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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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LAM front intro zxy7 0 # Introduction to Lamentations<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Lamentations<br><br>1. First lament: Yahweh and his people have abandoned Jerusalem (1:1–22)<br>1. Second lament: Yahweh was angry with Jerusalem and caused it to be destroyed (2:1–22)<br>1. Third lament (3:1-66)<br>- The people grieve (3:1–20)<br>- Yahweh comforts those who turn back to him (3:21–39)<br>- Judah is learning to return to Yahweh (3:40–54)<br>- Judah cries out to be avenged of its enemies (3:55–66)<br>1. Fourth lament: The terrors of the siege of Jerusalem (4:1-4:22)<br>- The people’s sin caused Jerusalem to be punished (4:1–20)<br>- Their being punished satisfied Yahweh’s wrath for their sin (4:21–22a)<br>- Edom will be punished also (4:22b)<br>1. Fifth lament: The broken nation cries out to Yahweh (5:1–22)<br><br>### What is the Book of Lamentations about?<br><br>The Babylonians captured the city of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. In the Book of Lamentations, the writer grieves over Jerusalem being destroyed.<br><br>The Book of Lamentations is organized into five poems. The writer describes how God allowed Jerusalem to be destroyed because the people sinned against him. However, the writer also states that God is always loving and faithful to his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Lamentations?<br><br>The text of Lamentations does not give the name of the author. The traditional view is that Jeremiah wrote it. The writer seems to have personally seen Jerusalem destroyed. The serious and grieving words in the Book of Jeremiah are similar to those in the Book of Lamentations.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>Translators may use the traditional title of “Lamentations.” Or they may call the book “Poems of Sadness.” If translators want to take the view that the prophet Jeremiah wrote this book, they might decide on a title such as “The Sad Sayings of Jeremiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Did God abandon Israel?<br><br>The author of Lamentations often speaks of God abandoning Israel. But this did not mean that God had completely given up on Israel.<br>He rejected Israel for a period of time as the special place where he would be present. However, God remained faithful to what he promised Israel in his covenant.<br><br>While it was common in the ancient Near East to think that a god might leave its city, it usually did so because it was too weak to defend the city. In Lamentations, Yahweh abandons Jerusalem because the people sinned against him, not because he was too weak to defend the city. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>### What is a funeral song?<br><br>People groups commonly sing songs after someone dies or during a funeral. Depending on the culture, these songs can sound either happy or sad. The Book of Lamentations is like a sad song, called a “lament,” sung at a funeral. Some scholars think the rhythm of the laments in Hebrew makes them sound slow like a funeral procession.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What style of writing is Lamentations?<br><br>Lamentations is a collection of five poems. The Jewish exiles living in captivity in Babylon may have sung or chanted these laments. The Jews who remained in Jerusalem after the Babylonians conquered it may also have sung them. In Chapters 1, 2, and 4, each line of the poem begins with a different Hebrew letter, in the order of the Hebrew alphabet. The third chapter repeats three lines starting with the same letter of the Hebrew alphabet. The next three lines begin with next letter in the Hebrew alphabet.<br><br>### Who are the woman and the man in Lamentations?<br><br>The author uses the image of an abandoned woman and a persecuted man to represent Judah and Jerusalem. He uses this type of personification to help readers understand the pain and sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 intro cpx3 0 # Lamentations 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### Judah destroyed for her sin<br><br>Judah used to be great, but is now a slave. The temple is stripped of all its valuables. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])
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LAM 1 1 mx9e writing-poetry 0 General Information: Various poetic forms are used throughout this book. (See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 1 i4kk figs-metaphor 0 is now sitting all alone This speaks of the city of Jerusalem being empty, as if it were a woman who was sitting alone. Alternate translation: “is now empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 1 azd1 figs-personification 0 She The writer of Lamentations writes about the city of Jerusalem as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 1 p68i figs-simile 0 like a widow This speaks of Jerusalem as being without protection, as if it were a vulnerable widow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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LAM 1 1 jn93 figs-metaphor 0 She was a princess among the nations This speaks of Jerusalem being honored as if it were a princess. Alternate translation: “She was like a princess among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 1 k944 figs-activepassive 0 forced into slavery “forced to become a slave.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but she is now a slave” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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LAM 1 2 hy2k figs-personification 0 She weeps and wails … and her tears cover her cheeks The author describes Jerusalem as having emotions like a human being. The city also stands for her inhabitants. Alternate translation: “Those who live in her weep and wail … and their tears cover their cheeks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 1 2 vm69 figs-doublet 0 weeps and wails The word “wails” refers to the sounds that a person makes when they “weep” loudly. Alternate translation: “weeps loudly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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LAM 1 2 xf4h figs-metaphor 0 None of her lovers comfort her. All her friends have betrayed her This speaks of the people groups that had been faithful to Jerusalem betraying Jerusalem, as if the people groups were Jerusalem’s lovers and friends. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 3 wtj1 figs-personification 0 General Information: In these verses, Jerusalem and Judah are spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 3 jc3t 0 After poverty and affliction “After suffering poverty and affliction”
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LAM 1 3 d5d4 figs-metonymy 0 Judah has gone into exile Here Judah refers to its inhabitants. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah have gone into exile” or “the people of Judah have been taken into a foreign land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 1 3 yb38 figs-personification 0 She lives … finds Here the kingdom of Judah is described as a woman. “She” also stands for the citizens of Judah. Alternate translation: “Her people live … they find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 1 3 ti2f 0 finds no rest “does not find rest” or “is always afraid”
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LAM 1 3 w248 figs-personification 0 All her pursuers overtook her in her desperation This speaks of the people of Judah being captured by their enemies as if they were a woman who was captured by those pursuing her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 3 can4 0 All her pursuers overtook her “Everyone who was chasing her managed to capture her” or “Everyone who was hunting for her found her”
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LAM 1 3 fm5d figs-abstractnouns 0 in her desperation The word “desperation” can be expressed as an adjective. Alternate translation: “when she was desperate” or “when she was distressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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LAM 1 4 i8db figs-personification 0 General Information: The city of Zion is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 4 h3bm figs-personification 0 The roads of Zion mourn The author speaks of the roads that lead to Zion mourning as if they were human beings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 4 x725 0 the appointed feasts “the feasts that God told them to celebrate”
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LAM 1 4 ih8f figs-personification 0 All her gates are desolate The word “her” refers to Zion. Alternate translation: “All of Zion’s gates are empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 4 bv2d figs-personification 0 Her virgins are sorrowful and she herself is in complete distress Here the people of Zion being distressed are spoken of as if they were a woman in distress. Alternate translation: “Zion’s virgins are sorrowful, and its people despairing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 5 m4mr 0 Her adversaries have become her master; her enemies prosper “Zion’s adversaries rule over it; its enemies prosper”
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LAM 1 5 h8q8 figs-personification 0 Yahweh has afflicted her for her many sins This speaks of Yahweh punishing the people of Zion for their sins as if they were a woman that Yahweh was punishing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has afflicted her people because of the sins they have committed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 5 h9dx figs-abstractnouns 0 Her little children go into captivity to her adversary The word “captivity” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “Her enemy captures her little children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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LAM 1 6 e22r figs-personification 0 General Information: The city of Zion is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 6 vlv6 0 Beauty has left the daughter of Zion This speaks of everything beautiful in Zion being destroyed as if “beauty” were a person that left Zion. Alternate translation: “Everything that was beautiful about the daughter of Zion is destroyed”
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LAM 1 6 i7te figs-personification 0 daughter of Zion This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 6 imv9 figs-simile 0 Her princes have become like deer that cannot find pasture This speaks of Zion’s princes having nothing to eat like deer that cannot find grass to eat. Alternate translation: “Her princes are starving, they are like deer that cannot find grass to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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LAM 1 6 q9zi 0 deer A deer is a medium-sized, grass-eating animal that is often hunted by humans for food. It is also a beautiful animal to look at.
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LAM 1 6 gx4l 0 they go without strength before “they are not strong enough to run away from” or “they are very weak before”
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LAM 1 6 m8wr 0 their pursuer “the person that is pursuing them”
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LAM 1 7 yp42 0 In the days of her affliction and her homelessness “During the time of her affliction and her homelessness”
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LAM 1 7 g8bb figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem will call to mind Here “Jerusalem” refers to the people who live there. The phrase “call to mind” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem will remember” or “Jerusalem will remember” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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LAM 1 7 p1pa 0 precious treasures This refers to their valuable possessions.
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LAM 1 7 kyv3 figs-explicit 0 in former days “in the past.” This refers to the time before the people of Jerusalem were captured. Alternate translation: “before this disaster happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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LAM 1 7 a6c2 figs-metonymy 0 When her people fell into the hand of the adversary Here the word “hand” refers the control of the enemy army. Alternate translation: “When the adversary conquered and captured her people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 1 7 m6up 0 saw her and laughed at her destruction This means that they were glad and mocked Jerusalem when it was destroyed.
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LAM 1 7 ck49 figs-abstractnouns 0 at her destruction This word “destruction” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “because she was destroyed” or “while they destroyed her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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LAM 1 8 z8dz figs-personification 0 General Information: The city of Jerusalem is spoken of as if it were a woman. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 8 h4x9 figs-simile 0 Jerusalem sinned greatly, therefore, she has become scorned as something that is filthy This speaks of Jerusalem being scorned in the same way that a woman is scorned when she is unclean. According to the law of Moses, a woman was considered unclean during her monthly bleeding. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem’s sins have made her filthy and unclean, and therefore she was unacceptable before God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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LAM 1 8 ib81 figs-personification 0 Jerusalem sinned greatly This describes Jerusalem as a woman who sinned, while it also stands for the inhabitants of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem sinned greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 1 8 jpl7 figs-activepassive 0 has become scorned This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “has become an object of scorn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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LAM 1 8 lwa4 figs-personification 0 her nakedness “her naked.” Jerusalem is described as a woman whose private parts have been exposed to everyone to shame her. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 9 tsa8 figs-metaphor 0 She has become unclean beneath her skirts According to the l of Moses, a woman was considered unclean during her monthly bleeding. This speaks of Jerusalem being unclean, as if it were a menstruating woman. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem has become unclean, as when a woman is unclean beneath her skirts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 9 z2lm figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who God considers to be spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 9 r5x9 figs-idiom 0 Her fall was terrible The phrase “her fall” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Her downfall was astonishing” or “Those who saw her destruction were surprised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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LAM 1 9 h7er figs-personification 0 Look at my affliction, Yahweh This could mean that: (1) the author of Lamentations now talks directly to Yahweh or (2) Jerusalem is described as talking to Yahweh like a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 9 fv36 0 Look at “Pay attention to”
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LAM 1 9 bx6p figs-explicit 0 the enemy has become too great This means that they enemy army has become too large and powerful and has defeated Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the enemy army has defeated me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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LAM 1 10 mu6h figs-idiom 0 has put his hand on This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “has taken possession of” or “has stolen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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LAM 1 10 mp1s 0 precious treasures This refers to their valuable possessions.
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LAM 1 10 ban1 figs-personification 0 She has seen The word “She” refers to Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 10 qt1m figs-synecdoche 0 the nations This refers to people from various nations, not the entire population of those nations. Alternate translation: “people from the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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LAM 1 10 u91b 0 you had commanded The word “you” refers to Yahweh.
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LAM 1 11 ybg4 figs-personification 0 her people The word “her” refers to Jerusalem which is described as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “her inhabitants” or “the people of the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 11 sr71 figs-synecdoche 0 bread This refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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LAM 1 11 q7bp figs-explicit 0 They have given their precious treasures for food This means they traded their wealth and their valuables in exchange for food. Alternate translation: “They have traded their precious treasures in exchange for food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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LAM 1 11 kx7c 0 precious treasures This refers to their valuable possessions.
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LAM 1 11 u733 0 to restore their lives “to save their lives” or “to restore their strength”
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LAM 1 11 ae41 figs-personification 0 Look, Yahweh, and consider me Here Jerusalem speaks directly to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 12 lv2d figs-rquestion 0 Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by? This rhetorical question is an accusation aganist the people who walk past Jerusalem and do not care about its well-being. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “All you who pass by should care more for my affliction!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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LAM 1 12 hb8j figs-personification 0 Is it nothing to you Here Jerusalem continues to speak, but now to people who pass by instead of to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 12 mb6z figs-doublet 0 Look and see These words share similar meanings. Together they invite the reader to understand by seeing that no one has suffered so much. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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LAM 1 12 gua5 figs-activepassive 0 the sorrow that is being inflicted on me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the sorrow that Yahweh is inflicting upon me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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LAM 1 12 xgh8 figs-idiom 0 on the day of his fierce anger Here the word “day” is used as an idiom. Alternate translation: “when he was fiercely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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LAM 1 13 vg27 figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 13 x6ap figs-idiom 0 on high This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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LAM 1 13 y8l7 figs-personification 0 he has sent fire into my bones, and it has conquered them This speaks of Yahweh punishing Jerusalem as if Jerusalem were a person that Yahweh were punishing with fire. Alternate translation: “he has sent a painful punishment into my inner being, and it has destroyed me” or “he has sent a destructive punishment into the middle of Jerusalem, and it has destroyed the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 13 d689 figs-metonymy 0 has sent fire into my bones Here “fire” represents pain and “bones” represents one’s inner being. Alternate translation: “has sent pain into my bones” or “has sent pain into my inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 1 13 pt8b figs-personification 0 He has spread a net for my feet This speaks of Yahweh punishing Jerusalem as if Jerusalem were a person that Yahweh had set a trap for. This refers to a type of trap usually used to catch an animal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 13 y57i figs-idiom 0 turned me back This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “prevented my from walking any further” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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LAM 1 14 f1g6 figs-metaphor 0 The yoke of my transgressions … They are knit together and placed upon my neck This speaks of the people of Jerusalem’s sins as if they were a yoke bearing a heavy burden that Yahweh had placed on their necks. Also, this can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My transgressions are like a yoke that he has bound together with his hands and placed upon my neck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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LAM 1 14 m9ta figs-metonymy 0 given me over into their hands “given me over into the hands of my enemies.” Here their enemies’ control is represented by their “hands.” Alternate translation: “given my over to the control of my enemies” or “let my enemies defeat me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 1 14 rm8k figs-idiom 0 I am not able to stand This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I cannot resist them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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LAM 1 15 b3xh figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 15 ruu7 0 mighty men “strongest soldiers”
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LAM 1 15 ct6z figs-metaphor 0 an assembly Here the enemy army attacking Jerusalem is spoken of as if it were a meeting of people who have come together in order to accuse and condemn someone. Alternate translation: “a great army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 15 zrt4 0 to crush my vigorous men This speaks of the enemy army defeating the soldiers of Jerusalem as if they crushed them. Alternate translation: “to defeat my vigorous men”
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LAM 1 15 yz3y 0 vigorous men This refers to men at the strongest time of their lives.
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LAM 1 15 t625 figs-metaphor 0 The Lord has trampled … in the winepress Here the judgment of God is described as if Jerusalem were grapes on which he had trampled in order to squeeze out the juice. Alternate translation: “It is as though the Lord has trampled upon the virgin daughter of Judah in a winepress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 15 w82e figs-metaphor 0 the virgin daughter of Judah This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. The word “virgin” suggests that this woman is pure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 16 ze56 figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. In Lamentations, Zion and Jerusalem are names used to refer to the same city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 16 p25m figs-metaphor 0 for a comforter is far from me, one who restores my life This speaks of Jerusalem having no one to comfort her as if she did have a comforter, but that he was far away. The word “comforter” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “for there is no one to comfort me and restore my life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 16 h5c9 0 restores my life “revives me”
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LAM 1 17 ua88 figs-personification 0 Zion has spread her hands wide Here Jerusalem no longer speaks about herself; instead the author describes Jerusalem. He speaks of Zion as if it were a woman that lifts up her hands to ask for help. Alternate translation: “Zion has reached out for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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LAM 1 17 jc3i 0 those around Jacob “the people around Jacob” or “the nations surrounding Jacob”
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LAM 1 17 f1em figs-metonymy 0 around Jacob should be his adversaries Here “Jacob” refers to his descendants, that is Israel. Alternate translation: “around Jacob’s descendants should be their adversaries” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 1 17 t8w2 figs-metaphor 0 unclean A person who God considers spiritually unacceptable or defiled is spoken of as if the person were physically unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 1 18 cz8z figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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LAM 1 18 l7wg 0 Yahweh is righteous This implies that what Yahweh has done, he has done because he is righteous. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has acted out of his righteousness” or “What Yahweh has done is right”
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LAM 1 18 f15f figs-abstractnouns 0 see my sorrow The word “sorrow” can be expressed as a “sad.” Alternate translation: “see how extremely sad I am” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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LAM 1 18 lnt9 figs-synecdoche 0 My virgins and my vigorous men have gone into captivity Here all of the people of Jerusalem who were taken into captivity are represented by the “virgins” and the “vigorous men” who were taken. Alternate translation: “Many of my people, including my virgins and vigorous men, have gone into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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LAM 1 18 ay2g 0 vigorous men This refers to men at the strongest time of their lives. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 1:15](../01/15.md).
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LAM 1 19 ffv5 0 I called for my friends “I called for my friends to help me” or “I called for my allies to help me”
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LAM 1 19 i88c figs-explicit 0 they were treacherous toward me This means that they betrayed him. Alternate translation: “they betrayed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 1 19 i9bk 0 to restore their lives “to save their lives” or “to restore their strength”
|
||||
LAM 1 20 tsg9 figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 1 20 le5p figs-personification 0 Look, Yahweh, for I am in distress Jerusalem continues to talk about herself as if she were a woman, but now talks directly to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 1 20 csk1 figs-metaphor 0 my stomach churns The word “churn” means to move around violently, normally in a circular rotation. This does not mean the stomach is literally churning, but describes how the woman, representing Jerusalem, feels. Alternate translation: “my insides ache” or “my stomach hurts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 1 20 wyf3 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart is disturbed within me Here the woman, representing Jerusalem, refers to her “heart” to emphasize her feelings. Alternate translation: “my heart is broken” or “I am extremely sad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
LAM 1 20 xmz9 figs-metonymy 0 the sword bereaves a mother The “sword” represents the enemy. Alternate translation: “the enemy kills a mother’s children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 1 20 vx25 figs-explicit 0 inside the house there is only death This could mean: (1) “inside the house, everyone is dying” or (2) “and inside the house the dead people are kept” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 1 21 qm9m figs-personification 0 General Information: In this section Jerusalem is portrayed as a woman speaking about herself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 1 21 n3na figs-personification 0 They have heard my groaning “People have heard my groaning.” Jerusalem continues to speak as if she were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 1 21 r2sj 0 you have done it Here the word “you” refers to Yahweh.
|
||||
LAM 1 21 qe7h figs-idiom 0 You have brought the day you promised The phrase “the day” is an idiom that refers to a specific event happening. Alternate translation: “You have done what you have promised” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 1 21 cir1 figs-explicit 0 now let them become like me This is a request for Jerusalem’s enemies to suffer as the people of Jerusalem have. Alternate translation: “now let them suffer like me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 1 22 qsw5 figs-idiom 0 Let all their wickedness come before you This is a request for Yahweh to judge Jerusalem’s enemies for their wickedness. The phrase “come before you” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Pay attention to all of the wickedness they have committed” or “Judge them for all of their wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 1 22 j42r figs-explicit 0 deal with them as you have dealt with me This is a request for Yahweh to punish Jerusalem’s enemies as he punished the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “punish them as you have punished me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 1 22 e4g5 figs-synecdoche 0 my heart is faint Here the “heart” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “I am faint” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
LAM 2 intro w57v 0 # Lamentations 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>God has become Judah’s enemy. He is determined to destroy them.
|
||||
LAM 2 1 r7dk writing-poetry 0 General Information: A new poem begins. The writer of Lamentations uses many different ways to express that the people of Israel have lost God’s favor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 1 gee6 figs-metaphor 0 The Lord has covered the daughter of Zion under the cloud of his anger This speaks of the Lord’s anger against Jerusalem (Zion) as if it were a dark cloud. This could mean: (1) God is threatening to harm the people of Jerusalem or (2) God has already harmed the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 1 ddb5 figs-personification 0 the daughter of Zion This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. Translate as you did in [Lamentations 1:6](../01/06.md).(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 1 qu7x figs-metaphor 0 He has thrown the splendor of Israel down from heaven to earth The phrase “the splendor of Israel” refers to Jerusalem. This passage speaks of the people of Jerusalem losing favor with the Lord as if he threw them out of his presence. The phrase “from heaven to earth” is a great distance used to represent how much they lost favor with the Lord. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem, the splendor of Israel, has lost all favor with the Lord” or “Jerusalem has lost all favor with the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 2 1 xfe7 figs-metaphor 0 He has not remembered his footstool This is a reference to the Lord having considered Jerusalem his “footstool” in the past, which symbolized that he had authority over them and that they were submissive to him. This speaks of the Lord disregarding Jerusalem as his footstool as if he did not remember them. Alternate translation: “He disregarded Jerusalem as his footstool” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 1 l7v9 figs-metaphor 0 not remembered This speaks of the Lord not paying attention to Jerusalem as if he did not remember them. Alternate translation: “disregarded” or “paid no attention to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 1 lqv1 figs-idiom 0 on the day of his anger Here “day” is used as an idiom that refers to a general period of time. Alternate translation: “at the time when he displays his anger” or “at the time he acts in his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 2 2 a52b figs-personification 0 the daughter of Judah This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 2 a6zu figs-idiom 0 the days of his anger Here “day” is used as an idiom that refers to a general period of time. Alternate translation: “the time of his anger” or “the time of his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 2 2 gz9b figs-metaphor 0 swallowed up This speaks of the Lord completely destroying the towns as if he were an animal who ate them. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 2 v8mh figs-metonymy 0 all the towns of Jacob Here “the towns of Jacob” refers to the towns where his descendants lived. Alternate translation: “all the towns of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 2 rv9k 0 the fortified cities of the daughter of Judah This could mean: (1) the fortified cities throughout Judah or (2) the fortified walls of Jerusalem.
|
||||
LAM 2 3 mg13 0 General Information: The author continues the use of metaphors to express how the Lord opposed Judah.
|
||||
LAM 2 3 ga1g figs-metaphor 0 he has cut off every horn of Israel This speaks of the Lord taking away Israel’s strength as if he were cutting off its horns. The word “horn” refers to an animal horn, not a musical instrument. Alternate translation: “he has taken away all of Israel’s strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 3 liy3 figs-metonymy 0 withdrawn his right hand from before the enemy Here the Lord’s protection is represented by his “right hand.” Alternate translation: “stopped protecting us from our enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 3 cni2 0 He has burned up Jacob like a blazing fire that devours everything around it This speaks of how the Lord has destroyed Jacob as if a fire has completely burned it. Alternate translation: “He has destroyed Jacob like a blazing fire destroys everything”
|
||||
LAM 2 3 rkj3 figs-metonymy 0 Jacob Here “Jacob” refers to the places where his descendants lived. Alternate translation: “Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 4 cd29 figs-simile 0 Like an enemy he has bent his bow toward us, with his right is ready to shoot A soldier has to bend his bow in order to shoot an arrow from it. This speaks of the Lord preparing to attack Israel as if he were an enemy about to shoot them with a bow and arrow. Alternate translation: “He has prepared to kill us, like an enemy who has made his bow ready to shoot us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 2 4 x4pl figs-personification 0 in the tent of the daughter of Zion The “daughter of Zion” is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. The phrase “tent of the daughter of Zion” speaks of Jerusalem as a “tent” emphasizing that it is the home of those who live there. Alternate translation: “who live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 4 p4pw figs-metaphor 0 he has poured out his wrath like fire This speaks of the Lord’s wrath as if it were a liquid that he were pouring out on the people. His wrath is also compared to a “fire” to emphasize how destructive it is. Alternate translation: “in his anger he has destroyed everything like a blazing fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 5 zz9u figs-metaphor 0 swallowed up This speaks of the Lord completely destroying Israel as if he were animal who ate them. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:2](../02/02.md). Alternate translation: “completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 5 m29z 0 her palaces … her strongholds Israel is spoken of as if it were female.
|
||||
LAM 2 5 l83l figs-abstractnouns 0 He has increased mourning and lamentation within the daughter of Judah The words “mourning” and “lamentation” can be expressed as verbs. Alternate translation: “He has caused more and more people within the daughter of Judah to mourn and lament” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 2 5 n1vh figs-personification 0 daughter of Judah This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 6 erj2 figs-simile 0 He has attacked his tabernacle like a garden hut This speaks of the tabernacle being easily destroyed, as if it were a garden hut. The Lord caused Israel’s enemies to destroy it. He did not destroy it himself. Alternate translation: “He has caused their enemies to attack his tabernacle as easily as if it were a garden hut” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 6 w3hh 0 a garden hut a very small building for holding farming tools or for sheltering someone who is guarding a garden
|
||||
LAM 2 6 tg96 figs-metonymy 0 He has destroyed the place of the solemn assembly The Lord caused Israel’s enemies to destroy it. He did not destroy it himself. Alternate translation: “He has caused the place of the solemn assembly to be destroyed” or “He has caused their enemies to destroy the place of the solemn assembly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 6 zkt2 figs-activepassive 0 caused both solemn assembly and Sabbath to be forgotten in Zion This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “caused the people in Zion to forget both solemn assembly and Sabbath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 2 6 y8if 0 in the indignation of his anger “because he was extremely angry with them”
|
||||
LAM 2 7 ub33 figs-metonymy 0 He has given over the walls of her palaces into the hand of the enemy Here the enemy’s “hand” refers to the enemy’s control. Alternate translation: “He has allowed the enemy to capture the walls of her palaces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 7 vn7k figs-synecdoche 0 the walls of her palaces Here, the word **her** may refer either to the temple or to Jersualem. Possible translations are: (1) “the walls of the temple” or (2) “the walls of Jerusalem’s palaces.” The word “walls” is a synecdoche for the whole building, and the building is a synecdoche for all of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
LAM 2 7 jx6y figs-irony 0 They have raised a shout in the house of Yahweh, as on the day of an appointed feast This is an ironic comparison between the happy, noisy festivals of Israel and the loud shouts of victory of the Babylonians. Alternate translation: “They have raised a shout in the house of Yahweh, as the Israelites would during an appointed feast” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
LAM 2 7 t8c8 figs-idiom 0 have raised a shout This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “have shouted victoriously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 2 8 de6p figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh decided to destroy the city wall Yahweh chose to have the wall destroyed and caused Jerusalem’s enemy to destroy it. He did not destroy it himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 8 q6gn figs-personification 0 daughter of Zion This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 8 ydw2 figs-metaphor 0 He has stretched out the measuring line This speaks of preparing to destroy the wall as if he measured it before he destroyed it, so that he knew how much to destroy. Alternate translation: “It is as though he has measured the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 8 pj1d figs-doublenegatives 0 has not withheld his hand from destroying This can be stated without the double negatives. Also, here the Lord is referred to by his “hand.” Alternate translation: “with his hand he has destroyed the wall” or “he has destroyed the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
LAM 2 8 ac1h figs-personification 0 He has made the ramparts and wall to lament; together they wasted away The walls and ramparts are spoken of as if they were people who lamented and died. Alternate translation: “Because he has destroyed the ramparts and walls, they are like people who lament and have lost their strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 8 k5k2 0 ramparts Ancient cities had a main “wall” to keep attackers out, and an outer line of “ramparts” to keep attackers from the wall.
|
||||
LAM 2 10 ld1b figs-personification 0 daughter of Zion This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 10 ja3b translate-symaction 0 sit on the ground in silence Often people would sit on the ground to show they were mourning. Alternate translation: “sit on the ground, mourning in silence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
LAM 2 10 shs1 translate-symaction 0 They have thrown dust on their heads and put on sackcloth These are actions of mourning. Alternate translation: “To show their mourning, they have thrown dust on their heads and put on sackcloth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
LAM 2 10 e8dm translate-symaction 0 have bowed their heads to the ground This is an action of mourning. Alternate translation: “have sorrowfully bowed their heads to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
LAM 2 11 ur1i 0 General Information: The author shifts from describing Jerusalem to describing his own experience.
|
||||
LAM 2 11 ww8f figs-idiom 0 My eyes have failed from their tears This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I have cried until I cannot cry anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 2 11 r9cy figs-metaphor 0 my stomach churns The word “churn” means to move around violently, normally in a circular rotation. This does not mean the stomach is literally churning, but describes how the author feels. Alternate translation: “my insides ache” or “my stomach hurts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 11 drr4 figs-metaphor 0 my inner parts are poured out to the ground The author speaks of feeling grief in his inner being as if his inner body parts had fallen out of his body onto the ground. Alternate translation: “my entire inner being is in grief” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 11 ckr1 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people This is a poetic name of Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. Alternate translation: “my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 12 xg9t figs-metonymy 0 Where is grain and wine? This rhetorical question is used as a request for something to eat. The children are telling their mother that they are hungry. The phrase “grain and wine” represents food and drink. This question may be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Give us something to eat and drink.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 2 12 e2aq figs-simile 0 as they faint like a wounded man This speaks of the children fainting from hunger and thirst in the same way that a wounded man faints. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 2 12 m2n2 figs-metaphor 0 their lives are poured out on the bosom of their mothers This speaks of the children dying as if their lives were a liquid that was being poured out. Alternate translation: “they slowly die in the arms of their mothers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 13 rk8s 0 General Information: The author begins to address Jerusalem.
|
||||
LAM 2 13 ez4e figs-rquestion 0 What can I say … Jerusalem? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know what to say to help Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing that I can say … Jerusalem.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 2 13 r825 figs-personification 0 daughter of Jerusalem … virgin daughter of Zion These are poetic names for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. “Zion” is another name for Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 13 yt6j figs-rquestion 0 To what can I compare to you … Zion? The author uses this rhetorical question to express that he does not know how to give comfort to Jerusalem. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “There is nothing to which I can compare you … Zion.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 2 13 xm7j figs-simile 0 Your wound is as great as the sea This speaks of Jerusalem’s great suffering as if it were as terrible as the sea is great. Alternate translation: “Your suffering is as terrible as the sea is large” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 2 13 cfe5 figs-rquestion 0 Who can heal you? “Who can restore you?” The author uses this rhetorical question to express that there is no one who can restore Jerusalem to the way it was before. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one can heal you.” or “No one can restore you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 2 14 rg7i 0 They have not exposed your iniquity to restore your fortunes “They did not tell you about your sins to restore your fortunes.” The word “fortune” refers to a person’s wealth and prosperity.
|
||||
LAM 2 14 p4y7 figs-abstractnouns 0 for you they gave utterances The word “utterances” can be expressed with the verb “spoke.” Alternate translation: “they spoke things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 2 15 na4v translate-symaction 0 clap their hands … hiss and shake their heads These actions are used to mock and insult others. Alternate translation: “mock you by clapping their hands … hiss and shake their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
LAM 2 15 s9nn figs-personification 0 the daughter of Jerusalem This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 15 cxb8 figs-rquestion 0 Is this the city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth’? This rhetorical question is used to express sarcasm. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “This city that they called ‘The Perfection of Beauty,’ ‘The Joy for All of Earth,’ is not so beautiful or joyful anymore!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 2 15 rkz8 0 The Perfection of Beauty “Perfectly Beautiful”
|
||||
LAM 2 16 t9p2 translate-symaction 0 grind their teeth This action shows a person’s anger and that they are mocking others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
LAM 2 16 v2ed figs-metaphor 0 We have swallowed her up Here the people speak of destroying Jerusalem as if they were an animal swallowing its food. Alternate translation: “We have completely destroyed Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 16 p7nl figs-idiom 0 We have lived to see it This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “We have greatly desired to see it happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 2 17 sv6l 0 He has overthrown “He has destroyed”
|
||||
LAM 2 17 l2hu 0 to rejoice over you This means that the enemy rejoiced because they defeated them. Alternate translation: “to rejoice over defeating you”
|
||||
LAM 2 17 b3zb figs-metonymy 0 he has lifted up the horn of your enemies Here **horn** (that is, an animal horn) represents strength. Alternate translation: “he has increased the power of your enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 18 v62e figs-synecdoche 0 Their heart cried out to the Lord Here the word **heart** represents the whole person emphasizing one’s innermost being. Possible meanings of who cried out are: (1) the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem shouted to the Lord from their innermost being” or (2) the walls are being personified. Alternate translation: “You walls, cry out to the Lord from your innermost being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 18 qsn1 figs-apostrophe 0 walls of the daughter of Zion! Make your tears flow … no relief The writer speaks to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the “walls,” though this can be written with the first phrase “walls of the daughter of Zion!” spoken to the “walls,” and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
LAM 2 18 ew4w figs-personification 0 the daughter of Zion This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 2 18 mbx5 figs-metaphor 0 Make your tears flow down like a river This speaks of the people crying so much that their tears would flow like a river. Alternate translation: “Cry many, many tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 18 kbz7 figs-merism 0 day and night These two opposite times of day refer to all the time. Alternate translation: “all of the time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
LAM 2 18 s698 0 Give yourself no relief, your eyes no relief “Do not allow yourself and your eyes to rest from crying”
|
||||
LAM 2 19 t1js figs-apostrophe 0 Arise, cry out … of every street The writer continues speaking to the walls of Jerusalem. He wants the people of Jerusalem to do what he is telling the walls to do. Some translations take this whole section to be spoken to the “walls,” though this can be written with the first phrase “walls of the daughter of Zion!” spoken to the “walls,” and the rest of the section spoken directly to the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
LAM 2 19 bb9r 0 at the beginning of the night watches “many times during the night.” This refers to every time a watchman came on duty.
|
||||
LAM 2 19 n8wa figs-idiom 0 Pour out your heart like water before the face of the Lord The phrase “pour out your heart like water” is an idiom. Here the Lord is represented by his “face” to emphasize his presence. Alternate translation: “Tell the Lord how you feel in your inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 2 19 ihn4 translate-symaction 0 Lift up your hands to him This was an action often performed while praying. Alternate translation: “Lift up your hands to him in prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
LAM 2 19 xm86 figs-explicit 0 for the lives of your children This means for them to request that the Lord save their children. Alternate translation: “to save the lives of your children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 2 19 mt5t figs-hyperbole 0 at the corner of every street The word “every” here is an exaggeration for “many.” Alternate translation: “where the streets come together” or “by the roads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
LAM 2 20 tx1s figs-rquestion 0 Should women eat the fruit of their wombs … for? This rhetorical question is asked to emphasize that it is not right for women to eat their children. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “Woman should not eat their own children … for!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 2 20 si6q figs-metaphor 0 the fruit of their wombs This speaks of children having come from their mother as if they were fruit that came from her womb. Alternate translation: “their children that they have given birth to” or “their own children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 2 20 iy1m figs-rquestion 0 Should priest and prophet be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord? This rhetorical question is used to emphasize that the prophets and priests should not be killed. This question can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “The prophets and priests should not be slaughtered in the sanctuary of the Lord!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 2 20 e8bt figs-activepassive 0 Should priest and prophet be slaughtered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Should our enemies slaughter priests and prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 2 21 h93z figs-explicit 0 Both the young and the old lie on the dust It is implied here that this refers to dead people. Alternate translation: “The corpses of both the young and the old lie on the dust” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 2 21 bm92 figs-nominaladj 0 Both the young and the old These phrases refer to people. These two opposites are used to refer to all ages of people. Alternate translation: “Both young people and old people” or “People of all ages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
LAM 2 21 hct5 figs-euphemism 0 My young women and my young men have fallen by the sword Here the “sword” refers to their enemies. This is a euphemism that means that they were murdered by their enemies. Alternate translation: “My young women and my young men have been murdered by their enemies” or “My enemies have murdered my young women and my young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
|
||||
LAM 2 21 qu9v figs-metonymy 0 you have slaughtered them This speaks of Yahweh allowing the poeple to be slaughtered as if he killed them himself. Alternate translation: “you allowed them to be slaughtered” or “you allowed this to happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 22 re1y figs-simile 0 as you would call the people to a feast day “as if they were coming to a feast.” This speaks of how Yahweh summoned his enemies as if he were inviting them to a feast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 2 22 bq2q figs-metonymy 0 my terrors Here the people the author fears are referred to as his “terrors.” Alternate translation: “the attackers I was afraid of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 2 22 d9ky figs-idiom 0 on every side This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “to attack from every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 2 22 vzm7 figs-idiom 0 on the day of the anger of Yahweh Here “day” is used as an idiom that refers to a general period of time. Alternate translation: “at the time when Yahweh acted in his anger” or “during the time that Yahweh displayed his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 3 intro c5kf 0 # Lamentations 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Troubles<br><br>Here the author speaks of the suffering experienced by the people of Jerusalem during the Babylonian siege and after the city’s fall. He speaks of these sufferings as if they had been directed against him personally, as if God had personally attacked him. However, we should understand the writer’s feelings as having been shared by everyone in the city.<br><br>In verse 19, the writer begins to think about the lessons that he and his fellow citizens should learn about God and his anger and his mercy. He also thinks about what it means to repent and to trust in God.<br><br>In verse 43, the writer speaks again about the suffering that God has caused to Jerusalem, but here the writer speaks of “we” and “us,” not “I” and “me.” But in verse 48, he begins to speak about how he himself will continually mourn over what has happened.<br><br>In verse 52, the writer begins to think about his personal enemies in Jerusalem, those who persecuted him for bringing Yahweh’s messages to the city. He asks for God to show his enemies that he was doing right, and to take revenge on them for their crimes against him.
|
||||
LAM 3 1 q73v writing-poetry 0 A new poem begins. Here the author speaks of the sufferings that his people experienced. He speaks about them as if God had personally attacked only him. However, the writer intends to speak for everyone in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
LAM 3 1 z56p figs-metaphor 0 who has seen misery Here “has seen” represents has experienced. Alternate translation: “who has experienced misery” or “who has suffered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 1 w5zk figs-metonymy 0 under the rod of Yahweh’s fury Being “under the rod” represents being beaten with a rod. The author speaks of God’s punishment as if God had beaten him with a rod. Alternate translation: “because Yahweh was very angry and has beaten me with a rod” or “because Yahweh was very angry and has punished me severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 2 w3mw 0 He drove me away “He forced me to go away”
|
||||
LAM 3 2 zm2h figs-metaphor 0 caused me to walk in darkness rather than light Here “darkness” represents suffering. Alternate translation: “caused me to suffer terribly with no hope, like a person walking in darkness rather than light” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 3 s83d figs-metonymy 0 he turned his hand against me Here “turned his hand against me” represents attacking him. The author speaks of God causing bad things to happen to him as if God had attacked him. Alternate translation: “he has attacked me” or “he has caused many bad things to happen to me, like someone who attacks a person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 4 s5zt 0 He made my flesh and my skin waste away; he broke my bones This could mean: (1) these things are a result of being beaten or (2) these are more ways that God punished the man.
|
||||
LAM 3 5 qy5b 0 He built up siege works against me Siege works are ramps that an army builds around a city to enable them to climb over the city walls and invade the city.
|
||||
LAM 3 5 jj4e figs-metaphor 0 He built up siege works against me This could mean: (1) the author speaks of God causing bad things to happen to him as if he were a city and God was an enemy that built up siege works against him. Alternate translation: “God attacked me like an enemy army that sets up siege works around a city” or (2) the author speaks of God causing the enemy army to attack Jerusalem as if God were the enemy. Alternate translation: “God caused the enemy army to build up siege works against me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 5 gq5z figs-metaphor 0 surrounded me with bitterness and hardship This represents God causing him to experience much bitterness and hardship. Alternate translation: “caused me to experience much bitterness and hardship” or “caused me to suffer and have many problems” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 5 cn5t figs-metaphor 0 bitterness Here “bitterness” represents suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 6 vnk1 figs-metaphor 0 He made me live in dark places, like those who died long ago Here “dark places” is a metaphor for suffering. The author compares the intensity of his suffering to the intensity of the darkness that those who died long ago experience. Alternate translation: “The suffering that he causes me is intense like the darkness of the grave” or “He makes me suffer terribly, as if I were in the darkness of those who died long ago” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 3 7 jwk4 figs-metaphor 0 He built a wall around me and I cannot escape. He made my chains heavy This represents the continuing suffering. Like a person who cannot escape from prison, the author cannot make his suffering stop. Alternate translation: “My suffering continues. It is as though he has built a wall around me and put heavy chains on me, and I cannot escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 8 ep5p figs-idiom 0 he shut out my prayer The author speaks about God refusing to listen to his prayers as though God was shutting his ears so that the author’s prayers could not go into them. Alternate translation: “he refuses to hear my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 3 9 h2bx figs-metaphor 0 He blocked my path The author speaks of God causing him to continue to suffer as if God was preventing him from escaping the suffering by blocking his path. Alternate translation: “It is as though he blocked my path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 9 b31l 0 a wall of hewn stone “a wall of cut stones.” People would cut stones into regular shapes that could fit together well in order to build a strong wall.
|
||||
LAM 3 9 ire6 figs-metaphor 0 he made my paths crooked Crooked paths do not lead people to where they want to go. Here they represent unsuccessful ways of escaping suffering. Alternate translation: “it is as though he has made my paths crooked” or “I have tried to make the suffering stop, but God has prevented me, like one who prevents another from escaping by making his paths crooked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 10 v9qh figs-simile 0 He is like a bear waiting to ambush me, a lion in hiding The author speaks of God being ready to cause him to suffer more, as if God were a wild animal waiting to attack him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 3 11 m6yw 0 he turned aside my paths This could mean: (1) “he dragged me off the path” or (2) “he caused my path to turn in the wrong direction”
|
||||
LAM 3 11 whn1 0 he has made me desolate “he has made me hopeless” or “he has not allowed me to have any help”
|
||||
LAM 3 12 pxe7 0 General Information: God is often spoken of as if he were a warrior.
|
||||
LAM 3 12 eb1t 0 He bent his bow A soldier has to bend his bow in order to shoot an arrow from it. The author speaks of God deciding to cause him trouble as if God were a warrior ready to shoot him with an arrow. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:4](../02/04.md). Alternate translation: “It was as if God made his bow ready to shoot”
|
||||
LAM 3 13 yzp2 figs-metaphor 0 He pierced my kidneys with the arrows of his quiver The author speaks of the deep grief he feels as if God had shot his kidneys with an arrow. Alternate translation: “My grief is great. It is as if he pierced my kidneys with the arrows of his quiver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 13 aa5f figs-metaphor 0 my kidneys The kidneys are abdominal organs that move urine into the bladder. They are a metaphor for a person’s emotions. Alternate translation: “deep into my body” or “my heart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 13 i1us 0 quiver a bag worn on the back in which to store arrows
|
||||
LAM 3 14 et38 figs-hyperbole 0 a laughingstock to all my people The word “all” is a generalization, meaning “most.” Alternate translation: “a laughingstock to most of my people” or “someone whom all my people mock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
LAM 3 14 gq72 0 laughingstock someone whom many people mock
|
||||
LAM 3 15 za84 figs-metaphor 0 He filled me with bitterness Here “bitterness” represents suffering. It is referred to as if it were something that could fill the speaker. Alternate translation: “He has caused me to suffer very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 15 ncz3 figs-metaphor 0 forced me to drink wormwood Wormwood is the bitter juice from the leaves and flowers of a certain plant. Drinking that bitter juice represents suffering. Alternate translation: “it is as though he forced me to drink something very bitter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 16 b5hh figs-metaphor 0 He has made my teeth grind with gravel This could mean: (1) the author speaks of God humiliating him as if God had forced him to chew gravel. Alternate translation: “He has humiliated me, like someone who forces another to chew gravel” or (2) the author speaks of God humiliating him as if God had pushed his face down into the gravel on the ground. Alternate translation: “He has humiliated me, like someone who pushes another man’s face down into the gravel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 16 l411 figs-metaphor 0 he made me cower in the ashes The author speaks of God humiliating him as if God had pushed him down into the ashes of a fire on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 16 tp2g 0 cower make oneself as small as possible because of fear of something one cannot fight against
|
||||
LAM 3 17 ewh7 0 My soul is deprived of peace This could mean: (1) the author’s experiences are not peaceful. Alternate translation: “I have no peace in my life” or (2) the author does not feel peace. Alternate translation: “I feel no peace in my soul”
|
||||
LAM 3 18 ygy3 figs-personification 0 My endurance has perished and so has my hope in Yahweh The author speaks as if his ability to endure more suffering and his hope that Yahweh will help him were living beings that have died. Alternate translation: “I cannot endure anymore suffering and I can no longer hope that Yahweh will help me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 3 18 b3vb 0 endurance Some versions translate this as “glory” or “splendor.”
|
||||
LAM 3 19 zfr6 0 General Information: In verses 19 to 42, the writer thinks about the lessons that he and his fellow citizens should learn about God and his anger and mercy.
|
||||
LAM 3 19 j2d4 figs-doublet 0 wormwood and bitterness Wormwood is a plant that gives a liquid which is very bitter to drink. Together “wormwood” and “bitterness” represent severe suffering. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 20 mz9u 0 my soul is bowed down within me “I am depressed” or “I am discouraged”
|
||||
LAM 3 21 t4a6 0 But I call this to mind This means to intentionally think about something. The word “this” refers to something that the author will start to speak about in the next verse. Alternate translation: “But I choose to think about this” or “But I remember this”
|
||||
LAM 3 21 a2fk 0 I have hope “I hope”
|
||||
LAM 3 22 hf5a figs-abstractnouns 0 The steadfast love of Yahweh never ceases The abstract noun “steadfast love” can be expressed with the phrase “love faithfully.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh never stops loving his people faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 3 22 rs8g figs-abstractnouns 0 his compassions never end The abstract noun “compassions” can be translated with the verb “care.” Alternate translation: “he never stops caring for those who suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 3 23 z4xg figs-metaphor 0 they are new every morning The word “they” refers to God’s steadfast love and compassions. Their being new represents God continuing to act according to them. Alternate translation: “every morning he treats us again with steadfast love and compassion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 23 dp91 0 your faithfulness The word “your” refers to Yahweh.
|
||||
LAM 3 24 v6sh figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh is my inheritance When God gave each tribe of Israel their land, he called it an inheritance. The author speaks of Yahweh being all he needs as if Yahweh were the inheritance that he had received. Alternate translation: “Because Yahweh is with me, I have everything I need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 25 e8de 0 Yahweh is good to those who wait for him Here “good” refers to kindness. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is kind to those who wait for him” or “Yahweh does good things for those who wait for him”
|
||||
LAM 3 25 ju1d 0 those who wait for him This could mean: (1) “all those who depend on him” or (2) “the one who waits patiently for him to act.”
|
||||
LAM 3 25 a3kw figs-metaphor 0 the one who seeks him Here, **seeks him** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) wanting to know God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 27 xea4 figs-metaphor 0 that he bear the yoke in his youth Here “bear the yoke” represents suffering. The abstract noun “his youth” can be expressed with the word “young.” Alternate translation: “that he suffer while he is young” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 3 28 deh5 0 Let him sit alone in silence The phrase “in silence” refers to not speaking. Here it may refer specifically to not complaining. Alternate translation: “Let him sit alone without speaking” or “Let him sit alone and not complain”
|
||||
LAM 3 28 wc7p figs-metaphor 0 when it is laid upon him “when the yoke is laid upon him.” Here the yoke represents suffering. Alternate translation: “when he suffers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 30 t75y 0 General Information: The writer speaks of the one who waits for Yahweh ([Lamentations 3:25](../03/25.md)).
|
||||
LAM 3 30 buv3 figs-metaphor 0 Let him offer his cheek to the one who strikes him The word “him” refers to anyone who is suffering and who waits for Yahweh. Here “offer his cheek” represents allowing someone to strike his cheek. Alternate translation: “Let him allow people to hit him on the face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 30 haw3 figs-metaphor 0 let him be filled to the full with reproach The author speaks of a person as if he were a container and reproach were a liquid. Being filled with reproach represents being reproached much. The implication is that he should be patient when this happens. Alternate translation: “let him be insulted much” or “let him be patient when people reproach him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 32 ytw1 0 though he causes grief “though the Lord causes people to suffer” or “though he afflicts people”
|
||||
LAM 3 32 fsq4 0 he will have compassion “he will be compassionate to them”
|
||||
LAM 3 33 lh34 figs-metonymy 0 For he does not afflict from his heart Here the heart represents desire or pleasure, and afflicting from the heart represents afflicting with pleasure. Alternate translation: “For it does not make him happy to afflict people” or “He does not take pleasure in afflicting people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 33 n5xv figs-idiom 0 the children of mankind This refers to people in general. Alternate translation: “human beings” or “people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 3 34 pgn7 0 General Information: The author wrote in general terms about what is true for all people, but it shows God’s concern for his people, the people of Israel, who were being mistreated by their enemies.
|
||||
LAM 3 34 m7kv figs-metaphor 0 To crush underfoot Here “crush underfoot” represents abusing and mistreating people. Alternate translation: “To abuse” or “To mistreat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])-
|
||||
LAM 3 34 kq47 0 To crush “If people crush”
|
||||
LAM 3 35 pi2h 0 to deny a man justice “if they deny a man justice.” This refers to not allowing a person to have what he deserves. Alternate translation: “to deny a person his rights” or “to keep a person from having what he deserves”
|
||||
LAM 3 35 w96n figs-metonymy 0 in the presence of the Most High Doing something “in the presence of the Most High” represents doing it while knowing that God sees it. Alternate translation: “knowing that the Most High sees it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 36 h9te 0 to deny justice to a person Here “deny justice” refers to not making a just decision for a person in a legal concern. Alternate translation: “to judge a person wrongly in court” or “to keep a person who goes to a judge from getting what is right”
|
||||
LAM 3 36 kp3s 0 to deny justice “if they deny justice”
|
||||
LAM 3 37 vg2n figs-rquestion 0 Who has spoken and it came to pass, unless the Lord decreed it? The author uses this rhetorical question to teach that when someone commands something to happen, it will happen only if God has already decreed that it should happen. Alternate translation: “No one has spoken and it came to pass, unless the Lord decreed it.” or “What someone has commanded to happen has never happened unless the Lord decreed it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 3 37 b2te figs-explicit 0 has spoken It can be expressed clearly that this refers to commanding something to happen. Alternate translation: “has commanded that something should happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 3 37 q8z2 0 it came to pass “what he said happened”
|
||||
LAM 3 38 hy3k figs-metonymy 0 Is it not from the mouth of the Most High that both calamities and the good come? The author uses this rhetorical question to teach that both calamities and good things happen only because God has commanded them to happen. Alternate translation: “It is only from the mouth of the Most High that both calamities and the good come.” or “It is only because the Most High has commanded it that both calamities and good things happen.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 3 38 fk6t figs-metonymy 0 from the mouth of the Most High Here “mouth” represents what God says or commands. Alternate translation: “from the command of the Most High” or “because the Most High has commanded it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 38 wsx5 figs-metaphor 0 both calamities and the good come Here “come” represents happening. Also, the nominal adjective “the good” can be stated as “good things.” Alternate translation: “both calamities and good things happen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
LAM 3 39 ttp2 figs-rquestion 0 How can any person alive complain? How can a person complain about the punishment for his sins? The author uses these rhetorical questions to teach that people should not complain when God punishes them. Alternate translation: “A person should not complain when God punishes him for his sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
LAM 3 39 t4dw figs-explicit 0 How can any person alive complain This could mean: (1) it is implied that mere people cannot fully understand God’s actions. Alternate translation: “How can a mere person complain” or (2) it is implied that being alive is a gift from God. Alternate translation: “How can a person who is blessed to be alive complain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 3 40 ap27 0 General Information: The writer speaks again about the suffering that God has caused to Jerusalem, but here he speaks of “we” and “us,” not “I” and “me.” In verse 42 the author starts a prayer that he and the people of Israel should pray.
|
||||
LAM 3 40 yx5k figs-metaphor 0 let us return to Yahweh Here “return to Yahweh” represents submitting to him again. Alternate translation: “let us submit to Yahweh again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 41 xq7n figs-metaphor 0 Let us lift up our hearts and our hands Here “lift up our hearts” represents praying sincerely. It was customary for the Israelites to raise their hands when praying to God. Alternate translation: “Let us pray sincerely with lifted hands” or “Let us lift up our hands and pray sincerely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 42 j5p1 figs-doublet 0 We have transgressed and rebelled The words “transgressed” and “rebelled” share similar meanings. Together they indicate that transgression is the same as rebelling against Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
LAM 3 43 p547 figs-metaphor 0 You have covered yourself with anger Here anger is spoken of as if it were a garment that God has put on. Hebrew often spoke of emotions as if they were clothing. Alternate translation: “You have been angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 43 e5cg 0 you have killed “you have killed many of us”
|
||||
LAM 3 43 is87 figs-metaphor 0 you have not spared Here “spared” represents having pity. Alternate translation: “you have not had pity on us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 44 c25d 0 Connecting Statement: The prayer that began in [Lamentations 3:42](../03/42.md) continues.
|
||||
LAM 3 44 d6dp figs-metaphor 0 You have covered yourself with a cloud so that no prayer can pass through This represents God refusing to listen to the people’s prayer. Alternate translation: “You refuse to listen to our prayers. It is as though you put a cloud between us and you so that our prayers cannot get to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 45 nmh8 figs-simile 0 You have made us like filthy scum and refuse among the nations The people of Israel are compared to filthy scum and refuse. This could mean: (1) God has caused the nations to think of his people as worthless. Alternate translation: “You have made the nations think of us as scum and garbage” or (2) God’s forcing his people to live among the nations is like throwing them away as garbage. Alternate translation: “You have thrown us away like filthy garbage among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 3 47 jdl3 figs-abstractnouns 0 panic and pitfall have come upon us, ruin and destruction The abstract nouns “panic,” “pitfall,” “ruin” and “destruction” can be expressed with verbs. Alternate translation: “we are panicking. We are trapped, and we are being ruined and destroyed” or “we are terrified and trapped. We are being completely destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 3 47 bm4w 0 pitfall This refers to falling into a pit. Here it represents being trapped in any way.
|
||||
LAM 3 47 i597 0 have come upon us “have happened to us”
|
||||
LAM 3 47 nh6u figs-doublet 0 ruin and destruction These two words share similar meanings and refer to the destruction of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “total destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
LAM 3 48 kd2x 0 General Information: The author speaks about himself again.
|
||||
LAM 3 48 fl1x figs-metaphor 0 My eyes flow with streams of tears Here the author speaks of the great amount of his tears as if they were streams. He uses exaggeration to show that he is very sad and has cried much. Alternate translation: “Tears flow from my eyes like water flowing in a river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
LAM 3 48 fg7v figs-activepassive 0 because my people are destroyed This can stated in active form. Alternate translation: “because enemies have destroyed my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 3 49 ru79 figs-doublet 0 without ceasing, without relief Both of these phrases means the same thing. The author speaks of his continuing to cry as if his eyes were a person and had no rest from crying. Alternate translation: “without stopping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 3 50 p99u figs-explicit 0 until Yahweh from heaven looks down and sees What the author hopes Yahweh will see can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “until Yahweh looks down from heaven and sees what has happened to my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 3 51 i8zw figs-metonymy 0 My eyes cause me grief The phrase “My eyes” represents what he sees. Alternate translation: “What I see causes me to grieve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 51 bz52 figs-explicit 0 because of all the daughters of my city It can be stated clearly that the “daughters of my city” are suffering. Alternate translation: “because the daughters of my city are suffering” or “because I see the daughters of my city suffering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 3 51 qr28 figs-idiom 0 all the daughters of my city This could mean: (1) the women of Jerusalem or (2) all the inhabitants of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 3 52 n4m1 figs-metaphor 0 I have been hunted like a bird by those who were my enemies The author speaks of people looking for him in order to kill him as if he were an animal that they were hunting. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My enemies have looked for me in order to kill me like people who hunt for a bird” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 53 fen2 0 They cast me into a pit “They threw me into a pit” or “They dropped me into a well”
|
||||
LAM 3 53 t9e4 0 threw a stone on me This could mean: (1) “threw stones down on me” or (2) “covered the pit with a stone”
|
||||
LAM 3 54 ztv4 0 they caused waters to overflow, covering my head “the level of the water in the pit rose up over my head”
|
||||
LAM 3 54 hda5 figs-metaphor 0 I have been cut off Being “cut off” often represents being killed. Here it represents dying very soon. Alternate translation: “I am about to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 55 dit3 figs-metonymy 0 I called on your name God’s name represents his character, and here, “called on your name” represents trusting God’s character and calling on him for help. Alternate translation: “I called to you for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 55 r7m3 0 from the depths of the pit This could mean: (1) this refers to the pit that author had been thrown into. Alternate translation: “from the bottom of the pit” or (2) the author was afraid that he would die soon, so he spoke as if he were in the place of the dead. Alternate translation: “from the pit of the dead”
|
||||
LAM 3 56 s26c figs-metonymy 0 You heard my voice Here “voice” represents what he said. Alternate translation: “You heard my words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 56 ur2e figs-metonymy 0 Do not close your ear Here “close your ear” represents refusing to listen. Alternate translation: “Do not refuse to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 57 egc5 figs-metonymy 0 You came near People often come near to a person they help. Here “came near” represents helping the man. Alternate translation: “you helped me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 58 rq8w figs-metaphor 0 you defended my case, you saved my life The author speaks of God keeping him from being killed by his enemies as if God had defended him in court as a lawyer defends someone, and kept him from being killed. Alternate translation: “you saved my life from my enemies. It is as though you defended me in court” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 58 x4xw figs-metaphor 0 you defended my case Here “defended my case” represents arguing for him. Alternate translation: “you argued my case for me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 59 z61e figs-metaphor 0 judge my case Here God is no longer pictured as a lawyer, but as the judge. It can be stated clearly that he wanted God to judge in his favor. Alternate translation: “make a decision about me, and show my enemies that I am right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 3 61 k1lw figs-abstractnouns 0 You have heard their scorn … and all their plans regarding me The abstract noun “scorn” can be expressed with the verbs “taunt” or “mock.” It can be stated clearly that the plans were to harm him. Alternate translation: “You heard how they have taunted me … and all they plan to do to me” or “You have heard them mock me … and plan ways to harm me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 3 62 x6km figs-metaphor 0 The lips and the accusations … come against me all the day The author speaks of his enemies accusing him all day as if their accusations were soldiers that come to attack him all day. Alternate translation: “My enemies speak against me and accuse me through the whole day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 3 62 u23i figs-metonymy 0 The lips … of my enemies Here the lips represent what his enemies say. Alternate translation: “The words … of my enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 63 ti38 figs-merism 0 how they sit and then rise up These two actions together represent everything the people do. Alternate translation: “everything they do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
LAM 3 64 h9mv figs-metaphor 0 Pay back to them, Yahweh, according to what they have done Here “Pay back to them” represents punishing them. What they have done can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “Punish them, Yahweh, according to what they have done” or “Yahweh, they have made me suffer, so please make them suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 3 65 x92m figs-metonymy 0 You will let their hearts be shameless Here the “heart” is a metonym that represents their attitudes and emotions, and being “shameless” means not feeling ashamed of their sins even though they should. Their not being ashamed would give even more reason for God to punish them. Alternate translation: “You will let them feel no shame for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 3 65 w3iz figs-abstractnouns 0 May your condemnation be upon them The abstract noun “condemnation” can be expressed with the verbs “condemn” or “curse.” Alternate translation: “Condemn them” or “Curse them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 3 66 zs3c figs-metonymy 0 from under the heavens Here “from under the heavens” represents everywhere on earth. Alternate translation: “wherever they are on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 intro v761 0 # Lamentations 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The story of Judah being destroyed continues in this chapter. Famine destroyed the rulers and the priests. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])
|
||||
LAM 4 1 rhc4 writing-poetry 0 General Information: A new poem begins. See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]].
|
||||
LAM 4 1 su7t figs-metaphor 0 The gold has become tarnished; how the purest gold has changed The people of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were gold that is no longer shiny, and therefore no longer valuable. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem are like gold that is no longer shiny. They are like pure gold that is no longer beautiful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 1 v4ij figs-exclamations 0 how the purest gold has changed This is an exclamation that shows the author’s sadness that this has happened. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
|
||||
LAM 4 1 d474 figs-metaphor 0 The holy stones are scattered at the corner of every street This may refer to the temple being destroyed and its stones scattered throughout the city. It may also be a metaphor for the people being scattered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 1 ild2 0 at the corner of every street “wherever the streets come together” or “by all the roads”
|
||||
LAM 4 2 va3j figs-metaphor 0 sons of Zion Here people of a city are spoken of as if they were the sons of the city. This could mean: (1) this refers to only the young men of Jerusalem or (2) this refers to all the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 2 ld1a figs-metaphor 0 they are worth no more than clay jars, the work of the potter’s hands The author speaks of the precious sons of Zion as if they were considered to be inexpensive clay jars. Alternate translation: “people consider them to be as worthless as the clay jars that potters make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 3 a5ip 0 General Information: Because of the lack of food in the city, the people of Jerusalem do not give their children all they need.
|
||||
LAM 4 3 m7cj 0 the jackals offer the breast to nurse their cubs This means that mother jackals feed their baby jackals.
|
||||
LAM 4 3 k8ik 0 jackals fierce wild dogs
|
||||
LAM 4 3 c37l figs-simile 0 the daughter of my people … like the ostriches in the desert The people in Jerusalem are compared to ostriches because they are cruel to their children. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 4 3 ty21 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people has This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “my people have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 4 3 g4l2 0 ostriches large birds that abandon some of their eggs
|
||||
LAM 4 4 zp13 0 The tongue of the nursing baby sticks to the roof of his mouth by thirst “Nursing babies are so thirsty that their tongues stick to the top of their mouths”
|
||||
LAM 4 5 sft1 0 feast on “eat much”
|
||||
LAM 4 5 p6wj 0 now starve in the streets These people no longer have homes, so they live outside along the streets.
|
||||
LAM 4 5 sg4z figs-activepassive 0 Those who were brought up wearing scarlet clothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those who grew up wearing scarlet clothing” or “those who wore scarlet clothing when they were growing up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 5 xp9m figs-metonymy 0 scarlet clothing Here this phrase is a metonym for luxurious, expensive, and comfortable clothing, at least some of which was probably scarlet. Alternate translation: “luxurious clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 5 l3s2 0 now lie on piles of ashes This is because they no longer have homes and soft beds.
|
||||
LAM 4 6 nw5s 0 The punishment of the daughter of my people is greater than that of Sodom The abstract noun “punishment” can be expressed with the verb “punish.” Alternate translation: “The daughter of my people has been punished more severely than Sodom was punished”
|
||||
LAM 4 6 ef77 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 4 6 l7zs figs-activepassive 0 which was overthrown in a moment The word “which” refers to Sodom. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which God destroyed in a moment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 6 xk36 figs-activepassive 0 no hands were wrung for her This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one wrung their hands for her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 6 wg9e figs-metonymy 0 no hands were wrung for her People sometimes rub and twist their hands when they are worried and cannot fix something, so wringing the hands here represents worrying. The word “her” refers to Jerusalem, which was called “the daughter of my people.” Alternate translation: “no one was worried about her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 7 gvp4 figs-metaphor 0 Her leaders were purer than snow, whiter than milk This could mean: (1) Jerusalem’s leaders were beautiful to look at because they were physically healthy or (2) the leaders were morally pure as new snow and milk are pure white. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 7 wu6d 0 Her leaders “Jerusalem’s leaders”
|
||||
LAM 4 7 cw2z figs-explicit 0 their bodies were more ruddy than coral “their bodies were redder than coral.” This implies that they were healthy. Alternate translation: “their bodies were healthy and red” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 4 7 a385 0 coral a rock-hard red substance that comes from the ocean and was used for making decorations
|
||||
LAM 4 7 b9bt 0 sapphire a costly blue stone used in jewelry
|
||||
LAM 4 8 i6jn 0 Their appearance now is darker than soot This may be because: (1) the sun has darkened the leaders’ skin or (2) the soot from the fires that burned Jerusalem has covered their faces.
|
||||
LAM 4 8 es9a figs-activepassive 0 they are not recognized This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one can recognize them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 8 hhs8 figs-explicit 0 Their skin has shriveled on their bones This implies that there was not much muscle or fat under the skin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 4 8 asf7 figs-simile 0 it has become as dry as wood Their dry skin is compared to dry wood. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 4 9 ke6f figs-metonymy 0 Those who have been killed by the sword Here the “sword” represents an enemy’s attack. It can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Those whom enemy soldiers have killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 9 k4rk figs-metonymy 0 those killed by hunger Here “hunger” represents starvation. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those who starved to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]]and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 9 zt2w 0 who wasted away “who became extremely thin and weak”
|
||||
LAM 4 9 s8er figs-metonymy 0 pierced by the lack of any harvest from the field Here “harvest from the field” is a metonym that represents food to eat. Lack of food is spoken of here as if it were a sword that pierces people. Alternate translation: “who died because there was not enough food to eat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 10 sfz2 figs-synecdoche 0 The hands of compassionate women Here the women are represented by their “hands.” Because they were so hungry, women who had been compassionate in the past were no longer compassionate toward their children; instead they boiled them for food. Alternate translation: “Compassionate women” or “Women who had been compassionate in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
LAM 4 10 e7bm 0 they became their food “their children became the women’s food”
|
||||
LAM 4 10 bac1 figs-metonymy 0 the daughter of my people was This is a poetic name for Jerusalem, which is spoken of here as if it were a woman. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “my people were” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 4 11 i5ys figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh showed all his wrath; he poured out his fierce anger Yahweh was very angry, and he did everything he wanted to do to show that he was angry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
LAM 4 11 xr4z figs-metaphor 0 he poured out his fierce anger God’s punishing his people is spoken of as if his anger were a burning hot liquid that he poured out on them. Alternate translation: “because of his fierce anger, he punished his people” or “in fierce anger he responded to his people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 11 tc8v figs-metonymy 0 He kindled a fire in Zion This represents God causing Israel’s enemies to start a fire in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “He caused a fire to start in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 11 ml4m figs-synecdoche 0 that consumed her foundations Here “her foundations” represents the whole city, even the part of the city that would be ruined last. Alternate translation: “that burned down the city, even its foundations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
LAM 4 12 qvf1 0 The kings of the earth did not believe, nor did any of the inhabitants of the world believe, “The kings of the earth and the rest of the inhabitants of the world did not believe”
|
||||
LAM 4 12 iy64 figs-doublet 0 enemies or opponents These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize that these are people who desired to harm Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “any kind of enemy” or “any of Jerusalem’s enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
LAM 4 13 pz3y figs-parallelism 0 the sins of her prophets and the iniquities of her priests These two lines share similar meanings and emphasize that these spiritual leaders were largely responsible for the fall of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the terrible sins of her prophets and priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
LAM 4 13 t6hn figs-metonymy 0 who have shed the blood of the righteous Both the priests and the prophets were guilty of murder. Here “shed the blood” represents murder. Alternate translation: “who have murdered the righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 14 ah77 figs-metaphor 0 They wandered, blind, through the streets The priests and prophets are spoken of as if they were blind because they wandered through the streets, not knowing where to go. Alternate translation: “They wandered through the streets like blind men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 14 b7ti figs-metaphor 0 They were so defiled by that blood Here “defiled” represents being unacceptable to God. Because the priests and prophets murdered people, they were ritually unclean, unable to worship God or be with ordinary people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 14 dpi8 figs-metonymy 0 defiled by that blood “defiled by the blood that they shed.” This could mean: (1) the blood was on their clothes or (2) “blood” is a metonym for murder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 15 qtp2 0 Away! Unclean “Go away! You are unclean”
|
||||
LAM 4 15 uf2c 0 Away! Away! Do not touch “Go away! Go away! Do not touch us”
|
||||
LAM 4 16 s74r 0 scattered them “scattered the prophets and priests”
|
||||
LAM 4 16 a7if figs-metonymy 0 he does not watch over them anymore Here “watch over them” represents being concerned about them and helping them. Alternate translation: “he does not care about them anymore” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 17 j6ac figs-metonymy 0 Our eyes failed, looking in vain for help Their eyes failing represents their seeking and not being able to find what they were looking for. These two phrases together emphasize that they were trying hard to find help. Alternate translation: “We continued looking, but we could not find anyone to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 17 gw6x figs-abstractnouns 0 for help The abstract noun “help” can be expressed as a verb. Alternate translation: “for people to help us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 4 17 ep11 0 in vain without succeeding
|
||||
LAM 4 17 j62q figs-metaphor 0 we watched for a nation that could not rescue us Here “watched” represents hoping. It can be stated clearly that they were hoping that a nation would come and rescue them. Alternate translation: “we hoped for a nation to come and rescue us, but it could not rescue us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 4 18 ah5m figs-metonymy 0 They followed our steps Here “our steps” represents where they went. Alternate translation: “Our enemies followed us everywhere we went” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 18 sgr6 figs-metaphor 0 Our end was near Here “near” is a metaphor for “soon.” Alternate translation: “Our end would be soon” or “Our enemies would soon destroy us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 18 g9cv figs-explicit 0 Our end This could mean: (1) “Our end” refers to the end of living in their own city because their enemies would destroy the city and capture them. Alternate translation: “Our destruction” or “Our capture” or (2) “Our end” refers to the end of their lives. Alternate translation: “Our death” or “The time for us to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 4 18 m59p figs-metaphor 0 our days were numbered Being numbered represents being so few that they could be easily counted. Alternate translation: “we had very little time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 18 knb5 figs-metaphor 0 our end had come The phrase “had come” means that what they had expected was now happening. Alternate translation: “it was now the end for us” or “our enemies were attacking us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 19 a693 figs-simile 0 Our pursuers were swifter than the eagles in the sky The author compares the speed of their pursuers to the speed of eagles flying. Eagles fly very quickly to catch other animals. Alternate translation: “Those who were chasing us were faster than eagles” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 4 19 q2y4 0 lay in wait for us “waited to attack us”
|
||||
LAM 4 20 k8w6 figs-metaphor 0 he was the one who was captured in their pits Here “pits” refers to the enemies’ plans to capture him. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he was the one whom our enemies captured by their plans” or “our enemies made plans to capture our king, and they did capture him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 20 l1a8 figs-distinguish 0 of whom it was said This phrase with the quote following it gives us more information about the king. The quote shows what the people had hoped the king would do for them before he was trapped. It can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “even though we had said about him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 4 20 d6rl figs-metaphor 0 Under his shadow we will live among the nations Here “his shadow” represents him protecting them. Alternate translation: “Under his protection we will live among the nations” or “Though we may have to live in other nations, he will protect us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 4 21 x8qp figs-doublet 0 Rejoice and be glad “Rejoice” and “be glad” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of gladness. The writer uses these words to mock the people. He knew that the people of Edom would be glad that Jerusalem is being destroyed. Alternate translation: “Be very glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
LAM 4 21 k5q4 figs-personification 0 daughter of Edom The people of the land of Edom are spoken of as if they were a woman. They were Israel’s enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
LAM 4 21 d53p figs-metaphor 0 But to you also the cup will be passed The cup is a metonym for the wine in it. The wine is a metaphor for punishment. Alternate translation: “But Yahweh will also punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 4 22 i7ub figs-personification 0 Daughter of Zion The people of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])\
|
||||
LAM 4 22 y3mu figs-abstractnouns 0 your punishment will come to an end “your punishment will end.” The abstract noun punishment can be expressed with the verb “punish.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh will stop punishing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
LAM 4 22 jt3i 0 he will not extend your exile “Yahweh will not make your time in exile longer” or “Yahweh will not make you stay in exile longer”
|
||||
LAM 4 22 c3zn figs-metaphor 0 he will uncover your sins Here the sins not being known by others are spoken of as if they are under a cover. Removing the cover represents letting other people know about them. Alternate translation: “he will expose your sins” or “he will cause other people to know how you have sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 5 intro si98 0 # Lamentations 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Judah was destroyed for her sin. As slaves, life was very hard. The author wondered if God would be angry forever. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])
|
||||
LAM 5 1 hj48 writing-poetry 0 General Information: A new poem begins. See [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]].
|
||||
LAM 5 1 a5gv figs-idiom 0 Remember, Yahweh, what has happened to us “Remember” here is an idiom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh, think about what has happened to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
LAM 5 1 q2dv 0 look and see our disgrace “look at the shameful state we are in”
|
||||
LAM 5 2 iwh9 figs-activepassive 0 Our inheritance has been turned over to strangers; our houses to foreigners The idea of things being turned over to others can be expressed with an active form. Since it is also understood in the second part of the sentence, those words can be repeated there. Alternate translation: “You have turned our inheritance over to strangers; you have turned our houses over to strangers” or “You have allowed strangers to take possession of our inheritance; you have allowed foreigners to take possession of our houses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
LAM 5 3 ijy8 figs-metaphor 0 We have become orphans … our mothers are like widows The people of Jerusalem have no one to protect them because the men have either died in battle or have gone into exile. This speaks of the people not having their fathers and husbands present as if they had actually become orphans and widows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
LAM 5 3 alg7 figs-parallelism 0 orphans, the fatherless These two phrases have the same meaning and emphasize that the people no longer have their fathers. Alternate translation: “orphans who have no fathers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
LAM 5 4 b28p figs-explicit 0 We must pay silver for the water we drink … our own wood This means that their enemies are making them pay money to have the water and wood that they once used for free. Alternate translation: “We have to pay silver to our enemies in order to drink our own water … our own wood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 5 4 it5l figs-activepassive 0 we must pay silver to get our own wood This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “our enemies sell us our own wood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 5 5 a9sx 0 Those who are coming after us “Our enemies who are chasing after us.” This refers to the Babylonian army.
|
||||
LAM 5 5 nf7c figs-metaphor 0 we can find no rest This speaks of being able to rest as if “rest” were an object that could be found. Alternate translation: “we are unable to rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
LAM 5 6 ysv9 figs-idiom 0 We have given ourselves to Egypt and to Assyria to get enough food This phrase “given ourselves” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “We have made a treaty with Egypt and with Assyria so that we would have food to eat” or “We have surrendered to Egypt and to Assyria to have enough food to remain alive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
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LAM 5 7 ecx8 figs-euphemism 0 they are no more This refers to them being dead. Alternate translation: “they have died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
|
||||
LAM 5 7 zhr6 figs-metonymy 0 we bear their iniquities Here “iniquities” represents the punishment received because of their ancestors’ sins. Alternate translation: “we bear the punishment for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 5 8 em5u figs-explicit 0 Slaves rule over us This could mean: (1) “Now the people who rule over us are themselves slaves to their own masters in Babylon” or (2) “People who used to be slaves in Babylon now rule over us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
LAM 5 8 ku5l figs-metonymy 0 to deliver us from their hand Here the word “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “to rescue us from their control” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 5 9 nl6v figs-metonymy 0 bread Here “bread” refers to food in general. Alternate translation: “food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 5 9 uiq1 figs-metonymy 0 because of the sword in the wilderness Here robbers with swords are represented by their “swords.” Alternate translation: “because there are robbers in the wilderness who kill others with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
LAM 5 10 r3jf figs-simile 0 Our skin has grown as hot as an oven because of the burning heat of hunger This speaks of the peoples’ bodies being hot and feverish as if their skin was as hot as an oven. The people have fever because of their hunger. Alternate translation: “Our skin has become hot like an oven, and we have a very high fever because we are extremely hungry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
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LAM 5 11 z35x figs-parallelism 0 Women are raped in Zion, and virgins in the cities of Judah These two phrases have similar meaning and emphasize that the women are being violated. The words “are raped” are understood in the second part of this sentence and can be repeated. Alternate translation: “Women are raped in Zion, and virgins are raped in the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
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LAM 5 11 y3me figs-activepassive 0 Women are raped … and virgins This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Our enemies have raped the women … and the virgins” or “Our enemies have violated the women … and the virgins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 5 12 zb12 0 Princes are hung up by their own hands This could mean: (1) the word “their” refers to their enemies. Alternate translation: “With their own hands, they hung princes” or (2) they tied each prince’s hands together with one end of a rope and tied the other end so the prince’s feet could not touch the ground.
|
||||
LAM 5 12 g7iq figs-activepassive 0 no honor is shown to the elders This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they have shown no honor to the elders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
LAM 5 13 f7ub figs-activepassive 0 Young men are forced This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They force young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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LAM 5 13 fzz3 figs-explicit 0 boys stagger under heavy loads of wood The boys are forced to carry the loads of wood. Alternate translation: “boys stagger because they are forced to carry heavy loads of wood” or “they force the boys to carry heavy loads of wood which make them stagger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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LAM 5 14 ji4x 0 the city gate This is where the elders would give legal advice, but also where people would meet socially.
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LAM 5 14 j6xc figs-metaphor 0 the young men have left their music Playing music was part of the social life at the city gate. This speaks of the men no longer playing their music as if the act of playing music were a place that they left. Alternate translation: “the young men have stopped playing their music” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 5 15 l248 figs-synecdoche 0 The joy of our heart Here the word “heart” refers to the whole person and emphasizes their emotions. Alternate translation: “Our joy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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LAM 5 16 j13s figs-metonymy 0 The crown has fallen from our head This could mean: (1) “We no longer wear flowers on our heads for celebrations” or (2) The “crown” represents their king and their “head” represents a place of authority over the people. Alternate translation: “We no longer have a king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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LAM 5 17 gbn4 figs-metonymy 0 For this our heart has become sick The “heart” represents a person’s emotions. This speaks of a person being discouraged as if their emotions were sick. Alternate translation: “Because of this we are discouraged” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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LAM 5 17 tqx4 figs-explicit 0 for these things our eyes grow dim This means that they have a hard time seeing because they are crying. Alternate translation: “and we can hardly see because our eyes are full of tears” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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LAM 5 18 p4v1 0 for Mount Zion lies desolate Here “Mount Zion” refers to Jerusalem. The phrase “lies desolate” means that no one lives there.
|
||||
LAM 5 18 i8us 0 jackals These are fierce wild dogs. See how you translated this in [Lamentations 4:3](../04/03.md).
|
||||
LAM 5 19 x9jh figs-metonymy 0 sit upon your throne Here sitting on the throne represents ruling as king. Alternate translation: “rule as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
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LAM 5 19 bv71 figs-idiom 0 from generation to generation This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “always” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
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LAM 5 20 kf3s figs-rquestion 0 Why do you forget us forever? Why do you forsake us for the length of your days? The author uses these rhetorical questions to express his feelings that Yahweh has forgotten them. These questions can be written as a statement. Alternate translation: “It is as though you will forget us forever or not come back to us for a very long time!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
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LAM 5 20 yr7c figs-idiom 0 for the length of your days Here this idiom refers to the duration of God’s life. Since God lives forever, it can also be translated as “forever.” Perhaps the writer was uing hyperbole and exaggerating the length of time he believed that God was forsaking them. Alternate translation: “for as long as you live” or “forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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LAM 5 21 igv8 0 Restore us to yourself “Bring us back to yourself”
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LAM 5 22 bh9w 0 unless you have utterly rejected us and you are angry with us beyond measure This could mean: (1) that the writer is afraid that Yahweh might be too angry to restore them or (2) that he is saying that Yahweh is too angry to restore them.
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LAM 5 22 x3ad figs-hypo 0 are angry with us beyond measure This speaks of Yahweh being very angry as if his anger cannot be measured. This is an exaggeration. Alternate translation: “are extremely angry with us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
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DAN front intro txw3 0 # Introduction to Daniel<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Daniel<br><br>1. Daniel and his friends in the court of Nebuchadnezzar (1:1–21)<br>1. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar’s first dream (2:1–49)<br>1. Daniel’s friends delivered from the fiery furnace (3:1–30)<br>1. Daniel interprets Nebuchadnezzar’s second dream (4:1–37)<br>1. Belshazzar’s feast and the writing on the wall (5:1-31)<br>1. Daniel in the den of lions (6:1–28)<br>1. Daniel’s vision of four beasts (7:1–28)<br>1. Daniel’s vision of a ram and a goat (8:1–27)<br>1. Daniel prays and Gabriel answers (9:1–23)<br>1. Daniel’s vision of seventy weeks (9:24–27)<br>1. Daniel’s vision of a man (10:1–11:1)<br>1. The kings of the south and north (11:2–20)<br>1. An evil king exalts himself (11:21-39)<br>1. The time of the end (11:40–12:13)<br><br>### What is the Book of Daniel about?<br><br>The first part of the Book of Daniel (chapters 1–6) is a narrative about Daniel and his friends. They were young men from Jerusalem who were taken to Babylon as prisoners. These chapters tell how they were faithful to Yahweh while living in a pagan land serving a pagan king. And it tells how God rewarded them because they were faithful.<br><br>The rest of the Book of Daniel is a series of prophetic visions. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with images representing the kingdoms and kings of the major nations. Chapters 9–11 are prophecies and visions about wars and a type of the great enemy of God appearing. Chapter 12 is a vision that describes end times.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Daniel” or just “Daniel.” Translators may call it “The Book About Daniel” or “The Book About the Deeds and Visions of Daniel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Daniel?<br><br>Daniel was a Jew who became a Babylonian government official during the exile. He may have written the book himself. Or he may have written the parts of the book and someone else put the parts together at a later time.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Is there a missing week in Daniel’s prophecy?<br><br>Scholars disagree about what may appear to be a missing week in 9:24-27. It is best for translators to allow apparent mysteries such as this to remain in the text. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-apocalypticwriting]])<br><br>### When did the seventy weeks begin?<br><br>The seventy weeks in 9:24-27 began when a decree was issued to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. But there were several decrees that allowed this to happen. Translators do not need to understand how prophecies were or will be fulfilled to translate the text.<br><br>### Who was Darius the Mede?<br><br>Darius the Mede was a Babylonian king who sent Daniel into a den of lions. People have not found his name in history outside of the Book of Daniel. Scholars have tried to explain who Darius was, but they are not certain.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How does Daniel use the word “king”?<br><br>Many kings are in the Book of Daniel, but not all of the kings ruled over all of Babylon or Persia. Some of the kings may have ruled over regions or cities.<br><br>### How many chapters does Daniel have?<br><br>Daniel has twelve chapters. Some Bible versions include stories called “Bel and the Dragon” and “The Prayer of Azariah.” However, few people think that these stories have the same authority as the rest of scripture. Therefore, there is no need to translate them.
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DAN 1 intro p1ev 0 # Daniel 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>### Training for government jobs<br><br>Daniel, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego were chosen to be trained for service in the Babylonian kingdom. It was not unusual for foreigners to be given positions in the Babylonian government as advisors or cultural ambassadors.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Food laws<br><br>The food from the king included things the Jews were not allowed to eat according to the law of Moses. Daniel requested permission not to eat the king’s food. He proved to the king that this food was not necessary for good health. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])
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DAN 1 1 x9t9 figs-synecdoche 0 Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia This refers to Nebuchadnezzar and his soldiers, not only to Nebuchadnezzar. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia and his soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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DAN 1 1 cps4 0 to cut off all supplies to it “to stop the people from receiving any supplies”
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DAN 1 1 sxi6 figs-synecdoche 0 Jehoiakim king of Judah This refers to Jehoiakim and his soldiers, not only to Jehoiakim. Alternate translation: “the army of Jehoiakim king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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DAN 1 2 mfr8 figs-synecdoche 0 gave Nebuchadnezzar This refers to Nebuchadnezzar and his soldiers, not only to Nebuchadnezzar. Alternate translation: “gave Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonia and his soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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DAN 1 2 w31y 0 he gave him Jehoiakim gave Nebuchadnezzar
|
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DAN 1 2 l12t figs-synecdoche 0 He brought … he placed Although Nebuchadnezzar did not do these things alone, it may easier for the reader to retain the singular pronouns. Alternate translation: “They brought … they placed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
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DAN 1 2 tb9l 0 He brought them Here “them” probably refers to Jehoiakim and other prisoners, as well as the sacred objects.
|
||||
DAN 1 2 riv5 0 in his god’s treasury This was an act of devotion to his god.
|
||||
DAN 1 3 c2p4 0 The king spoke This refers to Nebuchadnezzar.
|
||||
DAN 1 3 pba3 translate-names 0 Ashpenaz This is the chief official. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 1 4 j6vw figs-litotes 0 without blemish These two negative words together emphasize a positive idea. Alternate translation: “with perfect appearance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
|
||||
DAN 1 4 ki41 figs-idiom 0 filled with knowledge and understanding This is an idiom. This means they knew much and could organize and use that information. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 1 4 im8m 0 king’s palace This is the large house or building where the king lives.
|
||||
DAN 1 4 gg5x 0 He was to teach them “Ashpenaz was to teach them”
|
||||
DAN 1 5 v9dg figs-metonymy 0 The king counted out for them The king’s officials did this task for him. Alternate translation: “The king’s officials counted out for them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
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DAN 1 5 vq2i 0 his delicacies the special, rare, good foods that the king ate
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DAN 1 5 ex12 figs-activepassive 0 These young men were to be trained This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Ashpenaz was to train these young men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
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DAN 1 5 bj35 0 trained “taught skills”
|
||||
DAN 1 6 ln29 0 Among these “Among the young men from Israel”
|
||||
DAN 1 7 k7uc 0 The chief official This refers to Ashpenaz who was King Nebuchadnezzar’s highest official.
|
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DAN 1 7 b656 translate-names 0 Belteshazzar … Shadrach … Meshach … Abednego These are all men’s names. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
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DAN 1 8 s7sr figs-synecdoche 0 Daniel intended in his mind Here “mind” refers to Daniel himself. Alternate translation: “Daniel decided to himself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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DAN 1 8 xse9 figs-explicit 0 pollute himself To “pollute” something is to make is unclean. Some of the food and drink of the Babylonians would make Daniel ceremonially unclean according to God’s law. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “make himself unclean according to God’s law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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DAN 1 8 e52r 0 delicacies This refers to the special, rare, good foods that the king ate. See how you translated this in [Daniel 1:3](../01/03.md).
|
||||
DAN 1 10 wc2i figs-rquestion 0 Why should he see you looking worse than the other young men of your own age? The official uses this question to explain what he thought would happen. It can be a statement. Alternate translation: “He does not want to see you looking worse than the other young men of your own age.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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DAN 1 10 n5lc figs-idiom 0 The king might have my head This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “The king might cut off my head” or “The king might kill me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 1 13 m7rh 0 compare our appearance with the appearance Daniel asked the steward to see if he and his friends looked worse than the other young men. Alternate translation: “compare our appearance to see if it is worse than the appearance”
|
||||
DAN 1 14 thm2 0 tested them tested Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah
|
||||
DAN 1 15 h7dv 0 their appearance … they were The pronouns refer to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah.
|
||||
DAN 1 15 pj6p 0 nourished This means to have been made healthy from what you have eaten.
|
||||
DAN 1 16 uzg5 0 their delicacies … their wine … gave them All of these pronouns refer to Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah.
|
||||
DAN 1 17 das8 figs-abstractnouns 0 God gave them knowledge and insight This can be reworded so that the abstract nouns “knowledge” and “insight” can be expressed as the verbs “learn” and “understand.” Alternate translation: “God gave them the ability to learn and understand clearly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
DAN 1 17 wn6n figs-hyperbole 0 in all literature and wisdom Here “all” is a generalization to show that they had a very good education and understanding. Alternate translation: “in many things that the Babylonians had written and studied” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
DAN 1 19 ita9 0 The king spoke with them The king spoke with the “four young men” ([Daniel 1:17](../01/17.md)).
|
||||
DAN 1 19 u1am figs-litotes 0 among the whole group there were none to compare with Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah pleased him much more than anyone else in the whole group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
|
||||
DAN 1 19 e2m3 0 Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah These are the names of men. See how you translated these names in [Daniel 1:6](../01/06.md).
|
||||
DAN 1 20 f5x8 figs-hyperbole 0 ten times better Here “ten times” is an exaggeration representing great quality. Alternate translation: “much better” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
DAN 1 21 jhp9 0 the first year of King Cyrus “the first year that King Cyrus ruled Babylon”
|
||||
DAN 2 intro epd5 0 # Daniel 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in Daniel’s prayer in 2:20-23.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The king’s dream<br><br>Daniel told the king’s dream and what the dream meant. In the ancient Near East, it was believed that only people in touch with the gods could interpret dreams. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>### How Daniel knew the dream<br><br>Daniel gave Yahweh the honor for having told him the dream and its meaning in answer to the prayers of the four men.
|
||||
DAN 2 1 mns5 translate-ordinal 0 In the second year “In year two” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 2 1 xtc6 0 he had dreams “Nebuchadnezzar had dreams”
|
||||
DAN 2 1 xw34 figs-metonymy 0 His mind was troubled Here “mind” refers to his thoughts. Alternate translation: “His thoughts disturbed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 2 1 g67b 0 and he could not sleep His troubled thoughts prevented him from sleeping. Alternate translation: “so that he could not sleep”
|
||||
DAN 2 2 zsv7 0 Then the king summoned the magicians “Then the king called the magicians”
|
||||
DAN 2 2 a7yh 0 the dead “people who had died”
|
||||
DAN 2 2 n5gn 0 they came in “they came into the palace”
|
||||
DAN 2 2 x5f6 0 stood before “stood in front of”
|
||||
DAN 2 3 q4dv figs-synecdoche 0 my mind is anxious Here “mind” refers to the king himself. Alternate translation: “I am anxious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 2 3 wvg5 0 anxious “troubled”
|
||||
DAN 2 4 k6f2 translate-names 0 Aramaic This is the language that people in Babylon spoke. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 2 4 b8zx 0 King, live forever! The men probably said this to show the king that they were loyal to him. Alternate translation: “King, we hope you will live forever!”
|
||||
DAN 2 4 n36i 0 us, your servants The men called themselves the king’s servants to show him respect.
|
||||
DAN 2 4 cba4 figs-exclusive 0 we will reveal Here the word “we” refers to the men that the king is speaking to and does not include the king. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 5 mdp2 figs-activepassive 0 This matter has been settled This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have already decided what to do about this matter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 5 nw8r figs-activepassive 0 your bodies will be torn apart and your houses made into rubbish heaps This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will command my soldiers to tear your bodies apart and to make your houses into rubbish heaps” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 6 xv1k figs-activepassive 0 you will receive gifts from me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will give you gifts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 7 ux2h figs-123person 0 Let the king tell us The wise men addressed the king in the third person as a sign of respect. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 2 8 h6gf figs-metaphor 0 you see how firm my decision is about this A decision that will not be changed is spoken of as something firm. Alternate translation: “you see that I will not change my decision about this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 2 9 ef89 0 there is only one sentence for you “there is only one punishment for you”
|
||||
DAN 2 9 xj29 figs-doublet 0 false and deceptive words These two words mean approximately the same thing and emphasize that these are “lies intended to deceive.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 2 10 m1jc figs-doublet 0 great and powerful These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of the king’s power. Alternate translation: “most powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 2 11 n99m figs-litotes 0 there is no one who can tell it to the king except the gods This is stated in negative form for emphasis. It can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “only the gods can tell this to the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
|
||||
DAN 2 12 xu8y figs-doublet 0 angry and very furious These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of his anger. Alternate translation: “incredibly angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 2 12 y1cf 0 all those in Babylon “all the men in Babylon”
|
||||
DAN 2 13 w1hk figs-personification 0 So the decree went out The decree is spoken of as if it was alive and able to go out by itself. Alternate translation: “So the king issued a command” or “So the king gave a command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 2 13 m5cr figs-activepassive 0 all those who were known for their wisdom were to be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the soldiers were to kill all of the men who were known for their wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 13 d4wp figs-activepassive 0 so they could be put to death This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “in order to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 14 fm3n figs-doublet 0 prudence and discretion These two words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of his prudence. Alternate translation: “caution and careful judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 2 14 cj8p translate-names 0 Arioch This is the name of the king’s commander. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 2 14 a4fa 0 bodyguard This is a group of men whose job is to protect the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 14 y853 0 who had come to kill “who the king had sent out to kill”
|
||||
DAN 2 16 ju9k figs-explicit 0 Daniel went in Daniel probably went to the palace. Alternate translation: “Daniel went to the palace” or “Daniel went to talk with the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 2 16 jl4r 0 requested an appointment with the king “asked for a set time to meet with the king”
|
||||
DAN 2 17 bbc8 0 his house This is referring to Daniel’s house.
|
||||
DAN 2 17 ijt3 0 what had happened “about the king’s decree”
|
||||
DAN 2 18 uh7c 0 He urged them to seek mercy “He begged them to pray for mercy”
|
||||
DAN 2 18 yhz1 figs-activepassive 0 so that he and they might not be killed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that the king would not kill them” or “so that the king’s bodyguard would not kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 19 nq22 figs-activepassive 0 That night the mystery was revealed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “That night God revealed the mystery” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 19 s94i 0 the mystery This is referring to the king’s dream and its meaning.
|
||||
DAN 2 20 e8z9 figs-metonymy 0 Praise the name of God Here “name” refers to God himself. Alternate translation: “Praise God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 2 21 p54i 0 General Information: These verses are also part of Daniel’s prayer.
|
||||
DAN 2 21 xy7w 0 he removes kings “he takes away kings’ authority to rule”
|
||||
DAN 2 21 k348 figs-metonymy 0 places kings on their thrones Here being on the “throne” refers to ruling over a kingdom. Alternate translation: “makes new kings rule over their kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 2 22 v5bq 0 the light lives with him “the light comes from where God is”
|
||||
DAN 2 23 e5yc figs-123person 0 General Information: This verse is also part of Daniel’s prayer. He stops addressing God in the third person and switches to the more personal second person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 2 23 b3ga 0 made known to me what we asked of you “told me what my friends and I asked you to tell us”
|
||||
DAN 2 23 x268 0 made known to us the matter that concerns the king “told us what the king wants to know”
|
||||
DAN 2 24 le8h translate-names 0 Arioch This is the name of the king’s commander. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 2:14](../02/14.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 2 24 fs73 0 everyone who was wise “the wise men”
|
||||
DAN 2 26 z3qq translate-names 0 Belteshazzar This was the name the Babylonians gave to Daniel. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 2 27 b59r figs-activepassive 0 The mystery that the king has asked about … not by astrologers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Those who have wisdom, those who claim to speak with the dead, magicians, and astrologers cannot reveal the mystery about which the king has asked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 27 r8dh 0 The mystery that the king has asked about This phrase refers to the king’s dream.
|
||||
DAN 2 29 fm11 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 29 as3u figs-explicit 0 the one who reveals mysteries This phrase refers to God. Alternate translation: “God, who reveals mysteries” or “God, who makes mysteries known” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 2 30 v6bt figs-activepassive 0 this mystery was not revealed to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God did not reveal this mystery to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 30 qk3n figs-activepassive 0 This mystery was revealed to me so that you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He revealed the mystery to me so that you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 30 ca22 figs-synecdoche 0 know the thoughts deep within you This phrase is using the word “you” referring to the person’s mind. Alternate translation: “know the thoughts deep inside your mind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 2 31 c17n 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 32 qp26 0 was made of fine gold “was of fine gold” or “was fine gold”
|
||||
DAN 2 33 n7d7 0 were made partly of iron and partly of clay “were partly of iron and partly of clay” or “were partly iron and partly clay”
|
||||
DAN 2 34 upd5 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 34 e77j figs-activepassive 0 a stone was cut out, although not by human hands, and it This can be stated in active form if it is divided into two sentences. Alternate translation: “someone cut a stone from a mountain, but it was not a human who cut it. The stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 35 si32 figs-simile 0 like the chaff of the threshing floors in the summer This phrase is comparing the pieces of the statue to small and light things which could be blown away by the wind. Alternate translation: “like dry pieces of grass blowing away in the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 2 35 fe57 figs-litotes 0 there was no trace of them left This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “they were completely gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
|
||||
DAN 2 35 nfy2 0 filled the whole earth “spread over the whole earth”
|
||||
DAN 2 36 b8tq 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 36 utl6 figs-pronouns 0 Now we will tell the king Here “we” refers only to Daniel. He may have used to plural form in humility to avoid taking credit for knowing the meaning of the dream that God had revealed to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
|
||||
DAN 2 37 e2xg 0 king of the kings “the most important king” or “a king who rules over other kings”
|
||||
DAN 2 37 gfj7 figs-doublet 0 the power, the strength These words mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 2 38 lz1m figs-metonymy 0 He has given into your hand the place Here “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “He has given you control over the place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 2 38 ed9h figs-metonymy 0 the place where the human beings live The place is used to represent the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 2 38 t4ew figs-metonymy 0 He has given over the animals … into your hand Here “hand” refers to control. Alternate translation: “He has given you control over the animals of the fields and the birds of the heavens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 2 38 flm9 0 birds of the heavens Here “heavens” is used in the sense of “skies.”
|
||||
DAN 2 38 ffq7 writing-symlanguage 0 You are the statue’s head of gold In the king’s dream the statue’s head represents the king. Alternate translation: “The golden head symbolizes you” or “The golden head is a symbol of you and your power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 2 39 a4tq 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 39 t5ct figs-explicit 0 another kingdom will arise In the king’s dream his kingdom is gold so an inferior kingdom would be silver. Alternate translation: “another kingdom, which is of silver, will arise” or “another kingdom, which is represented by the silver parts of the statue, will arise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 2 39 c45r writing-symlanguage 0 yet a third kingdom of bronze This is symbolic language where the bronze of parts of the statue represent a future kingdom. Alternate translation: “then still another kingdom, which is represented by the bronze parts of the statue” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 2 39 k4z1 translate-ordinal 0 a third kingdom “kingdom number three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 2 40 v1d8 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 40 q2dl translate-ordinal 0 There will be a fourth kingdom “There will be a kingdom number four” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 2 40 d7bf figs-simile 0 strong as iron The fourth kingdom is spoken of as being as strong as iron. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 2 40 rjj2 writing-symlanguage 0 It will shatter all these things and crush them This symbolic language means the fourth kingdom will defeat and replace the other kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 2 40 qn2j 0 all these things “the previous kingdoms”
|
||||
DAN 2 41 y27x 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 41 lp4z 0 Just as you saw Nebuchadnezzar saw that the feet consisted of clay and iron. He did not see the process of making the feet.
|
||||
DAN 2 41 bc2q figs-activepassive 0 were partly made of baked clay and partly made of iron This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “were a mixture of baked clay and iron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 43 c3hf 0 they will not stay together “they will not remain united”
|
||||
DAN 2 44 zd8x 0 General Information: Daniel continues talking to the king.
|
||||
DAN 2 44 fan9 0 In the days of those kings Here “those kings” refers to the rulers of the kingdoms symbolized by the different parts of the statue.
|
||||
DAN 2 44 d96c figs-activepassive 0 that will never be destroyed, nor will it be conquered by another people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that no one will ever destroy, and that another people never conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 45 u69a figs-activepassive 0 a stone was cut out of the mountain, but not by human hands This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone cut a stone from the mountain, but it was not a human who cut it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 45 xc85 0 reliable trustworthy and correct
|
||||
DAN 2 46 hb4s translate-symaction 0 fell on his face This symbolic act showed that the king was honoring Daniel. Alternate translation: “lay down with his face on the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 2 46 xf46 figs-activepassive 0 an offering be made and that incense be offered up to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his servants make an offering and offer up incense to Daniel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 2 47 jz9s 0 Truly your God “It is true that your God”
|
||||
DAN 2 47 q3ru 0 the God of gods, the Lord of kings “greater than all the other gods, and King over all other kings”
|
||||
DAN 2 47 ifr1 0 the one who reveals mysteries Translate “the one who reveals mysteries” as in [Daniel 2:29](../02/29.md).
|
||||
DAN 2 47 h6md 0 to reveal this mystery “to reveal the mystery of my dream”
|
||||
DAN 2 48 lz5p 0 He made him ruler “The king made Daniel the ruler”
|
||||
DAN 2 49 pp5r 0 Shadrach … Meshach … Abednego These were the Babylonian names of the three Jewish men who were brought to Babylon with Daniel. See how you translated these names in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md)
|
||||
DAN 3 intro fc6f 0 # Daniel 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The king’s new idol<br><br>Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to worship the new idol. In the ancient Near East, refusing to worship the king was a sign of rebellion against the king. It was often considered the crime of treason. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sign]])<br><br>### The furnace<br><br>There was a fourth person with them in the furnace, and because of this they were not hurt. Most scholars believe this to be Jesus before he was born.
|
||||
DAN 3 1 vj2c figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar made a gold statue … He set it up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to make a gold statue … They set it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 1 l4e2 translate-bdistance 0 sixty cubits tall and six cubits wide A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “about 27 meters tall and almost 3 meters wide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
|
||||
DAN 3 1 r51y translate-names 0 Plain of Dura This is a location within the kingdom of Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 3 2 pj4s 0 provincial governors … regional governors … local governors These are officials who have authority over different sizes of territory.
|
||||
DAN 3 2 yr48 0 treasurers These officials are in charge of money.
|
||||
DAN 3 3 qh6f 0 the provincial governors, regional governors,…officials of the provinces See how you translated this list in [Daniel 3:2](../03/02.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 3 wy5b figs-metonymy 0 the statue that Nebuchadnezzar had set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the statue that Nebuchadnezzar’s men had set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 4 huk2 0 herald This person is an official messenger for the king.
|
||||
DAN 3 4 z125 figs-activepassive 0 You are commanded This can be stated in active form. “The king commands you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 4 by5m figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who speak different languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 5 xs6t 0 zithers These are musical instruments similar to harps. They are shaped like triangles and have four strings.
|
||||
DAN 3 5 c6tz 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”
|
||||
DAN 3 5 mml9 translate-symaction 0 prostrate yourselves to “stretch yourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 3 6 z9s5 figs-activepassive 0 Whoever does not fall down and worship, at that very moment, will be thrown into a blazing furnace This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The soldiers will throw into a blazing furnace anyone who does not fall down and worship the statue at the very moment they hear the music” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 6 xue4 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”
|
||||
DAN 3 6 x9ik 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire.
|
||||
DAN 3 7 x2pp 0 all the peoples, nations, and languages Here “all” that means all the people who were present.
|
||||
DAN 3 7 y1q9 figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who spoke different languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 7 i26f 0 the horns, flutes … and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated these words in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 7 vyk5 0 fell down Here “fell down” means “quickly lay down”
|
||||
DAN 3 7 xg6t translate-symaction 0 prostrated themselves to They did this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretched themselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 3 7 mi49 figs-metonymy 0 the golden statue that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar’s men had set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 8 vy1k 0 Now This word is used to mark a break in the main story line. Here the writer tells about some new people in the story.
|
||||
DAN 3 9 hf48 0 King, live forever This was a common greeting to the king.
|
||||
DAN 3 10 dzb5 0 the horns, flutes … and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated these words in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 10 jiv5 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”
|
||||
DAN 3 10 h3iu translate-symaction 0 prostrate himself to The people would do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch himself out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 3 11 u6bm figs-activepassive 0 Whoever does not fall down and worship must be thrown into a blazing furnace This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Soldiers must throw into a blazing furnace anyone who does not lie down on the ground and worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 11 qdc6 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”
|
||||
DAN 3 11 p2l2 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:6](../03/06.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 12 in2b 0 affairs matters having to do with government
|
||||
DAN 3 12 anm2 0 Shadrach … Meshach … Abednego These are the Babylonian names of the three Jewish friends of Daniel. See how you translated these names in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 12 ejy1 0 pay no attention to you “do not pay attention to you”
|
||||
DAN 3 12 e3hs translate-symaction 0 prostrate themselves They would do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch themselves out on the ground face down in worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 3 12 a7m8 figs-metonymy 0 the golden statue you have set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue your men have set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 13 z18y figs-metaphor 0 filled with anger and rage Nebuchadnezzar’s anger and rage were so intense that they are spoken of as if they had filled him up. Here “anger” and “rage” mean about the same thing and are used to emphasize how upset the king was. Alternate translation: “extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 3 13 jjl4 0 Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego These are the Babylonian names of the three Jewish friends of Daniel. See how you translated these names in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 14 ew5t figs-metonymy 0 Have you made your minds up Here “mind” refers to deciding. To “make up your mind” is an idiom that means to firmly decide. Alternate translation: “Have you firmly decided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 3 14 nn2t translate-symaction 0 prostrate yourselves to The three men would not do this to worship the statue. Alternate translation: “stretch yourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 3 14 t6f3 figs-metonymy 0 the golden statue that I have set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue that my men have set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 15 kak3 0 the horns, flutes … and pipes These are musical instruments. See how you translated this list in [Daniel 3:5](../03/05.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 15 l9el 0 fall down Here “fall down” means “quickly lie down”
|
||||
DAN 3 15 ws27 translate-symaction 0 prostrate yourselves to stretch yourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 3 15 vth1 0 all will be well “there will no longer be a problem” or “you will be free to go”
|
||||
DAN 3 15 td6r figs-metonymy 0 the statue that I have made Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the statue that my men have made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 15 gz3y figs-activepassive 0 you will immediately be thrown into a blazing furnace This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my soldiers will immediately throw you into a blazing furnace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 15 sl8a 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:6](../03/06.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 15 z8gt figs-rquestion 0 Who is the god … my hands? The king does not expect an answer. He is threatening the three men. Alternate translation: “No god is able to rescue you from my power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
DAN 3 15 hw83 figs-metonymy 0 out of my hands Here “hands” refers to power to punish. Alternate translation: “from my punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 17 d2kc 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:6](../03/06.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 17 sj5q figs-metonymy 0 out of your hand Here “hand” refers to power to punish. Alternate translation: “from your punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 18 mc1d 0 But if not, let it be known to you, king, that “But king, we must let you know that even if our God does not rescue us”
|
||||
DAN 3 18 p84a translate-symaction 0 prostrate ourselves to People would do this to worship their gods. Alternate translation: “stretch ourselves out on the ground face down in worship of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 3 18 iq7t figs-metonymy 0 the golden statue you set up Nebuchadnezzar commanded his men to do this work, he did not do the work himself. Alternate translation: “the golden statue your men set up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 19 bt7k figs-metaphor 0 Nebuchadnezzar was filled with rage The king was so angry that rage is spoken of as if it were filling him up. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar became extremely angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 3 19 e99g figs-idiom 0 He commanded that the furnace should be heated seven times hotter than it was normally heated Here “seven times hotter” is an idiom that means to make it very much hotter. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He commanded his men to make the furnace very much hotter than they normally make it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 21 r7tt 0 turbans A turban is a head covering made of wrapped cloth.
|
||||
DAN 3 21 xya5 0 blazing furnace This is a large room filled with a hot fire. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:6](../03/06.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 22 v2v9 figs-activepassive 0 Because the king’s command was strictly followed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Because the men did exactly what the king commanded” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 24 kzd8 0 Did we not throw three men tied up into the fire “We threw three men tied up into the fire, right”
|
||||
DAN 3 25 gy5s translate-ordinal 0 The brilliance of the fourth is like a son of the gods The gods were believed to shine brightly with light. Alternate translation: “Man four is shining brightly with light as a son of the gods would shine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 3 27 ru5i 0 The provincial governors, regional governors, other governors These are officials who have authority over different sizes of territory. See how you translated these in [Daniel 3:2](../03/02.md).
|
||||
DAN 3 27 g7e8 figs-activepassive 0 the hair on their heads was not singed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the fire had not singed the hair on their heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 27 jr79 0 was not singed “was not burned even a little”
|
||||
DAN 3 27 nuu7 figs-activepassive 0 their robes were not harmed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the fire did not harm their robes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 27 hv4b 0 there was no smell of fire on them “they did not smell like fire”
|
||||
DAN 3 28 x5ha figs-metaphor 0 they set aside my command Not obeying the king’s command is spoken of as if they had physically moved it away from them. Alternate translation: “they ignored my command” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 3 28 uld8 figs-idiom 0 they gave up their bodies This phrase refers to the three men’s willingness to die for what they believed. Alternate translation: “they were willing to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 3 28 iz7q translate-symaction 0 prostrate themselves to People would do this to worship their gods. Alternate translation: “stretch themselves out on the ground face down in honor of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 3 28 s95d 0 any god except their God “any other god except their God”
|
||||
DAN 3 29 pnl6 figs-activepassive 0 any people, nation, or language … must be torn apart, and that their houses must be made into rubbish heaps This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my servants will tear apart any people, nation, or language … and make their houses into piles of garbage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 3 29 h7gq figs-metonymy 0 any people, nation, or language that speaks Here “nations” and “language” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “any people from any nation, or those who speak any language that says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 3 29 qb3c 0 speaks anything against the God “speaks words that do not respect the God”
|
||||
DAN 3 29 t5vb 0 must be torn apart “must have their bodies torn apart”
|
||||
DAN 3 29 lw5h 0 there is no other god who is able to save like this This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “only their God is able to save like this”
|
||||
DAN 4 intro du52 0 # Daniel 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 4:3 and 4:34-35.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The king becomes insane<br><br>The king became insane until he realized that Yahweh was the ruler over everyone, including him.
|
||||
DAN 4 1 s72g figs-123person 0 General Information: In this chapter, Nebuchadnezzar tells what God did to him. In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. Verses 19-33 switch to the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. Verses 34-37 change back to first person as Nebuchadnezzar describes his response to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 1 ykj3 figs-metonymy 0 King Nebuchadnezzar sent This phrase is referring to the king’s messenger as the king himself. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar sent his messengers with” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 4 1 sx24 figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who speak different languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 4 1 rcl7 figs-hyperbole 0 who lived on the earth Kings would often exaggerate how wide their kingdom was. Nebuchadnezzar did rule over most of the known world at the time this book was written. Alternate translation: “who lived in the kingdom of Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
DAN 4 1 ew1j 0 May your peace increase This is a common greeting.
|
||||
DAN 4 2 t8rl figs-doublet 0 signs and wonders These words share similar meanings and refer to the amazing things that God had done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 4 3 jyl3 figs-parallelism 0 How great are his signs, and how mighty are his wonders! Both of these phrases have the same meaning and are used to emphasize how great God’s signs and wonders are. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 4 3 mz21 figs-parallelism 0 His kingdom is … generation to generation Both of these phrases have the same meaning and are repeated to emphasize how God’s reign is forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 4 4 xpm6 figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 4 p8nt figs-parallelism 0 was living happily … was enjoying prosperity These two phrases are parallel and mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 4 4 zv52 figs-doublet 0 my house … my palace These two phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 4 5 fmk5 figs-doublet 0 a dream … the images … the visions These phrases mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 4 5 u6n6 figs-parallelism 0 made me afraid … troubled me These phrases are parallel and they mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 4 6 ep7g 0 all the men of Babylon who had wisdom “all the wise men of Babylon”
|
||||
DAN 4 7 l5u7 figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 8 aej3 figs-activepassive 0 who is named Belteshazzar This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who I named Belteshazzar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 8 dhx3 0 Belteshazzar This was the name the Babylonians gave to Daniel. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 4 9 x1x7 0 no mystery is too difficult for you The can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “you understand the meaning of every mystery”
|
||||
DAN 4 10 vz2b figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 10 ra4y 0 sights things that you see
|
||||
DAN 4 10 h4t8 0 its height was very great “it was very tall”
|
||||
DAN 4 11 w5t1 writing-symlanguage 0 Its top reached to the heavens … it could be seen to the ends of the whole earth This is symbolic language that exaggerates how tall and how well-known the tree was. Alternate translation: “It seemed that its top reached up to the sky and that everyone in the world could see it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
DAN 4 12 c94i 0 its fruit was abundant “there was a lot of fruit on the tree”
|
||||
DAN 4 12 bvq7 0 was food for all “was food for all people and animals”
|
||||
DAN 4 13 s8rq figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 13 mze4 0 I saw in my mind This refers to seeing a dream or vision. Alternate translation: “I saw in my dream”
|
||||
DAN 4 14 l1nv figs-explicit 0 He shouted and said It can be made clear that the holy messenger was speaking to more than one person. Alternate translation: “He shouted to some people and said” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 4 14 rd55 0 Let the animals flee … from its branches “The animals will flee from under it and the bird will fly away from its branches”
|
||||
DAN 4 15 h8je figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. The holy messenger in the vision continues shouting to some people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 15 eb7u 0 stump of its roots This is the part of the tree that is left above the ground after a tree is cut down.
|
||||
DAN 4 15 e8lj 0 dew the moisture on the ground that is found in the mornings
|
||||
DAN 4 16 f3wx figs-pronouns 0 Let his mind be changed … seven years pass by Since the tree represents Nebuchadnezzar, the masculine pronouns “his” and “him” in verse 16 refer to the same tree as the neuter pronoun “it” in verse 15. Alternate translation: “The man’s mind will change from a man’s mind to an animal’s mind for a period of seven years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-pronouns]])
|
||||
DAN 4 17 k6kq figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1-18, Nebuchadnezzar describes in the first person his vision from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 17 j1fe figs-activepassive 0 It is a decision made by the holy ones This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The holy ones have made this decision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 17 m2np figs-explicit 0 the holy ones This phrase probably refers to angels. Alternate translation: “the holy angels” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 4 17 y8ih 0 those who are alive “every living person” or “everyone”
|
||||
DAN 4 17 aas5 0 gives them “gives the kingdoms”
|
||||
DAN 4 18 kjd4 0 Belteshazzar This was the name the Babylonians gave to Daniel. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 1:7](../01/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 4 18 jr6i 0 you are able to do so “you are able to interpret it”
|
||||
DAN 4 18 pl5q 0 the spirit of the holy gods Nebuchadnezzar believed that Daniel’s power came from the false gods that Nebuchadnezzar worshiped. These are not the same as “the holy ones” in verse 17. See how you translated this phrase in [Daniel 4:8](../04/08.md).
|
||||
DAN 4 19 n8fk figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 19 u9rc figs-activepassive 0 who was also named Belteshazzar This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who I also named Belteshazzar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 19 a33v figs-explicit 0 was greatly upset for a while, and his thoughts alarmed him Daniel’s understanding of the meaning of the vision is what alarmed him. This can be explicitly stated. Alternate translation: “did not say anything for some time because he was very worried about the meaning of the dream” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 4 19 kf99 0 may the dream be for those who hate you; may its interpretation be for your enemies Daniel is expressing his wish that the dream was not about Nebuchadnezzar, even though he knew that it really was about the king.
|
||||
DAN 4 20 vj36 figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]]). Many terms in this verse are almost the same as in [Daniel 4:11](../04/11.md). See how you translated that verse.
|
||||
DAN 4 20 x69s figs-hyperbole 0 to the heavens … to the ends of the whole earth These phrases are exaggerations to emphasize that everyone everywhere knew how great Nebuchadnezzar was. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
DAN 4 21 mm9p 0 General Information: Many terms in this verse are almost the same as [Daniel 4:12](../04/12.md). See how you translated that verse.
|
||||
DAN 4 21 rfj9 0 whose fruit was abundant “which bore a great amount of fruit”
|
||||
DAN 4 22 uq3h 0 this tree is you, king “this tree represents you, king”
|
||||
DAN 4 22 gfs2 figs-parallelism 0 Your greatness has grown … your authority reaches These two phrases mean similar things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 4 22 s8jt figs-personification 0 Your greatness has grown This phrase is using the word “grown” as a way of saying the king’s greatness has increased. Alternate translation: “Your greatness has increased” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 4 23 w9s5 figs-123person 0 General Information: This verse is almost the same as [Daniel 4:13-14](./13.md) and [Daniel 4:15-16](./15.md). See how you translated those verses. Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 23 c89t 0 the stump of its roots This is the part of the tree that is left above ground after a tree is cut down.
|
||||
DAN 4 23 i27p 0 in the middle of the tender grass of the field “surrounded by the tender grass of the field”
|
||||
DAN 4 23 bx4z 0 dew the moisture that settles on the ground in the mornings
|
||||
DAN 4 24 f3tz 0 that has reached you “that you have heard”
|
||||
DAN 4 25 fd8s figs-activepassive 0 You will be driven from among men This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Men will drive you away from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 25 gq52 figs-activepassive 0 You will be made to eat grass This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will eat grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 26 fgn1 figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 26 tcg3 figs-metonymy 0 heaven rules Here “heaven” refers to God who lives in heaven. Alternate translation: “God in heaven is the ruler of all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 4 27 yna6 figs-activepassive 0 let my advice be acceptable to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “please accept my advice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 27 s3j8 figs-metaphor 0 Turn away from your iniquities Here rejecting iniquity is spoken of as turning away from it. Alternate translation: “Reject your iniquities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 4 27 j7av figs-nominaladj 0 the oppressed This nominal adjective refers to people who are oppressed. Alternate translation: “people who are oppressed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
DAN 4 27 a7um figs-activepassive 0 it may be that your prosperity will be extended This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God may extend your prosperity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 28 rq19 figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 29 jn5h figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 29 ns6t translate-numbers 0 Twelve months “12 months” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
DAN 4 30 p8hi figs-rquestion 0 Is this not the great Babylon … for the glory of my majesty? Nebuchadnezzar asks this question to emphasize his own glory. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “This is the great Babylon … for the glory of my majesty!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
DAN 4 30 csl9 0 for the glory of my majesty “to show people my honor and my greatness”
|
||||
DAN 4 31 g7xg figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 31 fjl7 figs-idiom 0 While the words were still on the lips of the king This idiom means the king was still in the act of speaking. Alternate translation: “While the king was still speaking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 4 31 cv67 0 a voice came from heaven “he heard a voice from heaven”
|
||||
DAN 4 31 pt4u figs-activepassive 0 King Nebuchadnezzar … has been taken away from you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “King Nebuchadnezzar, a decree went out against you that this kingdom no longer belongs to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 32 f4us figs-activepassive 0 You will be driven away from people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will chase you away from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 32 m551 0 anyone he wishes “whoever he chooses”
|
||||
DAN 4 33 ydj8 figs-123person 0 General Information: Verses 19-33 use the third person to describe the punishment of Nebuchadnezzar. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 33 xpp3 figs-activepassive 0 This decree against Nebuchadnezzar was carried out immediately This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This decree against Nebuchadnezzar happened immediately” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 33 chd6 figs-activepassive 0 He was driven away from people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People chased him away from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 33 t4b6 0 his nails became like birds’ claws “his fingernails looked like birds’ claws”
|
||||
DAN 4 34 amm1 figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 34-37 Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person to describe his response to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 34 b17l 0 At the end of the days This refers back to the seven years in [Daniel 4:32](../04/32.md).
|
||||
DAN 4 34 ltf5 figs-activepassive 0 my sanity was given back to me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “my sanity came back to me” or “I became sane again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 34 ucj3 figs-parallelism 0 I praised … and I honored The two phrases refer to the same action. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 4 34 nk8u figs-parallelism 0 For his reign is an everlasting reign … his kingdom endures from all generations to all generations These two phrases mean basically the same thing and are used to emphasize how God’s reign never ends. Alternate translation: “He rules forever and his kingdom will never end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 4 35 ce6u figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 34-37 Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person to describe his response to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 35 dgr8 figs-activepassive 0 All the earth’s inhabitants are considered by him to be as nothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He considers all the earth’s inhabitants as nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 35 cpy8 0 All the earth’s inhabitants “All the people on the earth”
|
||||
DAN 4 35 p415 0 the army of heaven “the angel armies in heaven”
|
||||
DAN 4 35 zpn8 0 whatever suits his will “whatever satisfies his purpose” or “anything he wants to do”
|
||||
DAN 4 35 im6k figs-explicit 0 No one can stop him It may be helpful to add additional detail. Alternate translation: “When he decides to do something, no one can stop him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 4 35 ebf8 figs-quotations 0 No one can say to him, ‘Why have you done this?’ This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “No one can question what he does.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
|
||||
DAN 4 36 m6m5 figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 34-37 Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person to describe his response to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 4 36 rz1d figs-personification 0 my sanity returned to me Here his sanity is spoken of as if it was able to return by its own power. Alternate translation: “I became sane again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 4 36 pb8a figs-personification 0 my majesty and splendor returned to me Here his majesty and splendor are spoken of as if they were able to return by their own power. Alternate translation: “I regained my majesty and my splendor again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 4 36 nq38 figs-doublet 0 majesty and splendor These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of his glory. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 4 36 c3xy 0 my noblemen sought my favor “my noblemen requested my help again”
|
||||
DAN 4 36 ks6b figs-metonymy 0 I was brought … greatness was given to me Here “throne” refers to his authority to rule. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I returned to rule my kingdom again, and I received even more greatness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 4 37 zgl2 figs-doublet 0 praise, extol, and honor All three of these words have basically the same meaning and emphasize how greatly he praised God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 4 37 g1df figs-idiom 0 who walk in their own pride This phrase uses “walk” to refer to the person who acts proud. Alternate translation: “who are proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 5 intro e9pc 0 # Daniel 05 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The writing on the wall<br><br>God told the new king that he had failed and God was replacing him, showing that God is the real ruler over everything, even kingdoms that do not worship him.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br>### Mene, Mene, Tekel, Upharsin<br>These are words in Aramaic. Daniel “transliterates” these words by writing them with Hebrew letters, and then he explains their meanings. In the ULT and UST they are written with English letters. Translators are encouraged to write them using the letters of the target language alphabet.
|
||||
DAN 5 1 cc4z translate-names 0 Belshazzar This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 5 1 ix8k translate-numbers 0 for a thousand “for 1,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
DAN 5 1 tre4 0 he drank wine in front of “he drank wine in the presence of”
|
||||
DAN 5 2 cz6e figs-activepassive 0 the containers made of gold or silver This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the gold or silver containers that the Israelites had made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 2 gsi3 0 containers These were cups and other items that were small enough for a person to hold and to drink from them.
|
||||
DAN 5 2 lad2 figs-metonymy 0 Nebuchadnezzar his father had taken Here “Nebuchadnezzar” refers to Nebuchadnezzar’s army. Alternate translation: “his father Nebuchadnezzar’s army” or “the army of Nebuchadnezzar his father had taken” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 5 3 i1zm figs-activepassive 0 the gold containers that had been taken out of the temple This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the gold containers that the army of Nebuchadnezzar had taken out of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 3 msp6 0 out of the temple, the house of God “out of God’s temple.” The phrase “the house of God” tells us something more about the temple.
|
||||
DAN 5 5 lkd1 0 At that moment “As soon as they did that” or “Suddenly”
|
||||
DAN 5 5 cra1 0 plaster cement or mud that is spread on walls or ceilings to give them a smooth hard surface when it dries
|
||||
DAN 5 6 jn25 0 the king’s face changed “his face became pale.” This was caused by his fear.
|
||||
DAN 5 6 gbd6 0 his limbs “his legs”
|
||||
DAN 5 6 iee9 0 his knees were knocking together This was the result of his extreme fear.
|
||||
DAN 5 7 gz5c 0 those known for their wisdom in Babylon This refers back to those who claimed to speak with the dead, the wise men, and the astrologers.
|
||||
DAN 5 7 ybp9 figs-activepassive 0 Whoever explains this writing and its meaning will be clothed with purple and will have a gold chain around his neck This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will give purple clothes and a gold neck chain to whoever explains this writing and its meaning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 7 ms1t figs-explicit 0 clothed with purple Purple cloth was rare and reserved for royal officials. Alternate translation: “dressed in royal clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 5 7 x9vi translate-ordinal 0 the third highest ruler “the number three ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 5 9 n4ln translate-names 0 Belshazzar This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you wrote this name in [Daniel 5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 5 9 gla9 0 the look on his face changed “his face became even more pale.” The face of the king grew even more pale than in [Daniel 5:6](../05/06.md).
|
||||
DAN 5 9 w9st 0 perplexed unable to understand, confused
|
||||
DAN 5 10 rw3v 0 the queen Some modern versions understand this to be a reference to the queen mother, that is, to the king’s mother. The queen mother received much honor in ancient Babylon.
|
||||
DAN 5 10 x55i 0 King, live forever! This was a normal way to greet the king.
|
||||
DAN 5 10 zq7c 0 Do not let the look on your face change “There is no need for your face to look so pale”
|
||||
DAN 5 11 bql4 0 the spirit of the holy gods The queen believed that Daniel’s power came from the false gods that Nebuchadnezzar worshiped. See how you translated this phrase in [Daniel 4:8](../04/08.md).
|
||||
DAN 5 11 c4n6 0 In the days of your father “When your father was ruling”
|
||||
DAN 5 11 ss1z figs-activepassive 0 light and understanding and wisdom like the wisdom of the gods was found in him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he had light and understanding and wisdom like the wisdom of the gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 11 jg2l 0 King Nebuchadnezzar, your father the king “Your father, King Nebuchadnezzar”
|
||||
DAN 5 12 n7wa figs-activepassive 0 these qualities were found in this man Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazzar This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “this same Daniel, whom the king named Belteshazzar, had all of these qualities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 12 b8d3 figs-activepassive 0 what has been written “what has been written on the wall.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what the hand wrote on the wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 13 hn7g figs-activepassive 0 Then Daniel was brought before the king This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Then they brought Daniel before the king” or “Then the soldiers brought Daniel before the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 13 sd23 figs-metonymy 0 whom my father the king brought out of Judah In this phrase “father” is being used to represent all of the soldiers. Alternate translation: “whom my father’s soldiers brought out of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 5 14 yxu5 0 the spirit of the gods Belshazzar believed that Daniel’s power came from the false gods that Belshazzar worshiped. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Daniel 4:8](../04/08.md).
|
||||
DAN 5 14 y4ey figs-activepassive 0 light and understanding and excellent wisdom are found in you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have light and understanding and excellent wisdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 15 c33v figs-activepassive 0 Now the men known … have been brought in before me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Now the men known … have come in before me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 15 u817 0 make known to me “tell me”
|
||||
DAN 5 16 u2ey figs-activepassive 0 you will be clothed with purple and have a gold chain placed around your neck This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will give you purple clothes and a gold neck chain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 16 iyy2 figs-explicit 0 clothed with purple Purple cloth was rare and reserved for royal officials. Alternate translation: “dressed in royal clothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 5 16 pud4 translate-ordinal 0 the third highest ruler “the number three ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 5 17 evt4 0 Let your gifts be for yourself, and “I do not want your gifts, so”
|
||||
DAN 5 19 l2ng figs-hyperbole 0 all peoples, nations, and languages This phrase uses the word “all” as a generalization that represents a large number. Alternate translation: “a great number of people, of different nations and languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
DAN 5 19 q693 figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who speak different languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 5 19 bqb5 figs-doublet 0 trembled and feared him These words mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of the fear. Alternate translation: “were very afraid of him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 5 19 ka6v figs-metonymy 0 He put to death those he wanted to die This phrase does not mean King Nebuchadnezzar put people to death himself, but rather those he commanded. Alternate translation: “Nebuchadnezzar commanded his soldiers to kill those he wanted to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 5 19 t7ri 0 He raised up those he wanted “He raised up those he wanted to raise up”
|
||||
DAN 5 19 qzi2 0 wanted … wished These words here mean the same thing.
|
||||
DAN 5 19 db8z 0 he humbled those he wished “he humbled those he wished to humble”
|
||||
DAN 5 20 zu9p figs-synecdoche 0 his heart was arrogant Here “heart” refers to the king himself. Alternate translation: “the king was arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 5 20 g3wq figs-synecdoche 0 his spirit was hardened Here “spirit” refers to the king himself. His stubbornness is spoken of as if he were hardened. Alternate translation: “the king became stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 5 20 w2tx 0 presumptuously rudely and overly confident
|
||||
DAN 5 20 nl2n figs-metonymy 0 he was brought down from his kingly throne Here “throne” refers to his authority to rule. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the people took away his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 21 sl3g figs-activepassive 0 He was driven away from humanity This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people chased him away from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 21 v3b5 figs-metonymy 0 he had the mind of an animal Here “mind” represents his thoughts. Alternate translation: “he thought as an animal thinks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 5 21 amq8 0 dew the moisture on the ground that is found in the mornings
|
||||
DAN 5 21 m4na 0 anyone he wishes “whomever he chooses”
|
||||
DAN 5 22 z72q translate-names 0 Belshazzar This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you wrote this name in [Daniel 5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 5 22 ij2g figs-synecdoche 0 have not humbled your heart Here “heart” refers to Belshazzar himself. Alternate translation: “have not humbled yourself” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 5 23 fmz3 figs-metaphor 0 You have lifted yourself up against the Lord To rebel against God is spoken of as raising oneself up against him. Alternate translation: “You have rebelled against the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 5 23 qc6h figs-explicit 0 From his house What and where “his house” is can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “From his temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 5 23 kj78 figs-metonymy 0 God who holds your breath in his hand Here “breath” refers to life and “hand” refers to power or control. Alternate translation: “God who gives you breath” or “God who has control over your entire life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 5 23 th44 0 all your ways “everything you do”
|
||||
DAN 5 24 i8fs figs-activepassive 0 this writing was done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it wrote this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 25 rcy6 figs-activepassive 0 This is the writing that was done This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “This is the message that the hand wrote” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 25 ea1k translate-transliterate 0 Mene, Mene, Tekel, and Pharsin These are the Aramaic words that were written on the wall. Spell these words with the sounds that fit your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-transliterate]])
|
||||
DAN 5 26 tg8v 0 ‘Mene,’ ‘God has numbered “‘Mene’ means ‘God has numbered”
|
||||
DAN 5 27 q5iv 0 ‘Tekel,’ ‘you are weighed “‘Tekel’ means ‘you are weighed”
|
||||
DAN 5 27 sg5z figs-metaphor 0 you are weighed in the scales and are found lacking Judging the worthiness of the king to rule is spoken of as weighing him. This means that the king is not worthy to rule. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has examined your worthiness to rule, and he has found that you are not worthy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 28 b18p 0 ‘Peres,’ ‘your kingdom “‘Peres’ means ‘your kingdom.”
|
||||
DAN 5 28 jb22 0 Peres This is the singular form of “Pharsin” in 5:25.
|
||||
DAN 5 28 j1p8 figs-activepassive 0 your kingdom is divided and is given to the Medes and Persians This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has divided your kingdom and given it to the Medes and Persians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 29 j9jg translate-names 0 Belshazzar This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you wrote this name in [Daniel 5:1](../05/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 5 29 uvj8 figs-activepassive 0 A chain of gold was put around his neck This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They put a chain of gold around his neck” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 5 29 nfx6 translate-ordinal 0 the third highest ruler “the number three ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 5 31 c2bj 0 received the kingdom “became the ruler of the kingdom”
|
||||
DAN 5 31 y1si translate-numbers 0 when he was about sixty-two years old “when he was about 62 years old” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
DAN 6 intro a1xc 0 # Daniel 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set the content of letters farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. The ULT does this with the letter in 6:25-27.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in the letter in 6:26-27.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### Daniel and the lions<br><br>Daniel was thrown into the lions’ den for praying to Yahweh, but Yahweh protected him and the lions did not hurt him at all.
|
||||
DAN 6 1 xf5z 0 Connecting Statement: The events in this chapter take place after the Persians conquered the Babylonians and Darius the Mede began to rule in Babylon.
|
||||
DAN 6 1 y6y9 0 It pleased Darius “King Darius decided”
|
||||
DAN 6 1 a1zk translate-numbers 0 120 provincial governors “one hundred and twenty provincial governors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
DAN 6 2 dd8r 0 Over them The word “them” refers to the 120 provincial governors.
|
||||
DAN 6 2 u9kb 0 so that the king should suffer no loss “so that nothing should be stolen from the king” or “so that no one would steal anything from the king”
|
||||
DAN 6 3 ygu7 0 was distinguished above “excelled above” or “was more capable than”
|
||||
DAN 6 3 aig7 figs-synecdoche 0 he had an extraordinary spirit Here “spirit” refers to Daniel. It means he had was unusually capable. Alternate translation: “he was and exceptional person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 6 3 ef6f 0 extraordinary spirit spirit that made him do better than the others
|
||||
DAN 6 3 ry6m 0 to put him over “to give him authority over” or “to put him in charge of”
|
||||
DAN 6 4 ex6l figs-explicit 0 Then the other chief administrators and the provincial governors … for the kingdom The other administrators were jealous of Daniel. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Then the other chief administrators and the provincial governors became jealous. So they looked for mistakes in the work Daniel did for the kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 6 4 rl5p figs-activepassive 0 No mistakes or negligence was found in him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They could find no mistakes or negligence in his work” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 6 4 zn7x 0 negligence overly looking your responsibilities
|
||||
DAN 6 5 ek64 0 to complain against this Daniel “to complain about Daniel”
|
||||
DAN 6 6 yf8j 0 brought a plan before the king “presented a plan to the king”
|
||||
DAN 6 6 ll7v 0 may you live forever! This was a normal way to greet a king.
|
||||
DAN 6 7 x89h translate-numbers 0 for thirty days “for 30 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
DAN 6 7 bw29 0 whoever makes a petition “whoever makes a request”
|
||||
DAN 6 7 l2iq figs-activepassive 0 that person must be thrown into the den of lions This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your soldiers must throw that person into the den of lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 6 7 h7ip 0 den of lions This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept.
|
||||
DAN 6 8 nj57 0 Connecting Statement: In verse 8, the administrators continue to speak to the king.
|
||||
DAN 6 8 v5i8 0 as directed by the laws “according to the laws”
|
||||
DAN 6 8 i7m4 0 cannot be repealed “cannot be canceled”
|
||||
DAN 6 9 dt8k 0 making the decree into a law “making the order into a law”
|
||||
DAN 6 10 i5vv 0 When Daniel learned that the document had been signed into law It is important to the story to state clearly that Daniel knew about the new law before he prayed to God.
|
||||
DAN 6 10 r7ul writing-background 0 now his windows were open in his upper room toward Jerusalem This is background information that explains how Daniel’s enemies knew he was praying to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
DAN 6 10 l71q 0 gave thanks before his God “gave thanks to his God”
|
||||
DAN 6 11 v5n3 0 plot a plan with evil intent
|
||||
DAN 6 12 gwm4 0 Did you not make a decree … lions? They asked this question to make the king confirm that he had made the decree.
|
||||
DAN 6 12 hjs7 0 who makes a petition “who makes a request”
|
||||
DAN 6 12 div1 0 den of lions This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in [Daniel 6:7](../06/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 6 12 zp4n 0 as directed by the law “according to the law”
|
||||
DAN 6 13 c3ar 0 That person Daniel This is not a respectful way of referring to Daniel. They intentionally used this phrase to avoid giving Daniel the respect he was due as a chief administrator.
|
||||
DAN 6 13 jia1 0 who is one of the people of the exile from Judah “who is an immagrant from Judah”
|
||||
DAN 6 13 l8eb figs-idiom 0 pays no attention to you This idiom means he ignores the king. Alternate translation: “does not obey you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 6 14 u8lh figs-metonymy 0 he applied his mind Here “mind” refers to his thinking. Alternate translation: “he thought very hard about how” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 6 14 ts98 0 He labored This refers to mental labor, rather than to physical labor.
|
||||
DAN 6 15 d92j figs-explicit 0 no decree … can be changed The men were implying that since no decree or statute of the king can be changed, Daniel must be thrown into the pit of lions. This can be stated clearly if needed. Alternate translation: “no decree … can be changed. They must throw Daniel into the pit of lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 6 16 zny2 0 they brought in Daniel “his soldiers went and got Daniel”
|
||||
DAN 6 16 q3wc 0 lions’ den This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in [Daniel 6:7](../06/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 6 16 a268 0 May your God … rescue you The king is expressing his desire for God to save Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 6 16 jd6x 0 rescue you “save you from the lions”
|
||||
DAN 6 17 szf5 0 den This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in [Daniel 6:7](../06/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 6 17 xjj7 figs-explicit 0 the king sealed it with his own signet ring and with the signet rings of his nobles … concerning Daniel The function of the signet ring can be stated clearly. The king and the noblemen pressed their rings into a seal made of wax. Alternate translation: “the king pressed his signet ring into a wax seal, the nobles did this too. No one was allowed to break the seal and help Daniel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 6 17 p5t2 0 nothing might be changed concerning Daniel “no one could help Daniel”
|
||||
DAN 6 18 un1j translate-symaction 0 he went through the night fasting This symbolic act showed that the king was worried about Daniel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 6 18 a3xd figs-activepassive 0 No entertainment was brought before him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He did not have anyone entertain him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 6 18 sb8r figs-personification 0 sleep fled from him Sleep is spoken of as if it could run away from the king. Alternate translation: “he did not sleep at all that night” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 6 19 e2wc 0 lions’ den This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in [Daniel 6:7](../06/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 6 22 qn4t figs-activepassive 0 For I was found blameless This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He knows that I have done nothing wrong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 6 22 ssq6 0 I have done you no harm “I have not harmed you at all”
|
||||
DAN 6 23 r1eg 0 den This may refer to a room or pit where lions were kept. See how you translated this in [Daniel 6:7](../06/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 6 23 qf7q figs-activepassive 0 No harm was found on him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “They did not find any wounds on Daniel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 6 24 qwh3 0 Before they reached the floor “Before they reached the floor of the lions’ den”
|
||||
DAN 6 24 r63c 0 broke all their bones to pieces “crushed their bones”
|
||||
DAN 6 25 ty2g figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who spoke different languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 6 25 rl1d figs-hyperbole 0 in all the earth King Darius wrote his message to his entire kingdom which was huge. Here it says “all the earth” as a generalization to emphasis how large his kingdom was, though it did not include everyone on the earth. Alternate translation: “in his kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
DAN 6 25 zkz8 0 May peace increase for you This is a form of greeting that is used to wish someone well in all areas of life.
|
||||
DAN 6 26 m5v6 0 Connecting Statement: This continues to state the message that Darius sent to everyone in his kingdom.
|
||||
DAN 6 26 n6v5 figs-doublet 0 tremble and fear These two words are similar and can be combined. Alternate translation: “shake with fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 6 26 s8va 0 the God of Daniel “the God that Daniel worships”
|
||||
DAN 6 26 ma86 figs-parallelism 0 he is the living God and lives forever The two phrases “the living God” and “lives forever” express the same concept, that God lives forever. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 6 26 xw4k figs-parallelism 0 his kingdom shall … his dominion shall These two phrases are parallel, emphasizing how God’s kingdom will never end. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 6 26 s6yl figs-activepassive 0 his kingdom shall not be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will destroy his kingdom” or “his kingdom will last forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 6 26 fcy1 0 his dominion shall be to the end “he will rule forever”
|
||||
DAN 6 27 bld2 0 he has kept Daniel safe from the strength of the lions “he has not allowed the strong lions to hurt Daniel”
|
||||
DAN 6 28 a5br 0 during the reign of Darius and during the reign of Cyrus the Persian Cyrus the Persian was the king who ruled after Darius.
|
||||
DAN 7 intro e18x 0 # Daniel 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 7:9-10, 13-14, and 23-27.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br>### The four beasts<br><br>There will be four successive kingdoms before Yahweh sets up his eternal kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/eternity]])<br><br>### The Son of Man<br><br>God will give the Son of Man an eternal kingdom and he will judge people from the books. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sonofman]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])
|
||||
DAN 7 1 cw4a writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Chapters 7 and 8 are not in chronological order. They happened while Belshazzar was still the king, before the rule of Darius and Cyrus that was discussed in chapter 6. In Daniel’s vision, he saw animals that were symbols of other things. Later in the vision someone explains the meaning of those symbols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 1 dme8 0 Belshazzar This was the name of Nebuchadnezzar’s son, who became king after him. See how you wrote this name in [Daniel 5:1](../05/01.md).
|
||||
DAN 7 1 xdv1 figs-doublet 0 a dream and visions The words “dream” and “visions” both refer to the same dream that is described in this chapter. Alternate translation: “visions while he was dreaming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 7 2 mjk7 0 the four winds of heaven “winds from everywhere” or “strong winds from all four directions”
|
||||
DAN 7 2 b48l 0 stirring up “whipped up” or “agitated” or “caused high waves in”
|
||||
DAN 7 4 z5hd writing-symlanguage 0 The first was like a lion but had eagle’s wings This was a symbolic creature, and not an animal that exists. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 4 a7n9 figs-activepassive 0 its wings were torn off and it was lifted from the ground and made to stand on two feet, like a man This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone tore off its wings and lifted it up from the ground and made it stand on two feet like a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 4 y6v7 figs-metonymy 0 The mind of a man was given to it Here “mind” refers to thinking. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone gave it the ability to think like a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 5 eqm9 writing-symlanguage 0 a second animal, like a bear This was not an actual bear, but a symbolic animal that was similar to a bear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 5 i32b 0 ribs large curved bones of the chest that connect to the spine
|
||||
DAN 7 5 c38p figs-activepassive 0 It was told This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone told it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 6 fl2z writing-symlanguage 0 another animal, one that looked like a leopard This was not an actual leopard, but a symbolic animal that was similar to a leopard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 6 h4ia writing-symlanguage 0 four wings … four heads The four wings and four heads are symbols, but their meaning is unclear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 6 y1jd 0 it had four heads “the animal had four heads”
|
||||
DAN 7 6 jpn1 figs-activepassive 0 It was given authority to rule This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Someone gave it authority to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 7 g1aj writing-symlanguage 0 a fourth animal … it had ten horns This is also not an actual animal. It is a symbolic creature. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 7 w7ww 0 trampled underfoot “walked on and crushed”
|
||||
DAN 7 8 yr9d 0 General Information: Daniel continues to describe his vision of the fourth animal that the saw in [Daniel 7:7](../07/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 7 8 j87p figs-metonymy 0 the horns Translators may write a footnote like this: “Horns are a symbol of power and represent powerful leaders.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 7 8 ga8d figs-activepassive 0 Three of the first horns were wrenched out by the roots This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The little horn tore out three of the first horns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 8 d113 figs-synecdoche 0 a mouth that was boasting about great things Here the horn was boasting, using its mouth to do so. Alternate translation: “the horn had a mouth and boasted about doing great things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 7 9 dge1 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Most of the text of verses 9-14 is symbolic language with parallel lines that have similar meaning. For this reason, the ULT and UST present them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 7 9 hw4v figs-activepassive 0 thrones were set in place This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “someone set thrones in their places” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 9 xvt9 0 the Ancient of Days This is a title for God that means he is eternal. Alternate translation: “the One Who Has Lived Forever” or “the One Who Has Always Lived”
|
||||
DAN 7 9 rc8y 0 took his seat … His clothing … the hair of his head This passage describes God as sitting down, with clothing and hair like a person. This does not mean that God really is like this, but it is how Daniel saw God in a vision.
|
||||
DAN 7 9 crh4 figs-idiom 0 took his seat This is an idiom that means he sat down. Alternate translation: “sat down on his throne” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 7 9 imw8 0 His clothing was as white as snow His clothing is compared to snow to show that it was very white. Alternate translation: “His clothing was very white”
|
||||
DAN 7 9 d5if figs-simile 0 the hair of his head was like pure wool Something about God’s hair looked like pure wool. This could mean: (1) it was very white or (2) it was thick and curly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 7 9 jf7e 0 pure wool “clean wool” or “wool that is washed”
|
||||
DAN 7 9 c4le 0 His throne was flames … its wheels were burning fire This describes the throne of God and its wheels as if they were made of fire. The words “flames” and “burning fire” mean basically the same thing and can be translated the same way.
|
||||
DAN 7 9 lhh4 0 its wheels It is unclear why God’s throne is described as having wheels. Thrones normally do not have wheels, but the text clearly states that this throne has some kind of wheels. Use a general term for “wheels” if possible.
|
||||
DAN 7 10 eu94 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Daniel continues to describe his vision of the court in heaven and the response to the fourth animal that he saw in [Daniel 7:7](../07/07.md). Most of the text of verses 9-14 is symbolic language with parallel lines that have similar meaning. For this reason, the ULT and UST present them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 7 10 rab3 figs-metaphor 0 A river of fire flowed out from before him The quick way in which fire came from the presence of God is spoken of as if it was water flowing in a river. Alternate translation: “Fire poured out in front of him like water in a river” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 7 10 z1dt 0 before him The word “him” refers to God, the Ancient of Days from [Daniel 7:9](../07/09.md).
|
||||
DAN 7 10 gka4 0 millions This probably refers to a large group rather than to a precise number. Alternate translation: “thousands of thousands” or “great numbers of people”
|
||||
DAN 7 10 f9kw 0 one hundred million This probably refers to a large group rather than to a precise number. Alternate translation: “tens of thousands times tens of thousands” or “uncountable numbers of people”
|
||||
DAN 7 10 h5d3 0 The court was in session This means that God, the judge, was ready to investigate the evidence and make his judgment. Alternate translation: “The judge was ready to judge” or “The judge was seated”
|
||||
DAN 7 10 pyd5 0 the books were opened These are the books that contain the evidence to be used in court. Alternate translation: “the books of evidence were opened”
|
||||
DAN 7 11 cv15 0 General Information: Daniel continues to describe his vision of the court in heaven and the response to the fourth animal that he saw in [Daniel 7:7](../07/07.md).
|
||||
DAN 7 11 g8ls figs-activepassive 0 the animal was killed … to be burned up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they killed the fourth animal, destroyed its body, and gave it to someone to burn it up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 11 tqd6 figs-explicit 0 the animal was killed The animal was killed because the judge determined that it was guilty. Alternate translation: “they executed the animal” or “the judge commanded and they killed the animal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 7 11 pms3 0 the animal This refers to the fourth animal that had the ten horns and the horn that spoke boastfully. Alternate translation: “the most frightening animal” or “the animal that had the boastful horn”
|
||||
DAN 7 12 ayx9 0 the rest of the four animals It may be clearer to say, “the other three animals.”
|
||||
DAN 7 12 dj5p figs-activepassive 0 their authority to rule was taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the judge took away their authority to rule” or “their authority to rule ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 12 ru76 figs-activepassive 0 their lives were prolonged for a period of time This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they continued to live for a period of time” or “the judge let them live a little longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 13 lvf2 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Most of the text of verses 9-14 is symbolic language with parallel lines that have similar meaning. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 7 13 j5t6 figs-simile 0 I saw one coming … like a son of man The person that Daniel saw was not a normal man, but had a human figure like a man. “I also saw that night someone coming who resembled a son of man, that is, he had a human figure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 7 13 n5qi 0 with the clouds of heaven “with the clouds of the sky”
|
||||
DAN 7 13 ln6w 0 the Ancient of Days This refers to God who is eternal. See how you translated this title in [Daniel 7:9](../07/09.md)
|
||||
DAN 7 13 pjn2 figs-activepassive 0 was presented before him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they presented this son of man to the Ancient of Days” or “he stood before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 14 ai49 figs-activepassive 0 Authority to rule and glory and royal power were given to him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The one who looked like a son of man received authority to rule, glory, and royal power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 14 yv4q 0 royal power This, here, refers to “authority.”
|
||||
DAN 7 14 hc6k figs-metonymy 0 peoples, nations, and languages Here “nations” and “languages” represent people from different nations who speak different languages. See how you translated this in [Daniel 3:4](../03/04.md). Alternate translation: “people from different nations and who speak different languages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 7 14 z6xf figs-parallelism 0 will not pass away … will never be destroyed These two phrases mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 7 14 sl8k figs-activepassive 0 that will never be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that no one will ever destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 15 xt3d figs-parallelism 0 my spirit was grieved inside of me … the visions I saw in my mind troubled me These two phrases describe how Daniel was feeling. The second one gives more information about the first one, explaining about his grieved spirit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 7 15 g5s3 figs-synecdoche 0 my spirit was grieved inside of me Here “my spirit” refers to Daniel himself. Alternate translation: “I was very sad inside” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 7 16 z2w1 0 one of them standing there This is one of the heavenly beings who were standing before God’s throne. This could mean: (1) these are angels, spirits who serve God (2) these are people who have died and are now in heaven.
|
||||
DAN 7 16 fhe1 0 to show me “to tell me” or “to explain to me”
|
||||
DAN 7 16 x45a 0 these things “the things I had seen”
|
||||
DAN 7 17 mw57 0 These large animals, four in number, “These four large animals”
|
||||
DAN 7 17 s2iv 0 are four kings “represent four kings”
|
||||
DAN 7 17 e2vw figs-idiom 0 four kings that will arise from the earth Here “from the earth” means they are real people. Alternate translation: “four kings who will come to power on the earth” or “four men who will rise up from among the people of the earth and become kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 7 18 tz29 0 they will possess it “they will rule over it”
|
||||
DAN 7 18 x83s figs-doublet 0 forever and ever This repetition of ideas emphasizes that this kingdom will never come to an end. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 7 19 qj78 0 very horrifying “very frightening”
|
||||
DAN 7 19 fq88 0 trampled on “walked on and crushed”
|
||||
DAN 7 20 e5t1 0 the ten horns on its head “the ten horns on the head of the fourth animal”
|
||||
DAN 7 20 vi4r 0 grew up, and before which the three horns fell down “grew up, and about the three horns that fell down in front of it” or “grew up, and about the three horns that fell down because of it”
|
||||
DAN 7 20 vjs9 figs-euphemism 0 before which the three horns fell down Here “fell down” is a euphemism that means they were destroyed.” Alternate translation: “which destroyed the three horns” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
|
||||
DAN 7 20 frj1 0 the mouth that boasted “its mouth that boasted” or “the mouth of the new horn, that boasted”
|
||||
DAN 7 20 f425 0 that seemed greater than its companions the horn with the eyes and a mouth seemed to be greater than the other horns
|
||||
DAN 7 21 xcl9 0 this horn “this fourth horn.” This refers to the horn that is described in [Daniel 7:20](../07/20.md).
|
||||
DAN 7 22 pxx4 figs-activepassive 0 until the Ancient of Days came, and justice was given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “until the Ancient of Days came and brought justice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 22 dui7 0 Ancient of Days This is a title for God that emphasizes that he is eternal. See how you translated this title in [Daniel 7:9](../07/09.md).
|
||||
DAN 7 22 em4n figs-activepassive 0 the holy people received the kingdom This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave his kingdom to his holy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 23 ec9x writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Most of the text of verses 23-27 is symbolic language. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 23 mv4h 0 This is what that person said This is the person that Daniel approached in [Daniel 7:16](../07/16.md).
|
||||
DAN 7 23 p7zf 0 that person said “that person answered”
|
||||
DAN 7 23 lqc9 0 As for the fourth animal “Concerning the fourth animal” or “Now, about the fourth animal”
|
||||
DAN 7 23 t6ga figs-metaphor 0 It will devour … it into pieces This does not mean the fourth kingdom will destroy the planet, but that it will brutally attack, conquer, and destroy all other kingdoms on earth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 7 24 x4nc 0 As for the ten horns “Concerning the ten horns” or “Now, about the ten horns”
|
||||
DAN 7 24 cn9p figs-explicit 0 out of this kingdom ten kings will arise They will rule one after the other. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “ten kings will rule over this fourth kingdom, one after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 7 24 iw64 figs-explicit 0 another will arise after them This other king is not one of the ten. It may be helpful to refer to him as “the eleventh king.” Alternate translation: “after that an eleventh king will become powerful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 7 24 qun4 0 He will be different from the previous ones “He will be different from the other ten kings”
|
||||
DAN 7 24 x7hx figs-explicit 0 he will conquer the three kings He will defeat three of the original ten kings. It may be helpful to state that those three kings are represented by the three horns that were pulled out. Alternate translation: “he will defeat the three kings that were represented by the three horns that were pulled out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 7 25 w3b9 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: The man in Daniel’s vision continues talking to Daniel. Most of the text of verses 23-27 is symbolic language. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 25 xih7 figs-idiom 0 He will speak words against the Most High This means that the newest king will openly disagree with and say bad things about the Most High. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 7 25 ce61 0 He will try … into his hand The words “He” and “his” refer to the newest king, not the Most High.
|
||||
DAN 7 25 nt2f 0 the holy people “God’s holy people”
|
||||
DAN 7 25 w16z 0 change the festivals and the law Both terms refer to the law of Moses. The festivals were an important part of the religion of Israel in the Old Testament.
|
||||
DAN 7 25 hn8p figs-metonymy 0 These things will be given into his hand Here “his hand” refers to his control. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The newest king will control the religous festivals and laws” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 25 dnu4 0 one year, two years, and half a year This means “three and half years.” This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. Try to translate it in a way that preserves this way of counting. Alternate translation: “one year plus two years plus six months”
|
||||
DAN 7 26 is1x 0 the court will be in session This means that the judge will be ready to investigate evidence and make his judgment. Alternate translation: “the judge will judge” or “The judge will sit down”
|
||||
DAN 7 26 iln2 0 they will take his royal power away “the members of the court will take the royal power away from the newest king”
|
||||
DAN 7 26 j3ya 0 royal power This, here, refers to “authority.” See how you translated this in [Daniel 7:14](../07/14.md).
|
||||
DAN 7 26 plf7 figs-activepassive 0 to be consumed and destroyed at the end This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and consume and destroy it in the end” or “and completely destroy his royal power in the end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 27 dj39 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: The man in Daniel’s vision continues talking to Daniel. Most of the text of verses 23-27 is symbolic language. For this reason, the ULT presents them in poetic form. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 7 27 hh11 figs-activepassive 0 The kingdom and the dominion … will be given to the people This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will give the kingdom and the dominion … to the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 7 27 c6lf figs-doublet 0 The kingdom and the dominion These two terms mean basically the same thing and emphasize that this will concern all forms of official authority. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 7 27 p5c7 figs-abstractnouns 0 the greatness of the kingdoms The abstract noun “greatness” can be translated with the adjective “great.” Alternate translation: “everything that is great about the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
DAN 7 27 ry7e figs-idiom 0 of the kingdoms under the whole heaven The idiom “under the whole heaven” refers to the kingdoms on earth. Alternate translation: “of all the kingdoms on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 7 27 eti4 0 His kingdom “The kingdom of the Most High”
|
||||
DAN 7 27 t3ct 0 an everlasting kingdom “a kingdom that will exist forever” or “a kingdom that will never end”
|
||||
DAN 7 28 v6mq 0 Here is the end of the matter This means that Daniel has finished describing the vision. Alternate translation: “That is what I saw in my vision” or “This is the end of the description of what I saw in my vision”
|
||||
DAN 7 28 am3a 0 my face changed in appearance “my face became pale”
|
||||
DAN 8 intro cbk6 0 # Daniel 08 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### The vision of the ram and the male goat<br><br>Although specific interpretation of this vision is not given, most scholars believe Daniel saw Greece overthrowing Media-Persia before breaking up into four kingdoms. One of these kingdoms stopped the temple worship for a while and then it was restored. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/restore]])
|
||||
DAN 8 1 rft5 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: Chapters 7 and 8 are not in chronological order. They happened while Belshazzar was still the king, before the rule of Darius and Cyrus that was discussed in chapter 6. In Daniel’s vision, he saw animals that were symbols of other things. Later in the vision someone explains the meaning of those symbols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 8 1 b6kb translate-ordinal 0 In the third year “In year three” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 8 1 er4q 0 Belshazzar This is the son of Nebuchadnezzar who became king after his father. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 5:1](../05/01.md).
|
||||
DAN 8 1 h9fw writing-background 0 had a vision appear to me (after the one … first) This is background information to remind the reader that this is Daniel’s second vision. Alternate translation: “had a second vision appear to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
DAN 8 2 t4xy 0 fortress a walled city that was guarded and protected
|
||||
DAN 8 2 m8kv translate-names 0 Susa … Elam … Ulai Canal These are names of places. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 8 2 jfs1 0 Canal A canal is a narrow man-made waterway.
|
||||
DAN 8 3 kh4s writing-symlanguage 0 a ram with two horns It is normal for rams to have two horns. These horns, however, have symbolic meaning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 8 3 buj1 0 but the longer … passed up in length by it “but the longer one grew more slowly than the shorter one, and the shorter one grew to be even longer than it”
|
||||
DAN 8 4 wrr2 0 I saw the ram charging “I saw the ram rushing” or “I saw the ram running very quickly”
|
||||
DAN 8 4 s49e figs-metonymy 0 to rescue anyone out of his hand Rams do not have hands. Here “hand” refers to the ram’s power. Alternate translation: “to rescue anyone from him” or “to rescue anyone from his power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 8 5 npd3 figs-hyperbole 0 across the surface of the whole earth The phrase “the whole earth” is an exaggeration that means he came from far away. Alternate translation: “from far away across the surface of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
DAN 8 5 jv2j figs-explicit 0 The goat had a large horn between his eyes Goats have two horns on the sides of their heads. This image should be explained. Alternate translation: “The goat had a single large horn in the center of his head” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 8 6 ith5 0 in a powerful rage “and it was very angry”
|
||||
DAN 8 7 u36k 0 trampled to crush something by stepping on it
|
||||
DAN 8 7 hh82 0 the ram from his power “the ram from the goat because of his power”
|
||||
DAN 8 8 kr6f 0 the goat became very large “the goat became very large and strong”
|
||||
DAN 8 8 pt9j figs-activepassive 0 the large horn was broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “something broke off the large horn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 8 8 z9lm figs-idiom 0 toward the four winds of the heavens Here “the four winds of heaven” is an idiom that refers to the four main directions (north, east, south, west) from which the winds blow. Alternate translation: “in four different directions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 8 9 ys25 0 but which became very large “but it became very large”
|
||||
DAN 8 9 i3jg 0 in the south, in the east, and in the land of beauty This probably means it pointed in those directions. This can be stated. Alternate translation: “and pointed toward the south and then toward the east and then toward the beautiful land of Israel”
|
||||
DAN 8 9 umn2 figs-idiom 0 the land of beauty This is a reference to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 8 10 pkh2 figs-personification 0 It became so large as to engage in war Here the horn is given qualities of a person and is engaging in war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 8 10 h6ex figs-activepassive 0 Some of that army … thrown down to the earth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: The horn threw some of that army and some of the stars down to the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 8 10 iq57 figs-personification 0 it trampled on them Here the horn is given qualities of a person that tramples on the stars and on the army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 8 11 akq6 figs-personification 0 General Information: The horn is given qualities of a person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 8 11 x2bs 0 Connecting Statement: Daniel continues describing his vision of the horn ([Daniel 8:9](../08/09.md)).
|
||||
DAN 8 11 r2zz figs-explicit 0 the commander of the army This refers to God himself, who is the leader of the angel army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 8 11 i4px 0 It took away from him the regular burnt offering Here “took away” means the horn stopped the offering. Here “him” refers to God, the commander of the army. Alternate translation: “It stopped the people from making their regular burnt offering to him”
|
||||
DAN 8 11 c2s4 figs-activepassive 0 the place of his sanctuary was polluted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it defiled his sanctuary” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 8 12 y31h figs-metaphor 0 The horn will throw truth down to the ground The horn ignoring truth and godliness is spoken of as if it will throw truth to the ground. Alternate translation: “The horn will reject the truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 8 13 lj18 0 holy one “angel”
|
||||
DAN 8 13 b9yz 0 the handing over of the sanctuary “the surrender of the sanctuary”
|
||||
DAN 8 13 xj3i figs-activepassive 0 heaven’s army being trampled on This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the horn trampling on heaven’s army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 8 14 ed38 translate-numbers 0 2,300 evenings and mornings “Two thousand three hundred evenings and mornings.” Here “evenings and mornings” is a merism that refers to everything in between, which means full days. Alternate translation: “2,300 sunsets and sunrises” or “2,300 days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
DAN 8 14 j3q3 0 the sanctuary will be put right “the temple will be purified and set in order again”
|
||||
DAN 8 16 h4dz figs-synecdoche 0 a man’s voice calling between the banks of the Ulai Canal Here a man is being referred to by his voice. Alternate translation: “a man calling from the Ulai Canal” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 8 16 c8qg 0 Ulai Canal A canal is a narrow man-made waterway. See how you translated this name in [Daniel 8:2](../08/02.md).
|
||||
DAN 8 17 c9ys translate-symaction 0 prostrated myself on the ground This is an act of worship in which someone lies flat on the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 8 17 v6y5 0 the time of the end “the final days” or “the end of the world.” This does not refer to the final moment in time, but rather to the events that will happen immediately before the end.
|
||||
DAN 8 18 c89u 0 a deep sleep This is a type of sleep when someone is sleeping heavily and does not wake up easily.
|
||||
DAN 8 19 v9et figs-explicit 0 the time of wrath This refers to the time when God will judge. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the time when God judges in anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 8 19 zif5 0 the appointed time for the end “the time when the world will end”
|
||||
DAN 8 20 bi9v writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: In these verses, the angel explains to Daniel the symbolic meaning of the things he saw in his vision. The animals and horns actually represent human rulers and kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 8 20 zfr2 0 two horns—they are “two horns—they represent”
|
||||
DAN 8 20 k8n7 figs-metonymy 0 the kings of Media and Persia This could mean: (1) this refers to the kings of Media and Persia or (2) this is a metonym in which the kings represents the kingdoms of Media and Persia. Alternate translation: “the kingdoms of Media and Persia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 8 21 j9y9 figs-metonymy 0 the king of Greece This could mean: (1) this refers to the king of Greece or (2) this is a metonym in which the king represents the kingdom of Greece. Alternate translation: “the kingdom of Greece” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 8 21 h37i 0 The large horn between his eyes is “The large horn between his eyes represents”
|
||||
DAN 8 22 j764 writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: In these verses, the angel explains to Daniel the symbolic meaning of the things he saw in his vision. The animals and horns actually represented human rulers or kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 8 22 qtr7 0 As for the horn that was broken … four others arose “Where the large horn was broken off, four others arose”
|
||||
DAN 8 22 c6qn figs-explicit 0 four kingdoms will arise from his nation The four horns represent the four new kingdoms. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “they represent the four kingdoms into which the kingdom of the first king will be divided” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 8 22 z39i 0 but not with his great power “but they will not have as much power as the king represented by the large horn”
|
||||
DAN 8 23 gk83 0 At the latter time of those kingdoms “As those kingdoms approach their end”
|
||||
DAN 8 23 t2i5 0 shall have reached their limit “have reached their full” or “have run their course”
|
||||
DAN 8 23 x2ku 0 grim-faced This means someone who looks defiant, or like he will refuse to obey.
|
||||
DAN 8 24 fm5e writing-symlanguage 0 General Information: In these verses, the angel explains to Daniel the symbolic meaning of the things he saw in his vision. The animals and horns actually represented human rulers or kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
DAN 8 24 ue1c 0 but not by his own power “but someone else will give him his power”
|
||||
DAN 8 25 yq8r figs-personification 0 he will make deceit prosper Here “deceit” is spoken of as if it is a person who will prosper. Alternate translation: “the amount of deception will increase” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 8 25 u9tg figs-metonymy 0 under his hand Here “hand” refers to his rule. Alternate translation: “under his rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 8 25 f6qi 0 King of kings This refers to God.
|
||||
DAN 8 25 asi1 figs-metonymy 0 he will be broken Here “he” refers to his power. Alternate translation: “his rule will end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 8 25 cxx3 figs-metonymy 0 not by any human hand Here “hand” refers to power. This can be also stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “not by any human power” or “by divine power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 8 26 cp6e 0 General Information: The angel continues to instruct Daniel about the visions that Daniel saw.
|
||||
DAN 8 26 cer6 figs-metaphor 0 seal up the vision The angel speaks about the vision as if it were a scroll that could be closed with a wax seal. This prevented anyone from seeing the contents until the seal was broken. Alternate translation: “close and seal up what you have written about the vision” or “do not tell anyone about the vision now” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 8 27 us1l 0 was overcome and lay weak for several days “was exhausted and lay in bed sick for several days”
|
||||
DAN 8 27 c42h 0 went about the king’s business “did the work that the king had assigned to me”
|
||||
DAN 8 27 v7gd 0 I was appalled by the vision “I was dismayed by the vision” or “I was very confused by the vision”
|
||||
DAN 9 intro sz7n 0 # Daniel 09 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Daniel told the future<br>Gabriel told Daniel a prophecy that Jerusalem would be rebuilt. Then later an anointed person would be killed and the worship at the temple stopped. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/anoint]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/temple]])<br><br>### The unusual expression of numbers in 9:24-26<br><br>This passage uses the expressions “seventy sevens of years,” “seven sevens and sixty-two sevens,” and “sixty-two sevens of years” to denote ““490 years,” “49 years and then 434 years,” and “434 years,” respectively. The original language uses the idea of a “week” to express the idea of a group of sevens, but these numbers are clearly meant to denote years, not weeks. Most translators should use the ways normal in their languages to express these numbers.
|
||||
DAN 9 1 a2ic 0 General Information: Chapters 7 and 8 were not in chronological order. They happened while Belshazzar was still the king. Chapter 9 now returns to the events of the reign of Darius who became king in chapter 6.
|
||||
DAN 9 1 lvl3 writing-background 0 It was Ahasuerus who had been made king over the realm of the Babylonians This is background information about who Ahasuerus was. The UST places this in parentheses to make that clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
DAN 9 1 y3g6 figs-activepassive 0 who had been made king over the realm of the Babylonians This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “who became king over the realm of the Babylonians” or “who conquered the Babylonians” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 1 m6bc 0 over the realm “over the country” or “over the kingdom”
|
||||
DAN 9 2 h1p2 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
|
||||
DAN 9 2 y2g1 translate-numbers 0 there would be seventy years until Jerusalem’s abandonment would end “from the time Jerusalem was destroyed, it would remain in ruins for 70 years” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
DAN 9 2 zrc4 0 abandonment this means no one would help or rebuild Jerusalem during that time
|
||||
DAN 9 3 xi1v figs-metonymy 0 I turned my face to the Lord God Here “face” represents Daniel’s attention. Alternate translation: “I focused my attention on the Lord God” or “I directed my thoughts toward the Lord God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 9 3 v1yi figs-metaphor 0 to seek him Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 9 3 ni5z translate-symaction 0 fasting, wearing sackcloth, and sitting in ashes These are symbolic acts of repentance and sorrow. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 9 4 waz8 0 I made confession of our sins “I confessed our sins”
|
||||
DAN 9 4 q4bd 0 you are the one who keeps the covenant and is faithful to love those “you do what you said you would do in your covenant, and you faithfully love those”
|
||||
DAN 9 5 wju1 0 General Information: Daniel continues praying to the Lord about the people of Israel.
|
||||
DAN 9 5 bz6l figs-parallelism 0 We have sinned and have done what is wrong These two phrases express one idea in two different ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 9 5 ie62 figs-parallelism 0 We have acted wickedly and we have rebelled These two phrases express one idea in two different ways for emphasis. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 9 5 fu8v figs-doublet 0 your commands and decrees The words “commands” and “decrees” share similar meanings and refer to the whole law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 6 x5wh figs-metonymy 0 We have not listened to your servants Here “not listened” means they did not obey their message. Alternate translation: “We have not obeyed the message of your prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 9 6 hp4w figs-metonymy 0 spoke in your name Here “name” refers to God’s authority. Alternate translation: “spoke with your authority” or “spoke as your representative” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 9 6 et6z 0 the people of the land Here “land” refers to Israel. Alternate translation: “the Israelite people”
|
||||
DAN 9 7 ei62 0 General Information: Daniel continues praying to the Lord about the people of Israel.
|
||||
DAN 9 7 fy69 figs-metaphor 0 To you, Lord, belongs righteousness Being righteous is spoken of as if “righteousness” were an object that belongs to Yahweh. The abstract noun “righteousness” can be stated as “righteous.” Alternate translation: “Lord, you are righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
DAN 9 7 x7i6 figs-metaphor 0 To us today, however, belongs shame on our faces—for the people Being ashamed is spoken of as if “shame” were an object that belongs to people. The abstract noun “shame” can be stated as “ashamed.” Alternate translation: “But as for us, we are ashamed of what we have done—the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
DAN 9 7 k8fa figs-exclusive 0 To us today The word “us” includes Daniel and the Israelites, but it does not include God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 7 kk5y figs-idiom 0 belongs shame on our faces This idiom means their shame is visible to all. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 9 7 u1gy 0 because of the great treachery that we committed against you “because we greatly betrayed you” or “because we were very unfaithful to you”
|
||||
DAN 9 9 yg1d 0 General Information: Daniel continues praying to the Lord about the people of Israel.
|
||||
DAN 9 9 vqm3 figs-metaphor 0 To the Lord our God belong compassion and forgiveness Having these traits is spoken of as if they belonged to the Lord. Alternate translation: “The Lord our God is compassionate and forgives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 9 10 kf4g figs-metonymy 0 We have not obeyed the voice of Yahweh our God Here “voice” refers to the commands that Yahweh spoke. Alternate translation: “We have not obeyed what Yahweh told us to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 9 11 b68w figs-idiom 0 turned aside The words “turned aside” mean that Israel stopped obeying God’s laws. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 9 11 qk6k figs-activepassive 0 that are written in the law of Moses This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that Moses wrote about in the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 11 n3rz figs-metaphor 0 have been poured out on us The abundance of the curse and the oath are spoken of as if they were poured out like water. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you have brought upon us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 12 wrt9 0 General Information: Daniel continues praying to the Lord about the people of Israel.
|
||||
DAN 9 12 n2ng figs-idiom 0 For under the whole of heaven This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “For in the whole world” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 9 12 l46l figs-activepassive 0 there has not been done anything “nothing has been done.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “nothing has happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 12 vbx2 figs-activepassive 0 what has been done to Jerusalem This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what you have done to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 13 c1fb figs-activepassive 0 As it is written in the law of Moses This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “As Moses wrote in the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 13 sk3z figs-idiom 0 turning away from our iniquities Here stopping evil activity is spoken of as turning away from them. Alternate translation: “stopping our evil actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 9 14 dxb5 0 Yahweh has kept the disaster ready “Yahweh has prepared this disaster”
|
||||
DAN 9 14 up2a figs-metonymy 0 we have not obeyed his voice Here “voice” refers to the things that Yahweh commanded. Alternate translation: “we have not done what he told us to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 9 15 wi6x figs-metonymy 0 with a mighty hand Here “mighty hand” is a metonym for strength. Alternate translation: “with great strength” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 9 15 k82d 0 you have made a famous name for yourself, as in this present day “you caused people to know how great you are, as you still do today”
|
||||
DAN 9 15 u2zs figs-parallelism 0 still we sinned; we have done wicked things These two clauses mean basically the same thing and are used together to emphasize how bad sin is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 9 15 h9ad figs-exclusive 0 we sinned; we have done wicked things Daniel and Israel sinned and did wicked things, but “we” does not include God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 16 zd1k figs-doublet 0 your anger and your wrath The words “anger” and “wrath” mean basically the same thing and emphasize how terrible God’s anger is when he acts on it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 16 g4t8 0 your holy mountain This mountain may be holy because God’s temple is there. Alternate translation: “the mountain where your holy temple is”
|
||||
DAN 9 16 t4wb figs-exclusive 0 our sins … our ancestors Here “our” refers to Daniel and Israel, but not to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 16 qcc3 0 an object of scorn “a target of disrespect”
|
||||
DAN 9 17 e6hv 0 Now This does not mean “at this moment”, but it is a way to show that the next phase in Daniel’s prayer is about to start.
|
||||
DAN 9 17 u437 figs-123person 0 your servant … his pleas for mercy The words “your servant” and “his” here refer to Daniel. He speaks about himself in the third person as a sign of respect for God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
DAN 9 17 ndy1 0 pleas for mercy “requests for mercy”
|
||||
DAN 9 17 a4vq figs-metaphor 0 make your face shine on The writer speaks of Yahweh acting favorably as if Yahweh’s face shone a light. Alternate translation: “act kindly toward” or “act with favor toward” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 9 17 b52l 0 your sanctuary This refers to the temple in Jerusalem.
|
||||
DAN 9 18 sv8a figs-idiom 0 open your ears and listen To “open the ears” is an idiom that means to listen. These two phrases means the same thing and emphasize Daniel’s desire for God to listen to his prayer. Alternate translation: “please listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 18 jqa4 figs-idiom 0 open your eyes and see To “open the eyes” is an idiom that means to see. These two phrases means the same thing and emphasize Daniel’s desire for God to pay attention to his prayer. Alternate translation: “notice us” or “pay attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 18 gw8i figs-metonymy 0 is called by your name Here “name” represents ownership. Alternate translation: “is your city” or “belongs to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 9 19 y5zw 0 do not delay This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “act quickly”
|
||||
DAN 9 20 n3ma 0 my people Israel “the people of Israel to whom I belong”
|
||||
DAN 9 21 tmu9 figs-explicit 0 the man Gabriel This is the same angel Gabriel who appeared in the form of a man in [Daniel 8:16](../08/16.md). Alternate translation: “Gabriel, who appeared as a man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 9 21 m9dw 0 in the vision at the first This may refer to the first vision that Daniel had while he was awake. Alternate translation: “in the previous vision” or “in the vision I saw before” or “in a vision before”
|
||||
DAN 9 21 ud8s 0 flew down to me in rapid flight “flew down to me quickly”
|
||||
DAN 9 21 i2as 0 at the time of the evening sacrifice The Jewish people sacrificed to God each evening just before the sun went down.
|
||||
DAN 9 22 i4uk figs-doublet 0 insight and understanding The words “insight” and “understanding” mean the same thing and emphasize that Gabriel will help Daniel to understand the message completely. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 23 bj8w figs-activepassive 0 the order was given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave the order” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 23 ke8t 0 consider this word “think about this message”
|
||||
DAN 9 23 dn8d 0 the revelation This refers back to the prophesy of Jeremiah in [Daniel 9:2](../09/02.md).
|
||||
DAN 9 24 tn7g 0 Seventy sevens are decreed for your people and your holy city to God decreed that he would do the things in this verse for the people and the holy city.
|
||||
DAN 9 24 x7sx 0 Seventy sevens This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. If possible, try to translate in a way that preserves this use of the number seven. Alternate translation: “Seventy times seven years”
|
||||
DAN 9 24 vmn4 figs-you 0 your people and your holy city The word “your” here refers to Daniel. The people are the Israelites and the holy city is Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
DAN 9 24 v75s figs-parallelism 0 to end the guilt and put an end to sin The idea is repeated to emphasize how certain it is that this will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
DAN 9 24 dt4s figs-idiom 0 to carry out the vision Here “carry out” is an idiom that means to accomplish. Alternate translation: “to accomplish the vision” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 9 24 z31h figs-doublet 0 the vision and the prophecy These words in this context mean the same thing. They ensure Daniel that Jeremiah’s vision was indeed a prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 25 hg9s 0 and sixty-two sevens This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. If possible, try to translate in a way that preserves this use of the number seven. Alternate translation: “seven times seven years … and sixty-two times seven years”
|
||||
DAN 9 25 z58t figs-doublet 0 Know and understand These words are used together to make the importance clear. Alternate translation: “You must clearly understand” or “You must know for sure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 25 cc6s translate-symaction 0 the anointed one Anointing is a symbolic act to show that someone is chosen. Alternate translation: “the person that God anoints” or “the person that God chooses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
DAN 9 25 mg6r 0 seven sevens … and sixty-two sevens These added together are 69 of the 70 sevens spoken of in verse 24.
|
||||
DAN 9 25 tg7z figs-activepassive 0 Jerusalem will be rebuilt This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People will rebuild Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 25 gs6w 0 moat a deep ditch around a city or building, usually with water in it
|
||||
DAN 9 25 q3nq 0 the times of distress “a time of great trouble”
|
||||
DAN 9 26 t9v5 0 sixty-two sevens This is not the normal way the Israelites counted. If possible, try to translate in a way that preserves this use of the number seven. See how you translated this number in [Daniel 9:25](../09/25.md). Alternate translation: “sixty-two times seven”
|
||||
DAN 9 26 pru6 figs-activepassive 0 the anointed one will be destroyed and will have nothing This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will destroy the anointed one and he will have nothing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 26 nzv4 0 the anointed one Anointing is a symbolic act to show that someone is chosen. See how you translated this title in [Daniel 9:25](../09/25.md). Alternate translation: “the person that God anoints” or “the person that God chooses”
|
||||
DAN 9 26 bn3z 0 a coming ruler This is a foreign ruler, not “the anointed one.” Alternate translation: “a foreign ruler who will come” or “a powerful ruler who will come”
|
||||
DAN 9 26 hpa8 figs-metaphor 0 Its end will come with a flood The army will destroy the city and the holy place just as a flood destroys things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 9 26 ite5 figs-activepassive 0 Desolations have been decreed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has decreed ruin for the city and sanctuary” or “God has declared that the enemy army will destroy everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 9 27 a45k 0 He will … he will This refers to the coming ruler who will destroy the anointed one.
|
||||
DAN 9 27 zqk4 0 one seven … In the middle of the seven Here “seven” is used to refer to a period of seven years. Alternate translation: “seven years … Halfway through the seven years”
|
||||
DAN 9 27 rr1b 0 put an end to “stop” or “halt”
|
||||
DAN 9 27 jsh2 figs-doublet 0 the sacrifice and the offering These words basically mean the same thing. The repetition is to show that the ruler will prevent all types of sacrifices. Alternate translation: “all forms of sacrificing” or “every type of offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 27 e962 figs-metonymy 0 the wing of abominations This may refer to the defensive structures on top of the walls of the temple, which are called “abominations” because they are full of idols. Alternate translation: “the walls of the temple that are full of abominations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 9 27 l267 0 someone who makes desolate “a person who completely destroys”
|
||||
DAN 9 27 i8lk figs-activepassive 0 A full end and destruction are decreed to be poured out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God has decreed that he will pour out a full end and destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 9 27 x6c9 figs-doublet 0 A full end and destruction These two words or expressions are basically the same. They emphasize how serious and complete the destruction will be. Alternate translation: “Complete destruction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 9 27 t53m 0 the one who has made the desolation “the person who caused the destruction”
|
||||
DAN 10 intro rcw2 0 # Daniel 10 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins a section where Daniel is given a prophecy about the future from an angel. This section continues for the remainder of the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
DAN 10 1 if3j translate-ordinal 0 the third year of Cyrus king of Persia “year 3 of the rule of Cyrus the king of Persia” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 10 1 mci4 figs-activepassive 0 a message was revealed to Daniel This can also be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God revealed a message to Daniel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 10 1 vf8c 0 insight the ability to understand more than what can be seen
|
||||
DAN 10 3 xqe9 0 delicacies These are expensive or rare kinds of food. Alternate translation: “fancy foods”
|
||||
DAN 10 3 af3y 0 until the completion of three entire weeks “until the end of three entire weeks”
|
||||
DAN 10 4 s7nc translate-hebrewmonths 0 On the twenty-fourth day of the first month This is the first month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of April on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 10 5 p8b1 0 with a belt around his waist “and he was wearing a belt”
|
||||
DAN 10 5 q62t translate-names 0 Uphaz Uphaz is a place. Its location is not known (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 10 6 pv61 figs-simile 0 His body was like topaz His body gleamed with blue or yellow light as if it were made of topaz. Alternate translation: “his body gleamed like topaz” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 10 6 yce2 0 topaz a blue or yellow gemstone, also known as beryl, peridot, or chrysolite
|
||||
DAN 10 6 e9xc figs-simile 0 his face was like lightning His face shone brightly as a bolt of lightning shines. Alternate translation: “his face shone with light as bright as the flash of lightning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 10 6 v1ew figs-simile 0 His eyes were like flaming torches His eyes were bright with light as if they were flaming torches. Alternate translation: “his eyes were so bright that it seemed they had torches burning inside them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 10 6 ugr5 figs-simile 0 his arms and his feet were like polished bronze His arms and feet were as shiny as if they were made of polished bronze. Alternate translation: “his arms and feet shone like polished bronze that reflects the light around it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 10 6 vkv7 figs-simile 0 The sound of his words was like the sound of a great crowd His voice was so loud that it was as if a crowd of people were all talking loudly. Alternate translation: “his voice was as loud as a huge crowd all calling out together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 10 8 gpj1 figs-activepassive 0 So I was left alone and saw This can be stated in active form. “No one was with me, and I saw” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 10 8 tiw7 figs-activepassive 0 my bright appearance was turned into a ruined look This can be stated in active form. “my bright appearance turned into looking ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 10 8 pp1z figs-idiom 0 my bright appearance This describes the face of someone who is healthy. Alternate translation: “my healthy-looking face” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 10 8 fy67 figs-metaphor 0 a ruined look Someone’s unhealthy, pale face is spoken of as if it were a ruined building. Alternate translation: “pale” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 10 9 kc4l figs-idiom 0 I fell on my face in deep sleep Possible meanings are: (1) Daniel was so scared by what he saw that he deliberately laid on the ground, where he then fainted or (2) Daniel fainted and then fell forward onto the ground. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 10 10 q7sg figs-synecdoche 0 A hand touched me Here a person’s hand represents that person, probably the man whom Daniel saw in [Daniel 10:5](../10/05.md). Alternate translation: “Someone touched me with his hand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 10 11 uuf2 figs-activepassive 0 Daniel, man greatly treasured This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Daniel, you whom God greatly treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 10 11 r2td 0 greatly treasured much valued and loved
|
||||
DAN 10 12 xbp6 0 you set your mind to understand “you determined to understand the vision”
|
||||
DAN 10 12 n99a figs-activepassive 0 your words were heard This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “God heard your words” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 10 13 qc85 0 prince Here this refers to a spirit who has authority over a human nation. Alternate translation: “spirit prince”
|
||||
DAN 10 13 rag2 0 the kings of Persia This probably refers to the various kings who ruled over nations in the Persian Empire, and who had to obey the king of Persia.
|
||||
DAN 10 13 as4y 0 Michael, one of the chief princes “Michael, on of the chief angels” or “Michael, one of the archangels”
|
||||
DAN 10 14 b23e 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 10 15 lq7d 0 I turned my face toward the ground “I looked at the ground.” Daniel may have done this to show humble reverence, or because he was afraid.
|
||||
DAN 10 16 dt5j 0 One who was like the sons of man This may refer to the one who had just spoken to Daniel. However, some versions interpret it as referring to a different person. Alternate translation: “This one, who looked like a human”
|
||||
DAN 10 16 wv9e figs-idiom 0 like the sons of man Here this expression refers to human beings in general. Alternate translation: “like a human being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 10 16 na7s 0 agony severe emotional suffering
|
||||
DAN 10 17 t4pn figs-rquestion 0 I am your servant. How can I talk with my master? Daniel asks this question meaning that he cannot speak to the angel because he is not the angel’s equal. These sentences can be combined. Alternate translation: “I am not able to answer you because I am only your servant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
DAN 10 17 by59 figs-idiom 0 there is no breath left in me This idiom refers to breathing. Alternate translation: “I cannot breathe” or “it’s very hard to breathe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 10 18 wh3x 0 the one with an appearance of a man “the one who looked like a human”
|
||||
DAN 10 19 j55a 0 Be strong now, be strong The words “be strong” are repeated for emphasis.
|
||||
DAN 10 19 w36n figs-activepassive 0 man greatly treasured This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you whom God greatly treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 10 19 u5hy figs-activepassive 0 I was strengthened This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I became strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 10 20 tku1 0 the prince of Persia Here “prince” refers to a spirit who rules and guards a human nation. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Daniel 10:13](../10/13.md). Alternate translation: “the spirit prince of Persia”
|
||||
DAN 10 21 k4rh figs-explicit 0 But I will tell you This implies that the angel will tell Daniel about this immediately, before he goes away. Alternate translation: “But first I will tell you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 10 21 gx6a figs-activepassive 0 what is written in the Book of Truth This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “what the Book of Truth says” or “what someone wrote in the Book of Truth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 10 21 f6mz 0 who shows himself to be strong “who proves himself to be strong”
|
||||
DAN 10 21 x9us 0 There is no one who shows himself to be strong with me against them, except Michael your prince “Michael your prince is the only one to show himself strong with me against them” or “Michael your prince is the only one who helps me against them”
|
||||
DAN 10 21 t5rl figs-you 0 Michael your prince The word “your” is plural. It refers to Daniel and the rest of the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “Michael, the prince of your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
DAN 10 21 p2z5 0 Michael your prince “Michael your guardian angel.” Translate “prince” when it refers to Michael as you did [Daniel 10:13](../10/13.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 intro ee96 0 # Daniel 11 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The final prophecy continues in this chapter. The kings of the North and of the South will fight many wars against each other. The king of the South is probably a reference to Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
DAN 11 1 iik8 0 General Information: In Daniel 11:1 through 12:4, the one who was speaking to Daniel in chapter 10 tells him what is written in the book of truth. This is as he said he would do in [Daniel 10:21](../10/21.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 1 rm8a figs-explicit 0 In the first year of Darius Darius was the King of the Medes. “The first year” refers to the first year that he was king. Alternate translation: “In the first year of the reign of Darius” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 11 2 eq9g 0 Three kings will arise in Persia “Three kings will rule over Persia”
|
||||
DAN 11 2 ed2c translate-ordinal 0 a fourth will be far richer than all the others “after them a fourth king will come into power who will have more money than the three before him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
DAN 11 2 dk4x 0 power This could mean: (1) authority or (2) military power.
|
||||
DAN 11 2 e62r 0 he will stir up everyone “he will cause everyone to want to fight”
|
||||
DAN 11 3 y2cv 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 3 l9xy figs-metaphor 0 A mighty king will rise up The idea of rising up or standing is often used for someone who becomes powerful. Alternate translation: “A mighty king will begin to reign” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 3 xg79 0 who will rule a very great kingdom This could mean: (1) that the size of this kingdom would be very great, or (2) that the king would rule his kingdom with very great power.
|
||||
DAN 11 4 ti9p figs-activepassive 0 his kingdom will be broken and divided This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “his kingdom will break apart and divide” or “his kingdom will break apart into pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 4 ewb2 0 the four winds of heaven See how you translated this in [Daniel 7:2](../07/02.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 4 v3mc figs-ellipsis 0 but not to his own descendants The idea of not being divided and shared out is implied here. Alternate translation: “but it will not be divided for his own descendants” or “but it will not be shared by his own descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
DAN 11 4 a3z5 figs-activepassive 0 his kingdom will be uprooted for others besides his descendants The kingdom is spoken of as if it were a plant that someone destroyed by uprooting it. This idea can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “another power will uproot and destroy his kingdom and others who are not his descendants will rule over it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 5 vns2 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 5 xd9k 0 one of his commanders will become even stronger than he and will rule his kingdom with great power A commander of the king of the South will become the king of the North.
|
||||
DAN 11 6 lv1j 0 they will make an alliance The king of the South will make an alliance with the king of the North. This alliance would be a formal agreement that both nations are required to follow. Alternate translation: “the king of the South and the king of the North will promise to work together”
|
||||
DAN 11 6 n6pd 0 The daughter of the king of the South will come … to confirm the agreement The king of the South will give his daughter in marriage to the king of the North. The marriage will confirm the agreement between the two kings.
|
||||
DAN 11 6 lf4z figs-metaphor 0 her arm’s strength … his arm Here “arm” stands for power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 6 d6vs figs-activepassive 0 She will be abandoned This appears to refer to a plot to kill her and those who made the alliance. This phrase may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “They will abandon her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 7 r8ie 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 7 dvw9 figs-metaphor 0 a branch from her roots This family is spoken of as if it were a tree. The roots represent ancestors, and the branch represents a descendant. Alternate translation: “a descendant of her ancestors” or “one of her descendants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 7 rfw3 0 her roots The word “her” refers to the daughter of the king of the South in [Daniel 11:6](../11/06.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 7 u8jk figs-synecdoche 0 He will attack the army The word “he” refers to her descendant, and here it also refers to his army. Alternate translation: “He and his army will attack the army of the king of the North” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 11 7 jj5j 0 He will fight them Here “them” represents the soldiers of the enemy army. Alternate translation: “He will fight the enemy soldiers”
|
||||
DAN 11 9 lpm6 0 but he will withdraw The word “he” refers to the king of the North.
|
||||
DAN 11 10 l8lr 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 10 b8ne 0 His sons “The sons of the king of the North”
|
||||
DAN 11 10 d4ad 0 assemble a great army “gather together many men who can fight in battles”
|
||||
DAN 11 10 t3xu figs-simile 0 will flood everything The way the large army covers the land will be like a flood of water. Alternate translation: “will be so great in number that they will cover all the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 11 11 m2y4 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 11 z45y 0 will raise up a great army “will assemble a great army”
|
||||
DAN 11 11 wzt8 figs-activepassive 0 the army will be given into his hand Here “hand” represents the control of the king of the South. Alternate translation: “the king will surrender the army to the king of the South” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 12 dv6k figs-activepassive 0 The army will be carried off This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “The king of the South will capture the army of the North” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 12 sc8a figs-metaphor 0 will be lifted up Being lifted up represents the idea of becoming very proud. Alternate translation: “will become very proud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 12 yul2 figs-metonymy 0 will make tens of thousands to fall Here falling represents dying in battle. Alternate translation: “will have his army kill many thousands of his enemies” or “will kill many thousands of his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 12 tj1u translate-numbers 0 tens of thousands “many thousands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
DAN 11 13 e956 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 13 lhx7 figs-activepassive 0 a great army supplied with much equipment This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a great army that has much equipment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 14 z7g2 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 14 d4rt figs-metaphor 0 many will rise against the king Here the idea of rising up represents rebelling. Alternate translation: “many people will rebel against the king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 14 l5gp figs-metaphor 0 Sons of the violent This expression stands for violent people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 14 rd3t figs-metaphor 0 they will stumble Here stumbling represents failing. Alternate translation: “they will not succeed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 15 r1i6 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 15 eu1n figs-synecdoche 0 The king of the North will come Here “king of the North” includes his army also. Alternate translation: “The army of the king of the North will come” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 11 15 tqb1 0 pour out earth for siege mounds This refers to the piling up of earth in order for soldiers to reach the height of city walls in order to attack them. Soldiers and slaves would put loose earth in baskets, carry them to the right place, and pour it out in order to raise the mounds.
|
||||
DAN 11 15 f3vi 0 fortifications walls and other things built to defend a city or fort from enemy soldiers
|
||||
DAN 11 15 em5h figs-metonymy 0 will not be able to stand Here standing represents the ability to fight. Alternate translation: “will not be able to keep fighting against them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 16 nm4j 0 the one who comes will act according to his desires against him “the invading king will do whatever he wants against the other king”
|
||||
DAN 11 16 zl4i figs-metonymy 0 He will stand in Here standing represents ruling. Alternate translation: “The king will begin to rule” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 16 d31f 0 the land of beauty This refers to the land of Israel. See how you translated this in [Daniel 8:9](../08/09.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 16 bmr3 figs-metaphor 0 destruction will be in his hand Here “destruction” represents the power to destroy. Also, the power to destroy is spoken of as if it were something that someone could hold in his hand. Alternate translation: “he will have power to destroy anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 17 s8fx 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 17 cr5f figs-idiom 0 set his face This is an idiom for a person deciding to do something and not being willing to change his mind. Alternate translation: “decide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 11 17 hz1p figs-metonymy 0 come with the strength of his entire kingdom This probably refers to military power. Alternate translation: “come with the force of all his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 17 pl8v figs-idiom 0 a daughter of women This is an elegant way of saying “a woman.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 11 18 y98a 0 will end his arrogance “will make the king of the North stop being arrogant”
|
||||
DAN 11 18 t5p9 0 will cause his arrogance to turn back upon him “will cause the king of the North to suffer because he was arrogant toward others”
|
||||
DAN 11 19 ef5y 0 he will pay attention “the king of the North will pay attention”
|
||||
DAN 11 19 x9wd figs-idiom 0 he will not be found This is a way of saying that he will die. This idea can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he will disappear” or “he will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 20 yg3t 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 20 kdc5 figs-metaphor 0 someone will rise up in his place Rising up in a king’s place represents becoming king in place of the previous king. Alternate translation: “another man will become king of the North instead of that king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 20 j9ng figs-explicit 0 will make a tax collector pass through The tax collector will go through the land forcing people to pay taxes. Alternate translation: “will send someone to make the people pay taxes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 11 20 c17c figs-metaphor 0 he will be broken Here “he” refers to the new king. Being broken represents dying. Alternate translation: “the new king will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 20 j9t5 figs-metaphor 0 but not in anger This could mean: (1) no one was angry at the king, or (2) that the occasion and cause of the king’s death were kept secret. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 21 jzb9 figs-activepassive 0 a despised person to whom the people will not have given the honor of royal power The people will refuse to acknowledge him as king because he is not a descendant of kings. Alternate translation: “a person whom the people will despise and will not honor as king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 22 h918 figs-activepassive 0 An army will be swept away like a flood from before him Being swept away represents being destroyed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “His army will completely destroy a great army as a flood destroys everything in its path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 11 22 pp6n figs-activepassive 0 Both that army and the leader of the covenant will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He will destroy that army and the leader of the covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 22 kdw5 0 the leader of the covenant “the leader of the priests.” This phrase refers to the person who filled the most important religious position that God required in his covenant, that of the high priest.
|
||||
DAN 11 23 hq64 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 23 ws3q figs-activepassive 0 From the time an alliance is made with him This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “When other rulers make a peace treaty with him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 24 ml78 0 will spread among his followers “will distribute to his followers”
|
||||
DAN 11 24 e41l 0 the booty, the plunder, and the wealth “the valuable things that he and his army take from the people they defeat”
|
||||
DAN 11 25 skn8 0 General Information: The angel continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 11 25 gu4a figs-personification 0 He will wake up his power and his heart Power and heart (that is, courage) are spoken of as if they were people whom someone could wake up in order to make them act. Alternate translation: “He will make himself powerful and will become courageous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
DAN 11 25 xr4i figs-metaphor 0 heart Here this represents courage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 25 l4sg 0 with a great army “with a great army that he will assemble”
|
||||
DAN 11 25 iy35 0 will wage war “will fight against him”
|
||||
DAN 11 25 a8rn figs-metaphor 0 he will not stand Not standing represents being defeated. Alternate translation: “the king of the South will be defeated” or “his army will be defeated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 26 q6x3 figs-metonymy 0 those who eat his fine food This refers to the king’s advisers. It was usual for a king’s most trusted advisers to eat meals with him. Alternate translation: “the king’s best advisers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 26 ia23 figs-metaphor 0 His army will be swept away like a flood Here the severe defeat of an army is spoken of as a flood of water that completely sweeps it away. Alternate translation: “The enemy will completely defeat his army” or “His enemy will completely destroy his army as a flood destroys everything in its path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 26 vhr4 figs-idiom 0 many of them will fall killed Here “fall” is an idiom that refers to dying in battle, so “fall” and “killed” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “many of his soldiers will die in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 11 27 uf6f figs-metaphor 0 with their hearts set on evil against each other Here “heart” represents a person’s desires. Desires are spoken of here as if they were an object that someone could set or place in a certain position. Alternate translation: “each determined to do evil to the other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 27 hy3i figs-metonymy 0 will sit at the same table Sitting at the same table represents the act of talking to each other. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 27 l9y8 0 but it will be of no use “but their talking will not help them”
|
||||
DAN 11 27 yqf8 figs-activepassive 0 For the end will come at the time that has been fixed This tells why their meetings will not be successful. Alternate translation: “The result of their actions will only come at the time that God has fixed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 28 gj2c figs-metonymy 0 riches, with his heart set against the holy covenant Here “heart” represents the mind or thoughts of a person. The idiom “his heart set against” means to be determined to oppose something. This can be stated as a new sentence. Alternate translation: “riches. He will be determined to oppose the holy covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 11 28 bn8y figs-metonymy 0 with his heart set against the holy covenant The king’s desire to act against the holy covenant represents his desire to stop the Israelites from obeying that covenant. Alternate translation: “determined to stop the Israelites from obeying the holy covenant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 28 x22z 0 the holy covenant Here “holy” describes God’s covenant with Israel. It implies that the covenant should be honored and obeyed because it comes from God himself. Alternate translation: “God’s covenant, which all the Israelites should obey”
|
||||
DAN 11 28 cg5d figs-explicit 0 He will act This implies that the king will do certain actions in Israel. Alternate translation: “He will do what he wants to in Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 11 30 ql6s figs-metonymy 0 ships of Kittim will come against him The ships represent the army coming in those ships. Alternate translation: “an army will come from Kittim in ships in order to fight his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 30 vt1j translate-names 0 Kittim This may refer to a settlement on the island of Cyprus in the Mediterranean Sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 11 30 n36n 0 He will be furious against the holy covenant “He will hate the holy covenant”
|
||||
DAN 11 30 y4cm 0 will show favor to those “will act in favor for those” or “will help those”
|
||||
DAN 11 31 n2xy figs-idiom 0 His forces will rise up “His army will appear” or “His army will come.” The word “His” refers to the king of the North. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 11 31 cjf5 0 the fortress sanctuary “the sanctuary that the people use as a fortress”
|
||||
DAN 11 31 gq2g figs-metaphor 0 They will take away the regular burnt offering Taking away the offering represents preventing people from offering it. Alternate translation: “They will stop the priests from presenting the regular burnt offering” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 31 e91v figs-idiom 0 the abomination that causes desolation This refers to an idol that will make the temple desolate, that is, that will cause God to leave his temple. Alternate translation: “the disgusting idol that will cause God to abandon the temple” or “the disgusting thing that will make the temple unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 11 32 g7nd 0 acted wickedly against the covenant “wickedly disobeyed the covenant”
|
||||
DAN 11 32 qcz6 0 corrupt them “persuade them to do evil”
|
||||
DAN 11 32 th7n figs-metonymy 0 who know their God Here “know” means “be faithful.” Alternate translation: “who are faithful to their God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 32 v4tg 0 will be strong and will take action “will be firm and resist them”
|
||||
DAN 11 33 fs3l figs-metaphor 0 they will stumble by the sword and by flame Here “stumble” is a metaphor that represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. Here “sword” represents battles and warfare, and “flame” represents fire. Alternate translation: “they will die in battle and by burning to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 33 i91v 0 they This refers to the wise persons among the Israelites.
|
||||
DAN 11 33 kc6h figs-metaphor 0 they will stumble into captivity and into being robbed for days Here “stumble” is a metaphor that represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. The phrase “being robbed” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will become slaves and their enemies will rob them of their possessions for days” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 34 ji6c figs-activepassive 0 they will be helped with a little help This may be put into active form. Alternate translation: “others will give them a little help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 34 z23f 0 In hypocrisy many will join themselves with them This refers to other people who will pretend to help the wise persons, but not because they truly wish to help them.
|
||||
DAN 11 34 w3l4 figs-metaphor 0 will join themselves Here “join themselves” represents “come to help.” Alternate translation: “will come to help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 35 u9tw 0 Some of the wise will stumble … until the time of the end This suffering will continue until the time when God has decided that it will end.
|
||||
DAN 11 35 f174 figs-metaphor 0 Some of the wise will stumble Here “stumble” represents experiencing a disaster of one kind or another, including death itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 35 ip6i 0 so that refining will happen to them Here “so that” means “with the result that.” Alternate translation: “with the result that refining will happen to them”
|
||||
DAN 11 35 c7it figs-abstractnouns 0 refining will happen to them, and cleansing, and purifying These three activities are expressed here as if they were things. However, they may be expressed as actions, either in passive form or in active form. Alternate translation: “they will be refined, cleansed, and purified” or “their suffering will refine, cleanse, and purify them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 35 t14z figs-metaphor 0 refining This refers to the purifying of metal by melting it in a fire. When God makes his people more faithful to himself, this is spoken of as if they were metal that a worker was making more pure by putting it into fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 35 x3zq figs-metaphor 0 cleansing This refers to making people, places, or objects suitable for God’s use by separating them from sin and other forms of evil. It speaks of evil as if it were physical dirtiness that could be removed by washing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 35 xl1l figs-metaphor 0 purifying This idea is very similar to refining, discussed earlier. Metal that is refined can also be said to be purified. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 35 p8p8 0 time of the end “the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in [Daniel 8:17](../08/17.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 35 a7hv 0 the appointed time is still to come Here “appointed time” implies that God has set the time. This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has set the time in the future”
|
||||
DAN 11 36 ytf5 0 The king will act according to his desires “The king will do whatever he wants”
|
||||
DAN 11 36 pn6u 0 The king This refers to the king of the North.
|
||||
DAN 11 36 v9x7 figs-doublet 0 lift himself up and make himself great The phrases “lift himself up” and “make himself great” mean the same thing and indicate that the king will become very proud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 11 36 sy4c figs-metaphor 0 lift himself up Here this represents becoming very proud. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 36 z6yk figs-metaphor 0 make himself great Here this represents pretending to be very important and powerful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 36 w4pm figs-idiom 0 the God of gods This refers to the one true God. Alternate translation: “the supreme God” or “the only true God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 11 36 s173 0 astonishing things “terrible things” or “shocking things”
|
||||
DAN 11 36 m82m figs-metaphor 0 until the wrath is completed This phrase pictures God as storing up his wrath until his storeroom is completely full of it and he is ready to act according to it. Alternate translation: “until God is completely angry with him” or “until God is angry enough to take action against him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 37 swa4 0 the god desirable to women This seems to refer to the pagan god named Tammuz.
|
||||
DAN 11 38 a7fh 0 the god of fortresses The king probably believed that this false god would help him to attack other people’s fortresses and keep his own. Alternate translation: “the god that controls fortresses”
|
||||
DAN 11 38 zdm8 0 instead of these The word “these” refers to the gods mentioned in [Daniel 11:37](../11/37.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 39 xrm1 0 he will divide up the land as a reward This could mean: (1) “he will give the land to his followers as a reward” or (2) “he will sell land to his followers”
|
||||
DAN 11 40 tuf1 0 the time of the end “the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in [Daniel 8:17](../08/17.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 40 m1zi figs-synecdoche 0 the king of the South … The king of the North These phrases stand for the kings and their armies. Alternate translation: “the king of the South and his army … The king of the North and his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
DAN 11 40 r8tv figs-metaphor 0 will storm against him Violently attacking with an army is spoken of as if a storm happened. Alternate translation: “will attack him like a violent storm” or “will violently attack him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 40 nk95 figs-metaphor 0 flood them When an army overruns a country, it is spoken of as if a flood occurred. See how you translated this in [Daniel 11:10](../11/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 40 pc82 figs-explicit 0 pass through Nothing will stop the army. Alternate translation: “will pass through the lands with no one to stop him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 11 41 w7zh 0 the land of beauty This refers to the land of Israel. See how you translated this in [Daniel 8:9](../08/09.md) and [Daniel 11:16](./16.md).
|
||||
DAN 11 41 v51y figs-metonymy 0 will fall Here falling represents the action of dying. Alternate translation: “will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 41 vkd7 figs-metonymy 0 But these will escape from his hand Here “hand” represents power. Alternate translation: “But these will escape from his power” or “But he will not be able to destroy these nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 42 bs1v 0 General Information: This is still about the king of the North.
|
||||
DAN 11 42 ti2e figs-metaphor 0 He will extend his hand into lands Here “hand” represents power and control. Alternate translation: “He will extend his control over various lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 11 42 ef52 figs-explicit 0 into lands Here the idea is many lands or various lands. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 11 42 w3i4 figs-activepassive 0 the land of Egypt will not be rescued This can be put into active form. Alternate translation: “the land of Egypt will not escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 11 43 n537 figs-idiom 0 the Libyans and the Cushites will be in his footsteps Here “footsteps” represent submission. Alternate translation: “the Libyans and the Cushites will have to serve him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 11 43 qp3z translate-names 0 the Libyans and the Cushites “the people of Libya and Cush.” Libya is a country west of Egypt, and Cush is a country south of Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
DAN 11 44 m79f 0 General Information: This is still about the king of the North.
|
||||
DAN 11 44 et68 figs-abstractnouns 0 he will go out with great rage The abstract noun “rage” can be expressed with the word “angry.” It can be stated clearly that he would go out with his army. Alternate translation: “he will be very angry and will go out” or “he will become very angry and will go out with his army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 11 44 n5ju figs-metonymy 0 go out To “go out” represents the action of attacking the enemy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 11 44 dsf1 0 to set many apart for destruction “to destroy many people”
|
||||
DAN 11 45 cil2 0 the tent of his royal residence This refers to the king’s luxurious tents that he lived in when he was with his army in time of war.
|
||||
DAN 11 45 dk8u 0 between the seas and the mountain of the beauty of holiness This probably refers to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and Temple Mount in Jerusalem.
|
||||
DAN 11 45 k8sp figs-metonymy 0 the mountain of the beauty of holiness This refers to the hill in Jerusalem where God’s temple was. See how you translated somewhat similar phrases in [Daniel 9:16](../09/16.md) and [Daniel 9:20](../09/20.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 12 intro l8k2 0 # Daniel 12 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The final prophecy concludes in this chapter. It tells about the future resurrection of the dead and the final judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/resurrection]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judgmentday]])
|
||||
DAN 12 1 l9vr 0 General Information: The angel who appeared to Daniel in [Daniel 10:5](../10/05.md) continues speaking.
|
||||
DAN 12 1 c4hl 0 Michael, the great prince Michael is an archangel. Here he is also given the title “great prince.”
|
||||
DAN 12 1 svv2 figs-idiom 0 Michael … will rise up Here “rise up” is an idiom that means to appear. Alternate translation: “Michael … will appear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 12 1 c1ic figs-activepassive 0 your people will be saved This can be stated in active form. You can also make it clear that God will save the people. Alternate translation: “God will save your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 12 1 n3vd figs-activepassive 0 whose name is found written in the book This can be stated in active form. You can also make it clear that God writes names in the book. Alternate translation: “whose name God has written in the book” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 12 2 e327 figs-euphemism 0 those who sleep in the dust of the earth will rise up The phrase “sleep in the dust of the earth” is another way of referring to those who have died. Here “rise up” is an idiom that means to come back to life. Alternate translation: “those who have died will come back to life” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 12 3 yt7b figs-simile 0 Those who are wise will shine like the brightness of the sky above This refers to God’s people who will share their wisdom with those around them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 12 3 g6t2 figs-metaphor 0 those who turn many to righteousness This refers to those who help others understand that they are separated from God, as if they were changing the direction in which they were going. Alternate translation: “those who teach others to live righteously” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 12 3 jd17 figs-simile 0 those who turn … are like the stars forever and ever These people are compared to the stars that shine. Alternate translation: “those who turn … will shine brightly like the stars forever and ever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
DAN 12 4 qed5 figs-metonymy 0 close up these words; keep the book sealed Here “words” represents the book. Alternate translation: “close this book and keep it sealed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
DAN 12 4 mb3v 0 time of the end “the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in [Daniel 8:17](../08/17.md).
|
||||
DAN 12 4 krj6 figs-explicit 0 Many will run here and there, and knowledge will increase This seems to happen before “the time of the end” during which time the book is sealed. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Before that happens, many people will travel here and there, learning more and more about many things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 12 5 q8a8 0 General Information: Daniel goes on to tell what he saw next in this vision that began in [Daniel 10:1](../10/01.md).
|
||||
DAN 12 5 mxu1 0 there were two others standing “there were two other angels standing”
|
||||
DAN 12 6 d2x2 figs-activepassive 0 the man clothed in linen This refers to the angel who appeared to Daniel in [Daniel 10:5](../10/05.md), not to one of the angels who is standing beside the river. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the man who was wearing linen clothes” or “the angel who was wearing linen clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 12 6 cw1u 0 upstream along the river This could mean: (1) the angel clothed in linen was above the river or (2) the angel was further upstream along the river.
|
||||
DAN 12 6 x2yz 0 How long will it be to the end of these amazing events? “How long will these amazing events last?” This refers to the time from the beginning to the end of the events.
|
||||
DAN 12 6 g6y7 0 these amazing events At the time when the angel spoke to Daniel, none of the events in this vision had happened. This definitely refers to the events in [Daniel 12:1-4](./01.md), and may possibly also include the events in the vision from chapter 11.
|
||||
DAN 12 7 z28b figs-activepassive 0 the man clothed in linen This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the man who was wearing linen clothes” or “the angel who was wearing linen clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 12 7 s5j3 0 the one who lives forever “God, who lives forever”
|
||||
DAN 12 7 i56r 0 it would be for a time, times, and half a time It is best to leave it ambiguous as to when this begins. If you must choose a starting point, the three and a half years probably start with the events of [Daniel 12:1-4](./01.md).
|
||||
DAN 12 7 rue1 0 a time, times, and half a time “three and a half years.” These “times” are generally understood to refer to years. One and two and a half equal three and a half.
|
||||
DAN 12 7 fme6 figs-activepassive 0 all these things will be completed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “all these things will have happened” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
DAN 12 7 ir93 0 all these things At the time when the man clothed in linen spoke to Daniel, none of the events in this vision had happened. This refers to the events in [Daniel 12:1-4](./01.md), and may include the events in the vision from chapter 11.
|
||||
DAN 12 8 as7u 0 My master Daniel refers to the angel clothed in linen as “My master” to show respect to the angel.
|
||||
DAN 12 8 cd6n 0 of all these things At the time when the angel clothed in linen spoke to Daniel, none of the events in this vision had happened. This definitely refers to the events in [Daniel 12:1-4](./01.md), and may possibly also include the events in the vision from chapter 11.
|
||||
DAN 12 9 g3nw figs-metaphor 0 for the words are shut up and sealed The vision that was given to Daniel was not to be explained. The book was sealed and no one could access it. Alternate translation: “for you are to close up and seal the words you have written” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
DAN 12 9 c98p 0 the time of the end “the final days” or “the end of the world.” See how you translated this in [Daniel 8:17](../08/17.md).
|
||||
DAN 12 10 znp4 0 General Information: The angel clothed in linen continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 12 10 k53f figs-activepassive 0 Many will be purified, cleansed, and refined Yahweh does the purifying. These three terms mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will purify, cleanse, and refine many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
DAN 12 10 nnz4 0 refined purified by removing anything that does not belong in them
|
||||
DAN 12 10 b2dg 0 but the wicked will act wickedly The evil people will do evil or sinful things.
|
||||
DAN 12 10 z62c 0 None of the wicked will understand The evil people can not understand spiritual knowledge.
|
||||
DAN 12 10 j874 0 but those who are wise will understand “but those who obey Yahweh are wise and will understand”
|
||||
DAN 12 11 ux9k figs-explicit 0 the regular burnt offering is … is set up The king of the north is the one who stops the temple sacrifices. Alternate translation: “the king of the North takes away the regular burnt offering and sets up the abomination that causes complete desolation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
DAN 12 11 cg65 figs-idiom 0 the abomination that causes complete desolation This refers to an idol that will make the temple desolate, that is, that will cause God to leave his temple. See how you translated this in [Daniel 11:31](../11/31.md). Alternate translation: “the disgusting idol that will cause God to abandon the temple” or “the disgusting thing that will make the temple unclean” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
DAN 12 11 f32x translate-numbers 0 1,290 days “one thousand two and hundred ninety days” or “twelve hundred and ninety days.” Here “days” refers to a period of time. Most commonly rendered as days, but can also imply years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
DAN 12 12 f6x5 0 General Information: The angel clothed in linen continues speaking to Daniel.
|
||||
DAN 12 12 gpx3 0 Blessed is the one who waits “Blessed is the person who waits” or “Blessed is anyone who waits”
|
||||
DAN 12 12 dy9t 0 who waits “who remains faithful”
|
||||
DAN 12 12 lqv9 translate-numbers 0 the 1,335 days “one thousand three hundred and thirty-five days” or “thirteen hundred and thirty-five days.” Here “days” is referring to a period of time most commonly rendered as days. However, it can also imply years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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DAN 12 13 md7k 0 You must go “Daniel, you must go” This refers to Daniel continuing to live and serve the kings until the appointed time of his death.
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DAN 12 13 gv9d figs-euphemism 0 you will rest This is a gentle way of saying “you will die.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
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DAN 12 13 kjx5 0 You will rise This is referring to the first resurrection of the dead when the righteous people will be raised up.
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DAN 12 13 vf3x 0 the place assigned to you “the place God has assigned to you”
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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HOS front intro k6lu 0 # Introduction to Hosea<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Hosea<br><br>1. God tells Hosea to marry Gomer as a picture of how Israel relates to Yahweh (1:1–3:5)<br>1. Israel betrays, wanders, and sins; Yahweh appeals and pleas to return to him (4:1–7:3)<br>1. The conflict between Yahweh and Israel explained in various ways (7:4–13:8)<br>- Similes: oven, cake, dove, bow (7:4–16)<br>- Israel openly lies and rebels (8:1–14)<br>- The end of Israel predicted (9:1–17)<br>- Similes: grapes, vine, calf, lion, children, birds, and doves (10:1–11:11)<br>- Israel sins, betrays, and breaks alliances (11:12–12:1)<br>- Israel’s history remembered (12:2–13:16)<br>- Idolatry (13:1–8)<br>1. Israel is hostile to Yahweh (13:9–16)<br>1. Yahweh’s last appeals to Israel (14:1–9)<br><br>### What is the Book of Hosea about?<br><br>This book contains the prophecies of Hosea, son of Beeri. Hosea lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He often called this kingdom Ephraim or Samaria. Hosea prophesied for about 38 years and predicted that Assyria would destroy the northern kingdom of Israel.<br><br>Hosea began to prophesy around 753 B.C., just before King Jeroboam II died. At this time, the kingdom of Israel was prosperous but spiritually weak. Hosea warned how Yahweh would punish Israel unless the people turned back to Yahweh and were faithful to him.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally named “The Book of Hosea” or just “Hosea.” Translators may also call it “The Book About Hosea” or “The Sayings of Hosea.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Hosea?<br><br>Although this book tells what Hosea prophesied, it is uncertain whether Hosea wrote the book himself. It was probably written after Samaria, the capital of the norther kingdom, was destroyed in 721 B.C.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Why did God command Hosea to marry a prostitute?<br><br>God told Hosea to marry the prostitute Gomer. This represented how the kingdom of Israel related to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. This is compared to a woman who is unfaithful to her husband breaks her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### What is a lawsuit?<br><br>Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through law courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. The Book of Hosea contains some legal terms. This is because Yahweh is spoken of as if he were a husband accusing his wife in court of being unfaithful to him. Part of the Book of Hosea follows the form of a lawsuit. A problem is identified (4:1), someone is accused (4:4), someone is found guilty (4:15), and the guilty ones will be punished (5:1).<br><br>### Who did the people of the kingdom of Israel worship?<br><br>Israel was supposed to worship Yahweh alone. But they worshiped both Yahweh and the Canaanite gods such as Baal. This was a major reason why Yahweh judged the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What does the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” mean?<br><br>The prophet used the phrase “the declaration of Yahweh” to mark a message as truly coming from God.<br><br>### Why are English translations of Hosea very different?<br><br>Hosea 4–14 has many problems of interpretation. Some phrases in Hosea are beyond how we currently understand the Hebrew language. Many English versions have translated these difficult sections very differently.<br><br>### What does the term “Israel” mean in Hosea?<br><br>In Hosea, “Israel” is used only to refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. It is not used to refer to the southern kingdom or to the two kingdoms together. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/names/kingdomofisrael]])
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HOS 1 intro ud3c 0 # Hosea 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:2-11.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Hosea’s marriage<br>God does not approve of prostitution, but he told Hosea to marry a prostitute so that the message of Israel’s unfaithfulness would be shown to the people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])<br><br>Hosea’s marriage to Gomer is a metaphor for the kingdom of Israel’s relationship to Yahweh. Israel was unfaithful to Yahweh and broke the covenant with him. Gomer was a woman who was unfaithful to her husband broke her marriage agreement with him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>Hosea 1-4 is controlled by a metaphor that Hosea lived out. He was personifying the relationship between Israel and Yahweh. Hosea played the part of Yahweh, and Gomer played the part of Israel.
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HOS 1 1 x3qa figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh that came This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “the word that Yahweh God spoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HOS 1 1 fhy8 translate-names 0 Beeri This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HOS 1 1 f238 translate-names 0 Uzziah … Jotham … Ahaz … Hezekiah … Jeroboam … Joash The events in this book happened during the time of these kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HOS 1 1 ghv4 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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HOS 1 2 m57n figs-metaphor 0 great prostitution Here “prostitution” represents the people being unfaithful to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 1 3 l8fb translate-names 0 Gomer … Diblaim These are names of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HOS 1 4 gin3 figs-metaphor 0 the house of Jehu Here “house” means “family,” including Jehu’s descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 1 4 ykw9 figs-metaphor 0 the house of Israel This expression refers to kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 1 5 e655 figs-metonymy 0 the bow of Israel Here “bow” refers to the power of the army. Alternate translation: “the military power of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HOS 1 6 jgz9 translate-names 0 Lo-Ruhamah This name means “no mercy.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. Alternate translation: “No Mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HOS 1 8 r52q translate-names 0 Lo-Ruhamah This name means “no mercy.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. See how you translated this in [Hosea 1:6](../01/06.md). Alternate translation: “No Mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HOS 1 9 a6mv translate-names 0 Lo-Ammi This name means “not my people.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. Alternate translation: “Not My People” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HOS 1 10 q3ve 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea.
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HOS 1 10 mc4b figs-simile 0 like the sand of the seashore This emphasizes the great number of Israelites. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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HOS 1 10 tps4 figs-activepassive 0 which cannot be measured or counted This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “which no one can measure or count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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HOS 1 10 u2at figs-activepassive 0 It will be that where it was said to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Where God said to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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HOS 1 10 zlv3 0 where it was said to them This expression probably refers to Jezreel, the city where crimes had been committed by kings of Israel, and which was a symbol of God’s punishment of them.
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HOS 1 10 lb2w figs-activepassive 0 it will be said to them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will say to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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HOS 1 11 vlg4 figs-activepassive 0 will be gathered together This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God will gather them together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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HOS 1 11 t1bm 0 go up from the land This expression might refer to the land where the people of Israel were in captivity.
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HOS 1 11 b5bz figs-explicit 0 the day of Jezreel This refers to the time when God will put his people back in the land of Israel. The full meaning of this statement can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HOS 2 intro h75z 0 # Hosea 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of this chapter, which is poetry, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Hosea 1-2 is a single series forming one narrative.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br>Many relationships are used in this chapter that are metaphors for the relationship between Israel and her God. Brother, sister, husband, wife, mother, and children are examples. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>This chapter creates an abrupt change of address. The prophet is now addressing the children directly in the first few verses, but the whole chapter is written against Gomer as an illustration of Israel as an adulterous people. God uses Gomer as an illustration to teach the people of Israel how they should be faithful to him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]])
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HOS 2 1 qq88 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea.
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HOS 2 1 if49 figs-exclamations 0 My people! This exclamation may be presented as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are my people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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HOS 2 1 z5an figs-activepassive 0 You have been shown compassion This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has shown you compassion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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HOS 2 1 e5gw 0 compassion “kindness” or “mercy”
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HOS 2 2 d1d5 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea.
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HOS 2 2 t1g6 0 lawsuit This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law.
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HOS 2 2 d9bq figs-metaphor 0 your mother Here “mother” refers to the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 2 vb8m figs-metaphor 0 for she is not my wife Yahweh is stating that Israel, spoken of here as a woman, is no longer acting like a wife to Yahweh. Instead Israel has turned away from following and worshiping him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 2 e3qh figs-metaphor 0 neither am I her husband Yahweh can no longer be in relationship with the nation of Israel as a husband would be to his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 2 l76m figs-metaphor 0 her acts of adultery A wife who is adulterous leaves her husband to sleep with another man. This is how Israel was acting toward Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 2 qp68 figs-metaphor 0 from between her breasts This imagery suggests that Israel is relying on the idols and not Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 3 x3z9 figs-metaphor 0 I will strip her naked and show her nakedness as on the day that she was born Yahweh will no longer protect and provide for Israel because the nation has turned away from him. In Israel, husbands were obliged by law to provide clothes for their wives. Not to do so was a sign that a man was rejecting his wife. The full meaning of this may be made clear. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HOS 2 3 w84f figs-simile 0 I will make her like the wilderness Yahweh will change Israel to resemble the wilderness, which is a region that is bare and unproductive. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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HOS 2 3 tk9l figs-metaphor 0 I will make her die from thirst Here “thirst” refers to the need to worship and rely on Yahweh, not idols, or Israel will not be able to survive as a nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 4 dt2c 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea.
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HOS 2 4 ck3e figs-metaphor 0 for they are children of prostitution The Israelites are acting like they do not belong to Yahweh. Just as their parents did not worship God, Neither do they. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 5 bbd9 figs-metaphor 0 For their mother has been a prostitute The previous generation who sought out other gods were considered prostitutes for they were unfaithful to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 5 pdr2 figs-metonymy 0 I will go after my lovers, for they give me my bread and water, my wool and flax, my oil and drink Here “my lovers” refers to Baal and other false gods, whom Israel has chosen to worship instead of Yahweh. The list of things are essential items that allow the people to live. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HOS 2 6 e3xg 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking to Hosea.
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HOS 2 6 n4ve figs-metaphor 0 Therefore I will build up a hedge to block her way with thorns. I will build up a wall against her so she cannot find her way This passage indicates that Yahweh will prevent his people from finding success and prosperity, becuase they continue to worship idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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HOS 2 7 pk67 figs-metaphor 0 Then she will say, “I will return to my first husband, for it was better for me then than it is now.” Israel will return to Yahweh not because of their love for him, but because they are disappointed by their worship of Baal. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 8 i559 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea.
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HOS 2 9 v55u figs-metonymy 0 I will take back my wool and flax that were used to cover her nakedness This probably means that Israel’s harvests and flocks will fail. Yahweh will remove his blessings from Israel, and the people will be left alone and in danger of attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HOS 2 9 rl9d figs-activepassive 0 were used to cover her nakedness This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the people used to clothe themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
HOS 2 10 fpp3 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea.
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HOS 2 10 jfc9 figs-metaphor 0 Then I will strip her naked in the sight of her lovers This means God will humiliate the people of Israel in front of the other nations nearby. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:3](../02/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 10 j4bh figs-metonymy 0 no one will rescue her out of my hand No one will try to help Israel. Here “hand” refers to God’s power to punish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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||||
HOS 2 12 ege9 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do to Israel.
|
||||
HOS 2 12 bqk9 figs-metaphor 0 These are the wages that my lovers gave me This refers to payment that Israel received from the false gods or Baals. This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “that these were the wages that her lovers had given to her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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HOS 2 12 f2fc figs-metaphor 0 make them a forest Yahweh will destroy the vineyards and fruit trees by allowing other trees and weeds to grow among them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 13 i7k2 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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HOS 2 14 a2gy 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh is speaking about Israel.
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HOS 2 14 uxh6 0 So I am going to win her back “I, Yahweh, will bring her back to me”
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HOS 2 15 cf8d 0 the Valley of Achor as a door of hope As Yahweh lead Israel out of Egypt, he will lead Israel to the Valley of Achor so that Israel will hope again in Yahweh.
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HOS 2 15 sql9 figs-metaphor 0 She will answer me there as she did in the days of her youth, as in the days that she came out of the land of Egypt Yahweh hopes that the nation of Israel will repent and again choose to worship him as their God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 15 hhr5 0 She will answer Some modern versions understand the Hebrew word to mean “She will sing.”
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HOS 2 16 m6gg figs-metaphor 0 My husband This means the people of Israel will love and be faithful to Yahweh just as a wife is to a husband. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 16 sid2 figs-metaphor 0 My Baal “Baal” means “master” and also refers to the false god that the Canaanites worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 17 f9gg figs-synecdoche 0 For I will remove the names of the Baals from her mouth The Israelites will not speak the names of Baal and the idols again. The people are represented by their mouths. Alternate translation: “For I will cause you to not speak the names of the Baals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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HOS 2 18 ma1m 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do to Israel.
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HOS 2 18 puj7 0 On that day This phrase is used to talk about a future restoration between Israel and Yahweh.
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HOS 2 18 j2tx 0 I will make a covenant for them Yahweh’s new covenant will include peace for the animals.
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HOS 2 18 c1um figs-metonymy 0 I will drive away the bow, the sword, and the battle from the land, and I will make you lie down in safety Yahweh will keep Israel’s enemies away from them, there will be no more war, the people will be safe. Here “the bow, the sword, and the battle” represent war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
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HOS 2 18 u7mv figs-metonymy 0 lie down in safety This expression refers to living in safety. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HOS 2 19 t7wt 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do for Israel.
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HOS 2 19 h2m4 figs-metaphor 0 I will promise to be your husband forever Yahweh will be like the husband, and Israel will be like Yahweh’s wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 2 19 t45v figs-abstractnouns 0 in righteousness, justice, covenant faithfulness, and mercy This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns. Alternate translation: “and do what is right, just, faithful, and merciful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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HOS 2 20 tas9 0 you will know Yahweh Here “know” means to acknowledge Yahweh as their God and to be faithful to him.
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HOS 2 21 bb87 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do for Israel.
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||||
HOS 2 22 w8qh figs-personification 0 The earth will answer the grain, the new wine and the oil, and they will answer Jezreel The land will meet the need for grain, new wine, and olive oil. These things will also meet the needs of Jezreel. The land and these products are spoken of as if they were people who could meet the needs of others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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HOS 2 22 zi92 figs-metaphor 0 Jezreel Here the name of this valley stands for all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 2 23 u9ni 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to Hosea about what he will do for Israel.
|
||||
HOS 2 23 jl7b figs-metaphor 0 I will plant her for myself in the land When God makes his people safe and prosperous in their land again, they are spoken of if they were agricultural crops. Alternate translation: “I will take care of the Israelite people as a farmer plants his crops and takes care of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
HOS 2 23 z8da translate-names 0 Lo-Ruhamah This name means “no mercy.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. See how you translated this in [Hosea 1:6](../01/06.md). Alternate translation: “No Mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 2 23 l22q translate-names 0 Lo-Ammi This name means “not my people.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. See how you translated this in [Hosea 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “Not My People” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 2 23 j39c translate-names 0 Ammi Attah This name means “you are my people.” The translator may choose to represent this meaning as the name. Alternate translation: “You Are My People” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HOS 3 intro k2ts 0 # Hosea 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter focuses on the meaning of the illustration of Hosea’s marriage. It is a very short chapter written in prose to show the truth of Israel’s relationship with Yahweh. After bearing a number of children for Hosea, Gomer leaves him and prostitutes herself with other men, showing little to no regard for their marriage covenant. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br><br>This chapter contains a continuation of the metaphor played out in chapter 2. Hosea is told to go and buy his wife out of slavery. Gomer must have been captured and held as a slave due to her adulterous activity. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/adultery]])
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HOS 3 1 t4kg 0 Go again, love a woman, loved by her husband, but who is an adulteress This refers back to [Hosea 1:2](../01/02.md). Yahweh again tells Hosea to love an adulterous woman.
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HOS 3 1 sa34 translate-symaction 0 Love her just as I, Yahweh, love the people of Israel By loving the adulterous woman, Hosea will be an example of Yahweh’s love for Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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HOS 3 1 rvb9 0 they turn to other gods and love raisin cakes People ate raisin or fig cakes during festivals where they worshiped false gods.
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HOS 3 2 ik7l 0 fifteen pieces of silver and a homer and a lethek of barley This was the price to buy a slave.
|
||||
HOS 3 2 x615 translate-numbers 0 fifteen pieces “15 pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
HOS 3 2 e35q translate-bvolume 0 a homer and a lethek of barley This can be stated in modern units. Alternate translation: “330 liters of barley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
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HOS 3 4 s5dq 0 For the people of Israel will live for many days without a king, prince, sacrifice, stone pillar, ephod or household idols Just as Hosea lived without his wife because she committed adultery, Israel will live without a king and without worshiping God, because they committed idolatry.
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HOS 3 5 klf5 0 seek Yahweh their God Here “seek” means they are asking God to accept them and their worship.
|
||||
HOS 3 5 ce6i figs-metonymy 0 David their king Here “David” represents all the descendants of David. Alternate translation: “a descendant of David to be their king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 3 5 plr4 0 in the last days “in the future”
|
||||
HOS 3 5 h6db figs-metonymy 0 they will come trembling before Yahweh and his goodness Here “trembling” represents feelings of awe and humility. Alternate translation: “they will come back to Yahweh and will humble themselves, honor him, and ask for his blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 4 intro m65b 0 # Hosea 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The author stops using the metaphor of a husband/wife relationship and begins using a new illustration using lawsuits. God is suing the people of Israel because of all the wrong they have done. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Lawsuits<br><br>Lawsuits are special cases where people go to court when they have a legal issue to resolve between them. Normally, one party is accusing another party of having done wrong.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metonymy<br><br>Metonymy is used in the first few verses of this chapter. Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or idea is called not by its own name, but by the name of something closely associated with it. Bloodshed is associated with murder. Stumbling represents sinning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
HOS 4 1 k5fr 0 General Information: This chapter begins Yahweh’s argument against the unfaithful Israelites.
|
||||
HOS 4 1 t2hu figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has a lawsuit against the inhabitants of the land Yahweh stating that the people of Israel have sinned against him and broken his covenant is spoken of as if Yahweh were accusing them in court. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 4 1 ste3 0 lawsuit This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md).
|
||||
HOS 4 2 a1s6 figs-metaphor 0 The people have broken all bounds Here “bounds” stands for the limits of what the law allows. Alternate translation: “The people have disobeyed the law in every possible way” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 4 2 i3nt figs-abstractnouns 0 bloodshed comes after bloodshed Here “bloodshed” stands for “murder” which often involves making the victim bleed. Alternate translation: “you commit one murder after another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 4 3 y9lx 0 So the land is drying up This expression refers to drought, when no rain falls for a long time.
|
||||
HOS 4 3 mp1u 0 wasting away becoming weak and dying because of sickness or lack of food
|
||||
HOS 4 3 m1s9 figs-activepassive 0 are being taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “are dying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 4 4 xl63 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 4 4 gz4e 0 lawsuit a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law
|
||||
HOS 4 4 t69t 0 do not let anyone accuse anyone else No one should accuse another person of anything because everyone is guilty of something.
|
||||
HOS 4 5 j4la figs-metaphor 0 You priests will stumble Here “stumble” means to disobey God or even to stop trusting him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 4 5 a2zy figs-metaphor 0 I will destroy your mother Here “mother” refers to the nation of Israel. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 4 6 qhc8 0 General Information: In 4:6, Yahweh is talking to the priests about the people of Israel. But in 4:7, he is talking about the priests, not to them. It is possible for the translator to follow the example of the UST, which portrays Yahweh as talking to the priests also in 4:7.
|
||||
HOS 4 6 pq57 figs-activepassive 0 My people are being destroyed because of the lack of knowledge This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “My people are perishing because you, the priests, have not properly taught them about me so that they will obey me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 4 6 j1k4 figs-explicit 0 knowledge Here “knowledge” refers to the knowledge of God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HOS 4 7 g6wy figs-metonymy 0 They exchanged their honor for shame This could mean: (1) “honor” is a metonym that represents Yahweh, and “shame” is a metonym that represents idols. Alternate translation: “They have stopped worshiping me, their honorable God, and now worship shameful idols” or (2) some Bible versions translate this as “I will exchange their honor for shame.” This means Yahweh will take away the things which the priests honor and cause the priests to be ashamed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 4 8 j2qz 0 General Information: Yahweh continues speaking about the priests.
|
||||
HOS 4 8 ajz2 figs-explicit 0 They feed on the sin of my people When people sinned, they would offer sacrifices so God would forgive them. The priests were allowed to eat these sacrifices. The priests eating these sacrifices for sin is spoken of as if they would actually feed on the people’s sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 4 8 e3kk figs-explicit 0 they are greedy for more of their wickedness The priests want the people to sin more so that the people will offer more sacrifices that the priests may eat. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HOS 4 9 lv38 0 It will be the same for the people as for the priests “The people and the priests will be punished in the same way”
|
||||
HOS 4 9 xfi6 0 their practices “their habits” or “their conduct”
|
||||
HOS 4 10 y17j 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 4 10 p57j 0 but not increase “but not have children”
|
||||
HOS 4 10 az6x 0 they have gone far away The people have stopped worshiping and following God.
|
||||
HOS 4 10 j8tw figs-123person 0 from Yahweh Yahweh is speaking about himself in the third person. This can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “from me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
HOS 4 11 da24 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh is talking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 4 11 ql5t figs-personification 0 sexual promiscuity, wine, and new wine, which have taken away their understanding The people of Israel are pursuing sex outside of marriage and drinking too much wine. In doing these activities they have forgotten Yahweh’s commands. These actions are spoken of here as if they were someone who could prevent other people from understanding the importance of obeying Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HOS 4 12 b2e9 figs-personification 0 their walking sticks give them prophecies Idol worshipers used walking sticks to help them predict the future. The walking sticks are spoken of here as if they were people who spoke prophecies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HOS 4 12 gu5r figs-personification 0 a mind of promiscuity has misled them Worshiping the idols and sleeping with the temple prostitutes has developed in the people of Israel the desire to always sin against Yahweh in these ways. Here “mind” is spoken of as if it were a separate person who was able to convince the people to disobey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HOS 4 12 mu4t figs-metaphor 0 has misled has convinced the people to sin (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 4 13 f8ym 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 4 13 u9e7 0 on the tops of the mountains … on the hills It was common for the people to set up idols in these places, often called “high places” in the Old Testament.
|
||||
HOS 4 14 q3pu 0 sacred prostitutes These were women who had sexual relations with men who came to worship certain idols. This was viewed as a sacred action in honor of the false gods.
|
||||
HOS 4 14 asb1 figs-metaphor 0 So this people who does not understand will be thrown down Yahweh will destroy the nation of Israel because they do not understand or obey God’s commandments. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 4 15 n41g 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Judah and Israel.
|
||||
HOS 4 15 sei7 0 may Judah not become guilty God knows how sinful Israel has become and does not want Judah to do the same thing.
|
||||
HOS 4 15 g1ti 0 Do not go to Gilgal, you people; do not go up to Beth Aven The people of Judah are being warned not to go to the cities of Gilgal or Beth Aven to worship idols in those places. Gilgal was once a place where Yahweh had been worshiped, but it had become a place of idol worship.
|
||||
HOS 4 15 wj2f translate-names 0 Beth Aven This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 4 16 vaf7 figs-simile 0 like a stubborn heifer Israel is compared to a young cow that will not obey its master. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 4 16 b1k8 figs-metaphor 0 How can Yahweh bring them to pasture like lambs in a meadow? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that he cannot continue to take care of the people because they are stubborn. Yahweh no longer taking care of his people is spoken of as if he were a shepherd that could not take his lambs into the field to eat because they are stubborn. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not shepherd a rebellious people.” or “Therefore Yahweh will not continue to take care of them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 4 16 un2p figs-123person 0 How can Yahweh Here Yahweh is speaking of himself in the third person. It can be stated in the first person. Alternate translation: “How can I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
HOS 4 17 y9hs 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 4 17 vcx4 figs-synecdoche 0 Ephraim united himself with idols; leave him alone Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel, which is a metonym for the people who live there. They chose to worship idols, instead of Yahweh. Yahweh is commanding Hosea to not try to correct them. The people of Israel will not listen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 4 18 t2qi 0 her rulers dearly love their shame The rulers are not ashamed of what they are doing when they worship idols and turn against Yahweh.
|
||||
HOS 4 19 kwi7 figs-metaphor 0 The wind will wrap her up in its wings Here “wind” represents God’s judgment and anger against the nation of Israel. Yahweh will allow the enemy army to defeat the people of Israel and take them as captives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 5 intro cz2x 0 # Hosea 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues using the poetic form exclusively.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>The author uses Ephraim and Israel interchangeably. They both refer to the northern kingdom of Israel. Judah is also mentioned and refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. Benjamin is part of the southern kingdom of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>This chapter is full of metaphors and similes. The writer uses these figures of speech to show how Yahweh will treat his people for not obeying his instructions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
|
||||
HOS 5 1 qy78 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh is talking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 5 1 i4kf translate-names 0 You have been a snare at Mizpah and a net spread over Tabor A snare and a net are both objects used to catch prey. In this case, the priests and the royal household had devised ways to keep the people away from Yahweh, while enticing them into idolatry. Mizpah and Tabor were places for idol worship in the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 5 2 e4c5 figs-metaphor 0 The rebels stand deep in slaughter Here “rebels” refers to all of those people who had turned away from Yahweh, and “deep in slaughter” could refer to the murder of innocent people, or to the slaughter of animals offered to pagan idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 5 2 z7ql 0 The rebels The translator can represent this as “You rebels,” because God is really talking to the rebellious people of Israel.
|
||||
HOS 5 2 u6yj 0 in slaughter Some modern versions interpret the Hebrew expression as standing for wickedness.
|
||||
HOS 5 2 ncj1 0 I will punish all of them The translator can represent this as “I will punish all of you.”
|
||||
HOS 5 3 ki2p 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 5 3 b88u figs-synecdoche 0 I know Ephraim, and Israel is not hidden from me Here, “Ephraim” and “Israel” both refer to the whole northern kingdom of Israel, and represent the people who live there. Here God says that he knows what they are like and what they are doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 5 3 vw9u figs-simile 0 Ephraim, now you have become like a prostitute Ephraim is presented in terms of a prostitute because the people have become unfaithful to God, as a prostitute is faithful to no man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 5 4 xz8q 0 for the mind of adultery is in them This means they have the desire to be unfaithful to God. They want to worship idols.
|
||||
HOS 5 4 hh5e 0 to turn to God … they do not know Yahweh The translator can represent this as “to turn to me … they do not know me,” or “to turn to me … they do not know me, Yahweh.”
|
||||
HOS 5 4 kub1 0 they do not know Yahweh Israel no longer obeys Yahweh in any way. They do not acknowledge Yahweh as their God.
|
||||
HOS 5 5 iu6y 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 5 5 rch3 figs-personification 0 The pride of Israel testifies against him This describes “pride” as a person who testifies against the people of Israel in court. Their prideful attitude and behavior show that they are guilty of no longer obeying Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HOS 5 5 px3d figs-idiom 0 so Israel and Ephraim will stumble in their guilt; and Judah also will stumble with them The two kingdoms will become completely disobedient to God because of their pride and sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HOS 5 7 im5k 0 They were unfaithful to Yahweh, for they have borne illegitimate children This could mean: (1) this means the Israelites were marrying people from other nations and having children with them or (2) this means the Israelite parents were unfaithful to Yahweh and they were teaching their children to worship idols.
|
||||
HOS 5 7 yu59 figs-personification 0 Now the new moon festivals will devour them with their fields The people of Israel were supposed to celebrate during the new moon. Here this expression seems to describe the new moon festival as a beast that will eat the people and their fields. However, it is hard to interpret this expression; many versions translate it without making much sense of it. However, the overall meaning is certainly that God will punish the people for their unfaithfulness to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HOS 5 8 uh2c 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 5 8 tj5p figs-doublet 0 Blow the horn in Gibeah, and the trumpet in Ramah Here “horn” and “trumpet” mean the same thing. This command is given to the people of Gibeah and Ramah to emphasize that the enemy is coming. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
HOS 5 8 s184 figs-synecdoche 0 Sound a battle cry at Beth Aven: ‘We will follow you, Benjamin!’ Here “Benjamin” represents the soldiers from the tribe of Benjamin. This may be a request for them to lead the people into battle. But modern versions make various attempts to interpret this expression. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HOS 5 8 ail1 translate-names 0 Beth Aven This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom. See how you translated this in [Hosea 4:15](../04/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 5 9 n3pe 0 Among the tribes of Israel I have declared what is certain to happen “I will do to the tribes of Israel what I have declared”
|
||||
HOS 5 10 x6j7 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Judah and Israel.
|
||||
HOS 5 10 jdz8 figs-simile 0 The leaders of Judah are like those who move a boundary stone To “move a boundary stone” refers to moving the landmark that marked the border of some property, which was a crime under Israelite law. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 5 10 wbd7 figs-metaphor 0 I will pour my wrath on them like water Yahweh’s wrath against Judah will be like a large stream of water that destroys them. In the scriptures, emotions and moral qualities are often spoken of as if they were liquids. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 5 11 x64t figs-parallelism 0 Ephraim is crushed; he is crushed in judgment This can be stated in active form. This statement is made twice for emphasis. Here “Ephraim” refers to the people of the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “I will punish the people of Israel severely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 5 11 f3tb figs-metaphor 0 walked after idols Here “walked” represents the idea of worshiping. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 5 11 ww39 0 idols The Hebrew word translated here as “idols” is uncertain in its meaning, and is translated by modern versions in many different ways.
|
||||
HOS 5 12 jy1j 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Judah and Israel.
|
||||
HOS 5 12 z5lp figs-simile 0 I will be like a moth to Ephraim, and like rot to the house of Judah A moth on a piece of wool and rot in a piece of wood are both destructive. Yahweh will destroy both nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 5 12 y9bw 0 moth … rot These two terms are translated in various ways because the meaning of the Hebrew word is either very broad or it is uncertain.
|
||||
HOS 5 13 pf8f figs-metaphor 0 When Ephraim saw his sickness, and Judah saw his wound Both Ephraim (the northern kingdom of Israel) and Judah (the southern kingdom of Israel) realized that they were in danger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 5 13 e5lq 0 then Ephraim went to Assyria, and Judah sent messengers to the great king Ephraim and Judah asked Assyria for help instead of asking Yahweh for help. “Great king” was a title for the king of Assyria.
|
||||
HOS 5 13 be1d 0 But he was not able Here “he” refers to the king of Assyria.
|
||||
HOS 5 14 mxf1 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Judah and Israel.
|
||||
HOS 5 14 su9f figs-simile 0 So I will be like a lion to Ephraim Yahweh is going to pursue and attack Ephraim like a lion. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 5 14 bpl6 figs-simile 0 like a young lion to the house of Judah Yahweh is going to treat Judah in a similar way. Yahweh is showing his displeasure with both the northern and the southern kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 5 14 rse7 0 I, even I Yahweh is emphasizing that he is the one that is bringing judgment on all of his people.
|
||||
HOS 5 14 y54f figs-metaphor 0 will tear As a lion tears apart the animal it is eating, so Yahweh will tear his people away from their homes and country. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 5 15 gc86 0 I will go and return to my place Yahweh will leave his rebellious people.
|
||||
HOS 5 15 w7fg figs-metaphor 0 seek my face Try to come into God’s presence by means of worship and sacrifice. Alternate translation: “ask me to pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 6 intro xu4q 0 # Hosea 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues using the poetic form to show how Yahweh will still show mercy to his wayward people, the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah. Gilead is an area in the northern kingdom of Israel where several of the tribes lived. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Change in speaker<br>There is a change in person from 6:1-3 to 6:4-11. In the first passage, the speaker is an anonymous Israelite, but in the rest of the chapter, the speaker is Yahweh.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br>Throughout the chapter, the author uses the metaphor of prostitution to say that his people have abandoned him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 6 1 a6ue 0 Connecting Statement: The people of Israel confess their need to repent.
|
||||
HOS 6 1 u9ye figs-parallelism 0 he has torn us to pieces … he has injured us God has punished the people of Israel because they disobeyed him and worshiped idols. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 6 1 ntx5 figs-parallelism 0 he will heal us … he will bandage our wounds Israel believes that God will be merciful to them when they repent and he will deliver them from their troubles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 6 2 yn3u figs-idiom 0 After two days he will revive us; he will raise us up on the third day This represents a short period of time. Israel believes God will quickly come to rescue them from their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HOS 6 2 id69 translate-numbers 0 two days … the third day “2 days … day 3” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
HOS 6 3 fc9r 0 Let us know Yahweh Here “know” means not only to learn God’s character and laws, but also to become faithful to him.
|
||||
HOS 6 3 mk9b figs-simile 0 His coming out is as sure as the dawn Yahweh will come to help his people just as surely as the sun rises each morning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 6 4 e5w6 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 6 4 e69c figs-rquestion 0 what will I do with you? God is expressing that his patience is coming to an end and what remains is judgment. Alternate translation: “it is hard to know what to do with you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 6 5 n7z6 figs-metaphor 0 So I have cut them to pieces by the prophets Through his prophets, Yahweh has pronounced destruction on the rebellious nation. The destruction, here called “cutting to pieces,” is as sure as the condemnation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 6 5 kr95 figs-simile 0 Your decrees are like the light that shines out Here the prophet Hosea is speaking to God. He may mean that when God gives the command for someone to die as punishment, it is like a bolt of lightning that strikes. Or he may mean that God’s commandments allow people to know the truth, just as light makes objects visible. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 6 5 vv2v 0 Your decrees “Yahweh’s commands”
|
||||
HOS 6 6 r5ls 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 6 6 vj1l 0 For I desire faithfulness and not sacrifice This grammatical construction in Hebrew signals here the idea of “more than,” as the next line shows (“and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings”). Alternate translation: “For I desire faithfulness more than sacrifice”
|
||||
HOS 6 7 xuu2 figs-metonymy 0 Like Adam This could mean: (1) this refers to Adam, the first man or (2) this is a metonym that represents the people who live in a city in Israel called Adam. Alternate translation: “Like the people in the city of Adam” or (3) this refers to people in general. The word “Adam” means “man” or “humankind.” Alternate translation: “Like all of humankind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 6 8 cwt2 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 6 8 jyk1 figs-metonymy 0 Gilead is a city … with footprints of blood “Footprints of blood” probably represents the evildoers and their acts of murder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 6 9 drp6 0 the priests band together to commit murder on the way to Shechem We do not know what this refers to. Were priests actually guilty of attacking people on their way to Shechem, which was an important religious and political center? Or is the prophet saying that the priests have “killed” true knowledge and worship of Yahweh? It is best to translate this expression as plainly as possible.
|
||||
HOS 6 10 k436 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 6 10 tac2 figs-metonymy 0 Ephraim’s prostitution Here “prostitution” refers to Ephraim’s worship of false gods. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 6 10 f2vh 0 Israel has become unclean Israel has become unacceptable to God because of her actions.
|
||||
HOS 6 11 c9zv figs-activepassive 0 For you also, Judah, a harvest has been appointed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have set a time of harvest for you also, Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 6 11 nid7 figs-metaphor 0 harvest Here “harvest” represents God’s final judgment on Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 6 11 hag4 0 fortunes prosperity and security
|
||||
HOS 7 intro yc44 0 # Hosea 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues using poetic forms to speak of Yahweh’s anger over the sin of the people. The people are not seeking Yahweh; they are seeking other gods and looking for salvation from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Baking<br><br>Baking of bread is an extended metaphor in this chapter. Yahweh uses various aspects of this activity to show his displeasure with their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel and Ephraim<br>This chapter begins by using two different names for the same group of people: Israel and Ephraim. It also mentions Samaria, which was the capital of the northern kingdom of Israel.
|
||||
HOS 7 1 wc7w 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 7 1 l8yq figs-metaphor 0 I want to heal Israel Making Israel obedient to God again and receivers of his blessing is spoken of as if it were healing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 1 u93n figs-explicit 0 for they practice deceit The people are selling and buying products dishonestly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HOS 7 1 u8xl 0 marauding band This is a group of people who are attacking other people without cause.
|
||||
HOS 7 2 t9av figs-metaphor 0 their deeds surround them The people’s evil deeds are probably spoken of here as if they were other people ready to accuse them of their crimes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 2 h9mh figs-synecdoche 0 they are before my face Here God is represented by his “face” which emphasizes his presence and awareness. Alternate translation: “and I see it all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HOS 7 3 aq6w 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking. The Hebrew text is not clear in various places. However, many people interpret it as describing the royal officials as being unfaithful to God, and also as planning to assassinate the king, and then carrying out their plans. This seems to have happened more than once. These crimes are mentioned as illustrations of the wickedness into which the nation has sunk.
|
||||
HOS 7 4 ccn2 figs-metaphor 0 They are all adulterers The people committed spiritual adultery by worshiping idols and being unfaithful to Yahweh. They were probably also being unfaithful to their husbands or wives by sleeping with other people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 4 q95b figs-simile 0 like an oven heated by the baker This can be stated in active form. This means the people had strong desires to do evil. Alternate translation: “like an oven which the baker heats” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 7 4 pvh6 0 kneading of the dough This is a part of the process of making bread.
|
||||
HOS 7 5 h9ht 0 On the day of our king This is perhaps a festival held by the king.
|
||||
HOS 7 5 zte7 figs-idiom 0 He reached out with his hand This probably means to unite or join with someone. It may mean that the king joins with his officials to mock things or people that should not be mocked, even God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HOS 7 6 h4zw 0 General Information: The court officials’ plotting is described. Their anger is what motivates them to kill their king.
|
||||
HOS 7 6 wuv9 figs-simile 0 For with hearts like an oven This means like a fire burns in an oven, these people have strong evil desires within them. The people’s desires are represented by their “hearts.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 7 6 ml3f figs-metaphor 0 Their anger smolders The word “smolders” means something is burning slowly without a flame. Alternate translation: “Their anger grows slowly and quietly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 6 ydy1 figs-simile 0 it burns high like a flaming fire The intensity of their anger is spoken of as if it was a very hot fire. Alternate translation: “it gets very intense” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 7 7 b2nn figs-simile 0 They all are as hot as an oven This compares their anger to the heat that comes from an oven. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 7 7 z8ny figs-metaphor 0 they devour those who rule over them This seems to mean that the court officials kill their kings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 8 a6qy 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 7 8 lqx6 0 Ephraim mixes himself among the peoples This is probably a reference to the efforts made by the northern kingdom’s kings to ally themselves with other nations for protection against attack.
|
||||
HOS 7 8 q1ji figs-synecdoche 0 Ephraim is a flat cake that has not been turned over This can be stated in active form. Here “Ephraim” refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. The nation is weak, as flat bread that has not been doubled over in the oven by the baker for more strength. Alternate translation: “The people of Ephraim are like a cake that no one has turned over” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 7 9 qt4k figs-metonymy 0 Gray hairs are sprinkled on him Here “gray hairs” represent old age. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 7 9 qta1 figs-metaphor 0 but he does not know it However, this “old age” is clearly a way of saying that the northern kingdom is getting weaker and weaker, because the nation does not know it is “old.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 10 i323 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 7 10 l7dg figs-personification 0 The pride of Israel testifies against him This describes “pride” as a person who testifies against the people of Israel in court. This means their prideful attitude and behavior show that they are guilty of no longer obeying Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HOS 7 10 d1v1 figs-metaphor 0 nor have they sought him Israel’s lack of interest in Yahweh is spoken of as if he was lost and they were not trying to find him. Alternate translation: “nor have they tried to get him to pay attention to them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 10 l1iz 0 in spite of all this Here “this” refers God allowing foreigners to defeat them and make them weak.
|
||||
HOS 7 11 wu9b figs-simile 0 Ephraim is like a dove, gullible and without sense Doves were thought to be foolish birds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 7 11 jpu5 0 Egypt … Assyria These were powerful nations that Israel could ask for help.
|
||||
HOS 7 12 hur1 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 7 12 jg68 figs-metaphor 0 I will spread my net over them This is a way to catch birds. Yahweh continues to compare the people of Israel to doves. When they go to Egypt or Assyria for help, Yahweh will punish them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 12 zeb8 figs-simile 0 I will bring them down like the birds of the sky Yahweh speaks of the way he will judge Israel as if they were birds that he would catch in a net. Alternate translation: “I will hunt them like birds” or “I will catch them like a hunter catches birds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 7 12 c4zg 0 in their flocking together This expression extends the metaphor of the birds.
|
||||
HOS 7 14 uda3 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 7 14 jwr2 0 they wail on their beds It was usual for idol worshipers to eat ceremonial meals while reclining on couches or beds.
|
||||
HOS 7 14 wlv2 figs-metaphor 0 they turn away from me Here no longer worshiping God is spoken of as turning away from him. Alternate translation: “they no longer worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 15 kf6z figs-metaphor 0 Though I trained them and strengthened their arms This may be a military metaphor, in which God training the Israelites to love him and obey him is spoken of as if he had been training their men for war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 7 16 k39m 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 7 16 r57a figs-simile 0 They are like a slack bow That is, a bow that has no bowstring, or that has no tension. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 7 16 q25q figs-metonymy 0 because of the insolence of their tongues Here “tongue” refers to what the officials say. Alternate translation: “because they insult me” or “because they curse me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 7 16 r7lt figs-abstractnouns 0 This will become their mockery in the land of Egypt The abstract noun “mockery” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “This is why people in Egypt will mock and laugh at Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
HOS 8 intro sj97 0 # Hosea 08 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues to use the poetic form to communicate several other ways the people of Israel have sinned against God. First, Yahweh notes that they have set up a king without consulting him.<br>Next, they set up or reinstalled the golden calves of Samaria. Last, they were seeking help from other nations like Egypt and Assyria. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>This chapter contains some references to the “calf of Samaria.” This most likely refers to an image that was set up by an earlier king of Israel. He did this in order to discourage his people from going to Jerusalem, which was part of the southern kingdom of Judah.
|
||||
HOS 8 1 iyy7 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking about the coming of the Assyrian army to attack the northern kingdom.
|
||||
HOS 8 1 rq62 figs-metaphor 0 An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh The eagle, a bird of prey, is sometimes used to represent the enemies of Israel. Alternate translation: “As an eagle hunts another animal, the enemies of Israel are coming to capture my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 8 1 tc1q figs-metaphor 0 broken my covenant Here “broken” represents “disobeyed,” “violated.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 8 2 hq2r 0 know you “are faithful to you”
|
||||
HOS 8 4 hqd2 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 8 4 h5ag figs-activepassive 0 but it was only so they might be cut off This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “but the result will be that I will destroy the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 8 5 p53a figs-123person 0 Your calf has been rejected This could mean: (1) this is the prophet speaking. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has rejected your calf” or (2) Yahweh is speaking. Alternate translation: “I myself have rejected your calf” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
HOS 8 5 xu7a figs-metonymy 0 Your calf The people worshiped an idol that looked like a calf, so Yahweh is speaking of their worship as if it were the calf itself. Alternate translation: “Because you worship your calf idol, your worship” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 8 5 k9n8 figs-metaphor 0 My anger is burning against these people Anger is often spoken of as if it were a fire. Alternate translation: “I am very angry with these people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 8 5 xq3d figs-rquestion 0 For how long will they stay guilty? Yahweh asks this question to express his anger about his people being impure. “I am angry with these people because they have no desire to be innocent.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 8 6 y4fg 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 8 7 hpc6 figs-metaphor 0 For the people sow the wind and reap the whirlwind To sow or plant the wind is to act in useless or destructive ways. To reap the whirlwind is to suffer disaster from one’s own actions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 8 7 ehs7 figs-idiom 0 The standing grain has no heads Here “head” refers to the part of the plant where the grain is. A stalk with no head has nothing to give to the farmer. In the same way, Israel’s actions will result in nothing good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HOS 8 7 m4n5 figs-metaphor 0 If it does come to maturity, foreigners will devour it If any of Israel’s actions do happen to result in something good, Israel’s enemies will come and take it from them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 8 8 vk5d 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 8 8 qfd6 figs-metaphor 0 Israel is swallowed up “swallowed” means to be defeated and taken into exile. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemies of Israel have taken the Israelites away to other lands” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 8 9 byr1 figs-simile 0 like a wild donkey all alone People often think of donkeys as being stubborn. This means the people of Israel refused to listen to Yahweh but instead went to the people of Assyria for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 8 9 s8b5 figs-metaphor 0 Ephraim has hired lovers for herself Ephraim’s alliances with other nations are spoken of as if they had paid them to become prostitutes for Ephraim. Alternate translation: “The people of Israel have tried to pay other nations to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 8 10 inw9 0 because of the oppression of the king of princes That is, because the Assyrian king, also called “the Great King,” will make the people suffer.
|
||||
HOS 8 11 m4nc 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 8 12 ww4c figs-hypo 0 I could write down my law for them ten thousand times, but they would Yahweh is describing a hypothetical situation. Here “ten thousand times” is an exaggeration that means no matter how many times he gave the people the law, they would still refuse to obey him. Alternate translation: “Even if I wrote down my law for them very many times, they would” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
HOS 8 12 x66d translate-numbers 0 ten thousand “10,000” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
HOS 8 13 gmz3 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 8 13 fl3w 0 They will return to Egypt Because of their sin, God will send his people away as slaves to the Egyptians.
|
||||
HOS 9 intro lkm6 0 # Hosea 09 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The chapter is written in poetic form to speak of Yahweh’s displeasure with Israel’s sins. He is showing the many ways in which they do not honor him. The priests and kings do not understand how they have totally broken their covenant with Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Exile<br>Because the covenant has been broken, the people will be exiled into another land. This actually shows the mercy of God toward his people. He did not destroy them; he simply moved them to another place. However, this chapter goes into detail about many parts of their society to show how far they have moved away from truly worshiping Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Change in speaker<br>In verse 16, Yahweh is speaking; but in verse 17, Hosea starts speaking. There is a change in pronouns; the use of “my God” must imply that someone other than Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 1 fz5r 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 2 f2gu figs-personification 0 But the threshing floor and the winepress will not feed them This describes the threshing floor and the winepress as if they were humans that can feed someone. This means that the harvest will not provide enough grain for threshing to meet the needs of the people, and that it will not provide the grapes for pressing to make enough wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 9 2 nt1h 0 the new wine will fail them There will not be enough grape juice to make wine with.
|
||||
HOS 9 3 c8av 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 3 sdu7 0 Yahweh’s land This expression signals that Yahweh continues to view the land of Israel as his property, not the property of the Israelites.
|
||||
HOS 9 3 dgt9 figs-metaphor 0 unclean food This is food that the Israelites would normally refuse to eat because it would make them unacceptable to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 9 4 ag4r figs-simile 0 Their sacrifices will be to them like mourners’ food Here “mourners’ food” refers to what people would eat while they mourning because they were defiled and not acceptable to God. This means Yahweh will consider the people’s sacrifices to be defiled and he will not accept them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 9 4 yxx6 0 For their food will be for themselves only; it will not come into the house of Yahweh The people of Israel will have food to eat, but Yahweh will not accept it as a sacrifice.
|
||||
HOS 9 4 n7e6 figs-personification 0 it will not come into the house of Yahweh The unclean food is spoken of as if it were able to go places by itself. Of course, people actually had to take it with them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HOS 9 5 nbi8 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 5 i5uf figs-rquestion 0 What will you do on the day of an appointed festival, on the day of a festival for Yahweh? Hosea uses this question to emphasize that the people will no longer be able to observe their festivals when their enemies defeat them and take them captive. Alternate translation: “You will not be able to celebrate the festivals that Yahweh appointed for you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 9 5 vze5 figs-parallelism 0 the day of an appointed festival … the day of a festival for Yahweh Both of these mean the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 9 6 x9gb figs-123person 0 if they escape Here “they” still refers to the people of Israel. You can continue stating this is second person. Alternate translation: “if you escape” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
HOS 9 6 n2rn figs-metonymy 0 Egypt will gather them, and Memphis will bury them Egypt and Memphis refer to the people who live there. Alternate translation: “the army of Egypt will capture you. You will die there, and the people in the city of Memphis will bury you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 9 6 ymw7 figs-metaphor 0 As for their treasures of silver—sharp briers will possess them Briers growing in the places where Israelites stored their silver is spoken of as if the briers were human enemies that would take the Israelite’s precious possessions for themselves. Alternate translation: “Sharp briers will grow where they store their treasures of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 9 6 ks54 figs-doublet 0 sharp briers will possess them, and thorns will fill their tents Here “sharp briers” and “thorns” mean the same thing. To have briers and thorns growing represents a land that has become desolate and like a wilderness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 9 6 huq9 figs-metonymy 0 their tents Here “tents” represents the Israelites’ homes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 9 7 j1km 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 7 g5su figs-parallelism 0 The days for punishment are coming; the days for retribution are coming Hosea says these two similar phrases to emphasize that Yahweh will soon judge the people of Israel for their evil deeds. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 9 7 k43u figs-parallelism 0 The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane These phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) that the people regarded the prophets as madmen or (2) that the prophets had become crazy because of the sins that the people had committed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 9 7 ns2q figs-doublet 0 The prophet is a fool, and the inspired man is insane Here “prophet” and “inspired man” both mean a person who claims to receive messages from God. It is implied that these people are false prophets and only thought they received messages from God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HOS 9 7 dpe1 figs-doublet 0 because of your great iniquity and great hostility The phrases “great iniquity” and “great hostility” share similar meanings. The iniquity of the people manifested itself in hostility towards Yahweh and his prophets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
HOS 9 8 s6hc 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 8 y37a figs-metaphor 0 The prophet is the watchman for my God over Ephraim A “watchman” watches outside his city to see if danger is coming. The prophet warning the people when they are sinning and are in danger of having his God punish them is spoken of as if he were a watchman for the city. Alternate translation: “The prophet is like a watchman for God over Ephraim” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 9 8 s65p 0 The prophet is the watchman for my God over Ephraim Some versions translate this passage as “The prophet with my God is the watchman over Ephraim.”
|
||||
HOS 9 8 zg9v figs-genericnoun 0 The prophet is This refers to prophets in general that God has appointed. Alternate translation: “Prophets are” or “True prophets are” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
|
||||
HOS 9 8 il1g figs-synecdoche 0 Ephraim Here “Ephraim” represents all the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HOS 9 8 f5r7 figs-metaphor 0 a bird snare is on all of his paths A “bird snare” is a trap used to catch a bird. This means the people of Israel do whatever they can to stop God’s prophet. Alternate translation: “the people set a trap for him wherever he goes” or “the people do all they can to harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 9 9 s4cm 0 They have deeply corrupted themselves as in the days of Gibeah “The people of Israel have sinned and become very corrupt as they did at Gibeah long ago.” This is probably a reference to the shocking actions of the tribe of Benjamin recounted in Judges 19-21.
|
||||
HOS 9 10 hd75 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 10 rt26 0 When I found Israel This refers to when Yahweh first started his relationship with the people of Israel by claiming them as his own special people.
|
||||
HOS 9 10 hf2a figs-parallelism 0 it was like finding grapes in the wilderness. Like the very first fruit of the season on the fig tree Both of these statements emphasize situations that are pleasing to a person. This means Yahweh was very happy when his relationship with the people of Israel started. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 9 10 d3sn translate-names 0 Baal Peor This is the name of a mountain in the land of Moab where the false god Baal was worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 9 11 hbj9 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 11 p7n6 figs-simile 0 their glory will fly away like a bird The people of Ephraim, or the northern kingdom of Israel, will lose everything that makes other nations respect them. Their glory will quickly disappear, as a bird flies away. Alternate translation: “their glory will be like a bird that flies away from them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 9 12 t5yp figs-metaphor 0 when I turn away from them When God stops helping the northern kingdom, it will be as if he physically turned away from them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 9 13 vx3t 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 13 us3g figs-metaphor 0 I have seen Ephraim, just like Tyre, planted in a meadow This speaks of the people being in a safe place as if they were a tree planted in a peaceful meadow. Alternate translation: “The nation of Israel was once beautiful and pleasant like the city of Tyre, like a tree that someone plants in a meadow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 9 13 bkh2 figs-synecdoche 0 Ephraim … Tyre Here “Ephraim” represents the whole northern kingdom of Israel. These places refer to the people who live in them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 9 13 n919 figs-metonymy 0 but Ephraim will bring out his children The word “children” are the people from that nation. Alternate translation: “but the people of Israel will bring out their children” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 9 14 m7l2 figs-rquestion 0 Give them, Yahweh—what will you give them? Give them Hosea uses a question to emphasize that he wants Yahweh to give the people of Israel what they deserve. Alternate translation: “This is what I ask you, Yahweh, to give them: give them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 9 14 hqc1 0 a miscarrying womb To “miscarry” means that a pregnancy ends too early and the baby dies. Hosea is asking that all the nation’s women be like that.
|
||||
HOS 9 15 jgc2 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 9 15 c3ji figs-metonymy 0 I will drive them out of my house Yahweh is stating that he will force Israel out of his land, the land of Canaan. Here “my house” represents Canaan. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 9 15 z8j7 0 their officials the men who serve the king
|
||||
HOS 9 16 iyy3 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking in verse 16. Hosea begins speaking in verse 17.
|
||||
HOS 9 16 i7bg figs-metaphor 0 Ephraim is diseased, and their root is dried up; they bear no fruit Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel as if they were a diseased tree that does not produce fruit and is ready to be cut down. This is a statement that the people have become weak, and that soon their enemies will come and defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 intro yd8u 0 # Hosea 10 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written in poetic form and continues the theme of Israel’s many sins against Yahweh. Even though Israel prospered for a time as they multiplied their sins, Yahweh was leading them toward destruction. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>Yahweh’s relationship to his people was not based on his people’s actions. Even though they rebelled, Yahweh still desired to rescue them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Jacob<br><br>The repeated use of different names for the two kingdoms can be confusing. In verse 11, “Ephraim” refers to the northern kingdom of Israel, and “Judah” refers to the southern kingdom of Judah. However, Jacob is also mentioned. This use of “Jacob” makes us think of the earlier unified nation and may also refer to a future unified nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 10 1 px1g 0 General Information: Hosea is speaking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 10 1 rq8z figs-metaphor 0 Israel is a luxuriant vine that produces his fruit Israel is spoken of as a vine that was very fruitful. For a while the people prospered and were strong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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HOS 10 1 z9ge 0 a luxuriant vine This vine produces more fruit than normal.
|
||||
HOS 10 1 b9ev 0 As his fruit increased … As his land produced more Both of these mean as the people prospered and grew stronger and richer.
|
||||
HOS 10 2 d7xd figs-synecdoche 0 Their heart is deceitful The “heart” refers to the whole person, emphasizing their emotions and desires. Alternate translation: “They are deceitful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HOS 10 2 qaa1 figs-metonymy 0 now they must bear their guilt Here “guilt” is a metonym for the punishment that is associated with it. This punishment is spoken of as if it was a heavy load for them to carry. Alternate translation: “now is the time that Yahweh will punish them for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 3 wu2z 0 General Information: Hosea is speaking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 10 3 c5c6 figs-rquestion 0 and a king—what could he do for us? The people wills say that their kings could not have helped them. Alternate translation: “Even if we had a king now, he could not help us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 10 4 kw7e figs-idiom 0 They speak empty words Here “empty words” refers to lies. Alternate translation: “They speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HOS 10 4 qxu4 figs-metaphor 0 So justice springs up like poisonous weeds in the furrows of a field What they people called justice in their laws and legal decisions is spoken of as if it were a plant sprouting up. Alternate translation: “So their decisions are not just; instead, they are harmful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 4 pk52 figs-simile 0 like poisonous weeds in the furrows of a field Their lies and injustice spread throughout their nation and harm everyone like poisonous plants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 10 5 yyw7 0 General Information: Hosea is speaking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 10 5 ete5 translate-names 0 Beth Aven This was a city on the border between the northern kingdom of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin in the southern kingdom. See how you translated this in [Hosea 4:15](../04/15.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 10 6 w5gu figs-activepassive 0 They will be carried to Assyria This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will carry them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 10 6 lfq9 figs-doublet 0 Ephraim will be disgraced, and Israel will be ashamed of its idol This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “And the people of Israel will be very ashamed because they had worshiped idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 10 6 uvj4 0 its idol Many versions interpret the Hebrew word in this passage as “advice,” “plans,” or “intentions.”
|
||||
HOS 10 7 a35s figs-activepassive 0 Samaria’s king will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will destroy the king of Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 10 7 ci5d figs-simile 0 like a chip of wood on the surface of the water This means the king of Samaria will be as helpless as a small piece of wood that waves of the water toss back and forth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 10 8 jvt8 figs-activepassive 0 The high places of wickedness will be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The Assyrians will destroy Israel’s high places, where the people acted very wickedly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 10 8 u7pp figs-apostrophe 0 The people will say to the mountains, “Cover us!” and to the hills, “Fall on us!” People do not normally speak to things that cannot think or hear them. Translators may choose to have a different format for this passage if their languages do not allow such speech. Alternate translation: “The people will say, ‘We wish the mountains would cover us!’ and ‘We wish the hills would fall on us!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
HOS 10 9 qgp5 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 10 9 v7l6 0 days of Gibeah This is probably a reference to the shocking actions of the tribe of Benjamin recounted in Judges 19-21. See how you translated this in [Hosea 9:9](../09/09.md).
|
||||
HOS 10 9 xx8q figs-metaphor 0 there you have remained This passage probably means that the people of the present time continue to act in the same ways that their ancestors did at Gibeah. Alternate translation: “and you think just as they did” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 9 b6a6 figs-rquestion 0 Will not war overtake the sons of wrong in Gibeah? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that those in Gibeah who do wrong will certainly have to endure war. And this speaks of the people having to endure war when their enemies come as if war were a person that would catch up with them. Alternate translation: “War will certainly come on those who do wrong in Gibeah.” or “Enemies will certainly attack those who do wrong in Gibeah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 9 k8hf figs-idiom 0 the sons of wrong Here “son of” is an idiom that means “having the characteristic of.” Alternate translation: “those who do wrong” or “the evildoers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HOS 10 10 gmp6 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 10 10 uf9g 0 double iniquity This refers to the many sins of Israel.
|
||||
HOS 10 11 bf8z figs-metaphor 0 Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh A heifer loves to thresh because they can walk around freely without a yoke. Yahweh means that he has allowed the people of Israel to be free and have a pleasant life. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 11 n6vd figs-metaphor 0 I will put a yoke on her fair neck. I will put a yoke on Ephraim Here “yoke” refers to suffering and slavery. Yahweh has been kind to the people of Israel, but the people have been unfaithful to him. So he will punish them and send them away as slaves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 11 cp1r figs-metaphor 0 Judah will plow; Jacob will pull the harrow by himself Here “Judah” refers to the people of the southern kingdom and “Jacob” is the people of the northern kingdom. This means God will cause difficult times for both kingdoms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 10 11 g2e2 0 harrow a tool used to smooth the land and cover the seeds after plowing
|
||||
HOS 10 12 uye7 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 10 12 t19e figs-metaphor 0 Sow righteousness for yourselves, and reap the fruit of covenant faithfulness Righteousness and covenant faithfulness are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested. The abstract nouns “righteousness” and “faithfulness” can be stated as “right” and “faithful.” Alternate translation: “Plow, now, and do what is right, and you will reap the fruit of faithful love” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
HOS 10 12 fvl9 figs-metaphor 0 Break up your unplowed ground When the ground is “unplowed” it is not ready to be planted. Yahweh means he wants the people to repent so they can start doing what is right. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 13 q9as figs-metaphor 0 You have plowed wickedness; you reaped injustice Wickedness and injustice are spoken of as if they were crops that could be sown and harvested. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 13 nsy5 figs-metaphor 0 You have eaten the fruit of deception The result of deception are spoken of as if they were a food that could be eaten. Alternate translation: “You now suffer the consequences of having deceived each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 10 14 yp1i 0 It will be as Shalman destroyed Beth Arbel on a day of battle The coming war is being compared to a battle long ago.
|
||||
HOS 10 14 fc5f translate-names 0 Shalman This is the name of a king who destroyed the city of Beth Arbel around 740 BC. His army murdered women and children in the attack. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 10 14 ist7 translate-names 0 Beth Arbel This is likely the name of a city of the tribe of Naphtali. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HOS 10 15 wql9 figs-metonymy 0 So it will happen to you, Bethel, because of your great wickedness Here “Bethel” represents the people who live there. The prophet addresses the people of Bethel as if they were there listening to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
HOS 11 intro b7ac 0 # Hosea 11 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues using the poetic form to communicate about Yahweh’s relationship to the northern kingdom of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br>This chapter contains an extended metaphor of Israel as a male child in the care of Yahweh, his parent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Rhetorical question<br><br>Yahweh uses rhetorical questions to show his disappointment and anger at Israel’s persistent rejection of him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 11 1 h8vd 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking of caring for Israel like a parent cares for a child.
|
||||
HOS 11 1 w4nm figs-metaphor 0 When Israel was a young man Yahweh is speaking about the people of Israel as if they were a young man. Yahweh is referring to when he first started his relationship with the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 11 1 y9f3 figs-metaphor 0 I called my son out of Egypt “son” refers to the people of God the Father. Alternate translation: “I led my son out of Egypt” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 11 2 imw3 figs-activepassive 0 The more they were called, the more they went away from me This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The more I called them to be my people, the more they refused me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 11 3 w384 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking about how he cared for Israel.
|
||||
HOS 11 3 mgr5 figs-metaphor 0 it was I who taught Ephraim to walk Yahweh refers to Israel as a small child whom he taught to walk. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 11 3 b3fi 0 lifted them up by their arms This expression continues the metaphor. Alternate translation: “took care of them”
|
||||
HOS 11 4 wy1e figs-parallelism 0 I led them with cords of humanity, with bands of love Yahweh loved his people in ways that they as humans could understand and appreciate. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 11 4 e1we figs-simile 0 I was to them like someone who eased the yoke on their jaws Yahweh is speaking of the nation of Israel as a hardworking animal whose work he made easier. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 11 4 j7cs 0 I bent down to them and fed them This expression continues the metaphor in which Israel is pictured as a young child. It may mean that Yahweh provided for all their physical needs.
|
||||
HOS 11 5 h9l8 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 11 5 ng27 figs-rquestion 0 Will they not return to the land of Egypt? This question means that the nation of Israel will once again be slaves as they were in Egypt. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 11 5 lp4b figs-rquestion 0 Will Assyria not rule over them because they refuse to return to me? The nation of Israel will be captives of Assyria as a result of their refusal to remain faithful to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 11 6 emy8 figs-metonymy 0 The sword will fall on their cities Here “sword” represents the enemies of Israel who will destroy Israel’s cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 11 6 kgr1 figs-metonymy 0 destroy the bars of their gates Gates offered security to city inhabitants from their enemies, and the bars secured the closed gates. To destroy the bars meant to take away the people’s security. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 11 7 f2ee figs-123person 0 Though they call to the Most High Here God is speaking about himself in the third person. It can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “Though they call to me, the Most High” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
HOS 11 7 e7fv 0 no one will help them Yahweh will not allow anyone to help Israel because they turned away from him.
|
||||
HOS 11 8 ubx2 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 11 8 nmr7 figs-rquestion 0 How can I give you up, Ephraim? How can I hand you over, Israel? Yahweh loves his people so much that he will not totally destroy them. These questions may be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I will not give you up, Ephraim. I will not hand you over, Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 11 8 nb87 figs-rquestion 0 How can I make you like Admah? How can I make you like Zeboyim? Yahweh loves his people so much that he will not totally destroy them. These questions may be translated as statements. Alternate translation: “I do not want to act toward you as I acted toward Admah or make you like Zeboyim—cities that I destroyed along with Sodom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HOS 11 8 s6u1 figs-metonymy 0 My heart has changed within me Here “heart” represents God’s will and decisions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 11 9 que5 0 For I am God and not a man God is not like people, who often decide very quickly to take revenge.
|
||||
HOS 11 9 xmy1 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will not come in wrath The abstract noun “wrath” can be stated as the adjective “angry.” Alternate translation: “I will not come to you and be angry with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
HOS 11 10 k7zh 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking about when he will restore his people.
|
||||
HOS 11 10 ge5v figs-metaphor 0 They will follow Yahweh Worshiping and honoring Yahweh is spoken of as if it were following him (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 11 10 ct2q figs-simile 0 he will roar like a lion Yahweh making it possible for his people to return to his land is spoken of as if he were calling to his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 11 11 b5jk figs-simile 0 They will come trembling like a bird … like a dove They will come home quickly as a bird returns to its nest. “Trembling” may refer to the fluttering of a bird’s wings. It may also signal the people’s feelings of humility and reverence for God (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 11 11 kmq4 0 the declaration of Yahweh “what Yahweh has declared” or “what Yahweh has solemnly said.” See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:13](../02/13.md).
|
||||
HOS 11 12 i52h 0 General Information: Yahweh is talking about Israel and Judah.
|
||||
HOS 11 12 mtk3 figs-parallelism 0 Ephraim surrounds me with falsehood, and the house of Israel with deceit Lies and deceitful acts are spoken of as if they were objects that the people of the northern kingdom surrounded Yahweh with. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 11 12 csf5 figs-metonymy 0 But Judah is still going about with me Here “Judah” refers to the people who live there. This speaks of being loyal to God as “going about” with him. However, many versions have different interpretations of this difficult passage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 12 intro z7s4 0 # Hosea 12 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Jacob<br><br>There is a parallel between Jacob and the northern kingdom of Israel. In the same way that Jacob returned to Yahweh, the northern kingdom should repent of their idolatry and turn back to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])
|
||||
HOS 12 1 k8wj 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 12 1 ec28 figs-synecdoche 0 Ephraim feeds on the wind Here “Ephraim” represents all the people of Israel. Also “wind” represents something that is useless or temporary. The people of Israel doing things that will not help them is spoken of as if they eat the wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 12 1 g9zd figs-metonymy 0 follows after the east wind East winds were very hot and destructive to the land. Here it represents anything that is destructive. The people doing things that will destroy themselves is spoken of as if they are following the east wind. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 12 1 ij53 0 carry olive oil to Egypt The people of Israel sent olive oil as a present to the king of Egypt to try and persuade him to help them.
|
||||
HOS 12 2 evm4 figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh also has a lawsuit against Judah Yahweh stating that the people of Judah have sinned against him and broken his covenant is spoken of as if Yahweh were accusing them in court. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Hosea 4:1](../04/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 12 2 j5y6 figs-doublet 0 against Judah … punish Jacob for what he has done … repay him for his deeds Here “Judah” and “Jacob” both represent the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “against the people of Judah … punish them for what they have done … repay them for their deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 12 2 w5u6 0 lawsuit This is a complaint by one person against another person in a court of law. See how you translated this in [Hosea 2:2](../02/02.md).
|
||||
HOS 12 3 dr1v 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking about Jacob the ancestor of the Israelites.
|
||||
HOS 12 3 v8bh figs-explicit 0 In the womb Jacob grasped his brother by the heel Jacob wanted to take his brother’s place as the firstborn, so he tried to keep his brother from being born first. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HOS 12 4 s9n9 figs-explicit 0 He struggled with the angel and won Jacob fought with an angel so that the angel would bless him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HOS 12 5 j2gg 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 12 5 cy44 figs-activepassive 0 is his name to be called on This can be stated in active form. Here “name” represents the entire character of God. Alternate translation: “is his name to which we pray” or “is his name by which we worship him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 12 6 guk8 0 Keep covenantal faithfulness and justice This refers to obeying God’s law and doing what is right.
|
||||
HOS 12 7 h5jj 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking about Israel.
|
||||
HOS 12 7 n12e 0 false scales The merchants use scales that do not accurately measure the weight of the money or products they are buying or selling.
|
||||
HOS 12 7 qvm9 0 they love to defraud The merchants cheat their customers by lying to them and taking more money than they should.
|
||||
HOS 12 8 bm7n figs-parallelism 0 I have certainly become very rich; I have found wealth for myself These two phrases mean the same thing and mean that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be very prosperous. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 12 8 p9bb figs-metaphor 0 I have found wealth Becoming wealthy by trading is spoken of as finding wealth. Alternate translation: “I have made much money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 12 8 p94j figs-doublet 0 they will not find any iniquity in me, anything that would be sin These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that the people of Ephraim consider themselves to be blameless. Learning that someone has sinned is spoken of as finding sin in that person. Alternate translation: “they will not discover that I have done anything sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 12 9 p92t 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
HOS 12 9 a7dd 0 I am Yahweh your God from the land of Egypt This could mean: (1) “I am Yahweh your God, who brought your ancestors from the land of Egypt” or (2) “I have been your God ever since you were in the land of Egypt” or (3) “I became your God when you were in the land of Egypt”
|
||||
HOS 12 9 g5yk figs-metonymy 0 I will again make you live in tents This could mean: (1) Yahweh is threatening to force the people of Israel from their homes and make them live in tents. So, here to “live in tents” would represent being sent into exile, or (2) it is a promise that after their exile the people will live in tents again, and Yahweh will take care of them as he did when the Israelites left Egypt. So, here “to live in tents” would represent a return to an ideal situation when Yahweh took care of his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 12 10 q6ni figs-synecdoche 0 By the hand of the prophets Here “hand” represents the one who carries out an action. Alternate translation: “Through the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HOS 12 11 kqj8 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 12 11 h73r figs-simile 0 their altars will be like heaps of stone in the furrows of the fields The altars where the people worshiped will be thrown down and become piles of stones. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HOS 12 12 bxi4 0 Jacob fled to the land of Aram; Israel worked in order to get a wife Here “Jacob” and “Israel” refer to the same person. Jacob’s name became Israel later in his life.
|
||||
HOS 12 13 a79t 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 12 13 a8xe 0 by a prophet That is, Moses.
|
||||
HOS 12 14 v7cg 0 bitterly The anger that the people have caused in Yahweh is extremely great.
|
||||
HOS 12 14 czc8 figs-metonymy 0 So his Lord will leave his blood on him Here “blood” refers to the guilt incurred by people who murder others. God will not forgive their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HOS 12 14 ay94 figs-metaphor 0 will turn back on him his disgrace The idea of making someone suffer the results of his own actions is spoken of as if those actions were objects that were thrown back at him. Alternate translation: “will make him suffer from his own disgraceful actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 13 intro la1r 0 # Hosea 13 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter uses poetry to communicate Yahweh’s disgust and anger with the northern kingdom of Israel.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>“Israel” and “Ephraim” are terms used to speak about the people of the northern kingdom. Samaria was the capital of the northern kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>This chapter makes it clear that the northern kingdom is going to be nearly decimated as a people. They will no longer exist as a nation.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical question<br><br>Hosea uses rhetorical questions throughout this chapter. They are not questions requesting information but rather questions indicating some emotion like anger or dissatisfaction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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HOS 13 1 u92j 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 13 1 aw8s figs-synecdoche 0 When Ephraim spoke Hosea uses the term “Ephraim” to refer to the entire northern kingdom, although it was also the name of one of the ten tribes. Hosea seems to be speaking of a long-past time, when the northern kingdom was strong and honored, unlike at the present time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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HOS 13 1 hyz3 0 there was trembling It is understood that people were trembling because they were afraid of Ephraim. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “there was trembling among the people” or “people trembled in fear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HOS 13 1 lw4y figs-metaphor 0 He exalted himself in Israel Here “exalting” means to make oneself important. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 13 1 nqg7 figs-metaphor 0 but he became guilty because of Baal worship, and he died When the people of Ephraim began worshiping Baal, they grew weak, and their enemies defeated them. Here “died” refers to the nation growing weak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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HOS 13 2 rtl5 0 Now they sin more and more Here “they” refers to the tribe of Ephraim and the entire nation of Israel, who followed Ephraim’s example.
|
||||
HOS 13 2 q78p figs-explicit 0 These men who sacrifice kiss calves Part of idol worship was kissing idol figures that were images of calves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
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HOS 13 3 jbj2 figs-simile 0 So they will be like the morning clouds … like the dew … like the chaff … like smoke out of a chimney These expressions state that Israel is temporary and will soon disappear if they continue to worship idols instead of following Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
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HOS 13 3 l2kj figs-activepassive 0 that is driven by the wind away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “that the wind blows away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 13 4 k7l1 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking of his people as if they had been a flock of sheep that he found wandering in the wilderness. He says that he claimed them there for his own.
|
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HOS 13 5 gbf1 0 I knew you in the wilderness Yahweh claimed the Hebrew people as his own special people, and he took care of them there.
|
||||
HOS 13 6 nkz8 0 When you had pasture, then you became full The image of sheep is continued with this expression.
|
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HOS 13 6 cq2p figs-metaphor 0 your heart became lifted up Becoming arrogant is spoken of as one’s heart being lifted up. Alternate translation: “you became proud” (See:[[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HOS 13 7 x7c5 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 13 7 tq4b figs-simile 0 like a lion … like a leopard These are wild animals that attack and kill other animals. Yahweh continues to say that he will destroy his people for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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HOS 13 8 y1e5 figs-simile 0 as a bear … as a lion … as a wild beast These are wild animals that attack and kill other animals. Yahweh continues to say that he will destroy his people for their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
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HOS 13 8 ft6g figs-ellipsis 0 as a bear that is robbed of her cubs The words “would attack” are left out because they are understood. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “like a bear would attack an animal that takes her cubs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HOS 13 8 bl6f figs-ellipsis 0 as a lion The words “would devour them” are left out because they are understood. Alternate translation: “as a lion would devour them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
HOS 13 9 jdv7 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 13 9 k6kg figs-rquestion 0 who will be able to help you? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that no one will be able to help the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “there will be no on able to help you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
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HOS 13 10 vd6r figs-rquestion 0 Where now is your king, that he may save you in all your cities? Where are your rulers, about whom you said to me, ‘Give me a king and princes’? Yahweh asks these questions to tell Israel that when they rebel against him, no king or ruler can help them. Only Yahweh can save them from destruction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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HOS 13 12 v1mf 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 13 12 d9c6 figs-parallelism 0 Ephraim’s iniquity has been stored up; his guilt has been stored up These two phrases are similar and mean basically the same thing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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HOS 13 12 f96y figs-metaphor 0 has been stored up The northern kingdom’s iniquity and guilt are spoken of as if they were objects that could be kept for a purpose. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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HOS 13 13 ba82 figs-metaphor 0 Pains of childbirth will come on him Here Yahweh speaks of the suffering the people of Israel will suffer as if it were the pains of child birth. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 13 13 b6hn figs-metaphor 0 but he is an unwise son, for when it is time to be born, he does not come out of the womb Yahweh now describes the people of Israel as the baby to which the mother is giving birth. The baby is unwise because it does not want to be born. The people do not want to repent and obey Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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HOS 13 14 yv5m 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 13 14 q1qb figs-rquestion 0 Will I rescue them from the hand of Sheol? Will I rescue them from death? Yahweh uses these questions to tell the people of Israel that he is not going to save them from dying. He will certainly punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly not rescue them from death and from going down to Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
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HOS 13 14 iq7j figs-personification 0 Where, death, are your plagues? Where, Sheol, is your destruction? Yahweh speaks to “death” and “Sheol” as if they were people. Yahweh uses questions to say that he will destroy the people soon. Alternate translation: “Now I will cause plagues and let the people of Israel die. I will destroy them and send them to Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HOS 13 14 zq3t figs-metaphor 0 Compassion is hidden from my eyes Not to think about having compassion is spoken of as if compassion were hidden so that it cannot be seen. The abstract noun “compassion” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “I have no compassion for them” or “I will not be compassionate towards them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
HOS 13 15 w2sd 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 13 15 r777 figs-metaphor 0 his brothers This expression seems to stand for the nations around the northern kingdom, especially Judah, the southern kingdom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 13 15 nj8n figs-metaphor 0 an east wind will come; the wind of Yahweh A wind from the east was very hot and destructive. Here it refers to the armies from the east that Yahweh will send to destroy the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 13 15 cy4j figs-metaphor 0 Ephraim’s spring will dry up, and his well will have no water Hosea continues to describe how God will punish the people of Israel. Here water represents life, vitality, and strength. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 13 15 g7kl figs-metaphor 0 his storehouse This refers to all of the peoples’ possessions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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HOS 13 16 hb4l 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
||||
HOS 13 16 y8fa figs-metonymy 0 Samaria will be guilty, for she has rebelled against her God Here “Samaria” refers to the people in the city of Samaria who are guilty of rebelling against God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
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HOS 13 16 g4vn figs-euphemism 0 They will fall Here to “fall” represents dying. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
|
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HOS 13 16 w5hv figs-metonymy 0 by the sword Here the “sword” represents the enemy soldiers who used swords in battle. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HOS 13 16 kms6 figs-activepassive 0 their young children will be dashed to pieces, and their pregnant women will be ripped open These phrases can be put into the active voice. Alternate translation: “the enemy will dash their young children to pieces, and they will rip open the pregnant women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
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HOS 14 intro bp7t 0 # Hosea 14 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This last chapter of Hosea ends with hope. In this chapter, Hosea calls for Israel to confess to Yahweh and repent. This chapter continues to be written in poetic form, using metaphors and other devices to communicate God’s love for his sinful people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/confess]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/love]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>Why are confession and repentance even suggested here for a people that Yahweh has already condemned to be destroyed? It is because this is a teaching that Yahweh is a merciful God who loves his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Speaker<br>The use of first and second person in this chapter often signifies a change in speaker. In this chapter, Hosea is speaking to the northern kingdom to tell them that Yahweh loves them.<br>There are several places in this chapter where the writer switches from the third person to the second or the first person. This may cause some confusion about who is speaking.
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HOS 14 1 x5ih 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
|
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HOS 14 1 e3je figs-metaphor 0 for you have fallen because of your iniquity Sinning is spoken of here as if it were falling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 14 2 bl3b figs-explicit 0 Take with you words This probably means words of confession and praise. Alternate translation: “Confess your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HOS 14 2 xcc8 figs-metonymy 0 the fruit of our lips What a person says is called the fruit of his lips. Modern versions have different translations of this difficult passage. Alternate translation: “our words and songs of praise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HOS 14 3 r5m5 0 General Information: Hosea is speaking
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HOS 14 3 xvt4 figs-synecdoche 0 to the work of our hands Here people are represented by their “hands” to refer to the people making things. Alternate translation: “to the idols we made” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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HOS 14 3 y9ak 0 the fatherless person This expression stands perhaps for the entire nation. It indicates God’s enormous compassion for his people.
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HOS 14 3 mh3w figs-abstractnouns 0 finds compassion Here the act of God having compassion is spoken of as if it were an object that someone experiencing that compassion had found. The abstract noun “compassion” can be translated with an adjective. Alternate translation: “finds one who is compassionate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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HOS 14 4 j8i4 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
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HOS 14 4 x6kz figs-metaphor 0 I will heal their turning away Stopping the people from turning away from God is spoken of as if he were healing them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 14 4 e5gg figs-metaphor 0 their turning away The failure of the people to obey God is spoken of as if they had physically turned away from him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 14 5 akq8 figs-simile 0 I will be like the dew to Israel; he will blossom like the lily God is spoken of as if he were dew that brought needed moisture to plants, and Israel is spoken of as if it were one person, and as if he were a flower that could blossom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 14 5 s2km figs-simile 0 take root like a cedar in Lebanon The picture of Israel in the form of a plant is continued here, but this time in the form of a tall cedar tree in Lebanon, which was known for such trees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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HOS 14 6 pa2f figs-simile 0 His branches will spread out … like the cedars in Lebanon This passage continues the same image. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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HOS 14 7 ia8e 0 General Information: Yahweh is speaking.
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HOS 14 7 z3a1 figs-metaphor 0 The people who live in his shade will return The people of Israel will once again live protected by God. Israel is spoken of as living in his shade. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 14 7 e5fj figs-simile 0 they will revive like grain and blossom like vines Israel’s new prosperity is spoken of in agricultural terms. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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HOS 14 7 h77b figs-simile 0 His fame will be like the wine of Lebanon Just as Lebanon’s wine was famous, so Israel will be famous. Alternate translation: “People everywhere will know about the nation of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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HOS 14 8 as1u figs-rquestion 0 what more have I to do with idols? This passage signifies that God will stop the people of Israel from worshiping idols any longer. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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HOS 14 8 v7m9 figs-simile 0 a cypress whose leaves are always green A cypress is a tree whose leaves stay green all year. This represents Yahweh and his blessings on Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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HOS 14 8 dja4 figs-metaphor 0 from me comes your fruit Here “fruit” represents every good thing that comes from Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 14 9 sr4g 0 General Information: Hosea the prophet is speaking.
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HOS 14 9 rmk6 figs-rquestion 0 Who is wise that he may understand these things? Who understands these things so that he may know them? The prophet uses these questions to say that wise people will understand and listen to what has been said to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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HOS 14 9 y4up figs-metaphor 0 For the ways of Yahweh are right, and the righteous will walk in them Yahweh’s commandments are spoken of as ways to walk in. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HOS 14 9 ilu4 figs-metaphor 0 stumble Disobeying Yahweh is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JOL front intro aq5w 0 # Introduction to Joel<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Joel<br><br>1. The land ruined; the day of Yahweh is coming (1:1–2:11)<br>- Locusts and drought (1:1–20)<br>- The day of Yahweh (2:1–11)<br>1. Yahweh restores his people (2:12-32)<br>- The people should turn to Yahweh, for he will pity them (2:12–27)<br>- The Spirit of Yahweh, wonders, and salvation (2:28–32)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (3:1-21)<br>- Yahweh judges the nations (3:1–16)<br>- Yahweh dwells in Zion (3:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Joel about?<br><br>The main idea in the Book of Joel is “the day of Yahweh.” This expression is found five times (1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:21, 3:14).<br><br>The people of Israel looked forward to “the day of Yahweh” as a day that Yahweh would judge the nations around them. But Joel warns that Yahweh would also judge Israel for being unfaithful to him. After judging them, Yahweh will restore his people.<br><br>Joel’s message applies to the people of God in the church age. For Yahweh says, “I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh” and “everyone who calls on Yahweh will be saved” (2:28 and 2:32, quoted by Peter in Acts 2:17 and 2:21).<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Joel” or just “Joel.” Translators may also call it the “The Book about Joel” or “The Sayings of Joel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Joel?<br><br>This book contains the prophecies of an Israelite named Joel, son of Pethuel. The book does not tell when Joel prophesied.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is the meaning of the locust attacks in Joel 1 and 2, and of the drought in Joel 2?<br><br>Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament. In Chapters 1 and 2, Joel described locust attacks using military terms. He may have been speaking of enemy invaders coming and destroying the land its people.<br><br>There are various names for locusts in the original language of the Old Testament. It is uncertain whether these refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.<br><br>Joel also described a drought in Chapter 2. It might have been a real lack of rain. Or Joel may have been speaking of either enemy invaders or Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations.<br><br>Translators should simply translate the locust attacks and drought as Joel described them and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>### What did Joel prophesy about the future for God’s people?<br><br>Joel prophesied that God will defeat Israel’s enemies, rebuild the city of Jerusalem, and rule as victorious king over the whole world. At the same time, God will give his Spirit to all his people, and they will receive messages from him in dreams and visions. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/holyspirit]])<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How should one translate the poetry of the Book of Joel?<br><br>All of the text in the Book of Joel is poetry. The ULT presents it in this way. The UST, however, presents the text as prose. Translators may choose to use prose in their versions. Translators who want to translate the book as poetry should read about poetry and parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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JOL 1 intro q2ev 0 # Joel 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Joel is written in poetic form and with striking imagery. The ULT is written in poetic form, but the UST has been transferred to a prose form. If possible, use the poetic form to communicate the meaning of this book in order to stay closer to the original meaning of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and they progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of the whole land of Israel.<br><br>It was common for farmers in the ancient Near East to experience large locust swarms that would come and eat all crops in their fields. Joel might be describing such attacks in this first chapter. Because Joel uses military terms and images to describe these locust attacks, his descriptions might represent enemy invaders who would come and destroy the land its people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>The author also uses rhetorical questions that communicate surprise and alarm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JOL 1 1 qry6 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: God speaks through Joel to the people of Israel using poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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JOL 1 1 er8g figs-idiom דְּבַר־יְהוָה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֔ה אֶל־יוֹאֵ֖ל 1 the word of Yahweh that came to Joel This idiom is used to announce that God gave messages to Joel. Alternate translation: “the message Yahweh gave to Joel” or “the message Yahweh spoke to Joel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JOL 1 1 qwp8 יְהוָה֙ 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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JOL 1 1 m5wr translate-names פְּתוּאֵֽל 1 Pethuel Joel’s father (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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JOL 1 2 t74n figs-rquestion הֶהָ֤יְתָה זֹּאת֙ בִּֽימֵיכֶ֔ם וְאִ֖ם בִּימֵ֥י אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶֽם 1 Has anything like this happened in your days or in the days of your ancestors? Joel is preparing the elders to listen to what he has to say. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Nothing like this has ever happened before either to you or to your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JOL 1 3 vge5 figs-ellipsis וּבְנֵיהֶ֖ם לְד֥וֹר אַחֵֽר 1 their children the next generation You may need to fill in the words that have been left out. Alternate translation: “let their children tell the generation after them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
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JOL 1 4 m68u translate-unknown הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the swarming locust large groups of insects like grasshoppers that fly together and eat large areas of food crops (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
JOL 1 4 ny2z הַגָּזָם֙…הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה…הַיָּ֑לֶק…הֶחָסִֽיל 1 swarming locust … great locust … grasshopper … caterpillar These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language.
|
||||
JOL 1 5 zk2a 0 General Information: God warns the people of Israel about the coming locust army.
|
||||
JOL 1 5 l1nq figs-parallelism שִׁכּוֹרִים֙ וּבְכ֔וּ וְהֵילִ֖לוּ כָּל־שֹׁ֣תֵי יָ֑יִן 1 you drunkards, and weep! Wail, all you drinkers of wine If your language has only one word for “weep” and “wail,” you can combine the lines: “you people who love wine should cry out in sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 1 6 qm8j figs-metaphor גוֹי֙ 1 a nation The locust swarm is like an invading army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 1 6 jn1q שִׁנָּיו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י 1 His teeth … he has the teeth The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
|
||||
JOL 1 6 mpz6 figs-parallelism שִׁנָּיו֙ שִׁנֵּ֣י אַרְיֵ֔ה וּֽמְתַלְּע֥וֹת לָבִ֖יא לֽוֹ 1 His teeth are the teeth of a lion, and he has the teeth of a lioness. These two lines share similar meanings. The reference to the locusts’ teeth being as sharp as lions’ teeth emphasize how fierce they are as they eat all of the crops of the land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 1 6 aj1z אַרְצִ֔י 1 my land Yahweh’s land
|
||||
JOL 1 7 sxr3 שָׂ֤ם…חָשֹׂ֤ף חֲשָׂפָהּ֙ 1 He has made … He has stripped The locusts are like a nation which is like one person. You can refer to the nation as “it,” or to the locusts as “they,” or to the invader as one person.
|
||||
JOL 1 7 hi96 גַּפְנִי֙…וּתְאֵנָתִ֖י 1 my vineyard … my fig tree Yahweh’s vineyard and fig tree
|
||||
JOL 1 7 k8l9 לְשַׁמָּ֔ה 1 desolate empty and without life
|
||||
JOL 1 8 iwe3 0 General Information: God continues speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 1 10 zn6h figs-metaphor אָבְלָ֖ה אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 the ground is mourning Here the land is spoken of as if it were a person. These words could also be seen as a metonym for the people who are mourning or even as hyperbole, that the famine is so bad that even things that are not alive are mourning. Alternate translation: “the farmers are mourning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 1 10 j565 figs-activepassive שֻׁדַּ֣ד דָּגָ֔ן 1 the grain has been destroyed This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the locusts have destroyed all of the grain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
JOL 1 11 mx5v 0 General Information: God continues speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 1 11 eeq1 translate-unknown שְׂעֹרָ֑ה 1 barley a type of grass, like wheat, whose seeds can be used to make bread (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
JOL 1 12 pk4b הוֹבִ֔ישָׁה 1 withered dried up and died
|
||||
JOL 1 12 r11a translate-unknown וְהַתְּאֵנָ֖ה…מּ֞וֹן…וְתַפּ֗וּחַ 1 fig … pomegranate … apple different types of fruit (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
JOL 1 13 uv6d 0 General Information: God speaks to the priests in Israel
|
||||
JOL 1 13 w9cv מִנְחָ֥ה וָנָֽסֶךְ 1 the grain offering and the drink offering regular offerings in the temple
|
||||
JOL 1 14 z8ne בֵּ֖ית יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶ֑ם 1 the house of Yahweh your God the temple in Jerusalem
|
||||
JOL 1 15 q895 0 General Information: This is what God is telling the priests to say.
|
||||
JOL 1 15 u6hs figs-abstractnouns וּכְשֹׁ֖ד מִשַׁדַּ֥י יָבֽוֹא 1 With it will come destruction from the Almighty The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated using the verb “destroy.” You may need to make explicit what it is the Almighty will destroy. Alternate translation: “On that day the Almighty will destroy his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 1 16 yv6d figs-ellipsis הֲל֛וֹא נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖ינוּ אֹ֣כֶל נִכְרָ֑ת מִבֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָגִֽיל 1 Has not food been cut off from before our eyes, and joy and gladness from the house of our God? It is certain that destruction will come from the Almighty because these things have already happened. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “We know this is true because we have already seen the Almighty cut off our supply of food, and he has cut off joy and gladness from the house of our God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
JOL 1 16 r8wr figs-synecdoche נֶ֥גֶד עֵינֵ֖ינוּ 1 from before our eyes “from us.” This refers to all of the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
JOL 1 16 f1eb figs-ellipsis מִבֵּ֥ית אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָגִֽיל 1 joy and gladness from the house of our God You may need to fill in the ellipsis. Alternate translation: “joy and gladness have been cut off from the house of our God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
JOL 1 16 ppt5 figs-doublet שִׂמְחָ֥ה וָגִֽיל 1 joy and gladness These two words mean basically the same thing. Together they emphasize that there is no kind of joyful activity happening at the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 1 17 y7su מֶגְרְפֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם 1 clods lumps of dirt
|
||||
JOL 1 18 w5nw 0 General Information: God continues to tell the priests how they should pray for Israel.
|
||||
JOL 1 18 ul6j נֶּאֶנְחָ֣ה 1 groan make a deep sound because of pain
|
||||
JOL 1 20 n9lf אֲפִ֣יקֵי 1 brooks small streams
|
||||
JOL 2 intro j2gp 0 # Joel 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues in the poetic form with striking imagery of armies and soldiers.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Locusts<br><br>This book starts very dramatically with the imagery of the locusts and the devastation they produce. There are five different kinds of locusts that appear to come and progressively destroy the vegetation including the crops, vineyards and even the trees of Israel.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>This chapter uses simile to a great extent as Joel tries to describe this army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])<br><br>### Metaphor<br>The drought, or severe lack of rain, Joel describes is probably a real drought. It might also be a picture of either enemy invaders or of Yahweh himself coming to punish his people and the other nations. Translators should translate simply, presenting the scenes of locusts and drought as Joel describes them, and not worry about the various possible meanings. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 1 t9j9 figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Joel continues poetry that began in the previous chapter. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 2 1 m7i5 תִּקְע֨וּ שׁוֹפָ֜ר…וְהָרִ֨יעוּ֙ 1 Blow the trumpet … sound an alarm Joel is emphasizing the importance of calling Israel together in preparation for the destruction that is coming.
|
||||
JOL 2 2 qmb9 figs-doublet י֧וֹם חֹ֣שֶׁךְ וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize that the darkness will be very dark. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day that is full of darkness” or “day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 2 st7t וַאֲפֵלָ֗ה 1 gloom total or partial darkness
|
||||
JOL 2 2 pcr6 figs-doublet י֤וֹם עָנָן֙ וַעֲרָפֶ֔ל 1 day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 2 h3d1 figs-simile כְּשַׁ֖חַר פָּרֻ֣שׂ עַל־הֶֽהָרִ֑ים עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם 1 Like the dawn that spreads on the mountains, a large and mighty army is approaching When direct sunlight shines on a mountain at dawn, it begins at the top and spreads to the bottom. When an army comes over a mountain range, it comes over the top and spreads out as it comes down. Alternate translation: “A large, mighty army comes over the mountains into the land. They spread over the land like the light from the rising sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 2 ekb8 figs-metaphor עַ֚ם רַ֣ב וְעָצ֔וּם 1 a large and mighty army The words “large” and “mighty” share similar meanings here and emphasize that the army will be very strong. The word **army** could possibly be: (1) a metaphor for a swarm of locusts or (2) referring to a human army. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 xcv4 0 General Information: Joel’s description of the coming army continues.
|
||||
JOL 2 3 fly5 figs-metaphor לְפָנָיו֙ אָ֣כְלָה אֵ֔שׁ 1 A fire is consuming everything in front of it A fire destroys everything as it moves, and the “army” ([Joel 2:2](../02/02.md)), whether of humans or of locusts, destroys everything as it moves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 z5iu figs-metaphor וְאַחֲרָ֖יו תְּלַהֵ֣ט לֶֽהָבָ֑ה 1 behind it a flame is burning After a wall of flame goes through dry land and burns the dryest and smallest fuel, there will still be flames as the larger and less dry fuel burns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 3 yne4 figs-simile כְּגַן־עֵ֨דֶן הָאָ֜רֶץ 1 land is like the garden of Eden The garden of Eden was a beautiful place, and the land was beautiful. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 ex3a 0 General Information: The description continues with the noises of an army of horses.
|
||||
JOL 2 4 ztn5 figs-simile כְּמַרְאֵ֥ה סוּסִ֖ים מַרְאֵ֑הוּ 1 The army’s appearance is like horses The head of a locust looks like a small horse head. The army is fast, and horses are fast. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 fdt4 translate-unknown סוּסִ֖ים 1 horses A large, strong, fast animal with four legs. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
JOL 2 4 myc3 figs-simile וּכְפָרָשִׁ֖ים כֵּ֥ן יְרוּצֽוּן 1 they run like horsemen Men riding horses move quickly, and the army moves quickly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 5 m6fl יְרַקֵּד֔וּן 1 jump A horse jumps or leaps as it runs quickly.
|
||||
JOL 2 5 n75f figs-simile כְּק֣וֹל מַרְכָּב֗וֹת…כְּקוֹל֙ לַ֣הַב אֵ֔שׁ…כְּעַ֣ם עָצ֔וּם עֱר֖וּךְ מִלְחָמָֽה 1 a noise like that of chariots … like the noise of fiery flames … like a mighty army ready for battle These sounds would have been very frightening to Joel’s readers. If your readers will not understand what these sound like, you might be able to use a more general phrase: “a noise that frightens everyone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 6 bh52 0 General Information: Joel continues to describe the locust army of Yahweh.
|
||||
JOL 2 7 e5ge figs-personification כְּגִבּוֹרִ֣ים יְרֻצ֔וּן כְּאַנְשֵׁ֥י מִלְחָמָ֖ה יַעֲל֣וּ חוֹמָ֑ה 1 They run like mighty warriors … climb the walls like soldiers The army of locusts acts as real soldiers do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
JOL 2 7 d4kv חוֹמָ֑ה 1 walls walls around the cities
|
||||
JOL 2 8 u5ew 0 General Information: The description of the locust army of Yahweh continues.
|
||||
JOL 2 8 yt67 וּבְעַ֥ד הַשֶּׁ֛לַח יִפֹּ֖לוּ 1 they break through the defenses they overcome the soldiers defending the city.
|
||||
JOL 2 10 iu1h figs-personification לְפָנָיו֙ רָ֣גְזָה אֶ֔רֶץ רָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמָ֑יִם 1 The earth shakes in front of them, the heavens tremble Joel speaks of the earth and heavens as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that the army is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the earth and the heavens are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone on earth and in the heavens is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 2 10 lm84 figs-hyperbole שֶׁ֤מֶשׁ וְיָרֵ֨חַ֙ קָדָ֔רוּ וְכוֹכָבִ֖ים אָסְפ֥וּ נָגְהָֽ 1 the sun and the moon are darkened, and the stars stop shining This exaggeration claims that there are so many locusts that people cannot see the sun, moon, or stars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 2 11 mi1t וַֽיהוָ֗ה נָתַ֤ן קוֹלוֹ֙ 1 Yahweh raises his voice “Yahweh speaks loudly” to give commands.
|
||||
JOL 2 11 tzv4 figs-hendiadys גָד֧וֹל…וְנוֹרָ֥א מְאֹ֖ד 1 great and very terrible In this phrase both descriptions mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “greatly terrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
|
||||
JOL 2 11 vht4 figs-rquestion וּמִ֥י יְכִילֶֽנּוּ 1 Who can survive it? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “No one will be strong enough to survive Yahweh’s judgment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 12 d1i9 figs-metonymy שֻׁ֥בוּ עָדַ֖י בְּכָל־לְבַבְכֶ֑ם 1 Return to me with all your heart The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Alternate translation: “Turn away from your sins and be totally devoted to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 d1sf figs-metonymy וְקִרְע֤וּ לְבַבְכֶם֙ וְאַל־בִּגְדֵיכֶ֔ם 1 Tear your heart and not only your garments The heart is a metonym for what the person thinks and loves. Tearing one’s clothes is an outward act of shame or repentance. Alternate translation: “Change your way of thinking; do not just tear your garments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 wfp5 figs-abstractnouns וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 abundant in covenant faithfulness The abstract noun “faithfulness” can be stated as “faithful” or “faithfully.” Alternate translation: “always faithful to his covenant” or “always loves faithfully” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
JOL 2 13 e3gw וְנִחָ֖ם עַל 1 turn from stop
|
||||
JOL 2 14 a2av figs-rquestion יָשׁ֣וּב וְנִחָ֑ם וְהִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָיו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָנֶ֔סֶךְ לַיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם 1 Will he perhaps turn … God? This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Perhaps Yahweh will turn from his anger … God.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 14 xys3 וְהִשְׁאִ֤יר אַֽחֲרָיו֙ בְּרָכָ֔ה מִנְחָ֣ה וָנֶ֔סֶךְ 1 leave a blessing behind him, a grain offering and a drink offering “leave behind him a blessing—that is, a grain offering and a drink offering.” The blessing is that plenty of grain and grapes will ripen, and so the people will be able to offer grain and drink offerings.
|
||||
JOL 2 16 jzj1 מֵחֻפָּתָֽהּ 1 bridal chambers rooms, usually in the parents’ houses, where brides would wait for their wedding ceremonies
|
||||
JOL 2 17 fek9 וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֨ן נַחֲלָתְךָ֤ לְחֶרְפָּה֙ 1 do not make your inheritance into an object of scorn “do not allow your inheritance to become people whom the other nations regard as worthless”
|
||||
JOL 2 17 kqr6 figs-metaphor נַחֲלָתְךָ֤ 1 your inheritance Here the people of Israel are spoken of as God’s inheritance. Alternate translation: “your special people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 17 ey9s figs-rquestion לָ֚מָּה יֹאמְר֣וּ בָֽעַמִּ֔ים אַיֵּ֖ה אֱלֹהֵיהֶֽם 1 Why should they say among the nations, ‘Where is their God?’ This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Other nations should not be able to say, ‘Their God does not help them.’” or “Other nations should not be able to say that the God of Israel has abandoned his people.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 2 18 xeg7 לְאַרְצ֑וֹ 1 his land “the nation of Israel”
|
||||
JOL 2 18 im7l עַמּֽוֹ 1 his people “the people of Israel”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 lu18 הִנְנִ֨י 1 Look “Pay attention to what I am about to say”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 jde5 וּשְׂבַעְתֶּ֖ם אֹת֑ 1 You will be satisfied with them “You will have all you need of them”
|
||||
JOL 2 19 tqc6 חֶרְפָּ֖ה 1 a disgrace “unworthy of respect”
|
||||
JOL 2 20 q49d 0 General Information: God continues his promise to Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 20 khh7 הַצְּפוֹנִ֞י…הַקַּדְמֹנִ֔י…הָאַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 northern … eastern … western These directions are from the perspective of people living in the land of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 20 v9xy הַיָּם֙ הַקַּדְמֹנִ֔י 1 the eastern sea the Dead Sea
|
||||
JOL 2 20 ue9y הַיָּ֣ם הָאַֽחֲר֑וֹן 1 the western sea the Mediterranean Sea
|
||||
JOL 2 20 k6n8 הִגְדִּ֖יל לַעֲשֽׂוֹת 1 he has done great things That is, Yahweh has done great things. Another possible meaning is that the writer speaks of the invading army, “it has done very bad things.”
|
||||
JOL 2 21 g3z3 figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאִ֖י אֲדָמָ֑ה 1 Do not fear, land Joel speaks to the people of the land as if he were speaking to the land itself. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people of the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
JOL 2 22 n9lm figs-apostrophe אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ֙ בַּהֲמ֣וֹת שָׂדַ֔י 1 Do not fear, beasts of the field Joel speaks to people who own livestock as if he were speaking to the animals themselves. Alternate translation: “Do not be afraid, you people who own livestock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
JOL 2 22 t5ty figs-metonymy דָשְׁא֖וּ נְא֣וֹת מִדְבָּ֑ר 1 the pastures of the wilderness will sprout The pastures are a metonym for the plants that grow in the pastures. Alternate translation: “plants good for food will sprout in the pastures in the wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 23 xlq6 נָתַ֥ן…וַיּ֣וֹרֶד לָכֶ֗ם גֶּ֛שֶׁם 1 he will … bring down showers for you “he will … cause much rain to fall so that you will live well”
|
||||
JOL 2 23 vnx8 מוֹרֶ֥ה וּמַלְק֖וֹשׁ 1 autumn rain and the spring rain the first rains of the rainy season in early December and the last rains in April and May
|
||||
JOL 2 24 gw97 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh begins a long speech to the Israelites.
|
||||
JOL 2 24 p8u1 הַיְקָבִ֖ים 1 vats large containers for liquids
|
||||
JOL 2 25 k6bd אֶת־הַשָּׁנִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר֙ אָכַ֣ל הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה 1 the years of crops that the swarming locust has eaten “the crops that you took care of for years and that the swarming locusts have eaten”
|
||||
JOL 2 25 e81a הָֽאַרְבֶּ֔ה הַיֶּ֖לֶק וְהֶחָסִ֣יל וְהַגָּזָ֑ם 1 swarming locust … the great locust, the devouring locust, and the destroying locust These are, respectively, an adult locust that can fly, a locust too large to fly easily, a locust with wings too young to fly, and a newborn locust that has not yet developed wings. Use names that would be understood in your language. See how you translated this in [Joel 1:4](../01/04.md).
|
||||
JOL 2 26 qw24 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 26 jy17 figs-metonymy וְהִלַּלְתֶּ֗ם אֶת־שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ 1 praise the name of Yahweh The name is a metonym for the person, specifically his reputation. Alternate translation: “praise Yahweh” or “praise Yahweh because everyone knows he is good” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 26 x2qr figs-123person שֵׁ֤ם יְהוָה֙ אֱלֹ֣הֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֥ה עִמָּכֶ֖ם לְהַפְלִ֑יא 1 the name of Yahweh … who has done wonders Yahweh speaks of himself by name to show that he will certainly do as he has said. Alternate translation: “my name … because I have done wonders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
JOL 2 28 h1ph 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 28 p6xw וְהָיָ֣ה אַֽחֲרֵי־כֵ֗ן אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ 1 It will come about afterward that I “This is what I will do after that: I”
|
||||
JOL 2 28 mc8b figs-metaphor אֶשְׁפּ֤וֹךְ אֶת־רוּחִי֙ עַל־כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 I will pour out my Spirit on all flesh Yahweh speaks of the Spirit as if he were speaking of water. AT” “I will give my Spirit generously to all flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 2 28 ny8x figs-synecdoche כָּל־בָּשָׂ֔ר 1 all flesh Here “flesh” represents people. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
JOL 2 30 c326 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 30 fxj8 figs-metonymy דָּ֣ם וָאֵ֔שׁ וְתִֽימֲר֖וֹת עָשָֽׁן 1 blood, fire, and pillars of smoke “blood” is symbolizing the death of people. Alternate translation: “death, fire and pillars of smoke” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 2 31 e1db הַשֶּׁ֨מֶשׁ֙ יֵהָפֵ֣ךְ לְחֹ֔שֶׁךְ 1 The sun will turn into darkness “The sun will no longer give light”
|
||||
JOL 2 31 fc5h figs-metonymy וְהַיָּרֵ֖חַ לְדָ֑ם 1 the moon into blood Here the word “blood” refers to the color red. You can supply the verb for this phrase. Alternate translation: “the moon will turn red like blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 xyf3 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 2 32 w6nv וְהָיָ֗ה כֹּ֧ל 1 It will be that everyone “This is what will happen: everyone”
|
||||
JOL 2 32 t1vg figs-metonymy כֹּ֧ל אֲשֶׁר־יִקְרָ֛א בְּשֵׁ֥ם יְהוָ֖ה יִמָּלֵ֑ט 1 everyone who calls on the name of Yahweh will be saved The name is a metonym for the person. This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will save everyone who calls on his name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 k5zj figs-doublet בְּהַר־צִיּ֨וֹן וּבִירוּשָׁלִַ֜ם 1 on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem These refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “on Mount Zion in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 j194 figs-ellipsis וּבַ֨שְּׂרִידִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה קֹרֵֽא 1 among the survivors, those whom Yahweh calls The phrase “there will be” is understood from earlier in the sentence. It can be repeated here. Alternate translation: “among the survivors there will be those whom Yahweh calls” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
JOL 2 32 e73u 1 survivors people who live through a terrible event like a war or a disaster
|
||||
JOL 3 intro jcn7 0 # Joel 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>There is a change in focus in this chapter from the people of Israel to her enemies. The events of this chapters also contain many prophecies about the events of the end of this world. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Israel<br>The mention of Israel in this chapter is probably a reference to the people of Judah and not the northern kingdom of Israel. It is also possible this is a reference to the people of Israel as a whole.
|
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JOL 3 1 b14f 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 1 nha5 כִּ֗י הִנֵּ֛ה 1 Behold “Listen” or “Pay attention”
|
||||
JOL 3 1 zy3s figs-doublet בַּיָּמִ֥ים הָהֵ֖מָּה וּבָעֵ֣ת הַהִ֑יא 1 in those days and at that time The phrase “at that time” means the same thing as and intensifies the phrase “in those days.” Alternate translation: “in those very days” or “at that very time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 3 1 c3ys אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָשִׁ֛יב אֶת־שְׁב֥וּת יְהוּדָ֖ה וִירוּשָׁלִָֽם 1 when I return the exiles of Judah and Jerusalem “When I send the exiles back to Judah and Jerusalem”
|
||||
JOL 3 2 xs2u עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat.
|
||||
JOL 3 2 idt3 figs-doublet עַמִּ֨י וְנַחֲלָתִ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ 1 my people and my inheritance Israel These two phrases emphasize how Yahweh views Israel as his own precious people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel, who are my inheritance” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
JOL 3 3 z4y6 figs-explicit וַיִּתְּנ֤וּ הַיֶּ֨לֶד֙ בַּזּוֹנָ֔ה וְהַיַּלְדָּ֛ה מָכְר֥וּ בַיַּ֖יִן וַיִּשְׁתּֽוּ 1 traded a boy for a prostitute, and sold a girl for wine so they could drink These are examples of the kinds of things they did and do not indicate what they did to two particular children. Alternate translation: “and did things like trading a boy for a prostitute and selling a girl for wine, so they could drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 k66w 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 4 qj6v figs-rquestion וְ֠גַם מָה־אַתֶּ֥ם לִי֙ צֹ֣ר וְצִיד֔וֹן וְכֹ֖ל גְּלִיל֣וֹת פְּלָ֑שֶׁת 1 why are you angry at me … Philistia? Yahweh is encouraging the people of Judah, who can hear him, by scolding the people of Tyre, Sidon, and Philistia, who cannot hear him, as if they can. The names of the towns are metonyms for the people who live in the towns. These words can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you have no right to be angry at me … Philistia.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 xaa9 figs-rquestion הַגְּמ֗וּל אַתֶּם֙ מְשַׁלְּמִ֣ים עָלָ֔י 1 Will you repay me? “Will you get revenge on me?” God uses this question to make the people think about what they are doing. Alternate translation: “You think you can get revenge on me, but you cannot.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
JOL 3 4 ns7f figs-synecdoche קַ֣ל מְהֵרָ֔ה אָשִׁ֥יב גְּמֻלְכֶ֖ם בְּרֹאשְׁכֶֽם 1 I will immediately return your retribution on your own head Here the word “head” refers to the person. Yahweh will make them suffer the pain they wanted him to suffer. Alternate translation: “I will cause you to suffer the retribution that you tried to put on me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
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JOL 3 4 wdm3 גְּמֻלְכֶ֖ם 1 retribution “revenge” or “payback”
|
||||
JOL 3 7 d8mh 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 7 sum8 הִנְנִ֣י 1 Look “Pay attention” or “Listen”
|
||||
JOL 3 7 dc6d figs-explicit מִן־הַ֨מָּק֔וֹם אֲשֶׁר־מְכַרְתֶּ֥ם אֹתָ֖ם שָׁ֑מָּה 1 out of the place where you sold them The people of Israel will leave the places where they were slaves and come back to the land of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
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JOL 3 7 uh32 וַהֲשִׁבֹתִ֥י גְמֻלְכֶ֖ם 1 return payment “give back what you deserve”
|
||||
JOL 3 8 pww6 figs-metonymy וּמָכַרְתִּ֞י אֶת־בְּנֵיכֶ֣ם וְאֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵיכֶ֗ם בְּיַד֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 I will sell your sons and your daughters, by the hand of the people of Judah The hand can be a metonym for the power the hand exercises or a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “I will have the people of Judah sell your sons and your daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
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JOL 3 8 t9jc translate-names לִשְׁבָאיִ֖ם 1 Sabeans the people of the land of Sabea (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
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JOL 3 9 ih66 figs-irony 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel. Here he begins an ironic call to the nations to prepare for a war in which Yahweh will completely destroy the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
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JOL 3 9 d6ny הָעִ֨ירוּ֙ הַגִּבּוֹרִ֔ים 1 rouse the mighty men “make the mighty men ready for action”
|
||||
JOL 3 10 t93c figs-parallelism כֹּ֤תּוּ אִתֵּיכֶם֙ לַֽחֲרָב֔וֹת וּמַזְמְרֹֽתֵיכֶ֖ם לִרְמָחִ֑ים 1 Beat your plowshares into swords and your pruning knives into spears These two phrases share similar meanings. Both of them instruct the people to turn their farming tools into weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
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JOL 3 10 ze4m אִתֵּיכֶם֙ 1 plowshares tools that are used to break up the soil in order to plant crops
|
||||
JOL 3 10 epv7 וּמַזְמְרֹֽתֵיכֶ֖ם 1 pruning knives knives that are used to cut off small branches
|
||||
JOL 3 11 iq6r 0 General Information: Yahweh continues the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 11 rp2a figs-irony ע֣וּשׁוּ וָבֹ֧אוּ כָֽל־הַגּוֹיִ֛ם מִסָּבִ֖יב וְנִקְבָּ֑צוּ שָׁ֕מָּה 1 Hurry and come … together there These words continue the ironic call to battle that begins in [Joel 3:9](../03/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
JOL 3 11 p5mc figs-explicit וְנִקְבָּ֑צוּ 1 gather yourselves together The purpose of the gathering is for battle. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “gather yourselves together for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
JOL 3 11 e3ig הַֽנְחַ֥ת יְהוָ֖ה גִּבּוֹרֶֽיךָ 1 Yahweh, bring down your mighty warriors This could mean: (1) Joel is telling the people of Judah that this is what they are to “proclaim among the nations” ([Joel 3:9](../03/09.md)) or (2) Joel interrupts the words of Yahweh and prays a short prayer.
|
||||
JOL 3 12 b1jw 0 General Information: Yahweh finishes the speech he began in [Joel 2:25](../02/25.md), promising good things for the people of Israel.
|
||||
JOL 3 12 ul2y הַגּוֹיִ֔ם…אֶת־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם מִסָּבִֽיב 1 Let the nations wake themselves … all the surrounding nations The words “the nations” and “the surrounding nations” refer to the same nations, those that surround Judah. Yahweh will judge them in the Valley of Jehoshaphat for what they have done to Jerusalem.
|
||||
JOL 3 12 pq55 עֵ֖מֶק יְהֽוֹשָׁפָ֑ט 1 Valley of Jehoshaphat Jehoshaphat, whose name means “Yahweh judges,” was king of Judah before Joel lived. There is no known place with this name. It would be best to translate this as the name of a valley that people named after the man Jehoshaphat. See how you translated this in [Joel 3:2](../03/02.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 13 hq7f figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל…מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Put in the sickle … the winepress is full Possible meanings are that Yahweh speaks of completely destroying the nations as if: (1) he were harvesting all the grapes and all the grain or (2) he were harvesting quickly, while the grain and grapes are ripe. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 iw8d figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל כִּ֥י בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 Put in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe Yahweh speaks of making war against the nations as if he were using a sharp tool to harvest a field of ripe crops. If your readers will not understand the word “sickle,” you may use the word for any sharp tool that your people use for harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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JOL 3 13 i8r2 figs-metaphor שִׁלְח֣וּ מַגָּ֔ל 1 Put in the sickle “Swing the sickle to cut the grain.” This is a metaphor for a soldier using a sword to kill people, but it is best to use the word for a sharp tool used in harvesting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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JOL 3 13 zx33 מַגָּ֔ל 1 sickle a long curved knife that people use for cutting grain
|
||||
JOL 3 13 rua7 בָשַׁ֖ל קָצִ֑יר 1 the harvest is ripe “the grain is ready to be harvested”
|
||||
JOL 3 13 tz4a figs-metaphor בֹּ֤אֽוּ רְדוּ֙ כִּֽי־מָ֣לְאָה גַּ֔ת 1 Come, crush the grapes, for the winepress is full Yahweh speaks of the nations as if they were many grapes in a winepress, ready for people to crush them by stepping on them. Alternate translation: “Come, completely destroy the nations, for they are many, and they are helpless to resist you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 13 haw5 figs-metaphor הֵשִׁ֨יקוּ֙ הַיְקָבִ֔ים כִּ֥י רַבָּ֖ה רָעָתָֽם 1 The vats overflow, for their wickedness is enormous Yahweh speaks of the nations’ wickedness as if it were the juice that flows from the winepress into storage containers, and more juice flows into the vats than they can contain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 14 y2ge הֲמוֹנִ֣ים הֲמוֹנִ֔ים 1 a tumult, a tumult A tumult is noise caused by a large crowd. This is repeated to show that it will be very noisy from all the people.
|
||||
JOL 3 14 r3ir בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶֽחָר֑וּץ…בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶחָרֽוּץ 1 Valley of Judgment … Valley of Judgment This phrase is repeated to show that the judgment will certainly happen.
|
||||
JOL 3 14 fq2i figs-abstractnouns בְּעֵ֖מֶק הֶֽחָר֑וּץ 1 Valley of Judgment There is no known place with this name. The abstract noun “judgment” can be translated using the verb “judge.” Alternate translation: “Valley Where Yahweh Judges” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 fj29 1 General Information: Yahweh begins speaking in verse 17.
|
||||
JOL 3 16 fe1r figs-parallelism וַיהוָ֞ה מִצִּיּ֣וֹן יִשְׁאָ֗ג וּמִירוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יִתֵּ֣ן קוֹל֔וֹ 1 Yahweh will roar from Zion, and raise his voice from Jerusalem Both phrases mean Yahweh will shout with a loud, clear and powerful voice from Jerusalem. If your language only has one word for speaking very loudly, this can be used as one phrase. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will shout from Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 yr8u figs-metaphor וַיהוָ֞ה…יִשְׁאָ֗ג 1 Yahweh will roar This could mean: (1) “Yahweh will roar like a lion” or (2) “Yahweh will roar like thunder.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 lf34 figs-hyperbole וְרָעֲשׁ֖וּ שָׁמַ֣יִם וָאָ֑רֶץ 1 The heavens and earth will shake Joel speaks of the heavens and earth as if they were people who are shaking with fear. This can be translated as either a hyperbole, that Yahweh’s roar is so frightening that even things that are not alive are afraid, or as metonymy, that the heavens and earth are metonyms for the beings who live there. Alternate translation: “Everyone in the heavens and on the earth is very afraid” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
JOL 3 16 vd5q וְרָעֲשׁ֖וּ 1 will shake This word is the past form of the word translated “tremble” in [Joel 2:10](../02/10.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 16 lr5v figs-metaphor וַֽיהוָה֙ מַֽחֲסֶ֣ה לְעַמּ֔וֹ וּמָע֖וֹז לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל 1 Yahweh will be a shelter for his people, and a fortress for the people of Israel Both of these phrases mean Yahweh will protect his people. A fortress is a strong shelter used to protect people during war. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be a strong fortress for his people, the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
JOL 3 17 isx1 וִֽידַעְתֶּ֗ם 1 So you will know “When I do these things, you will know”
|
||||
JOL 3 18 kj6z 0 General Information: God continues to speak about the day of the Lord.
|
||||
JOL 3 18 y22f וְהָיָה֩ בַיּ֨וֹם הַה֜וּא…הֶהָרִ֣ים 1 It will come about on that day that the mountains “This is what will happen on that day: the mountains” Translate “It will come about” as in [Joel 2:28](../02/28.md).
|
||||
JOL 3 18 m6v9 figs-hyperbole יִטְּפ֧וּ הֶהָרִ֣ים עָסִ֗יס 1 the mountains will drip with sweet wine “sweet wine will drip from the mountains.” This is an exaggeration to show that the land is very fertile. Alternate translation: “On the mountains there will be vineyards that produce plenty of sweet wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
JOL 3 18 yj7w figs-metaphor וְהַגְּבָעוֹת֙ תֵּלַ֣כְנָה חָלָ֔ב 1 the hills will flow with milk “milk will flow from the hills.” The land being very fertile is spoken of as if the hills would flow with milk. Alternate translation: “on the hills your cattle and goats will produce plenty of milk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
JOL 3 18 l5yu וְכָל־אֲפִיקֵ֥י יְהוּדָ֖ה יֵ֣לְכוּ מָ֑יִם 1 all the brooks of Judah will flow with water “water will flow through all the brooks of Judah”
|
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JOL 3 18 k6qq וְהִשְׁקָ֖ה אֶת־נַ֥חַל הַשִּׁטִּֽים 1 water the Valley of Shittim “will send water to the Valley of Shittim”
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JOL 3 18 f69l translate-names הַשִּׁטִּֽים 1 Shittim This is the name of a place on the east side of the Jordan River. It means “Acacia Trees.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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JOL 3 19 la92 מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ לִשְׁמָמָ֣ה תִֽהְיֶ֔ה 1 Egypt will become an abandoned devastation “Everyone will leave Egypt and no one will live there”
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JOL 3 19 au36 וֶאֱד֕וֹם לְמִדְבַּ֥ר שְׁמָמָ֖ה תִּֽהְיֶ֑ה 1 Edom will become an abandoned wilderness “Everyone will leave Edom and it will look like no people have ever lived there”
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JOL 3 19 c2r8 מֵֽחֲמַס֙ בְּנֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֔ה 1 because of the violence done to the people of Judah “because of the violent things Egypt and Edom did to the people of Judah”
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JOL 3 19 t6ay figs-metonymy אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכ֥וּ דָם־נָקִ֖יא בְּאַרְצָֽם 1 because they shed innocent blood in their land The word “they” refers to “Edom” and “Egypt” and is a metonym for the people of Egypt and Edom. The words “innocent blood” are a metonym for innocent people whom they have killed. Alternate translation: “because the people of Egypt and the people of Edom killed innocent people in the land of the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JOL 3 20 y198 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak about the day of the Lord.
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JOL 3 20 gi4z figs-activepassive וִיהוּדָ֖ה לְעוֹלָ֣ם תֵּשֵׁ֑ב 1 Judah will be inhabited forever This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people will live in Judah forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JOL 3 20 f72t figs-activepassive וִירוּשָׁלִַ֖ם לְד֥וֹר וָדֽוֹר 1 Jerusalem will be inhabited from generation to generation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “generation after generation, people will live in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JOL 3 21 dj9s figs-metonymy וְנִקֵּ֖יתִי דָּמָ֣ם לֹֽא־נִקֵּ֑יתִי 1 I will avenge their blood that I have not yet avenged Blood is a metonym for death. Alternate translation: “I will punish the enemies who killed the people of Israel and still have not been punished” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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AMO front intro ih42 0 # Introduction to Amos<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Amos<br><br>1. Amos introduced (1:1)<br>1. Yahweh judges the nations (1:2-2:16)<br>- The surrounding nations (1:2–2:3)<br>- The southern kingdom (2:4–5)<br>- The northern kingdom (2:6–16)<br>1. Amos prophesies against the people of Israel (3:1–6:14)<br>1. Yahweh shows Amos several visions (7:1-9:10)<br>1. Israel is to be restored (9:11–15)<br><br>### What is the Book of Amos about?<br><br>The Book of Amos contains the words of Amos, a shepherd of Tekoa. Amos began to prophesy about 760 BC. He spoke Yahweh’s messages against God’s people behaving wickedly. He spoke messages to both the southern kingdom of Judah and the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])<br><br>Yahweh gave Amos prophecies of judgment (Chapters 1-6) to proclaim to the people. Each of them begins with the phrase “This is what Yahweh says” (ULT).<br><br>Three visions of Yahweh coming to judge the people are in the last part of the book (7:1-9:10). A final vision promises that Yahweh will restore Israel (9:11-15). He will restore the “tent of David.” This means a descendant of David would once again be king over Israel.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Amos” or just “Amos.” Translators may also call it the “The Book of the Sayings of Amos.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Amos?<br><br>The prophet Amos probably wrote this book. He lived in the southern kingdom of Judah. Amos came from a poor family. They grew sycamore trees (7:14, 15) and were shepherds ([Amos 1:1](../../amo/01/01.md)). Though Amos was not trained as a prophet, he knew and understood the law of Moses. Also, Amos skillfully used expressive and meaningful words.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### How is justice described in Amos?<br><br>Justice is an important theme in the Book of Amos. Justice means people treating others fairly according to the law of Yahweh. People in Israel were oppressing and taking advantage of poor people, orphans, and widows. Amos explained that Yahweh would prefer that the people act justly rather than sacrifice to him. Truly obeying the law of Moses meant being just to other people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### What is a lawsuit?<br><br>Many cultures have a process for resolving disputes through the use of courts. These legal disputes are called lawsuits. Amos uses various legal terms. Part of the book presents events in a courtroom. The people are introduced, the problem is explained, the people are examined, witnesses speak, and a verdict is given.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?<br><br>The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. In Amos, “Israel” almost always refers to the northern kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/israel]])<br><br>### Where do the various narratives begin and end?<br><br>The structure of the Book of Amos may make it difficult to understand where Amos ends one thought and begins another. It may be helpful to solve these issues with carefully divided lines or paragraphs.
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AMO 1 intro v72p 0 # Amos 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This book is written in a poetic form. Because it was written by a farmer, it includes many references to agricultural concepts.<br><br>### “For three sins of Judah, even for four”<br>The phrase “For three sins of Judah, even for four,” is used to begin each oracle. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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AMO 1 1 zsg5 writing-poetry 0 General Information: God speaks through Amos using poetic language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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AMO 1 1 e8f1 figs-activepassive 0 These are the things concerning Israel that Amos, one of the shepherds in Tekoa, received in revelation This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “These are the things concerning Israel that God revealed to Amos, one of the shepherds in Tekoa” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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AMO 1 1 qz81 0 These are the things “This is the message”
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AMO 1 1 a358 translate-names 0 in Tekoa “Tekoa” is the name of a town or village. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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AMO 1 1 t6dv figs-activepassive 0 He received these things This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “God gave him these things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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AMO 1 1 ffc4 figs-idiom 0 in the days of Uzziah king of Judah, and also in the days of Jeroboam son of Joash king of Israel The words “in the days of” is an idiom and refers to the time when each king reigned. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah was king of Judah, and also when Jeroboam son of Joash was king of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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AMO 1 1 vmr4 figs-explicit 0 two years before the earthquake The assumed knowledge is that the original hearers would be aware of when a large earthquake had affected the area. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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AMO 1 2 x1sx figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh will roar from Zion; he will raise his voice from Jerusalem These two phrases share similar meanings. Together they emphasize that Yahweh shouts loudly as he prepares to judge the nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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AMO 1 2 q17j figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will roar The author speaks of the voice of Yahweh as if it sounded like the roar of a lion or the roar of thunder. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 2 ws32 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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AMO 1 3 rk7r 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment.
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AMO 1 3 rpv5 figs-metonymy 0 Damascus Here “Damascus” represents the people of the city of Damascus. Alternate translation: “the people of Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 3 cnr9 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. Alternate translation: “I will certainly punish those people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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AMO 1 3 b7ie figs-idiom 0 they threshed Gilead with instruments of iron Yahweh speaks of how Damascus treated Gilead as if they had threshed grain with iron tools or weapons. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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AMO 1 3 z99i figs-metonymy 0 Gilead Here “Gilead” represents the people of the region of Gilead. Alternate translation: “the people of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 4 viv5 figs-metaphor 0 I will send a fire into the house of Hazael Here Yahweh speaks of his judgment against the house of Hazael as if it were a consuming fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 4 h2l1 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Hazael The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Hazael’s descendants, who were rulers of the country where Damascus was located. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 4 ik4f figs-metaphor 0 it will devour the fortresses of Ben Hadad Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 4 yi4i translate-names 0 Hazael … Ben Hadad These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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AMO 1 5 mq54 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on Damascus.
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AMO 1 5 j6ku figs-metaphor 0 cut off the man Here to “cut off” means either to destroy or to drive away, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “destroy the man” or “drive away the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 5 na9l translate-names 0 Valley of Aven This is the name of a place that means “valley of wickedness.” This could mean: (1) this is the name of an actual place in that region or (2) this is a metonym for Damascus or the surrounding region. Alternate translation: “the valley of wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 5 aji7 figs-metonymy 0 the man who holds the scepter in This is a metonym for the ruler of that city or region. Alternate translation: “the ruler of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 5 q6cf translate-names 0 Beth Eden This is the name of a place that means “house of pleasure.” This could mean: (1) this is the name of an actual place in that region or (2) this is another metonym for Damascus or the surrounding region. Alternate translation: “the house of pleasure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 5 zgv6 translate-names 0 Kir This is the name of a region from which the people of Aram originally came. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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AMO 1 6 wc1b 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but it indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
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AMO 1 6 ir17 figs-metonymy 0 Gaza Here “Gaza” represents the people of the region of Gaza. Alternate translation: “the people of Gaza” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 6 pd54 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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AMO 1 6 mxg6 0 hand them over to “deliver them up to” or “sell them to”
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AMO 1 6 s4mb figs-metonymy 0 Edom Here “Edom” represents the people of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 7 s2fy figs-metaphor 0 it will devour her fortresses Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 8 r5df 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on Gaza.
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AMO 1 8 pn5f figs-metaphor 0 cut off the man Here to “cut off” means either to destroy or to drive away, as one would cut a piece of cloth or cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “destroy the man” or “drive away the man” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 8 z6mc figs-metonymy 0 the man who holds the scepter This is a metonym for the ruler of that city or region. Alternate translation: “the ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 8 m7rn figs-metonymy 0 I will turn my hand against Ekron Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power that he would use against Ekron. Alternate translation: “I will strike Ekron” or “I will destroy Ekron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 8 w6im figs-metonymy 0 Ekron Here “Ekron” represents the people of the city of Ekron. Alternate translation: “the people of Ekron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 9 dw8j 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
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AMO 1 9 m576 figs-metonymy 0 Tyre Here “Tyre” represents the people of the city of Tyre. Alternate translation: “the people of Tyre” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 9 s55w figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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AMO 1 9 a5jh 0 their covenant of brotherhood “the agreement they made to treat you as brothers”
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AMO 1 10 q6k1 figs-metaphor 0 it will devour her fortresses Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 11 a393 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
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AMO 1 11 re3j figs-metonymy 0 Edom Here “Edom” represents the people of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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||||
AMO 1 11 y8u9 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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AMO 1 11 t3ng figs-explicit 0 he pursued his brother The assumed knowledge is that Esau, from whom the people of Edom were descended, was the brother of Jacob, from whom the people of Israel were descended. Here “his brother” represents the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “he pursued the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 1 11 we19 0 cast off all pity “showed them no mercy”
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AMO 1 11 hrl2 figs-parallelism 0 His anger raged continually, and his wrath lasted forever These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize his continued anger. The abstract nouns “anger” and “wrath” can be translated using the adjectives “angry” and “furious.” Alternate translation: “He was continually angry and always furious” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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AMO 1 11 e4yz figs-hyperbole 0 his wrath lasted forever This is an exaggeration that is meant to express the ongoing nature of his wrath. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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AMO 1 12 u6m8 translate-names 0 Teman … Bozrah These are names of places. See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]]
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AMO 1 12 rv98 figs-metaphor 0 it will devour the palaces of Bozrah Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the palaces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 13 cc91 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
|
||||
AMO 1 13 qdx6 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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AMO 1 13 b1tz 0 enlarge their borders “extend their boundaries” or “expand their territory”
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AMO 1 14 g9vi 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Ammon.
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||||
AMO 1 14 i3cd figs-metaphor 0 it will devour the palaces Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the palaces. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 14 hpu5 figs-metaphor 0 with a tempest in the day of the whirlwind The fighting against the people of Ammon is spoken of as if it were a violent storm. Alternate translation: “and the fighting will be like a great storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 1 14 xh9x 0 tempest … whirlwind These are two kinds of violent storms.
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||||
AMO 1 14 zf7h 0 whirlwind a strong wind that spins very quickly as it moves and can cause damage
|
||||
AMO 1 15 s4xt figs-abstractnouns 0 Their king will go into captivity The abstract noun “captivity” can be translated as the verb “capture.” This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their enemies will capture their king and take him away as a prisoner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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AMO 2 intro ibd6 0 # Amos 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter consists of oracles against Moab and Judah by using poetic language and imagery. But the UST translates it using prose. If possible, translate this chapter as poetry, but you may translate as narrative.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Idiom<br>You will notice that the phrase “For three sins of Judah, even for four,” is used to begin each of these oracles. This is not intended to be a literal count but is an idiom indicating a large number of sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
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AMO 2 1 g1vl 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
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AMO 2 1 uc48 figs-metonymy 0 Moab This represents the Moabite people. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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||||
AMO 2 1 pft8 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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||||
AMO 2 1 w5dg 0 he burned the bones The word “he” refers to Moab. Alternate translation: “the people of Moab burned the bones”
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AMO 2 1 ma6m 0 to lime “to ashes”
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||||
AMO 2 2 ah6f 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Moab.
|
||||
AMO 2 2 j3zn translate-names 0 Kerioth This is the name of a city or town. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
AMO 2 2 w2hn figs-metonymy 0 Moab will die Here “Moab” represents the people of Moab. Alternate translation: “The people of Moab will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 2 2 zm8i 0 in an uproar An uproar is a very loud noise.
|
||||
AMO 2 3 c3j7 0 the judge in her “the ruler of Moab”
|
||||
AMO 2 3 bj82 0 all the princes “all the officials” or “all the leaders”
|
||||
AMO 2 4 fu1p 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not mean that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
|
||||
AMO 2 4 csn5 figs-metonymy 0 Judah This represents the people of Judah. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 2 4 gt89 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he will punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
|
||||
AMO 2 4 d67w figs-metaphor 0 Their lies This expression here probably refers to worshiping false gods or idols. Alternate translation: “Their worship of idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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AMO 2 4 p387 figs-metaphor 0 go astray … walked Worshiping false gods is spoken of as if people were walking behind them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 2 5 h9pg figs-metaphor 0 it will devour the fortresses of Jerusalem Here Yahweh’s judgment is spoken of as if it were a fire that was consuming the fortresses. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 2 6 c6wx 0 For three sins of … even for four This is a poetic device. It does not meaan that a specific number of sins had been committed, but indicates that many of sins had led to God’s judgment. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md).
|
||||
AMO 2 6 w27a figs-metonymy 0 Israel This represents the Israelite people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 2 6 pk79 figs-litotes 0 I will not turn away punishment Yahweh uses two negatives here to emphasize that he would punish them. See how you translated these words in [Amos 1:3](../01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
|
||||
AMO 2 6 py15 figs-nominaladj 0 the innocent This refers to innocent people in general. Alternate translation: “innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 2 6 pb42 figs-nominaladj 0 the needy This refers to needy people in general. Alternate translation: “needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 2 7 sm8l 0 General Information: The word “they” in these verses refers to the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 7 my6y 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 7 v5te figs-simile 0 They trample on the heads of the poor as people trample on dust on the ground How the people of Israel treated the poor is compared to how people step heavily on the ground (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
AMO 2 7 zrt7 0 trample repeatedly step heavily or roughly
|
||||
AMO 2 7 fx7m figs-nominaladj 0 the poor This refers to poor people in general. Alternate translation: “poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 2 7 q5bc figs-idiom 0 they push the oppressed away This idiom means they refused to listen when the oppressed people said they were being treated unfairly (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
AMO 2 7 lck3 figs-nominaladj 0 the oppressed This refers to oppressed people in general. Alternate translation: “oppressed people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 2 7 jl29 figs-euphemism 0 go in to the same girl This is a euphemism. Alternate translation: “hav sexual relations with the same girl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-euphemism]])
|
||||
AMO 2 8 r53c figs-activepassive 0 those who were fined This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “those who they made to pay a penalty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 2 9 m3ct 0 General Information: The words “them” and “you” in these verses both refer to the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 9 b98b 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 9 f6cf figs-hyperbole 0 whose height was like the height of cedars; he was strong as the oaks This is an exaggeration. It describes how tall and strong the Amorite people were and compares them to the tallest and strongest trees in that region. Alternate translation: “who were tall and strong like great trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
AMO 2 9 md8t 0 cedars cedar trees
|
||||
AMO 2 9 zc8z 0 oaks oak trees
|
||||
AMO 2 9 b3lg figs-idiom 0 Yet I destroyed his fruit above and his roots below How Yahweh completely destroyed the Amorites is pictured as a tree being destroyed from top to bottom. Alternate translation: “Yet I destroyed them completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
AMO 2 11 xf7b 0 General Information: The words “your” and “you” in these verses refer to the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 11 d8dg 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 11 yd3w 0 raised up “appointed”
|
||||
AMO 2 11 hfp4 figs-activepassive 0 Is it not so, people of Israel? Yahweh asks this question to emphasize what he has said. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel certainly know that what I have said is true!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 2 11 ar32 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 2 13 gch1 0 General Information: The word “you” in these verses refers to the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 13 kk7s 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 13 pae9 0 Look This alerts the reader to pay attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
|
||||
AMO 2 13 ak7p figs-simile 0 I will crush you as a cart that is full of grain can crush someone Yahweh compares his judgment on the people of Israel to crushing them with something very heavy. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
AMO 2 14 x39h figs-nominaladj 0 The swift … the strong … the mighty These adjectives refer to people in general. Alternate translation: “Swift people … strong people … mighty people” or “The strong person … the strong person … the mighty person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 2 15 pt37 0 Connecting Statement: Yahweh continues his message of judgment on the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 2 15 qs5b 0 The archer will not stand Here “stand” means to keep one’s place in battle.
|
||||
AMO 2 15 q2w6 figs-explicit 0 the fast runner will not escape The implied information is that the fast runner will not escape from his enemies. Alternate translation: “the fast runner will be captured” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 2 16 c22v figs-metonymy 0 flee naked This could mean: (1) this is a metonym for “run away without his weapons” or (2) this is meant literally as “run away wearing no clothes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 2 16 i9l6 0 in that day “at that time”
|
||||
AMO 2 16 szp1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 3 intro gtz5 0 # Amos 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Amos continues to use poetic form in this chapter to prophesy the disaster coming to the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical Questions<br>This chapter begins with a number of rhetorical questions. The last question provides the reader with some answers: “Yahweh has certainly spoken through his prophets. So listen to them.” The answer to these rhetorical questions have the expected response of “no” because they are things that are not expected to happen. The writer is helping the reader to conclude that God uses the prophets to speak his message.
|
||||
AMO 3 1 em48 0 Hear this word “Hear this message” or “Listen to this message”
|
||||
AMO 3 1 k2d9 0 that Yahweh has spoken against you … against the whole family “this word that Yahweh has spoken about you … about the whole family” or “Yahweh’s message about you … about the whole family”
|
||||
AMO 3 1 kc3z 0 you, people of Israel … the whole family that I brought up out of the land of Egypt These two phrases refer to the same group of people. The people God is speaking to are the descendants of those he had taken out of Egypt.
|
||||
AMO 3 1 kg5e figs-metonymy 0 the whole family Here “the whole family” represents to the whole nation. The people of Israel were all descendants of Jacob. Alternate translation: “the whole nation” or “the whole clan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 3 2 zb95 figs-explicit 0 I have chosen only you from all the families of the earth This implies that they should have obeyed him. This can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “I have chosen only you from all the families of the earth, so you should have obeyed me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 3 2 d1zb figs-metonymy 0 all the families of the earth Here “families” represents nations or people groups. Alternate translation: “all the nations of the earth” or “all the clans on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 3 2 a52d figs-explicit 0 Therefore I will punish you for all your sins It can be stated clearly that they did not obey God. Alternate translation: “But you did not obey me. Therefore I will punish you for all your sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 3 3 c422 figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Amos uses the questions in verses 3-6 to present examples of things that people already know about what causes things to happen and what are the results of things that happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 3 bg7x figs-rquestion 0 Will two walk together unless they have agreed? Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what must happen in order for two people to walk together. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Two people will walk together only if they have first agreed to walk together.” or “You know that two people will walk together only if they have agreed to do that.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 4 hd72 figs-rquestion 0 Will a lion roar in the forest when he has no victim? Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a lion to roar. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “A lion will roar in the forest only when he has a victim.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 4 h1hn figs-rquestion 0 Will a young lion growl from his den if he has caught nothing? Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a lion to growl. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “A young lion will growl from his den only if he has caught something.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 5 cw5t figs-rquestion 0 General Information: Amos uses the questions in verses 3-6 to present examples of things that people already know about what causes things to happen and what are the results of things that happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 5 v6h4 figs-rquestion 0 Can a bird fall in a trap on the ground when no bait is set for him? Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a bird to fall into a trap. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “A bird can fall into a trap on the ground only when bait has been set for him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 5 j71c figs-rquestion 0 Will a trap spring up from the ground when it has not caught anything? Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what causes a trap to spring up. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “A trap will spring up from the ground only when it has caught something.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 5 n19f 0 Will a trap spring up from the ground This refers to a trap closing. When an animal steps on a trap, the trap closes and the animal cannot get out of it. Alternate translation: “Will a trap close”
|
||||
AMO 3 6 u2xq figs-rquestion 0 If a trumpet sounds in a city, will the people not tremble? Amos uses this question to remind people of what they already know about what happens when a trumpet sounds. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “When the trumpet sounds in the city, the people will tremble.” or “When the trumpet sounds in the city, we expect that people will tremble.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 6 yr88 figs-explicit 0 If a trumpet sounds in a city The purpose of sounding the trumpet is to warn people that enemies are about to attack the city. Alternate translation: “If someone blows the trumpet in the city to warn the people about an enemy attack” or “If the warning trumpet is blown in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 3 6 y7gn figs-explicit 0 tremble The reason for trembling can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “tremble because they are afraid” or “be afraid of the enemy and tremble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 3 6 h6pa figs-rquestion 0 If disaster overtakes a city, has Yahweh not sent it? Amos uses this question to remind the people of what they should already know about what causes a disaster. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “If disaster overtakes a city, Yahweh has sent it.” or “If disaster overtakes a city, we know that Yahweh has sent it.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 6 ffj9 figs-metaphor 0 If disaster overtakes a city, Something terrible happening to a city is spoken of as if disaster overtakes it. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 3 7 rg1r figs-explicit 0 Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless … the prophets The relationship between this sentence and the rhetorical questions in [Amos 3:3](../03/03.md) to [Amos 3:6](./06.md) can be shown with the words “So also.” Alternate translation: “So also, the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless … the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 3 7 v3ey figs-doublenegatives 0 Surely the Lord Yahweh will do nothing unless he reveals … prophets This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “Surely the Lord Yahweh will reveal … prophets before he does anything” or “So also, the Lord will punish people only if he has revealed his plan to his servants the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
|
||||
AMO 3 8 b8bk figs-rquestion 0 The lion has roared; who will not fear? Amos uses this question to remind people of what people do when a lion roars. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The lion has roared; so we know that everyone will be afraid.” or “The lion has roared; so of course everyone will be afraid.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 8 ext3 figs-rquestion 0 The Lord Yahweh has spoken; who will not prophesy? Amos uses this question to emphasize what people should already know about what prophets do when God speaks. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so we know that the prophets will prophesy.” or “The Lord Yahweh has spoken; so of course the prophets will prophesy.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 3 9 lte7 0 Assemble yourselves This command is to Israel’s enemies in Ashdod and Egypt.
|
||||
AMO 3 9 qpm1 figs-personification 0 see what great confusion is in her The word “her” refers to the city of Samaria. Cities were often spoken of as if they were women. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
AMO 3 9 s3x8 figs-explicit 0 what great confusion is in her Here “great confusion is in her” refers to people’s fear because of the fighting and rioting there. The word “confusion” can be translated with a verbal phrase to make this meaning explicit. Alternate translation: “how the people in Samaria riot” or “how the people in Samaria fight against one another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
AMO 3 9 w5vx figs-abstractnouns 0 what oppression is in her Here “oppression is in her” refers to leaders in Samaria oppressing the people. The abstract noun “oppress” can be stated as “oppress” or “cause to suffer.” Alternate translation: “how the leaders oppress people” or “and how they cause people to suffer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
AMO 3 10 qk73 0 For they do not know how to do right The word “they” refers to the people of Samaria.
|
||||
AMO 3 10 v5xa figs-metonymy 0 They store up violence and destruction Here “violence and destruction” represent things they have taken by being violent and destructive. Alternate translation: “They store up things that they have violently stolen from others” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 3 11 zag9 figs-explicit 0 Therefore, this is what the Lord Yahweh says It can be stated clearly who God was saying this to. Alternate translation: “Therefore, this is what the Lord Yahweh says to the people of Israel living in Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 3 11 av1v 0 An enemy will surround the land “An enemy army will surround the land”
|
||||
AMO 3 11 njz8 0 plunder your fortresses “steal all the things in your fortresses”
|
||||
AMO 3 12 j2v9 figs-simile 0 As the shepherd rescues … so will the people of Israel … be rescued The Lord compares the people of Israel being rescued with an unsuccessful attempt to rescue an animal from a lion. They will not be completely rescued. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
AMO 3 12 d9dl figs-explicit 0 As the shepherd rescues out of the mouth of the lion two legs only, or a piece of an ear It can be stated clearly that the shepherd tries to rescue the whole animal. Alternate translation: “As the shepherd tries to rescue an animal from the lion’s mouth, but is able to save only two legs or a piece of an ear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 3 12 t7nu figs-genericnoun 0 As the shepherd … the lion Here the phrases “the shepherd” and “the lion” refer to any shepherd or lion. Alternate translation: “As a shepherd … a lion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
|
||||
AMO 3 12 wn55 0 they will be left with only the corner of a couch or a piece of a bed This phrase shows that they will not be completely rescued. Almost all of their possessions will be stolen. This passage in Hebrew is difficult to understand, and some modern versions interpret it differently.
|
||||
AMO 3 12 ln9g 0 couch This is a soft chair big enough to lie down on.
|
||||
AMO 3 13 u9dn figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Jacob’s descendants. They were the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 3 13 tw5j figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated the similar phrase “this is Yahweh’s declaration” in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 3 14 agr5 0 in the day that I punish the sins of Israel “when I punish the sins of Israel”
|
||||
AMO 3 14 z44y figs-metonymy 0 I will also punish the altars of Bethel People sinned against God by worshiping false gods at their altars. Here “punish the altars” represents punishing the people by destroying their altars. Alternate translation: “I will also destroy the altars at Bethel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 3 14 cy5d figs-activepassive 0 The horns of the altar will be cut off and fall to the ground This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Your enemies will cut off the horns of the altars, and the horns will fall to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 3 14 gi8t 0 horns of the altar People worshiped false gods at their altars. At the top corners of the altars there were pieces of metal shaped like bull horns. These horns were a symbol of the strength of their gods.
|
||||
AMO 3 15 r11p figs-genericnoun 0 the winter house with the summer house Some of the wealthy people had two houses: one that they lived in during the winter and one that they lived in during the summer. This refers to any winter and summer houses. Alternate translation: “the houses they live in during the winter and the houses they live in during the summer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
|
||||
AMO 3 15 w3z9 figs-personification 0 The houses of ivory will perish God speaks of the houses being destroyed as if they were alive and would die. Alternate translation: “The houses of ivory will be destroyed” or “The houses of ivory will collapse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
AMO 3 15 law2 0 The houses of ivory “the houses that are decorated with ivory.” This refers to houses that had decorations made of ivory on the walls and furniture. Ivory was very expensive, so only the wealthy people had things decorated with ivory.
|
||||
AMO 3 15 i8hw 0 ivory the teeth and horns of large animals
|
||||
AMO 3 15 vic1 figs-metaphor 0 the large houses will vanish “the large houses will exist no more.” Here “vanish” represents being destroyed. Alternate translation: “the large houses will be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 3 15 n6kq figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 4 intro wy7z 0 # Amos 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written in poetic form and is about the people’s refusal to listen to Yahweh even as he tries to point them back to himself.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Repetition<br>This chapter contains a repeated sentence: “Yet you have not returned to me —this is Yahweh’s declaration.” Please make sure this sentence is translated the same way each time to show the repetition. This repetition produces a list of sins Yahweh is mounting against his people. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]])
|
||||
AMO 4 1 jn6e figs-metaphor 0 you cows of Bashan, you who are in the mountain of Samaria Amos speaks to the women of Israel who live in Samaria as if they were well-fed cows. Alternate translation: “you wealthy women who live in the mountains of Samaria, you who are like the well-fed cows of Bashan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 4 1 w7hi figs-nominaladj 0 you who oppress the poor The phrase “the poor” refers to poor people. Alternate translation: “you who oppress poor people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 4 1 mg4u figs-metaphor 0 you who crush the needy Hear “crush” is a metaphor that represents treating people badly. The phrase “the needy” refers to people who need help. Alternate translation: “you who treat needy people badly” or “you who hurt needy people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 4 2 vj2b 0 The Lord Yahweh has sworn by his holiness This means that Yahweh promised that he would do something, and he assured people that he would do what he promised because he is holy.
|
||||
AMO 4 2 znn4 0 the days will come on you The word “you” refers to the wealthy women of Israel who lived in Samaria, but also includes men.
|
||||
AMO 4 2 d7kr figs-metaphor 0 the days will come on you when they will take you away with hooks A time in the future when bad things will happen to the people is spoken of as if those days will attack the people. The word “they” refers to their enemies. Alternate translation: “There will be a time when your enemies will take you away with hooks” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 4 2 xgg4 figs-parallelism 0 they will take you away with hooks, the last of you with fishhooks These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the enemy will capture the people like people catch fish. Alternate translation: “they will capture you as people capture animals, and they take you away” or “they will defeat you and cruelly force you to go away with them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 4 3 knp3 0 Connecting Statement: God continues to speak to the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 4 3 yu6h 0 breaks in the city wall places where the enemy had broken down the city wall to enter
|
||||
AMO 4 3 zrg7 figs-activepassive 0 you will be thrown out toward Harmon This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will throw you out toward Harmon” or “your enemies will force you to leave the city and go toward Harmon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 4 3 zu7p translate-names 0 Harmon This is either the name of a place that we do not know, or it refers to Mount Hermon. Some modern versions interpret it in that way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
AMO 4 3 th6y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 4 4 l9eu 0 General Information: God gives several commands in verse 4, but he does so to show that he is angry
|
||||
AMO 4 4 sca9 0 Connecting Statement: God continues to speak to the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 4 4 plw6 figs-irony 0 Go to Bethel and sin, to Gilgal and multiply sin People would go to Bethel and Gilgal to make sacrifices to God, but they kept sinning anyway. God makes these commands to show that he is angry with them for doing these things. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You go to Bethel to worship, but you sin. You go to Gilgal to worship, but you sin even more” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
AMO 4 4 rpw1 figs-irony 0 bring your sacrifices … every three days God makes these commands in order to show the people that he is angry that even though they do these things, they continue to sin against him in other ways. These commands can be expressed as statements. Alternate translation: “You bring your sacrifices … every three days, but it does you no good.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
AMO 4 4 nz43 0 every three days This could mean: (1) on the third day or (2) every third day. Some versions have “every three years,” because the Israelites were supposed to bring their tithes to God once every three years.
|
||||
AMO 4 5 uc1y figs-irony 0 Offer a thanksgiving sacrifice … proclaim freewill offerings; announce them, for this pleases God makes these commands in order to show the people that even though they do these things, he is angry because they continue to sin against him in other ways. Use the form in your language that shows that they will do these things no matter what Yahweh says, but these things will do them no good. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
AMO 4 5 m5ne 0 announce them “boast about them”
|
||||
AMO 4 5 xk7i figs-explicit 0 for this pleases you, you people of Israel Yahweh rebukes them for being proud about their offerings and sacrifices. They think that God should be pleased with them, but he is not. Alternate translation: “for this pleases you, you people of Israel. But it does not please me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 4 5 td4d figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated the similar phrase “this is Yahweh’s declaration” in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh declares” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 4 6 tx4m 0 Connecting Statement: God continues to speak to the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 4 6 d7qd figs-metonymy 0 I gave you cleanness of teeth Here having clean teeth represents having no food in the mouth to make the teeth dirty. Alternate translation: “I caused you to starve” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 4 6 fi56 figs-metonymy 0 lack of bread Giving them “lack of bread” represents causing them to lack bread, and “bread” represents food in general. Alternate translation: “I caused you not to have enough food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 4 6 j831 figs-metaphor 0 you have not returned to me Returning to God represents submitting again to him. Alternate translation: “you have not submitted again to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 4 6 vsj8 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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||||
AMO 4 7 emt8 0 I also withheld rain from you “I prevented the rain from falling on your crops”
|
||||
AMO 4 7 zv4m figs-explicit 0 when there were still three months to the harvest It can be stated clearly that the people needed the rain. Alternate translation: “when there were still three months to the harvest and your crops needed the rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 4 7 nmf3 figs-activepassive 0 One piece of land was rained on This can be stated in active form. The phrase “One piece of land” represents any piece of land.” Alternate translation: “It rained on one piece of land” or “It rained on some pieces of land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 4 7 uw18 figs-genericnoun 0 the piece of land where it did not rain This refers to any piece of land where it did not rain. Alternate translation: “the pieces of land where it did not rain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
|
||||
AMO 4 8 sd8l figs-metonymy 0 Two or three cities staggered Here “cities” represents the people of those cities. Alternate translation: “The people of two or three cities staggered” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 4 8 ly7z figs-metaphor 0 you have not returned to me Returning to God represents submitting again to him. See how you translated this in [Amos 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: “you have not submitted again to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 4 8 p5ip figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 4 9 cz91 figs-metonymy 0 I afflicted you with blight and mildew Here “afflicted you” represents afflicting their crops. Alternate translation: “I afflicted your crops with blight and mildew” or “I destroyed your crops with blight and mildew” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 4 9 s18c 0 blight This is a disease that dries and kills plants. It is caused by the hot wind from the desert.
|
||||
AMO 4 9 q9at 0 mildew This is another disease that kills plants.
|
||||
AMO 4 10 e3iy 0 I sent a plague on you as on Egypt “I sent a plague on you as I did on Egypt” or “I sent a plague on you as I sent plagues on Egypt”
|
||||
AMO 4 10 uqf3 0 I sent a plague on you “I caused terrible things to happen to you”
|
||||
AMO 4 10 d4vk figs-metonymy 0 I killed your young men with the sword Here “the sword” represents battle. God killed them by sending enemies to fight against them. Alternate translation: “I made your enemies kill your men in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 4 10 g3ig figs-metonymy 0 carried away your horses God speaks of causing the enemies to steal their horses as if he carried the horses away. Alternate translation: “I made your enemies take away your horses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 4 10 l8vu figs-metonymy 0 made the stench of your camp come up to your nostrils A stench is a bad smell. The stench coming up to their nostrils represents them smelling something terrible. It can be stated clearly that the smell was from the dead bodies of those who were killed. Alternate translation: “I made you smell the terrible odor of the dead bodies in your camp” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 4 10 fz6m figs-metaphor 0 you have not returned to me Returning to God represents submitting again to him. See how you translated this in [Amos 4:6](../04/06.md). Alternate translation: “you have not submitted again to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 4 10 lz2s figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 4 11 cjh1 figs-metaphor 0 You were like a burning stick snatched out of the fire God speaks of those who survived the plague and war as if they were a burning stick that someone pulled out of a fire. Alternate translation: “Some of you survived, like a burning stick that someone pulls out of a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 4 12 bg4y 0 Connecting Statement: God continues to speak to the people of Israel.
|
||||
AMO 4 12 p5ze figs-123person 0 prepare to meet your God God says this to warn the people of Israel that he will judge them. Alternate translation: “prepare to meet me, your God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 4 13 krg8 figs-123person 0 he who forms the mountains … reveals his thoughts … is his name It is not clear whether Amos is speaking about God, or God is speaking about himself. If God is speaking about himself, it can be translated with the words “I” and “me.” Alternate translation: “I who form the mountains … reveal my thoughts … is my name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 4 13 n7pa 0 makes the morning darkness This could mean: (1) God causes the day to be very dark with thick clouds. Alternate translation: “makes the morning dark” or (2) God causes time to pass, so every day becomes night. Alternate translation: “makes morning and evening”
|
||||
AMO 4 13 s3jv figs-metaphor 0 treads on the high places of the earth God ruling over all the earth is spoken of as if he walks on the highest places of the earth. Alternate translation: “rules over all the earth” or “rules over even the highest places of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 4 13 sha6 0 Yahweh, God of hosts, is his name By declaring his full name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. Your language may have a way for people to do this.
|
||||
AMO 5 intro w1eh 0 # Amos 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues to be written in a poetic format and foretells the destruction of the kingdom of Israel.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Place Names<br>This chapter refers to various places in land of Israel (i.e. Gilgal, Bethel, Beersheba). Normally these places have good connotations, but here they are referred to negatively. This is most likely because these cities became known for their idol worship. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### City gate<br>The “city gate” is mentioned several times. This was a place where people would go with legal and financial issues. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
AMO 5 1 u6w8 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants. Alternate translation: “you people of Israel” or “you Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 5 2 cqa2 figs-metaphor 0 The virgin Israel has fallen … no one to raise her up The phrase “The virgin Israel” represents the nation of Israel. The nation of Israel being destroyed and having no other nation to help them become strong again is spoken of as if it were a young woman who has fallen and has no one to raise her up. Alternate translation: “The nation of Israel is like a woman who has fallen … no one to help her get up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 2 lta8 figs-activepassive 0 she is forsaken on her land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “People have forsaken her” or “they have abandoned her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 5 3 ecu7 figs-genericnoun 0 The city that went out with a thousand … the one that went out with a hundred These phrases refer to any cities that sent out large numbers of soldiers. Alternate translation: “Cities that went out with a thousand … cities that went out with a hundred” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-genericnoun]])
|
||||
AMO 5 3 z3m4 figs-explicit 0 The city that went out with a thousand will have a hundred left The phrases “a thousand” and “a hundred” refer to a thousand soldiers and a hundred soldiers. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 5 3 m7h5 figs-explicit 0 The city that went out with a thousand “The city that went out” represents the soldiers of that city going out. It can be stated clearly why they went out. Alternate translation: “The city out of which a thousand soldiers went to fight” or “The city that sent out a thousand soldiers to fight” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 5 3 xna6 0 will have a hundred left “will have a hundred soldiers who have not been killed” or “will have only a hundred soldiers still alive.” Here being “left” refers to not being killed by the enemy.
|
||||
AMO 5 4 u2lu figs-metaphor 0 Seek me Here “Seek me” represents asking God for help. Alternate translation: “Ask me for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 5 gux2 figs-metaphor 0 Do not seek Bethel Here “seek Bethel” represents going to Bethel to ask for help. Alternate translation: “Do not go to Bethel to ask for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 5 xc6k 0 nor enter Gilgal “and do not enter Gilgal”
|
||||
AMO 5 5 ixk2 figs-metonymy 0 For Gilgal will surely go into captivity Here “Gilgal” represents the people of Gilgal, and going into captivity refers to being captured and taken away. Alternate translation: “For the people of Gilgal will surely be captured and taken away” or “For your enemies will surely capture the people of Gilgal and take them away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 5 5 fdq3 figs-metaphor 0 Bethel will become nothing Here “become nothing” represents being destroyed. Alternate translation: “Bethel will be completely destroyed” or “enemies will completely destroy Bethel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 6 a5vv figs-metaphor 0 Seek Yahweh Here “Seek Yahweh” represents asking him for help. Alternate translation: “Ask Yahweh for help” or “Ask me, Yahweh, for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 6 vc8n figs-simile 0 he will break out like fire Here “break out like a fire” represents destroying things as fire destroys things. Alternate translation: “he will become like a fire that breaks out suddenly and destroys everything” or “he will destroy everything like a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
AMO 5 6 tcz9 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Joseph This phrase is a metonym for the descendants of Joseph. Here it represents the northern kingdom of Israel, whose two largest tribes were the descendants of Joseph. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph” or “Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
AMO 5 6 it6f figs-metaphor 0 It will devour The word “it” refers to the fire, and “devour” represents destroying everything. God destroying everything is spoken of as if a fire were to destroy everything. Alternate translation: “It will destroy everything” or “He will destroy everything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 6 ir1n 0 there will be no one to quench it “there will no one to stop it” or “there will be no one to stop him from destroying everything”
|
||||
AMO 5 7 eqb9 figs-metaphor 0 turn justice into a bitter thing Here “a bitter thing” represents actions that harm people, and “turn justice into a bitter thing” represents harming people rather than doing for them what is just. Alternate translation: “say that they are doing what is just, but instead they harm people” or “refuse to do what is just and harm people instead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 7 jjl7 figs-metaphor 0 throw righteousness down to the ground This represents treating righteousness as if it were worthless. Alternate translation: “treat righteousness as though it were as unimportant as dirt” or “you despise what is righteous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 8 uny6 translate-unknown 0 the Pleiades and Orion People saw patterns in the stars in the sky and gave names to them. These are two of those patterns. Alternate translation: “the stars” or “the groups of stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
AMO 5 8 fkp9 0 he turns darkness into the morning … day dark with night “he makes the night become morning, and he makes the day become night.” This refers to causing the times of the day.
|
||||
AMO 5 8 jzr4 figs-metaphor 0 calls for the waters … on the surface of the earth This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. Alternate translation: “he takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 8 rb72 0 Yahweh is his name! By declaring his name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things.
|
||||
AMO 5 9 u2if figs-abstractnouns 0 He brings sudden destruction on the strong The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated with the verb “destroy.” The phrase “the strong” refers to strong people, specifically soldiers. Alternate translation: “He suddenly destroys the strong people” or “He suddenly destroys the soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 5 9 t2g1 figs-abstractnouns 0 so that destruction comes on the fortresses The abstract noun “destruction” can be translated with the verb “destroy.” Alternate translation: “so that the fortresses are destroyed” or “and he destroys the fortresses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
AMO 5 10 s23g 0 They hate anyone “The people of Israel hate anyone”
|
||||
AMO 5 11 ldj5 0 worked stone “cut stones” or “stones that people have cut”
|
||||
AMO 5 11 sm1t figs-explicit 0 you will not drink their wine The word “their” refers to the vineyards. This may imply that no one will make the wine, or even that there will not be enough good grapes to make wine. Alternate translation: “you will not drink the wine that is made from the grapes in your vineyards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 5 12 v579 0 afflict the just, take bribes, and turn aside the needy in the city gate This is a list of some of their sins.
|
||||
AMO 5 12 mkx5 figs-nominaladj 0 the just The word “just” is a nominal adjective that refers to just people. Alternate translation: “just people” or “righteous people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 5 12 c3fm 0 take bribes “let people pay you to do bad things” or “let people pay you to lie about people”
|
||||
AMO 5 12 pnt4 figs-explicit 0 turn aside the needy in the city gate Here “turn aside the needy” represents telling the needy people to leave. It can be made clear why the needy were at the city gate. Alternate translation: “do not allow poor people to bring their cases to the judges in the city gate” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 5 12 hqu9 figs-nominaladj 0 the needy The word “needy” is a nominal adjective that refers to people who are in need. Alternate translation: “people in need” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 5 13 zgm3 0 any prudent person is silent Those who do not want the evil people to harm them will not speak out against the evil deeds. Alternate translation: “wise people do not speak about the evil things people are doing”
|
||||
AMO 5 13 nb9w figs-metonymy 0 for it is an evil time Here “an evil time” represents a time when people are evil and do evil deeds. Alternate translation: “for it is a time when people are evil” or “for people do evil things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 5 14 i1vc figs-metaphor 0 Seek good and not evil Here “Seek good” represents choosing to do what good. “Good” and “evil” represent good actions and evil actions. Alternate translation: “Choose to do what is good and not what is evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 15 n1sk 0 Hate evil, love good “Hate evil actions, and love good actions.” Here “good” and “evil” represent good actions and evil actions.
|
||||
AMO 5 15 tqy7 figs-idiom 0 establish justice in the city gate Here “establish justice” represents making sure that justice is done. Alternate translation: “make sure that justice is done in the city gates” or “make sure that the judges make just decisions in the city gates” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
AMO 5 15 jkw4 figs-explicit 0 in the city gate City gates were where business transactions occurred and judgments were made, because city walls were thick enough to have gateways that produced cool shade from the hot sun Alternate translation: “in your courts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 5 15 eb3d figs-metonymy 0 the remnant of Joseph Here “remnant” refers to people who are still living in Israel after the others are killed or taken away as captives. Here “Joseph” represents the northern kingdom of Israel, whose two largest tribes were the descendants of Joseph. See how you translated “house of Joseph” in [Amos 5:6](../05/06.md). Alternate translation: “the descendants of Joseph who are still alive” or “those of Israel who survive” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 5 16 wux6 0 this is what Yahweh says, the God of hosts, the Lord “this is what Yahweh, the God of hosts, the Lord says”
|
||||
AMO 5 16 qyz8 0 Wailing will be in all the squares “People will wail in all the town squares”
|
||||
AMO 5 16 iv7k 0 Wailing long, loud, sad cries
|
||||
AMO 5 16 d7mv 0 the squares broad open places in the town where people gather
|
||||
AMO 5 16 n1g7 figs-ellipsis 0 the mourners to wail The phrase “they will call” is understood from the beginning of the sentence. Alternate translation: “they will call the mourners to wail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
AMO 5 17 gr4q 0 I will pass through your midst God speaks of punishing the people as if he were to come and punish them while walking through the group of them. Alternate translation: “I will come and punish you” or “I will punish you”
|
||||
AMO 5 18 k3dk figs-rquestion 0 Why do you long for the day of Yahweh? God uses this question to rebuke the people for saying that they want the day of Yahweh to be soon. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You long for the day of Yahweh.” or “You should not long for the day of Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 5 18 e1im figs-metaphor 0 It will be darkness and not light Here “darkness” represents a time when disasters happen, and “light” represents a time when good things happen. Alternate translation: “It will be a time of darkness and disaster, not of light and blessing” or “On that day there will be disasters, not blessings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 20 azx9 figs-rquestion 0 Will not the day of Yahweh be darkness and not light? This question emphasizes that bad things will happen then. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “The day of Yahweh will certainly be darkness and not light!” or “Bad things, not good things, will certainly happen on the day of Yahweh!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 5 20 l68z figs-rquestion 0 Gloom and no brightness? The words “Will not the day of Yahweh be” is understood from the previous sentence. Like the previous question, it emphasizes that terrible things, not good things, will happen on the day of Yahweh. It can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “It will be a time of when terrible things, not good things, will happen. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
AMO 5 21 t6lg figs-doublet 0 I hate, I despise your festivals The word “despise” is a strong word for “hate.” Together the two words emphasize the intensity of Yahweh’s hatred for their religious festivals. Alternate translation: “I hate your festivals very much” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
AMO 5 21 f4xx 0 I take no delight in your solemn assemblies “Your solemn assemblies do not please me at all”
|
||||
AMO 5 23 i5jv figs-metaphor 0 Remove from me the noise of your songs This speaks of the noise of songs as if it could be put somewhere else. It represents stopping singing. Alternate translation: “Stop singing your noisy songs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 5 23 es63 0 noise unpleasant sounds
|
||||
AMO 5 24 nn21 figs-simile 0 let justice flow like water, and righteousness like a constantly flowing stream This represents causing there to be much justice and righteous. Alternate translation: “let there be so much justice that it is like flowing water, and let there be so much righteousness that it is like a constantly flowing stream” or “let justice abound like a flood, and let righteousness abound like a stream that never stops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
AMO 5 25 a3v7 figs-rquestion 0 Did you bring me sacrifices … Israel? This could mean: (1) God uses this question to rebuke them because they did not offer sacrifices. Alternate translation: “You did not bring me sacrifices … Israel.” or (2) God uses this question to remind them that the sacrifices were not the most important part about their relationship. Alternate translation: “You did not have to bring me sacrifices … Israel.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 5 25 ye8l figs-metonymy 0 Did you bring God speaks as though the Israelites he is speaking to were part of the group that wandered in the wilderness. Alternate translation: “Did your ancestors bring” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 5 25 fma5 figs-metonymy 0 house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants. See how you translated it in [Amos 5:1](../05/01.md). Alternate translation: “you people of Israel” or “you Israelite people group” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 5 26 qnx9 figs-metonymy 0 You have lifted up the images of Sikkuth … and Kaiwan Here “lifted up the images” represents worshiping them. Alternate translation: “You have worshiped the images of Sikkuth … and Kaiwan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 5 26 tjr6 translate-names 0 Sikkuth … Kaiwan These are the names of two false gods. The people had made images to represent them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
AMO 5 26 q6vz 0 Kaiwan Some versions write this as “Kiyyun.”
|
||||
AMO 6 intro cn1s 0 # Amos 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter continues to be written in poetic style except for verses 9-10, which are in prose. These two verses contain many interested features.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>Verses 9-10 will probably be difficult to translate because the situation is vague and details don’t appear to align easily. It is appropriate to translate these verses with some ambiguity remaining. It may be helpful to read many different versions prior to translating these verses.
|
||||
AMO 6 1 psf7 0 who are at ease “who feel safe.” The people are comfortable and not concerned that God will judge them.
|
||||
AMO 6 1 ut6j figs-irony 0 the notable men of the best of the nations “the most important men of this great nation.” Yahweh may be using irony to describe how these men think of themselves. Alternate translation: “the men who think they are the most important people in the best nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
AMO 6 1 s17g figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel comes The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to Israel’s descendants. Alternate translation: “the Israelites come” or “the Israelite people group comes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 6 1 zhm4 figs-go 0 comes for help Here “comes” can be stated as “goes.” Alternate translation: “goes for help” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-go]])
|
||||
AMO 6 2 w9i9 translate-names 0 Kalneh This is the name of a city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
AMO 6 2 fd2m figs-rquestion 0 Are they better than your two kingdoms? The notable men use this question to emphasize that the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are better than those other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “Your two kingdoms are better than they are.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 6 2 h68z figs-rquestion 0 Is their border larger than your border? The notable men use this question to emphasize that their kingdoms are larger than those other kingdoms. Alternate translation: “Their border is smaller than yours.” or “Those countries are smaller than Judah and Samaria.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 6 3 hft9 figs-metaphor 0 to those who put off the day of disaster Refusing to believe that Yahweh will cause disaster is spoken of as if the “day of disaster” were an object the people could put far from themselves. Alternate translation: “to those who refuse to believe that I will cause them to experience disaster” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 6 3 k8kh figs-metonymy 0 and make the throne of violence come near Here “throne” is a metonym that represents reign or rule. The people doing evil things, which causes Yahweh to bring disaster on them, is spoken of as if they were causing “violence” to rule them. Alternate translation: “but who are actually causing me to send violent people to destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 6 4 zn5w 0 lie … lounge Israelites at that time usually ate while sitting on a floor cloth or a simple seat.
|
||||
AMO 6 4 nte4 0 beds of ivory “beds decorated with ivory” or “costly beds”
|
||||
AMO 6 4 hge8 translate-unknown 0 ivory a white substance made from the teeth and horns of large animals (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
AMO 6 4 iy9i 0 lounge lie around like lazy people
|
||||
AMO 6 4 t9gg 0 couches soft seats large enough to lie down on
|
||||
AMO 6 5 x1kv 0 they improvise on instruments This could mean: (1) they invent new songs and ways of playing the instruments or (2) they invent new instruments.
|
||||
AMO 6 6 wq23 figs-explicit 0 drink wine from bowls This implies that they drink a lot of wine because they drink it from a large bowl rather than a regular wine cup. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 6 6 dxk5 figs-metonymy 0 they do not grieve over the ruin of Joseph Here “Joseph” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “they do not grieve about the descendants of Joseph whom enemies will soon destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 6 7 p1et 0 they will now go into exile with the first exiles “they will be among the first ones to go into exile” or “I will send them into exile first”
|
||||
AMO 6 7 g684 0 the feasts of those who lounge about will pass away “there will be no more feasts for people to lie around at ease”
|
||||
AMO 6 8 kz1e figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 6 8 l8fw figs-metonymy 0 I detest the pride of Jacob Here “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “I hate the descendants of Jacob because they have become arrogant” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 6 8 n646 figs-explicit 0 I hate his fortresses It is implied that Yahweh hates the fortresses because the people believed the fortresses would keep them safe. Alternate translation: “I hate the people of Israel because they trust in their fortresses, not in me, to protect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 6 9 y9m6 figs-hypo 0 General Information: In 6:9-10 Amos describes a hypothetical situation of what it will be like when Yahweh hands the people of Israel over to their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
|
||||
AMO 6 9 rz49 figs-explicit 0 if there are ten men left in one house, they will all die This seems to imply that something terrible is happening, and these ten men go into the house to hide. Alternate translation: “if ten men are hiding inside of a house, they will all still die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 6 10 s8i5 0 a man’s relative comes to take their bodies up—the one who is to cremate them after bringing the corpses out of the house—if he says to the person in the house, “Is … you?” The meaning of these words is not clear. This could mean: (1) the “man’s relative” is the one who will “take their bodies up” and “cremate … the corpses,” and he speaks to a person who hid in the house after the ten family members died or (2) the “man’s relative” who “comes to take their bodies up” is a different person from “the one who is to cremate … the corpses,” and they talk to each other in the house. Alternate translation: “a man’s relative comes to take their bodies up, and the one who will burn the corpses after they have been brought out of the house is with him—if while they are in the house the relative says to the burner of the corpses, ‘Is … you?’”
|
||||
AMO 6 10 v4gf 0 cremate to burn a dead body
|
||||
AMO 6 10 e57y 0 bringing the corpses “bringing the dead bodies”
|
||||
AMO 6 10 qj51 figs-explicit 0 Then he will say, “Be quiet, for we must not mention Yahweh’s name.” The meaning of this is not clear. It seems to imply that the one who asked the question is afraid the one answering will mention Yahweh’s name carelessly. If he does this, it may draw Yahweh’s attention to them, and he may kill them too. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 6 11 bc74 0 look “listen” or “pay attention”
|
||||
AMO 6 11 q1t3 figs-parallelism 0 the big house will be smashed to pieces, and the little house to bits These two phrases share similar meanings. The contrast between “the big house” and “the little house” means that this refers to all houses. Alternate translation: “all the houses will be smashed into small pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
AMO 6 11 j5da figs-activepassive 0 the big house will be smashed to pieces This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the enemy will smash the big house to pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 6 11 dc2l 0 to pieces … to bits You can use the same word for both of these phrases.
|
||||
AMO 6 11 q1uc figs-ellipsis 0 the little house to bits This can be stated with the understood information included. Alternate translation: “enemies will smash the little house to bits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
AMO 6 12 s3ja 0 General Information: Amos uses two rhetorical questions to draw attention to the rebuke that follows.
|
||||
AMO 6 12 i1av figs-rquestion 0 Do horses run on the rocky cliffs? It is impossible for a horse to run on rocky cliffs without getting hurt. Amos uses this rhetorical question to rebuke them for their actions. Alternate translation: “Horses do not run on rocky cliffs.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 6 12 v9sc figs-rquestion 0 Does one plow there with oxen? One does not plow on rocky ground. Amos uses this rhetorical question to rebuke them for their actions. Alternate translation: “A person does not plow with oxen on rocky ground.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 6 12 fbq3 figs-metaphor 0 Yet you have turned justice into poison Distorting what is just is spoken of as if the leaders “turned justice into poison.” Alternate translation: “Yet you distort what is just” or “But you make laws that hurt innocent people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 6 12 w7di figs-parallelism 0 the fruit of righteousness into bitterness This means basically the same thing as the first part of the sentence. Distorting what is right is spoken of as if righteousness were a sweet fruit that the people made bitter tasting. Alternate translation: “you distort what is right” or “you punish those who do what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 6 13 dfq3 translate-names 0 Lo Debar … Karnaim These are names of towns. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
AMO 6 13 c8kb figs-rquestion 0 Have we not taken Karnaim by our own strength? The people use a question to emphasize that they believe they captured a city because of their own power. Alternate translation: “We captured Karnaim by our own power!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 6 14 yze1 0 look “listen” or “pay attention”
|
||||
AMO 6 14 u8j4 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 3:13](../03/13.md). Alternate translation: “this is what the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, has declared” or “this is what I, the Lord Yahweh, the God of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 6 14 alt4 figs-metonymy 0 from Lebo Hamath to the brook of the Arabah Here “Lebo Hamath” represents the northern border of Israel, and “brook of the Arabah” represents the southern border. Alternate translation: “from the northern border of your nation to the southern border” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 6 14 jfe8 0 brook a small river that flows only during the wet season
|
||||
AMO 7 intro vkd3 0 # Amos 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is mainly written as a narrative about the prophet Amos interacting with Yahweh. Yahweh presents three different scenarios of judgment before Amos who pleads with God and he does not carry out His judgment. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Reported speech<br>In the latter part of the chapter, it is important to follow the conversation carefully to understand who is speaking. There are some instances of “reported speech.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
|
||||
AMO 7 1 h8xv 0 Look … look The writer is telling the reader that he is about to say something surprising. Your language may have a way of doing this.
|
||||
AMO 7 1 e1ul 0 locust See how you translated this in [Amos 4:9](../04/09.md).
|
||||
AMO 7 1 s8l3 0 after the king’s harvest “after the king takes his share from the harvest”
|
||||
AMO 7 2 w1h8 figs-ellipsis 0 please forgive The words “your people” or “us” are understood. Alternate translation: “please forgive your people” or “please forgive us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
AMO 7 2 wj76 figs-metonymy 0 how will Jacob survive? For he is so small. Here “Jacob” represents his descendants the Israelites. Alternate translation: “how will we Israelites survive? We are so small and weak!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 7 4 l39l 0 Look The writer is telling the reader that something surprising is about to happen. Your language may have a way of doing this.
|
||||
AMO 7 4 nk44 0 the Lord Yahweh called on fire to judge “the Lord Yahweh used burning fire to punish the people”
|
||||
AMO 7 5 l5ir figs-metonymy 0 how will Jacob survive? For he is so small. Here “Jacob” represents his descendants the Israelites. See how you translated this in [Amos 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “how will the Israelites survive? We are so small and weak!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 7 7 s6wg 0 plumb line thin rope with a weight at one end used in building to make sure walls stand straight up and down
|
||||
AMO 7 8 tbb9 figs-rquestion 0 what do you see? Yahweh uses a question to teach Amos. Alternate translation: “tell me what you see.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 7 8 t5nq figs-metaphor 0 I will put a plumb line among my people Israel Judging the people and determining they are wicked is spoken of as if the Israelites were a wall, and Yahweh determines the wall is not straight by using a plumb line. Alternate translation: “my people Israel are wicked. They are like a wall that is not straight up and down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 7 9 j2t3 figs-metonymy 0 The high places of Isaac will be destroyed, the sanctuaries of Israel will be ruined, and I will rise against the house of Jeroboam with the sword Here “sword” represents an army. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will send an army to attack the house of Jeroboam, and the army will destroy the high places of Isaac and the sanctuaries of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 7 9 u5md figs-metonymy 0 Isaac … Israel Both of these represent the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Isaac … the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 7 9 g5em figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jeroboam Here “house” represents “family.” Translate “Jeroboam” as you did in [Amos 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Jeroboam and his family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 7 10 g3gt 0 Amaziah, the priest of Bethel This could mean: (1) Amaziah was the only priest at Bethel or (2) Amaziah was the leader of the priests at Bethel.
|
||||
AMO 7 10 wue4 translate-names 0 Amaziah This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
AMO 7 10 xez3 figs-metonymy 0 Amos has conspired against you in the middle of the house of Israel Here “house” represents “people.” Alternate translation: “Amos is right here among the Israelites, and he is planning to do bad things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 7 10 zcx9 figs-metonymy 0 The land cannot bear all his words Here “land” represents “people.” Disrupting the peace is spoken of as if Amos’s words were a heavy object that the land could not carry. Alternate translation: “What his is saying disturb the peace among the people” or “His message will cause trouble among the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 7 11 s5sq figs-metonymy 0 Jeroboam will die by the sword Here “sword” represents the enemies. Alternate translation: “Enemies will kill Jeroboam” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 7 12 bi7d figs-idiom 0 there eat bread and prophesy Here “eat bread” is an idiom that means to earn money or make a living for doing something. Alternate translation: “see if you can get the people there to pay you for prophesying” or “prophesy there and let them provide you with food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
AMO 7 13 f3rq figs-doublet 0 for it is the king’s sanctuary and a royal house Here “king’s sanctuary” and “royal house” refer to the same place. Alternate translation: “this is where the national temple is, the place where the king worships” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
AMO 7 14 mbz3 0 herdsman This here probably means “one who takes care of sheep” since he is called a “shepherd” in [Amos 1:1](../01/01.md).
|
||||
AMO 7 14 geh3 translate-unknown 0 sycamore fig trees Sycamores are broad trees that grow up to 15 meters tall. Alternate translation: “fig trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
AMO 7 16 k6j9 0 Now Here the word “now” is used to draw attention to the important point that follows.
|
||||
AMO 7 16 dz72 figs-metonymy 0 do not speak against the house of Isaac Here “house” represents the family or descendants of Isaac. Alternate translation: “do not speak against the descendants of Isaac” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 7 17 c3rd figs-metonymy 0 your sons and your daughters will fall by the sword Here “sword” represents enemies. Alternate translation: “enemies will kill your sons and daughters” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 7 17 sqs6 figs-activepassive 0 your land will be measured and divided up This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “other people will take your land and divide it up among themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
AMO 7 17 mr3m figs-metaphor 0 an unclean land A land full of people that are unacceptable to God is spoken of as if the land were physically unclean. Here it means a land other than Israel. Alternate translation: “a foreign land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 8 intro h32s 0 # Amos 08 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written in poetic form and it shows the way Yahweh’s people are sinning and<br>how he is going to respond. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### “This is the declaration of Yahweh”<br><br>This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
AMO 8 1 m4g1 0 Look, a basket of summer fruit! The word “look” here shows that Amos saw something interesting. Alternate translation: “I saw a basket of summer fruit!”
|
||||
AMO 8 1 i65f 0 summer fruit “ripe fruit”
|
||||
AMO 8 2 ixx6 figs-rquestion 0 What do you see, Amos? Yahweh uses a question to teach Amos. Alternate translation: “Tell me what you see, Amos.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 8 3 y5rl 0 in that day “at that time”
|
||||
AMO 8 3 zv6m 0 Silence! This could mean: (1) Yahweh is to telling the people to be silent as they hear about the severity of his punishment or (2) the people will be silent because of their grief after Yahweh’s punishment.
|
||||
AMO 8 4 jya8 0 Listen to this Amos is speaking to the wealthy merchants who harm those who are poor.
|
||||
AMO 8 4 sm8z figs-nominaladj 0 you who trample the needy and remove the poor of the land This can be restated to remove the nominal adjectives “the needy” and “the poor.” Alternate translation: “you who trample those who are in need and remove those in the land that are poor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
AMO 8 4 jhz4 figs-metaphor 0 you who trample Harming people is spoken of as if it were stomping on people. Alternate translation: “you who harm” or “you who oppress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 8 5 p2sp figs-rquestion 0 They say, “When will the new moon be over, so we can sell grain again? When will the Sabbath day be over, so that we can sell wheat? The merchants use theses question to emphasize that want to start selling their items again. This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “They are always asking when the new moon will be over or when the Sabbath will be over so that can sell their grain and wheat again.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
|
||||
AMO 8 5 t9jd 0 We will make the measure small and increase the price, as we cheat with false scales The merchants would use false scales that showed that the amount of grain they were giving was greater than it really was and that the weight of the payment was less than it really was.
|
||||
AMO 8 6 y683 figs-ellipsis 0 the needy for a pair of sandals The words “and buy” are understood. Alternate translation: “buy the needy for a pair of sandals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
AMO 8 7 by14 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh has sworn by the pride of Jacob Here “pride of Jacob” is a title for Yahweh. Also “Jacob” represents his descendants, the Israelites. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has sworn by himself, saying” or “Yahweh, of whom the Israelites are so proud, has sworn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 8 8 dgd5 figs-rquestion 0 Will not the land quake for this, and every one who lives in it mourn? Amos uses a question to emphasize that these things will certainly happen. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the land to shake, and every one who lives in it will mourn.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 8 8 phh2 figs-simile 0 All of it will rise up like the Nile River … like the river of Egypt Amos compares the rising and sinking of the waters of the Nile River to how Yahweh will cause the land to shake when he judges the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
AMO 8 8 t1gv 0 river of Egypt This is another name for the Nile River.
|
||||
AMO 8 9 xwg6 0 It will come in that day “It will happen at that time”
|
||||
AMO 8 10 ng1i translate-symaction 0 have baldness on every head A person shaves his head to show that he is grieving. Alternate translation: “cause you all to shave your heads” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
AMO 8 10 tj9n figs-ellipsis 0 like mourning for an only son It is understood that the only son has died. Alternate translation: “like mourning for an only son who has died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
AMO 8 10 g3j6 figs-metaphor 0 a bitter day to its end Terrible and sad things happening during a day is spoken of as if the day had a bitter taste. Alternate translation: “everything that happens at that time will cause you great sorrow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 8 11 f43n figs-metaphor 0 the days are coming This speaks of a future time as if “days are coming.” Alternate translation: “there will be a time” or “in the future” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 8 11 i4s1 figs-metaphor 0 when I will send a famine in the land … but for hearing the words of Yahweh Yahweh refusing to give messages when the people want to hear from him is spoken of as if there would be a famine of his words. Alternate translation: “when I will cause something like a famine in the land … but for hearing the words of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
AMO 8 11 f1wu figs-123person 0 the words of Yahweh This can be stated in first person. Alternate translation: “words from me, Yahweh” or “my messages” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 8 12 ez94 figs-merism 0 They will stagger from sea to sea; they will run from the north to the east to seek the word of Yahweh Here “sea to sea” and “the north to the east” represent all of the land of Israel. Alternate translation: “They will wander here and there and search all over for the word of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
AMO 8 12 g73n figs-explicit 0 from sea to sea This implies the Dead Sea in the south and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 8 13 n4nn 0 In that day “At that time”
|
||||
AMO 8 13 gxq2 0 faint to lose all strength
|
||||
AMO 8 14 sg5b figs-metonymy 0 by the sin of Samaria Here “sin” represents the false god the people worship in Samaria. Alternate translation: “by the false god of Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
AMO 8 14 xsl2 0 As your god lives, Dan This is a way of making a solemn oath. The people declare that they believe the god of Dan is certainly alive to emphasize that they will certainly do what they promise to do.
|
||||
AMO 8 14 bfm8 0 As the way to Beersheba exists This is probably a reference to the roads that pilgrims would take to Beersheba in order to worship idols there. Again, this is a way of making a solemn oath. They state that the way to Beersheba certainly exists in order to emphasize that they will certainly do what they promise to do.
|
||||
AMO 8 14 s65t figs-idiom 0 they will fall This is an idiom. Alternate translation: “they will die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
AMO 9 intro ych5 0 # Amos 09 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written in poetic form and continues to show the awesome and terrible judgment of Yahweh on his people. In verse 11, the writer writes about the forgiveness and mercy of God on the kingdom of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/peopleofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/forgive]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “The declaration of Yahweh”<br>This phrase is used to introduce prophecy. It highlights what God is proclaiming. Try to remain consistent in translating this phrase throughout the book. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
AMO 9 1 h5x6 0 General Information: Yahweh shows Amos another vision.
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AMO 9 1 iv3s 0 Strike the tops … Break them It is uncertain to whom Yahweh is speaking these commands.
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AMO 9 1 rj89 figs-explicit 0 Strike the tops of the pillars so that the foundations will shake It is implied that Yahweh is speaking about the pillars and foundations of a temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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AMO 9 1 bl1r figs-synecdoche 0 so that the foundations will shake Here “foundations” represents the whole temple. Alternate translation: “so that the whole temple will shake” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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AMO 9 1 x4lx figs-synecdoche 0 Break them in pieces on all of their heads Here “heads” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Break the pillars so that the temple falls on all of the people and kills them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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AMO 9 1 r9h6 figs-metonymy 0 I will kill the last of them with the sword Here “sword” represents an army attacking with their weapons. Alternate translation: “I will send an enemy army to kill the rest of them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 9 2 gx89 figs-hyperbole 0 Though they dig into Sheol, there my hand will take them. Though they climb up to heaven, there I will bring them down Yahweh uses an exaggerated image of people fleeing to Sheol or heaven to try to escape being killed. Here “Sheol” and “heaven” are a merism that represents all places. Alternate translation: “Even if they were to flee to Sheol or to heaven, they would not be able to escape me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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AMO 9 2 v2qa figs-metonymy 0 there my hand will take them Here “hand” represents Yahweh’s power. Alternate translation: “I will pull them up from there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
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AMO 9 3 lgc3 figs-hyperbole 0 Though they hide on the top of Carmel … Though they are hidden from my sight in the bottom of the sea Yahweh gives an exaggerated image of the people fleeing to the top of mount Carmel or to the bottom of the sea to escape being killed. Here “top of Carmel” and “bottom of the sea” are a merism that represents all places. Alternate translation: “Even if they were to hide on the top of Carmel … Even if they tried to go the bottom sea, thinking that I could not see them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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AMO 9 3 di6k 0 serpent an unknown fierce sea animal, not the snake in the garden of Eden and not a common snake
|
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AMO 9 4 z1fj figs-activepassive 0 Though they go into captivity, driven by their enemies before them This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Though enemies capture them and force them to go to a foreign land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
AMO 9 4 rm94 figs-metonymy 0 there will I give orders to the sword, and it will kill them Here “sword” represents their enemies. Alternate translation: “there I will cause their enemies to kill them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 9 4 p2p1 figs-metonymy 0 I will keep my eyes on them for harm and not for good Here “eyes” represents seeing. The phrase “keep my eyes on them” is an idiom that means to watch closely. Alternate translation: “I will watch closely and make sure only bad things happen to them and not good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
AMO 9 5 v6tg figs-simile 0 all of it will rise up like the River, and sink again like the river of Egypt Here “the River” and “river of Egypt” both refer to the Nile river. Yahweh causing the land to shake violently is compared to the waters of the Nile river rising and sinking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
AMO 9 6 mvb4 figs-metonymy 0 he who builds his steps in the heavens These are probably the steps that ancient people imagined led up to God’s palace in the heavens. However, some modern versions wish to read a different Hebrew word meaning “palace” or “rooms.” Here “his steps” probably is a metonym for God’s palace. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
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AMO 9 6 i2gt figs-explicit 0 has established his vault over the earth Here “vault” refers to the sky which biblical writers described as being a dome over the earth. Alternate translation: “he sets the sky over the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
AMO 9 6 c441 figs-metaphor 0 He calls for the waters of the sea … on the surface of the earth This represents God causing the sea water to fall on the earth as rain. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:8](../05/08.md). Alternate translation: “He takes the waters of the sea and makes them rain down on the surface of the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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AMO 9 6 l573 0 Yahweh is his name By declaring his name, Yahweh is declaring his power and authority to do these things. See how you translated this in [Amos 5:8](../05/08.md).
|
||||
AMO 9 7 zrb4 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not like the people of Cush to me,…Israel—this … declaration—did I not bring up Israel … the Philistines … the Arameans from Kir? Yahweh uses a question to emphasize that the people of Israel are no more special to him than the people of Cush, the Philistines, and the Arameans. Alternate translation: “You people of Israel, you are certainly no more important to me than the people of Cush—this … declaration—I brought up Israel … the Philistines … the Arameans from Kir.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
AMO 9 7 g7zv figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated these words in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this i what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
AMO 9 7 gig3 0 Kir See how you translated the name of this place in [Amos 1:5](../01/05.md).
|
||||
AMO 9 8 c978 figs-metonymy 0 the eyes of the Lord Yahweh are on the sinful kingdom Here “eyes” represents seeing. Also, Yahweh speaks of himself in third person. Alternate translation: “I, the Lord Yahweh, see that the people of this kingdom are very sinful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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AMO 9 8 exs8 figs-idiom 0 I will destroy it from the face of the earth The idiom “from the face of the earth” means “completely.” Alternate translation: “I will completely destroy this kingdom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
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AMO 9 8 qv9x figs-metonymy 0 the house of Jacob Here “house” represents a family. And, “Jacob” represents his descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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||||
AMO 9 9 ka3c figs-metonymy 0 the house of Israel Here “house” represents the people. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
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AMO 9 9 m5bp figs-simile 0 I will shake the house of Israel … as one shakes grain in a sieve, so that not the smallest stone will fall to the ground The picture here is of grain falling through the sieve and stones being kept out. The idea is that Yahweh will remove all of the sinful people from Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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AMO 9 9 s4w3 0 sieve a surface with many small holes that allow small things to pass through and keep larger things from passing through
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AMO 9 10 rxt3 figs-metonymy 0 All the sinners of my people will die by the sword Here “sword” represents their enemies. Alternate translation: “Enemies will kill all the sinners of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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AMO 9 10 rgi9 figs-metaphor 0 Disaster will not overtake or meet us Experiencing disaster is spoken of as disaster could overtake or meet someone. Alternate translation: “We will not experience disaster” or “Bad things will not happen to us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 9 11 p2kf 0 In that day “At that time”
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AMO 9 11 m4ub figs-metaphor 0 I will raise up the tent of David that has fallen Causing the people of Israel to be great again is spoken of as if David’s kingdom were a tent that fell down and Yahweh will set it back up. Alternate translation: “David’s kingdom will be like tent that has fallen down, but I will raise it back up again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 9 11 gh6q 0 close up its breaches “I will repair its walls”
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AMO 9 11 pje4 0 I will raise up its ruins, and rebuild it as in the days of old “I will rebuild its ruins and make it strong like it was long ago”
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AMO 9 11 b46a 0 breaches parts of a wall that have fallen down
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AMO 9 12 fi4l 0 the remnant of Edom “the remaining part of Edom’s territory”
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AMO 9 12 gc63 figs-metonymy 0 all the nations that are called by my name Here “name” represents Yahweh. The idiom “called by my name” means they once belonged to Yahweh. This means that in the past the people had conquered and taken control of these territories. Alternate translation: “all the nations that once belonged to me” or “all the nations that I caused the people of Israel to conquer in the past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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AMO 9 13 v7us 0 Look The writer is telling the reader that he is going to say something surprising. Your language may have a way of doing this.
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AMO 9 13 q7il figs-metaphor 0 the days will come … when the plowman A future time is spoken of as if “days will come.” Alternate translation: “there will be a time … when the plowman” or “in the future … the plowman” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 9 13 yi58 0 when the plowman … him who plants seed These are two images of Yahweh restoring prosperity in Israel. This means grain will grow faster than the people can harvest it, and there will be so many grapes, those crushing the grapes will still be working when farmers start planting more vineyards.
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AMO 9 13 s1fu figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Amos 2:11](../02/11.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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AMO 9 13 i41r figs-parallelism 0 The mountains will drip sweet wine, and all the hills will flow with it These two lines mean basically the same thing. The huge amount of grapes and wine in Israel is spoken of as if wine flows down the hills and mountains. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 9 15 cl8k figs-metaphor 0 I will plant them upon their land, and they will never again be uprooted from the land Bringing the people back to their land and keeping them safe from enemies is spoken of as if Israel were a plant that Yahweh would put in the ground and not let anyone pull the plant up from the ground. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to live in the land forever like a plant that is never uprooted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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AMO 9 15 xry4 figs-activepassive 0 they will never again be uprooted from the land This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever again uproot them from the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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AMO 9 15 cqf7 0 uprooted for a plant and its roots to be pulled out of the ground
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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OBA front intro jrz8 0 # Introduction to Obadiah<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Obadiah<br><br>1. Yahweh will judge Edom (1:1-16) A. Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:1–9) B. Why Yahweh will destroy Edom (1:10–14)<br>2. Yahweh will judge the nations (1:15–16)<br>3. Yahweh will deliver his people (1:17–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Obadiah about?<br><br>After the nation of Babylon destroyed Jerusalem, the Edomites (from the neighboring land of Edom) captured fleeing Jews. Then they gave these Jews over to Babylon. The Book of Obadiah is about Yahweh judging the Edomites for harming his people. This book would be comforting to the people of Judah who had been captured and forced to live in Babylon.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Obadiah” or just “Obadiah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Sayings of Obadiah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Obadiah?<br><br>The prophet Obadiah probably wrote this book. We know nothing more about Obadiah. His name in Hebrew means “Servant of Yahweh.”<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was Edom’s relationship to Israel?<br><br>Obadiah referred to Edom as Israel’s brother. This is because the Edomites descended from Esau, and the Israelites descended from Jacob. Jacob and Esau were twin brothers. This made Edom’s betrayal of Israel much worse. The notes also refer to the Israelites as the people of Judah. Judah was the part of Israel that had survived the earlier destruction by the nation of Assyria and that was later captured by the nation of Babylon when the nation of Edom did not help them.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How do I translate the concept of “pride?”<br><br>The Book of Obadiah speaks of the pride of Edom. This meant that the Edomites thought that neither their enemies nor Yahweh could defeat them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/proud]])<br><br>### When Obadiah is addressing Edom, should I use a singular or plural form of “you?”<br><br>Since Obadiah addressed the people of Edom figuratively by referring to them as the nation of Edom, he used a singular form in the original language. But if you are using more plain language and want your translation to be clear that it is addressing the people of Edom, you can use a plural form.
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OBA 1 1 xm1w figs-metaphor חֲז֖וֹן עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה 1 The vision of Obadiah This is the title of the book. Here **vision** is used in the general sense of a message from Yahweh, rather than to indicate how Obadiah received that message. **Vision** here is a metaphor for the way that God gives knowledge to people. Alternate translation: “The message that God gave to Obadiah” or “The prophecy of Obadiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 1 jdr1 translate-names עֹֽבַדְיָ֑ה 1 Obadiah Some English translations call the prophet Abdias, but Obadiah is the form of his name most commonly used in English. Use the form of the name that is used in your source language or a form that is similar that sounds like a name in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 1 sv9x writing-quotations כֹּֽה־אָמַר֩ אֲדֹנָ֨י יְהוִ֜ה 1 thus says my Lord Yahweh concerning Edom This introduces the rest of the book as a message from God. Use a form here that is natural in your language for introducing what someone says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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OBA 1 1 s7if translate-names יְהוִ֜ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 1 jdr3 figs-metonymy לֶאֱד֗וֹם 1 concerning Edom People are being described here by the name of something closely associated with them, **Edom**, the land that they live in. If this is not clear in your language, you can say clearly that this message is about the people. Alternate translation: “concerning the people of Edom.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 1 jdr5 figs-exclusive שָׁמַ֜עְנוּ 1 We have heard a report Obadiah is speaking as one person among the many in the nations around Edom who have heard Yahweh’s message, including the people of Israel. If your language has an inclusive form for **We**, use that here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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OBA 1 1 c8w8 figs-exclusive שָׁמַ֜עְנוּ 1 Obadiah is speaking to the people of Judah about the people of Edom. So **We** here is inclusive; others in Judah have also heard or are now hearing the message calling the nations to war against Edom. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclusive]])
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OBA 1 1 jdr7 figs-activepassive וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח 1 and a messenger has been sent off If it is more natural in your language, you can use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “I, Yahweh, have sent a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
OBA 1 1 r27r figs-explicit וְצִיר֙…שֻׁלָּ֔ח 1 and a messenger has been sent off You could specify who sent the messenger. Alternate translation: “and Yahweh has sent a messenger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 1 jdr9 figs-quotations ק֛וּמוּ וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ לַמִּלְחָמָֽה 1 Get up! And let us rise up against her for battle! The end of the verse is not spoken by Obadiah himself. Rather, these are the words of Yahweh’s messenger. They can be presented as a quotation with an introductory formula such as “saying,” or as indirect quotation as in UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
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OBA 1 1 pez6 figs-idiom ק֛וּמוּ 1 Get up This phrase is used to tell people to get ready, in this case to attack Edom. Alternate translation: “Get ready” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 1 iaok figs-idiom וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ 1 This is an idiom that means to violently oppose another person or nation. Alternate translation: “Let us gather our armies against Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 1 c9e2 figs-metonymy וְנָק֥וּמָה עָלֶיהָ 1 and let us rise up against her Here, **her** refers to the land of Edom, which, again, stands for the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “Let us rise up against the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 1 jd1r figs-abstractnouns לַמִּלְחָמָֽה 1 for battle If it is clearer in your language, you could translate the abstract noun **battle** with a verb. Alternate translation: “to attack her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 2 cc3h writing-quotations הִנֵּ֥ה קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ 1 Behold, I am making you small The addressee changes here. This is no longer Yahweh speaking to Judah or the messenger speaking to the other nations. Now Yahweh is speaking directly to the people of Edom. If it would be clearer in your language, you could add a quote introduction here, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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OBA 1 2 npn6 הִנֵּ֥ה 1 Behold This alerts the people of Edom to pay special attention to what follows. Use a natural way of getting someone’s attention in your language. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
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||||
OBA 1 2 l6dc figs-parallelism קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד 1 I am making you small among the nations, you are extremely despised These two phrases mean similar things and are used together to emphasize that Edom will lose its important status. If it would be more natural in your language, you could combine them as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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||||
OBA 1 2 ec8m figs-metaphor קָטֹ֛ן נְתַתִּ֖יךָ בַּגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 small among the nations Something insignificant is spoken of figuratively as if it were small in size and could easily be overlooked. Alternate translation: “insignificant among the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
OBA 1 2 ch1u figs-activepassive בָּז֥וּי אַתָּ֖ה מְאֹֽד 1 you are extremely despised You could state this in the active form. Alternate translation: “the people of other nations will hate you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 3 kjbt figs-personification זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ 1 Here, **pride** is spoken of figuratively as though it were a person who could deceive someone. If this is not clear, you could say this with plain language.<br>Alternate translation: “Because you are so proud, you have deceived yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 3 hzdk figs-youcrowd זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ הִשִּׁיאֶ֔ךָ 1 Here, **you** is singular, since it refers to the people of Edom as a single nation, but if this is confusing in your language, you can use a plural form of “you” here and throughout this book. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
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OBA 1 3 kcc3 figs-abstractnouns זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ 1 If it is clearer in your language, you could translate the abstract noun **pride** with the adjective “proud.” Alternate translation: “Your proud attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 3 qpw7 figs-metaphor זְד֤וֹן לִבְּךָ֙ 1 of your heart Here, **heart** is used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts and feelings.<br>Alternate translation: “Your proud attitude” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 3 k9sw figs-123person שֹׁכְנִ֥י בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע 1 lofty in his dwelling Here, the pronoun switches from **you** to **he** even though Yahweh is still talking to the people of Edom. If this is confusing in your language, you can continue to use **you**, since this is part of Yahweh’s continuing message to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “you who live in the clefts of the rock” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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OBA 1 3 q6sz בְחַגְוֵי־סֶּ֖לַע 1 in the clefts of the rock This means a place that is protected because it is surrounded by rocks.
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OBA 1 3 r5zj figs-123person אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ 1 he who says in his heart This says **he** and **his,** as if Yahweh were talking aloud about Edom rather than to Edom, but it can be translated with **you** as part of Yahweh’s continuing words to the people. Alternate translation: “you who say in your heart” or “you who say to yourselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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OBA 1 3 jd3r figs-metaphor אֹמֵ֣ר בְּלִבּ֔וֹ 1 in his heart Here, the heart is used figuratively to refer to a person’s thoughts and feelings. Alternate translation: “he who says to himself” or “you who think” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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||||
OBA 1 3 i2hx figs-rquestion מִ֥י יוֹרִדֵ֖נִי אָֽרֶץ 1 Who will bring me down to the ground? This rhetorical question expresses how proud the Edomites were and how safe they felt. Alternate translation: “no one can bring me down to the ground” or “I am safe from all attackers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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OBA 1 4 xn9f figs-parallelism אִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 If you make yourself high like the eagle, even if your nest is set between the stars These two expressions have similar meanings. This is a way of showing that something is important by saying it more than once but in slightly different ways. If this is not clear in your language, use another way of showing that this is important. Alternate translation: “Even if you had wings and could live high up among the eagles, or even up among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 4 jd5r figs-hyperbole אִם־תַּגְבִּ֣יהַּ כַּנֶּ֔שֶׁר וְאִם־בֵּ֥ין כּֽוֹכָבִ֖ים שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 If you make yourself high like the eagle, even if your nest is set between the stars The people of Edom think that they are safe because they live up high in the mountains. Yahweh is saying that even if they lived much higher than it is actually possible for humans to live, they would still not be safe. Alternate translation: “and I tell you that even if you had wings and could fly higher than eagles fly, and if you could make your homes among the stars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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OBA 1 4 jd7r figs-activepassive שִׂ֣ים קִנֶּ֑ךָ 1 if your nest is set If your language does not use passive verb forms, you could use the active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “if you could make your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 4 bbu3 figs-metaphor מִשָּׁ֥ם אוֹרִֽידְךָ֖ 1 from there I will bring you down Here, **bring you down** means “humble you” or “defeat you.” This is a spatial metaphor. Yahweh’s response to the Edomites is that there is nowhere they would be safe from his judgment and punishment. Alternate translation: “you would still not be safe there from the attackers that I am sending” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 4 ce6e writing-quotations נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה 1 This phrase reminds the reader that this message, including the entire book, came directly from Yahweh. Use a form of quotation that would make this clear in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-quotations]])
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OBA 1 4 fyco figs-abstractnouns נְאֻם־יְהוָֽה 1 If it would be more natural in your language, instead of the abstract noun **declaration**, you could use a verb here. Alternate translation: “Yahweh declares this to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 5 w86v figs-doublet אִם־גַּנָּבִ֤ים בָּאֽוּ־לְךָ֙ אִם־שׁ֣וֹדְדֵי לַ֔יְלָה 1 If thieves came to you, and plunderers by night These two phrases mean the same thing. The repetition is used to emphasize the one idea that they are expressing. If this is not clear in your language, use another way of showing that this is important or you could combine them, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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OBA 1 5 b93f figs-activepassive אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה 1 how you are being destroyed! You could use the active form of the verb, and you could specify who is doing the action. Alternate translation: “how the attackers will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 5 jd9r figs-exclamations אֵ֣יךְ נִדְמֵ֔יתָה 1 how you are being destroyed! Yahweh adds this phrase in the middle of another sentence to express that the punishment of Edom is shocking. Unlike thieves and grape-harvesters, those who attack Edom will leave nothing behind. If it would be clearer in your language, you could move the phrase to the end of the verse and make it its own sentence. Alternate translation: “But attackers will destroy you completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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OBA 1 5 q1pg figs-rquestion הֲל֥וֹא יִגְנְב֖וּ דַּיָּ֑ם 1 would not they steal enough for them? This is a rhetorical question. The question form is used to make a point strongly. If you do not use rhetorical questions in this way in your language, you can use a statement here. Alternate translation: “they would only steal what they wanted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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OBA 1 5 k12c figs-rquestion אִם־בֹּֽצְרִים֙ בָּ֣אוּ לָ֔ךְ הֲל֖וֹא יַשְׁאִ֥ירוּ עֹלֵלֽוֹת 1 If grape-cutters came to you, would not they leave behind gleanings? This is a rhetorical question. The question form is used to make a point strongly. If you do not use rhetorical questions in this way in your language, you can use a statement here. Alternate translation: “they would certainly leave some grapes behind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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OBA 1 6 gpm5 figs-exclamations אֵ֚יךְ 1 Here, **How** introduces an exclamation to express amazement that the pillaging of Edom is so extreme. Use a natural way in your language to express this. Alternate translation: “In an extreme way” or “Completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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OBA 1 6 zsf7 figs-activepassive אֵ֚יךְ נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 How Esau is being ransacked, his hidden treasures being searched out If it would be clearer in your language, you could use the active form of this verb, and you could say who is doing the action. Alternate translation: “How the attackers will ransack the country of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 6 m9p3 figs-personification עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 Esau Here, the name **Esau** refers to the people of Edom. They were the descendants of Esau, who was also known as Edom. All the people of Edom are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. If this is confusing in your language, you can refer to the people instead, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 6 lf9t נֶחְפְּשׂ֣וּ 1 has been ransacked Here, **ransacked** means that the enemies have searched through the people’s things, taken everything valuable, and left everything else in a mess or damaged.
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OBA 1 6 w96y figs-activepassive נִבְע֖וּ מַצְפֻּנָֽיו 1 If it would be clearer in your language, you could use the active form of this verb, and you could say who is doing the action. Alternate translation: “They will search out all of his hidden treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 7 yobe figs-explicit עַֽד־הַגְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּךָ כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ 1 If it does not make sense in your language to say that someone would be attacked by someone with whom they have a **covenant**, that is, an ally, then you can add in the missing step of their betrayal, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 7 n3t6 figs-youcrowd בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ 1 your covenant Yahweh is still addressing the people of Edom here, so the word **your** refers to them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-youcrowd]])
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OBA 1 7 cr88 עַֽד־הַגְּב֣וּל שִׁלְּח֗וּךָ 1 are sending you away as far as the border Here, **the border** could mean: (1) It could refer to the border of the country of Edom. Alternate translation: “will force you out of your country” or (2) it could refer to the border of a formerly friendly country. Alternate translation: “will reject you from taking refuge in their country”
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OBA 1 7 a612 figs-parallelism כֹּ֚ל אַנְשֵׁ֣י בְרִיתֶ֔ךָ…אַנְשֵׁ֣י שְׁלֹמֶ֑ךָ לַחְמְךָ֗ 1 All the men of your covenant … The men of your peace … They of your bread All three phrases refer to Edom’s allies. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once in similar ways. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 7 jd15 figs-ellipsis לַחְמְךָ֗ יָשִׂ֤ימוּ מָזוֹר֙ תַּחְתֶּ֔יךָ 1 They of your bread will set a trap under you Hebrew says simply **your bread**. In this poetic style, hearers and readers are expected to understand the meaning and supply the missing words **The men of** from the previous two lines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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OBA 1 7 rc1i figs-aside אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽוֹ 1 There is no understanding in him. This phrase could mean: (1) Yahweh could be saying this as an aside in order to express his evaluation of the people of Edom. If this would be confusing in your language, you can continue the address to Edom in the second person, as in the UST. (2) the former allies could be saying this about Edom. Alternate translation: “Then they will say to you, ‘you are not as clever as you thought you were’” (3) It could be referring to the trap just mentioned. Alternate translation: “and there is no perception of it” (4) It could be referring to the shocking situation of Edom being betrayed by its allies. Alternate translation: “There is no understanding of this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-aside]])
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OBA 1 7 jd17 figs-abstractnouns אֵ֥ין תְּבוּנָ֖ה בּֽוֹ 1 understanding You could translate the abstract noun **understanding** with a verb. Alternate translation: “He does not understand anything” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 7 jd19 figs-personification בּֽוֹ 1 in him Here, **him** probably refers to Edom, which represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “in the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 8 i4rg figs-rquestion הֲל֛וֹא בַּיּ֥וֹם הַה֖וּא…וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם 1 Will I not on that day (a declaration of Yahweh) destroy wise men from Edom, and understanding from the mountain of Esau? This is a rhetorical question. Yahweh uses the question form here to emphasize that he will certainly do this. Alternate translation: “On that day … I will certainly destroy the wise men from Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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OBA 1 8 jd21 figs-explicit וְהַאֲבַדְתִּ֤י חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם 1 wise men The original audience would have known that Edom was famous for its wisdom. So this means that even their famous wisdom cannot save them from Yahweh’s destruction. If it would be clearer, you could indicate this information as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 8 i6ry figs-rquestion וּתְבוּנָ֖ה מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 This is the second part of the rhetorical question. You could also start a new sentence here. Yahweh continues the question form here to emphasize that he will certainly do this. Alternate translation: “and I will certainly destroy their understanding” or “On that day I will certainly remove understanding from the mountain of Esau” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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OBA 1 8 mupa figs-explicit וּתְבוּנָ֖ה מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 In this poetic style, the reader is expected to use the words **will I not on that day destroy** from the first rhetorical question in order to understand this second one. If that is not clear in your language, you can repeat those words here. Alternate translation: “and will I not on that day destroy understanding from the mountain of Esau?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 8 g6se figs-parallelism חֲכָמִים֙ מֵֽאֱד֔וֹם וּתְבוּנָ֖ה מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 In this poetic style, the same meaning is expressed twice but in different words in order to emphasize what is being said. Here, **wise men** and **understanding** both refer to people who are wise, and **Edom** and **the mountain of Esau** are both ways of referring to the country of Edom. If this is confusing in your language, you could say this only once, or emphasize the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “all people who are wise from the country of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 8 jd23 figs-abstractnouns וּתְבוּנָ֖ה 1 and understanding You could translate this abstract noun with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “and people who know what to do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 8 z8tf figs-synecdoche מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָֽׂו 1 from the mountain of Esau Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by using the name of one prominent part of it. The **mountain of Esau** may be the one now called Mount Bozrah. Alternate translation: “from the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 8 gn3t translate-names עֵשָֽׂו 1 This is the name of the man who was the ancestor of the people of Edom. See how you translated this in [verse 6](../01/06.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 9 jd25 figs-synecdoche וְחַתּ֥וּ גִבּוֹרֶ֖יךָ תֵּימָ֑ן 1 And your mighty men will be dismayed, O Teman Yahweh continues speaking to the people of Edom, but now he addresses them as **Teman**, which was the name of the region around their capital city. This part of Edom is now being used to represent the whole people. Alternate translation: “People of Edom, your strong soldiers will become terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 9 qvg3 translate-names תֵּימָ֑ן 1 Teman Teman is the name of a region in the land of Edom. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by the name of one part of it. Alternate translation: “O people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 9 ljv4 grammar-connect-logic-goal לְמַ֧עַן 1 so that There is a cause-and-effect relationship here. Yahweh says in v. 8 that he will destroy the wise men in Edom, and here in v. 9 that the mighty men of Edom will be “dismayed” (that is, they will give up trying to fight). The people of Edom trusted in these two groups to protect them. So as a result of Yahweh destroying these two groups, no others in Edom will escape the invading armies, either. Alternate translation: “with the result that” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-goal]])
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OBA 1 9 jd27 figs-metaphor יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man will be cut off Here, **cut off** is a metaphor for being killed. The Edomites are pictured as part of the mountain where they live, and their death as being cut off from the mountain. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 9 q6s7 figs-activepassive יִכָּֽרֶת־אִ֛ישׁ 1 will be cut off You could use an active verb form, and you could specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy all of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 9 jd31 figs-idiom אִ֛ישׁ 1 a man Here, **a man** is an idiom that means “each person.” Alternate translation: “all you people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 9 jd35 figs-synecdoche מֵהַ֥ר עֵשָׂ֖ו 1 from the mountain of Esau As in v. 8, Yahweh is referring to the whole territory by the name of this one part of it. See how you translated it there. Alternate translation: “from the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 9 jd37 figs-abstractnouns מִקָּֽטֶל 1 by slaughter The abstract noun **slaughter** intensifies the idea of being **cut off** or killed. If you would not use an abstract noun like this in your language, you could use an adverb instead. Alternate translation: “violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 9 hsy2 figs-abstractnouns מִקָּֽטֶל 1 Some Bible translations put this phrase with verse 10, rather than with verse 9. If you choose to do that, verse 9 would end, “…from the mountain of Esau.” Verse 10 would begin, “Because of slaughter, because of violence…”<br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 10 jd39 figs-metonymy אָחִ֥יךָ 1 your brother The term **brother** is being used here to refer to members of a related people group. Use the term that is most natural in your language. Alternate translation: “your relatives who are the descendants of Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 10 ui6g figs-personification יַעֲקֹ֖ב 1 Jacob Here the name **Jacob** refers to the people of Judah, who were his descendants. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 10 jd41 figs-abstractnouns תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you If it would be clearer in your language, you could use a verb to translate the abstract noun **shame**. Alternate translation: “you will be dishonored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 10 f8g6 figs-idiom תְּכַסְּךָ֣ בוּשָׁ֑ה 1 shame will cover you To be **covered** with something is an idiom for fully experiencing it. Alternate translation: “you will be completely ashamed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 10 a113 figs-activepassive וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off to eternity If it would be clearer in your language, you could use an active form of the verb. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 10 jd43 figs-explicit וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off You can specify who will do the action. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 10 jd45 figs-idiom וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ 1 you will be cut off As in [verse 5](../01/05.md), **cut off** is an idiom for being destroyed. See how you translated it there. Alternate translation: “your enemies will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 11 w6hj figs-metaphor עֲמָֽדְךָ֣ מִנֶּ֔גֶד 1 stood opposite This is a metaphor that pictures the people of Edom as a person who was just standing around and not helping a relative. Alternate translation: “you did not help him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 11 s38y figs-parallelism שְׁב֥וֹת זָרִ֖ים חֵיל֑וֹ וְנָכְרִ֞ים בָּ֣אוּ שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 strangers took captive his wealth, and foreigners entered his gates These two phrases mean similar things. They are used together to emphasize that Judah was in a desperate situation. Invading armies were plundering the cities of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 11 rtj8 figs-personification חֵיל֑וֹ…שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his wealth … his gates Here, **his** refers to **your brother Jacob** in [verse 10](../01/10.md), meaning the people of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 11 jd46 חֵיל֑וֹ 1 his wealth In this context, the term translated **wealth** could also mean “army.” But since it clearly means “wealth” in [verse 13](../01/13.md), it seems best to translate it as “wealth” here, as well.
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OBA 1 11 jd47 figs-synecdoche שְׁעָרָ֗יו 1 his gates Here, **gates** stands for “city.” The gates, the part of a city through which people would come and go, are being used to represent the whole city. Alternate translation: “all the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 11 i8sr figs-metaphor וְעַל־יְרוּשָׁלִַ֨ם֙ יַדּ֣וּ גוֹרָ֔ל 1 and cast lots for Jerusalem There are two possibilities for what this could mean: (1) This is a figurative way of saying that the **foreigners** had complete control of **Jerusalem**, with Jerusalem pictured as something that everybody wants to have, but it cannot be divided, so they cast lots to see who will get it. Alternate translation: “they even plundered Jerusalem” or (2) The name of the city may be standing for the wealth of the city. Alternate translation: “and they divided the wealth of Jerusalem among themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 11 s4y1 figs-explicit גַּם־אַתָּ֖ה כְּאַחַ֥ד מֵהֶֽם 1 you also were like one of them The people of Edom did not do exactly the same things as the **strangers** and **foreigners** did, but they were like them because they did not help the people of Judah, who were a related people group. If it would be clearer in your language, you could include this information, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 12 crs1 figs-litany וְאַל…וְאַל…וְאַל 1 But [you should] not Yahweh uses a repetitive series of sentences in verses 12–14 to show how badly the people of Edom have treated the people of Judah. This repetitive style of speaking or writing is called a “litany.” This is a list of the charges against the people of Edom. Yahweh goes on to say in verses 15 and 16 that he has found them guilty of all of these charges and that he will punish them. Use a form in your language that someone would use to list things that someone has done wrong. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litany]])
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OBA 1 12 e7cd figs-explicit וְאַל־תֵּ֤רֶא 1 But you should not have looked Here, **you should not have looked** implies that the people of Edom were looking on the disaster in Judah with pleasure. To make this clear, you can include this information in the way that you translate. Alternate translation: “you should not have enjoyed looking” or “it was very bad that you enjoyed looking” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 12 xhd0 figs-hendiadys בְיוֹם־אָחִ֨יךָ֙ בְּי֣וֹם נָכְר֔וֹ 1 The two phrases **on the day of your brother** and **on the day of his misfortune** work together to mean “on the day of your brother’s misfortune.” If having the two phrases is confusing, you can combine them into one phrase, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hendiadys]])
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OBA 1 12 crs3 figs-idiom בְיוֹם 1 on the day of Here, **on the day** is an idiom that refers to an undefined period of time that could extend from one to very many days. Alternate translation: “at the time of” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 12 q8md figs-personification אָחִ֨יךָ֙ 1 your brother As in [verse 10](../01/10.md), Yahweh describes the people of Judah as a **brother** to the descendants of Esau, because their ancestor, Jacob, was the brother of Esau (Edom). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 12 f7lt figs-gendernotations לִבְנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֖ה 1 over the sons of Judah Here, the word **sons** does not refer only to men. It refers to all of the descendants of Jacob’s son Judah, and more broadly to all of the Israelites from a number of the different tribes of Israel who had come to live in the kingdom of Judah at this time. Alternate translation: “over the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-gendernotations]])
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OBA 1 12 lxg7 figs-idiom וְאַל־תַּגְדֵּ֥ל פִּ֖יךָ 1 And you should not have made your mouth great This is an idiom for bragging or mocking. In this context of observing someone else’s misfortune, mocking makes better sense. Alternate translation: “You should not have mocked them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 13 dwn2 figs-parallelism בְּי֣וֹם אֵידָ֔ם…בְּי֣וֹם אֵיד֑וֹ…בְּי֥וֹם אֵידֽוֹ 1 In this poetic style, the same phrase is used at the end of each line to emphasize how terrible the **calamity** was. If this style does not work in your language to communicate an increased emphasis, then you could combine the three occurrences into one and communicate that this was a very bad thing in another way, as in the UST.<br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 13 wg54 figs-personification אֵידָ֔ם…אֵיד֑וֹ…אֵידֽוֹ 1 their calamity … his calamity … his calamity In the first line of this verse, **their** refers to **my people**. In the second and third lines, God’s people are once again pictured as their ancestor Jacob, and so the singular pronoun **his** is used (see [verse 10](../01/10.md)). If this change is confusing in your language, you can avoid the personification and refer to the people with plural pronouns in all three lines. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 13 f9q3 figs-exclamations גַם־אַתָּ֛ה 1 Yes, you! Yahweh is accusing the people of Edom directly, and he adds this exclamation to emphasize this. This exclamation expresses anger, demands their attention, and also may be a warning that they cannot claim to be innocent. If it is confusing to have this in the middle of another sentence, you could make this a separate sentence ending in an exclamation mark, either before or after the current sentence. Alternate translation: “I am talking to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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OBA 1 13 crs5 figs-idiom אַל־תֵּ֧רֶא 1 you should not have looked In this context, **looked on** is an idiom for “enjoyed looking at.” See how you translated this in [verse 12](../01/12.md). Alternate translation: “you should not have gloated” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 13 jz38 figs-you וְאַל־תִּשְׁלַ֥חְנָה בְחֵיל֖וֹ 1 And you women should not have looted their wealth Here, the word translated as **you** is feminine and plural. In the rest of Obadiah, it is masculine and singular. It may be that God is addressing the women specifically here in case they thought that they were not also guilty. So use a feminine plural form here, or mark this in some other way so that it means “you women.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
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OBA 1 14 ixs7 translate-unknown הַפֶּ֔רֶק 1 crossroads A **crossroads** is a place where two roads come together. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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OBA 1 14 p7i1 figs-metaphor לְהַכְרִ֖ית 1 to cut down his fugitives Here, **to cut down** is a metaphor that means “to kill.” It is likely a comparison to the way grain is cut down at harvest time. See how you translated this same metaphor in [verse 9](../01/09.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 14 qdx9 figs-explicit וְאַל־תַּסְגֵּ֥ר שְׂרִידָ֖יו 1 And you should not have delivered up his survivors If it would be clearer in your language, you can make explicit to whom the Edomites delivered the Judean survivors. Alternate translation: “You should not have captured the survivors and delivered them over to the enemy soldiers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 15 fa9m כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם כַּאֲשֶׁ֤ר עָשִׂ֨יתָ֙ יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 For the day of Yahweh is near for all the nations. According to what you have done, it will be done to you; your recompense will return on your own head. Bible experts are not certain whether verse 15 goes with verse 14 as the end of the previous section or if it goes with verse 16 as the beginning of the new section. Many Bibles put a section break and a heading before verse 15, such as “God Will Judge the Nations.”
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OBA 1 15 e5t7 figs-explicit כִּֽי־קָר֥וֹב יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה עַל־כָּל־הַגּוֹיִ֑ם 1 For the day of Yahweh is near upon all the nations Here Yahweh is giving the people of Edom the reason why they should not have done all of the bad things that they did to the Israelites that were listed in verses 11-14, and instead of that, helped them. It is because Yahweh will soon judge all nations for the way that they have treated others. If it would be clearer in your language, you can make this explicit, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 15 crs7 figs-idiom יוֹם־יְהוָ֖ה 1 the day of Yahweh The **day of Yahweh** is an expression that refers to a specific time when God punishes people for their sins. Alternate translation: “the time when I, Yahweh, will judge and punish people for their sins” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 15 crs9 קָר֥וֹב 1 near upon In this context, **near** means “close in time.” Alternate translation: “will soon happen”
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OBA 1 15 rd8g figs-activepassive יֵעָ֣שֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ 1 According to what you have done, it will be done to you If you prefer an active verb you can use one here and you can specify who will do this action. Alternate translation: “I will do those same things to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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OBA 1 15 djk9 figs-metaphor גְּמֻלְךָ֖ יָשׁ֥וּב בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 your recompense will return This is a metaphor that pictures the Edomites as having sent bad things out to others, and now those things are going to come back and hurt them as they land on their heads. Alternate translation: “those same things will soon happen to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 15 cr3s figs-synecdoche בְּרֹאשֶֽׁךָ 1 on your own head The **head** is being used to represent the whole person. Alternate translation: “to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 16 nf6s figs-explicit כִּ֗י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 For according to how you drank As at the beginning of verse 15, here also the connecting word **For** indicates that this is a reason why the people of Edom should have helped the Israelites instead of joining in attacking them. Here also Yahweh describes how he will soon judge all nations for the way that they have treated others. There are two possibilities for how you can make this explicit, if that would be clearer in your language. Choosing between these possibilities depends on how you interpret the referent of the word **you**. The word **you** here is masculine plural, the first and only time it occurs in this form in the book. Throughout the book, the nation of Edom was addressed with the masculine singular form. This is also the last occurrence of the second person in the book. (1) Because of these observations, the use of drinking here and throughout the Bible as a metaphor for suffering punishment, and the location of this suffering on Mount Zion in Jerusalem, it seems that here Obadiah stops addressing the people of Edom and returns to addressing the people of Israel. At the beginning of the book, Obadiah included the people of Israel when he said, “We have heard a report from Yahweh.” Now, near the end of the book, he addresses them again, giving them assurance that the people of Edom will be punished for what they did to the people of Israel. See the UST. (2) This word **you** could refer to the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “You should have helped the people of Israel, because just as you drank” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 16 cr9s writing-pronouns כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk Throughout the book of Obadiah, the nation of Edom is addressed with a masculine singular form of “you.” (The one feminine plural form in [verse 13](../01/13.md) only addresses the women of Edom). Here, however, **you** is masculine plural. There are two possibilities for who is being addressed here. (1) It refers to the people of Israel. This would explain the shift from singular to plural. Just as Obadiah addressed the people of Israel in the plural in [verse 1](../01/01.md), so he addresses them in the plural now. This interpretation also fits with the metaphor used here and throughout the Bible that pictures suffering and divine punishment as drinking something that makes a person stagger, fall, and die. The people of Israel suffered and died in Jerusalem when the city was destroyed. This also allows the comparison in this verse to fit with the idea in the previous verse that Edom will suffer in the same way that they made Israel to suffer. See the UST. (2) It refers to the people of Edom. In this case, the comparison is between how the people of Edom literally drank wine in celebration of Jerusalem’s destruction with how the nations will metaphorically drink God’s punishment. Either that, or the verb must be forced into a future meaning, and the comparison is between how God will punish the people of Edom in Jerusalem and how God will punish all the nations. Alternate translation: “just as I will punish you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-pronouns]])
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OBA 1 16 cr7s figs-metaphor שְׁתִיתֶם֙ 1 according to how you have drunk The image of drinking something is often used in the Bible as a metaphor for suffering or for being punished by God. Alternate translation: “you suffered” or “I punished you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 16 ujj9 figs-metonymy עַל־הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֔י 1 the mountain of my holiness The **mountain of my holiness** refers to Mount Zion and therefore to the city of Jerusalem. So here Jerusalem is being referred to by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “in my holy city, Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 16 qz7p figs-metaphor יִשְׁתּ֥וּ כָֽל־הַגּוֹיִ֖ם תָּמִ֑יד 1 all the nations shall drink continually Here the metaphor continues, using **drink** to mean “suffer” or “be punished.” Alternate translation: “I will punish all of the nations continually” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 16 a8v3 figs-doublet וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ 1 And they will drink, and they will swallow, and they will become like they never existed The words translated **drink** and **swallow** mean very similar things and are used together to intensify the one meaning. If your language does not have two such similar words, you can use one of the words and intensify the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “They will drink all of it down” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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OBA 1 16 vcve figs-metaphor וְשָׁת֣וּ וְלָע֔וּ 1 Here the metaphor continues, using **drink** and **swallow** as images for suffering or being punished. Alternate translation: “I will make them suffer a lot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 17 cc36 figs-abstractnouns וּבְהַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן תִּהְיֶ֥ה פְלֵיטָ֖ה 1 But in the mountain of Zion there will be a remnant The abstract noun **escape** refers to the people of Israel who will still be alive in Jerusalem after Yahweh has finished punishing the other nations. As [1:16](../01/16.md) says, those other nations will disappear completely, but the descendants of Jacob will continue as a people. Alternate translation: “But in Jerusalem some people will remain” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 17 y9pz figs-metonymy וּבְהַ֥ר צִיּ֛וֹן 1 But in the mountain of Zion This is a figure of speech that refers to Jerusalem by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. Alternate translation: “But in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 17 b4sh figs-abstractnouns וְהָ֣יָה קֹ֑דֶשׁ 1 and there will be holiness If your language does not use abstract nouns, you can translate the word **holiness** by using an adjective. Alternate translation: “and it will be a holy place”<br>(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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OBA 1 17 cr13 figs-idiom בֵּ֣ית יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב 1 and the house of Jacob will possess their own possessions Here, **the house of Jacob** is an idiom that means “the descendants of Jacob” and by extension, all of the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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OBA 1 17 f4ur אֵ֖ת מוֹרָֽשֵׁיהֶם 1 Here, **possessions** refers to the land that was supposed to be passed down from generation to generation to each of the Israelite families and clans. If using a plural term is confusing, you can translate it with a singular word. Alternate translation: “the land that belongs to each of them”
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OBA 1 18 rm2e figs-parallelism וְהָיָה֩ בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב אֵ֜שׁ וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף לֶהָבָ֗ה 1 And the house of Jacob will be a fire, and the house of Joseph a flame These two expressions have similar meanings. Yahweh is showing that what he is saying is important by saying it more than once. Both **house of Jacob** and **house of Joseph** stand for all of the Israelites. Alternate translation: “The Israelites will be like a fire. Yes, they will be like a flame” If saying this twice is confusing, you could combine them into one expression, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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OBA 1 18 cr15 figs-metonymy בֵית־יַעֲקֹ֨ב 1 the house of Jacob Here, the word **house** means all of the people descended from a particular person. All of the descendants of Jacob are being described figuratively as if they were one household living together. Alternate translation: “the Israelites” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 18 cr17 figs-synecdoche וּבֵ֧ית יוֹסֵ֣ף 1 and the house of Joseph The descendants of Joseph are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Joseph was the son of Jacob, and his descendants made up a large part of the people of Israel. So Yahweh is using his descendants to represent the whole nation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 18 yt8j figs-metonymy וּבֵ֤ית עֵשָׂו֙…לְבֵ֣ית עֵשָׂ֔ו 1 and the house of Esau … for the house of Esau The descendants of Esau (Edom) are also being described figuratively as if they were one household. Alternate translation: “the people of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 18 cr19 figs-metaphor אֵ֜שׁ…לֶהָבָ֗ה…לְקַ֔שׁ 1 fire, flame, stubble In this metaphor, Yahweh is saying that the Israelites will be like fire and flame, that the people of Edom will be like dry grass, and that the Israelites will do to the people of Edom what fire and flame do to dry grass. In other words, just as fire and flame burn up dry grass until it is all gone, the Israelites who survive will conquer all of Edom. If this metaphor is not clear in your language, you could make it a simile, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 18 hj8x translate-unknown לְקַ֔שׁ 1 stubble The word **stubble** means the dry pieces of plants that are left in the ground after their stalks have been cut. Alternate translation: “like dry grass” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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OBA 1 18 cr23 figs-doublet וְדָלְק֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם וַאֲכָל֑וּם 1 And they will burn them, and consume them **Burn** and **consume** mean almost the same thing. Yahweh uses the words together to intensify the meaning. If you do not have two similar words in your language or if it would be confusing to say this twice, you can combine them into one phrase and intensify the meaning in another way. Alternate translation: “and they will burn them until they are all burned up” or “and they will burn them up completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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OBA 1 18 amum figs-explicit כִּ֥י 1 Here, **For** indicates that what follows is the reason for what came before. Yahweh is reminding the reader that these things will certainly happen, because this message comes from him. If that would be clearer in your language, you can say this explicitly, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 18 c5jr figs-123person כִּ֥י יְהוָ֖ה דִּבֵּֽר 1 for Yahweh has spoken Yahweh is speaking of himself in the third person here. If that is confusing in your language, you can change it to first person, as in the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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OBA 1 19 cr25 וְיָרְשׁ֨וּ 1 And they … will possess … And they will possess This verse as a whole describes people who live in different parts of Israel conquering the territories next to them. Alternate translation: “will conquer”
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OBA 1 19 zu8p figs-metonymy הַנֶּ֜גֶב 1 The **Negev** is the name of the southern region of Judea that is dry, rocky, and barren. It is being used to represent the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land that they live in. Alternate translation: “The Israelites who live in the Negev” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 19 cr27 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֗ו 1 the mountain of Esau This was one of the mountains in Edom. See how you translated this in verses 8 and 9. Yahweh is referring to the whole territory of Edom by using the name of one prominent part of it. Alternate translation: “the country of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 19 m7qk figs-metonymy וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה֙ 1 they of the Shephelah The **Shephelah** is the name of the western foothills in the land of Israel. That location is being used figuratively to represent the people who live there. The people are being described by the name of something closely associated with them, the land that they live in. Alternate translation: “the Israelites who live in the western foothills.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 19 dew4 figs-ellipsis וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה֙ אֶת־פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים 1 Here, the reader is expected to supply the verb **will possess** from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and the Israelites who live in the Shephelah will possess the land of the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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OBA 1 19 cr29 figs-metonymy פְּלִשְׁתִּ֔ים 1 the Philistines The **Philistines** were people who occupied the territory to the west of Israel. Here, the people are used to represent that territory, also known as the region of Phoenicia. Alternate translation: “the region of the Philistines” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 19 app9 וְיָרְשׁוּ֙ 1 “The people of Israel will possess”
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OBA 1 19 vmfw figs-synecdoche אֶת־שְׂדֵ֣ה אֶפְרַ֔יִם וְאֵ֖ת שְׂדֵ֣ה שֹׁמְר֑וֹן 1 Here, **field** refers to a large, open area, and represents the whole territory that belonged to the tribe of **Ephraim** and that surrounded the city of **Samaria**. Alternate translation: “all of the territory that had belonged to the people of Ephraim and all of the area around Samaria” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 19 gup4 figs-personification וּבִנְיָמִ֖ן 1 Benjamin Here, **Benjamin** represents the people of the tribe of Benjamin. All the people are being portrayed as if they were a single person, their ancestor. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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OBA 1 19 czq7 figs-ellipsis וּבִנְיָמִ֖ן אֶת־הַגִּלְעָֽד 1 Here, the reader is expected to supply the verb **will possess** from the previous clause. Alternate translation: “and the people of the tribe of Benjamin will possess the land of Gilead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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OBA 1 19 cr31 figs-synecdoche הַגִּלְעָֽד 1 Gilead **Gilead** is a region east of the land of Israel, across the Jordan River. It is being used to represent the areas to the east. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 20 xw8x grammar-collectivenouns וְגָלֻ֣ת הַֽחֵל־הַ֠זֶּה 1 And the exile of this host of the sons of Israel Here, **exile** is a collective singular noun that includes all of the people who were exiled. Alternate translation: “All of the large group of people who were captured and taken away from their homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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OBA 1 20 t8hm הַֽחֵל 1 host Here, the word translated as **army** can also mean “a large number of people.” In this context, the large number of people are also described as capturing territory, so they will be acting as an army. If you have a term that can mean both of these things, use it here. If not, then choose the term that fits best.
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OBA 1 20 cr35 figs-metaphor לִבְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל 1 the sons of Israel Here, there are two possibilities for the meaning of **the sons of Israel**: (1) In this context, **Israel** is identified as occupying territory in the north and is in contrast with **Jerusalem**, so it seems that **the sons of Israel** is referring to people who are from the northern kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “from northern Israel” (2) It could refer to all of the descendants of Israel. Alternate translation: “of the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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OBA 1 20 cr37 figs-metonymy אֲשֶֽׁר־כְּנַעֲנִים֙ 1 Canaanites The land of Canaan is where the people of Israel lived before they were exiled. So the people are being called by the name of the place where they lived, and where they will live again. Alternate translation: “who lived in the land of Canaan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 20 r8cn translate-names עַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת 1 as far as Zarephath Zarephath was a Phoenician city north of Israel on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea between Tyre and Sidon. Alternate translation: “as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 20 zdk5 figs-ellipsis עַד־צָ֣רְפַ֔ת 1 The reader is expected to supply the verb “will possess” or “will capture” from the previous sentence. Alternate translation: “will capture the territory as far north as Zarephath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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OBA 1 20 u5t1 grammar-collectivenouns וְגָלֻ֥ת יְרוּשָׁלִַ֖ם 1 and the exile of Jerusalem Here, **exile** is a collective singular noun that includes all of the people who were captured and taken away from their homes in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “The people who were captured and taken away from their homes in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-collectivenouns]])
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OBA 1 20 x6yt translate-names בִּסְפָרַ֑ד 1 Sepharad **Sepharad** is the name of a place whose location is unknown to modern scholars. Some experts suggest that it refers to the city of Sardis in the region of Lydia. This would be in Asia Minor, northwest of Israel, in what is now the country of Turkey. Alternate translation: “currently live in Sepharad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 20 cr39 figs-explicit יִֽרְשׁ֕וּ 1 they will possess In order to conquer the **cities of the Negev**, these exiles first will return from the distant lands where they are living. If it would be clearer in your language, you can say that explicitly. Alternate translation: “they will come back and conquer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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OBA 1 20 cr41 translate-names הַנֶּֽגֶב 1 the Negev The **Negev** is the name of the southern region of Judea that is dry, rocky, and barren. See how you translated this in [verse 19](../01/19.md) Alternate translation: “the southern Judean wilderness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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OBA 1 21 j7nf figs-metonymy וְעָל֤וּ מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן לִשְׁפֹּ֖ט אֶת־הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 And saviors will go up to the mountain of Zion to judge the mountain of Esau Even though **the mountain of Zion** is a figurative name for Jerusalem, it would be good to keep the imagery of this high place in Jerusalem where God’s temple was, if possible. This would also allow the comparison with **the mountain of Esau**. Edom had boasted that it was up high and that no one could bring it down. But with this figurative imagery, Yahweh is saying that he will bring it down and place his own people up high instead. You can also choose to express this meaning in plain language if that would be clearer and if that is how you have been translating the book. Alternate translation: “Israel’s saviors will go up to Jerusalem and will rule over Edom, who thought that they were so high, from up there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 21 hyg2 מֽוֹשִׁעִים֙ 1 saviors Here, **saviors** refers to Israelite military leaders whom God will use to defeat the nation of Edom. Alternate translation: “the leaders who have saved Israel”
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OBA 1 21 cr43 figs-metonymy בְּהַ֣ר צִיּ֔וֹן 1 the mountain of Zion Yahweh is referring to Jerusalem figuratively by the name of something closely associated with it, the mountain that the city is built on. See how you translated this in verses 16 and 17. Alternate translation: “to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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OBA 1 21 cr45 figs-synecdoche הַ֣ר עֵשָׂ֑ו 1 the mountain of Esau This phrase refers to the mountainous territory where Esau, the brother of Jacob and the ancestor of the Edomites, went and settled. So it means “the hill country that came to belong to Esau and his descendants.” See how you translated this in verses 8, 9, and 19. Alternate translation: “the land of Edom” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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OBA 1 21 wy7x וְהָיְתָ֥ה לַֽיהוָ֖ה הַמְּלוּכָֽה 1 and the kingdom will belong to Yahweh This phrase emphasizes that Yahweh will personally rule over the kingdom of Israel as they rule over Edom. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will be the king over all”
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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JON front intro hk4p 0 # Introduction to Jonah<br><br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Jonah<br><br>1. Jonah tries to run away from Yahweh. (1:1-2:10)<br> * Jonah disobeys Yahweh’s first call to go to Nineveh. (1:1–3)<br> * Jonah and the Gentile sailors. (1:4–16)<br> * Yahweh provides a large fish to swallow Jonah, and he prays and is rescued. (1:17–2:10)<br>2. Jonah in Nineveh (3:1-4:11)<br> * Yahweh again calls Jonah to go to Nineveh, and Jonah proclaims Yahweh’s message. (3:1–4)<br> * Nineveh repents. (3:5-9)<br> * Yahweh decides not to destroy Nineveh. (3:10)<br> * Jonah is very angry with Yahweh. (4:1–3)<br> * Yahweh teaches Jonah about grace and mercy. (4:4–11)<br><br>### What is the Book of Jonah about?<br><br>Jonah, son of Amittai, was a prophet from Gath Hepher (2 Kings 14:25). This book tells about what happened to Jonah. It tells how Yahweh shows mercy and grace to Gentiles. It also tells how the Ninevites repented and called out to Yahweh for mercy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]])<br><br>Yahweh sent Jonah to warn the people of Nineveh that he was ready to punish them. Yahweh said that if they would repent he would not harm them. However, Jonah was an Israelite and he did not want the Ninevites to repent. So Jonah tried to sail away in the opposite direction instead of doing what Yahweh told him to do. But Yahweh stopped him by sending a storm and a large fish to swallow him.<br><br>Jonah repented and warned the Ninevites. As a result, Yahweh taught him that he is concerned about all people, not just the Israelites.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book is traditionally titled “The Book of Jonah” or just “Jonah.” Translators may decide to use a clearer title such as “The Book about Jonah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Jonah?<br><br>Jonah was probably involved in the writing of this book. However, scholars do not know who actually wrote it.<br><br>Jonah lived in the northern kingdom of Israel. He prophesied sometime between 800 and 750 B.C., during the reign of King Jeroboam II.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was the nation of Assyria?<br><br>During the time of Jonah, Assyria was the most powerful kingdom in the ancient Near East. Nineveh was the capital city of Assyria.<br><br>Assyria was cruel to its enemies. Eventually, Yahweh punished the Assyrians for the wicked things they did.<br><br>### Did Assyria convert to Judaism?<br><br>Some scholars think that the Assyrians started worshiping Yahweh alone. However, most scholars think they continued to worship other false gods. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])
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JON 1 intro xvp2 0 # Jonah 01 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>The narrative of this chapter starts abruptly. This could cause difficulty for the translator. The translator should not attempt to smooth this introduction unless absolutely necessary.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Miracle<br><br>In verse [Jonah 17](./17.md), there is the mention of “a great fish.” It may be difficult to imagine a sea creature big enough to swallow a man whole; he then survives for three days and nights inside. Translators should not try to explain miraculous events in an attempt to make it easier to understand. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/miracle]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Situational irony<br><br>There is an ironic situation in this chapter. This means that people do or say things that are the opposite of what one would expect them to do. Jonah is a prophet of God and should endeavor to do God’s will. Instead, he runs away from God. Although the Gentile sailors are not Israelites, they act out of faith and fear of Yahweh when sending Jonah to an almost certain death by throwing him overboard. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/willofgod]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])<br><br>### Sea<br><br>People in the ancient Near East also saw the sea as chaotic and did not trust it. Some of the gods they worshiped were gods of the sea. Jonah’s people, the Hebrews, feared the sea greatly. However, Jonah’s fear of Yahweh was not enough to keep him from sailing on a ship to get away from Yahweh. His actions are contrasted to the actions of the Gentiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Implicit information<br><br>Even though no one knows for sure where Tarshish was, the writer assumes that the reader knows that Jonah had to face away from Nineveh to go there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 1 jdr1 writing-newevent וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the first half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the second half of the story (3:1). This is a common way of beginning a historical story about a prophet. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 1 1 ll6c figs-idiom וַֽיְהִי֙ דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 Now the word of Yahweh came This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh spoke or communicated his message in some way. Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 1 qa3z דְּבַר־יְהוָ֔ה 1 the word of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh”
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JON 1 1 s6av יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament.
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JON 1 1 jv8c translate-names אֲמִתַּ֖י 1 Amittai This is the name of Jonah’s father. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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JON 1 2 x5ua ק֠וּם לֵ֧ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֛ה הָעִ֥יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֖ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city “go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
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JON 1 2 v2xt figs-idiom ק֠וּם 1 Get up This is an idiom that means that Jonah should take action and go. It does not mean that he was sitting or lying down at the time that God spoke to him. Many languages would use only one verb, such as “go.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 2 jqz9 figs-metonymy וּקְרָ֣א עָלֶ֑יהָ 1 call out against it The word **it** here, meaning the city of Nineveh, is a metonym referring to the people living in and around the city. Alternate translation: “warn the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JON 1 2 rki2 עָלְתָ֥ה רָעָתָ֖ם לְפָנָֽי 1 their wickedness has risen up before my face “I know they have been continually sinning” or “I know that their sin has been getting worse and worse”
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JON 1 2 jd9r figs-metonymy לְפָנָֽ 1 before my face This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. Yahweh is saying that he can has noticed how wicked the people of Nineveh have become. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JON 1 3 f5sr figs-idiom וַיָּ֤קָם יוֹנָה֙ לִבְרֹ֣חַ 1 But Jonah got up to run away Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command, but his action was to disobey instead of to obey. See how you translated this idiom in [1:2](../01/02.md). Alternate translation: “but Jonah ran away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 3 n96t figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָ֑ה -1 from before the face of Yahweh This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 1 3 g66v figs-explicit לִבְרֹ֣חַ תַּרְשִׁ֔ישָׁה 1 to run away to Tarshish “to flee to Tarshish” This city named Tarshish was in the opposite direction to Nineveh. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and went in the opposite direction, toward Tarshish, away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 3 djv1 וַיֵּ֨רֶד יָפ֜וֹ 1 And he went down to Joppa “Jonah went to Joppa”
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JON 1 3 w3uc אָנִיָּ֣ה 1 ship A **ship** is a very large type of boat that can travel on the sea and carry many passengers or heavy cargo.
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JON 1 3 pz67 וַיִּתֵּ֨ן שְׂכָרָ֜הּ 1 So he paid the fare “there Jonah paid for the trip”
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JON 1 3 g5xp וַיֵּ֤רֶד בָּהּ֙ 1 and went down into it “got on the ship”
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JON 1 3 i6bi עִמָּהֶם֙ 1 with them The word **them** refers to the others who were going on the ship.
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JON 1 3 sw66 figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֖י יְהוָֽה 1 from before the face of Yahweh This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 1 4 jdr2 writing-newevent וַֽיהוָ֗ה הֵטִ֤יל רֽוּחַ־גְּדוֹלָה֙ אֶל־הַיָּ֔ם 1 But Yahweh sent out a great wind on the sea This clause introduces the new event of Yahweh’s response to Jonah running away. Translate this so that your readers know that this event brings a change in the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 1 4 jdra figs-personification וְהָ֣אֳנִיָּ֔ה חִשְּׁבָ֖ה לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 so that the ship was thinking to be broken apart Here the term **thinking** describes the ship as if it were a person. This means that the storm was so severe that the ship was close to breaking apart. Alternate translation: “so that the ship was almost breaking apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
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JON 1 4 jl77 figs-activepassive לְהִשָּׁבֵֽר 1 to be broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JON 1 5 d13r הַמַּלָּחִ֗ים 1 the sailors “the men who worked on the ship”
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JON 1 5 u2bj אֱלֹהָיו֒ 1 his own god Here, **god** refers to false gods and idols that people worship.
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JON 1 5 sh1b וַיָּטִ֨לוּ אֶת־הַכֵּלִ֜ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר בָּֽאֳנִיָּה֙ 1 And they threw the things that were in the ship “the men threw the heavy things off the ship” By doing this, they hoped to keep the ship from sinking.
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JON 1 5 tg27 לְהָקֵ֖ל מֵֽעֲלֵיהֶ֑ם 1 to lighten it from upon them This could mean: (1) to make the ship lighter so that it would float better, Alternate translation: “to help the ship float better” or (2) to lighten or relieve a dangerous situation, Alternate translation: “to lessen the danger they were in”
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JON 1 5 uzt4 writing-background וְיוֹנָ֗ה יָרַד֙ אֶל־יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship This is background information. Translate this in a way that it is clear that Jonah had already done this before the storm started. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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JON 1 5 f63r יַרְכְּתֵ֣י הַסְּפִינָ֔ה 1 the innermost parts of the ship “inside the ship”
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JON 1 5 g4y4 וַיִּשְׁכַּ֖ב וַיֵּרָדַֽם 1 and had lain down, and was deeply asleep “and was lying there fast asleep” or “and was lying there and sleeping deeply” For this reason, the storm did not wake him up.
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JON 1 6 laa3 וַיִּקְרַ֤ב אֵלָיו֙ רַ֣ב הַחֹבֵ֔ל וַיֹּ֥אמֶר ל֖וֹ 1 So the captain of the crew came to him and said to him “the man in charge of the men working on the ship went to Jonah and said”
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JON 1 6 yx7e figs-rquestion מַה־לְּךָ֣ נִרְדָּ֑ם 1 What are you doing sleeping? **Why are you sleeping?** Here the captain uses a rhetorical question to scold Jonah. Alternate translation: “stop sleeping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JON 1 6 bd4f figs-idiom ק֚וּם 1 Get up! This is a command to begin some activity that is named following this word. See how you translated this idiom in [1:2](..01/02.md) and [1:3](..01/03.md). In this verse, the Captain is telling Jonah to pray to his god. Because Jonah was lying down, the captain may also be telling Jonah literally to stand up. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 6 k7a5 figs-idiom קְרָ֣א אֶל־אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ 1 Cry out to your god! “pray to your god” To **cry out to** someone means to loudly ask him for help. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 6 sk7i figs-explicit אוּלַ֞י יִתְעַשֵּׁ֧ת הָאֱלֹהִ֛ים לָ֖נוּ וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 Maybe that god will notice us and we will not perish The implicit information that Jonah’s god might save them could be made explicit. Alternate translation: “maybe your god will hear and save us so that we will not die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 6 zi04 figs-doublenegatives וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 and we will not perish This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “and he will save us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
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JON 1 7 sc57 וַיֹּאמְר֞וּ אִ֣ישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵ֗הוּ 1 Then every man said to his friend The phrase **each man … to his friend** is an idiom expressing reciprocal action. This means that all the men in the group were saying this to each other. Alternate translation: “the sailors all said to each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 7 l5xq לְכוּ֙ וְנַפִּ֣ילָה גֽוֹרָל֔וֹת וְנֵ֣דְעָ֔ה בְּשֶׁלְּמִ֛י הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Come, and let us cast lots, so that we may know on whose account this evil is happening to us “we should cast lots to know who has caused this trouble” The men believed that the gods would control how the lots fell in order to tell them what they wanted to know. This was a form of divination.
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JON 1 7 d726 הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את 1 this evil This refers to the terrible storm.
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JON 1 7 at67 וַיִּפֹּ֥ל הַגּוֹרָ֖ל עַל־יוֹנָֽה 1 the lot fell on Jonah The expression **the lot fell on Jonah** is an idiom meaning that, when the men cast lots, the result indicated Jonah. This does not mean that the lot literally fell down on top of Jonah. Alternate translation: “the lot showed that Jonah was the guilty person” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 8 wkh6 וַיֹּאמְר֣וּ אֵלָ֔יו 1 Then they said to him “then the men who were working on the ship said to Jonah”
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JON 1 8 e7wb הַגִּידָה־נָּ֣א לָ֔נוּ בַּאֲשֶׁ֛ר לְמִי־הָרָעָ֥ה הַזֹּ֖את לָ֑נוּ 1 Please tell us on whose account this evil is happening to us “who caused this bad thing that is happening to us”
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JON 1 9 wav5 יְהוָ֞ה אֱלֹהֵ֤י הַשָּׁמַ֨יִם֙ אֲנִ֣י יָרֵ֔א 1 I fear Yahweh, the God of heaven Here the word **fear** means that Jonah worshiped Yahweh and not any other god.
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JON 1 10 zi05 וַיִּֽירְא֤וּ הָֽאֲנָשִׁים֙ יִרְאָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֔ה 1 Then the men were afraid with great fear “then the men were very afraid”
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JON 1 10 peg3 figs-rquestion מַה־זֹּ֣את עָשִׂ֑יתָ 1 What is this that you have done? The men on the ship use a rhetorical question to show how afraid and angry they were at Jonah for causing so much trouble for all of them. Alternate translation: “you have done a terrible thing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JON 1 10 us1r figs-metaphor מִלִּפְנֵ֤י יְהוָה֙ 1 from before the face of Yahweh This is an expression that refers to the face of Yahweh to represent his presence. The idea of Yahweh’s presence also includes his knowledge, notice, attention, or judgment. By running away, Jonah is hoping that Yahweh will not notice that he is disobeying. Alternate translation: “from the presence of Yahweh” or “from Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 1 10 jdrb grammar-connect-time-background כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם 1 because he had told them Before the sailors cast lots, Jonah had already told them that he was running away from Yahweh, the God he worshiped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
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JON 1 10 hw1p figs-explicit כִּ֥י הִגִּ֖יד לָהֶֽם 1 because he had told them What he told them can be stated clearly. Alternate translation: “because he had said to them, ‘I am trying to get away from Yahweh’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 11 kb4c וַיֹּאמְר֤וּ אֵלָיו֙ 1 Then they said to him “Then the men on the ship said to Jonah” or “Then the sailors said to Jonah”
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JON 1 11 ik6d מַה־נַּ֣עֲשֶׂה לָּ֔ךְ וְיִשְׁתֹּ֥ק הַיָּ֖ם מֵֽעָלֵ֑ינוּ 1 What should we do to you so that the sea will calm down from upon us? “What should we do with you in order to make the sea become calm?”
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JON 1 11 wxr7 figs-idiom הַיָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵֽר 1 the sea was going forward and storming This is an idiom that means that the sea was becoming increasingly stormy. Alternate translation: “the strength of the storm was increasing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 11 dji8 grammar-connect-logic-result הַיָּ֖ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵֽר 1 the sea was going forward and storming This was the reason that the men asked Jonah what they should do. If it is more clear in your language to put the reason first, this can be stated at the beginning of verse 11, connecting to the result with a word like “so” or “therefore.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-result]])
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JON 1 12 h982 כִּ֚י יוֹדֵ֣עַ אָ֔נִי כִּ֣י בְשֶׁלִּ֔י הַסַּ֧עַר הַגָּד֛וֹל הַזֶּ֖ה עֲלֵיכֶֽם 1 for I know that this great storm is upon you because of me “because I know that this huge storm is my fault”
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JON 1 13 lcd3 figs-explicit וַיַּחְתְּר֣וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֗ים לְהָשִׁ֛יב אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָׁ֖ה 1 But the men rowed hard to return themselves to land The men did not want to throw Jonah into the sea, so they did not do as Jonah suggested. This information can be made explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 1 13 m3iq הַיָּ֔ם הוֹלֵ֥ךְ וְסֹעֵ֖ר 1 the sea was going forward and storming “the storm became worse, and the waves became bigger” See how you translated this idiom in [verse 11](..01/11.md).
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JON 1 14 ap77 וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ 1 So they cried out “because of that they called out” or “because the sea became more violent they called loudly”
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JON 1 14 q2xq וַיִּקְרְא֨וּ אֶל־יְהוָ֜ה 1 So they cried out to Yahweh “therefore the men prayed loudly to Yahweh”
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JON 1 14 jdr3 figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 Ah! In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense desperation. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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JON 1 14 wz6z אָנָּ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אַל־נָ֣א נֹאבְדָ֗ה בְּנֶ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָאִ֣ישׁ הַזֶּ֔ה 1 O Yahweh, please do not let us perish on account of the life of this man “O Yahweh, please do not kill us because we caused this man to die” or “O Yahweh, even though we are going to cause this man to die, please do not kill us”
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JON 1 14 vv5t figs-idiom וְאַל־תִּתֵּ֥ן עָלֵ֖ינוּ דָּ֣ם נָקִ֑יא 1 and do not put innocent blood upon us This is an idiom that means “do not consider us guilty of killing an innocent person.” Alternate translation: “and please do not blame us for his death” or “and do not hold us accountable for having killed someone who did not deserve to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 1 14 ab73 אַתָּ֣ה יְהוָ֔ה כַּאֲשֶׁ֥ר חָפַ֖צְתָּ עָשִֽׂיתָ 1 you, Yahweh, have done just as you desired “you, Yahweh, have chosen to do things in this way” or “you, Yahweh, have caused all this to happen”
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JON 1 15 l9cf וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ 1 the sea ceased from its raging “the sea stopped moving violently:
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JON 1 15 ab89 וַיַּעֲמֹ֥ד הַיָּ֖ם מִזַּעְפּֽוֹ 1 the sea ceased from its raging This can be stated positively. Alternate translation: “the sea became calm”
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JON 1 16 r3gs וַיִּֽירְא֧וּ הָאֲנָשִׁ֛ים יִרְאָ֥ה גְדוֹלָ֖ה אֶת־יְהוָ֑ה 1 Then the men feared Yahweh with great fear “then the men became greatly awed at Yahweh’s power” or “then the men worshiped Yahweh with great awe”
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JON 1 17 q87y 0 General Information: Some versions number this verse as the first verse of chapter 2. You may want to number the verses according to the main version that your language group uses.
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JON 1 17 jdr4 writing-newevent וַיְמַ֤ן יְהוָה֙ דָּ֣ג גָּד֔וֹל לִבְלֹ֖עַ אֶת־יוֹנָ֑ה 1 Now Yahweh appointed a great fish to swallow Jonah, This clause introduces the next part of the story, where Yahweh saves Jonah from the sea, and Jonah prays. In this context, the word **Now** is used in English to introduce a new part of the story. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 1 17 cjb6 figs-idiom שְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה יָמִ֖ים וּשְׁלֹשָׁ֥ה לֵילֽוֹת 1 three days and three nights Perhaps this expression is an idiom in Hebrew meaning “a couple of days” or “a few days” or something similar, but this is uncertain. Alternate translation: “three days and nights” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 2 intro ae4k 0 # Jonah 02 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter begins with a prayer by Jonah, and many translators have chosen to set it apart by setting its lines farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text. Translators can follow this practice, but they are not obligated to.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Sea<br><br>This chapter contains many terms from the sea.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br><br>Prayers in Scripture often contain a poetic form. Poetry frequently uses metaphors to communicate something with a special meaning. For example, since Jonah was in a fish in the sea, being so trapped is compared to a prison. Jonah is overwhelmed by the depth of the sea and expresses this by speaking about being at the “base of the mountains” and in the “belly of Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Repentance<br><br>Scholars are divided over whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine or whether he was trying to save his life. In light of his attitude in chapter 4, it is uncertain whether he was genuinely repentant. If possible, it is best for translators to avoid taking a definitive stance on whether Jonah’s repentance was genuine. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/repent]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/save]])
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JON 2 1 alr2 יְהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהָ֑יו 1 Yahweh his God This means “Yahweh, the God he worshiped.” The word **his** does not mean that Jonah owned God.
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JON 2 2 al5b וַיֹּ֗אמֶר 1 And he said “Jonah said”
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JON 2 2 jdrc writing-poetry קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 I cried out to Yahweh from my distress, and he answered me This line begins a poem describing Jonah’s experience and prayer in the belly of the fish. The poem does not give the exact words that Jonah prayed at the time because the poem was written later, describing Jonah’s experience in the fish, his prayer, and God’s answer as if they had already happened in the past. This first line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer, or as being addressed to another person as an introduction to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “Salvation belongs to Yahweh!” in [2:9](../02/09/jdrh). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]])
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JON 2 2 s7fi קָ֠רָאתִי מִצָּ֥רָה לִ֛י אֶל־יְהוָ֖ה 1 I cried out to Yahweh from my distress “I prayed to Yahweh during my great trouble” or “Yahweh, I cried out to you during my distress”
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JON 2 2 wdr4 וַֽיַּעֲנֵ֑נִי 1 he answered me “Yahweh responded to me or he helped me or you answered me”
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JON 2 2 w8wn figs-metaphor מִבֶּ֧טֶן שְׁא֛וֹל 1 from the belly of Sheol “from the center of Sheol” or “from the deep part of Sheol” Possible meanings include: (1) Jonah was speaking of being in the belly of the fish as being in Sheol; or (2) Jonah believed that he was about to die and go to Sheol; or (3) He was speaking as if he already had died and gone to Sheol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 2 2 ab77 translate-names שְׁא֛וֹל 1 Sheol **Sheol** was the name of the place where people went after they died. It was thought to be a shadowy world located somewhere under the ground. The New Testament equivalent seems to be “Hades,” where the dead wait for judgment (see Rev. 20:13). If your language has a word for this place, you may want to use it here, or borrow the word “Sheol.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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JON 2 2 jdrd figs-idiom שָׁמַ֥עְתָּ קוֹלִֽי 1 you heard my voice This phrase probably has both a literal and a figurative meaning. The phrase probably means literally that Yahweh heard Jonah’s voice while he was praying inside the belly of the fish. However, the phrase “to hear someone’s voice” in the Old Testament often means “to listen and obey (comply).” In this context, Jonah is expressing that Yahweh both heard him and acted to save him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 2 3 glp2 בִּלְבַ֣ב יַמִּ֔ים 1 into the heart of the seas Here the term **heart** is a metaphor for “being inside” something. The phrase “in the heart of” means to be “in the middle of” or “completely surrounded by” sea water. Alternate translation: “in the middle of the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 2 3 p8fd וְנָהָ֖ר יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 a current surrounded me “the sea water closed in around me”
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JON 2 3 c6jx figs-doublet מִשְׁבָּרֶ֥יךָ וְגַלֶּ֖יךָ 1 your billows and your waves Both of these are disturbances on the surface of the ocean. They could be combined into one term, such as “waves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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JON 2 4 jdr5 grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַאֲנִ֣י 1 But as for me, This expression shows that there is a contrast between the actions of Yahweh, which Jonah had just talked about, and his own response. Alternate translation: “then I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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JON 2 4 x1w9 figs-activepassive נִגְרַ֖שְׁתִּי 1 I have been driven out This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “you drove me out” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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JON 2 4 z1yx figs-metonymy מִנֶּ֣גֶד עֵינֶ֑יךָ 1 from before your eyes Here, **eyes** is a metonym meaning seeing, and seeing is a metonym for the knowledge, notice, and attention of God. Alternate translation: “from before you” or “from your presence” or “where you do not notice me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JON 2 4 b8vk אַ֚ךְ אוֹסִ֣יף לְהַבִּ֔יט אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 yet I might again look toward your holy temple Jonah still has hope that, in spite of all that he is going through, God will allow him to see the temple in Jerusalem again.
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JON 2 5 abc2 figs-parallelism אֲפָפ֤וּנִי מַ֨יִם֙ עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 Water had closed around me even as far as life; the deep was surrounding me; Jonah uses two similar phrases to express the severity and hopelessness of his situation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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JON 2 5 rf4b מַ֨יִם֙ 1 Water Here, **water** refers to the sea.
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JON 2 5 ca31 עַד־נֶ֔פֶשׁ 1 even as far as life Here the Hebrew term **life** can possibly mean “my life” or “my neck” or “my spirit.” In any case, the water was threatening to end his life. Alternate translation: “up to my neck” or “as far as my spirit”
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JON 2 5 nr3v תְּה֖וֹם יְסֹבְבֵ֑נִי 1 the deep was surrounding me “deep water was all around me”
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JON 2 5 p1fw ס֖וּף 1 seaweed **Seaweed** is grass that grows in the sea.
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JON 2 6 z36i figs-metaphor הָאָ֛רֶץ בְּרִחֶ֥יהָ בַעֲדִ֖י לְעוֹלָ֑ם 1 the earth with its bars was around me forever Here Jonah uses a metaphor to compare the earth to a prison. Alternate translation: “the earth was like a prison that was about to lock me in forever” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 2 6 dc3r figs-metaphor וַתַּ֧עַל מִשַּׁ֛חַת חַיַּ֖י 1 but you brought up my life from the pit Here the term **pit** has two This could mean: (1) this could be a way to describe being in a very deep place underground or underwater or (2) this could be a metaphor meaning the place of the dead (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]]). In either case, the term probably refers to the fact that Jonah felt certain that he would die. Alternate translation: “but you saved me from dying in a deep place” or “but you saved my life from the place of the dead”
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JON 2 6 i3mx יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהָֽי 1 Yahweh, my God! In some languages, it may be more natural to put this at the beginning of the sentence or next to the word “you.”
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JON 2 7 jdr6 grammar-connect-time-simultaneous בְּהִתְעַטֵּ֤ף עָלַי֙ נַפְשִׁ֔י 1 When my spirit fainted upon me, This phrase could mean either: (1) Jonah was already in the process of dying when he remembered Yahweh; or (2) Jonah had given up hope of being rescued and resigned himself to the fact that he would die. Alternate translation: “when my life was fainting away from me” or “when my spirit inside me had fainted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-simultaneous]])
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JON 2 7 l2b6 אֶת־יְהוָ֖ה זָכָ֑רְתִּי 1 I remembered Yahweh Since Jonah was praying to Yahweh, it might be more clear in some languages to say “I thought about you, Yahweh” or “Yahweh, I thought about you.”
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JON 2 7 ue9g figs-metaphor וַתָּב֤וֹא אֵלֶ֨יךָ֙ תְּפִלָּתִ֔י אֶל־הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 and my prayer came to you, to your holy temple Jonah speaks as if his prayers could travel to God and his temple. This means that God heard his prayer and responded to it. Alternate translation: “then you in your holy temple heard my prayer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 2 7 jdrf figs-metonymy הֵיכַ֖ל קָדְשֶֽׁךָ 1 your holy temple Here the term **holy temple** may have either a literal or a figurative meaning, or perhaps both. Jonah might be speaking about the literal temple in Jerusalem, or he might be speaking about God’s dwelling place in heaven. See the UST. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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JON 2 7 jdre נַפְשִׁ֔י 1 my spirit Here the Hebrew term **my spirit** could also mean **my life**.
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JON 2 8 u1l9 figs-idiom מְשַׁמְּרִ֖ים הַבְלֵי־שָׁ֑וְא 1 Those who give attention to empty vanities Here the term **empty vanities** is probably an idiom referring to idols of false gods. Alternate translation: “those who give attention to useless idols” or “those who pay attention to useless gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 2 8 fac9 חַסְדָּ֖ם יַעֲזֹֽבוּ 1 forsake their covenant faithfulness Here, **covenant faithfulness** could mean: (1) the faithfulness of God or (2) the faithfulness of the people. Therefore, it could mean (1) “are rejecting you, who would be faithful to them” or (2) “are abandoning their commitment to you”
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JON 2 9 q3yb grammar-connect-logic-contrast וַאֲנִ֗י 1 But as for me, This expression shows that there is a contrast between the people Jonah had just spoken about and himself. They paid attention to useless gods, but he would worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “but I” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-logic-contrast]])
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JON 2 9 nfd2 בְּק֤וֹל תּוֹדָה֙ אֶזְבְּחָה־לָּ֔ךְ 1 I will sacrifice to you with a voice of thanksgiving This phrase probably means that Jonah would thank God while he offered a sacrifice to him. It is not clear whether Jonah planned to thank God by singing or shouting joyfully.
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JON 2 9 jdrh יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 Salvation belongs to Yahweh This last line of the poem can be understood in one of two ways: either (1) as being addressed to Yahweh as part of the description of the prayer; or (2) as being addressed to another person as a conclusion to the description of the prayer. See also the Note concerning the phrase “I cried out to Yahweh from my distress…” in [2:2](../02/02/jdrc).
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JON 2 9 r4j4 figs-abstractnouns יְשׁוּעָ֖תָה לַיהוָֽה 1 Salvation belongs to Yahweh This can be reworded so that the abstract noun **salvation** is expressed as the verb “save.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who saves people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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JON 2 10 dz3j אֶל־הַיַּבָּשָֽׁה 1 onto the dry land “upon the ground” or “onto the shore”
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JON 3 intro z3ut 0 # Jonah 03 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter returns to a narrative of Jonah’s life.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Animals<br><br>According to the king’s proclamation, the animals had to participate in the fast he ordered. This most likely reflects their pagan mindset. There was nothing in the law of Moses that instructed the people to have the animals participate in any religious acts. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Size of Nineveh<br><br>When the author talks about the size of Nineveh, the measurements he gives are confusing. The phrase “three days’ journey” is ambiguous in Hebrew, as many scholars have remarked. In Jonah’s day, cities were not as big as they are today. So, although Nineveh was a big city, it was not as big as most modern cities.<br><br>### God repenting or relenting<br><br>The last verse of this chapter says, “So then God changed his mind about the punishment that he had said he would do to them, and he did not do it.” This concept of God changing His mind may seem inconsistent with the fact that God’s character and his plans do not change. But this whole book is written from a human viewpoint, and so it presents the actions of God as Jonah saw them. God had told Jonah to warn the Ninevites of judgment for their sin.<br><br>Yahweh is just, but he is also merciful. Because the Ninevites repented, God did not follow through with a judgment in this instance, and Jonah described that in a human way as “changing his mind.” The reader understands that this was God’s plan from the beginning. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/judge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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JON 3 1 jdr7 writing-newevent וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This phrase introduces the second half of the story of Jonah. The same phrase introduces the first half of the story [1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 3 1 xj6n figs-idiom וַיְהִ֧י דְבַר־יְהוָ֛ה 1 The word of Yahweh came This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh spoke in some way. See how you translated this in [1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh spoke his message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 2 ve4i ק֛וּם לֵ֥ךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה 1 Get up, go to Nineveh, the great city “Go to the large and important city of Nineveh”
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JON 3 2 cl3b figs-idiom ק֛וּם 1 Get up **Get up** here is an idiom intended to motivate Jonah to obey the next command, which is “go.” See how you translated this in [1:2](..01/02.md) and [1:3](..01/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 2 ir79 וִּקְרָ֤א אֵלֶ֨יהָ֙ אֶת־הַקְּרִיאָ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר אָנֹכִ֖י דֹּבֵ֥ר אֵלֶֽיךָ 1 call out to it the proclamation that I tell to you “tell the people there what I tell you to tell them”
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JON 3 3 k7k9 figs-idiom וַיָּ֣קָם יוֹנָ֗ה וַיֵּ֛לֶךְ אֶל־נִֽינְוֶ֖ה כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 So Jonah got up and went to Nineveh, according to the word of Yahweh Here the words **got up** mean that Jonah took action in response to God’s command to go, and this time he obeyed instead of disobeying. Alternate translation: “his time Jonah obeyed Yahweh and went to Nineveh” or “so Jonah left the beach and went to Nineveh, as Yahweh had commanded him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 3 g4nk figs-metonymy כִּדְבַ֣ר יְהוָ֑ה 1 the word of Yahweh “the message of Yahweh” or “the command of Yahweh”
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JON 3 3 dt1b writing-background וְנִֽינְוֵ֗ה הָיְתָ֤ה עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 Now Nineveh was a great city to Gpd, a journey of three days This sentence gives background information about the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
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JON 3 3 jd8r figs-idiom עִיר־גְּדוֹלָה֙ לֵֽאלֹהִ֔ים 1 a great city to God This is an idiom meaning that the city is both extremely large and one of the largest cities in the world. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 3 ye82 figs-idiom מַהֲלַ֖ךְ שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת יָמִֽים 1 a journey of three days This appears to mean that a person had to walk for three days to completely go through it from one side of the city to the opposite side. It could also mean that it took three days to see the whole city. Alternate translation: “a city so large that it would take a person three days to walk through it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 4 r2al וַיָּ֤חֶל יוֹנָה֙ לָב֣וֹא בָעִ֔יר מַהֲלַ֖ךְ י֣וֹם אֶחָ֑ד וַיִּקְרָא֙ 1 So Jonah began to go into the city a journey of one day, and he called out This phrase has two This could mean: (1) Jonah walked a day’s journey into the city, then he started calling out; or (2) while Jonah was walking through the city on the first day, he started calling out.
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JON 3 4 r94k וַיִּקְרָא֙ וַיֹּאמַ֔ר 1 and he called out and said “and he proclaimed” or “and he shouted”
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JON 3 4 ab78 ע֚וֹד אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 Until 40 days “after 40 days” or “in 40 days” or “there remain 40 days, and”
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JON 3 4 q2nc translate-numbers אַרְבָּעִ֣ים י֔וֹם 1 40 days **forty days** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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JON 3 5 ab90 translate-symaction וַיִּקְרְאוּ־צוֹם֙ 1 they proclaimed a fast People fasted to show sadness or devotion to God or both. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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JON 3 5 e5lm figs-explicit וַיִּלְבְּשׁ֣וּ שַׂקִּ֔ים 1 and put on sackcloth The reason why people **put on sackcloth** can be stated more clearly. Alternate translation: “they also put on coarse cloth to show that they were sorry for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 3 5 isk5 מִגְּדוֹלָ֖ם וְעַד־קְטַנָּֽם 1 from the greatest of them even to the least of them “from the most significant to the least significant people” or “including all of the important people and all of the unimportant people”
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JON 3 6 pna3 הַדָּבָר֙ 1 the word “Jonah’s message”
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JON 3 6 h9wz translate-symaction וַיָּ֨קָם֙ מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 and he rose up from his throne “he got up from his throne” or “he stood up from his throne” The king left his throne to show that he was acting humbly. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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JON 3 6 pvp7 מִכִּסְא֔וֹ 1 his throne A **throne** is a special chair that a king sits on when performing his official duties as king. It is reserved for only the king.
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JON 3 6 ab91 translate-symaction וַיֵּ֖שֶׁב עַל־הָאֵֽפֶר 1 and sat down on the ash heap **Sitting in ashes** was a way to show great humility and sorrow. In this case, it was to show how sorry he was for his sin. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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JON 3 7 v29b וַיַּזְעֵ֗ק וַיֹּ֨אמֶר֙…לֵאמֹ֑ר 1 And he proclaimed and spoke “he sent out an official announcement that said” or “he sent his messengers to announce”
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JON 3 7 zi06 מִטַּ֧עַם הַמֶּ֛לֶךְ וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 from a decree of the king and his nobles “a command with the full authority of the king and his officials”
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JON 3 7 n5fn וּגְדֹלָ֖יו 1 nobles The term **nobles** refers to important men who helped the king rule the city.
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JON 3 7 xw6c הַבָּקָ֣ר וְהַצֹּ֗אן 1 herd or flock This refers to two kinds of animals that people care for. A **herd** is made up of large livestock (such as oxen or cattle) and a **flock** is made up of small livestock (such as sheep or goats). Alternate translation: “cattle or sheep”
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JON 3 7 fw18 figs-explicit אַ֨ל־יִרְע֔וּ וּמַ֖יִם אַל־יִשְׁתּֽוּ 1 they must not graze, and they must not drink water “they must not eat or drink anything” The reason they were not to eat or drink anything can be made explicit by adding “in order to show that they are sorry for their sins.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 3 8 mzx6 וְהַבְּהֵמָ֔ה 1 every animal Here the word **animal** refers to animals that people own.
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JON 3 8 jh7e figs-explicit וְיִקְרְא֥וּ אֶל־אֱלֹהִ֖ים בְּחָזְקָ֑ה 1 and they must cry out to God with strength “and they must pray earnestly to God” What the people were to pray for can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and they must cry out loudly to God and ask for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 3 8 n3ls הֶחָמָ֖ס אֲשֶׁ֥ר בְּכַפֵּיהֶֽם 1 the violence that is in his hands Here, **hands** is a metonym meaning doing. This refers to the violence that the people of Nineveh were doing. Alternate translation: “the violent things that he has done” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 3 9 wbt6 figs-rquestion מִֽי־יוֹדֵ֣עַ 1 Who knows? The king used this rhetorical question to get the people to think about something that is possible, but uncertain: that if they would stop sinning, God might not kill them. It could be translated as a statement: “We do not know.” Or it could be stated as a word and be part of the next sentence: “Perhaps.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JON 3 9 z3jj figs-metaphor יָשׁ֔וּב וְנִחַ֖ם הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים 1 This god might turn back and have compassion Here the author speaks of God changing his mind about bringing judgment as if God were turning around and walking in the opposite direction. Alternate translation: “God may decide instead to have compassion” or “God may do the opposite of what he said and be merciful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 3 9 jdrg figs-idiom מֵחֲר֥וֹן אַפּ֖וֹ 1 from the burning of his nose Here **the burning of his nose** is an idiom meaning that the person is angry. Alternate translation: “from his anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 3 9 uvp9 וְלֹ֥א נֹאבֵֽד 1 so that we will not perish “and we will not die”
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JON 3 10 w3uu וַיַּ֤רְא הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ אֶֽת־מַ֣עֲשֵׂיהֶ֔ם כִּי־שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 And God saw their deeds, that they turned away from their evil ways “God saw that they stopped doing evil actions”
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JON 3 10 k8am figs-metaphor שָׁ֖בוּ מִדַּרְכָּ֣ם הָרָעָ֑ה 1 they turned from their evil ways Here the author speaks of the people stopping their sinning as if they turned around from walking on a path toward evil and started walking in the opposite direction. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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JON 3 10 ab85 וַיִּנָּ֣חֶם הָאֱלֹהִ֗ים עַל־הָרָעָ֛ה 1 And God relented in regard to the evil The word translated as “evil” here is very broad, including moral evil, physical evil, and everything that is bad. It is the same word used in the previous sentence (and verse 8) to describe the actions of the Ninevites. The author is showing that when people repent of moral evil, God relents of doing physical evil (punishment). God never does moral evil. If this is clear in your language, you may want to use the same word in both sentences. If that is not clear, you may want to use different words.
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JON 3 10 it1a figs-explicit וְלֹ֥א עָשָֽׂה 1 and he did not do it What God did not do can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and he did not punish them” or “and he did not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 4 intro ys57 0 # Jonah 04 General Notes<br><br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Jonah continues the narrative while bringing the book to what seems like an unusual end. This emphasizes that the book is not really about Jonah. It is about God’s desire to be merciful to everyone, whether Jew or pagan. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/mercy]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy not coming true<br><br>It is important to see the relationship between a prophet and Yahweh. A prophet was to prophesy for Yahweh, and his words must come true. According to the law of Moses, if that did not happen, the penalty was death, because that shows that he was not a real prophet. But when Jonah told the city of Nineveh that it was going to be destroyed in forty days, it did not happen at that time. This is because God reserves the right to be merciful. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>## Jonah’s anger<br><br>When God did not destroy Nineveh, Jonah was angry with God because Jonah hated the people of Nineveh. They were enemies of Israel. But God wanted Jonah, and the readers of this book, to learn that God loves all people.<br><br>### Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br><br>As in other places, Jonah asks rhetorical questions to show how angry he was at Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])<br><br>### Parallel to Mount Sinai<br><br>In verse 2, Jonah attributes a series of characteristics to God. A Jewish reader of this book would recognize this as a formula Moses used in speaking about God when he was meeting God on Mount Sinai. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### God’s grace<br><br>When Jonah went outside the city, he got very hot and God graciously provided some relief through the plant. God was trying to teach Jonah through an object lesson. It is important for the reader to see this clearly. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/grace]])
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JON 4 1 jdr8 writing-newevent וַיֵּ֥רַע אֶל־יוֹנָ֖ה רָעָ֣ה גְדוֹלָ֑ה וַיִּ֖חַר לֽוֹ׃ 1 But this was evil to Jonah, a great evil, and it burned to him. This sentence introduces the next part of the story where Jonah responds to God saving the city of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-newevent]])
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JON 4 1 abc3 figs-idiom וַיִּ֖חַר לֽוֹ 1 and it burned to him This is an idiom that speaks of Jonah’s anger as if it were a fire burning inside him. Alternate translation: “and he was very angry” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 4 2 q6bb figs-exclamations אָנָּ֤ה 1 Ah! In this context, the word **Ah!** shows intense frustration. Represent this emotion in the most natural way for your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
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JON 4 2 k24b figs-rquestion יְהוָה֙ הֲלוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 Yahweh, was this not my word while I was in my country? Jonah used this rhetorical question to tell God how angry he was. If it is more clear, this can be made into a statement. Alternate translation: “ah, Yahweh, this is what I said when I was still in my own country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JON 4 2 ab79 figs-explicit יְהוָה֙ הֲלוֹא־זֶ֣ה דְבָרִ֗י עַד־הֱיוֹתִי֙ עַל־אַדְמָתִ֔י 1 Yahweh, was this not my word while I was in my country? What Jonah said when he was back in his own country can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “now Yahweh, when I was still in my own country I knew that if I warned the people of Nineveh, they would repent, and you would not destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 4 2 ab81 figs-idiom אֶ֤רֶךְ אַפַּ֨יִם֙ 1 long of nostrils This is an idiom meaning that Yahweh does not get angry quickly. Alternate translation: “slow to get angry” or “very patient” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 4 2 jv5c וְרַב־חֶ֔סֶד 1 and abundant in covenant faithfulness “and very faithful” or “and you love people very much”
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JON 4 2 wl7j figs-explicit וְנִחָ֖ם עַל־הָרָעָֽה 1 and one who relents from evil Here, **evil** refers to the physical destruction of the city of Nineveh and its people. It does not refer to moral evil. In this context, this phrase means that God feels sadness about causing bad things to happen to people who sin and he changes his mind when sinners repent of their sin. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “and you feel sadness about causing disaster for sinners” or “and you decide not to punish sinners who repent” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 4 3 dm5t figs-explicit קַח־נָ֥א אֶת־נַפְשִׁ֖י מִמֶּ֑נִּי 1 I beg you, take my life from me Jonah’s reason for wanting to die can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “since you will not destroy Nineveh as you said you would, please allow me to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 4 3 yk5v כִּ֛י ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 for my death is better than my life “I would prefer to die rather than to live” or “because I want to die. I do not want to live”
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JON 4 4 ab82 figs-idiom הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ 1 Is it right that it burns to you? This is an idiom that speaks of Jonah’s anger as if it were a fire burning inside him. See how you translated it in [4:1](..04/01.md). Alternate translation: “is it right for you to be angry about this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 4 4 ab83 figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֖ב חָ֥רָה לָֽךְ 1 Is it right that it burns to you? The reason for Jonah’s anger can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “is it right for you to be angry that I did not destroy Nineveh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 4 5 q1f7 וַיֵּצֵ֤א יוֹנָה֙ מִן־הָעִ֔יר 1 Then Jonah went out from the city “then Jonah left the city of Nineveh”
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JON 4 5 af46 מַה־יִּהְיֶ֖ה בָּעִֽיר 1 what would transpire within the city Jonah wanted to see if God would destroy the city or not. Alternate translation: “what would become of the city” or “what God would do to the city”
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JON 4 6 i4r4 מֵעַ֣ל לְיוֹנָ֗ה לִֽהְי֥וֹת צֵל֙ עַל־רֹאשׁ֔וֹ 1 from over Jonah to be a shade over his head “over Jonah’s head for shade”
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JON 4 6 t21k לְהַצִּ֥יל ל֖וֹ מֵרָֽעָת֑וֹ 1 to rescue him from his evil Here the term **evil** could mean two things (or both at the same time): (1) “discomfort” or “distress,” meaning the intense heat of the sun shining on Jonah’s head; or (2) “wrong,” meaning Jonah’s wrong attitude concerning God’s decision not to destroy Nineveh. If both meanings can be preserved, that is preferable. If not, you can choose an Alternate translation: “to protect Jonah from the heat of the sun” or “to save Jonah from his wrong attitude”
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JON 4 7 t7il וַיְמַ֤ן הָֽאֱלֹהִים֙ תּוֹלַ֔עַת 1 Then God appointed a worm “then God sent a worm”
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JON 4 7 rw7z וַתַּ֥ךְ אֶת־הַקִּֽיקָי֖וֹן 1 and it attacked the plant “and the worm chewed the plant”
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JON 4 7 d16m וַיִּיבָֽשׁ 1 and it withered The plant became dry and died. Alternate translation: “so that the plant died”
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JON 4 8 jdr9 grammar-connect-time-background וַיְהִ֣י׀ כִּזְרֹ֣חַ הַשֶּׁ֗מֶשׁ 1 And as soon as the rising of the sun happened The **rising of the sun** is background information that gives the time when the hot wind from the east started blowing. Express this relationship in a natural way in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-time-background]])
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JON 4 8 hmi4 figs-explicit וַיְמַ֨ן אֱלֹהִ֜ים ר֤וּחַ קָדִים֙ חֲרִישִׁ֔ית 1 then God appointed a hot east wind God caused a hot wind from the east to blow on Jonah. If “wind” in your language can only mean a cool or cold wind, then you can try this alternate translation: “God sent a very hot warmth from the east to Jonah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 4 8 mnu9 וַתַּ֥ךְ הַשֶּׁ֛מֶשׁ 1 the sun beat down “the sun was very hot”
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JON 4 8 u2pl figs-synecdoche עַל־רֹ֥אשׁ יוֹנָ֖ה 1 on the head of Jonah This phrase may have a literal meaning or a figurative meaning. Perhaps Jonah felt the heat most on his head, or perhaps the phrase **the head of Jonah** is a synecdoche meaning Jonah’s entire body. Alternate translation: “on Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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JON 4 8 z95v וַיִּתְעַלָּ֑ף 1 and he became faint “and he became very weak” or “and he lost his strength”
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JON 4 8 ab87 וַיִּשְׁאַ֤ל אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ֙ לָמ֔וּת 1 he asked his spirit to die Jonah is talking to himself. Alternate translation: “he wished he would die” or “he wanted to die”
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JON 4 8 eln6 ט֥וֹב מוֹתִ֖י מֵחַיָּֽי 1 My death is better than my life “I would rather die than live” or “I want to die; I do not want to live” See how you translated this in [4:3](../04/03/yk5v).
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JON 4 9 w24z figs-explicit הַהֵיטֵ֥ב חָרָֽה־לְךָ֖ עַל־הַקִּֽיקָי֑וֹן 1 Is it right that it burns to you about the plant? In this context, God’s question is intended to lead Jonah to draw a conclusion about his selfish attitude. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “is it right that you should be so angry about the plant that only gave shade to you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 4 9 h43a הֵיטֵ֥ב חָֽרָה־לִ֖י עַד־מָֽוֶת 1 It is right that it burns to me, even as far as death. “I am right to be angry. I am angry enough to die”
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JON 4 10 gkz7 figs-explicit וַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהוָ֔ה 1 Yahweh said Here Yahweh is speaking to Jonah. This implicit information can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “Yahweh said to Jonah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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JON 4 10 ab88 figs-idiom שֶׁבִּן־ לַ֥יְלָה הָיָ֖ה וּבִן־ לַ֥יְלָה אָבָֽד־ לַ֥יְלָה 1 it came as a son of a night, and it perished as a son of a night This idiom means that the plant existed only briefly. Alternate translation: “it grew in one night and died the next” or “it grew quickly and died just as quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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JON 4 11 jdr0 grammar-connect-words-phrases וַֽאֲנִי֙ 1 So as for me, This expression, paired with **As for you** in verse 10, shows a comparison between Jonah’s attitude toward the plant and Yahweh’s attitude toward the people of Nineveh. Express this comparison in a natural way in your language.(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]])
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JON 4 11 ecl1 figs-rquestion וַֽאֲנִי֙ לֹ֣א אָח֔וּס עַל־נִינְוֵ֖ה הָעִ֣יר הַגְּדוֹלָ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ וּבְהֵמָ֖ה רַבָּֽה 1 So as for me, should I not feel troubled about Nineveh, the great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and many animals? God used this rhetorical question to emphasize his claim that he should have compassion on Nineveh. Alternate translation: “I certainly should have compassion for Nineveh, that great city, in which there are more than 120,000 people who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand, and also many cattle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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JON 4 11 dqi1 אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֶשׁ־בָּ֡הּ הַרְבֵּה֩ 1 in which there are more than This can also be translated as the beginning of a new sentence. Alternate translation: “There are more than” or “it has more than”
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JON 4 11 c3b7 translate-numbers מִֽשְׁתֵּים־עֶשְׂרֵ֨ה רִבּ֜וֹ אָדָ֗ם 1 120,000 people **one hundred twenty thousand people** (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
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JON 4 11 j35h figs-idiom אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יָדַע֙ בֵּין־יְמִינ֣וֹ לִשְׂמֹאל֔וֹ 1 who cannot distinguish between their right hand and their left hand This idiom means “who do not know the difference between right and wrong.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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NAM front intro x7kl 0 # Introduction to Nahum<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Nahum<br><br>1. Nahum introduces this book (1:1)<br>1. Yahweh will destroy his enemies (1:2-15)<br>1. Nahum describes how Nineveh will fall (2:1–3:19)<br><br>### What is the Book of Nahum about?<br><br>The Book of Nahum contains prophecies about how Yahweh would judge and punish Nineveh.<br><br>Nineveh was the capital city of the Assyrian Empire. The Assyrians had already conquered the northern kingdom of Israel. They were threatening the southern kingdom of Judah. The book gave Judah hope that the Assyrians would be defeated.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>“The Book of Nahum” or just “Nahum” is the traditional title of this book. Translators may choose to call it “The Sayings of Nahum.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Nahum?<br><br>The prophet Nahum probably wrote this book. He was a prophet from Elkosh, an unknown city probably in Judah.<br><br>Nahum wrote before Nineveh fell in about 612 B.C. Nahum also mentions the destruction of Thebes, a city in Egypt, which happened about 663 B.C. Therefore, the Book of Nahum was written sometime between 663 and 612 B.C. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What is the importance of the descriptions of locusts in 3:15–17?<br><br>Locust attacks occurred often in the ancient Near East. Certain kinds of grasshoppers would come in countless numbers. There would be so many that they would darken the sky like a black cloud that blocked the sunlight. They often came after a long period of no rain. They came down on whatever crops were surviving in the fields and stripped them bare of their leaves. The locusts could not be stopped and caused terrible damage. For this reason, locust attacks served as a powerful image of military attacks in the Old Testament.<br><br>The original language of the Old Testament used various names for locusts. It is uncertain whether these names refer to different kinds of locusts or to the same kind of locust in different stages of growth. For this reason, versions of the Bible differ in how they translate these terms.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What emotions were present in the various speakers in the Book of Nahum?<br><br>When Nahum spoke to the Israelites, he wanted to comfort them.<br><br>When Nahum and Yahweh spoke against the Ninevites, they often mocked them. This manner of speech was similar to speech in the ancient Near East when conquerors laughed at their victims.<br><br>It is important for translators to present both emotions of comfort and of mockery when translating this book.
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NAM 1 intro fa8i 0 # Nahum 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of this chapter) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>Despite being divided into three chapters, this book consists of one long prophecy.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh’s anger against Nineveh<br>This prophecy should be read in reference to the book of Jonah. That book described how the people of Niniveh, Assyria’s capital city, repented when Jonah warned them that Yahweh was angry at them. The book of Nahum, written a little over one hundred years later than when Jonah was set, indicates that the Ninevites would be punished by God, but only after he had used them for his own purposes. These actions of Yahweh, although described as vengeance or anger, do not have the same sinful quality as they usually do with humans. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/avenge]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])<br><br>### Complete destruction<br>At that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true very suddenly.
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NAM 1 1 wy4y figs-parallelism 0 General Information: Nahum describes the destruction of Nineveh in poetry. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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NAM 1 1 na47 figs-explicit 0 The declaration about Nineveh. The book of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite These words are an introduction to the entire book. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “This is the book of the vision of Nahum, the Elkoshite, which gives a declaration about Nineveh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 1 1 q626 translate-names 0 Elkoshite A person from the village of Elkosh (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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NAM 1 2 z2vj figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Nahum begins to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people. The vision is full of metaphorical language and uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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NAM 1 2 krb6 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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NAM 1 2 z8hx 0 full of wrath “very angry”
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NAM 1 2 a6fz 0 he continues his anger for “continues to be angry with”
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NAM 1 3 t8dj 0 slow to anger “slow to become angry”
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NAM 1 3 e2y8 figs-litotes 0 he will not allow the wicked to go unpunished This emphatic negative statement can be translated positively. Alternate translation: “he will always be sure to punish the wicked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
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NAM 1 3 du22 figs-explicit 0 Yahweh makes his way in the whirlwind and the storm, and the clouds are the dust of his feet The biblical writers often associated Yahweh’s presence with powerful storms. Here Yahweh rides in strong storm winds and his feet are creating clouds by kicking up dust as he is coming to judge the people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 1 3 l5ed 0 the dust of his feet “the dust that his feet kick up”
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NAM 1 4 lh7c 0 General Information: Nahum continues to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people.
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NAM 1 4 n6m5 figs-explicit 0 Bashan is weak, and Carmel also; the flowers of Lebanon are weak The word translated as “weak” can also mean “wither” or “dry out.” Bashan was known for its good pastureland where people tended sheep and cattle, “Carmel” refers to Mount Carmel, which was known for its tree orchards, and the snow from the mountains in Lebanon kept that place fertile. Since Yahweh dries up all the rivers and causes drought, these fertile places will no longer be fertile. Alternate translation: “The fields of Bashan wither, the trees of Mount Carmel die, and the flowers of Lebanon fade” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 1 5 cg1v figs-metaphor 0 the hills melt This could mean: (1) the earthquake causing the hills to crumble to pieces is spoken of as if the hills were melting or (2) the water from the storms coursing down the hills and causing them to erode is spoken of as if the hills were melting. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 5 f3dl 0 the earth collapses This could mean: (1) the mountains and hills collapse or (2) the entire ground begins to move with violent motions.
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NAM 1 5 w6mf figs-ellipsis 0 the world and all people who live in it Here the word “world” refers to the inhabited places on the earth. The verb for this phrase is understood from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the world shakes and all the people who live in it collapse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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NAM 1 6 f6ms 0 General Information: Nahum continues to describe Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people.
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NAM 1 6 pb6q figs-parallelism 0 Who can stand before his wrath? Who can resist the fierceness of his anger? These two rhetorical questions mean basically the same thing. They can be translated with statements. Alternate translation: “No one can stand before his wrath! No one can resist the fierceness of his anger!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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NAM 1 6 s5dd 0 fierceness of his anger “intensity of his anger” or “amount of his anger”
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NAM 1 6 b6tk figs-metaphor 0 His wrath is poured out like fire Nahum speaks of Yahweh’s anger as if it were a liquid that he pours out and which burns like fire. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “He pours out his wrath like fire” or “He expresses his fierce anger” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 6 s5l3 figs-activepassive 0 the rocks are broken apart by him This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he breaks apart the rocks” or “he causes the rocks to break apart” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 1 7 vrf3 figs-metaphor 0 a stronghold … those who take refuge in him Nahum speaks of Yahweh as if he were a place where people can be safe from those who wish to harm them, and of those who trust Yahweh to protect them as if they were taking refuge inside that safe place. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 7 z4wh 0 in the day of trouble “in times of trouble” or “when troubles happen.” The word “day” here refers to a general period of time.
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NAM 1 8 uz38 figs-idiom 0 he will make a full end to his enemies The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing his enemies to die. Alternate translation: “he will completely destroy his enemies” or “he will kill all his enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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NAM 1 8 b39g figs-metaphor 0 with an overwhelming flood Nahum speaks of Yahweh destroying his enemies in such a way that they will be powerless to avoid death as if Yahweh caused them to drown in a great flood of water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 8 n11u figs-metonymy 0 he will pursue them into darkness Here the word “darkness” represents the place of the dead, which is characterized as a dark place. Nahum speaks of Yahweh killing his enemies as if he were chasing them into this dark place. Alternate translation: “he will cause all his enemies to die” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 9 mz66 0 General Information: Nahum tells the people of Nineveh how Yahweh will deal with them.
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NAM 1 9 c1lk figs-rquestion 0 What are you people plotting against Yahweh? This rhetorical question emphasizes the futility of making evil plans against Yahweh. Alternate translation: “It is futile for you people to plot against Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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NAM 1 9 v6h3 figs-idiom 0 He will make a full end to it The idiom “make a full end” refers to causing something to exist no longer. Alternate translation: “He will completely stop what you do” or “He will cause your plotting to fail” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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NAM 1 9 d3wc figs-metonymy 0 trouble will not rise up a second time This could mean: (1) “trouble” is a metonym for the punishment that Yahweh will inflict upon the people. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not have to punish you a second time” or (2) “trouble” refers to the trouble that the people cause by plotting against Yahweh. Alternate translation: “you will not cause trouble a second time” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 1 10 fkc6 figs-metaphor 0 they will become tangled up like thornbushes This metaphor could mean: (1) the people who plot against Yahweh will not be able to free themselves from the trouble that Yahweh will bring upon them, like a person who is tangled up in thornbushes cannot easily free himself or (2) just as thornbushes burn more quickly when they are tangled together, Yahweh will quickly destroy those who plot against him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 10 ip7l figs-metaphor 0 they will be saturated in their own drink Nahum speaks of those who plot against Yahweh suffering the consequences of their plans as if they were completely drunk with alcohol. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 10 x8il figs-metaphor 0 they will be completely devoured by fire like dry stubble Nahum speaks of Yahweh completely destroying those who plot against him as if fire would burn them up like fire burns up dry stubble. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “fire will completely devour them like it devours dry stubble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 1 10 tg7c figs-metaphor 0 devoured by fire Nahum speaks of fire burning something completely as if the fire were devouring that thing. Alternate translation: “burned up by fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 11 ee38 0 promoted wickedness encouraged people to do wicked things
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NAM 1 12 p1bp 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the Israelites about Nineveh.
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NAM 1 12 uyz9 0 Even if they are at their full strength and full numbers This refers to the Assyrians or to the people of Nineveh.
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NAM 1 12 p6cc figs-metaphor 0 they will nevertheless be sheared Yahweh speaks of destroying the people of Nineveh as if the were sheep that he will shear. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I will nevertheless shear them” or “I will nevertheless destroy them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 1 13 qfl7 figs-metaphor 0 Now will I break that people’s yoke from off you; I will break your chains Yahweh speaks of freeing Judah from Assyrian oppression as if he were breaking the yoke and chains that the Assyrians had placed on them. Alternate translation: “Now I will free you from that people and they will no longer oppress you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 1 14 en7t figs-metaphor 0 I will cut off the carved figures and the cast metal figures from the houses of your gods Yahweh speaks of destroying the Assyrian idols as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. The word “house” is a metonym for the temples in which the people worshiped these idols. Alternate translation: “I will destroy the carved figures and the cast metal figures that are in the temples of your gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 1 14 s2bh figs-explicit 0 I will dig your graves It is implied that Yahweh will also bury them in the graves that he digs for them. Alternate translation: “I will dig your graves and bury you in them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 1 15 n617 figs-synecdoche 0 on the mountains there are the feet of someone who is bringing good news Here the word “feet” represent the person who is running in order to declare a message. Alternate translation: “on the mountains there is someone who is bringing good news” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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NAM 1 15 l31d 0 wicked one … he Nahum refers to the people of Nineveh as though they were one person.
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NAM 1 15 ink2 figs-metaphor 0 he is completely cut off Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh being completely destroyed as if they had been cut off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “he is completely destroyed” or “Yahweh has completely destroyed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 2 intro m3yl 0 # Nahum 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>Despite being divided into three chapters, this book contains one long prophecy.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Complete destruction<br>At that time, Assyria controlled almost the entire Near East. Nahum prophesied that the Assyrians would be so completely destroyed as a nation that they would no longer even be a people group. This prophecy came true and did so very suddenly. At times, this chapter is very violent in describing the destruction of Assyria, and this violence should not be toned down through the use of euphemism.
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NAM 2 1 c5dg writing-poetry 0 General Information: Nahum often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. Here he begins to describe the destruction of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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NAM 2 1 xj69 figs-metaphor 0 The one who will dash you to pieces The word “you” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of an army or military leader destroying Nineveh as if he were to shatter Nineveh like one would shatter a clay pot. Alternate translation: “The one who will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 2 1 m6by 0 The one who will dash you The person who is “the one” is not clear, so translate using a general term. Alternate translation: “Someone who will break you”
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NAM 2 1 ahz9 figs-idiom 0 is coming up against you The idiom to “come against” means to attack. Alternate translation: “is preparing to attack you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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NAM 2 1 v7ei figs-irony 0 Man the city walls, guard the roads, make yourselves strong, assemble your armies Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh. He tells them to prepare for battle, although he knows that the enemy will destroy the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
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NAM 2 1 cpd7 figs-explicit 0 Man the city walls Nineveh had a large, thick wall surrounding it. This refers to placing soldiers on the top of the wall in order to fight off attackers. This can be translated with a more general phrase if necessary. Alternate translation: “Man the fortifications” or “Prepare the defenses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 2 1 zt4z 0 guard the roads This refers to having soldiers watch the roads leading to the city so that they can keep track of the enemy’s approach.
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NAM 2 1 l226 figs-idiom 0 make yourselves strong This is an idiom that means to prepare oneself for action. Here it applies to military action. Alternate translation: “prepare yourselves for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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NAM 2 2 u4fb figs-metonymy 0 For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Jacob, like the majesty of Israel The words “Jacob” and “Israel” are metonyms for the people who are descended from Jacob. This could mean: (1) the word “Jacob” refers to the southern kingdom and the word “Israel” refers to the northern kingdom. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of Judah, as he promised to restore the majesty of Israel” or (2) both “Jacob” and “Israel” refer to the nation as a whole, included both northern and southern kingdoms and the two lines are parallel. Alternate translation: “For Yahweh is restoring the majesty of all Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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NAM 2 2 wmm6 0 the plunderers people who steal things by force, usually in war
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NAM 2 2 i6w3 figs-metaphor 0 destroyed their vine branches This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the Assyrians taking away Israel’s possessions by force is spoken of as if Israel were a vine whose branches the Assyrians had stripped bare. Alternate translation: “robbed them of all of their possession, like one would strip bare vine branches” or (2) the words “vine branches” are a synecdoche for the agricultural fields throughout the nation. Alternate translation: “destroyed their fields of crops” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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NAM 2 3 sal2 0 The shields of his mighty men are red This could mean: (1) the shields appear red as the light from the sun reflects upon their metal surfaces or (2) the shields are covered with leather that has been dyed red.
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NAM 2 3 tt35 0 his mighty men the soldiers of the one “who will dash” Nineveh “to pieces” ([Nahum 2:1](../02/01.md)).
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NAM 2 3 shs8 0 the chariots flash with their metal This likely refers to the light from the sun reflecting upon the metal chariots.
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NAM 2 3 i6a3 figs-activepassive 0 on the day that they are made ready This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when the soldiers have made them ready” or “when the soldiers have prepared them to attack” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 2 3 jtg2 figs-activepassive 0 the cypress spears are waved in the air This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the soldiers wave their cypress spears in the air” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 2 3 b24s translate-unknown 0 cypress a type of tree whose wood is good for weapons (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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NAM 2 4 l7yi 0 The chariots speed through the streets “The soldiers drive the chariots wildly through the streets”
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NAM 2 4 m4y1 figs-simile 0 They look like torches Nahum compares the way that the light from the sun reflects upon the chariots with torches whose fire gives light. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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NAM 2 4 vee1 figs-simile 0 they run like lightning Nahum compares the way that the light from the sun reflects upon the chariots, and the quickness with which the chariots move, with lightning that flashes quickly in the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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NAM 2 5 c6g1 figs-metaphor 0 The one who will dash you to pieces The word “you” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of an army or military leader destroying Nineveh as if he were to shatter Nineveh like one would shatter a clay pot. See how you translated this in [Nahum 2:1](../02/01.md). Alternate translation: “The one who will destroy you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 2 5 frd3 figs-abstractnouns 0 in their march The word “march” can be translated as a verb. Alternate translation: “as they march” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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NAM 2 5 s3zw figs-activepassive 0 The large shield is made ready to protect these attackers This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The attackers make ready the large shield to protect themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 2 5 t834 0 The large shield This refers to a large cover that those who besieged a city would set up over themselves and their battering rams to protect themselves against the arrows and other projectiles with which the people in the city would attack them.
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NAM 2 6 l4xl figs-activepassive 0 The gates at the rivers are forced open This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy forces open the gates at the rivers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 2 6 bi3c 0 The gates at the rivers This refers to the gates that controlled the flow and direction of the river.
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NAM 2 7 v7es figs-activepassive 0 Huzzab is stripped of her clothes and is taken away This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The enemy strips Huzzab of her clothes and takes her away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 2 7 x5zy translate-unknown 0 Huzzab is stripped of her clothes and is taken away The exact meaning of the word “Huzzab” is uncertain. Two This could mean: (1) it is the name of a queen in Nineveh and the sentence means that the attacking soldiers have stripped her of her clothes in order to humiliate her and then have carried her off into captivity or (2) it is the name of an idol and the sentence means that the attackers have stripped the gold and silver off the idol and have carried it away. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 2 7 wzf8 0 her female servants moan like doves The moaning sounds that the female servants make sound like the sounds that doves make.
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NAM 2 7 c3va 0 her female servants If the word “Huzzab” refers to a queen, then this phrase refers to the young women who attended her. If the word “Huzzab” refers to an idol, then this phrase refers to the young women who worked as temple prostitutes.
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NAM 2 7 ya8w translate-symaction 0 beating on their breasts Beating one’s breast was a gesture used to express great mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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NAM 2 8 awl5 figs-simile 0 Nineveh is like a leaking pool of water, with its people fleeing away like rushing water Nahum compares the way that the people flee from the city of Nineveh with the way that water gushes from a reservoir of water when the dam has been broken. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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NAM 2 9 e4pv figs-apostrophe 0 Take the silver plunder … Nineveh’s beautiful things It is not clear who is speaking here. This may be an apostrophe in which Nahum gives directions to the attackers, or the attackers may be speaking and giving directions to one another. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
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NAM 2 9 t4z8 0 Take the silver plunder, take the gold plunder The word “plunder” means things stolen by force, usually in war. Alternate translation: “Take the silver as plunder, take the gold as plunder” or “Take the silver, take the gold”
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NAM 2 9 tli3 figs-hyperbole 0 there is no end to it The words “no end” are an exaggeration to express that there is a great amount of something. Alternate translation: “there is so much of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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NAM 2 9 sn5k figs-ellipsis 0 to the splendor of all Nineveh’s beautiful things This phrase refers to the silver, gold, and other treasures in Nineveh. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “there is no end to the splendor of all Nineveh’s beautiful treasures” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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NAM 2 10 dib5 figs-metaphor 0 Everyone’s heart melts Nahum speaks of the people losing courage as if their hearts melt like wax. Alternate translation: “Everyone loses courage” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 2 10 haf9 0 everyone’s knees strike together This describes a physical response to great fear. The people’s legs shake so badly that their knees knock together and they are unable to walk or run.
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NAM 2 11 as2e figs-metaphor 0 General Information: In these verses, Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were a group of lions, and of the city Nineveh as if it were their den. The metaphor speaks of the way in which the Assyrians would conquer other people and take their possessions as their own as if they were lions hunting prey and bringing the dead animals back to their den. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 2 11 n3ki figs-rquestion 0 Where now is the lions’ den … afraid of nothing? Nahum uses this rhetorical question to mock Nineveh, which has been destroyed. Alternate translation: “The lions’ den is nowhere to be found … afraid of nothing.” or “Look at what has become of the lions’ den … afraid of nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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NAM 2 12 f91d figs-explicit 0 he strangled victims “he choked victims.” This is probably a reference to the way that lions usually kill their prey, by biting its throat. Alternate translation: “he killed his victims” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 2 12 f3cw figs-parallelism 0 filled his cave with victims, his dens with torn carcasses These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. The verb may be supplied for the second phrase. Alternate translation: “filled his cave with victims, and filled his dens with torn carcasses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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NAM 2 13 hg33 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you.”
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NAM 2 13 mzs1 figs-metonymy 0 the sword will devour your young lions Here the word “sword” is a metonym for soldiers who attack with swords and is spoken of as if it were a person who eats its victims. Nahum also continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as if they were lions. Alternate translation: “attackers will kill your people with swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 2 13 qg4y figs-metaphor 0 I will cut off your prey from your land Yahweh speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were lions who preyed upon the nations. This could mean: (1) the word “prey” is a metonym for the things that they have taken from those upon whom they preyed, and Yahweh speaks of taking those things away from them as if it were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will take away from your land all the things that you took from others” or (2) Yahweh speaks of the nations whom the people of Nineveh had plundered as if they were Nineveh’s prey, and preventing Nineveh from plundering any more nations as if he were cutting off their prey. Alternate translation: “I will stop you from preying upon any other nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 2 13 vf1s figs-activepassive 0 the voices of your messengers will be heard no more This likely refers to the messengers that the Assyrians sent out to other nations to demand surrender or payment of tribute. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one will ever hear the voices of your messengers again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 3 intro k8ee 0 # Nahum 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart extended quotations, prayers and songs. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of the entire book (except for verse 1 of chapter 1) farther to the right on the page than regular text because they are poetic prophecy. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])<br><br>Despite being divided into three chapters, the book contains one long prophecy.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Euphemism<br>This chapter speaks about the evils of the Assyrians in violent ways. It is important to avoiding toning down this language through the use of euphemism, if at all possible. Although there is some hyperbole, the reader should not assume that the author intends this writing to be taken as completely hyperbolic. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]])
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NAM 3 1 kar1 writing-poetry 0 General Information: Nahum often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. Here he continues to describe the destruction of Nineveh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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NAM 3 1 ki6n figs-metonymy 0 the city full of blood Here the word “blood” represents bloodshed and refers to the people who have committed murder. Alternate translation: “the city full of murderers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 1 b6sa figs-metonymy 0 It is all full of lies Here the word “lies” is a metonym for those who tell lies. Alternate translation: “It is full of liars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 2 n52r 0 the noise of whips and the sound of rattling wheels, prancing horses, and bounding chariots These phrases describe the sound of chariots rushing through the streets as their drivers use their whips on the horses.
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NAM 3 3 isx6 figs-parallelism 0 heaps of corpses, great piles of bodies These two phrases mean basically the same thing and indicate that there were so many dead bodies that the attackers piled them in heaps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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NAM 3 3 xle9 0 corpses bodies of people who have died
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NAM 3 3 k9um figs-hyperbole 0 There is no end to the bodies The words “no end” are an exaggeration for the great number of bodies that the attackers piled into heaps. Alternate translation: “There are too many bodies to count” or “There are a great number of bodies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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NAM 3 4 x2uc figs-metaphor 0 the lustful actions of the beautiful prostitute Nahum speaks of Nineveh causing other nations to be subject to her as if the city were a prostitute who seduces men with her beauty. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 4 zv4s figs-metaphor 0 the expert in witchcraft Nahum speaks of Nineveh causing other nations to be subject to her as if the city were a witch who casts a spells on others. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 4 b3x1 figs-explicit 0 who sells nations through her prostitution, and peoples through her acts of witchcraft Here the word “sells” implies that the people of Nineveh cause other nations and peoples to become slaves. Nineveh uses her beauty, power, and influence to make others her slaves. Alternate translation: “who by her prostitution and witchcraft causes the people of other nations to become her slaves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 3 5 u83r 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
|
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NAM 3 5 x2lm figs-metaphor 0 I will raise up your skirt over your face and show your private parts to the nations This refers to the practice of publicly humiliating prostitutes by stripping them naked in front of the community. This continues the metaphor of Yahweh speaking of the city of Nineveh as if it were a prostitute. Alternate translation: “I will publicly humiliate you, as one would humiliate a prostitute by raising up her skirt over her face and showing her private parts to all the people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 5 qx5d figs-ellipsis 0 your shame to the kingdoms This phrase explains the purpose of lifting up Nineveh’s skirt. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “I will show your shame to the kingdoms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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NAM 3 6 s894 translate-symaction 0 I will throw disgusting filth on you The words “disgusting filth” refer to all kinds of garbage. Throwing garbage at a person was a sign of strong contempt. Alternate translation: “I will show my contempt for you, like a person would throw disgusting filth at another” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
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NAM 3 7 wgg3 figs-rquestion 0 who will weep for her? The people ask this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer. Alternate translation: “no one will weep for her.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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NAM 3 7 ysl2 figs-rquestion 0 Where can I find anyone to comfort you? Yahweh uses this rhetorical question to emphasize that there will be no one who will be able to comfort Nineveh. Alternate translation: “There will be no one to comfort you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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NAM 3 8 v76u figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 8 ii6k figs-rquestion 0 are you better than Thebes … itself? Nahum asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the negative answer that it anticipates. Alternate translation: “you are not better than Thebes … itself.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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NAM 3 8 c7qr translate-names 0 Thebes This was the former capital of Egypt, which the Assyrians had conquered. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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NAM 3 8 w92b 0 that was built on the Nile River “that was situated by the Nile River”
|
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NAM 3 8 a2y2 figs-metaphor 0 whose defense was the ocean, whose wall was the sea itself These two phrases share similar meanings. The words “ocean” and “sea” both refer to the Nile River, which ran near the city. Nahum speaks of the Nile as if it were the wall that protected the city. Alternate translation: “which had the Nile river as its defenses, as some cities have a wall for theirs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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NAM 3 9 ega5 0 Cush and Egypt were her strength “Ethiopia and Egypt strengthened her” or “Cush and Egypt were her allies”
|
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NAM 3 9 knv4 figs-hyperbole 0 there was no end to it The word “it” refers to the “strength” that Cush and Egypt gave to Thebes. That there was no end to it is a hyperbole that expresses the great amount of strength. Alternate translation: “their strength was very great” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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NAM 3 9 c9nd translate-names 0 Put and Libya These are the names of places in northern Africa that were close to Thebes. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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NAM 3 10 h5f5 figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 10 jt2a figs-metonymy 0 Yet Thebes was carried away The word “Thebes” represents the people who lived in Thebes. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yet those who attacked Thebes carried the people away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 3 10 h6s7 figs-metonymy 0 she went into captivity The word “she” refers to Thebes and represents the people who lived there. Alternate translation: “they went into captivity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 10 jht3 figs-activepassive 0 her young children were dashed in pieces This is a brutal description of the soldiers killing children. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “enemy soldiers dashed her young children to pieces” or “enemy soldiers beat her young children to death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 3 10 h7t9 figs-metaphor 0 at the head of every street The beginning of a street is spoken of as if it were the head. Also, “every” is a generalization that means many places all over the city. Alternate translation: “on every street corner” or “in the streets all over the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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NAM 3 10 hyc8 figs-activepassive 0 all her great men were bound in chains This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they bound all her great men in chains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 3 11 esd7 figs-metaphor 0 You also will become drunk Here the word “You” refers to Nineveh. Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh suffering and dying in battle as if they had become drunk from drinking too much wine. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 12 kbf7 figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 12 lb3t figs-explicit 0 All your fortresses Here, the word **fortresses** could mean: (1) it refers to Nineveh’s fortifications, such as the wall that surrounded the city Alternate translation: “All of your fortifications” or “All of your defenses” or (2) it refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders and prevented enemy armies from attacking Nineveh. Alternate translation: “All of your fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 3 12 uf4q figs-simile 0 All your fortresses will be like fig trees with the earliest ripe figs: if they are shaken, they fall into the mouth of the eater Nahum compares the ease with which the attackers will conquer Nineveh with the ease with which a person can cause ripe figs to fall from a tree. Alternate translation: “Your enemies will destroy your fortresses as easily as a person can shake a fig tree and eat the first ripe figs that fall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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NAM 3 12 c8tt figs-explicit 0 the earliest ripe figs This refers to the figs that would ripen first on the tree. These figs fell from the tree easily, so that a person only had to shake the tree to make them fall. Figs that ripened later would require a person to climb the tree and pick them by hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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NAM 3 12 w2un figs-activepassive 0 if they are shaken “if the trees are shaken.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “if a person shakes the trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 3 12 k7ym figs-hyperbole 0 they fall into the mouth of the eater “the figs fall into the mouth of the eater.” This is an exaggeration. By saying that the figs fall from the tree into the mouth of the one who eats it, Nahum emphasizes that the figs are ready to eat immediately. Alternate translation: “a person can eat the fig immediately” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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NAM 3 13 le29 figs-metaphor 0 the people among you are women In this ancient culture, women were not warriors for a number of reasons, including their being generally weaker physically than men. Here Nahum speaks of Nineveh’s warriors losing their strength and courage to fight as if the people in the city were all women. Alternate translation: “your people are all like women who are weak and cannot defend themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 13 cv1a figs-activepassive 0 the gates of your land have been opened wide to your enemies This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the gates of your land are wide open to your enemies” or “someone has opened wide to your enemies the gates of your land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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NAM 3 13 sc8s figs-metaphor 0 the gates of your land have been opened wide to your enemies This could mean: (1) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the Nineveh’s defenses, then “the gates of your land” refers to the gates in the walls around Nineveh. Alternate translation: “the gates of your city are wide open for your enemies to attack” or (2) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders, then “the gates of your land” is a metaphor in which those cities are spoken of as if they were gates that prevented enemy armies from entering the land. Alternate translation: “your land is defenseless before your enemies because they have destroyed the cities that protected your borders” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 13 ea7i figs-metaphor 0 fire has devoured their bars This could mean: (1) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the Nineveh’s defenses, then “their bars” refers to the bars that locked the gates in the walls around Nineveh. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed the bars that lock your city gates” or (2) if “fortresses” in v. 12 refers to the fortified cities that were situated along Assyria’s borders, then “their bars” is a metaphor in which those cities are spoken of as if they were locked gates that prevented enemy armies from entering the land. Alternate translation: “the cities on your borders can no longer protect you, just as gates can no longer protect a city when fire has destroyed their bars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 13 i4p2 figs-metaphor 0 fire has devoured Nahum speaks of fire burning up and destroying as if fire were eating. Alternate translation: “fire has destroyed” or “fire has burned up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 14 g9i1 figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum continues to speak to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 14 w932 figs-irony 0 Go draw water for the siege … pick up the molds for the bricks Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh. He tells them to prepare for battle and to repair the walls, although he knows that the enemy will destroy the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
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NAM 3 14 d5xh 0 strengthen your fortresses “repair the fortifications”
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NAM 3 14 tja5 0 go into the clay and tread the mortar; pick up the molds for the bricks These phrases refer to making mud bricks that they will use to repair the city’s wall.
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NAM 3 15 x9p7 figs-metaphor 0 Fire will devour you there Nahum speaks of fire burning and destroying as if it were eating. Alternate translation: “Fire will destroy you there” or “Your enemies will burn you with fire there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 15 f3iu figs-metonymy 0 the sword will destroy you Here the word “sword” is a metonym for the enemies who will attack with swords. Alternate translation: “your enemies will kill you with their swords” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 15 cwk4 figs-personification 0 It will devour you as young locusts devour everything The word “It” refers to the “sword,” which is personified as eating those whom it kills. The soldiers using their swords to kill everyone in Nineveh is compared with the way that a swarm of locusts eats every plant in its path. Alternate translation: “Your enemies’ swords will kill all of you, just as easily as a swarm of locusts devours everything in its path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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NAM 3 15 mx6w 0 Make yourselves as many as the young locusts, as many as the full-grown locusts These words begin a new paragraph where Nahum compares the number of people in Nineveh with the large number of locusts in a swarm.
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NAM 3 16 h3mk figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Nahum speaks to the people of Nineveh as though they were the city itself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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NAM 3 16 f5ml figs-hyperbole 0 You have multiplied your merchants more than the stars in the heavens This exaggeration emphasizes the great number of merchants who lived and worked in Nineveh. Alternate translation: “It is as if you have more merchants than there are stars in the sky” or “You have more merchants than anyone could count” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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NAM 3 16 jax3 figs-simile 0 they are like young locusts: they plunder the land and then fly away Nahum compares the way that these merchants, who have made their profit by selling their goods in Nineveh, will flee from the city when the battle begins with the way that locusts fly away after they have eaten all of the plants in their path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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NAM 3 17 g39b figs-simile 0 your generals are like swarms of them that camp in the walls on a cold day. But when the sun rises they fly away Nahum compares the way that the officials in Nineveh will flee when the battle starts with the way that locusts will remain still while it is cold, but will fly away when the sun rises and the air becomes warm. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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NAM 3 17 t77f 0 to no one knows where “and no one knows where they have gone”
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NAM 3 18 mzz1 figs-parallelism 0 your shepherds are asleep; your rulers are lying down resting These two lines share similar meanings. Nahum speaks of the leaders of Assyria as if they were shepherd who are to care for their sheep. He speaks of the shepherds and rulers dying as if they had fallen asleep. Alternate translation: “your leaders who are like shepherds are dead; your rulers are all dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 18 r6bi figs-metaphor 0 Your people are scattered on the mountains Nahum speaks of the people of Nineveh as if they were sheep that scatter after the shepherds have died. Alternate translation: “Your people are scattered like sheep on the mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 19 ik24 figs-metaphor 0 No healing is possible for your wounds. Your wounds are severe Nahum speaks of the certainty of the destruction of Nineveh and the defeat of its king as if the king had suffered an incurable wound. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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NAM 3 19 eje9 figs-abstractnouns 0 No healing is possible for your wounds The word “healing” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “No one is able to heal your wounds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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NAM 3 19 ac74 figs-rquestion 0 Who has escaped your constant wickedness? This rhetorical question emphasizes the negative answer that it anticipates. All of the nations that were near Assyria had suffered because of Assyria’s constant wickedness. Alternate translation: “No one has escaped your constant wickedness.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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HAB front intro g1ir 0 # Introduction to Habakkuk<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Habakkuk<br><br>1. Habakkuk asks Yahweh questions (1:1–4)<br>1. Yahweh responds (1:5–11)<br>1. Habakkuk asks Yahweh more questions (1:12–2:1)<br>1. Yahweh responds again (2:2–5)<br>1. Habakkuk gives five taunts against the wicked (2:6-20)<br>1. Habakkuk prays (3:1–19)<br><br>### What is the Book of Habakkuk about?<br><br>Other prophets spoke against Israel sinning and failing to obey Yahweh. But Habakkuk questioned Yahweh about the things he did. Yahweh said he would punish the people of Judah by sending the Babylonian army. Habakkuk complained because the Babylonians were more wicked than the people of Judah. Yahweh assured Habakkuk that he would also punish the Babylonians. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]], [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/evil]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional title of this book is “The Book of Habakkuk” or just “Habakkuk.” Translators may choose to call it “The Sayings of Habakkuk.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Habakkuk?<br><br>The prophet Habakkuk wrote this book. Scripture does not mention Habakkuk except in this book.<br><br>The Chaldean empire is another name for the Babylonian empire. The Book of Habakkuk mentions it several times. This helps us to date Habakkuk’s life. The Chaldean empire had power from about 720 to 538 B.C. Habakkuk probably prophesied about the time of Jeremiah, Zephaniah, and Nahum during the reigns of Kings Josiah, Jehoahaz, and Jehoiakim in Judah.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Why did Yahweh use an evil nation to punish Judah?<br><br>Habakkuk wanted to know why Yahweh used an evil nation to punish Judah. Yahweh responded that he will judge the evil nations also. But righteous people will live by being faithful to Yahweh.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### How do I identify the speaker?<br><br>Habakkuk spoke to Yahweh and Yahweh answered him. The translator should be careful to identify whether the speaker is Habakkuk or Yahweh in each section. The translator may wish to make the identity of the speaker explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])<br><br>### What style of writing is the Book of Habakkuk?<br><br>In the first two chapters, Habakkuk asks Yahweh questions and Yahweh answers him. The third chapter is a psalm. Habakkuk ends by telling the choirmaster to use stringed instruments.<br><br>### Does Habakkuk question or challenge Yahweh?<br><br>Habakkuk spoke directly to Yahweh and seems to be challenging God. Habakkuk was not questioning the authority of Yahweh. He was telling Yahweh that he does not understand what Yahweh is doing. In some cultures, it may be improper to speak to an authority in this way. It may be necessary to rephrase Habakkuk’s questions to emphasize his sincere desire to learn why God is doing what he is doing, without doubting him.
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HAB 1 intro pub8 0 # Habakkuk 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 1:1-17.<br><br>This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and Habakkuk.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Injustice<br><br>Habakkuk sees great injustice, especially in the defeat of Israel by the Assyrians. He cries out to Yahweh to ask him to put an end to it. He is questioning Yahweh, but he trusts in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/trust]])<br><br>### Chaldeans<br>Yahweh will raise up the Chaldeans to bring justice to the Hebrew people. They will defeat the Assyrians. At this time, the Chaldeans were an insignificant city and people group. This was probably intended to show the power of Yahweh.
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HAB 1 1 aip2 figs-explicit 0 The message that Habakkuk the prophet received, These words introduce the first two chapters of the book. It is implicit that Habakkuk received this message from Yahweh. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “This is the message that Habakkuk the prophet received from Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HAB 1 2 zqs2 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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HAB 1 2 h93d figs-explicit 0 how long will I cry for help, and you will not hear? The reader should understand that Habakkuk has been crying to Yahweh for help for a long time. He asks this question because he is frustrated and wants to know how much longer it will be before Yahweh responds. Alternate translation: “how much longer shall I cry for help before you will respond?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 1 3 al9a 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues his prayer to God.
|
||||
HAB 1 3 x3uc figs-abstractnouns 0 Destruction and violence are before me The words “destruction” and “violence” can be translated with a verbal phrase. The idiom “before me” means that Habakkuk witnesses these things happening. Alternate translation: “I witness people destroying things and acting violently” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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||||
HAB 1 3 smv1 figs-abstractnouns 0 contention rises up The word “contention” refers to conflict between people and can be translated with a verbal phrase. Habakkuk speaks of there being more contention between people as if contention rises up. Alternate translation: “there is more conflict between people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 1 4 u4lc figs-metaphor 0 the law is weakened Habakkuk speaks of people not obeying or enforcing the law as if they had made the law weak and unable to act. Alternate translation: “no one enforces the law” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
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HAB 1 4 r8dv figs-metaphor 0 the wicked surround the righteous Habakkuk speaks of wicked people causing righteous people to suffer injustice as if the wicked people surrounded the righteous people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-nominaladj]])
|
||||
HAB 1 4 sqe3 figs-metaphor 0 false justice goes out Habakkuk speaks of judges giving decisions that they say are just but that are not as if “false justice” were going out to the people. Alternate translation: “judges give verdicts that are not just” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 1 5 b6nu 0 General Information: Yahweh responds to Habakkuk.
|
||||
HAB 1 5 xx8m figs-doublet 0 be amazed and astonished The words “amazed” and “astonished” share similar meanings. Together they emphasize the strength of the emotion. Alternate translation: “be very amazed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
HAB 1 5 j1ay figs-idiom 0 in your days This idiom refers to Habakkuk’s lifetime. Alternate translation: “during your lifetime” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAB 1 5 ubc3 figs-activepassive 0 when it is reported to you This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “when someone reports it to you” or “when you hear about it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HAB 1 6 hw6s 0 look! The word “look!” here alerts us to pay attention to the surprising information that follows.
|
||||
HAB 1 6 cc7f 0 impetuous This could mean: (1) “violent” or (2) “hasty.”
|
||||
HAB 1 6 l91v figs-hyperbole 0 the breadth of the land This could mean: (1) everywhere in Judah or (2) everywhere in the world. This would be an exaggeration to emphasize how powerful the Chaldean army is. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
HAB 1 7 rf3w figs-doublet 0 They are terrifying and fearsome The words “terrifying” and “fearsome” share similar meanings. Together they emphasize the fear that the Chaldeans instilled in other people. Alternate translation: “They cause others to be greatly terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
HAB 1 7 rl2c figs-metaphor 0 their judgment and splendor proceed from themselves The word “splendor” represents their pride in how they view themselves. Yahweh speaks of their opinion of themselves as if the qualities of judgment and splendor came from them. Alternate translation: “because they are prideful, they decide for themselves what judgment looks like” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HAB 1 8 de5l 0 Their horses … their horses the horses of the Chaldean soldiers
|
||||
HAB 1 8 mf8c translate-unknown 0 leopards large, swift cats (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
HAB 1 8 aan3 0 the evening wolves This refers to wolves that hunt their prey at night.
|
||||
HAB 1 8 cmk6 0 their horsemen the Chaldean soldiers who ride the horses
|
||||
HAB 1 8 s39i figs-metaphor 0 they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat Yahweh speaks of how quickly the Chaldeans move in order to conquer their enemies as if they were flying, like an eagle flies swiftly to capture its prey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 1 9 t84x figs-metaphor 0 their multitudes go like the desert wind Yahweh speaks of how quickly the Chaldeans move as if they were a strong wind that blows in the desert. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 1 9 w7jf figs-simile 0 they gather captives like sand This could mean: (1) the Chaldeans take people captive as easily as one would scoop up sand with his hand. Alternate translation: “they gather captives as one gathers sand” or (2) the Chaldeans take a great number of people captive, as if those people were as many as the grains of sand in the desert. Alternate translation: “they capture as many people as there are grains of sand” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HAB 1 10 dsz7 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to describe the Chaldean soldiers.
|
||||
HAB 1 10 t1vb figs-parallelism 0 So they mock kings, and rulers are only a mockery for them These two phrases mean basically the same thing. The word “mockery” can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: “So they mock kings, and rulers are only something for them to mock” or “So all they do is mock kings and rulers” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
HAB 1 11 m8uj figs-metaphor 0 the wind will rush on Yahweh speaks of how swiftly the Chaldean army moves from one city to the next as it conquers each one as if it were a wind that blows swiftly along. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 1 11 vm3y 0 guilty men, those whose might is their god This refers to the Chaldean soldiers.
|
||||
HAB 1 12 z617 0 General Information: Habakkuk speaks to Yahweh about the Chaldeans.
|
||||
HAB 1 12 esj1 figs-rquestion 0 Are you not from ancient times, Yahweh my God, my Holy One? Habakkuk asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the positive answer. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You surely are from ancient times, Yahweh my God, my Holy One.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HAB 1 12 kq2a 0 from ancient times “eternal”
|
||||
HAB 1 12 dxz9 figs-abstractnouns 0 has ordained them for judgment, and you, Rock, have established them for correction The word “them” refers to the Chaldeans. The words “judgment” and “correction” can be translated with verbs. The reader should understand that the Chaldeans will judge and correct Yahweh’s people. Alternate translation: “has ordained them to judge his people, and you, Rock, have established them to correct your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 1 12 b4f6 figs-metaphor 0 Rock Habakkuk speaks of Yahweh being the one who protects him and keeps him safe as if he were a rock upon which Habakkuk could stand in order to be out of his enemies’ reach. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 1 13 i8m3 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues speaking to Yahweh about the Chaldeans.
|
||||
HAB 1 13 cyi1 figs-synecdoche 0 Your eyes are too pure Here the word “eyes” represents Yahweh who sees. Alternate translation: “You are too pure” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HAB 1 13 y39y 0 those who betray This refers to the Chaldeans. The word “betray” refers to people who have been disloyal or have broken agreements that they have made.
|
||||
HAB 1 13 m99e figs-metaphor 0 Why are you silent while the wicked swallow up those more righteous than they are? Habakkuk speaks of wicked people destroying others as if the wicked were swallowing them. Alternate translation: “Why are you silent while the wicked destroy those more righteous than they are?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 1 13 f9bv figs-irony 0 those more righteous than they are This refers to the Israelites, about whom Habakkuk had been complaining. The reader should understand that these are wicked people, but they are “more righteous than” or not as wicked as the Chaldeans. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
HAB 1 14 l8zj figs-simile 0 You make men like fish in the sea Habakkuk compares the way in which the Chaldeans will kill people without remorse with the way in which people will kill fish without remorse. Alternate translation: “You cause men to become no more important than fish” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HAB 1 14 r8p4 figs-ellipsis 0 like creeping things without a ruler over them The words “creeping things” refer to insects and other bugs that crawl about. Just as insects have no ruler to organize and defend them, the people are defenseless before the Chaldean army. The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “you make men as defenseless as insects that have no ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HAB 1 15 qcq6 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues speaking to Yahweh about the Chaldeans.
|
||||
HAB 1 15 g2sa figs-synecdoche 0 He brings … he drags … his fishnet … he gathers … his dragnet … he rejoices … he is glad The words “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “They bring … they drag … their fishnets … they gather … their dragnet … they rejoice … they are glad” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HAB 1 15 qt1d figs-123person 0 all of them … drags men away … gathers them Here “them” and “men” refer to people in general. This can be stated in first person to include Habakkuk as one of the people. Alternate translation: “all of us … drags us away … gathers us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
HAB 1 15 x5s1 figs-metaphor 0 He brings all of them up with a fishhook … in his dragnet Habakkuk speaks of the Chaldeans conquering people easily as if the people were fish that the Chaldeans catch with fishhooks and fishnets. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 1 15 h1ey 0 fishhook … fishnet … dragnet tools used to catch fish
|
||||
HAB 1 16 ey7r figs-metaphor 0 he sacrifices … his net … his dragnet … he lives … his food Habakkuk speaks of the weapons that the Chaldeans use to conquer people and nations as if the weapons were fishing nets that they use to catch fish. The words “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “they sacrifice … their nets … their dragnets … they live … their food” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HAB 1 17 y2y3 figs-explicit 0 Will he therefore keep emptying his net, and will he continually slaughter the nations without mercy? Habakkuk asks this question because he is frustrated and wants to know how long Yahweh will allow the Chaldeans to continue to destroy people and nations. Alternate translation: “Will you therefore let them empty their fishing nets and continue to slaughter the nations while they feel no compassion?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 1 17 re7y figs-synecdoche 0 Will he … keep emptying his net … will he continually slaughter In 1:15-17 the singular pronoun “he” and “his” refer to a Babylonian solider who represents all of the Babylonian soldiers. These pronouns can be stated as plural. Alternate translation: “Will they … keep emptying their net … will they continually slaughter” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HAB 1 17 rz38 figs-metaphor 0 keep emptying his net Habakkuk speaks of the Chaldeans preparing to conquer more nations as if they were fishermen who empty their nets so that they can use them to catch more fish. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 intro qke1 0 # Habakkuk 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:1-20.<br><br>This chapter is arranged in a series of questions and answers between Yahweh and Habakkuk.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### “The righteous will live by his faith”<br>This is an important phrase in Scripture. Paul also uses it to explain that man is justified by his faith. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/righteous]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/justice]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faith]])
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||||
HAB 2 1 m4n8 figs-parallelism 0 I will stand at my guard post and station myself on the watchtower These two phrases mean basically the same thing. This could mean: (1) Habakkuk went to an actual post in the watchtower or (2) this is a metaphor in which Habakkuk speaks of waiting eagerly for Yahweh’s response as if he were a watchman waiting at his post for the arrival of a messenger. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 1 s5ad 0 to see what he will say to me “to see what Yahweh will say to me”
|
||||
HAB 2 1 lcz4 figs-idiom 0 how I should turn from my complaint Here the word “turn” refers to returning an answer. Habakkuk considers what answer he will give concerning the things that he has said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAB 2 2 z55g 0 General Information: Yahweh answers Habakkuk.
|
||||
HAB 2 2 p6bb figs-parallelism 0 Record this vision, and write plainly on the tablets Both of these phrases are saying the same thing in two different ways. Alternate translation: “Write this vision clearly on the tablets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HAB 2 2 f1dy 0 tablets These are flat pieces of stone or clay that were used for writing.
|
||||
HAB 2 2 c1m9 figs-metaphor 0 so that the one reading them might run This could mean: (1) that the message is easy enough to read that a messenger can read it as he runs from place to place proclaiming the message. Alternate translation: “so that the one reading the tablets might be able to run as he reads” or (2) this is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of reading something very quickly as if the person who reads it is running. Alternate translation: “so that the one reading the tablets might be able to read quickly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 3 bh8y figs-metaphor 0 the vision … will finally speak Yahweh speaks of the events in the vision happening as if the vision were a person who speaks. Alternate translation: “the vision … will finally happen” or “the vision … will finally come true” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 2 3 l26r figs-metaphor 0 Though it delays, wait for it. For it will surely come and will not tarry Yahweh speaks of the events of the vision taking a long time to happen as if the vision were a person who does not arrive soon at his destination. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 2 3 mw1n 0 will not tarry This could mean: (1) “will not be late” or (2) “will not come slowly”
|
||||
HAB 2 4 w3ij figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk. Here he speaks of the Chaldeans as if they were one prideful, drunken man who can never have enough. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 4 viq4 0 Look! The word “Look!” here adds emphasis to what follows.
|
||||
HAB 2 4 f5n5 figs-metaphor 0 is puffed up Yahweh speaks of the person who is prideful as if the person were “puffed up.” Alternate translation: “is very prideful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 5 es27 figs-personification 0 For wine is a betrayer of the arrogant young man Yahweh speaks of how a person’s judgment is impaired by drinking too much wine as if wine were a person who betrays the one who drinks it. Alternate translation: “For the arrogant young man does not get from wine what he wants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 2 5 zbh2 figs-metaphor 0 so that he will not abide Here the word “abide” refers to dwelling in a home and is a metaphor for having no place to rest. Alternate translation: “so that he will not be able to rest” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 5 en8a figs-metaphor 0 enlarges his desire like the grave and, like death, is never satisfied Yahweh speaks of there always being more people to die as if “the grave” and “death” were people who are never satisfied with eating. In the same way, this person always wants more and is never satisfied. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 5 fz6e figs-parallelism 0 He gathers to himself every nation and gathers up for himself all of the peoples These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of conquering nations and capturing the people as if it were gathering nations and peoples to oneself. Alternate translation: “He conquers for himself the people of every nation” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 6 knz3 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 6 jr6a figs-rquestion 0 Will not all these create The words “all these” refer to the nations and peoples from [Habakkuk 2:5](../02/05.md). This negative rhetorical question emphasizes the positive answer. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “All of these nations and peoples will certainly create” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HAB 2 6 f8s8 figs-explicit 0 Woe to the one increasing what is not his It is implicit that he is increasing his possession of things that do not belong to him. Alternate translation: “Woe to the one who claims for himself more and more things that do not belong to him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
HAB 2 6 jhf8 0 For how long will you increase the weight of the pledges you have taken? The word “pledges” refers to objects that people give to others from whom they have borrowed money as a guarantee that they will repay their debt. As the man collects more and more pledges, the total weight of the pledges that he carries increases.
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||||
HAB 2 6 f4yt figs-metaphor 0 For how long will you increase the weight of the pledges you have taken? The Chaldeans robbing the people of the nations of their wealth is spoken of as if the Chaldeans were a person who forces others to give him pledges and to pay him what they do not owe. Alternate translation: “For how long will you make yourself rich by extorting others?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 7 j97n figs-rquestion 0 Will the ones biting at you not rise up suddenly, and the ones terrifying you awaken? This negative rhetorical question emphasizes the positive answer. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The ones biting at you will certainly rise up suddenly, and the ones terrifying you will awaken.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HAB 2 7 dc6e figs-metaphor 0 the ones biting at you The Hebrew word translated here as “the ones biting” can also mean “the ones paying interest” or “debtors.” In this context, the word probably has both meanings. The phrase is a metaphor in which those whom the man has oppressed and made debtors by forcing them to give him pledges will now oppress him, which is spoken of as if they were biting him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 7 sv25 0 the ones terrifying you This refers to the same debtors. They will terrify the Chaldeans by attacking them in revenge for the pledges that they were forced to give.
|
||||
HAB 2 7 g3a4 figs-metaphor 0 rise up … awaken The people of the nations beginning to act against the Chaldeans is spoken of as if they were to “rise up” and to “awaken” from sleep. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 8 dmt3 0 plunder to rob or take things by force
|
||||
HAB 2 8 eji9 figs-idiom 0 you have shed human blood The idiom “to shed blood” means “to murder.” Alternate translation: “you have murdered people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAB 2 9 n7s9 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 9 yq1w figs-metaphor 0 the one who carves out evil gains A person making a profit by violent means is spoken of as if he were “carving out” gains from something. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 9 xk13 figs-metaphor 0 the one who carves out evil gains for his house This could mean: (1) the word “house” is a metaphor in which the Babylonian empire is spoken of as if it were a house that the man builds by means of profits that he gained through violence. Alternate translation: “the one who builds his house with riches that he gained through violence” or (2) the word “house” is a metonym for “family” and the man has made his family rich through violence. Alternate translation: “the one who makes his family rich by violent means” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HAB 2 9 m1uh figs-metaphor 0 so he can set his nest on high to keep himself safe from the hand of evil The person who builds his house is spoken of as if he were a bird that builds its nest in a high place. The man thinks that his house is secure and free from danger, just as predators are unable to reach the nest. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 9 xw3t figs-metonymy 0 safe from the hand of evil Here the word “hand” is a metonym for power, and the word “evil” is a metonym for people who do evil things. Alternate translation: “safe from the power of evil” or “safe from people who will harm him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HAB 2 10 my1x figs-metaphor 0 You have devised shame for your house Here to “devise shame” means that the plans that the man devised have resulted in shame. One possible meaning is that the word “house” is a metaphor in which the Babylonian empire is spoken of as if it were a house that the man has built. Alternate translation: “By your plans, you have brought shame on the house that you have built” Another possibility is that the word “house” is a metonym for “family.” Alternate translation: “By your plans, you have brought shame on your family” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HAB 2 10 n587 figs-metaphor 0 cutting off many people Killing many people is spoken of as if it were cutting those people off, like one would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “killing many people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 10 sg2a figs-idiom 0 have sinned against yourself The idiom “to sin against oneself” means that the person has done things that will result in his own death or destruction. Alternate translation: “have caused your own ruin” or “have brought about your own death” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAB 2 11 ukn3 figs-personification 0 For the stones will cry out from the wall, and the rafters of timber will answer them Here the materials with which the man has built his house are personified as witnesses of the crimes that he has committed. If your culture uses different materials to build houses, you can consider using those materials here. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 2 11 bt1f 0 cry out “cry out against you” or “cry out to accuse you”
|
||||
HAB 2 11 b8iz 0 will answer them “will agree with the stones”
|
||||
HAB 2 12 xv2x figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 12 i4d5 figs-parallelism 0 Woe to the one who builds a city with blood, and who establishes a town in iniquity These two phrases are saying the same thing in different ways. Alternate translation: “A warning to the Chaldeans who built their cities with what they have stolen from the people they have killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HAB 2 12 dh3j figs-metonymy 0 the one who builds a city with blood Here the word “blood” is a metonym for murder. It is implicit that the person builds a city by means of the goods that he stole from those whom he has killed. Alternate translation: “the one who kills people and steals their goods in order to build a city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 2 12 zan9 figs-explicit 0 who establishes a town in iniquity It is implicit that the person builds a city by means of the goods that he stole from those whom he has killed. Here the word “establishes” means “to begin.” Alternate translation: “who starts a town by means of the profit that he has acquired through evil behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 2 13 gru9 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not from Yahweh of hosts that peoples labor for fire and all the other nations weary themselves for nothing? This negative rhetorical question emphasizes the positive answer that it anticipates. The two clauses share similar meanings that the work that people do will not last. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Yahweh is the one who has determined that the things that people work hard to build will be destroyed by fire and result in nothing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HAB 2 13 s42e figs-explicit 0 peoples labor for fire This means that the things that people labor to build are ultimately destined to be fuel for fire. Alternate translation: “peoples labor to build things that will be used as fuel for fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 2 14 j8ng figs-simile 0 the land will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of Yahweh as the waters cover the sea This simile compares the way in which people everywhere will know of Yahweh’s glory with how water fills every part of the sea. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HAB 2 14 y4eq figs-abstractnouns 0 the land will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of Yahweh The word “knowledge” can be translated with a verbal phrase. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “people throughout the land will know the glory of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HAB 2 15 r22i figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 15 xbs7 figs-metaphor 0 the one who forces his neighbors to drink … you make them drunk The way that the Chaldeans cruelly treated other nations is spoken of as if they were a man who forces his neighbors to become drunk so that he can humiliate them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 15 k19h figs-explicit 0 the one who forces his neighbors to drink It is implied that he makes his neighbor drink wine. Alternate translation: “the one who forces his neighbors to drink wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 2 15 tyu9 figs-explicit 0 in order to look at their nakedness “so you can look at them when they are naked.” This refers to the practice of publicly humiliating people by stripping them naked in front of others. Alternate translation: “so that you can humiliate them publicly by stripping them naked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 2 16 dx69 figs-metaphor 0 You will be filled with shame instead of glory The Chaldeans passionately pursuing their own glory is spoken of as if they were eating or drinking it greedily and excessively. Instead of attaining glory, they will find only shame. Alternate translation: “You will bring shame upon yourself instead of the glory that you seek” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 16 m5q9 figs-metaphor 0 Drink Others treating the Chaldeans the way that the Chaldeans had treated others is spoken of as if the Chaldeans were to drink the wine that they had forced others to drink. Alternate translation: “Drink from the cup” or “Drink the wine” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 2 16 kv1u figs-explicit 0 you will expose your uncircumcised foreskin This phrase is similar to the Chaldeans forcing others to strip naked so that they could look at their nakedness. Here the words “uncircumcised foreskin” indicate that they will be humiliated not just by being naked, but because their uncircumcision proves that they do not belong to Yahweh’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 2 16 r8rj figs-metaphor 0 The cup in Yahweh’s right hand is coming around to you Yahweh punishing the Chaldeans is spoken of as if he were forcing them to drink wine from a cup that he holds in his hand. Yahweh’s right hand represents his power. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 16 psa7 0 The cup in Yahweh’s right hand “The cup that Yahweh holds in his right hand” or “The cup that Yahweh is holding”
|
||||
HAB 2 16 f71b 0 is coming around to you “will come to you as it did to others” or “will pass along to you”
|
||||
HAB 2 16 nv8g figs-metaphor 0 disgrace will cover your glory The Chaldeans experiencing disgrace instead of glory is spoken of as if disgrace were an object that covers the glory that they thought they had. Alternate translation: “disgrace will replace your glory” or “people will disgrace you instead of honor you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 17 jmf4 figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 17 j29e figs-metaphor 0 The violence done to Lebanon will overwhelm you The Chaldeans being punished for the violence done to Lebanon is spoken of as if their violent actions were a person who will overpower them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 2 17 a82q figs-metonymy 0 The violence done to Lebanon Here, **Lebanon** could mean: (1) it represents the forest of Lebanon. Alternate translation: “The violence done to the trees of Lebanon” or (2) it represents the people of Lebanon. Alternate translation: “The violence done to the people of Lebanon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HAB 2 17 e9sz figs-metaphor 0 the destruction of animals will terrify you The Chaldeans being punished for destroying the animals in Lebanon is spoken of as if their destruction were a person who will terrify them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 2 17 q3ze 0 For you have shed human blood … all who live in them See how you translated this sentence in [Habakkuk 2:8](../02/08.md).
|
||||
HAB 2 17 ag1e figs-idiom 0 you have shed human blood The idiom “to shed blood” means “to murder.” Alternate translation: “you have murdered people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAB 2 18 d15q figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to answer Habakkuk and to speak of the Chaldeans as if they were one man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 2 18 g5ec figs-rquestion 0 What does the carved figure profit you? This rhetorical question emphasizes the negative answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “The carved figure profits you nothing!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HAB 2 18 qb9w 0 you The word “you” refers to the Chaldeans.
|
||||
HAB 2 18 n4un 0 molten metal This describes metal when it is in its liquid form.
|
||||
HAB 2 18 hdm4 0 a teacher of lies This phrase refers to the one who carved or cast the figure. By making a false god, he is teaching a lie.
|
||||
HAB 2 19 nlw7 figs-ellipsis 0 Or to the silent stone The verb may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “Woe to the one saying to the silent stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
HAB 2 19 a365 figs-rquestion 0 Do these things teach? This rhetorical question emphasizes the negative answer that it anticipates. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “These things cannot teach.” or “Wood and stone cannot teach.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HAB 2 19 u5fx 0 See, it is overlaid “Look at it. You can see for yourself that it is overlaid”
|
||||
HAB 2 19 xks1 figs-activepassive 0 it is overlaid with gold and silver This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “a person overlays the wood or stone with gold and silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HAB 2 19 uq17 figs-idiom 0 there is no breath at all within it The idiom “no breath … within it” means that it is not alive, but dead. Alternate translation: “it is not alive” or “it is dead” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAB 2 20 qts3 figs-metonymy 0 all the land Here the word “land” is a metonym for the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “everyone in the land” or “everyone on earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HAB 3 intro i7n7 0 # Habakkuk 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 3:1-19.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Poetry<br>Although this is a prayer, it is in the form of poetry. Habakkuk uses startling imagery to show his fear of Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/fear]])
|
||||
HAB 3 1 j4yf figs-explicit 0 The prayer of Habakkuk the prophet: These words introduce the third chapter of this book. This can be stated as a complete sentence. Alternate translation: “This is the prayer that Habakkuk the prophet prayed to Yahweh.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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||||
HAB 3 2 v94e 0 I have heard your report This could mean: (1) “I have heard people talk about what you have done in the past” or (2) “I have heard what you just said.”
|
||||
HAB 3 2 ne6e figs-metaphor 0 revive your work Habakkuk speaks of Yahweh doing again the things that he has done in the past as if Yahweh were to cause his work to live again. Alternate translation: “bring your work back to life” or “what you did before, do again” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 2 ah3p figs-idiom 0 in the midst of these times This idiom refers to the time at which Habakkuk prayed this prayer, as opposed to times when Yahweh had acted in the past to rescue his people. Alternate translation: “in our own times” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAB 3 2 epw6 0 make it known “make your work known” or “cause people to know your work”
|
||||
HAB 3 3 s2sh figs-metaphor 0 General Information: Habakkuk begins to describe his vision of Yahweh coming to judge his enemies and to save his people. The vision continues through [Habakkuk 3:15](../03/15.md). It is full of metaphorical language and uses different kinds of parallelism. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
HAB 3 3 ac8u 0 God came from Teman, and the Holy One from Mount Paran Teman and Mount Paran were both located south of Judah. Habakkuk speaks of God coming to Judah from the direction of Mount Sinai.
|
||||
HAB 3 3 f9a6 0 His glory covered the heavens “His splendor covered the sky.” Here the word “glory” refers to the bright light that biblical writers often associate with God’s presence.
|
||||
HAB 3 3 ixb2 figs-metonymy 0 the earth was full of his praise Here the word “praise” is a metonym for God’s qualities that cause people to praise him. Alternate translation: “the earth was full of his glory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HAB 3 4 d42l 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh.
|
||||
HAB 3 4 yln4 0 With brightness like the light Here the word “brightness” likely refers to the brightness that is often associated with Yahweh’s glory. This could mean: (1) the brightness of Yahweh’s glory was like flashes of lightning or (2) the brightness of Yahweh’s glory was like the rising of the sun.
|
||||
HAB 3 4 mnk6 figs-metaphor 0 two-pronged rays flash from his hand Habakkuk speaks of flashes of lightning as if they were two-pronged weapons that Yahweh holds in his hand. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 4 d92s 0 there he hid his power The word “there” refers to Yahweh’s hand. This could mean: (1) the lightning bolts that Habakkuk can see are only a small representation of the full power that he cannot see hidden in Yahweh’s hand or (2) Yahweh hides his power in his hand until he is ready to use it.
|
||||
HAB 3 6 bh72 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh.
|
||||
HAB 3 6 gh3f 0 He stood This means that Yahweh stopped walking and stood still, not that he stood up from a seated position.
|
||||
HAB 3 6 yt5m 0 measured the earth This could mean: (1) the word translated as “measured” can be “shook” or (2) he surveyed the earth the way a conqueror would before assigning portions to his governors.
|
||||
HAB 3 6 id6p 0 eternal mountains … everlasting hills “mountains that have existed since the beginning of time … hills that will exist until the end of time.” If your language has no different words for “hills” and “mountains” or for “eternal” and “everlasting,” you can combine them as the UST has done.
|
||||
HAB 3 6 ey5u figs-activepassive 0 Even the eternal mountains were shattered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Even the eternal mountains crumbled” or “He shattered even the eternal mountains” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
HAB 3 6 g6cm figs-personification 0 the everlasting hills bowed down The hills being flattened like level ground is spoken of as if they were people who bow down before Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the everlasting hills collapsed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 3 6 a4zl figs-metaphor 0 His path is everlasting This could mean: (1) the words “His path” may be a metaphor that speaks of Yahweh and his actions as a path on which he walks. Alternate translation: “He is everlasting” or (2) Habakkuk speaks of the path upon which Yahweh walks in the vision as being everlasting, indicating that this is the same path that Yahweh had taken in ancient times. Alternate translation: “He walks along an ancient path” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 7 axq1 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh.
|
||||
HAB 3 7 ydk4 figs-metonymy 0 I saw the tents of Cushan in affliction, and the fabric of the tents in the land of Midian trembling This could mean: (1) the words “the tents” and “the fabric of the tents” are metonyms for the people who live in those tents. Alternate translation: “I saw the people who live in tents in the land of Cushan in affliction, and the people who live in tents in the land of Midian trembling” or (2) this is a metaphor in which Habakkuk speaks of the tents in Cushan and Midian being blown about by a storm as if the tents were people who were trembling in affliction. Alternate translation: “I saw the tents of Cushan blown about like people in affliction, and the fabric of the tents in the land of Midian trembling as if they were people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 7 b5ma translate-names 0 Cushan Here, **Cushan** could mean (1) the name of a people group otherwise unknown or (2) the same as Cush. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
HAB 3 8 a3lq figs-doublet 0 you rode upon your horses and your victorious chariots The phrases “your horses” and “your victorious chariots” both refer to the same thing. This speaks of Yahweh as if he were a warrior riding a horse-drawn chariot into battle. Alternate translation: “you rode your horse-drawn chariots to victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
HAB 3 9 y59h 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh.
|
||||
HAB 3 9 avl5 figs-explicit 0 You have brought out your bow without a cover This means that Yahweh has removed his bow from its protective case and is prepared to shoot. Alternate translation: “You have prepared to shoot your bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 3 9 t8zv 0 You divided the earth with rivers This could mean: (1) “You created rivers that divide the lands through which they run” or (2) “You split open the earth and rivers flowed forth.”
|
||||
HAB 3 10 k9nf figs-personification 0 The mountains saw you and twisted in pain The effects that Yahweh’s presence has on the mountains is spoken of as if the mountains were people who writhe in pain. This may refer either to the mountains shaking from an earthquake or to the water from the storm eroding the sides of the mountains as the streams flow down. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 3 10 rcw1 0 Downpours of water passed over them This could mean: (1) torrential rains fell on the mountains or (2) the rain caused raging streams to flow down the mountains.
|
||||
HAB 3 10 fhs9 figs-metaphor 0 the deep sea raised a shout The loud noises that the sea makes as the wind and storm pass over it are spoken of as if the sea were a person who begins to shout loudly. Alternate translation: “the deep sea became loud” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 3 10 t3k6 figs-metaphor 0 It lifted up its waves The level of the water in the sea rising and the storm winds causing waves in the sea is spoken of as if the sea were a person who lifts its waves. Alternate translation: “Waves began to form in the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 3 11 n9kb 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh.
|
||||
HAB 3 11 f391 figs-metaphor 0 The sun and moon stood still The sun and moon not moving in the sky is spoken of as if they were people who stopped walking and stood still. Alternate translation: “The sun and moon stopped moving” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAB 3 11 wrz3 0 in their high places “in the sky”
|
||||
HAB 3 11 hqb4 figs-parallelism 0 at the flash of your arrows … at the lightning of your flashing spear These two phrases share similar meanings and tell why the sun and moon have stood still. The lightning flashes in the sky are spoken of as if they were arrows that Yahweh shoots from his bow or a shining spear that he throws through the sky. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 11 zte1 0 the flash of your arrows as they fly “the flash of your flying arrows”
|
||||
HAB 3 12 vd76 0 indignation anger of a person who has suffered injustice
|
||||
HAB 3 12 q7gg figs-metaphor 0 you have threshed the nations Yahweh punishing the people of the nations is spoken of as if he threshed the nations. Threshing refers to the practice of having an ox or some other animal trample upon grain stalks in order to crush them and remove the grain. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 13 wr8d 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh. The last sentence in this verse is difficult to translate. Read each of the translationNotes on that sentence below to see different ways to translate it.
|
||||
HAB 3 13 air3 figs-abstractnouns 0 You went out for the salvation of your people The word “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “You went out to save your people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
HAB 3 13 qtl6 0 your anointed one “the one whom you have anointed.” Here this phrase refers to one whom Yahweh has chosen. This could mean: (1) “the people you have chosen” or “the nation you have chosen” or (2) “the king you have chosen.”
|
||||
HAB 3 13 il57 figs-metonymy 0 You shatter the head of the house of the wicked to lay bare from the base up to the neck This could mean: (1) killing the leader and destroying the people is spoken of as if someone were destroying a house. Here the leader is the head, that is, the roof of the house; and “base” and “neck” represent other parts of the house. Alternate translation: “You destroy the roof of the wicked house and demolish the rest of the building” or “You kill the leader of the wicked nation and completely destroy the nation” or (2) Killing the leader and removing honor and power from the people is spoken of as if someone were shattering a person’s head and stripping off all of his clothes. Here the leader is the “head,” and “house” represents the people who are the body. Alternate translation: “The wicked people and their leader are like a man whose head you crush and whose body you strip naked from foot to neck” or “You kill the leader of the wicked people and completely remove all of the people’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 14 w31g 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his vision of Yahweh.
|
||||
HAB 3 14 v64x figs-metaphor 0 You have pierced the head of his warriors with his own arrows The word “his” refers to the leader of the Chaldeans. This could mean: (1) this is a metaphor in which the warriors are spoken of as if they were a body and the leader were the head. Alternate translation: “You have killed with his own spear the one who leads the warriors” or (2) the word “head” refers to the heads of each of the warriors. Alternate translation: “With the leader’s own spear, you have pierced the heads of each of his warriors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 14 yv9w figs-simile 0 they came like a storm The power and quickness of the Chaldeans as they attacked the people of Israel is compared to the coming of a sudden storm. Alternate translation: “they came quickly like a storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
HAB 3 14 srm8 figs-abstractnouns 0 their gloating was like one who devours the poor in a hiding place The word “gloating” here means to rejoice for bad reasons and can be translated with a verb. The warriors treating people cruelly or killing them is spoken of as if the warriors were wild beasts who carry their prey to their hiding places in order to eat it. Alternate translation: “they gloated like a person who secretly abuses poor people” or “they rejoiced when they oppressed the poor, acting as if they would eat them like a beast eats its prey in its den” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 15 n6rz figs-metaphor 0 heaped up the great waters Yahweh causing the waters to surge is spoken of as if he heaped the water up into piles. Alternate translation: “caused the great waters to surge” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 16 b9nf 0 General Information: Habakkuk describes his reaction to his vision of Yahweh.
|
||||
HAB 3 16 m7xf figs-explicit 0 I heard You may indicate what it is that Habakkuk heard. This could mean: (1) “I heard everything in that vision” or (2) “I heard Yahweh approach like a great storm” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 3 16 y78y figs-explicit 0 my inner parts trembled The word translated here as “inner parts” is literally “belly.” If your language has a specific internal organ that it uses to express the feeling of great fear, you can consider using it here. Alternate translation: “my heart beat rapidly” or “my stomach turned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 3 16 ull6 0 My lips quivered at the sound Quivering lips is another spontaneous response that comes with great fear.
|
||||
HAB 3 16 tz73 figs-idiom 0 Decay comes into my bones Habakkuk speaks of having no strength in his body as if his bones began to decay. You may consider using an idiom from your own language here. Alternate translation: “My body goes limp, as if my bones were rotting” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
HAB 3 16 y61b figs-idiom 0 under myself I tremble The words “under myself” refer to what is below him. This idiom could mean: (1) “my legs tremble” or (2) “I tremble where I stand.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAB 3 17 t3s6 0 General Information: Habakkuk describes his reaction to his vision of Yahweh.
|
||||
HAB 3 17 e3u3 0 though the produce of the olive tree disappoints “though the produce of the olive tree fails” or “though the olive tree fails to produce olives”
|
||||
HAB 3 17 wcs3 figs-metaphor 0 though the flock is cut off from the fold The word “flock” may refer to sheep or goats, or both. The word “fold” refers to the fenced-in area where shepherds keep their flock. Habakkuk speaks of the flock dying as if someone were to cut off the flock, as a person would cut a branch from a tree. Alternate translation: “though all the flock dies and the folds are empty” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAB 3 18 v4vm 0 General Information: Habakkuk continues to describe his reaction to his vision of Yahweh and determines to praise him.
|
||||
HAB 3 18 zwf8 figs-abstractnouns 0 the God of my salvation The word “salvation” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “the God who saves me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
HAB 3 19 ny4z figs-metaphor 0 he makes my feet like the deer’s. He makes me go forward on my high places Habakkuk speaks of Yahweh keeping him safe and enabling him to survive during difficult times as if Yahweh were to make him as sure-footed as a deer that can climb easily on rugged and dangerous mountain sides. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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ZEP front intro l57g 0 # Introduction to Zephaniah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Zephaniah<br><br>1. Zephaniah introduces this book (1:1)<br>1. Yahweh will punish Judah and the nations (1:2–18)<br>1. Yahweh calls Judah to repent (2:1–3)<br>1. Yahweh will judge the nations (2:4-15)<br>- Philistia (2:4–7)<br>- Moab and Ammon (2:8–11)<br>- Egypt (2:12)<br>- Assyria (2:13–15)<br>1. Yahweh will judge Jerusalem (3:1–8)<br>1. Yahweh will purify, restore, gather, and bless his people (3:9–20)<br><br>### What is the Book of Zephaniah about?<br><br>Zechariah warned Judah and other nations that Yahweh was about to punish them. He also prophesied about how Yahweh would restore Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>The traditional name of this book is “The Book of Zephaniah” or just “Zephaniah.” Translators may decide to call it “The Sayings of Zephaniah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Zephaniah?<br><br>Zephaniah wrote this book. But four different Old Testament people have the name Zephaniah. This Zephaniah was probably the great-grandson of King Hezekiah and a cousin to King Josiah. Zephaniah lived in the city of Jerusalem. He began to prophesy about seventy years after the prophets Isaiah and Micah. Zephaniah spoke Yahweh’s messages during the reign of King Josiah (about 640–621 B.C.), and just before Jeremiah began to prophesy.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Were the people of Judah faithful to Yahweh at the time Zephaniah started to prophesy?<br><br>Manasseh, the grandfather of Josiah, had been one of the worst kings of Judah. He led the people to worship other gods. After his death, his son Amon ruled for only two years before he was killed. Amon’s son Josiah became king when he was eight years old. Josiah learned to worship and honor Yahweh. Zephaniah likely began his work after Josiah had destroyed most of the idols and shrines of false gods in Judah. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/falsegod]])<br><br>### What country is coming to invade Judah?<br><br>Zephaniah often said a foreign nation would invade the kingdom of Judah. Zephaniah probably meant Babylonia. However, the Book of Zephaniah never names this nation.
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ZEP 1 intro t3tv 0 # Zephaniah 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 1:2-18.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the fall of Jerusalem, the coming of the Messiah or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])
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ZEP 1 1 w6l8 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgment. Verses 1:2-3 describe Yahweh’s final judgment of every sinner in the future.
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ZEP 1 1 k2ge figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh that came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yahweh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEP 1 1 exz8 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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ZEP 1 1 zlc5 figs-explicit 0 son of Gedaliah son of Amariah son of Hezekiah This is a list of Zephaniah’s ancestors. These usages of “son of” are the broader sense of “descendant of.” Here “Hezekiah” refers to King Hezekiah. These things can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the grandson of Gedaliah, and the great-grandson of Amariah, whose father was King Hezekiah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ZEP 1 2 x2u5 figs-hyperbole 0 I will utterly destroy everything from off the surface of the earth The words “everything” and “will cut off man” are deliberate exaggerations by Yahweh to express his anger at the people’s sin. Yahweh will destroy neither sinners who repent nor all living things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
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ZEP 1 2 atu6 0 destroy everything from off the surface of the earth “destroy everything that is on the entire earth”
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ZEP 1 2 fg27 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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ZEP 1 3 aqr7 0 I will cut off man from the surface of the earth “I will kill all people.” This is a hyperbole, as in [Zephaniah 1:2] (./02.md).
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ZEP 1 3 zd2p 0 man and beast “people and animals”
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ZEP 1 3 kw4a 0 the ruins This could mean: (1) the piles of rubble that will remain after the judgment or (2) the idols that Yahweh destroyed.
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ZEP 1 3 xxd9 figs-metaphor 0 cut off Destroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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ZEP 1 4 zb97 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh’s judgment on the people of Judah.
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ZEP 1 4 q6dj figs-idiom 0 I will reach out with my hand over Judah This is an idiom that means God will punish. Alternate translation: “I will punish Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEP 1 4 wn2w figs-ellipsis 0 I will cut off every remnant … the names of the idolatrous people among the priests The verb “cut off” applies to each of these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: “I will cut off every remnant … I will cut off the names of the idolatrous people among the priests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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ZEP 1 4 gdu9 figs-metaphor 0 cut off Destroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. See how you translated this in [Zephaniah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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ZEP 1 4 h6cv figs-idiom 0 cut off … the names of the idolatrous people among the priests Here “cut off … the names” is an idiom that means to cause people to forget them. Alternate translation: “cause everyone … to forget the priests who are idolatrous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEP 1 5 u98g figs-ellipsis 0 the people who on the housetops … the people who worship and swear The verb “cut off” ([Zechariah 1:4] (./04.md)) applies to these phrases, but has been used only once to avoid repetition. Alternate translation: “I will cut off the people who on the housetops … I will cut off the people who worship and swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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ZEP 1 5 w2r8 0 by their king See the footnote about the possible rendering of this as “by Milcom.”
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ZEP 1 6 ql66 figs-metaphor 0 neither seek Yahweh nor ask for his guidance Seeking **Yahweh** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. Alternate translation: “do not think about Yahweh or ask him to guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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ZEP 1 7 ztx9 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh’s judgment on the people of Judah.
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ZEP 1 7 etv8 figs-idiom 0 Be silent This is an idiom. Here silence is meant to signal shock and amazement. Alternate translation: “Be shocked” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEP 1 7 xb5b figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh has prepared the sacrifice and set apart his guests The people of Judah are spoken of as Yahweh’s sacrifice, and the enemy nations are spoken of as his guests who would eat the sacrifice. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has prepared the people of Judah as a sacrifice, and invited the enemy nations as his guests” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ZEP 1 7 hwp4 figs-idiom 0 set apart his guests Here “set apart” is an idiom that means he has invited them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEP 1 8 z1ix figs-123person 0 General Information: In verses 1:8-13, Yahweh is speaking. He alternates between using first person and speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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ZEP 1 8 w2xl 0 It will come about This phrase is used to mark the point at which Yahweh’s judgment of Judah will begin.
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ZEP 1 8 igq2 figs-explicit 0 everyone dressed in foreign clothes This phrase suggests that the Israelites wore clothes similar to the foreigners to show sympathy to their customs and to the worship of their foreign gods. Alternate translation: “everyone who worships foreign gods” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ZEP 1 9 gma8 0 On that day “On the day of Yahweh”
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ZEP 1 9 fr1s 0 all those who leap over the threshold This could mean: (1) this is a reference to people who did not step on thresholds as part of their worship of a god called Dagan or (2) people who leapt up onto platforms to worship pagan idols or (3) royal officials who climbed the steps to the throne.
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ZEP 1 9 u614 0 fill their master’s house with violence and deceit The abstract nouns “violence” and “deceit” can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “those who do violent things and tell lies in the temples of their gods”
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ZEP 1 10 n2di figs-123person 0 General Information: Zephaniah 1:2-18 refers to Yahweh’s judgment. Zephaniah 1:4-16 describes Yahweh’s judgment on the people of Judah. In Zephaniah 1:8-13, Yahweh is speaking. He alternates between using first person and speaking about himself in the third person. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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ZEP 1 10 mm2c 0 Fish Gate The Fish Gate was one of the gates in the Jerusalem city wall.
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ZEP 1 10 bm2g 0 wailing from the Second District “Mourn loudly from the Second District.” The Second District was a newer part of Jerusalem.
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ZEP 1 10 ysx8 figs-explicit 0 a great crashing sound This refers to the sound of buildings collapsing. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “a loud sound of buildings collapsing” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ZEP 1 10 ahw8 0 from the hills This refers to the hills surrounding Jerusalem.
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ZEP 1 11 ne51 figs-parallelism 0 for all the merchants will be ruined; all those who weigh out silver will be cut off These two phrases refer to the same people and are used to emphasize that business will be destroyed. Alternate translation: “for those who buy and sell goods will be killed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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ZEP 1 11 fu79 0 those who weigh out silver This refers to merchants. Before coins were used, people weighed out silver or gold as payment for things they bought.
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ZEP 1 11 eyb8 figs-metaphor 0 cut off Destroying is spoken of as if it were cutting something off from what it was a part of. See how you translated this in [Zephaniah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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ZEP 1 12 vc63 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh’s judgment on the people of Judah.
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ZEP 1 12 fb6r 0 It will come about at that time This phrase is used to mark the time when Jerusalem has been destroyed by the enemies.
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ZEP 1 12 n4xe figs-metaphor 0 I will search Jerusalem with lamps Yahweh speaks of knowing about all people of Jerusalem as if he had searched for them with lamps. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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ZEP 1 12 sb9c figs-idiom 0 settled into their wine They feel safe from trouble. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEP 1 12 t4ux 0 say in their heart, ‘Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evil.’ This direct quotation can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “say in their heart that Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evil.
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ZEP 1 12 nu98 figs-idiom 0 say in their heart This idiom means they think to themselves. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEP 1 12 fhk8 figs-merism 0 Yahweh will not do anything, either good or evil Here “good and evil” is a merism that includes everything in between. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will not do anything at all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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ZEP 1 13 nu8u 0 an abandoned devastation “destroyed and abandoned”
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ZEP 1 14 r2si 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgment. Verses 1:4-16 describe Yahweh’s judgment on the people of Judah.
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ZEP 1 14 a6kw figs-doublet 0 near, near and hurrying quickly The repetition of the word “near,” along with the phrase “hurrying quickly,” emphasize that the day when Yahweh judges the people will soon happen. Alternate translation: “close and will be here soon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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ZEP 1 14 ky2m 0 the day of Yahweh See how you translated this phrase in [Zephaniah 1:7](../01/07.md).
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ZEP 1 14 nu8q 0 a warrior crying bitterly This could mean: (1) a soldier crying in despair or (2) a soldier’s battle cry.
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ZEP 1 15 xb57 0 That day … a day These phrases refer back to the “day of Yahweh” in [Zephaniah 1:14](../01/14.md).
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ZEP 1 15 lw4t figs-doublet 0 a day of distress and anguish The words “distress” and “anguish” mean about the same thing and emphasize the intensity of the people’s distress. Alternate translation: “a day when people feel terrible distress” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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ZEP 1 15 ud2q figs-doublet 0 a day of storm and devastation Here the word “storm” refers to divine judgment. The word “devastation” describes the effects of that judgment. Alternate translation: “a day of devastating storms” or “a day of devastating judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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ZEP 1 15 jub4 figs-doublet 0 a day of darkness and gloom The words “darkness” and “gloom” share similar meanings and emphasize the intensity of darkness. Both words refer to a time of disaster or divine judgment. Alternate translation: “a day that is full of darkness” or “a day of terrible judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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ZEP 1 15 swy2 figs-doublet 0 a day of clouds and thick darkness This phrase means the same thing as, and intensifies, the idea of the previous phrase. Like that phrase, both “clouds” and “thick darkness” refer to divine judgment. Alternate translation: “a day full of dark storm clouds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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ZEP 1 16 deb6 figs-doublet 0 a day of trumpets and alarms The words “trumpets” and “alarms” mean basically the same thing here. Both are means to call soldiers to prepare for battle. Alternate translation: “a day when people sound the alarm for battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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ZEP 1 16 da9h figs-doublet 0 fortified cities and the high battlements These two phrases both refer to military strongholds. Alternate translation: “well fortified cities” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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ZEP 1 17 w66r 0 General Information: Verses 1:2-18 refer to Yahweh’s judgment. Verses 1:17-18 describe Yahweh’s final judgment of every sinner in the future.
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ZEP 1 17 krq4 figs-simile 0 they will walk about like blind men The result of Yahweh’s judgment is that people will be so confused and dazed when they walk about that people will think they are blind. Alternate translation: “they will walk around as confused and dazed as blind men” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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ZEP 1 17 cq1r figs-simile 0 Their blood will be poured out like dust Their blood that is shed will be as worthless as dust. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Their enemies will pour out their blood and consider it to be worthless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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ZEP 1 17 jrq1 figs-simile 0 their inner parts like dung The verb “poured out” is understood here. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “their enemies will cut open their bodies and leave them to rot like dung” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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ZEP 1 18 ai7h figs-metaphor 0 the fire of his jealousy Here “fire” refers to the intensity of Yahweh’s anger. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “his jealousy is as intense as a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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ZEP 1 18 ij81 figs-explicit 0 all the inhabitants of the earth It is understood that this refers to the wicked people. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “all the wicked people who live on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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ZEP 2 intro t1it 0 # Zephaniah 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 2:1-9, 12-15.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])
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ZEP 2 1 w5gd 0 General Information: In 2:1-3, Yahweh continues to speak to Judah, and tells them to repent.
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ZEP 2 1 w14p figs-doublet 0 Rally yourselves together and gather These two phrases mean the same thing. Together they intensify the command for the people to gather together in order to repent of their sins. Alternate translation: “Gather yourselves together” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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ZEP 2 2 m93y figs-metonymy 0 before the decree takes effect This phrase refers to the punishment that will happen as a result of Yahweh’s decree. Alternate translation: “before Yahweh punishes you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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ZEP 2 2 j7xn 0 that day This phrase relates to the “day of Yahweh.” Translate as you did similar phrases in [Zephaniah 1:9](../01/09.md).
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ZEP 2 2 m9s2 figs-simile 0 that day passes like the chaff The chaff is the insignificant part of the plant that the wind blows away. In a similar way, the day of judgment will pass quickly. Alternate translation: “that day passes as quickly as chaff blown by the wind” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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ZEP 2 2 xg13 figs-parallelism 0 before the fierce anger of Yahweh’s wrath comes upon you, before the day of the wrath of Yahweh comes upon you The prophet repeats the same phrase almost exactly in order to emphasize how terrible Yahweh’s judgment will be and the urgency with which the people must repent. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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ZEP 2 2 c8mp figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh’s wrath This stands for God’s intent to punish. Alternate translation: “Yahweh’s punishment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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ZEP 2 3 rm7u figs-metaphor 0 Seek Yahweh Seeking **Yahweh** could mean: (1) asking God for help or (2) thinking about God and obeying him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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ZEP 2 3 rg17 figs-abstractnouns 0 Seek righteousness. Seek humility The abstract nouns “righteousness” and “humility” can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “Try to do what is right and to be humble” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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ZEP 2 3 s75g figs-activepassive 0 you will be protected in the day of Yahweh’s wrath This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will protect you in the day of his wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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ZEP 2 4 r1bq 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
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ZEP 2 4 dth6 0 Gaza … Ashkelon … Ashdod … Ekron These were the four major Philistine cities of that day.
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ZEP 2 4 f893 figs-parallelism 0 will be abandoned … will turn into a devastation These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize the complete destruction of these cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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ZEP 2 4 mi6f 0 They will drive out Ashdod at noon Here “They” refers to the enemies of the Philistines. Here, **at noon** could mean: (1) the enemies will defeat Ashdod before noon or (2) the enemies will attack Ashdod at noon while the people are resting and unaware.
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ZEP 2 4 sb41 figs-metaphor 0 they will uproot Ekron The defeat of Ekron is spoken of as if it was a tree that was pulled from the ground and thrown away. Alternate translation: “they will take the people of Ekron away as if uprooting a tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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ZEP 2 5 p4be 0 the inhabitants of the seacoast, the nation of the Kerethites The first phrase explains where the Kerethites lived.
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||||
ZEP 2 5 pq8v 0 Canaan, land of the Philistines The Philistines were one of several people groups who lived in Canaan.
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ZEP 2 5 w9gq 0 until no inhabitant remains “until no one is left.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “until every inhabitant is dead”
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ZEP 2 6 s8lg 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
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ZEP 2 6 gm12 0 So the seacoast will become pastures for shepherds and for sheep pens This probably means that the Philistine cities are gone, and only open fields remain. However, the Hebrew meaning is unclear and is sometimes translated differently by modern versions.
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ZEP 2 6 ip1f 0 sheep pens A sheep pen is a small area surrounded by a fence to keep the sheep together.
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ZEP 2 7 h1ww 0 Their people “The people of Judah”
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||||
ZEP 2 7 e8k3 0 lie down “lie down to sleep”
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||||
ZEP 2 8 yb33 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
|
||||
ZEP 2 8 ep73 figs-parallelism 0 the taunts … the reviling “the taunts … the insults.” These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that both Moab and Ammon have insulted Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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ZEP 2 8 zd77 0 violated their borders This refers to crossing over into Judah’s territory in order to attack them.
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||||
ZEP 2 9 hzr2 figs-idiom 0 as I live “as surely as I am alive.” Yahweh uses this expression to show that what he says next is certainly true. This is a way of making a solemn promise. Alternate translation: “I solemnly swear” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEP 2 9 pi3w figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, God of Israel, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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ZEP 2 9 b2lh figs-explicit 0 like Sodom … like Gomorrah These two cities were so wicked that God completely destroyed them with fire from heaven. These similes therefore refer to complete destruction. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “completely destroyed like Sodom … like Gomorrah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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||||
ZEP 2 9 l2f5 0 a place of nettles and a salt pit “a place with thorns and a salt pit.” This describes a barren, useless land.
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||||
ZEP 2 9 dr9e figs-parallelism 0 the remnant of my people … the remainder of my nation These two phrases mean the same thing and refer to the Israelites that survived Yahweh’s punishment. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
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||||
ZEP 2 12 ai2t 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
|
||||
ZEP 2 12 dr9y figs-metonymy 0 You Cushites also will be pierced by my sword Here “pieced by my sword” is a metonym for being killed in battle. Alternate translation: “I will kill you people of Cush in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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||||
ZEP 2 13 rqc2 figs-metonymy 0 God’s hand Here “hand” refers to power. Alternate translation: “God’s power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 2 13 vj6j figs-abstractnouns 0 an abandoned devastation The abstract noun “devastation” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “ruined and deserted” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEP 2 13 ra14 figs-simile 0 as dry as the desert This means it will be so dry that nothing will grow there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEP 2 14 fgc1 0 every animal of the nations “every kind of animal”
|
||||
ZEP 2 14 rq3s 0 the screech owl This term is uncertain. Some versions translate it as “hedgehog.”
|
||||
ZEP 2 14 jp3m 0 in the top of her columns When buildings were destroyed and fell down, the columns used for decoration and support would often remain standing.
|
||||
ZEP 2 14 u3vb 0 A call will sing out from the windows “A call will be heard from the windows”
|
||||
ZEP 2 14 e998 0 beams Beams are long and thick pieces of wood that are used to keep a building stable.
|
||||
ZEP 2 15 ev51 0 General Information: In 2:4-15, Yahweh announces his judgment on the nations that surround Judah.
|
||||
ZEP 2 15 kl78 0 the exultant city “the city that is proud of itself.” This refers to the city of Nineveh, about whom Yahweh began to speak in [Zephaniah 2:13](../02/13.md).
|
||||
ZEP 2 15 pvv7 figs-idiom 0 said in her heart This idiom means “said to herself” or “she thought.” The city is spoken of as if it were a person that could speak. It represents the people who live in that city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 2 15 g214 figs-explicit 0 I am, and nothing is my equal It may be necessary to supply an object for “I am.” Alternate translation: “I am the greatest city, and no other city is equal to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEP 2 15 w3q5 0 a horror “a horrible place to see”
|
||||
ZEP 2 15 n4jw 0 hiss and shake his fist A hiss is an angry sound. This phrase indicates extreme anger of the people toward Nineveh.
|
||||
ZEP 3 intro f3en 0 # Zephaniah 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 3:1-20.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br>In this chapter, because the prophesied destruction is so complete, it is unclear whether these prophecies concern the time near the fall of Jerusalem or the day of the Lord. It is possible that the prophecies reference more than one period of time. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 1 d7qu figs-metonymy 0 General Information: In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahweh’s message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem. The city represents the people who live within it. To make this clear, it may be helpful to replace the singular “she” and “her” with the plural “they” and “their.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 1 aew2 figs-explicit 0 the rebellious city The nature of their rebellion can be stated. Alternate translation: “the people of the city who have rebelled against God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 1 fc2a 0 The violent city is defiled “The people of the city have committed violence and so I consider them unclean”
|
||||
ZEP 3 2 lb6h figs-metonymy 0 She has not listened to the voice of God The voice is a metonym for what the speaker says with the voice, and listening is a metonym for obeying. Alternate translation: “She has not obeyed what God has said to her” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 3 nf4u figs-metonymy 0 General Information: In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahweh’s message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem. The city represents the people who live within it. To make this clear, it may be helpful to replace the singular “she” and “her” with the plural “they” and “their.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 3 ae1f figs-metaphor 0 Her princes are roaring lions in her midst Lions roar to chase other animals away from the prey they have caught. The princes of Jerusalem are spoken of as if they were roaring lions who were keeping the prey for themselves. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem’s royalty are as greedy as roaring lions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 3 z5i2 figs-metaphor 0 Her judges are evening wolves who leave nothing to be gnawed upon in the morning Wolves are especially hungry before they hunt at night. The judges are spoken of as if they were hungry wolves. Alternate translation: “Her judges are as greedy as hungry wolves that leave nothing for anyone else” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 4 u7tc 0 Her prophets are insolent and treasonous men “Her prophets do not listen to anyone and cannot be trusted”
|
||||
ZEP 3 4 q96w 0 have profaned what is holy “have treated holy things with disrespect”
|
||||
ZEP 3 4 xm2b 0 have done violence to the law “have broken the law”
|
||||
ZEP 3 5 ine1 0 General Information: In verses 3:1-5, Zephaniah speaks Yahweh’s message of judgment to the sinful people of Jerusalem.
|
||||
ZEP 3 5 a3p2 figs-parallelism 0 Yahweh is righteous … He can do no wrong These two phrases mean the same thing, and emphasize Yahweh’s righteousness even among the wicked people in Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 5 z4ht 0 in her midst “among them”
|
||||
ZEP 3 5 fe75 figs-idiom 0 Morning by morning This idiom means “Every day” or “Day after day.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 5 cvu6 figs-metaphor 0 he will dispense his justice Yahweh’s just treatment of every person is spoken of as if he was handing out a commodity. Alternate translation: “he will treat people justly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 5 dm1b figs-litotes 0 It will not be hidden in the light This uses a negative statement to emphasize the positive truth that Yahweh’s justice is always visible. Alternate translation: “His justice is clearly shown to all” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-litotes]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 5 dwk9 0 know no shame “are not ashamed”
|
||||
ZEP 3 6 t3em figs-explicit 0 General Information: In verses 3:6-7, Yahweh rebukes the people of Jerusalem because they did not learn from how he judged other sinful cities. It may be helpful to add “Yahweh says this:” to the beginning of verse 6 to make this explicit. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 6 ie5c figs-parallelism 0 I have made their streets ruins, so that no one passes over them. Their cities are destroyed so that there is no man inhabiting them These two sentences express the same idea in two different ways in order to emphasize the complete destruction of the cities. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 6 y9qd 0 no one passes over them “no one walks on them”
|
||||
ZEP 3 6 asi4 0 there is no man inhabiting them “no one lives there.” This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “all the people are dead”
|
||||
ZEP 3 7 mvv5 figs-quotations 0 I said, ‘Surely you will fear me … I have planned to do to you.’ This can be stated as an indirect quotation. Alternate translation: “I thought they would surely fear me and accept correction so that they would not be cut off from their homes by all that I have planned to do to them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-quotations]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 7 g15j figs-idiom 0 and do not be cut off from your homes Here “cut off” is an idiom that means to be removed. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that I will not remove you from your homes” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 7 u1c9 0 by corrupting all their deeds “by doing deeds that were corrupt”
|
||||
ZEP 3 8 lfl4 0 General Information: In verse 3:8, Yahweh warns that he will judge all nations.
|
||||
ZEP 3 8 my26 0 wait for me … until the day This phrase implies that they are waiting for judgment.
|
||||
ZEP 3 8 rhe9 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 8 izp2 figs-metaphor 0 I rise up to seize the prey Yahweh’s judgment on the nations is spoken of as if he was an hungry animal that attacked a smaller animal. Alternate translation: “I will rise up and destroy them as an animal seizes its prey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 8 mvx7 figs-doublet 0 to assemble the nations, to gather the kingdoms These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize that Yahweh will judge all of the nations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 8 q1ml figs-doublet 0 my anger—all of my burning wrath The words “anger” and “burning wrath” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the intensity of Yahweh’s anger. Alternate translation: “my very fierce wrath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 8 ge59 figs-activepassive 0 in the fire of my jealousy all the earth will be consumed This phrase can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the fire of my jealousy will devour all the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 8 hc95 figs-metaphor 0 in the fire of my jealousy … consumed Yahweh’s jealousy is here spoken of as if it were fire that could consume something. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “my jealousy will consume all the earth as a fire” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 9 cs8h 0 General Information: In verses 3:9-10, Yahweh says that he will renew the Gentiles after the judgment.
|
||||
ZEP 3 9 la62 figs-metonymy 0 I will purify the lips of the peoples Here “lips” refers to the ability to speak. Alternate translation: “I will cause the peoples to speak what is right” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 9 k8y7 figs-idiom 0 call upon the name of Yahweh This is an idiom that means they worship Yahweh. Alternate translation: “worship Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 9 f339 figs-idiom 0 serve him shoulder to shoulder Here “shoulder to shoulder” is an idiom that means “side by side.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 10 zs4q 0 beyond the river of Cush This may refer to the area where Sudan is located today.
|
||||
ZEP 3 11 hvk2 0 General Information: In verses 3:11-13, Yahweh encourages the remnant of Israel who survive the judgment.
|
||||
ZEP 3 11 ryq3 0 In that day … at that time “When that happens … at that time.” These phrases here refer to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh.
|
||||
ZEP 3 11 xcx2 figs-activepassive 0 will not be put to shame for all your deeds This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “will no longer be ashamed of all your deeds” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 11 y6pj 0 those who celebrated your pride “all the people who are very proud”
|
||||
ZEP 3 12 q74i 0 General Information: In verses 3:11-13, Yahweh encourages the remnant of Israel who survive the judgment.
|
||||
ZEP 3 12 c1gc figs-metaphor 0 they will find refuge in the name of Yahweh Yahweh’s protection of this remnant is spoke of as if he was a refuge or a fortress. Here “name of Yahweh” refers to his person. Alternate translation: “they will come to Yahweh and he will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 13 y163 0 The remnant of Israel This refers to the “lowly and poor people” of [Zephaniah 3:12](../03/12.md).
|
||||
ZEP 3 13 b2m7 0 commit injustice “do unjust things”
|
||||
ZEP 3 13 ja4i figs-activepassive 0 no deceitful tongue will be found in their mouth Here “tongue … in their mouth” represents the things that the tongue enables the mouth to speak. They can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “none of them will speak deceitful things” or “they will not say deceitful things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 13 pe7k figs-metaphor 0 they will graze and lie down Yahweh speaks of his provision for the people of Israel as if they are a flock of sheep that grazes and rests in safety. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 14 d65d 0 General Information: In verses 3:14-20, Zephaniah tells the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment that they should rejoice.
|
||||
ZEP 3 14 d6q3 figs-idiom 0 daughter of Zion … daughter of Jerusalem Here “daughter” refers to all the people who lived in the city. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 14 x7wg figs-doublet 0 Be glad and rejoice These two phrases mean the same thing and emphasize how happy they should be. Alternate translation: “Be very happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 14 qj83 figs-metonymy 0 with all your heart Here “heart” refers to the inner being of a person. Alternate translation: “with all your inner being” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 15 lb51 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh has taken away your punishment Here to “take away” punishment is an idiom that means to stop doing it. Alternate translation: “Yahweh has stopped punishing you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 15 t4fy figs-abstractnouns 0 You will never again fear evil The abstract noun “evil” can be stated as an action. Alternate translation: “You will no longer be afraid that people will harm you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 16 v9ia 0 In that day “At that time” or “When this happens.” This phrase here refers to the time of peace and restoration that immediately follows the day of Yahweh.
|
||||
ZEP 3 16 eh5e figs-metonymy 0 say to Jerusalem … Zion The names of these cities here refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “say to the people of Jerusalem … people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 16 pc5c figs-metaphor 0 Do not let your hands falter To feel weak or helpless is spoken of as if their hands became physically weak. Here “hands” represents the whole person. Alternate translation: “Do not become weak” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 17 w8tr 0 General Information: In verses 3:14-20, Zephaniah tells the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment that they should rejoice.
|
||||
ZEP 3 17 g95f figs-metaphor 0 a mighty one to save you “he is mighty and will save you.” Yahweh is spoken of as a mighty warrior. Alternate translation: “he is a mighty warrior and will give you victory” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 17 gk13 figs-parallelism 0 He will celebrate over you with joy … he will be glad over you with a shout for joy These two phrases mean the same thing and are repeated to emphasize Yahweh’s joy that the remnant is restored to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 17 h9ek 0 he will be silent over you in his love This could mean: (1) “he will quiet you by his love for you” or (2) “he will renew you because he loves you.”
|
||||
ZEP 3 18 i4ff figs-metaphor 0 no longer bear any shame for it Here shame is spoken of as if it was a heavy thing that a person had to carry. Alternate translation: “no longer be ashamed because of it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 19 ih9r 0 General Information: In verses 3:19-20, Yahweh speaks directly to the remnant of Israel who survived the judgment and tells them that they should rejoice.
|
||||
ZEP 3 19 f6zj 0 Behold This tells the reader to pay special attention to what follows. Alternate translation: “Look” or “Pay attention”
|
||||
ZEP 3 19 l1m4 figs-explicit 0 I am about to deal with all your oppressors It is understood that “deal with” means to punish the oppressors. This can be stated explicitly. Alternate translation: “I will severely punish all those who oppressed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 19 qc78 figs-metaphor 0 I will rescue the lame and gather up the outcast Here the Israelites who suffered in exile are spoken of as if they were lame and outcast sheep. This can be stated as a simile. Alternate translation: “I will rescue and bring together the remnant of Israel who are like lame and outcast sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 19 kzw3 0 the lame This refers to people or animals that cannot walk.
|
||||
ZEP 3 19 ry88 figs-simile 0 I will make them as praise The full thought here is, “I will make them to be objects of praise,” that is, “I will make them to be praised by others.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 19 cxu6 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will change their shame into renown The abstract nouns “shame” and “renown” can be stated as actions. Alternate translation: “I will cause them to no longer be ashamed, but for people to respect them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEP 3 20 d2a1 figs-parallelism 0 At that time I will lead you; at that time I will gather you together These two lines mean basically the same thing and imply that Yahweh will bring the exiled people back to their homeland. Alternate translation: “At that time I will gather you together and lead you home” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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HAG front intro hz6m 0 # Introduction to Haggai<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Haggai<br><br>1. The people must finish the temple for Yahweh to bless them again (1:1–15)<br>1. This temple will be more glorious than the first temple (2:1–9)<br>1. Yahweh will bless a defiled people (2:10–19)<br>1. Yahweh will defeat the nations and establish his ruler (2:20–23)<br><br>### What is the Book of Haggai about?<br><br>The people of Israel lacked food and warm clothes. The prophet Haggai told them it was because they were not obeying Yahweh. If they would listen to him and start rebuilding the temple, then Yahweh would send rain and bless them again. The people listened and began to work on the temple. Yahweh encouraged the people, the priests, and the leaders. He told them that he was with them and would bless them.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has been titled “Haggai” or “The Book of Haggai.” Translators may decide to call it “The Sayings of Haggai.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Haggai?<br><br>The prophet Haggai wrote this book. He wrote it after the exiles returned from Babylon. They returned during the reign of the Persian king Darius I. Haggai probably gave all the prophesies in this book during a four-month period of time.<br><br>Very little is known about Haggai. He lived at the same time as the prophet Zechariah.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Did Haggai prophesy before Ezra and Nehemiah?<br><br>It is likely that Haggai prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What does “consider your ways” mean?<br><br>Yahweh told the people to “consider your ways” several times in this book. This means that he wants them to think carefully about how they have lived and behaved.
|
||||
HAG 1 intro n84r 0 # Haggai 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in this chapter.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Farming imagery<br>Scripture frequently uses the imagery of farming in reference to spiritual matters. The statement “You have sown much seed, but bring in little harvest” indicates that they had done a lot but have very little to show for it. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/spirit]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/other/seed]])
|
||||
HAG 1 1 qt5i translate-ordinal 0 In the second year of Darius the king “In the second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “After Darius had been king for more than a year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
HAG 1 1 ha87 translate-names 0 Darius … Haggai … Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak These are all names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
HAG 1 1 y3ei translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the sixth month, on the first day of the month “on the first day of the sixth month.” This is the sixth month of the Hebrew calendar. The first day is near the middle of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
HAG 1 1 ria7 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAG 1 1 fdv5 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
|
||||
HAG 1 1 wn8q figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Haggai Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HAG 1 2 cav8 0 Yahweh’s house the temple
|
||||
HAG 1 3 xs12 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
HAG 1 3 wk3b figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Haggai Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HAG 1 4 ms19 figs-rquestion 0 Is it a time for you … ruined? Yahweh is rebuking the people. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Now is not the time for you … ruined.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
HAG 1 4 u9tf 0 this house the temple of Yahweh
|
||||
HAG 1 6 rma3 0 but cannot get drunk There is not enough wine to satisfy the people’s thirst and not nearly enough for drunkenness. The reader should understand that the text is not calling drunkenness a good thing.
|
||||
HAG 1 6 aw8t figs-metaphor 0 the wage earner earns money only to put it into a bag full of holes Not earning enough money to buy necessary goods is spoken of as if the person were losing the money that falls out through holes in the money bag. Alternate translation: “the money the worker earns is gone before he finishes buying everything he needs” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAG 1 8 qmi7 figs-synecdoche 0 bring timber This represents only a part of what they needed to build the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
HAG 1 9 yx8d 0 behold “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
|
||||
HAG 1 9 eb3a figs-metaphor 0 I blew it away The people not being able to find what they were looking for is spoken of as if Yahweh had blown on dust so it would go away. Alternate translation: “I made sure there was nothing there for you to find” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAG 1 9 g652 figs-123person 0 declares Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
HAG 1 10 suc8 figs-metaphor 0 the heavens withhold the dew from you The dew that appears at night is spoken of as if it formed in the sky and fell like rain. The sky is spoken of as if it were a person who refused to give a present or a parent who refused to feed his child. Alternate translation: “the sky does not allow the dew to fall” or “no dew forms” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
HAG 1 11 a7ds figs-personification 0 I have summoned a drought upon the land Rain not falling for a long time is spoken of as if Yahweh had told a person to come and make the land dry. Alternate translation: “I have kept the rain from falling on the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
HAG 1 11 v7pk figs-metonymy 0 upon the new wine, upon the oil “Wine” and “oil” are metonyms for grapes and olives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
HAG 1 11 ird4 figs-abstractnouns 0 all the labor of your hands The abstract noun “labor” can be translated using the phrase “work hard.” The labor that the hands perform is a metonym for the things that the labor produces. The hand is a metonym for the person. Alternate translation: “everything you have worked hard to make” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HAG 1 12 n5g8 translate-names 0 Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak … Haggai See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HAG 1 12 c4he figs-metonymy 0 obeyed the voice of Yahweh … the words of Haggai The voice and the words are metonyms for the persons. Alternate translation: “obeyed Yahweh and Haggai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HAG 1 12 e9sl figs-synecdoche 0 the people feared the face of Yahweh This could mean: (1) the face could be a synecdoche for the person. Alternate translation: “the people feared Yahweh” or (2) the face could be a metonym for the person’s presence. Alternate translation: “the people were afraid to be in Yahweh’s presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HAG 1 13 dtj5 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared”
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HAG 1 14 n1e7 figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh stirred up the spirit of the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the spirit of the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and the spirit of all the remnant of the people Stirring the spirit is a metonym for making someone want to act. Alternate translation: “Yahweh made the governor of Judah, Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, and the high priest Joshua son of Jehozadak, and all the remnant of the people want to act” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HAG 1 14 iax3 0 remnant people who were still alive after being captive in Babylon and had returned to Jerusalem
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HAG 1 15 vp6z translate-hebrewmonths 0 in the twenty-fourth day of the sixth month This is just 23 days after he received the vision. This is the sixth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of September on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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HAG 1 15 cx2u translate-ordinal 0 the second year of Darius the king “second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “after Darius had been king for more than one year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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HAG 2 intro ieh7 0 # Haggai 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetry in 2:3-9, 21-23.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Unclean<br>Haggai uses an extended metaphor in this chapter related to ritual cleanliness. While the Jews were not unclean by nature as the Gentiles were, their actions made them unclean. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/clean]])
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HAG 2 1 v31v translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the seventh month on the twenty-first day of the month This is the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-first day is near the middle of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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HAG 2 1 fm14 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HAG 2 1 t1us figs-synecdoche 0 by the hand of Haggai Here the word “hand” refers to Haggai himself. Yahweh used Haggai as the agent to deliver his command. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “through Haggai” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
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HAG 2 1 hz54 translate-names 0 Haggai See how you translated this man’s name in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HAG 2 2 q56p translate-names 0 Zerubbabel … Shealtiel … Joshua … Jehozadak See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HAG 2 3 wy32 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks to the people about the new temple they are building. They are building it on the same place their ancestors built the former temple, which Nebuchadnezzar completely destroyed. This new temple is much smaller than the former temple.
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HAG 2 3 m1jr figs-rquestion 0 Who is left among you who saw this house in its former glory? Yahweh speaks of the new temple as if it were the same building as the old temple. He is telling those who had seen the former temple to pay attention. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I want those among you who saw this house in its former glory to pay attention.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
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HAG 2 3 x5q5 figs-rquestion 0 How do you see it now? Yahweh is telling them that he knows what they are thinking about the new temple. He speaks of the new temple as if it were the same building as the old temple. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know what you think of this new temple.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HAG 2 3 tsx7 figs-rquestion 0 Is it not like nothing in your eyes? Yahweh is telling the people that he understands that they are disappointed because the new temple is so small. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “I know that you think it is not important at all.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublenegatives]])
|
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HAG 2 4 y2v9 0 Now, be strong “From now on, be strong”
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HAG 2 4 x8wv figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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HAG 2 6 e2qq figs-metaphor 0 I will … shake the heavens … the earth … the sea … the dry land The words “I will shake the earth” could be translated as “I will cause an earthquake,” and that earthquake would shake “the sea” as well as “the dry land,” a merism for the entire earth. Yahweh speaks of the heavens and every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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HAG 2 6 l2sj 0 shake Use the verb you usually use for pushing trees back and forth to get fruit or other objects to fall from them.
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HAG 2 7 hre1 figs-metaphor 0 I will shake every nation The metaphor that begins with the words “I will … shake the heavens” in verse 6 ends here. Yahweh speaks of every nation as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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HAG 2 7 u8qx figs-metaphor 0 I will fill this house with glory Yahweh speaks of glory as if it were a solid or liquid that could be put into a container, the temple. This could mean: (1) the temple will become very beautiful. Alternate translation: “I will make this house very beautiful” or (2) the “precious things” that “every nation will bring” include much silver and gold and other forms of wealth. Alternate translation: “I will have people bring many beautiful things into this house” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAG 2 8 f56d figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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HAG 2 10 wc9p translate-hebrewmonths 0 On the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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HAG 2 10 if92 translate-ordinal 0 in the second year of Darius “in the second year of the reign of Darius” or “when Darius had been king for more than one year” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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HAG 2 10 i4py translate-names 0 Darius … Haggai See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HAG 2 10 s26v figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HAG 2 12 x84u 0 meat that is set apart to Yahweh … holy The words “that is set apart to Yahweh” and the word “holy” translate the same Hebrew word. “holy meat … holy”
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HAG 2 13 bg3q 0 because of death “because he has touched a dead body”
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HAG 2 14 q5p8 0 So Haggai answered and said, “So it is … is unclean Haggai answers the priests with the words that Yahweh told Haggai to tell the priests. Alternate translation: “So Haggai answered and told them Yahweh’s words: ‘So it is … is unclean”
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HAG 2 14 dv6p 0 So it is with this people and this nation before me “I look at this people and this nation the same way.” Yahweh reminds the priests that a clean thing that touches an unclean thing becomes unclean. He then reminds them that he thinks of them as unclean because they have been worshiping idols, and so everything they touch and make becomes unclean.
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HAG 2 14 ua4f figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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HAG 2 15 l2sc figs-activepassive 0 Before stone was placed upon stone in the temple This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “Before you laid the first stones for the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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HAG 2 16 zx3c translate-numbers 0 twenty measures “20 measures.” A “measure” is an unknown amount. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
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HAG 2 16 ply4 translate-numbers 0 fifty measures “50 measures.” A “measure” is an unknown amount. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]])
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HAG 2 17 p7cx 0 all the work of your hands “everything you made” or “your crops”
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HAG 2 17 bk6n figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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HAG 2 18 zyq1 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month This is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of December on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Haggai 2:10](../02/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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HAG 2 18 pcm4 figs-activepassive 0 the day that the foundation of Yahweh’s temple was laid This can be translated in active form. Alternate translation: “the day that you laid the foundation of Yahweh’s temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
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HAG 2 19 mx58 figs-rquestion 0 Is there still seed in the storehouse? Yahweh is preparing the people for the promise he is about to give them. This rhetorical question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You can see that there is no seed in the storehouse.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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HAG 2 19 ld7r 0 The vine, the fig tree, the pomegranate, and the olive tree “Your grape vines, fig trees, pomegranate trees, and olive trees”
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HAG 2 19 g2gc figs-explicit 0 the pomegranate This is a type of sweet fruit. You may need to make explicit that the tree is being spoken of. Alternate translation: “the pomegranate tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
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HAG 2 20 l5py figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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HAG 2 20 hwk9 translate-names 0 Haggai This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HAG 2 20 rru4 translate-hebrewmonths 0 on the twenty-fourth day of the month You may need to make explicit which month is spoken of. Alternate translation: “on the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
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HAG 2 21 ac9q translate-names 0 Zerubbabel This is the name of a man. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HAG 2 21 w9i2 figs-metaphor 0 I will shake the heavens and the earth The words “I will shake the earth” could be translated as “I will cause an earthquake.” Yahweh speaks of the heavens as if they also were solid objects that he could shake. See how these ideas are translated in [Haggai 2:6](../02/06.md).(See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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HAG 2 21 v17h 0 shake Use the verb you usually use for pushing trees back and forth to get fruit or other objects to fall from them. See how you translated this in [Haggai 2:6](../02/06.md).
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HAG 2 21 fbc6 figs-merism 0 the heavens and the earth This is a merism for “the whole universe” or “everything that exists.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
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HAG 2 22 ni5i figs-metonymy 0 I will overthrow the throne of kingdoms The throne is a metonym for the person sitting on the throne. Alternate translation: “I will take kings off of their thrones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HAG 2 22 sv3n figs-metonymy 0 the throne of kingdoms Here “throne” is a metonym for the king who sits on it. Alternate translation: “government ruled by kings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HAG 2 22 gza6 figs-explicit 0 I will … destroy the strength of the kingdoms of the nations You may need to make explicit that “the nations” are Israel’s enemies. Alternate translation: “I will make it so the kingdoms of the nations that are Israel’s enemies are no longer strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
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HAG 2 22 js5m figs-metonymy 0 each one because of his brother’s sword The sword here is a metonym for violent death. Alternate translation: “each one because his brother has killed him” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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HAG 2 23 p75j figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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HAG 2 23 p3ww translate-names 0 Zerubbabel … Shealtiel See how you translated these men’s names in [Haggai 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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HAG 2 23 itg1 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Haggai 1:9](../01/09.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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HAG 2 23 h7nz figs-simile 0 I will make you like a signet ring Kings used a signet ring to seal documents to show that they truly had his authority. Zerubbabel would have authority from Yahweh because he would speak Yahweh’s words. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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ZEC front intro yx6e 0 # Introduction to Zechariah<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of the Book of Zechariah<br><br>1. Zechariah calls the returning nation of Israel to repent and return to Yahweh (1:1–6)<br>1. The eight night visions (1:7-6:8)<br>- Yahweh sends his messengers throughout the whole earth (1:7–17)<br>- Four horns and four craftsmen (1:18–21)<br>- The measuring line (2:1–13)<br>- The priest in filthy clothes (3:1–10)<br>- The golden lampstand olive trees (4:1–14)<br>- The flying scroll (5:1–4)<br>- The woman in a basket (5:5–11)<br>- Four chariots (6:1–8)<br>1. A crown for the high priest (6:9–15)<br>1. Questions about fasting (7:1–8:23)<br>1. Yahweh judges the nations and saves his people (9:1–11:17)<br>1. Final message (12:1-14:21)<br>- Yahweh will finally defeat Israel’s enemies (12:1-9)<br>- Israel mourns for the one they pierced (12:10-14)<br>- Yahweh purifies Israel and removes false prophets (13:1-6)<br>- Yahweh comes as king (14:1–21)<br><br>### What is the Book of Zechariah about?<br><br>Zechariah wrote to the people of Judah who returned from being exiled in Babylon. The people of Judah continued to sin, as their ancestors did before they went into exile. Zechariah called the people to repent and to obey Yahweh. And he called them to renew the covenant with Yahweh. Zechariah also prophesied about the Messiah and about Israel finally being victorious over her enemies. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]])<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has been titled “Zechariah” or “The Book of Zechariah.” Translators may decide to call it the “The Book About Zechariah” or “The Sayings of Zechariah.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Zechariah?<br><br>The prophet Zechariah wrote this book between 520 and 518 B.C.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### Did Zechariah prophesy before Ezra, Nehemiah, and Haggai?<br><br>Zechariah prophesied before the time of Ezra and Nehemiah. He prophesied at the same time as Haggai and continued after Haggai.<br><br>## Part 3: Important Translation Issues<br><br>### What is the meaning of the term “Israel”?<br><br>The name “Israel” is used in many different ways in the Bible. Jacob was a son of Isaac. God changed Jacob’s name to Israel. The descendants of Jacob became a nation also called Israel. Eventually, the nation of Israel split into two kingdoms. The northern kingdom was named Israel. The southern kingdom was named Judah. Zechariah uses the term “Israel” to refer to both the nation of Israel and the northern kingdom of Israel.<br><br>### What imagery does Zechariah use in reference to the Messiah?<br><br>Zechariah presented the Messiah as both a king and a shepherd. Zechariah said that the Messiah would come and deliver his people. However, the Messiah would also be pierced (12:10) and struck with the sword (13:7). (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>### What does the phrase “that day” mean?<br><br>Zechariah often spoke of the last days by using the phrase “that day” or “in that day.” When referring to a future “day,” the translator should be aware that the author may be speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
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ZEC 1 intro qki3 0 # Zechariah 01 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written in prose mainly with imagery used throughout to portray Zechariah’s vision given by the Lord.<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULT and many other English translations set lines 1:3-6, 14-17, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Visions<br>This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah, so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Date<br>Zechariah uses two separate dates in this first chapter. When compared to the book of Haggai, Zechariah’s prophecy was proclaimed just a few weeks after Haggai. However, they prophesied in two different places: Haggai was in Jerusalem and Zechariah was somewhere outside of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
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ZEC 1 1 if96 translate-hebrewmonths 0 In the eighth month This is the eighth month of the Hebrew calendar. It is during the last part of October and the first part of November on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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ZEC 1 1 fpf6 translate-ordinal 0 the second year of Darius’ reign “the second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “the second year since Darius became king” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
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ZEC 1 1 qr9f figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
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ZEC 1 1 e6fd 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
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ZEC 1 1 ge9j translate-names 0 Berechiah … Iddo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
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ZEC 1 2 huv9 0 exceedingly angry with your fathers “very angry with your forefathers”
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ZEC 1 3 wv9b figs-metaphor 0 Turn to me … and I will return to you Yahweh speaks of having a change of attitude toward another person as if it were turning or returning. The people turning to Yahweh means that they will again be devoted to him and worship him, while Yahweh returning to the people means that he will again bless them and help them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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ZEC 1 3 ymr9 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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ZEC 1 4 le2q figs-metaphor 0 Turn from your evil ways and wicked practices No longer doing certain actions is spoken of as if it were turning away from those actions. The phrases “evil ways” and “wicked practices” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “Stop doing all of your wicked actions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
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ZEC 1 4 g1te figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Zechariah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
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ZEC 1 5 tk3p figs-rquestion 0 Your fathers, where are they? Where are the prophets, are they here forever? These two rhetorical questions emphasize that both their ancestors and the prophets who proclaimed Yahweh’s message to their ancestors have died. The questions can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Neither your fathers nor the prophets are here because they have all died.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
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ZEC 1 6 b2ai figs-rquestion 0 But my words and my decrees that I commanded my servants the prophets, have they not overtaken your fathers? This rhetorical question emphasizes the positive answer that it anticipates. Yahweh speaks of the people’s ancestors experiencing the consequences of not obeying Yahweh’s commands as if his words and decrees were a person who had chased after and overtaken them. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “But my words and my decrees that I commanded my servants the prophets have overtaken your fathers.” or “But your fathers have suffered the consequences for disobeying my words and my decrees that I commanded my servants the prophets to tell them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 6 p786 figs-doublet 0 my words and my decrees These phrases are both ways to refer to Yahweh’s message that the prophets had declared to their ancestors. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 6 pc8u figs-doublet 0 our ways and actions The words “ways” and “actions” mean basically the same thing. Alternate translation: “our behavior” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 7 kav5 translate-hebrewmonths 0 the twenty-fourth day of the eleventh month, which is the month of Shebat “Shebat” is the eleventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The twenty-fourth day is near the middle of February on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 7 epb7 translate-ordinal 0 in the second year of Darius’ reign “in the second year of the reign of Darius the king” or “in the second year since Darius became king.” See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:1](../01/01.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 7 al5n figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:1](../01/01.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message” or “Yawheh spoke this message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 7 li5w translate-names 0 Berechiah … Iddo These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 8 rsm4 0 look The word “look” here shows that Zechariah was surprised by what he saw.
|
||||
ZEC 1 8 fg97 translate-unknown 0 myrtle trees a kind of small tree with colorful flowers (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-unknown]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 9 rb9l 0 I said, “What are these things, Lord?” Then the angel who talked with me Here Zechariah speaks to an unidentified angel. This is not the same as the “man” who was “riding on a red horse.”
|
||||
ZEC 1 9 l5k2 0 What are these things, Lord? “What are these things, sir?” Here the word “Lord” is a form of polite address.
|
||||
ZEC 1 10 uiv2 figs-idiom 0 the man who stood among the myrtle trees These phrases refer to the man who “was riding on a red horse” in [Zechariah 1:8](../01/08.md). This could mean: (1) the man dismounted his horse and stood or (2) the word “stood” is an idiom that means he was located in that position. Alternate translation: “the man who was among the myrtle trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 10 m3qf figs-explicit 0 These are those The word “these” refers to the red, reddish-brown, and white horses that were behind the man who was among the myrtle trees. This could mean: (1) it is implicit that there were other men who were riding the horses, and that these phrases refer to the riders or (2) the horses are personified as being able to speak like people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 10 paz1 figs-explicit 0 to roam throughout the earth It is implicit that Yahweh sent these out to walk about in order to patrol the earth. This does not suggest that they were wandering or lost. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 11 p8ce figs-idiom 0 the angel of Yahweh who stood among the myrtle trees This phrase refers to the man who “was riding on a red horse” in [Zechariah 1:8](../01/08.md). This could mean: (1) the man dismounted his horse and stood or (2) the word “stood” is an idiom that means he was located in that position. Alternate translation: “the angel of Yahweh who was among the myrtle trees” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 11 vum3 figs-explicit 0 They answered … they said The word “they” refers to the red, reddish-brown, and white horses that were behind the man who was among the myrtle trees. This could mean: (1) it is implicit that there were other men who were riding the horses, and that these phrases refer to the riders or (2) the horses are personified as being able to speak like people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 11 z1nt figs-metaphor 0 all the earth sits still and is at rest There being peace and quiet in the world is spoken of as if the earth were a person who is still and resting. This could mean: (1) this is a good thing that means that there is peace between nations or (2) this is a bad thing that means that there is no war because nations are helpless to fight against a stronger nation that has subdued them. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 12 hd8w figs-metonymy 0 to Jerusalem and to the cities of Judah Here the words “Jerusalem” and “cities” refer to the people who live in those cities. Alternate translation: “to the people of Jerusalem and to the people of the cities of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 13 ea77 0 with good words, words of comfort “with good, comforting words”
|
||||
ZEC 1 14 z627 0 I have been jealous for Jerusalem Here the word “jealous” refers to Yahweh’s strong desire to protect his people.
|
||||
ZEC 1 15 z4b6 figs-idiom 0 I am very angry with the nations that are at ease The phrase “at ease” means that the people thought that they lived in peace and security. Alternate translation: “I am very angry with the nations that enjoy peace and security” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 15 vt8i 0 I was only a little angry with them “I was only a little angry with the people of Jerusalem”
|
||||
ZEC 1 15 ml6d figs-explicit 0 they made the disaster worse “the nations that are at ease made the disaster worse.” This means that although Yahweh used these nations to punish Jerusalem, they did more harm to Jerusalem than what Yahweh had intended for them to do. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 16 irm7 figs-metaphor 0 I have returned to Jerusalem with mercies This could mean: (1) although Yahweh had left Jerusalem when the people had gone into exile, he will now return to Jerusalem when they have come back from exile or (2) Yahweh speaks of having a change of attitude towards the people of Jerusalem and again blessing them and helping them as if he were returning to the city. Alternate translation: “I will once again show mercy towards Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 16 mlv6 figs-metonymy 0 My house will be built within her The word “her” refers to Jerusalem, and the word “house” is a metonym for the temple. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The people will build my temple in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 16 qz6g figs-explicit 0 the measuring line will be stretched out over Jerusalem This refers to builders using their instruments to rebuild the city. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “builders will stretch out their measuring lines over Jerusalem” or “the people will rebuild Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 17 xwc5 0 Again call out, saying The angel who was speaking to Zechariah says these words.
|
||||
ZEC 1 17 c5zg figs-metonymy 0 My cities will once again overflow with goodness The phrase “my cities” refers to the cities of Judah and represents the people who live in those cities. Yahweh speaks of the inhabitants of those cities again being prosperous as if goodness were a liquid that overflowed the cities, which are its containers. Alternate translation: “My cities will once again be prosperous” or “The people in the cities of Judah will once again be prosperous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 17 e1cn figs-metonymy 0 Yahweh will again comfort Zion Here the word “Zion” refers to the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will again comfort the people in Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 18 fb8w figs-synecdoche 0 I lifted up my eyes The word “eyes” represents the person who looks. Alternate translation: “I looked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 19 p1kh writing-symlanguage 0 These are the horns that have scattered Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem Horns were often used as a symbol for military power. Here they symbolize the powerful nations that had conquered the kingdoms of Israel. The words “Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem” represent the people who lived in those places. Alternate translation: “These horns represent the nations that have scattered the people of Judah, Israel, and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 20 a61d 0 four craftsmen “blacksmiths” or “metalworkers”
|
||||
ZEC 1 21 y3z5 0 these people This refers to the four craftsmen.
|
||||
ZEC 1 21 k412 writing-symlanguage 0 These are the horns that scattered Judah The horns symbolize the powerful nations that had conquered the kingdoms of Israel. The word “Judah” represents the people who lived in Judah. See how you translated a similar phrase in [Zechariah 1:19](../01/19.md). Alternate translation: “These horns represent the nations that scattered the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 21 zd7p figs-metaphor 0 so that no man would lift up his head The nations oppressing the people of Judah severely is spoken of as if no person in Judah was able to raise his head. Alternate translation: “and caused them to suffer greatly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 21 gm5d figs-metaphor 0 to cast down the horns of the nations that lifted up a horn against the land of Judah Yahweh speaks of the nations using their military power to conquer Judah as if the nations had lifted up their horns. He speaks of these four craftsmen destroying the military power of these nations as if the craftsmen threw those horns to the ground. Alternate translation: “to destroy the power of the nations who used their military might against the land of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 1 21 q7u9 0 to cast down the horns of the nations that lifted up a horn “to cast down the horns that the nations had lifted up”
|
||||
ZEC 2 intro j9a8 0 # Zechariah 02 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is introduced in prose with imagery used in the rest of the chapter to portray Zechariah’s third vision about measuring lines given by the Lord.<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 2:4-13, which are extended quotations, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Visions<br><br>This book contains a number of visions given to Zechariah so the images are not ones Zechariah actually saw but were given to him in a vision or dream. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing. Please be careful to translate each of the terms in your language.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### “This is Yahweh’s declaration”<br>This phrase is used several times in this chapter. The UST often translates this as “Yahweh says.”
|
||||
ZEC 2 1 u35h figs-synecdoche 0 I lifted up my eyes The word “eyes” represents the person who looks. Alternate translation: “I looked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 1 dn7b 0 measuring line a rope with a certain length that a person would use to measure buildings or large sections of land
|
||||
ZEC 2 2 eb3u 0 So he said to me “So the man with the measuring line said to me”
|
||||
ZEC 2 3 he2k writing-participants 0 another angel went out to meet him This angel is a new participant who has not appeared before this verse. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-participants]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 4 ty6u 0 The second angel said to him “The second angel said to the angel who had talked with me”
|
||||
ZEC 2 4 mt9q figs-explicit 0 Jerusalem will sit in the open country … beasts within her The phrase “will sit in the open country” translates a word that refers to a city that has no walls. There will be so many inhabitants in the city that it will be too large to have walls around it. Alternate translation: “Jerusalem will not have walls around it … beasts within the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 5 ync4 figs-metaphor 0 I … will become for her a wall of fire around her People built walls around their cities for protection. Here Yahweh speaks of protecting Jerusalem as if he himself were a wall of fire around the city. Alternate translation: “I … will protect the city, like a wall of fire around it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 5 e11h figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 6 c7zp figs-doublet 0 Up! Up! These two words express urgency and add emphasis to the following command. The words can be translated with an expression that communicates urgency in your language. Alternate translation: “Run! Run!” or “Hurry! Hurry!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 7 nj7k figs-metaphor 0 you who live with the daughter of Babylon The phrase “daughter of Babylon” refers to the city of Babylon. Yahweh speaks of the city as if it were a daughter. Alternate translation: “you who live in Babylon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 8 qki8 0 General Information: Zechariah begins to speak and tells how Yahweh is sending him to judge the nations who have plundered Jerusalem.
|
||||
ZEC 2 8 uv6h figs-explicit 0 for whoever touches you The word “touches” refers to a touch meant to harm. Alternate translation: “for whoever harms you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 9 w4b5 translate-symaction 0 I myself will shake my hand over them Raising one’s hand against another person is a gesture of hostility. Here it is a symbolic action that means that God will attack those who harm Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “I myself will fight against them” or “I myself will attack them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 9 q7li 0 they will be plunder for their slaves The word “plunder” can be translated with a verb. Alternate translation: “their slaves will plunder them”
|
||||
ZEC 2 10 n5lp figs-metaphor 0 Sing for joy, daughter of Zion “Zion” is the same as “Jerusalem.” The prophet speaks of the city as if it is a daughter. This could mean: (1) Zechariah personifies the city as a person who can sing. Alternate translation: “Sing for joy, Zion” or (2) the phrase “daughter of Zion” is a metonym for the people who live in the city. Alternate translation: “Sing for joy, people of Zion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 10 ph8u figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 11 h8g4 figs-metaphor 0 great nations will join themselves to Yahweh Zechariah speaks of the people of great nations becoming Yahweh’s people and worshiping him as if they were joining themselves to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “the people of great nations will become the people of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 11 glg2 0 in that day “at that time”
|
||||
ZEC 2 11 bu8a 0 I will encamp in the midst of you “I will live among you”
|
||||
ZEC 2 12 e1sr figs-metaphor 0 Yahweh will inherit Judah as his rightful possession Zechariah speaks of Yahweh claiming Judah as his own land as if Judah were something that Yahweh inherits as a permanent possession. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will claim Judah as his rightful possession” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 13 f45h figs-synecdoche 0 all flesh Here the word “flesh” represents all humanity. Alternate translation: “all people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 13 p2lb figs-metaphor 0 he has been roused Zechariah speaks of Yahweh beginning to act as if someone had roused Yahweh from inactivity. It is implied that this action refers to his returning to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “he is coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 2 13 dh6y figs-explicit 0 from out of his holy place Here “his holy place” refers to heaven, and not to the temple in Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “from his holy place in heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 intro gw6m 0 # Zechariah 03 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is introduced in prose and shares the fourth vision, which is the priest in dirty clothes. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]])<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 3:7-9, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.<br><br>## Difficult concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Visions<br>It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### The high priest<br><br>This chapter seems to refer to a particular person, Joshua the high priest. However, little is known about him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 1 l2ct 0 General Information: Yahweh shows Zechariah a vision of Joshua the priest.
|
||||
ZEC 3 1 lm1x 0 Satan was standing at his right hand to accuse him of sin “Satan was standing at Joshua’s right side, ready to accuse Joshua of sin”
|
||||
ZEC 3 2 p64g figs-rquestion 0 Is this not a brand pulled from the fire? The angel of Yahweh asks this rhetorical question to emphasize the positive answer that it anticipates. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Joshua is a brand pulled from the fire.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 2 il5p figs-metaphor 0 a brand pulled from the fire A brand is a burning piece of wood. The angel of Yahweh speaks of Joshua being rescued from captivity in Babylon as if he were a piece of wood that someone pulls from a fire before the wood is completely burned. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 3 d4s4 writing-symlanguage 0 Joshua was dressed in filthy garments In this vision “filthy garments” are symbolic of sinfulness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 4 l7ds 0 those who stood before him The word “him” refers to the angel. The phrase refers to other angels who were present.
|
||||
ZEC 3 4 g4d4 0 Look “Pay attention, because what I am about to say is both true and important”
|
||||
ZEC 3 4 k9lt figs-idiom 0 I have caused your iniquity to pass from you Since Joshua’s garments were symbolic of his sinfulness, by removing his garments, the angel removed Joshua’s iniquity. Causing iniquity to pass from him is an idiom that means that he had removed Joshua’s iniquity. Alternate translation: “I have removed your iniquity from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 4 uh7k writing-symlanguage 0 dress you in fine clothing Here fine clothing symbolizes righteousness. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 5 d1b9 0 Let them put Here the word “them” refers to the other angels who were present.
|
||||
ZEC 3 5 d26a 0 turban a long piece of cloth wrapped around the head
|
||||
ZEC 3 6 v18s 0 solemnly commanded Joshua “commanded Joshua in a very serious manner”
|
||||
ZEC 3 7 l5ba figs-parallelism 0 If you will walk in my ways, and if you will keep my commandments These two phrases mean basically the same thing. Yahweh speaks of obeying him as if the person were walking along Yahweh’s paths. Alternate translation: “If you will obey me and keep my commandments” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 7 x34k figs-metonymy 0 you will govern my house and guard my courts Here the word “house” is a metonym for the temple, while the word “courts” refers to the courtyards around the temple. Together the phrases mean that Joshua will have authority over the whole temple complex. Alternate translation: “you will have authority over my temple and its courtyards” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 7 mwk3 figs-idiom 0 to go and come among these who stand before me The phrase “to go and come among” is an idiom that means that Joshua will be a part of this group and have the same privilege as they do of access to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to come before me as these who stand here do” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 8 gk7g 0 General Information: The angel of Yahweh continues to speak to Joshua.
|
||||
ZEC 3 8 jym9 figs-explicit 0 your companions who live with you This phrase refers to other priests who would serve in the temple under the leadership of Joshua. Alternate translation: “the other priests who live with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 8 hp4q 0 For these men are a sign Here the word “sign” refers to something that communicates a special meaning to those who see it. Yahweh speaks of the priests serving in the temple as being this sign that shows that Yahweh will bring his servant.
|
||||
ZEC 3 8 v7at figs-metaphor 0 my servant the Branch The word “Branch” refers to a messianic figure that would serve as king over Yahweh’s people. Yahweh speaks of this person as if he were a branch that grows out from a tree. Since the word “Branch” is a title, it should be translated with an equivalent word in your language. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 9 m5hy 0 the stone that I have set before Joshua Here the word “stone” likely refers to a precious stone or jewel.
|
||||
ZEC 3 9 i5c3 figs-metaphor 0 There are seven eyes on this single stone The sides or facets of the stone that reflect light are spoken of as if they are eyes. Alternate translation: “There are seven sides on this single stone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 9 l4bw 0 engrave “carve”
|
||||
ZEC 3 9 i5q1 figs-metonymy 0 I will remove the sin from this land in one day Here the word “land” represents the people who live in the land. Alternate translation: “I will remove the sin of the people from this land in one day” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 3 10 a257 figs-explicit 0 each man will invite his neighbor to sit under his vine and under his fig tree Both the “vine” and the “fig tree” are symbols of prosperity. This phrase describes actions in which people live prosperously and in peace. Alternate translation: “because they will be at peace, each person will invite his neighbor to come and sit under his vine and his fig tree” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 intro if68 0 # Zechariah 04 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written mainly in prose about the fifth vision, which is about the golden lampstand olive trees.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Visions<br>This chapter shows a conversation between Zechariah and the angel of Yahweh. It is important for each of these visions to keep their meanings and not be interpreted to mean any specific thing.
|
||||
ZEC 4 1 g1iy figs-simile 0 roused me like a man roused from his sleep Zechariah compares the way in which the angel interrupted his being in deep thought with the way someone would awaken another person from sleep. Alternate translation: “caused me to become more alert like a man awakened from his sleep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 2 nj7i 0 lamp wicks the parts of a lamp that are lit on fire
|
||||
ZEC 4 3 n5h3 figs-ellipsis 0 the left side The ellipsis in this phrase may be supplied from the previous phrase. Alternate translation: “the left side of the bowl” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 5 d96u figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know what these things mean? The angel asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that Zechariah should have known what these things mean. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely you know what these things mean.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 6 gn9k 0 Connecting Statement: The angel who speaks with Zechariah continues to explain the vision.
|
||||
ZEC 4 6 y1pw figs-explicit 0 Not by might nor by power Since there is no verb in this phrase, it may be necessary in your language to supply one. Alternate translation: “You will not succeed by might nor by power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 6 wt9s figs-doublet 0 Not by might nor by power This could mean: (1) that the words “might” and “power” mean basically the same thing and emphasize the greatness of Zerubbabel’s strength or (2) that the word “might” refers to military strength and the word “power” refers to Zerubbabel’s physical ability. Alternate translation: “Certainly not by your own strength” or “Not by military strength nor by your own power” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 7 abe2 figs-metaphor 0 What are you, great mountain? Before Zerubbabel you will become a plain This is a metaphor in which Yahweh speaks of the obstacles that Zerubbabel will face as if they were a large mountain. He asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that these obstacles pose no threat to Zerubbabel’s success. The question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “You are nothing, great mountain! Zerubbabel will cause you to become a plain” or “Although obstacles may appear as large as mountains, Zerubbabel will overcome them as easily as one walks upon level ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 7 k6l1 figs-explicit 0 he will bring out the top stone The top stone is the last stone placed when building something. This refers to the top stone of the temple. Alternate translation: “he will bring out the top stone of the temple” or “he will complete the construction of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 7 cbj6 figs-explicit 0 to shouts of ‘Grace! Grace to it!’ This could mean: (1) the word “grace” refers to God’s grace and the people are requesting that God bless the completed temple. Alternate translation: “while people shout, ‘May God bless it! May God bless it!’” or (2) the word “grace” refers to beauty and the people are declaring how beautiful the completed temple is. Alternate translation: “while people shout, ‘Beautiful! It is beautiful!’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 8 j4n7 0 Connecting Statement: The angel who speaks with Zechariah continues to explain the vision.
|
||||
ZEC 4 8 lpf1 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to me. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 9 z7ve figs-synecdoche 0 The hands of Zerubbabel have laid … his hands will bring it to completion Here the word “hands” represents Zerubbabel. Alternate translation: “Zerubbabel has laid … he will bring it to completion” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 9 gn3u figs-metonymy 0 the foundation of this house The word “house” represents the temple. Alternate translation: “the foundation of this temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 10 w6q1 figs-rquestion 0 Who has despised the day of small things? These people will rejoice Zechariah uses this rhetorical question to speak specifically about those who have “despised the day of small things.” It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Those who have despised the day of small things will rejoice” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 10 a9tc figs-explicit 0 the day of small things “the time of small things.” This phrase refers to the time when the people were building the temple and appeared to be making little progress. Alternate translation: “the time when progress was slow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 10 t9lp 0 plumb stone This refers to an instrument made with a heavy object attached to the end of a string that builders used to ensure that the walls of buildings were straight.
|
||||
ZEC 4 10 ym4q 0 These seven lamps This phrase refers to the lamps that Zechariah saw in [Zechariah 4:2-3](./02.md).
|
||||
ZEC 4 10 xm5j writing-symlanguage 0 These seven lamps are the eyes of Yahweh that roam over the whole earth The seven lamps symbolize the eyes of Yahweh, but they are not literally the eyes of Yahweh. The angel speaks of Yahweh seeing everything that happens on the earth as if his eyes roamed over the whole earth. Alternate translation: “These seven lamps represent the eyes of Yahweh, who sees everything that happens on the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 11 ac36 0 these two olive trees This refers to the olive trees that Zechariah saw in [Zechariah 4:2-3](./02.md).
|
||||
ZEC 4 12 t7zp 0 What are these two olive branches Here Zechariah changes his question and asks about branches that are connected to the two olive trees.
|
||||
ZEC 4 12 brf2 0 the two gold pipes These pipes were not mentioned in the previous description of Zechariah’s vision. It is possible that they are connected to the bowl on top of the lampstand and provide the oil with which the lampstand burns.
|
||||
ZEC 4 12 mv5r 0 golden oil Here “golden” refers to the color of the oil and does not mean that the oil was made of gold.
|
||||
ZEC 4 13 anh7 figs-rquestion 0 Do you not know what these are? The angel asks this rhetorical question to emphasize that Zechariah should have known what these things mean. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “Surely you know what these are.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 14 rx28 writing-symlanguage 0 These are the sons of fresh olive oil The branches symbolize these people, but they are not literally the people. Alternate translation: “These two branches represent the sons of fresh olive oil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 14 j7gl figs-idiom 0 the sons of fresh olive oil This idiom means that these men have been anointed with fresh olive oil. A person who is anointed is one whom Yahweh has chosen or appointed for a special duty. Alternate translation: “the anointed men” or “the men whom Yahweh has appointed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 4 14 a6x2 figs-idiom 0 who stand before the Lord The idiom “stand before” means to be in a person’s presence and to serve him. Alternate translation: “who serve the Lord” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 intro x2ef 0 # Zechariah 05 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter contains the next two visions. One is about a flying scroll and one is about the basket filled with iniquity. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/iniquity]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 1 xqx2 0 Then I turned The word “I” refers to Zechariah.
|
||||
ZEC 5 1 gf8m figs-synecdoche 0 lifted my eyes The word “eyes” represents the person who looks. Alternate translation: “looked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 1 ynu9 0 behold The word “behold” here shows that Zechariah was surprised by what he saw.
|
||||
ZEC 5 2 gh1w translate-bdistance 0 twenty cubits long and ten cubits wide A cubit is 46 centimeters. Alternate translation: “9.2 meters long and 4.6 meters wide” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bdistance]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 3 c87q 0 General Information: The angel continues to speak with Zechariah.
|
||||
ZEC 5 3 lv5p figs-metonymy 0 This is the curse The word “this” refers to the scroll. The scroll is a metonym for what is written on the scroll. Alternate translation: “On this scroll is the curse” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 3 mys3 figs-idiom 0 that goes out over the surface of the whole land The phrase “the surface of the whole land” refers to every place within the land. It is implied that the curse will apply to every person who lives in the land. Alternate translation: “that is upon every person within the whole land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 3 iha6 figs-metaphor 0 every thief will be cut off … everyone who swears a false oath will be cut off Yahweh removing these people from the land is spoken of as if he were cutting them off, like a person would cut a branch from a tree. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cut off every thief … Yahweh will cut off everyone who swears a false oath” or “Yahweh will remove every thief from the land … Yahweh will remove from the land everyone who swears a false oath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 3 pu8h 0 what it says on the one side … what it says on the other side “what the scroll says on one side … what the scroll says on the other side”
|
||||
ZEC 5 4 jt2j 0 I will send it out “I will send out the curse”
|
||||
ZEC 5 4 alf7 figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 4 y2v5 figs-metaphor 0 consume its timber and stones The curse destroying the houses of the thief and of the one who swears falsely is spoken of as if the curse would consume the building materials that people had used to build the houses. Alternate translation: “destroy its wood and stones” or “completely destroy it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 5 j4s3 figs-synecdoche 0 Raise your eyes The word “eyes” represents the person who looks. Alternate translation: “Look up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 6 mb23 translate-bvolume 0 This is a basket containing an ephah that is coming An “ephah” is a unit of measurement for dry materials and is equal to 22 liters. Here the word is a metonym for the container that would hold an ephah of dry material. Alternate translation: “This is a measuring basket that is coming” or “This is a large container that is coming” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-bvolume]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 6 bcy6 writing-symlanguage 0 This is their iniquity in the whole land The basket symbolizes the people’s iniquity, but it is not literally their iniquity. Alternate translation: “This basket represents the iniquity of the people throughout the whole land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 7 un6a figs-activepassive 0 a lead covering was lifted off the basket This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: someone lifted a lead covering off the basket” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 7 nn4h 0 there was a woman under it sitting in it “there was a woman under the lead covering sitting in the basket”
|
||||
ZEC 5 8 xg5w writing-symlanguage 0 This is Wickedness The woman represents wickedness. Alternate translation: “This woman represents wickedness” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 8 glc2 0 He threw her … he threw the lead cover “He thrust her … he forced the lead cover.” The word “threw” indicates the force with which the angel did these things. He did not literally throw the woman or the cover.
|
||||
ZEC 5 9 zcp4 figs-synecdoche 0 I lifted my eyes Here the word “eyes” represents the person who sees. Alternate translation: “I looked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 9 mt2r figs-idiom 0 wind was in their wings This idiom means that they were flying. Alternate translation: “they were flying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 9 gde6 0 they had wings like a stork’s wings A stork is a type of large bird that has a wingspan of two to four meters. Zechariah compares the size of the women’s wings with the size of the stork’s wings.
|
||||
ZEC 5 9 xf59 figs-merism 0 They lifted up the basket between earth and heaven The words “earth” and “heaven” form a merism that refer to the sky. It is implicit that the two women flew away with the basket. Alternate translation: “They lifted the basket up into the sky and flew away” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 11 dyi3 figs-ellipsis 0 To build a temple in the land of Shinar for it The ellipsis can be supplied from the previous verse. Alternate translation: “They are taking the basket to the land of Shinar to build a temple for it” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 11 un6q figs-activepassive 0 the basket will be set there This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “they will set the basket there” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 5 11 gtm8 0 on its prepared base The words “prepared base” refer to a pedestal or other kind of fixture upon which they will place the basket.
|
||||
ZEC 6 intro z96r 0 # Zechariah 06 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written mainly in prose and tells the last vision of the four chariots in the first part of the chapter.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 6:12-13.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Crown<br>The second part of the chapter is about a crown made for the high priest. This is an actual person, but the meaning of the word “branch” should be translated as his name. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/highpriest]])<br><br>## Other possible translation difficulties in this chapter<br><br>### Meaning of the visions<br>The visions are stated and even when the prophet asked for an explanation, their true meaning is often obscure. This uncertainty should remain in your translation. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 1 wvi1 figs-synecdoche 0 lifted my eyes Here the word “eyes” represents the person who sees. Alternate translation: “looked up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 1 zj81 0 between two mountains; and the two mountains were made of bronze Since the second phrase describes the mountains in the first phrase, the two phrases may be combined. Alternate translation: “between two bronze mountains”
|
||||
ZEC 6 2 tw1y figs-explicit 0 The first chariot had red horses It is implicit that the horses were pulling the chariots. Alternate translation: “The first chariot had red horses pulling it” or “Red horses were pulling the first chariot” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 5 j43m writing-symlanguage 0 These are the four winds of heaven The chariots symbolize the four winds of heaven, but they are not literally the four winds. Alternate translation: “These chariots represent the four winds of heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 5 cai5 0 the four winds of heaven This phrase refers to the four directions from which the wind blows: north, east, south, and west. However, some modern versions interpret this Hebrew expression to mean “four spirits.”
|
||||
ZEC 6 5 u5ms figs-idiom 0 standing before the Lord of all the earth The idiom to “stand before” means to be in a person’s presence and to serve him. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 4:14](../04/14.md). Alternate translation: “serving the Lord of all the earth” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 6 v88q 0 the white horses are going out to the west country Some modern versions interpret this Hebrew phrase to mean “the white horses are going out after them,” that is, following the black horses to the north country.
|
||||
ZEC 6 6 g5r6 figs-metonymy 0 the white horses are … the spotted gray horses are Here the horses represent the chariots that they pull. Alternate translation: “the chariot with the white horses is … the chariot with the spotted gray horses is” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 8 ny4a 0 he called out to me “the angel called out to me”
|
||||
ZEC 6 8 n3x1 0 Look at the ones “Look at the black horses”
|
||||
ZEC 6 8 c7ix figs-metonymy 0 they will appease my spirit concerning the north country The words “my spirit” refer to Yahweh, so many translations change this to read “Yahweh’s spirit.” This could mean: (1) the word “spirit” represents Yahweh’s emotions and appeasing his spirit means that the chariots will cause Yahweh no longer to be angry with the north country Alternate translation: “they will calm my anger concerning the north country” or (2) the word “spirit” represents Yahweh’s presence and the chariots will cause the Jews who live in the north land to experience Yahweh’s blessings. Alternate translation: “they will cause my spirit to rest in the north country” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 9 jej6 figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to me. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 10 fez9 translate-names 0 Heldai, Tobijah, and Jedaiah These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 10 m87p 0 this same day “today”
|
||||
ZEC 6 11 f66i translate-names 0 Jehozadak This is the name of a man. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 11 x4hk 0 take the silver and gold, make a crown “make a crown with the silver and gold”
|
||||
ZEC 6 12 wn66 0 Speak to him and say “Speak to Joshua and say”
|
||||
ZEC 6 12 ihw2 figs-metaphor 0 his name is Branch The word “Branch” refers to a messianic figure that would serve as king over Yahweh’s people. Yahweh speaks of this person as if he were a branch that grows out from a tree. Since the word “Branch” is a title, it should be translated with an equivalent word in your language. See how you translated this name in [Zechariah 3:8](../03/08.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 12 w53q figs-metaphor 0 He will grow up where he is The phrase “grow up” refers to the growth of a plant, and so continues the metaphor of this person as a “Branch.” This likely refers to this person appearing or coming into power as the one who would supervise the rebuilding of the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 13 lm52 0 He will be a priest on his throne This could mean: (1) the “Branch” will be both priest and king or (2) the “Branch” will be king, and another person will be a priest who will share the royal power. Alternate translation: “There will be a priest upon his throne”
|
||||
ZEC 6 13 uyq6 0 he will bear a counsel of peace between the two The words “the two” refer to the roles of king and priest. The meaning of this phrase depends upon the meaning of the previous phrase. This could mean: (1) the “Branch” will faithfully carry out his duties as both priest and king and not forsake one in order to fulfill the other or (2) the “Branch” who serves as king and the other person who serves as a priest will each carry out their duties faithfully and they will work together in peace.
|
||||
ZEC 6 14 ea75 figs-activepassive 0 The crown will given This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “You will give the crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 14 xn98 translate-names 0 Heldai, Tobijah, Jedaiah … Hen These are the names of men. See how you translated these in [Zechariah 6:10](../06/10.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 14 f3px 0 for Hen son of Zephaniah as a memorial Some modern versions interpret this phrase as “as a memorial to the generosity of the son of Zephaniah” or “as a memorial to the one who is gracious, the son of Zephaniah.” Also, some modern versions interpret the name “Hen” as meaning the name “Josiah.”
|
||||
ZEC 6 15 e6jp figs-explicit 0 those who are far off This refers to the Israelites who remain in Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 15 u2bz figs-you 0 so you will know The word “you” is plural and refers to the people of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
ZEC 6 15 zqz3 figs-metonymy 0 truly listen to the voice of Yahweh your God Here to “listen” means to obey and the word “voice” represents the words that Yahweh speaks. Alternate translation: “truly obey what Yahweh your God says” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 intro meb2 0 # Zechariah 07 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter starts about two years after the previous chapter and is written in prose.<br><br>Some translations prefer to set apart quotations. The ULT and many other English translations set the lines of 7:4-14, which is an extended quotation, farther to the right on the page than the rest of the text.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Fasting<br>This chapter discusses fasting. People were asking the same questions as those from previous generations. The Israelites were asking these same questions before they were exiled from their land.
|
||||
ZEC 7 1 v1rz translate-ordinal 0 on the fourth day “on day 4” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 1 vut4 translate-hebrewmonths 0 Kislev (which was the ninth month) “Kislev” is the ninth month of the Hebrew calendar. The fourth day of Kislev is near the end of November on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 1 t9mu figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh came to Zechariah This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Zechariah” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Zechariah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 2 sb2z translate-names 0 Sharezer and Regem-Melek These are the names of men. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 2 y9hy 0 beg Here the word “beg” means to plead or ask urgently.
|
||||
ZEC 7 2 b1wi figs-metonymy 0 before the face of Yahweh Here “face” is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence. Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 3 kg2p 0 They spoke … they said The word “they” refers to Sharezer and Regem Melek.
|
||||
ZEC 7 3 ty6c translate-ordinal 0 Should I mourn in the fifth month “Should I mourn in month 5.” The assumed knowledge is that the Jewish people fasted during a part of the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar because this is when the Babylonians destroyed the temple in Jerusalem. The fifth month is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 3 i8ej 0 by means of a fast “by fasting”
|
||||
ZEC 7 4 g84y figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh of hosts came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts gave me a message. He said” or “Yahweh of hosts spoke this message to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 5 wdh2 translate-ordinal 0 in the fifth and in the seventh month “in months 5 and 7” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 5 v5v5 figs-ellipsis 0 in the fifth The word “month” can be supplied in translation. Alternate translation: “in the fifth month” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 5 tfh8 figs-explicit 0 in the seventh month The assumed knowledge is that the Jews mourned during a part of the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar because in this month the remaining Jews in Jerusalem fled to Egypt after the murder of Gedaliah, whom the king of Babylon appointed as governor over Judah. The seventh month is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 5 d7zd figs-explicit 0 for these seventy years The assumed knowledge is that the people of Israel had been slaves in Babylon for 70 years. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 5 n3dw figs-rquestion 0 were you truly fasting for me? This question is asked to make the people think about what their real reason for fasting had been. It can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “you were not really fasting for me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 6 p43p 0 When you ate and drank This could mean: (1) when they feasted and drank when celebrating religious festivals or (2) when they ate and drank whenever they were not fasting.
|
||||
ZEC 7 6 ax5v figs-rquestion 0 did you not eat and drink for yourselves? This question is used to make the people think about whether they were honoring Yahweh when they ate and drank. This can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “it was for yourselves that you ate and drank.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 7 qy27 figs-rquestion 0 Were these not the same words … to the west? Yahweh uses a question to scold the people. This question can be translated as a statement. Alternate translation: “These are the same words … to the west.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 7 dqw4 figs-metonymy 0 by the mouth of the former prophets Here “mouth” is a metonym for the words spoken by the mouth. Alternate translation: “by the words of the former prophets” or “through the former prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 7 n812 0 you still inhabited Jerusalem “you still lived in Jerusalem”
|
||||
ZEC 7 7 vp7q 0 foothills hills at the base of a mountain or mountain range
|
||||
ZEC 7 8 jsk3 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh came to Zechariah, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. Alternate translation: “Yahweh gave a message to Zechariah. He said” or “Yahweh spoke this message to Zechariah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 9 v17g figs-abstractnouns 0 Judge with true justice, covenant faithfulness, and mercy The abstract nouns “justice,” “faithfulness,” and “mercy” can be stated as adjectives. Alternate translation: “When you judge, be just, faithful to the covenant, and merciful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 9 k9pm 0 Let each man do this The word “this” refers to how a person should judge.
|
||||
ZEC 7 10 b2r9 0 widow a woman whose husband has died
|
||||
ZEC 7 10 za7v 0 orphan a child whose parents have died
|
||||
ZEC 7 10 ht31 0 foreigner someone who travels from his own land to a different land
|
||||
ZEC 7 10 jdb5 figs-metonymy 0 let none of you plot any harm against another in your heart Here “heart” represents the thoughts of a person. Alternate translation: “you must not make plans to do evil” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 11 l8vz figs-metaphor 0 set their shoulders stubbornly This is an image of an ox refusing to allow its owner to put a yoke on its shoulders. This metaphor represents the people being stubborn. Alternate translation: “became stubborn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 11 if1l figs-metaphor 0 They stopped up their ears so they would not hear This is an image of people putting something into their ears so they would not hear the message from Yahweh. This metaphor represents the people not being willing to hear and obey. Alternate translation: “They refused to listen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 12 ieh1 figs-simile 0 They made their hearts as hard as rock so they would not hear the law or the words of Yahweh of hosts The people refusing to hear and obey Yahweh are compared to their being as unyielding as rock. Here the heart represents the will of a person. Alternate translation: “They stubbornly refused to hear the law or the words of Yahweh of hosts” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 12 j76s 0 in earlier times “in the past”
|
||||
ZEC 7 12 z4q7 figs-metonymy 0 by the mouth of the prophets Here the “mouth of the prophets” is a metonym for the words that the prophets speak. Alternate translation: “through the words of the prophets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 14 hga8 figs-metaphor 0 I will scatter them with a whirlwind Yahweh speaks of how he will scatter the people as if a whirlwind were scattering everything in its path. Alternate translation: “I will scatter them as a whirlwind scatters things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 7 14 x4q6 0 whirlwind a strong wind that spins very quickly as it moves and can cause damage
|
||||
ZEC 7 14 c1xg 0 delightful land “pleasant land” or “fruitful land”
|
||||
ZEC 8 intro uri7 0 # Zechariah 08 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is a series of sayings from Yahweh of hosts. Each saying is an encouraging note for those returning from the exile to the land of Judah and Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 1 eh47 figs-idiom 0 The word of Yahweh of hosts came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 7:4](../07/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts gave me a message. He said” or “Yahweh of hosts spoke this message to me, saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 2 rx8t 0 I am passionate for Zion “I have a strong desire to protect Zion”
|
||||
ZEC 8 2 vc1c figs-metonymy 0 for Zion Here “Zion” represents the people of Zion. Alternate translation: “for the people of Zion” or “for the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 2 w6qx figs-explicit 0 with great anger The implied information is that this anger is against the enemies of Zion. Alternate translation: “with great anger against her enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 3 m9ri figs-explicit 0 the mountain of Yahweh of hosts The implied information is that this refers to Mount Zion, the location upon which the city of Jerusalem was built. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 4 nus3 0 be in the streets of Jerusalem “be living in Jerusalem”
|
||||
ZEC 8 4 z297 figs-explicit 0 in his hand because he has grown so old People having the opportunity to grow old implies the city will be peaceful and prosperous for a long time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 5 y52e 0 The streets of the city will be full The public areas of the city will be full of people in their normal activities.
|
||||
ZEC 8 6 n3ga figs-metaphor 0 If something seems impossible in the eyes of The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “If something does not appear to be possible to” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 6 d5cx 0 the remnant of this people “the people of Judah who survive”
|
||||
ZEC 8 6 c478 figs-metaphor 0 in my eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 6 kp58 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 7 f4bz figs-explicit 0 I am about to rescue my people The implied information is that the people are in exile. “I am about to rescue my people of Judah who went into exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 7 x6hq figs-merism 0 from the land of the sunrise and from the land of the setting sun This could mean: (1) this is a poetic way of expressing specific countries to which the people were exiled. Alternate translation: “From the land to the east and from the land to the west” or (2) this is a merism that means from all directions. Alternate translation: “from all lands in every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 8 bcy7 figs-abstractnouns 0 I will be their God in truth and in righteousness This can be rewritten to remove the abstract nouns “truth” and “righteousness.” Alternate translation: “I will be their God. I will be faithful to them and act toward them in a just manner” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 9 h94j figs-idiom 0 Strengthen your hands This is an idiom that means to be courageous for the work. Alternate translation: “Be strong and courageous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 10 h2cs 0 For before those days Here “those days” refers to the time the people of Judah started to rebuild the temple.
|
||||
ZEC 8 10 gp8k 0 no crops were gathered in “there were no crops to harvest”
|
||||
ZEC 8 10 z6fg 0 there was no profit for either man or beast It was useless for people and their animals to farm the land, because they got no food from it.
|
||||
ZEC 8 10 qe6a figs-merism 0 for anyone going or coming This merism refers to all of life’s activities everywhere that anyone went. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 10 uh2k 0 I had set every person each against his neighbor “I had turned everyone against each other”
|
||||
ZEC 8 11 cg9b 0 But now it will not be as in former days, I will be with the remnant of this people “But I will not treat the remnant of this people now as I did in former days”
|
||||
ZEC 8 11 pcv2 figs-explicit 0 in former days “in the past.” The implied information is that this refers to the time when the people started rebuilding the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 11 k5pg figs-explicit 0 the remnant of this people The implied information is that this is the remnant of the people who returned from exile. Alternate translation: “the people who returned from exile” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 11 ec3e figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 12 sdy1 figs-activepassive 0 seeds of peace will be sown This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “the people will safely sow seed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 12 nk96 figs-metaphor 0 the earth will give its produce; the skies will give their dew The earth and skies are spoken of as if they were persons giving what is needed. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 12 gq8d 0 inherit all these things “to have all these things”
|
||||
ZEC 8 13 y21m figs-explicit 0 You were an example to the other nations of a curse The implied information is that the way Yahweh had allowed the temple to be destroyed and his people to be exiled had been used by other nations as an example of what it meant to be cursed by Yahweh. Alternate translation: “When I punished you, the other nations learned what happens when I curse a people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 13 mk9i figs-metonymy 0 house of Judah and house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the people in the kingdoms of Judah and Israel. Alternate translation: “people of Judah and Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 13 sqv8 figs-explicit 0 you will be a blessing This could mean: (1) the implied information is that the people of Judah and Israel would be a blessing to the nations around them. Alternate translation: “you will be a blessing to the surrounding nations” or (2) the implied information is that the nations around them would see what it meant to be blessed by Yahweh. Alternate translation: when I bless you, the other nations will learn what happens when I bless a people” or (3) Yahweh will bless the people of Judah and Israel. Alternate translation: “I will give you many good things” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 13 msq7 figs-idiom 0 let your hands be strong This is an idiom that means to be courageous for the work. Alternate translation: “be strong and courageous” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 13 v8du figs-metonymy 0 house of Judah and house of Israel The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the people in the kingdom of Judah. Alternate translation: “people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 14 z32e 0 do harm to you “punish you”
|
||||
ZEC 8 14 ry4z 0 provoked my anger “angered me”
|
||||
ZEC 8 14 pw4j 0 did not relent “did not decide to punish them less”
|
||||
ZEC 8 15 tg1a figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem This is a metonym for the people of Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 16 r54n 0 that you must do “You” refers to the people of Judah.
|
||||
ZEC 8 16 iy65 figs-abstractnouns 0 Speak truth, every person with his neighbor The abstract noun “truth” can be translated using the adjective “true.” Alternate translation: “Everyone must say only true things to his neighbor” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 16 m4ld 0 his neighbor Here “neighbor” means any person, not just someone who lives nearby.
|
||||
ZEC 8 16 u5kf figs-abstractnouns 0 Judge with truth, justice, and peace in your gates This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns “truth,” “justice,” and “peace.” Alternate translation: “When you are making decisions in your gates, judge in a way that is true and just and causes people to live peacefully with each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 16 k4ez figs-explicit 0 in your gates The assumed knowledge is that this refers to the places where judgment took place. Alternate translation: “in your places of judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 17 l5wh figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 18 u3xt figs-idiom 0 the word of Yahweh of hosts came to me, saying This idiom is used to introduce a special message from God. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 7:4](../07/04.md). Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts gave me a message. He said” or “Yahweh of hosts spoke this message to me, saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 18 uuz1 0 came to me Here “me” refers to Zechariah.
|
||||
ZEC 8 19 hr3x translate-ordinal 0 The fasts of the fourth month, the fifth month, the seventh month, and the tenth month “The fasts of months 4, 5, 7, and 10” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-ordinal]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 19 x9kp figs-explicit 0 The fasts of the fourth month The assumed knowledge is that the Jews mourned during a part of the fourth month of the Hebrew calendar because this is when the Babylonians broke through the walls of Jerusalem. The fourth month is during the last part of June and the first part of July on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 19 je6q figs-explicit 0 the fifth month The assumed knowledge is that the Jewish people fasted during a part of the fifth month of the Hebrew calendar because this is when the Babylonians destroyed the temple in Jerusalem. The fifth month is during the last part of July and the first part of August on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 7:3](../07/03.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 19 h4zn figs-explicit 0 the seventh month The assumed knowledge is that the Jews mourned during a part of the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar because in this month the remaining Jews in Jerusalem fled to Egypt after the murder of Gedaliah, whom the king of Babylon appointed as governor over Judah. The seventh month is during the last part of September and the first part of October on Western calendars. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 7:5](../07/05.md). (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 19 qk5a figs-explicit 0 the tenth month The assumed knowledge is that the Jews mourned during a part of the tenth month of the Hebrew calendar because this is when the Babylonians began their siege against Jerusalem. The tenth month is during the last part of December and the first part of January on Western calendars. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-hebrewmonths]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 19 v6ls figs-abstractnouns 0 times of joy, gladness, and happy festivals The abstract nouns “joy” and “gladness” can be translated using adjectives. Alternate translation: “joyful and glad times, with happy festivals” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 19 vyd5 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the people in the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 19 c9gv figs-abstractnouns 0 love truth and peace The abstract nouns “truth” and “peace” can be translated using adjectives. Alternate translation: “love what is truthful and peaceful” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 20 r5qf figs-explicit 0 People will come again The implied information is that Jerusalem is where the people will come. Alternate translation: “People will come again to Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 21 rvs3 figs-metonymy 0 will go to another city This is a metonym for the people in the other city. Alternate translation: “will go to the people of another city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 21 b98a 0 beg Here the word “beg” means to plead or ask urgently.
|
||||
ZEC 8 21 k69q figs-metonymy 0 before the face of Yahweh Here “face” is a metonym for Yahweh’s presence. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 7:2](../07/02.md). Alternate translation: “in the presence of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 21 szh9 figs-metaphor 0 seek Yahweh of hosts Those who want to know Yahweh and please him are spoken of as if they are literally seeking to find Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 22 nz8j figs-metonymy 0 mighty nations This is a metonym for the people in the mighty nations. Alternate translation: “people of mighty nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 23 vw6j figs-explicit 0 will grasp the hem of your robe The implied information is that the foreigners will grab their robe to get their attention. Alternate translation: “will grasp the hem of your robe to get your attention” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 23 ed1e figs-explicit 0 Let us go with you The implied information is that people of God are going to Jerusalem. Alternate translation: “Let us go to Jerusalem with you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 8 23 wc2l 0 God is with you “God is with you people”
|
||||
ZEC 9 intro lyp2 0 # Zechariah 09 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written mainly in prose about the cities and peoples around where Israel stood as a country until the exile.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 9:9-10.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecies against other nations<br>The first two verses show that the prophecy concerns neighboring countries. Hamath, Damscus, Tyre and Sidon are cities in areas that were near Israel. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 1 gn78 0 This is a declaration of Yahweh’s word concerning “This is Yahweh’s message about”
|
||||
ZEC 9 1 fjj8 figs-metonymy 0 the land of Hadrak and Damascus Here “Hadrak” and “Damascus” refer to the people who live in those places. Alternate translation: “the people of the land of Hadrak and the city Damascus” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 1 xk5a 0 Hadrak The location of Hadrak is unknown today.
|
||||
ZEC 9 1 q7lh 0 its resting place “the resting place of the people of Hadrak”
|
||||
ZEC 9 1 fi2z 0 for the eyes of all humanity and all the tribes of Israel are toward Yahweh Some versions translate this as “for Yahweh’s eye is on all mankind and on the tribes of Israel.”
|
||||
ZEC 9 1 b62m figs-metonymy 0 the eyes of all humanity and all the tribes of Israel are toward Yahweh Here “eyes” refers to what they look at. Alternate translation: “all humanity and all the tribes of Israel look toward Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 2 dbk5 figs-metonymy 0 Hamath This refers to the people who live in that land. Alternate translation: “the people of the land of Hamath” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 2 x51x figs-metonymy 0 Tyre and Sidon This refers to the people who live in those cities. Alternate translation: “the people of Tyre and Sidon” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 2 z6mi figs-irony 0 for they are very wise This could mean: (1) the people are wise for looking at Yahweh for help or (2) Zechariah did not really mean that the people of Hamath were wise and was using irony. Alternate translation: “though they think they are very wise” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 3 vi9s figs-personification 0 built herself a stronghold Here the city of Tyre is pictured as a woman. Alternate translation: “built a strong fortress” or “built a high wall” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 3 p2xv figs-hyperbole 0 heaped up silver like dust and refined gold like mud in the streets Yahweh exaggerates to emphasize how rich Tyre was. Alternate translation: “accumulated silver and gold as much as soil in the streets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 4 ps4e 0 Look! The Lord will dispossess her Here “Look!” tells the reader to pay attention to the important statement that follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention! The Lord will take away Tyre’s possessions”
|
||||
ZEC 9 4 nf2a figs-metonymy 0 destroy her strength on the sea Tyre’s “strength on the sea” refers to the ships that were used for commerce and conquest. Alternate translation: “destroy Tyre’s ships in which men fight on the sea” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 4 rk76 figs-activepassive 0 so she will be devoured by fire This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “and enemies will burn the city to the ground” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 5 zx4k figs-metonymy 0 Ashkelon … Gaza … Ekron, her hopes These cities each refer to the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “The people of Ashkelon … the people of Gaza … the hopes of the people of Ekron” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 5 ae33 0 will see “will see Tyre be destroyed”
|
||||
ZEC 9 6 fmu2 0 Strangers will make their homes in Ashdod “Foreigners will take over Ashdod and live there”
|
||||
ZEC 9 6 r481 figs-idiom 0 I will cut off the pride of the Philistines Here “cut off” is an idiom that means to stop their pride. Alternate translation: “I will make the Philistines to be proud of themselves no longer” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 7 efh7 figs-metonymy 0 I will remove their blood from their mouths and their abominations from between their teeth Here “blood” is a metonym for meat with blood in it, and “abominations” is a metonym for meat offered to idols. Alternate translation: “I will no longer allow them to eat meat that still has blood in it, and I will forbid them to eat food that they offered to idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 8 l2f6 figs-metaphor 0 I will camp around my land God is speaking about himself as if he were an army that was protecting his land. Alternate translation: “I will protect my land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 8 lp3e 0 for now “For at that time”
|
||||
ZEC 9 8 gnt8 figs-metonymy 0 I see with my own eyes Here “my own eyes” represent Yahweh’s personal attention. Alternate translation: “I will personally watch over my land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 9 iqk3 0 General Information: Yahweh appears to be the speaker in verses 9-13.
|
||||
ZEC 9 9 u6p1 figs-parallelism 0 Shout with great joy, daughter of Zion! Shout with happiness, daughter of Jerusalem! These two sentences mean the same thing and intensify the command to rejoice. Yahweh is speaking to the people of Jerusalem as if they were present, but they were not there. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-apostrophe]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 9 apz5 0 daughter of Zion … daughter of Jerusalem “Zion” is the same as “Jerusalem.” The prophet speaks of the city as if it is a daughter. See how you translated “daughter of Zion” in [Zechariah 2:10](../02/10.md).
|
||||
ZEC 9 9 sey9 0 Behold! This alerts the reader to pay special attention to the surprising statement that follows. Alternate translation: “Pay attention!” or “Here is a surprising fact!”
|
||||
ZEC 9 9 ke7v 0 Your king is coming to you with righteousness and is rescuing you “Your king is righteous and is coming to rescue you”
|
||||
ZEC 9 9 kjw8 figs-doublet 0 on a donkey, on the colt of a donkey These two phrases mean basically the same thing and refer to one animal. The second phrase clarifies that this is a young donkey. Alternate translation: “on a young donkey” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 10 ca4d 0 cut off the chariot from Ephraim Here “cut off” is an idiom that means to destroy. Alternate translation: “destroy the chariots in Israel that are used for battle”
|
||||
ZEC 9 10 f5sv figs-explicit 0 the horse from Jerusalem The references to “chariot” and “bow” means that this refers to horses used in battle. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “the warhorses in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 10 n8py figs-synecdoche 0 the bow will be cut off from battle Here the bow represents all weapons used in warfare. Alternate translation: “all weapons of war will be destroyed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 10 xh6q figs-metonymy 0 for he will speak peace to the nations Here the action of announcing peace represents the action of making peace. Alternate translation: “for your king will bring peace to the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 10 m1ef figs-doublet 0 his dominion will be from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth! The phrases “sea to sea” and “from the River to the ends of the earth” mean the same thing and can be combined. Alternate translation: “his kingdom will be over all the earth!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 10 rij4 0 the River This probably refers to the Euphrates River.
|
||||
ZEC 9 11 w1wr 0 General Information: Yahweh appears to be the speaker in verses 9-13.
|
||||
ZEC 9 11 tj3z 0 As for you Here “you” is singular, and continues to refer to the city of Jerusalem, also called “Zion.”
|
||||
ZEC 9 11 n83k figs-metaphor 0 the pit where there is no water This dry pit represents the exile in Babylon. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 12 g5c5 figs-metaphor 0 Return to the stronghold Jerusalem is spoken of as a place of safety. Alternate translation: “Come back to your nation where you will be safe” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 12 v54r 0 prisoners of hope This expression refers to the Israelites in exile who were still trusting in God to rescue them. Alternate translation: “prisoners who still hope in Yahweh”
|
||||
ZEC 9 12 xt6s 0 return double to you “return to you twice as much as was taken from you”
|
||||
ZEC 9 13 sjg3 0 Zion This refers to the city of Jerusalem, also called “Zion.”
|
||||
ZEC 9 13 mwe7 figs-metaphor 0 I have bent Judah as my bow The people of Judah are referred to as if they were a bow carried by God into battle. Here “Judah” refers to the people of that nation. Alternate translation: “I will cause the people of Judah to be like my bow” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 13 ki73 figs-metaphor 0 filled my quiver with Ephraim Yahweh speaks of the people of Israel, the northern kingdom, as if they were arrows that he would shoot at his enemies. A quiver is a bag that holds a soldier’s arrows. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 13 es7k figs-metonymy 0 I have roused your sons, Zion, against your sons, Greece God is speaking to the people of two different nations at the same time. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 14 h8w9 0 General Information: In verses 14-16, Zechariah describes how Yahweh will rescue Israel from their enemies.
|
||||
ZEC 9 14 ms12 0 will appear to them The word “them” refers to God’s people. Alternate translation: “will be seen in the sky by his people” or “will come to his people”
|
||||
ZEC 9 14 j3mb figs-simile 0 his arrows will shoot out like lightning! The Israelites sometimes thought of lightning bolts as arrows that God shot. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 14 qh4y 0 blow the trumpet The trumpets were rams’ horns. People blew into them to give signals in battle and on other occasions. Here the trumpet is blown as a military signal.
|
||||
ZEC 9 14 cdu9 0 will advance with the storms from Teman Team was located to the south of Judah. The Israelites sometimes thought of God as traveling on violent storms coming from the south. Alternate translation: “will march from Teman with the storm winds”
|
||||
ZEC 9 15 rq95 0 they will devour them “the people of Judah will devour their enemies”
|
||||
ZEC 9 15 l59u figs-metaphor 0 will devour To completely defeat enemies is spoken of as devouring them as a wild animal eats its prey. Alternate translation: “will completely defeat” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 15 fq6x figs-metonymy 0 defeat the stones of the slings Slings to throw stones were a common weapon in the days of Zechariah. Here the “stones of the slings” represent the soldiers who were using them to attack Israel. Alternate translation: “defeat the enemies who attack them with slings and stones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 15 ure5 figs-simile 0 Then they will drink and shout like men drunk on wine The people of Judah will shout and celebrate their victory over their enemies as if they were noisy drunks. Alternate translation: “Then they will shout and celebrate their victory as loudly as if they were drunk” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 15 t8ng figs-simile 0 they will be filled with wine like bowls This probably refers to the bowls that the priests used to carry animal’s blood to the altar. Alternate translation: “they will be as full of wine as the basins with which priests carry blood to the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 15 h8j2 figs-simile 0 like the corners of the altar Altars had projecting corners that were drenched in animal blood. Alternate translation: “they will be drenched as the corners of the altar are covered in blood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 16 t4gy 0 General Information: In verses 14-16, Zechariah describes how Yahweh will rescue Israel from their enemies.
|
||||
ZEC 9 16 i4qw figs-simile 0 God will rescue them … as the flock of his people The people of Israel are spoken of as if they are God’s sheep that he cares for and protects. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 16 kyv5 figs-metaphor 0 They are the jewels of a crown The people of Israel are spoken of as if they were the expensive jewels in the crown of a king that show how glorious he is. Alternate translation: “They will be like beautiful stones in a crown” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 17 udt9 figs-exclamations 0 How good and how beautiful they will be! This is an exclamation, and not a question. Alternate translation: “They will be very good and beautiful!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-exclamations]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 17 rzm2 figs-parallelism 0 The young men will flourish on grain and the virgins on sweet wine! This sentence uses a parallel structure to express that everyone will have plenty to eat and drink. If your readers might think that only the men ate and only the women drank, you may want to adjust the wording. Alternate translation: “All of the people, both men and women, will have plenty of grain to eat and sweet wine to drink!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 17 uf1p figs-parallelism 0 The young men … the virgins These two phrases are parallel and together represent the entire population of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 9 17 x8zq figs-parallelism 0 grain … sweet wine These two phrases are parallel and together represent all of the different kinds of the food and drink. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 intro jmh9 0 # Zechariah 10 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written mainly in prose but still uses figurative language as the writer shares a message of redemption and hope for the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]])<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 10:1-2.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Redemption<br>This book, and especially this chapter, uses the concepts of redemption and remnant to share the relationship that the people of Judah have with their God. So many of the people of Israel perished as their kingdom went into exile. Now they are returning to the land, but the land is no longer theirs. They are living under foreign rule. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/redeem]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/remnant]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 1 v7qp 0 General Information: Zechariah continues speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
ZEC 10 1 ybt5 0 vegetation in the field “causes plants to grow in the field”
|
||||
ZEC 10 2 wcl5 0 household idols speak falsely “household idols give false messages.” Zechariah is not suggesting that idols actually speak. He is referring to the messages people say they hear from idols. The UST makes this explicit.
|
||||
ZEC 10 2 tc8c 0 diviners envision a lie “diviners see false visions”
|
||||
ZEC 10 2 e8gu figs-explicit 0 they tell deceitful dreams It is implied that they know these dreams are false. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “diviners lie about their dreams in order to deceive people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 2 xi1f 0 empty comfort This refers to words that sooth temporarily, but do not provide any longterm help.
|
||||
ZEC 10 2 nb46 figs-simile 0 they wander like sheep The people who do not have true prophets who tell the truth are spoken of as sheep who do not have a shepherd to tell them where to go. Alternate translation: “the people who listen to the false prophets are like sheep who do not know which way to go” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 2 zr2e figs-simile 0 they … suffer because there is no shepherd The people who do not have true prophets are spoken of as sheep who suffer because they do not have a shepherd to tell them where to go. Alternate translation: “the people who listen to the false prophets … are suffering like sheep who do not have a shepherd to guide them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 3 e9x1 0 General Information: It is unclear whether Yahweh is speaking, or if Zechariah is speaking for Yahweh in verses 3-5.
|
||||
ZEC 10 3 iq7u figs-metaphor 0 My wrath burns against the shepherds Here “the shepherds” represent the leaders of God’s people. The intensity of Yahweh’s anger is spoken of as if it was a blazing fire. Alternate translation: “My anger toward the shepherds of my people is as intense as a fire” or “I am very angry with the leaders of my people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 3 ir6n figs-metaphor 0 it is the male goats—the leaders—that I will punish Male goats are typically more dominant than female goats. Here “male goats” represents the oppressive leaders of God’s people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 3 r33n 0 Yahweh of hosts will also attend to his flock, the house of Judah Here Yahweh’s care for his people is spoken of as a shepherd cares for his sheep. Alternate translation: “Yahweh of hosts will take care of the house of Judah as a shepherd cares for his sheep”
|
||||
ZEC 10 3 t1tc figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the people of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 3 dd5g figs-metaphor 0 make them like his warhorse in battle Yahweh changes the metaphor for his people from defenseless sheep to a mighty war horse. He speaks of his people as if they were a strong horse in battle. Alternate translation: “will cause them to be strong like war horses in battle” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 4 l1sr 0 General Information: It is unclear whether Yahweh is speaking, or if Zechariah is speaking for Yahweh in verses 3-5.
|
||||
ZEC 10 4 se8u figs-metaphor 0 From Judah will come the cornerstone “The cornerstone will come from Judah.” The most important ruler is spoken of as if he where the main foundation stone of a building. Alternate translation: “One of the descendants of Judah will become the most important ruler” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 4 xep2 writing-symlanguage 0 the cornerstone … the tent peg … the war bow This could mean: (1) they may be symbolic language that refers to the Messiah who will come from the tribe of Judah or (2) they may refer to different leaders who will come from Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-symlanguage]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 4 q653 figs-metaphor 0 from him will come the tent peg “the tent peg will come from him.” The tent pegs held the ropes that supported tents in which people lived. Here the most important ruler is spoken of as if he where the main peg that holds a tent in place. Alternate translation: “the leader who will hold the nation together will come from Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 4 mgt1 figs-metaphor 0 from him will come the war bow “the war bow will come from him.” Here the most important ruler is spoken of as if he where the a war bow that was used in battle. Alternate translation: “the military leader will come from Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 4 cw1m 0 from him will come every ruler together “every ruler will come from Judah”
|
||||
ZEC 10 5 sg3z figs-simile 0 They will be like warriors … streets in battle The rulers from Judah are spoken of as if they were victorious warriors. Alternate translation: “They will be mighty in battle, trampling their enemies into the mud of the streets” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 5 f7n7 figs-idiom 0 who trample their enemies into the mud of the streets in battle To trample them into the mud is an idiom that means to completely defeat them. Alternate translation: “who defeat their enemies completely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 5 xrr5 figs-idiom 0 Yahweh is with them Here “with them” is an idiom that means he is present to help them. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will help them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 5 a47d figs-metonymy 0 they will shame those who ride warhorses Here shame accompanies and represents defeat. Alternate translation: “they will defeat their enemies who ride warhorses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 6 skk5 0 General Information: In verses 6-12, Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
ZEC 10 6 tf8l figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Judah, which included the descendants of Judah and Benjamin. Alternate translation: “Judah” or “the kingdom of Judah” or “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 6 q4yn figs-metonymy 0 the house of Joseph The word “house” is a metonym for the family that lives in the house. In this case it refers to the kingdom of Israel. Alternate translation: “Israel” or “the kingdom of Israel” or “the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 6 b62v figs-metaphor 0 I had not cast them off This speaks of the people as a torn or dirty garment that Yahweh took off and threw away. This symbolizes rejection. Alternate translation: “I had not rejected them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 7 zfa5 figs-simile 0 Ephraim will be like a warrior “Ephraim” refers here to the northern kingdom of Israel. Warriors are strong. Alternate translation: “Ephraim will be very strong” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 7 pg8l figs-synecdoche 0 their hearts will rejoice as with wine Here “hearts” refers to the whole person. They will have the same joy as a person who is enjoying drinking wine. Alternate translation: “and they will be very happy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 7 u9gr 0 their children will see and rejoice. Their hearts will rejoice in me! “their children will see what has taken place and will be happy because of what Yahweh has done for them!”
|
||||
ZEC 10 8 rt4z 0 General Information: In verses 6-12, Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
ZEC 10 8 h3zu 0 I will whistle To whistle is to produce a high, shrill sound with air through narrowed lips. It is often done to give a signal to other people, as here.
|
||||
ZEC 10 9 a419 figs-metaphor 0 I sowed them among the peoples The exile of the people is spoken of as if they were seed that Yahweh had planted in a distant land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 10 qvy9 0 until there is no more room for them The people will continue to go back to Judah and it will become crowded with no room for any more people to live there. This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “and they will completely fill the land”
|
||||
ZEC 10 11 gh3n 0 General Information: In verses 6-12, Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
ZEC 10 11 kec9 figs-metaphor 0 I will pass through the sea of their affliction Scripture often refers to the sea as an image of many troubles and hardships. Here Yahweh speaks of himself accompanying the people to help them go through these afflictions. Alternate translation: “I will go with them and help them as they go through their many afflictions” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 11 sq3e figs-idiom 0 I will strike the waves of that sea Here to “strike” the waves is an idiom that means he will stop the waves from forming. Stopping the afflictions of his people is spoken of as calming the waves of that sea. Alternate translation: “I will cause the waves of that sea of affliction to stop” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 11 ve5n 0 will dry up all the depths of the Nile “I will cause the Nile River to lose all its water”
|
||||
ZEC 10 11 h8a4 figs-metonymy 0 The majesty of Assyria will be brought down Here “the majesty of Assyria” probably refers to the Assyrian army. Alternate translation: “I will destroy Assyria’s proud army” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 11 g3sx figs-metonymy 0 the scepter of Egypt will go away from the Egyptians Here “the scepter of Egypt” refers to the political power of Egypt. Alternate translation: “the power of Egypt to rule other nations will end” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 10 12 wnc7 0 I will strengthen them in myself “I will cause them to be strong and to believe in me”
|
||||
ZEC 10 12 dh7y figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 intro up7e 0 # Zechariah 11 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter unlike the previous one is a warning against the leaders amongst the exiles.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 11:1-3, 17.<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Metaphor<br>This chapter uses an extended metaphor of sheep and shepherds to convey Yahweh’s dismay at the leaders during the exiles. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])<br><br>### Symbolism<br>The writer uses symbolism. Zechariah is told to become a shepherd. He uses two staffs and names them “Unity” and “Favor.” He does this very purposefully. In order to preserve this symbolism, it is important to pay attention to the specific words used. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/favor]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 1 d6vm figs-metaphor 0 Open your doors, Lebanon, that fire may devour Not resisting what is about to happen is spoken of as if Lebanon were opening its doors. Here “Lebanon” is a metonym that represents the people of Lebanon. Alternate translation: “People of Lebanon, get ready, because fire will devour” or “People of Lebanon, do not try to stop the fire that will devour” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 1 kmf3 figs-metaphor 0 fire may devour your cedars Fire completely burning up the cedars is spoken of as if the fire would devour the cedars. Alternate translation: “fire may completely destroy your cedars” or “fire may completely burn up your cedars” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 2 fu2k figs-personification 0 Lament, cypress trees, for the cedar trees have fallen Cypress trees are spoken of as if they could grieve like a human. Alternate translation: “If the trees were people, they would cry out in sorrow. The cypress trees stand alone because the cedars have burned and fallen” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 2 fq53 figs-activepassive 0 What was majestic has been devastated This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The majestic cedar trees are no more” or “The cedar trees were once majestic, but now they are ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 2 gbt2 figs-personification 0 Lament, you oaks of Bashan, for the strong forest has gone down. The oaks of Bash are spoken of as if they could grieve like a human. Alternate translation: “If the oak trees in Bashan were people, they would wail, for their thick forests are gone” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 3 pb1q 0 The shepherds howl “The shepherds cry out loudly”
|
||||
ZEC 11 3 ji77 figs-metonymy 0 for their glory has been destroyed Here “their glory” probably represents the rich pastures that the shepherds led their sheep to. Alternate translation: “for their rich pastures are ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 3 h9cl figs-metonymy 0 for the pride of the Jordan River has been devastated Here “the pride” probably represents the forests that grew near the Jordan River. Alternate translation: “because the trees and shrubbery where they lived by the Jordan River are ruined” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 4 zxx9 translate-symaction 0 General Information: In 11:4-17 is a story about two shepherds. This could mean: (1) Zechariah actually became a shepherd over a flock as a symbolic act showing how Yahweh will treat his people or (2) Zechariah tells a parable that teaches how Yahweh will treat his people. Since it is uncertain which of these meanings is correct, it would be best not to specify either option in the translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 4 u48q 0 watch over the flock set aside for slaughter “take care of a flock of sheep that the owners plan to slaughter”
|
||||
ZEC 11 5 ip1w figs-activepassive 0 are not punished This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “no one punishes them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 6 ljs6 figs-123person 0 this is Yahweh’s declaration Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:4](../01/04.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 6 f3ps 0 See! “Listen!” or “Pay attention!”
|
||||
ZEC 11 6 t499 figs-rpronouns 0 I myself The word “myself” is used to emphasize that it is Yahweh who will do these things. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rpronouns]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 6 qz87 figs-metonymy 0 turn over every person into the hand of his neighbor and into the hand of his king Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “allow the people to harm each other and the king will oppress them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 6 sr77 figs-metonymy 0 none of them will I deliver them from their hand Here “hand” represents power or control. Alternate translation: “I will not save them from those who are harming them” or “I will not rescue them” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 7 jsk4 0 for those who dealt in sheep “for those who bought and sold sheep”
|
||||
ZEC 11 7 gy5l 0 Favor Other versions of the Bible translate this word as “grace,” “beauty,” or “pleasant.”
|
||||
ZEC 11 8 kqz7 0 I became impatient with them, This could mean: (1) “them” refers to the three shepherds or (2) “them” refers to the sheep owners.
|
||||
ZEC 11 9 cnt4 figs-activepassive 0 the sheep that are being destroyed—let them be destroyed This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the sheep that are perishing—let them perish” or “the sheep that are to wander and get lost—let them get lost” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 11 m881 figs-activepassive 0 the covenant was broken This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “the covenant ended” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 11 ve5p figs-explicit 0 knew that Yahweh had spoken It is implied that those watching knew Yahweh was giving them a message through the breaking of the staff. Alternate translation: “knew that Yahweh had given them a message” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 12 x7fr figs-explicit 0 thirty pieces of silver It is implied that this was very little pay for the shepherd. Alternate translation: “only thirty pieces of silver” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 12 zf3a translate-numbers 0 thirty pieces “30 pieces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-numbers]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 13 e1ta 0 General Information: The parable about shepherds and sheep continues.
|
||||
ZEC 11 13 dv1a 0 treasury This is the place in the temple of Yahweh where the priests kept the money. Many versions of the Bible translate this as “potter.” This is the person who would melt metal to make vessels out of it. Here Yahweh would mean that the payment is so small that the shepherd should have the silver melted to show how insulted he was.
|
||||
ZEC 11 13 ye4f figs-irony 0 the excellent price Yahweh uses irony to say that this price was very small for a shepherd doing Yahweh’s work. Alternate translation: “the ridiculously small amount of money” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 14 js8t figs-metonymy 0 between Judah and Israel Here “Judah” represents the people of the southern kingdom and “Israel” represents the people of the northern kingdom. Alternate translation: “between the people of Judah and the people of Israel” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 15 q7l8 translate-symaction 0 General Information: This continues the story about two shepherds that began in [Zechariah 11:4](../11/04.md). This could mean: (1) Zechariah actually became a shepherd over a flock as a symbolic act showing how Yahweh will treat his people or (2) Zechariah tells a parable that teaches how Yahweh will treat his people. Since it is uncertain which of these meanings is correct, it would be best not to specify either option in the translation. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-symaction]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parables]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 16 t1g5 figs-idiom 0 I am about to set in place a shepherd in the land Here “set in place” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “I am about to appoint a shepherd in the land” or “I am about to put a shepherd in charge in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 16 qq2g 0 the fattened sheep “the fattest sheep” or “the best sheep”
|
||||
ZEC 11 16 wwi6 0 will tear off their hooves This was probably done as an act of cruelty.
|
||||
ZEC 11 17 wum9 figs-metonymy 0 May the sword Here “sword” represents enemies who will attack the shepherd. Alternate translation: “May enemies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 17 zwk6 figs-idiom 0 come against his arm and his right eye Here “come against” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “strike and wound his right arm and pierce his right eye” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 17 gqb9 figs-metonymy 0 his arm Here “arm” represents the power to fight. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 17 c27h figs-explicit 0 his right eye A soldier would use his right eye to look around the shield that he held with his left hand. If his right eye was wounded, he would not be able to see to fight in war. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 11 17 h47i 0 his arm wither away “his arm waste away” or “his arm become completely useless”
|
||||
ZEC 12 intro cr4a 0 # Zechariah 12 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>Similar to chapter 11, this chapter is written mainly in prose and is talking about Jerusalem.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Prophecy<br>Verses 10-11 are quoted in the New Testament and apply to Jesus’ death on the cross. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/cross]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 1 vy11 0 General Information: These verses begin a section that tells about the coming attack against Jerusalem and how God will rescue the city.
|
||||
ZEC 12 1 mz3s figs-metaphor 0 who stretched out the skies This is a metaphor that speaks of the sky as if it were like a scroll that is rolled up and needs to be stretched out. Alternate translation: “the one who created the sky” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 1 gzl6 figs-metaphor 0 laid the foundation of the earth This is a metaphor that speaks of the earth as if it were a building with a foundation. Alternate translation: “put all the earth into place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 1 gnm5 0 fashions the spirit of mankind within man This is a metaphor that speaks of the spirit as if it were like clay that a potter shapes. Alternate translation: “creates the human spirit”
|
||||
ZEC 12 2 ez4w figs-metaphor 0 I am about to make Jerusalem into a cup … to stagger about Yahweh using Jerusalem to punish the surrounding peoples is spoken of as if Yahweh would make Jerusalem a cup full of an alcoholic drink that will cause the surrounding peoples to get drunk and stagger. Alternate translation: “Soon it will be like I make Jerusalem into a cup … to stagger about” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 2 s5lx figs-metonymy 0 into a cup Here “cup” represents the cup and the contents within the cup. Alternate translation: “into a cup full of wine” or “into a cup full of an alcoholic drink” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 2 h8sn figs-personification 0 surrounding her Here “her” refers to the city of Jerusalem. It was common in Hebrew to speak of a city or country as if it were a woman. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 3 u546 figs-metaphor 0 I will make Jerusalem a heavy stone for all the peoples Yahweh using Jerusalem to punish the surrounding peoples is spoken of as if he would make Jerusalem a heavy stone. Alternate translation: “It will be like I will make Jerusalem a heavy stone for all the peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 4 h97f 0 General Information: These verses continue telling about the coming attack against Jerusalem and how God will rescue the city.
|
||||
ZEC 12 4 w42z figs-metaphor 0 Over the house of Judah I will open my eyes Opening eyes over someone here is a metaphor for wanting to do good things for that person. Alternate translation: “I will do good things for the house of Judah” or “I will protect the house of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 4 jgj7 figs-metonymy 0 the house of Judah Here “house” represents people. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 5 g3n8 figs-metonymy 0 say in their hearts Here “hearts” represents a person’s mind. Alternate translation: “think to themselves” or “say to themselves” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 5 w95z figs-abstractnouns 0 are our strength The abstract noun “strength” can be stated as “strong” or “encourage.” Alternate translation: “make us strong” or “encourage us” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 5 u38m 0 Yahweh of hosts, their God “Yahweh of hosts, the God they worship”
|
||||
ZEC 12 6 t6hr 0 General Information: This verse continues telling about the coming attack against Jerusalem and how God will rescue the city.
|
||||
ZEC 12 6 zv3y figs-simile 0 like firepots among wood … standing grain This simile means Yahweh will enable the leaders of Judah to be strong and able to lead the people to defeat their enemies. Alternate translation: “like firepots among stacked firewood … unharvested stalks of grain standing in a field” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 6 cjb8 0 firepots clay pots in which ancient people often carried burning coals
|
||||
ZEC 12 6 vm57 0 flaming torch a wooden stick that is burning at one end which gives light as one travels or carries fire somewhere
|
||||
ZEC 12 6 iv6n figs-metaphor 0 will consume all the surrounding peoples Completely destroying the peoples is spoken of as if the people of Judah will “devour” them. Alternate translation: “will destroy the surrounding peoples” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 6 l53t figs-merism 0 on their right and on their left Here “right” and “left” represent every direction. Alternate translation: “in every direction” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 6 hh2l figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem will again live in her own place Here “Jerusalem” represents the people who live there. Alternate translation: “The people of Jerusalem will again live in their own city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 7 qxb1 0 General Information: These verses continue telling about the coming attack against Jerusalem and how God will rescue the city.
|
||||
ZEC 12 7 nba7 figs-metonymy 0 the tents of Judah Here “tents” represents homes, and homes represent the people who live in them. Alternate translation: “the people of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 7 h87n figs-metonymy 0 the house of David This could mean: (1) the descendants of David or (2) the ruling class of people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 8 ys6n figs-simile 0 those who are weak among them will be like David This simile means those who are weak will be strong. Alternate translation: “those who are weak will be strong like David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 8 zz25 0 the angel of Yahweh This is an angel sent by Yahweh to protect the people.
|
||||
ZEC 12 10 f9d7 figs-metaphor 0 I will pour out a spirit of compassion and pleading on the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem Causing the people to be compassionate and to plead is spoken of as if the spirit were a liquid that Yahweh would pour on them. Alternate translation: “I will cause the house of David and inhabitants of Jerusalem to have mercy on others and to pray to me for mercy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 10 dtc6 0 a spirit of compassion and pleading Here this means to have a characteristic of compassion and pleading.
|
||||
ZEC 12 10 c3sx figs-metonymy 0 the house of David Here “house” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 10 zpa3 0 the one they have pierced “the one whom they stabbed to death”
|
||||
ZEC 12 10 rxx7 figs-ellipsis 0 for an only son It is understood that the “son” has died. Alternate translation: “for an only son who has died” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 11 mcu4 translate-names 0 the laments in Jerusalem will be like the laments at Hadad Rimmon Hadad Rimmon may have been the place where the good King Josiah died of battle wounds after the Battle of Megiddo. It appears that the custom arose to hold periodic mourning there for his death. Some people, however, think that Hadad Rimmon was the name of a false god who was believed to die every year, an event for which his worshipers would go into mourning. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 11 qg93 translate-names 0 Megiddo This is the name of a plain in Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 12 jj6q figs-metonymy 0 The land will mourn This represents all the people living in the land of Judah. Alternate translation: “All the people in the land of Judah will mourn” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 12 qth7 figs-metonymy 0 The clan of the house of David … The clan of the house of Nathan Here “house” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of David … The descendants of Nathan” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 12 13 r6fc figs-metonymy 0 The clan of the house of Levi Here “house” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “The descendants of Levi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 intro jz2l 0 # Zechariah 13 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written partly in prose and partly in poetry.<br><br>Some translations set each line of poetry farther to the right than the rest of the text to make it easier to read. The ULT does this with the poetic song in 13:7-9.<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase “that day” or “in that day.” When referencing a future “day,” the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 1 f2a5 figs-metaphor 0 a spring will be opened … for their sin and impurity Forgiving the people’s sins is spoken of as if a spring of water will wash away their sins. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “it will be like a spring opens … to cleanse their sin and impurity” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 1 f3zc 0 a spring a place where water flows naturally out of the ground
|
||||
ZEC 13 1 s36v figs-metonymy 0 the house of David Here “house” represents descendants. Alternate translation: “the descendants of David” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 2 x2wt figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 2 v452 figs-metaphor 0 I will cut off the names of the idols from the land Causing the people to no longer mention the names of idols is spoken of as if Yahweh would “cut off the names of the idols from the land.” Alternate translation: “I will cause the people to no longer mention the names of the idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 2 u9ue figs-idiom 0 they will no longer be remembered This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “so that they no longer think about the idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 2 mck6 figs-metaphor 0 I will remove the prophets and the spirit of impurity from the land The prophets may refer to “false prophets.” The spirit of impurity is spoken of as if it were physically unclean. Alternate translation: “I will also remove from the land the false prophets and their evil spirits” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 3 l7gb figs-explicit 0 to prophesy It is implied that these are false prophecies. Alternate translation: “to prophesy falsely” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 3 rx4l figs-distinguish 0 his father and mother who bore him The phrase “who bore him” describes “his father and mother” in order to express surprise that someone’s own parents would treat him in this way. Alternate translation: “his own father and mother” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-distinguish]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 3 s24k 0 You will not live This can be stated in positive form. Alternate translation: “You must die”
|
||||
ZEC 13 3 w2sb figs-metonymy 0 you speak lies in the name of Yahweh Speaking in the name of someone means speaking with his power and authority, or as his representative. Alternate translation: “you claim to speak for Yahweh but you speak lies” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 3 bap1 0 will pierce “will stab and kill him”
|
||||
ZEC 13 4 u383 figs-explicit 0 each prophet This implies false prophets. Alternate translation: “every false prophet” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 4 jx8d figs-explicit 0 no longer wear a hairy cloak Prophets often wore heavy outer garments made of animal hair. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 5 wud8 0 I am a man who works the soil “I am a farmer”
|
||||
ZEC 13 5 ip2z 0 the land became my work while I was still a young man “I became a farmer when I was young.” Some versions of the Bible translate this as “a man sold me as a slave when I was young.”
|
||||
ZEC 13 6 q1gg figs-explicit 0 What are these wounds between your arms? “How did you get those cuts on your chest?” This refers to the apparent custom of false prophets wounding themselves in their ceremonies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 6 f1cf figs-explicit 0 he will answer It is implied that his answer is a lie. Alternate translation: “he will lie to him saying” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 7 l7mc writing-poetry 0 General Information: Zechariah often wrote prophecy in the form of poetry. Hebrew poetry uses different kinds of parallelism. Here Yahweh begins speaking. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-poetry]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 7 c9hl figs-personification 0 Sword! Rouse yourself against my shepherd “You, sword! Go and attack my shepherd.” Here Yahweh speaks to a sword as if it were a person. Here it represents enemies. Alternate translation: “You, enemies! Go and attack my shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-personification]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 7 z2t4 figs-metaphor 0 my shepherd This speaks of a servant of Yahweh as if he were a shepherd. Alternate translation: “my servant who is like a shepherd” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 7 r27c figs-123person 0 this is the declaration of Yahweh of hosts Yahweh speaks of himself by name to express the certainty of what he is declaring. See how you translated this in [Zechariah 1:3](../01/03.md). Alternate translation: “this is what Yahweh of hosts has declared” or “this is what I, Yahweh of hosts, have declared” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 7 ttv9 figs-metaphor 0 the flock will scatter The people of God are spoken of as if they were sheep. Alternate translation: “my people will run away like sheep” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 7 kp5p figs-idiom 0 I will turn my hand against the lowly ones The idiom “turn my hand against” means to act hostile towards someone. Alternate translation: “I will attack the lowly ones” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 7 tys6 0 the lowly ones This probably refers to all the Israelites who are weak and defenseless.
|
||||
ZEC 13 8 u8xd figs-metaphor 0 that two-thirds of it will be cut off! Those people will perish; only one-third will remain there People being killed is spoken of as if they are cut off like cloth is cut from a garment or a branch is cut from a plant. Alternate translation: “that two out of every three people will die! Only one person out of three will remain in the land” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-fraction]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 9 ac7v figs-metaphor 0 I will bring that third through the fire Metal is passed through fire in order to purify or harden it. This expression serves here as a metaphor for exposing the people to suffering in order that they may become more faithful to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 9 h19l figs-metaphor 0 refine them as silver is refined; I will test them as gold is tested Refining refers to making precious metals such as silver more pure. Metals such as silver and gold are tested in order to discover how pure or strong they are. Both refining and testing are here metaphors for making the people more faithful to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 13 9 ru4e figs-metonymy 0 They will call on my name Here “name” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “They will call out to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 intro ljq3 0 # Zechariah 14 General Notes<br>## Structure and formatting<br><br>This chapter is written in prose about Jerusalem during the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])<br><br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Last days<br><br>Zechariah often speaks of the last days by using the phrase “that day” or “in that day.” When referencing a future “day,” the translator should be aware that it is possible that the author is speaking about the last days.
|
||||
ZEC 14 1 zs1r 0 General Information: This chapter describes the final war for the city of Jerusalem and how God will save it.
|
||||
ZEC 14 1 a7h2 figs-metaphor 0 A day for Yahweh is coming when your plunder will be divided in your midst A future time is spoken of as if “a day is coming.” The phrase “will be divided” can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Soon Yahweh will judge you, and he will allow your enemies to take all of your possessions and divide if for themselves while you watch” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 2 q4hu figs-hyperbole 0 I will gather every nation against Jerusalem for battle Here “every nation” is a generalization that means “many nations.” Alternate translation: “I will cause many nations to attack Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 2 qi2n figs-activepassive 0 the city will be captured This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your enemies will capture the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 2 lk8a figs-activepassive 0 The houses will be plundered and the women raped This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “Enemies will plunder the houses and rape the women” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 2 cej1 figs-activepassive 0 the remainder of the people will not be cut off from the city Not removing people from the city is spoken of as if the people will not be “cut off.” This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “your enemies will allow the remaining people to stay in the city” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 3 l9z1 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save it. In this prophecy, Yahweh is described as a warrior who will come and fight in battle.
|
||||
ZEC 14 3 m5ez 0 as when he wages war on the day of battle “just as he fought battles in the past”
|
||||
ZEC 14 4 v1g4 0 On that day “At that time”
|
||||
ZEC 14 4 ak3r figs-synecdoche 0 his feet will stand on the Mount of Olives Here “feet” represents Yahweh. Alternate translation: “he will stand on the Mount of Olives” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 4 kpm4 figs-activepassive 0 The Mount of Olives will be split … by a very great valley This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “The presences of Yahweh will split the Mount of Olives … causing there to be a very great valley” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 5 x9i7 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her.
|
||||
ZEC 14 5 u952 figs-you 0 you will flee Here “you” is plural and refers to the people of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-you]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 5 n974 0 between Yahweh’s mountains This refers to the mountains created after the Mount of Olives split in half.
|
||||
ZEC 14 5 q9u5 translate-names 0 Azel This is the name of a town or village east of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 5 d8ly figs-explicit 0 You will flee just as you fled Here “You will” refers to the people of Jerusalem. But, “you fled” refers to their ancestors since this describes an event that happened many years earlier. Alternate translation: “You will flee just as your ancestors fled” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 5 n1lh figs-idiom 0 in the days of Uzziah, king of Judah Here “in the days” is an idiom that refers to the time when Uzziah was king. Alternate translation: “when Uzziah was king of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 5 mw1g 0 the holy ones This probably refers to God’s angels.
|
||||
ZEC 14 6 g29k 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her.
|
||||
ZEC 14 6 qjd1 0 On that day “At that time”
|
||||
ZEC 14 6 z2kn figs-explicit 0 there will be no light It is implied that there will be no light from the sun. Alternate translation: “there will be no light from the sun” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 7 yli2 figs-activepassive 0 a day known only to Yahweh This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “only Yahweh knows when that day will begin” or “only Yahweh knows when that time will begin” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 8 v254 figs-idiom 0 living waters This normally means running or flowing water, rather than still or stagnant water. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 8 wpw5 0 the eastern sea This refers to the Dead Sea, which is east of Jerusalem.
|
||||
ZEC 14 8 uks5 0 the western sea This refers to the Mediterranean Sea.
|
||||
ZEC 14 9 k9gf 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her.
|
||||
ZEC 14 9 r6ni figs-metonymy 0 there will be Yahweh, the one God, and his name alone Here “name” represents Yahweh’s reputation or character. Alternate translation: “people will know that Yahweh is the only true God” or “people will only worship Yahweh, the one true God” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 10 wmv3 figs-explicit 0 All the land It is implied that this is the land of Judah. Alternate translation: “All the land of Judah” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 10 sj4y translate-names 0 Arabah This is the name of a plain in the Jordan River Valley. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 10 sxq5 translate-names 0 Geba This is the name of a town on the northern border of Judah. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 10 rz4c translate-names 0 Rimmon This is the name of a town south of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 10 uk8u grammar-connect-words-phrases 0 Jerusalem will continue to be raised up This contrasts Jerusalem, which will remain at a higher elevation, to the surrounding area, which is lower in elevation. The contrast can be indicated by adding the word “but.” This can also be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “But, Jerusalem will remain high up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/grammar-connect-words-phrases]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 10 eay1 translate-names 0 the Benjamin Gate … the first gate … the Corner Gate These are names of gates in the northeast part of city wall of Jerusalem. This could mean: (1) “the first gate” and “the Corner Gate” refer to the same gate or (2) “the first gate” and “the Corner gate” are separate gates. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 10 t1rw translate-names 0 the Tower of Hananel This refers to a strong point in the city defenses on the northern wall. It was probably built by a man named Hananel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 10 rki8 figs-explicit 0 the king’s winepresses This probably refers to the place where wine was made for the royal family. It was located in the southwest part of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 11 gbk1 figs-metonymy 0 Jerusalem will live in safety Here “Jerusalem” represents the people. Alternate translation: “The people will live safely in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 12 qiz5 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her.
|
||||
ZEC 14 12 wg9q 0 even as they are standing on their feet “while they are still standing up.” This emphasizes how quickly their flesh will rot away. They will not even have time to lie down.
|
||||
ZEC 14 13 w6fr figs-abstractnouns 0 that great fear from Yahweh will come among them The abstract noun “fear” can be stated as “terrified.” Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause the people to be very terrified” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
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ZEC 14 13 yl73 figs-idiom 0 Each one will seize the hand of another, and the hand of one will be raised up against the hand of another These are idioms that refer to being hostile towards another person. Alternate translation: “Each person will grab someone, and they will fight each other” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 14 jps4 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her.
|
||||
ZEC 14 14 n8dy figs-metonymy 0 Judah will also fight against Jerusalem Here “Judah” and “Jerusalem” represent the people that live there. Alternate translation: “Even the other people in Judah will fight against the people of Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
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ZEC 14 14 h6q8 0 Judah will also fight against Jerusalem Some versions of the Bible read, “Judah will also fight at Jerusalem.”
|
||||
ZEC 14 14 up2x 0 They will gather the wealth “They will capture all the valuable possessions”
|
||||
ZEC 14 14 q411 0 in great abundance “in great quantities”
|
||||
ZEC 14 16 wx98 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her.
|
||||
ZEC 14 16 rf9t figs-idiom 0 that came against Jerusalem Here “came against” is an idiom. Alternate translation: “that attacked Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 16 y2h6 0 will instead go up from year to year “will instead go to Jerusalem every year”
|
||||
ZEC 14 16 ryt4 0 the Festival of Shelters “the Festival of Tabernacles” or “the Festival of Booths” or “the Festival of Tents”
|
||||
ZEC 14 18 q1tm figs-metaphor 0 A plague from Yahweh will attack the nations Causing people to suffer from a plague is spoken of as if the plague would attack the people like an army. Alternate translation: “Yahweh will cause a plague among the people of the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 19 ai96 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her.
|
||||
ZEC 14 20 q1hq 0 General Information: These verses continue the description of the final war for the city of Jerusalem and of how God will save her.
|
||||
ZEC 14 20 j9sd 0 the bells of the horses will say “the inscription on the bells of the horses will say”
|
||||
ZEC 14 20 ez1i figs-explicit 0 the basins in Yahweh’s house These basins were used for boiling meat in the courtyard of the temple. Alternate translation: “the cooking pots in the courtyard of the temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 20 c8cd figs-explicit 0 will be like the bowls before the altar It is implied that the basins will be sacred like the bowls used for catching the blood of the sacrifices. Alternate translation: “will be as sacred as the bowls used at the altar” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
ZEC 14 21 q299 0 every pot in Jerusalem and Judah will be set apart to Yahweh of hosts Various types of pots and utensils were made especially to be used in the temple for the worship of Yahweh and for the sacrifices. These were considered special, not to be used for anything else.
|
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ZEC 14 21 qfn5 figs-explicit 0 traders will no longer be in the house of Yahweh It was the custom for traders to sell the people things they needed in order to make proper sacrifices to Yahweh in the temple. Alternate translation: “people will no longer buy or sell things in the courtyard of the temple of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
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ZEC 14 21 hw3t 0 traders Some versions of the Bible translate “traders” as “Canaanites.”
|
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fr_tn_39-MAL.tsv
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fr_tn_39-MAL.tsv
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@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
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Book Chapter Verse ID SupportReference OrigQuote Occurrence GLQuote OccurrenceNote
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MAL front intro axt4 0 # Introduction to Malachi<br>## Part 1: General Introduction<br><br>### Outline of Malachi<br><br>1. The word of Yahweh comes to Israel (1:1)<br>1. Yahweh loves Israel and rejects Esau (Edom) (1:2–5)<br>1. A message against the priests (1:6–2:9)<br>1. A message against Judah: they have broken faith by divorcing and intermarrying (2:10–16)<br>1. A message about the day of refining (2:17–3:6)<br>1. A message about tithing (3:7–12)<br>1. A message about those who others treated shamefully, but who were faithful to Yahweh (3:13–18)<br>1. Yahweh will punish the wicked and send Elijah before the “great and terrible day of Yahweh” (4:5–6)<br><br>### What is the Book of Malachi about?<br><br>The Book of Malachi is about the prophecies that Malachi spoke to the Jews who had returned from Babylon to Judah. At that time, the Jews were discouraged even though they had finished building a new temple. The wonderful things that previous prophets had promised for Judah had not yet happened. And the Persian Empire still ruled over them. As a result, they no longer were concerned about the law or worshiping Yahweh. Malachi rebuked them for not trusting in Yahweh. But he also promised them that Yahweh would do everything that he promised to do.<br><br>### How should the title of this book be translated?<br><br>This book traditionally has been titled “Malachi” or “The Book of Malachi.” Translators may decide to call it “The Book about Malachi” or “The Sayings of Malachi.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/translate-names]])<br><br>### Who wrote the Book of Malachi?<br><br>The prophet Malachi wrote these messages from Yahweh to the Jews. However, since “Malachi” means “my messenger,” it is possible that this was a title for this prophet. If so, we do not know his real name.<br><br>## Part 2: Important Religious and Cultural Concepts<br><br>### What was meant by the day of Yahweh?<br><br>Malachi spoke about “the day” several times. This is the same as “the day of Yahweh.” In the Book of Malachi, this is the time when Yahweh would judge his people. He would remove those who wickedly sin and bless those who trust in him. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/dayofthelord]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
MAL 1 intro b7vm 0 # Malachi 01 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Yahweh of hosts<br>This is an important title used in this chapter. It reminds the reader of the great power Yahweh has to punish the nations. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/yahwehofhosts]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br>There are many rhetorical questions in this chapter. They all have a rather dramatic effect. They increase the emotional connotations of what is being said. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 1 qm8z 0 The declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of Malachi This can be expressed as a statement. “This is the declaration of the word of Yahweh to Israel by the hand of Malachi”
|
||||
MAL 1 1 x4vm 0 Yahweh This is the name of God that he revealed to his people in the Old Testament. See the translationWord page about Yahweh concerning how to translate this.
|
||||
MAL 1 1 lx85 figs-idiom 0 by the hand of Malachi The phrase “by the hand of” is an idiom that means that Yahweh used Malachi to deliver his message. Alternate translation: “through Malachi” or “spoken to them by Malachi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 1 2 vb2m figs-rquestion 0 How have you loved us? This question indicates that the people doubt the truth of what God says. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You have not shown that you love us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 2 cy61 figs-rquestion 0 Was not Esau Jacob’s brother? This question, a reply of Yahweh reminding the people of their nation’s history, may also be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “You know that Esau was Jacob’s brother.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 2 l68t 0 declares Yahweh “Yahweh has solemnly said this”
|
||||
MAL 1 2 ef9g figs-explicit 0 I have loved Jacob Here “loved” implies a relationship of loyalty between Yahweh and Jacob, in which a covenant existed between them. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “as you know, I obligated myself with a covenant to love Jacob” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MAL 1 2 j176 figs-synecdoche 0 I have loved Jacob This name “Jacob” refers here not only to Jacob, but also to all his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MAL 1 3 xf47 0 Esau I have hated Here “hated” implies that there was no covenant between Yahweh and Esau. However, it does not imply that Yahweh was emotionally against Esau.
|
||||
MAL 1 3 e38q figs-synecdoche 0 Esau I have hated This name “Esau” refers here not only to Esau, but also to all his descendants. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MAL 1 3 t9bu 0 his mountains This refers to the hill country of Edom.
|
||||
MAL 1 3 q6yq 0 I have made his inheritance a place for the jackals of the wilderness In the Old Testament, the presence of wild animals such as jackals was a frequent description of land deserted by the people who once lived there.
|
||||
MAL 1 3 rff9 figs-metaphor 0 his inheritance Here “inheritance” stands for the region that Esau’s descendants, the nation of Edom, occupied. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 1 4 z8qd figs-metonymy 0 If Edom says Here “Edom” stands for the people of Edom. Alternate translation: “If the people of Edom say” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 1 4 x6kr figs-metonymy 0 I will throw down Here “throw down” stands for “destroy.” Alternate translation: “I will destroy” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 1 4 zv9v figs-abstractnouns 0 country of wickedness Here “wickedness” stands either for wicked people or for wicked actions. Alternate translation: “country of wicked people” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 1 5 bq14 figs-synecdoche 0 Your own eyes will see this Here “your own eyes” stands for the people themselves. Alternate translation: “You yourselves will see this” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MAL 1 6 zu71 0 General Information: Yahweh rebukes the priests using an imaginary conversation in which the priests protest that they are doing right and Yahweh tells them what they are doing wrong.
|
||||
MAL 1 6 u3vj figs-metonymy 0 despise my name Here “my name” stands for Yahweh himself. Alternate translation: “treat me as though you hate me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 1 6 awt1 figs-rquestion 0 How have we despised your name? Here the priests are asking a question in order to state that they have not really despised Yahweh. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have not really despised your name.” or “Tell us how we have despised your name, because we do not think that we have done so.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 7 dyc6 figs-metaphor 0 polluted bread Here “polluted” describes anything that is not suitable to sacrifice to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 1 7 v4at figs-rquestion 0 How have we polluted you? Here the priests are asking a question in order to state that they have not really polluted Yahweh. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have not polluted you.” or “Tell us how we have polluted you, because we do not think that we have done so.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 7 h6dv figs-metaphor 0 polluted you This expression refers to insulting God by giving him unsuitable sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 1 7 efa3 0 table This refers to an altar.
|
||||
MAL 1 7 xu5y figs-ellipsis 0 By saying that Yahweh’s table is contemptible. This is the answer that Yahweh gives to the priests, but the full answer is only implied. This can be made explicit. Alternate translation: “You have polluted me by saying, ‘Yahweh’s table is contemptible.’” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
MAL 1 7 agd8 0 contemptible regarded as worthless
|
||||
MAL 1 8 zw52 figs-rquestion 0 When you offer blind animals for sacrifice, is that not evil? Here Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the people. Alternate translation: “You know very well that it is evil for you to offer blind animals for sacrifice!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 8 i5xb figs-rquestion 0 When you offer the lame and sick, is that not evil? Here Yahweh uses a question to rebuke the people. Alternate translation: “And you know very well that it is evil for you to offer lame and sick animals!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 8 f8k3 figs-imperative 0 Present that to your governor! Will he accept you or will he lift up your face? The command in the first sentence functions as a hypothetical condition. Alternate translation: “If you present that to your governor, will he accept you or will he lift up your face?” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-imperative]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hypo]])
|
||||
MAL 1 8 kw16 figs-rquestion 0 Will he accept you or will he lift up your face? Here Yahweh asks this question in order to remind the people that their governor would never accept defective animals from them. Alternate translation: “If you do those things, you know that the governor will not accept you. He will not lift up your face.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 8 ch8q figs-idiom 0 will he lift up your face Lifting up someone’s face refers to accepting him with favor. Alternate translation: “will he accept you with favor” or “will he agree to help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 1 8 j8zc 0 Present give as a gift to show respect
|
||||
MAL 1 9 d7q3 0 Now you keep asking the face of God, that he may be gracious to us Malachi is no longer speaking for God. He is talking directly to the Israelites; he is criticizing them for daring to think that God will have mercy on them.
|
||||
MAL 1 9 kht7 figs-synecdoche 0 keep asking the face of God Here “face” stands for God and also for his presence. Alternate translation: “keep asking God in his presence” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MAL 1 9 r5f4 figs-rquestion 0 with such an offering in your hand, would he lift up any of your faces? Here Yahweh is asking a question in order to make a statement of rebuke. Alternate translation: “if you offer unacceptable offerings, he will certainly not lift up your faces.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 1 9 wg22 0 with such an offering in your hand This difficult phrase in Hebrew is interpreted in many different ways by modern versions.
|
||||
MAL 1 9 kmg8 figs-synecdoche 0 in your hand Here “hand” stands for the people bringing the offering. Alternate translation: “brought by you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MAL 1 9 m84q figs-idiom 0 would he lift up any of your faces Lifting up someone’s face refers to accepting him with favor. Alternate translation: “would he accept any of you with favor” or “would he agree to help any of you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 1 10 w5uc 0 Oh, if only This expresses great desire.
|
||||
MAL 1 10 pv8h figs-metonymy 0 so that you might not light fires on my altar in vain Here “light fires on my altar” stands for offering sacrifices on Yahweh’s altar. Alternate translation: “so that you might not make fires to burn offerings that I will not accept” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 1 10 ju31 figs-synecdoche 0 from your hand Here “your hand” stands for “you.” Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MAL 1 11 v4x9 figs-merism 0 from the rising of the sun to its setting This double expression means “everywhere.” It is parallel to “among the nations” and “in every place” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
MAL 1 11 ls76 figs-metonymy 0 my name will be great among the nations Here “my name” stands for Yahweh’s reputation and honor. Alternate translation: “I will be honored in other nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 1 11 rx5c figs-activepassive 0 in every place incense and pure offerings will be offered in my name This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “in these nations people will offer incense and pure offerings to me in order to worship me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
MAL 1 11 m2j4 figs-metonymy 0 in my name Here “name” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 1 12 n6gq 0 its fruit, its food This could mean: (1) “the meat sacrificed on the altar from animals whose other parts the priests should eat” or (2) “the meat sacrificed on the altar.”
|
||||
MAL 1 13 la3n figs-idiom 0 snort at it show great disrespect by making noises through the nose (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 1 13 kz7p figs-rquestion 0 Should I accept this from your hand? Here Yahweh is asking a question in order to make a statement of rebuke. Alternate translation: “I should certainly not accept this from you!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 1 13 nx88 figs-synecdoche 0 from your hand Here “your hand” stands for “you.” Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MAL 1 14 v5fd figs-activepassive 0 my name will be honored among the nations This may be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “people in the other nations honor my name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
MAL 1 14 z5ra figs-metonymy 0 my name will be honored Here “my name” stands for Yahweh. Alternate translation: “I will be honored” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 intro jc2b 0 # Malachi 02 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Levites<br>The priests are given a strong warning in this chapter. They have not followed the law of Moses and have led the people in the wrong direction. Yahweh has not accepted their sacrifices. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/priest]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lawofmoses]])<br><br>### Marital unfaithfulness<br>Because the Jews lived under a covenantal arrangement with Yahweh, their relationship is described using the imagery of a marriage. Marital unfaithfulness indicates a person’s unfaithfulness to Yahweh. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/covenant]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/faithful]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 2 y1il figs-idiom 0 lay it on your heart This refers to considering something to be very important. Alternate translation: “consider it to be very important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 2 2 w6cs figs-abstractnouns 0 give honor to my name The abstract noun “honor” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “honor my name” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 2 2 e4vh figs-metonymy 0 my name Here this expression refers to God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 2 k5md figs-abstractnouns 0 I will send a curse on you The abstract noun “curse” can be stated as a verb. Alternate translation: “I will curse you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 2 2 b7vl figs-idiom 0 you are not laying my command on your heart This refers to considering God’s command to be very important. Alternate translation: “you are not considering my command to be very important” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 2 3 vsb2 figs-metaphor 0 I will spread dung on your faces Here “dung on your faces” stands for disgrace. Alternate translation: “I will most certainly put you in deep disgrace; it will be as bad as if I had spread dung on your faces” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 3 skc9 figs-metonymy 0 the dung from your festivals Here “festivals” stands for the animals that the priests offered in sacrifice at the Israelite festivals. “The dung” probably refers both to the dung that was produced by the animals just before they were slaughtered for sacrifice, and to the dung that was found inside the animals when their bodies were cut apart before being sacrificed. Temple workers had to transport this dung to a place outside of the temple, and probably outside of Jerusalem. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 3 m2bs figs-activepassive 0 he will take you away with it This difficult expression can be translated as “God will take you away with it,” that is, with the dung. This expression continues the same metaphor of slaughtering animals for sacrifice, and it can be put in active form. Alternate translation: “they will throw you on the dung pile; God will make sure that they take you away when they remove all the dung” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
MAL 2 3 zti7 figs-metaphor 0 he will take you away with it This could mean: (1) God will punish the unfaithful priests by killing them and causing their bodies to be carried away on the piles of animal dung, or (2) God will punish the unfaithful priests in such a horrible way that it will be as if their bodies had been carried away with the animal dung. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 4 cr4j figs-metonymy 0 Levi Here Levi represents his descendants, the tribe of Levi. Alternate translation: “so that my covenant may be with you, the descendants of Levi” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 5 x7pv figs-metonymy 0 General Information: Yahweh speaks of the tribe of Levi as though they are Levi. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 5 t8fs figs-metaphor 0 My covenant with him was life and peace Here the intended results of the covenant are spoken of as if they were the covenant itself. Alternate translation: “The purpose of my covenant with Levi was for the priests to live in prosperity and peace” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 5 f2if figs-ellipsis 0 fear, and he feared me This expression continues the same metaphor, but leaves out an idea that is implied in the text. This can begin a new sentence. Alternate translation: “My covenant with him was also fear, and he feared me” or “In my covenant with him, I required him to fear me, and he did fear me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
MAL 2 5 td35 figs-metonymy 0 in awe of my name Here “my name” stands for God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 6 e73z figs-metonymy 0 nothing false was found Here finding something stands for that thing existing. Alternate translation: “there was no falsehood” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 6 pjq6 figs-metonymy 0 on his lips Here “lips” stands for a person’s ability to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 6 u9rh figs-metaphor 0 He walked with me Here walking stands for living, conducting one’s life in a certain way. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 6 ws89 figs-metaphor 0 in peace and uprightness Here the idea of location stands for the manner in which Levi lived. Alternate translation: “peacefully and uprightly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 6 p1lh figs-metaphor 0 he turned many away from sin Here persuading people to stop sinning is spoken of as if it were turning them away from sin. Alternate translation: “he persuaded many people to stop sinning” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 6 fxl1 figs-metaphor 0 lips Here “lips” stands for a person’s ability to speak. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 7 kp5v figs-metaphor 0 For a priest’s lips should keep knowledge Here knowledge is spoken of as if it were an object that a priest could keep. In this passage, the idea of “keep knowledge” implies communicating true knowledge about God. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 7 d2la figs-abstractnouns 0 seek instruction Here instruction is spoken of as if it were an object that people could look for. This can be restated to remove the abstract noun “instruction.” Alternate translation: “want to be instructed” or “want a priest to teach them truly” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 2 7 sp8u figs-metonymy 0 from his mouth Here “mouth” stands for what a person says. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 8 si1s figs-metaphor 0 you have turned away from the true path The right way to behave is spoken of as if it were the right path to follow, and abandoning right conduct is spoken of as if it were turning away from that path. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 8 um6v figs-metaphor 0 You have caused many to stumble Disobeying God is spoken of as if it were stumbling. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 8 j9xs 0 You have caused many to stumble with respect to the law The expression “with respect to the law” gives the context for the “stumbling.” Alternate translation: “You have caused many to disobey the law”
|
||||
MAL 2 9 gx4a figs-metaphor 0 before all the people This spatial idea stands for the people’s awareness of the priests’ evil behavior. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 9 wq7p figs-metaphor 0 kept my ways Here “ways” stands for “desires” and “behavior.” These ways are spoken of as if they were things that could be kept by people. Alternate translation: “followed my desires in how you should live” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 9 z4gm 0 shown partiality with regard to the instruction “set easy standards of behavior for people you like and difficult standards of behavior for people you do not like”
|
||||
MAL 2 9 z9yt figs-metaphor 0 shown partiality Here the habit of favoring some people more than others is spoken of as if it were a thing that could be shown to others. Alternate translation: “made people aware that you favor some people more than others (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 10 h2mp 0 General Information: Here the prophet Malachi begins to speak to his fellow Israelites.
|
||||
MAL 2 10 e1l1 writing-background 0 Is there not one father for us all? Has not one God created us? Malachi asks these questions in order to remind his fellow Israelites about what they already know. Alternate translation: “You know that we all have one father, that our God has created a nation out of us.” or “You all know that God is the father of all us Israelites, because he is the one who made our nation.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 2 10 q37t figs-rquestion 0 Has not one God created us? This question is meant to express a statement. Alternate translation: “Certainly it is the same God who has created us.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 2 10 t4al 0 created us This probably refers to God forming the Hebrews into a nation.
|
||||
MAL 2 10 rm21 figs-rquestion 0 Why are we faithless each man against his brother, profaning the covenant of our fathers? Malachi asks this question in order to rebuke his fellow Israelites. This question may be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We should certainly not mistreat our brothers and disrespect God’s covenant by disobeying his commands, as you have been doing.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 2 11 h25u figs-metonymy 0 Judah has been faithless Here “Judah” stands for the people in the region of Judah, and the fact that they have been faithless to Yahweh is spoken of as if they were one man named “Judah.” Alternate translation: “The people of Judah have been faithless” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 11 ef4l figs-activepassive 0 A disgusting thing has been committed in Israel and in Jerusalem This can be expressed in active form. Alternate translation: “People have done disgusting things in Israel and in Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
MAL 2 11 zbw5 figs-metonymy 0 For Judah has profaned the holy place of Yahweh Here “Judah” refers again to the people of Israel. Alternate translation: “For the people of Judah have profaned the holy place of Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 11 h7i9 figs-metonymy 0 has married the daughter of a foreign god The people of Judah are again referred to as if they were one man named “Judah.” Alternate translation: “have married women from other nations, women who worship idols” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 12 bxx3 figs-metaphor 0 May Yahweh cut off from the tents of Jacob the man who Destroying something is often spoken of as it were cutting it off from something else. Alternate translation: “May Yahweh destroy anyone in the tents of Jacob who” or “May Yahweh kill anyone in the community of Israel who” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 12 tkp6 figs-metaphor 0 the tents of Jacob Here “tents of Jacob” stands for the community of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 12 f33m figs-metonymy 0 Jacob Here “Jacob” stands for all the Israelites, because Jacob was one of the patriarchs from whom the Israelites were descended. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 12 vdy5 figs-idiom 0 the one who is awake and the one who answers This expression seems to mean “absolutely everyone.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 2 13 dt29 0 General Information: Malachi continues to speak to his fellow Israelites.
|
||||
MAL 2 13 sw3f figs-hyperbole 0 You cover the altar of Yahweh with tears This sarcastically exaggerates the amount of tears the people cry to show that Yahweh knows that the people do not really feel sad. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-hyperbole]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-irony]])
|
||||
MAL 2 13 rx8e figs-doublet 0 with weeping and sighing The words “weeping” and “sighing” share similar meanings and intensify the idea of weeping. Alternate translation: “with great weeping” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-doublet]])
|
||||
MAL 2 13 gt5u figs-metonymy 0 does not turn toward the offering Here turning toward a gift stands for receiving it and showing favor to the giver. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 2 13 lbk9 figs-explicit 0 does not turn toward the offering This implies that those who are weeping at Yahweh’s altar have offered sacrifices to him. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MAL 2 13 y3lr figs-synecdoche 0 from your hand Here “hand” stands for the person giving the offering. Alternate translation: “from you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-synecdoche]])
|
||||
MAL 2 14 n6ul figs-ellipsis 0 Why does he not? The full thought, as in [Malachi 2:13](../02/13.md), is “Why does he not turn toward the offering or accept it with favor from our hand?” Some translators may decide to provide this entire thought in their versions. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-ellipsis]])
|
||||
MAL 2 14 u2qp 0 the wife of your youth “the woman you married when you were young”
|
||||
MAL 2 14 xn6f writing-background 0 Yahweh was a witness between you and the wife of your youth This statement assumes that this woman is still living. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
MAL 2 14 s3k3 figs-metaphor 0 a witness between you and the wife of your youth Here a witness to an agreement between two people is thought of as standing between them in order to testify about what they agreed to, in case a dispute arises between the two people. This sentence also was meant to remind the people that Yahweh would punish any Israelite who broke the covenant of marriage. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
MAL 2 14 mz1q writing-background 0 she was your companion and your wife by covenant This statement implies that many of the Israelites had divorced their wives. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
MAL 2 14 txe1 0 by covenant “by the covenant of marriage that you agreed to”
|
||||
MAL 2 15 x1gi figs-rquestion 0 Did he not make them one, with a portion of his spirit? This question may be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “He certainly made husband and wife one, with a portion of his spirit.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 2 15 qfl1 writing-background 0 make them one This expression implies making husband and wife one flesh. Alternate translation: “make husband and wife one flesh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/writing-background]])
|
||||
MAL 2 15 i3ny 0 an offspring from God Children who would honor and obey God.
|
||||
MAL 2 16 hp7z figs-abstractnouns 0 I hate divorce Here “divorce” stands for the act of divorce, when a man sends away his wife, so as to end his marriage to her. Alternate translation: “I hate it when a man divorces his wife” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 2 16 ly2g figs-idiom 0 the one who covers his garment with violence This phrase probably means any man who is violent toward his wife. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-idiom]])
|
||||
MAL 2 16 iv8h 0 So guard yourselves in your spirit and do not be faithless “So be careful to be loyal to your wife”
|
||||
MAL 2 17 ug3a figs-metaphor 0 You have wearied Yahweh Yahweh is spoken of as if human behavior could make him tired, but God cannot grow weary in a physical or emotional sense. This statement probably means that Yahweh has become offended or exasperated. Alternate translation: “You have offended Yahweh” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 17 d6k5 figs-rquestion 0 How have we wearied him? This question is meant to deny that the people have done any wrong. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have certainly not wearied him.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 2 17 ba81 figs-explicit 0 By saying The complete idea here is, “You have wearied him by saying.” This is the prophet’s answer to the rhetorical question. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MAL 2 17 wde5 figs-metaphor 0 in the eyes The eyes represent seeing, and seeing represents thoughts or judgment. Alternate translation: “in the opinion” or “in the judgment” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 2 17 ze8s figs-rquestion 0 Where is the God of justice? The priests ask this question in order to claim either that Yahweh does not care whether people do evil or not, or that he never punishes evildoers. Alternate translation: “God certainly does not punish evil people!” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 2 17 kw1t 0 the God of justice the God who punishes evildoers justly
|
||||
MAL 3 intro wb48 0 # Malachi 03 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Messiah<br>There are several prophecies in this chapter concerning the Messiah and the one who comes before the Messiah. At times, this chapter switches between prophesying about the first coming of the Messiah and the second coming of the Messiah without formal divisions between them. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/christ]])<br><br>## Important figures of speech in this chapter<br><br>### Rhetorical questions<br>Several rhetorical questions are used in this chapter to convince the reader of the truth of what he is saying and of their sin. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/sin]])
|
||||
MAL 3 1 zeq2 0 General Information: Yahweh begins speaking again to the people of Israel in verse 1, but the prophet Malachi begins speaking in verse 2.
|
||||
MAL 3 1 v6se 0 See “Look” or “Listen” or “Pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
|
||||
MAL 3 1 j5pe figs-metaphor 0 he will prepare the way before me Here getting people ready to welcome Yahweh is spoken of as if a road were being cleared for Yahweh to travel on. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 1 d1j7 0 Then the Lord, whom you seek … The messenger of the covenant in whom you delight Some modern versions translate this in a way that implies that these two expressions refer to the same person. Other modern versions leave this matter ambiguous. We recommend that translations leave this matter ambiguous, as the ULT and UST do.
|
||||
MAL 3 1 w8yf 0 The messenger of the covenant Almost all versions leave ambiguous the sense of this expression. But translators may need to make explicit the relationship between “messenger” and “the covenant.” The UST presents “the messenger” as one promised by the covenant that Yahweh had with Israel. Another choice is to present the messenger as a person who will either confirm that covenant or announce a new covenant.
|
||||
MAL 3 2 f24j figs-rquestion 0 But who will be able to endure the day of his coming? Who will be able to stand when he appears? These rhetorical questions imply that no one will be able to resist Yahweh when he comes. They can be combined into one statement. Alternate translation: “However, no one will be able to resist Yahweh when he comes to judge them.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 3 2 phd6 0 the day of his coming Here “day” stands for “time.” Alternate translation: “the time when he comes”
|
||||
MAL 3 2 z2xe figs-metaphor 0 be able to stand Here standing represents resisting someone’s attack or accusations. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 2 iqv7 figs-simile 0 For he will be like a refiner’s fire and like laundry soap This sentence gives the reason why no one will be able to resist God when he comes. God’s power to judge the people and to stop them from sinning is spoken of as if it were the power of strong soap to clean clothes, or the power of fire to melt an object. These are ways of saying that God’s power to do these things cannot be stopped. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
MAL 3 3 bxz3 figs-metaphor 0 he will purify the sons of Levi Forgiving the sons of Levi and persuading them not to sin any longer is spoken of as if it were purifying metal. Alternate translation: “he will correct the sons of Levi and forgive them for having sinned” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 3 tcd4 figs-metaphor 0 the sons of Levi Here “sons” refers to descendants. The male descendants of Levi were the priests and workers in the temple. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 3 pfr2 figs-simile 0 He will sit Here sitting implies the action of a metalworker, who sits down in order to purify small amounts of gold or silver. It also implies the action of a king, who sits down to judge people and give decrees. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MAL 3 3 q9li figs-simile 0 He will refine them like gold and silver Here persuading people not to sin any longer is spoken of as if a metalworker were making gold and silver more pure. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
|
||||
MAL 3 3 n3xs 0 they will bring offerings of righteousness to Yahweh Here “of righteousness” means “motivated by righteous desires to worship God.” Alternate translation: “they will bring acceptable offerings to Yahweh in order to worship Yahweh”
|
||||
MAL 3 4 pj3s 0 General Information: Malachi continues speaking in verse 4, but Yahweh begins speaking again in verse 5.
|
||||
MAL 3 4 ws2l figs-metonymy 0 the offering of Judah and Jerusalem Here “Judah” and “Jerusalem” stand for the people in those places. Alternate translation: “the offerings brought by the people of Judah and Jerusalem” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 3 4 y8h1 figs-parallelism 0 as in the days of old, and as in ancient years These two phrases mean basically the same thing and emphasize that the offering was once pleasing to Yahweh. Alternate translation: “as it was in the distant past” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-parallelism]])
|
||||
MAL 3 5 te3u figs-abstractnouns 0 Then I will approach you for judgment Here “judgment” refers to the act of judging. Alternate translation: “Then I will approach you in order to judge you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 3 5 dx2i 0 oppress the hired worker in his wages “cause the hired worker to suffer by not paying him for his work”
|
||||
MAL 3 5 k42e figs-explicit 0 turn away the foreigner That is, turning away the foreigner from gaining his rights. Depriving people of their rights is spoken of as if it were physically turning them away from oneself. Perhaps the idea is turning away someone who comes for a wrong to be set right. Alternate translation: “deny foreigners living in Israel the rights that they should have” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 6 tl2p 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel.
|
||||
MAL 3 6 mep4 0 have not come to an end “have not perished”
|
||||
MAL 3 7 ji32 figs-metaphor 0 From the days of your fathers you have turned aside from my statutes and have not kept them Disobeying God’s statutes is spoken of as if it were turning away from them. Alternate translation: “You have disobeyed my statutes ever since the days of your ancestors” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 7 deh7 figs-metaphor 0 Return to me, and I will return to you Here loving each other and being faithful to each other is spoken of as if it were returning to each other. Alternate translation: “Love me and honor me, and I will always help you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 7 l1ir figs-rquestion 0 How will we return? The people ask this question in order to claim that they have never stopped obeying God. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have never gone away from you, so we cannot return to you.” or “We have never gone away from you, so it makes no sense to speak of us as returning to you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 3 8 w6x1 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel.
|
||||
MAL 3 8 dn4i figs-rquestion 0 Would a person rob God? This question implies that the idea of robbing God is very wicked. This can be expressed as a statement. God speaks of himself in the third person Alternate translation: “A man should certainly not rob God.” or “No one should ever rob me.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-123person]])
|
||||
MAL 3 8 ijc5 figs-rquestion 0 How have we robbed you? This question implies that the people do not think they have robbed God. Alternate translation: “We have certainly not robbed you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 3 8 cy6m figs-explicit 0 In tithes and offerings This reply from Yahweh implies a fuller answer. Alternate translation: “You have robbed me by withholding from me your tithes and offerings” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MAL 3 9 grs1 figs-activepassive 0 You are cursed with a curse This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “I have certainly cursed you” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
MAL 3 9 mr47 0 you are robbing me, the whole nation Here “nation” stands for the people to whom Yahweh is speaking. Alternate translation: “all of you in the whole nation are robbing me”
|
||||
MAL 3 10 v6qw 0 General Information: Yahweh continues to speak to the people of Israel.
|
||||
MAL 3 10 n4ch 0 the full tithe “all the tithes”
|
||||
MAL 3 10 dmr8 figs-metaphor 0 my house Here “house” stands for the temple. Alternate translation: “my temple” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 10 wcp4 figs-metaphor 0 and test me now in this … if I do not open to you the windows of heaven Here the command “test me” stands for something that the people can do and should do: “if you test me.” This can be divided into two sentences also. Alternate translation: “And if you test me … I will open up the windows of heaven” or “And you should test me … If you do, I will open up the windows of heaven” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 12 mfq1 figs-metaphor 0 All the nations will call you blessed Here to be called blessed stands for being blessed. Alternate translation: “All the nations will know that you have been blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 12 bvs1 figs-metonymy 0 All the nations This expression stands for the people in all the nations. Alternate translation: “The people in all the nations” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 3 12 rm7v figs-abstractnouns 0 a land of delight Here “delight” stands for the condition in which the inhabitants of a land take delight in their land. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 3 13 l55w 0 General Information: These verses begin a new section in the book. Here Yahweh is speaking to the people of Israel.
|
||||
MAL 3 13 h229 figs-metaphor 0 Your words against me have been strong Here “strong” stands for “harsh” or “terrible.” And “Your words” stands for “What you have said.” Alternate translation: “What you have said about me is terrible” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 3 13 fv74 figs-rquestion 0 What have we said among ourselves against you? The people ask this question in order to claim that they have said nothing against God. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: “We have not said anything among ourselves against you.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 3 14 hnv8 figs-rquestion 0 What profit is it that we have kept his requirements or walked mournfully before Yahweh of hosts? The people ask this question among themselves in order to make a statement. Alternate translation: “It is useless that we have kept his requirements and walked mournfully before Yahweh of hosts.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-rquestion]])
|
||||
MAL 3 14 j6y1 figs-metaphor 0 walked mournfully before Yahweh of hosts Here “walk mournfully” stands for “behave in a sorrowful manner,” probably in order to indicate sorrow over their sins. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 14 n7bs figs-metaphor 0 before Yahweh of hosts Here this expression refers to God being aware of what the people were doing. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 15 maa8 figs-metaphor 0 we call the arrogant blessed Here to be called “blessed” stands for being blessed. Alternate translation: “we say that the arrogant are blessed” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
|
||||
MAL 3 15 a55n figs-activepassive 0 we call the arrogant blessed This may be stated in active form. Alternate translation: “we say that the arrogant are well off” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-activepassive]])
|
||||
MAL 3 15 e45r figs-explicit 0 escape That is, “they escape God’s punishment.” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-explicit]])
|
||||
MAL 3 16 e2b8 0 General Information: The event described here may have taken place after the godly people in Israel repented of their sins.
|
||||
MAL 3 16 le6y 0 a book of remembrance was written before him about those who feared Yahweh This could mean: (1) the Israelites wrote a book so they would remember what they had promised and listed the names of people who feared Yahweh or (2) Yahweh caused someone in heaven to write a book with the names of people who feared him.
|
||||
MAL 3 16 tdq5 figs-abstractnouns 0 book of remembrance This expression refers to any book that helps people remember important things, such as events or people who lived in the past. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
|
||||
MAL 3 16 b8vc figs-metonymy 0 honored his name Here “his name” stands for God himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
|
||||
MAL 3 17 em21 0 They will be mine “They will be my people”
|
||||
MAL 3 17 j5ap figs-abstractnouns 0 my own treasured possession Here “possession” refers to one’s personal property. This idea can be expressed with a verb. Alternate translation: “they will belong completely to me” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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MAL 3 17 pp17 0 I act the time when Yahweh will judge and punish the rebellious Israelites, giving victory to the faithful Israelites
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MAL 3 18 d9hz 0 distinguish between “see a difference between” or “treat differently”
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MAL 4 intro azp5 0 # Malachi 04 General Notes<br>## Special concepts in this chapter<br><br>### Last days<br>Although the Jews may have hoped these prophecies referenced a time in the near future to them, the prophecies of this chapter exclusively relate to the last days. (See: [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/prophet]] and [[rc://en/tw/dict/bible/kt/lastday]])
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MAL 4 1 q73f 0 see “look” or “listen” or “pay attention to what I am about to tell you”
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MAL 4 1 y5w1 figs-metaphor 0 the day is coming, burning like a furnace The disaster occurring at this time is spoken of as if the day itself were burning. God’s judgment is often spoken of as if it were a fire. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MAL 4 1 e9jy 0 arrogant … evildoers See how you translated these wordsd in [Malachi 3:15](../03/15.md).
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MAL 4 1 i1qy figs-metaphor 0 all the arrogant and all the evildoers will become stubble These people are spoken of as if they will become dried-up plants fit only for being burned. It is common for the Bible to speak of people as if they were plants or trees. Alternate translation: “all the arrogant and all the evildoers will burn up like dry plants” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MAL 4 1 f4xr figs-metonymy 0 The day that is coming will burn them up Here “the day” stands for the events that will occur on that day. Alternate translation: “On that day I will burn them up” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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MAL 4 1 x4ll figs-merism 0 it will leave them neither root nor branch This expression continues to speak of people as if they were plants or trees. So being deprived of all roots and branches stands for being completely killed off. Alternate translation: “nothing will be left” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-merism]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MAL 4 2 tqe5 figs-metonymy 0 you who fear my name Here “my name” stands for Yahweh himself. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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MAL 4 2 jc14 0 the sun of righteousness will rise with healing in its wings This could mean: (1) Yahweh, who always acts righteously, will come and heal his people on that day or (2) on that day Yahweh will reveal the people’s righteousness and heal them.
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MAL 4 2 p4nc figs-abstractnouns 0 healing in its wings This could mean: (1) the act of healing someone is spoken of as if it were an object that the sun carried to people by means of its wings or (2) the healing takes place under the wings, that is, in the security God gives his people. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]] and [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MAL 4 2 n991 figs-metaphor 0 wings It was common in the Ancient Near East to speak of the sun as if it had wings, with which it moved across the sky. This could mean: (1) the sun’s life-giving rays of light are spoken of as if they were its wings or (2) the wings are said to cover God’s people so as to give them peace and safey. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MAL 4 2 is44 figs-simile 0 You will go out, and you will leap like calves from the stall Here the redeemed people of Yahweh are spoken of as if they were young bulls released from their stalls, allowed to go out into their pasture. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-simile]])
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MAL 4 3 cn2r figs-metaphor 0 you will trample down the wicked, for they will be ashes under the soles of your feet Here the victory of God’s people is spoken of as if they were walking over the burned bodies of their enemies. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MAL 4 3 f8ct 0 they will be ashes The Israelites’ enemies are spoken of as having been burned to ashes ([Malachi 4:1](../04/01.md)).
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MAL 4 4 if2v figs-abstractnouns 0 Remember the teaching of my servant Moses that I gave him The abstract noun “teaching” can be stated as “taught.” Alternate translation: “Remember what I taught my servant Moses” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-abstractnouns]])
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MAL 4 4 td5c 0 Remember Here “Remember” stands for “Think about” and, at the same time, “Obey.”
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MAL 4 4 n5dr 0 Horeb This is another name for Sinai.
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MAL 4 4 r85g figs-metonymy 0 all Israel Here “all Israel” is a reference to all the people in the nation of Israel. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metonymy]])
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MAL 4 4 arq6 0 the statutes These are the laws that God gave Israel for all time.
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MAL 4 4 l5p2 0 the rulings These are legal decisions meant to make clear how the general statutes apply to everyday life.
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MAL 4 5 cnc1 figs-metaphor 0 the coming of the great and fearful day of Yahweh Here the occurrence of this day is spoken of as if it were coming. Alternate translation: “before the great and fearful day of Yahweh happens” (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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MAL 4 5 s6ig 0 the great and fearful day of Yahweh This expression refers to any time in which Yahweh acts decisively.
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MAL 4 6 kql7 figs-metaphor 0 He will turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers Here changing how people think is spoken of as if it were turning their hearts. (See: [[rc://en/ta/man/translate/figs-metaphor]])
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Reference in New Issue