylon is spoken of as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “their high gates … their aid … for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 51 58 ci1a figs-activepassive 0 her high gates will be burned This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will burn her high gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 58 pt5b figs-activepassive 0 everything … will be burned up This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will burn up everything that the nations try to do for her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 51 59 x35d translate-names 0 Seraiah … Neriah … Mahseiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 51 59 r4gy translate-ordinal 0 in the fourth year of his reign “after he had been king for three years.” This “fourth” is the ordinal number for four. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 51 60 f3pz 0 that were written about Babylon This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “that he had written about Babylon” -JER 51 62 ctw9 0 animal If your language has a word for animals that normally live with people, you might want to use it here, because [Jeremiah 51:37](../51/37.md) states that Babylon will be inhabited by wild animals. -JER 51 64 rl23 figs-simile 0 Babylon will sink like this The stone and scroll will disappear in the water, the water will destroy the scroll, and Babylon will no longer look like a city or have buildings for people to live in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]]) -JER 51 64 eg18 0 will not arise “will never again be a city” -JER 51 64 xm91 0 they will fall This means the Babylonians will fall because they are exhausted. Many translations do not include these words. -JER 52 intro izf6 0 # Jeremiah 52 General Notes
## Structure and formatting

The chapter returns to a previous sequence of events and records Babylon’s conquering of Judah. It also records the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]]) -JER 52 1 f3ew 0 General Information: Because of the words “Jeremiah’s words end here” in [Jeremiah 51:64](../51/64.md) and because the words here appear in other books of the Bible, many scholars believe that this chapter was written by someone other than Jeremiah and attached to the scroll that Jeremiah and Baruch wrote. -JER 52 1 pmi6 translate-names 0 Hamutal This is the name of a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 1 w8zc translate-names 0 Libnah This is the name of a place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 1 st4j translate-names 0 Jeremiah This refers to another man named Jeremiah, not the prophet Jeremiah who wrote this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 2 f21w figs-metaphor 0 what was evil in the sight of Yahweh The sight of Yahweh represents Yahweh’s judgment or evaluation. Alternate translation: “what was evil in Yahweh’s judgment” or “what Yahweh considers to be evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]) -JER 52 4 b8cu 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. -JER 52 4 zq3a translate-ordinal 0 in the ninth year of the reign of King Zedekiah, in the tenth month, and on the tenth day of the month after Zedekiah had been king for eight years, in the tenth calendar month, on the tenth day of the month (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 4 utp3 translate-ordinal 0 in the ninth year “in year nine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 4 nk5w translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the tenth month, and on the tenth day of the month This is the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar. The tenth day is near the beginning of January on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 4 s7id 0 They camped opposite it “Nebuchadnezzar’s army camped opposite Jerusalem” -JER 52 5 g791 translate-ordinal 0 until the eleventh year of King Zedekiah’s reign until Zedekiah had been king for more than ten years (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 5 e3tj translate-ordinal 0 eleventh year “year eleven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 5 ws36 figs-activepassive 0 So the city was besieged This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “So they besieged the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 52 6 q88p translate-hebrewmonths 0 By the ninth day of the fourth month This is the fourth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the dry season. The ninth day is near the beginning of July on Western calendars. Zedekiah had been king for ten years, three months, and eight days. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 6 b8bl 0 city This refers to Jerusalem. -JER 52 7 ns94 figs-activepassive 0 the city was broken into This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the Babylonians broke through the wall around the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 52 7 e7li 0 the two walls the wall of the king’s garden and the wall of the city -JER 52 8 w5xq 0 plains flat land -JER 52 8 z99u figs-activepassive 0 All his army was scattered This can be translated in active form. This could mean: (1) “the Chaldeans scattered his entire army” or (2) “all of his soldiers ran away in different directions.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]]) -JER 52 9 e3yw translate-names 0 at Riblah in the land of Hamath Riblah was a town in the territory of Hamath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 9 y478 0 passed sentence on him “decided how to punish him” -JER 52 10 rf5w figs-synecdoche 0 slaughtered Zedekiah’s sons before his own eyes The eyes are a synecdoche for the whole person. The reader should also understand that others probably helped the king of Babylon kill Zedekiah’s sons. Alternate translation: “forced Zedekiah to watch as the king of Babylon slaughtered Zedekiah’s sons” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]]) -JER 52 11 xk3k 0 he put out Zedekiah’s eyes “the king’s men made Zedekiah blind.” Use the common words for making a person blind. It is not clear that the king of Babylon took Zedekiah’s eyes out of his head. The reader should also understand that others probably helped the king of Babylon make Zedekiah blind. -JER 52 11 wdy8 0 the day of his death the day of Zedekiah’s death -JER 52 12 e83x translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the fifth month, on the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of the reign of King Nebuchadnezzar Nebuchadnezzar had been king for eighteen years, four months, and nine days. This is the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the dry season. The tenth day is near the beginning of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 12 pz2r translate-ordinal 0 the nineteenth year “during year nineteen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 12 vd9v translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 12 jsf1 0 bodyguards people whose job is to protect someone -JER 52 15 g3nt translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 16 knn1 0 the poorest of the land “the poorest people who lived on the land” -JER 52 17 zsh6 0 The Sea This is a basin of water used in the worship of Yahweh. -JER 52 21 spa2 translate-bdistance 0 eighteen cubits … twelve cubits A cubit was about 46 centimeters long. Alternate translation: “18 cubits…12 cubits” or “about 8.3 meters … about 5.5 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -JER 52 21 b7ll 0 hollow The pillars had empty space inside them. -JER 52 22 l1cn 0 capital This is the top part of each pillar. -JER 52 22 f2ql translate-bdistance 0 five cubits A cubit was about 46 centimeters long. Alternate translation: “5 cubits” or “about 2.3 meters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]]) -JER 52 24 l5rv 0 Seraiah See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 36:26](../36/26.md). -JER 52 24 z616 0 gatekeepers people who guard the gate of a city -JER 52 25 vtf3 0 drafting men into the army “forcing men to fight in the army” -JER 52 26 ek3a translate-names 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 26 lq37 translate-names 0 Riblah This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 28 l6dd translate-ordinal 0 seventh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 28 ty77 translate-numbers 0 3023 “three thousand and twenty-three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 52 29 ag2g translate-ordinal 0 eighteenth (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 29 st9h translate-numbers 0 832 “teight hundred and thirty-two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 52 30 kwp2 translate-ordinal 0 twenty-third (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 30 v4cr 0 Nebuzaradan See how you translated this man’s name in [Jeremiah 39:9](../39/09.md). -JER 52 30 yu52 translate-numbers 0 745…4,600 “seven hundred and forty-five … four thousand six hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]]) -JER 52 31 n2d6 translate-ordinal 0 in the thirty-seventh year of the exile of Jehoiachin after Jehoiachin had been an exile for more than 36 years (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 31 rb62 translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the twelfth month, on the twenty-fifth day of the month This is the twelfth and last month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fifth day is near the middle of March on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]]) -JER 52 31 d6ug 0 It happened This phrase is used here to mark the beginning of a new part of the story. -JER 52 31 qhv9 translate-names 0 Awel-Marduk He became the king of Babylon after Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]) -JER 52 32 g37e 0 He spoke kindly to him “Awel-Marduk spoke kindly to Jehoiachin” -JER 52 32 bq2c 0 a seat more honorable “a seat at the table that was closer to where Awel-Marduk sat” -JER 52 33 fvq2 figs-metonymy 0 removed Jehoiachin’s prison clothes The reader should understand that removing his prison clothes represents making him a free man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])