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Correct merge errors (#218)
This commit is contained in:
Larry Sallee
Gogs
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@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Cultural models are mental pictures of parts of life or behavior. These pictures
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The Bible often speaks of God as if he were a shepherd and his people were sheep. This is a cultural model.
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<blockquote> Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)</blockquote>
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> Yahweh is my shepherd; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
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> He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ A fowler is a person who catches birds, and a snare is a small trap.
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#### BIRDS THAT EAT MEAT represent enemies who attack swiftly
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In Habakkuk and Hosea, Israel’s enemies who would come and attack them were compared to an eagle.
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<blockquote> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT) </blockquote>
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> and their horsemen come from a great distance—they fly like an eagle hurrying to eat! (Habakkuk 1:8 ULT)
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> An eagle is coming over the house of Yahweh.
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> …Israel has rejected what is good,
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@ -75,17 +75,17 @@ In Matthew, John the Baptist called the religious leaders poisonous snakes becau
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> so that your youth is renewed like the eagle. (Psalm 103:5 ULT)
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<blockquote> For Yahweh says this, “See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab.” (Isaiah 48:40 ULT) </blockquote>
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> For Yahweh says this, “See, the enemy will come flying like an eagle, spreading out his wings over Moab.” (Isaiah 48:40 ULT)
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#### SHEEP or a FLOCK OF SHEEP represents people who need to be led or are in danger
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> My people have been a lost flock. Their shepherds have led them astray in the mountains; (Jeremiah 50:6 ULT)
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<blockquote> He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULT) </blockquote>
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> He led his own people out like sheep and guided them through the wilderness like a flock. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
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> Israel is a sheep scattered and driven away by lions. First the king of Assyria devoured him;
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> then after this, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon broke his bones. (Jeremiah 50:17 ULT)
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<blockquote> See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULT) </blockquote>
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> See, I send you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be as wise as serpents and harmless as doves. Watch out for people! They will deliver you up to councils, and they will whip you in their synagogues. (Matthew 10:16 ULT)
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@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all
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> He built a tower in the middle of it, and also built a winepress.
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> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced wild grapes. (Isaiah 5:1-2)
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<blockquote> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULT)</blockquote>
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> For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire workers for his vineyard. (Matthew 20:1 ULT)
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> There was a man, a person with extensive land. He planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a watchtower, and rented it out to vine growers. Then he went into another country. (Matthew 21:33 ULT)
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Some images from the Bible related to farming are listed below. The word in all
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> For Yahweh says this to each person in Judah and Jerusalem: ‘Plow your own ground,
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> and do not sow among thorns. (Jeremiah 4:3 ULT)
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<blockquote> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.…This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy….What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.…What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)</blockquote>
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> When anyone hears the word of the kingdom but does not understand it.…This is the seed that was sown beside the road. What was sown on rocky ground is the person who hears the word and immediately receives it with joy….What was sown among the thorn plants, this is the person who hears the word, but the cares of the world and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word.…What was sown on the good soil, this is the person who hears the word and understands it. (Matthew 13:19-23 ULT)
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> Break up your unplowed ground,
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> for it is time to seek Yahweh.…(Hosea 10:12 ULT)
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@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre
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> So I will winnow them with a pitchfork at the gates of the land. I will bereave them. I will destroy my people since they will not turn from their ways. (Jeremiah 15:7 ULT)
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<blockquote> His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULT)</blockquote>
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> His winnowing fork is in his hand to thoroughly clear off his threshing floor and to gather the wheat into his storehouse. But he will burn up the chaff with fire that can never be put out. (Luke 3:17 ULT)
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#### GRAFTING represents God’s allowing the Gentiles to become his people
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@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ After farmers harvest wheat and other types of grain, they bring them to a _thre
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> …he comes and rains righteousness on you. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
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<blockquote> For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)</blockquote>
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> For the land that drinks in the rain that often comes on it, and that gives birth to the plants useful to those for whom the land was worked—this is the land that receives a blessing from God. But if it bears thorns and thistles, it is worthless and is near to a curse. Its end is in burning. (Hebrews 6:7-8 ULT)
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> So be patient, brothers, until the Lord’s coming. See, the farmer awaits the valuable harvest from the ground. He is patiently waiting for it, until it receives the early and late rains. (James 5:7 ULT)
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@ -7,28 +7,20 @@ Some images from the Bible involving body parts and human qualities are listed b
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> Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it. (1 Corinthians 12:27 ULT)
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<blockquote> Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole body of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULT) </blockquote>
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> Rather we will speak the truth in love and grow up in all ways into him who is the head, Christ. Christ joins the whole body of believers together—it is held together by every supporting ligament so that the whole body grows and builds itself up in love. (Ephesians 4:15-16 ULT)
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In these verses, the body of Christ represents the group of people who follow Christ.
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#### The FACE represents someone’s presence
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble <u>before my face</u>? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
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=======
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> Do you not fear me—this is Yahweh’s declaration—or tremble <u>before my face</u> ? (Jeremiah 5:22 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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To be before someone’s face is to be in their presence, that is, to be with them.
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#### The FACE represents someone’s attention
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u>, and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
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=======
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> Every man of the house of Israel who takes his idols into his heart, or who puts the stumbling block of his iniquity <u>before his face</u> , and who then comes to a prophet—I, Yahweh, will answer him according to the number of his idols. (Ezekiel 14:4 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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To put something before one’s face is to look at it intently or pay attention to it.
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@ -44,7 +36,7 @@ To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
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> The famine was over all <u>the face</u> of the whole land. (Genesis 41:56 ULT)
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<blockquote> He encloses <u>the face</u> of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT) </blockquote>
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> He encloses <u>the face</u> of the moon and spreads his clouds on it. (Job 26:9 ULT)
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#### The HAND represents a person’s agency or power
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@ -66,16 +58,12 @@ To hide one’s face from someone is to ignore him.
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> God has subjected all things under Christ’s feet and has <u>made him the head</u> over all things in the church, which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all things in all ways. (Ephesians 1:22 ULT)
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<blockquote> Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is <u>the head</u> of the wife, as Christ also is <u>the head</u> of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULT)</blockquote>
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> Wives should be subject to their own husbands, as to the Lord. For the husband is <u>the head</u> of the wife, as Christ also is <u>the head</u> of the church, and he is the Savior of the body. (Ephesian 5:22-23 ULT)
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#### A MASTER represents anything that motivates someone to act
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> No one can serve <u>two masters</u>, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
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=======
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> No one can serve <u>two masters</u> , for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth. (Matthew 6:24 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by money.
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@ -83,22 +71,11 @@ To serve God is to be motivated by God. To serve money is to be motivated by mon
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> May your God make <u>the name of Solomon</u> better than your name, and make his throne greater than your throne.” 1 Kings 1:47 (ULT)
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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<blockquote> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u>—says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT) </blockquote>
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=======
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<blockquote> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u> —says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT) </blockquote>
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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> See, I have sworn <u>by my great name</u>—says Yahweh. <u>My name</u> will no longer be called upon by the mouths of any of the men of Judah in all the land of Egypt….” (Jeremiah 44:26 ULT)
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If someone’s name is great, it means that he is great.
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to <u>honor your name</u>…. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT)
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=======
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> Listen now to the prayer of your servant and to the prayer of your servants who delight to <u>honor your name</u> …. Nehemiah 1:11 (ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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To honor someone’s name is to honor him.
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@ -121,48 +98,23 @@ The fact that the men said they heard a report about Yahweh shows that “becaus
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#### The NOSE represents anger
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u>. (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
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=======
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> Then…the foundations of the world were exposed at your battle cry, Yahweh—at the blast of the breath of <u>your nostrils</u> . (Psalms 18:15 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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> By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)
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<blockquote> By the blast of <u>your nostrils</u> the waters were piled up…. (Exodus 15:8 ULT)</blockquote>
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u>, and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
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<blockquote> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)</blockquote>
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=======
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> Smoke went up from out of <u>his nostrils</u> , and blazing fire came out of his mouth…. (2 Samuel 22:9 ULT)
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<blockquote> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u> !’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)</blockquote>
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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> …This is the Lord Yahweh’s declaration: ‘My fury will arise in <u>my nostrils</u>!’ (Ezekiel 38:18 ULT)
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A blast of air or smoke coming from someone’s nose shows his great anger.
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#### RAISED EYES represents arrogance
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u>! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
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=======
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> but you bring down those with <u>proud, uplifted eyes</u> ! (Psalm 18:27 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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Uplifted eyes show that a person is proud.
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u>. (Job 22:29 ULT)
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=======
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> God humbles a proud man, and he saves the one with <u>lowered eyes</u> . (Job 22:29 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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Lowered eyes show that a person is humble.
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@ -4,31 +4,17 @@ Some images from the Bible involving human behavior are listed below. The word i
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#### BEING BENT OVER represents being discouraged
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are <u>bent over</u>. (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
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=======
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> Yahweh supports all who are falling and raises up all those who are <u>bent over</u> . (Psalm 145:14 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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#### BIRTH PAINS represent the suffering that is necessary to achieve a new condition
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> <u>Be in pain and labor to give birth</u>, daughter of Zion, like a <u>woman in labor</u>.
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=======
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> <u>Be in pain and labor to give birth</u> , daughter of Zion, like a <u>woman in labor</u> .
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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> For now you will go out of the city, live in the field, and go to Babylon.
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> There you will be rescued.
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> There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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<blockquote> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u>. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)</blockquote>
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=======
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<blockquote> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u> . (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)</blockquote>
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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> There Yahweh will rescue you from the hand of your enemies. (Micah 4:10 ULT)
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> For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. There will be famines and earthquakes in various places. But all these things are only the beginning of <u>birth pains</u>. (Matthew 24:7-8 ULT)
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> My little children, I am suffering <u>labor pains</u> for you again, until Christ will have been formed in you! (Galatians 4:19 ULT)
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@ -60,43 +46,27 @@ This is because he actually will be dedicated to the Lord.
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Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some of the <u>clean</u> birds, and offered burnt offerings on the altar. Yahweh smelled the pleasing aroma…(Genesis 8:20 ULT)
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him <u>clean</u>. It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
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=======
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> The priest will examine him again on the seventh day to see if the disease is better and has not spread farther in the skin. If it has not, then the priest will pronounce him <u>clean</u> . It is a rash. He must wash his clothes, and then he is <u>clean</u> . (Leviticus 13:6 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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#### CLEANSING or PURIFYING represents making something acceptable for God’s Purposes
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> He must go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and he must take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood and put it on the horns of the altar all around. He must sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times to <u>cleanse</u> it and dedicate it to Yahweh, away from the <u>unclean</u> actions of the people of Israel. (Leviticus 16:18-19 ULT)
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<blockquote> This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to <u>cleanse</u> you from all your sins so you will be <u>clean</u> before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)</blockquote>
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> This is because on this day atonement will be made for you, to <u>cleanse</u> you from all your sins so you will be <u>clean</u> before Yahweh. (Leviticus 16:30 ULT)
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#### UNCLEANLINESS represents not being acceptable for God’s purposes
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and <u>you must not eat them</u>, animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is <u>unclean</u> for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
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<blockquote> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be <u>unclean</u>, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be <u>unclean</u> until evening. Then it will be <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT) </blockquote>
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=======
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> You may eat any animal that has a split hoof and that also chews the cud. However, some animals either chew the cud or have a split hoof, and <u>you must not eat them</u> , animals such as the camel, because it chews the cud but does not have a split hoof. So the camel is <u>unclean</u> for you. (Leviticus 11:3-4 ULT)
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<blockquote> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be <u>unclean</u> , whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be <u>unclean</u> until evening. Then it will be <u>clean</u> . (Leviticus 11:32 ULT) </blockquote>
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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> And if any of them dies and falls on anything, that thing will be <u>unclean</u>, whether it is made of wood, cloth, leather, or sackcloth. Whatever it is and whatever it is used for, it must be put into water; it will be <u>unclean</u> until evening. Then it will be <u>clean</u>. (Leviticus 11:32 ULT)
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#### MAKING SOMETHING UNCLEAN represents making it unacceptable for God’s purposes.
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<<<<<<< Updated upstream
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> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
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=======
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> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u> , whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u> . (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
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>>>>>>> Stashed changes
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> Or if anyone touches anything God has designated as <u>unclean</u>, whether it be the carcass of an <u>unclean</u> wild animal or the carcass of any livestock that has died, or creeping animal, even if the person did not intend to touch it, he is <u>unclean</u> and <u>guilty</u>. (Leviticus 5:2 ULT)
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||||
|
|
@ -107,33 +77,18 @@ Noah built an altar to Yahweh. He took some of the <u>clean</u> animals and some
|
|||
|
||||
#### BEING CUT OFF represents being killed
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely <u>be put to death</u>. Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely <u>be cut off from his people</u>. (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u>. Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u>. Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> So you must keep the Sabbath, for it must be treated by you as holy, reserved for him. Everyone who defiles it must surely <u>be put to death</u> . Whoever works on the Sabbath, that person must surely <u>be cut off from his people</u> . (Exodus 31:14-15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Whoever does not humble himself on that day must be <u>cut off from his people</u> . Whoever does any work on that day, <u>I, Yahweh, will destroy him</u> from among his people. (Leviticus 23:29-30 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> But he was <u>cut off</u> from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
|
||||
> But he was <u>cut off</u> from the land of the living. (Isaiah 53:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### COMING AND STANDING BEFORE SOMEONE represents serving him
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u>, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u>, because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u>. (Psalm 89:14 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> How blessed are your people, and how blessed are your servants who constantly <u>stand before you</u> , because they hear your wisdom. (1 Kings 10:8 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness <u>come before you</u> . (Psalm 89:14 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -143,24 +98,18 @@ Covenant faithfulness and trustworthiness are also personified here. (see [Perso
|
|||
Too much wine makes a person weak and he staggers. So too, when God judges people, they become weak and stagger. So the idea of wine is used to represent God’s judgment.
|
||||
|
||||
> You have shown your people severe things;
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> you have made us <u>drink the wine of staggering</u>. (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> you have made us <u>drink the wine of staggering</u> . (Psalm 60:3 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
Another example from Psalm.
|
||||
|
||||
> But God is the judge;
|
||||
> he brings one down and raises up another.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of <u>foaming wine</u>,
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> For Yahweh holds a cup in his hand of <u>foaming wine</u> ,
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> which is mixed with spices, and pours it out.
|
||||
> Surely all the wicked of the earth will <u>drink it</u> to the last drop. (Psalm 75:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
An example from Revelation.
|
||||
|
||||
> he also will drink the <u>wine</u> of God’s wrath, the <u>wine</u> that has been prepared and poured unmixed into the cup of his anger. (Revelation 14:10 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -168,33 +117,24 @@ An example from Revelation.
|
|||
|
||||
> God brings [Israel] out of Egypt.
|
||||
> He has strength like a wild ox.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> <u>He will eat up the nations who fight against him</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> <u>He will eat up the nations who fight against him</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> He will break their bones to pieces.
|
||||
> He will shoot them with his arrows. Numbers 24:8 ULT)
|
||||
> He will shoot them with his arrows. Numbers 24:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Another word for “eat up” is devour.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore as <u>the tongue of fire devours stubble</u>, and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Therefore as <u>the tongue of fire devours stubble</u> , and as the dry grass goes down in flame,
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> so their root will rot, and their blossom will blow away like dust, (Isaiah 5:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Another example from Isaiah.
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore Yahweh will raise up against him, Rezin, his adversary, and will stir up his enemies,
|
||||
> the Arameans on the east, and the Philistines on the west.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> <u>They will devour Israel with open mouth</u>. (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> <u>They will devour Israel with open mouth</u> . (Isaiah 9:11-12 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
An example from Deuteronomy.
|
||||
|
||||
> I will make my arrows drunk with blood,
|
||||
> and <u>my sword will devour flesh</u>
|
||||
> with the blood of the killed and the captives,
|
||||
|
|
@ -203,51 +143,31 @@ An example from Deuteronomy.
|
|||
|
||||
#### FALLING UPON or BEING UPON represents affecting
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to <u>fall upon</u> the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh God caused a deep sleep to <u>fall upon</u> the man, so the man slept. (Genesis 2:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Would not his majesty make you afraid?
|
||||
> Would not his dread <u>fall upon</u> you? (Job 13:11 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Then the Spirit of Yahweh <u>fell on me</u> and he said to me… (Ezekiel 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u>, and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Now look, the hand of the Lord <u>is upon you</u> , and you will become blind. (Acts 13:11 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### FOLLOWING SOMEONE represents being loyal to him
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. <u>They went after other gods</u>, the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> They broke away from Yahweh, the God of their fathers, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt. <u>They went after other gods</u> , the very gods of the peoples who were around them, and they bowed down to them. They provoked Yahweh to anger because they broke away from Yahweh and worshiped Baal and the Ashtoreths.
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> For Solomon <u>followed</u> Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and <u>he followed</u> Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> For Solomon <u>followed</u> Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and <u>he followed</u> Milcom, the disgusting idol of the Ammonites. (1 Kings 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. <u>He has followed me fully</u>; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Not one of them who despised me will see it, except for my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit. <u>He has followed me fully</u> ; I will bring him into the land which he went to examine. His descendants will possess it. (Numbers 14:23-24 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### GOING BEFORE, ACCOMPANYING, OR FOLLOWING A KING WITH HIS OTHER ATTENDANTS represents serving him
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> See, his reward is <u>with him</u>, and his recompense is <u>going before him</u>. (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> See, his reward is <u>with him</u> , and his recompense is <u>going before him</u> . (Isaiah 62:11 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> Righteousness will <u>go before him</u> and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Righteousness will <u>go before him</u> and make a way for his footsteps. (Psalm 85:13 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
#### INHERITING is permanently possessing something
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -261,19 +181,11 @@ People cannot receive the kingdom of God in its complete form as a permanent pos
|
|||
|
||||
An **INHERITANCE** is something that someone permanently possesses
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
|
||||
|
||||
> Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your <u>inheritance</u>. (Exodus 34:9 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of your <u>inheritance</u> . (Exodus 15:17 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The mountain where God will be worshiped is viewed as his permanent possession.
|
||||
|
||||
> Pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us as your <u>inheritance</u> . (Exodus 34:9 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
Moses asks God to still accept the people of Israel as his special possession, that is, as the people permanently belonging to him.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -298,12 +210,7 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
|
|||
|
||||
#### LYING DOWN represents DYING
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> When your days are fulfilled and you <u>lie down with your fathers</u>, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> When your days are fulfilled and you <u>lie down with your fathers</u> , I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> When your days are fulfilled and you <u>lie down with your fathers</u>, I will raise up a descendant after you, (2 Samuel 7:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Ask them, ‘Are you really more beautiful than anyone else? <u>Go down and lie</u> with the uncircumcised!’
|
||||
> They will fall among those who were killed by the sword! Egypt is given to the sword; her enemies will seize her and her servants! (Ezekiel 32:19-20 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
@ -313,25 +220,18 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
|
|||
|
||||
> This happened so that, as sin <u>ruled</u> in death, even so grace might <u>rule</u> through righteousness for everlasting life through Jesus Christ our Lord. (Romans 5:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Therefore do not let sin <u>rule</u> in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> Therefore do not let sin <u>rule</u> in your mortal body in order that you obey its lusts. (Romans 6:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### RESTING or a RESTING PLACE represents a permanent beneficial situation
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to <u>rest</u>, so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u>. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Naomi her mother-in-law said to her, “My daughter, should I not seek a place for you to <u>rest</u> , so that things may go well for you?” (Ruth 3:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u> . (Psalm 95:11 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> Therefore I vowed in my anger that they would never enter into my <u>resting place</u>. (Psalm 95:11 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> This is my <u>resting place</u> forever; I will live here, for I desire her [Zion]. (Psalm 132:14 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> The nations will seek him out, and his <u>resting place</u> will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> The nations will seek him out, and his <u>resting place</u> will be glorious. (Isaiah 11:10 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### RISING, STANDING UP represents acting
|
||||
|
|
@ -363,11 +263,8 @@ Noah received righteousness as a permanent possession.
|
|||
|
||||
> Blessed is the man who does not <u>walk</u> in the advice of the wicked. Psalm 1:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> For Yahweh approves of the <u>way</u> of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> For Yahweh approves of the <u>way</u> of the righteous. (Psalm 1:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Turn from me the <u>path</u> of deceit. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> I will run in the <u>path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> I will run in the <u>path</u> of your commandments. (Psalm 119:32 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,76 +4,45 @@ Some images from the Bible involving man-made objects are listed below in alphab
|
|||
|
||||
#### BRONZE represents strength
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of <u>bronze</u>. Psalm 18:34 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of <u>bronze</u> . Psalm 18:34 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> He trains…my arms to bend a bow of <u>bronze</u>. Psalm 18:34 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### CHAINS represent control
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Let us tear off the <u>shackles</u> they put on us and throw off their <u>chains</u>. Psalm 2:3
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Let us tear off the <u>shackles</u> they put on us and throw off their <u>chains</u> . Psalm 2:3
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> Let us tear off the <u>shackles</u> they put on us and throw off their <u>chains</u>. Psalm 2:3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### CLOTHING represents moral qualities (emotions, attitudes, spirit, life)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> It is God who puts strength on me like a <u>belt</u>. (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Righteousness will be the <u>belt of his waist</u>, and faithfulness the <u>belt around his hips</u>. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> Righteousness will be the <u>belt of his waist</u>, and faithfulness the <u>belt around his hips</u>. (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> May my adversaries be <u>clothed with shame</u>; may they <u>wear their shame like a robe</u>. (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> I will <u>clothe his enemies with shame</u>. (Psalm 132:18 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> It is God who puts strength on me like a <u>belt</u> . (Psalm 18:32 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Righteousness will be the <u>belt of his waist</u> , and faithfulness the <u>belt around his hips</u> . (Isaiah 11:5 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> May my adversaries be <u>clothed with shame</u> ; may they <u>wear their shame like a robe</u> . (Psalm 109:29 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> I will <u>clothe his enemies with shame</u> . (Psalm 132:18 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> I will <u>clothe his enemies with shame</u>. (Psalm 132:18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A SNARE (A LIGHT TRAP FOR BIRDS WORKED BY CORDS) represents death
|
||||
|
||||
> For he will rescue you from the <u>snare</u> of the hunter. (Psalm 91:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> The <u>cords of death</u> surrounded me, and the <u>snares</u> of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> The <u>cords of death</u> surrounded me, and the <u>snares</u> of sheol confronted me. (Psalm 116:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> The <u>cords of the wicked</u> have <u>ensnared</u> me. (Psalm 119:61 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> The wicked have <u>set a snare</u> for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> The wicked have <u>set a snare</u> for me. (Psalm 119:110 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> The wicked is <u>ensnared</u> by his own actions. (Psalm 9:16 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became <u>a snare</u> to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
|
||||
> They mingled with the nations and learned their ways and worshiped their idols, which became <u>a snare</u> to them. (Psalm 106:35-36 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In this case the snare was a persuasion to do evil, which leads to death.
|
||||
|
||||
#### A TENT represents a house, home, people in one’s home, descendants
|
||||
|
||||
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
|
||||
> God will likewise destroy you forever; he will take you up and pluck you out of your tent. (Psalm 52:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> The house of the wicked will be destroyed, but the tent of the upright will flourish. (Proverbs 14:11 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
|
||||
> A throne will be established in covenant faithfulness, and one from David’s tent will faithfully sit there. (Isaiah 16:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ These patterns present three challenges to anyone who wants to identify them:
|
|||
|
||||
In 1 Kings 7:50, a lamp trimmer is a tool for trimming the wick on an ordinary lamp. In 2 Samuel 21:17 the lamp of Israel represents King David’s life. When his men were concerned that he might “put out the lamp of Israel” they were concerned that he might be killed.
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> The cups, <u>lamp</u> trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> The cups, <u>lamp</u> trimmers, basins, spoons, and incense burners were all made of pure gold. (1 Kings 7:50 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> Ishbibenob…intended to kill David. But Abishai the son of Zeruiah rescued David, attacked the Philistine, and killed him. Then the men of David swore to him, saying, “You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp</u> of Israel.” (2 Samuel 21:16-17 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -8,29 +8,17 @@ Some common metonymies from the Bible are listed below in alphabetical order. Th
|
|||
|
||||
There is so much in the cup that it runs over the top of the cup.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u> , you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> For every time you eat this bread and drink this <u>cup</u>, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes. (1 Corinthians 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
People do not drink cups. They drink what is in the cup.
|
||||
|
||||
#### The MOUTH represents speech or words
|
||||
|
||||
> A fool’s <u>mouth</u> is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
|
||||
> A fool’s <u>mouth</u> is his ruin. (Proverbs 18:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u>! (Job 16:5 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
> Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u>! (Job 16:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> I heard you when you boasted against me with your <u>mouth</u>; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> Oh, how I would encourage you with my <u>mouth</u> ! (Job 16:5 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> I heard you when you boasted against me with your <u>mouth</u> ; you said many things against me. I heard them. (Ezekiel 35:13 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In these examples the mouth refers to what a person says.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -45,7 +33,7 @@ The memory of a person represents his descendants, because they are the ones who
|
|||
> when you overthrew their cities.
|
||||
> All <u>remembrance of them</u> has perished. (Psalm 9:5-6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> <u>His memory</u> will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
> <u>His memory</u> will perish from the earth (Job 18:17 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh is against evildoers,
|
||||
> in order to wipe out <u>their memory</u> from the earth. (Psalm 34:16 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Although the Bible explicitly denies that God is a human being, he is often spok
|
|||
|
||||
> If we hear <u>the voice of Yahweh our God</u> any longer, we will die. (Deuteronomy 5:25 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> I have been strengthened by <u>the hand of Yahweh my God</u> (Ezra 7:28 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> I have been strengthened by <u>the hand of Yahweh my God</u> (Ezra 7:28 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> <u>The hand of God</u> also came on Judah, to give them one heart to carry out the command of the king and leaders by the word of Yahweh (2 Chronicles 30:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ The word “hand” here is a metonym that refers to God’s power. (See: [Meton
|
|||
> For the <u>kingdom</u> is Yahweh’s;
|
||||
> he is the <u>ruler</u> over the nations. (Psalm 22:28 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Your <u>throne</u>, God, is forever and ever;
|
||||
> a <u>scepter</u> of justice is the scepter of your <u>kingdom</u>. (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -34,16 +33,6 @@ The word “hand” here is a metonym that refers to God’s power. (See: [Meton
|
|||
|
||||
> God <u>reigns</u> over the nations;
|
||||
> God sits on his holy <u>throne</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Your <u>throne</u> , God, is forever and ever;
|
||||
> a <u>scepter</u> of justice is the scepter of your <u>kingdom</u> . (Psalm 45:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> This is what Yahweh says,
|
||||
> “Heaven is my <u>throne</u> , and the earth is my <u>footstool</u> . (Isaiah 66:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> God <u>reigns</u> over the nations;
|
||||
> God sits on his holy <u>throne</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> The <u>princes</u> of the peoples have gathered together
|
||||
> to the people of the God of Abraham;
|
||||
> for the <u>shields</u> of the earth belong to God;
|
||||
|
|
@ -51,16 +40,18 @@ The word “hand” here is a metonym that refers to God’s power. (See: [Meton
|
|||
|
||||
#### God is modeled as a SHEPHERD and his people are modeled as SHEEP
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
His people are sheep.
|
||||
|
||||
> For he is our God, and we are the people of <u>his pasture</u> and the <u>sheep of his hand</u>. (Psalm 95:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
He leads his people like sheep.
|
||||
|
||||
> He led his own people out <u>like sheep</u> and guided them through the wilderness <u>like a flock</u>. (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
|
||||
|
||||
> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and <u>I lay down my life for the sheep</u>. I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
|
||||
|
|
@ -75,117 +66,62 @@ He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
|
|||
|
||||
> But <u>God will shoot them</u>;
|
||||
> suddenly they will be <u>wounded with his arrows</u>. (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u> ; I will lack nothing. (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
His people are sheep.
|
||||
> For he is our God, and we are the people of <u>his pasture</u> and the <u>sheep of his hand</u> . (Psalm 95:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
He leads his people like sheep.
|
||||
> He led his own people out <u>like sheep</u> and guided them through the wilderness <u>like a flock</u> . (Psalm 78:52 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
He is willing to die in order to save his sheep.
|
||||
> I am the good shepherd, and I know my own, and my own know me. The Father knows me, and I know the Father, and <u>I lay down my life for the sheep</u> . I have other sheep that are not of this fold. Those, also, I must bring, and they will hear my voice so that there will be one flock and one shepherd. (John 10:14-15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### God is modeled as a WARRIOR
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh is a <u>warrior</u> ; (Exodus 15:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh will go out as a <u>warrior</u> ; he will proceed as a <u>man of war</u> . He will stir up his zeal.
|
||||
> He will shout, yes, he will roar his <u>battle cries</u> ; he will <u>show his enemies his power</u> . (Isaiah 42:13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Your right hand, Yahweh, is <u>glorious in power</u> ;
|
||||
> your right hand, Yahweh, <u>has shattered the enemy</u> . (Exodus 15:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> But <u>God will shoot them</u> ;
|
||||
> suddenly they will be <u>wounded with his arrows</u> . (Psalm 65:7 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> For you will turn them back; <u>you will draw your bow</u> before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> For you will turn them back; <u>you will draw your bow</u> before them. (Psalm 21:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A leader is modeled as a SHEPHERD and those he leads are modeled as SHEEP
|
||||
|
||||
> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’ “ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
> Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at Hebron and said, “Look…when Saul was king over us, it was you who led the Israelite army. Yahweh said to you, ‘You will <u>shepherd</u> my people Israel, and you will become ruler over Israel.’“ (2 Samuel 5:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> “Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> “Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u>—this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the <u>flock</u> of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to <u>shepherd</u> the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the <u>flock</u>. I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> “Woe to the <u>shepherds</u> who destroy and scatter the <u>sheep</u> of my <u>pasture</u> —this is Yahweh’s declaration.” (Jeremiah 23:1 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore be careful about yourselves, and about all the <u>flock</u> of which the Holy Spirit has made you overseers. Be careful to <u>shepherd</u> the assembly of the Lord, which he purchased with his own blood. 29I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, and not spare the <u>flock</u> . I know that from even among your own selves some men shall come and say corrupt things, in order to draw away the disciples after them. (Acts 20:28-30 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
#### The eye is modeled as a LAMP
|
||||
|
||||
Variations of this model and the model of the EVIL EYE are found in many parts of the world. In most of the cultures represented in the Bible, these models included the following elements:
|
||||
|
||||
People see objects, not because of light around the object, but because of light that shines from their eyes onto those objects.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> The eye is the <u>lamp</u> of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is <u>filled with light</u>. (Matthew 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer’s character.
|
||||
> The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u>. (Proverbs 21:10 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> The eye is the <u>lamp</u> of the body. Therefore, if your eye is good, the whole body is <u>filled with light</u> . (Matthew 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
> The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u>. (Proverbs 21:10 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This light shining from the eyes carries with itself the viewer’s character.
|
||||
> The appetite of the wicked craves evil; his neighbor sees no <u>kindness in his eyes</u> . (Proverbs 21:10 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
#### Envy and cursing are modeled as looking with an EVIL EYE at someone, and favor is modeled as looking with a GOOD EYE at someone
|
||||
|
||||
The primary emotion of a person with the evil eye is envy. The Greek word translated as “envy” in Mark 7 is “eye,” which refers here to an evil eye.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> He said, “It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, <u>envy</u>…. (Mark 7:20-22 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> He said, “It is that which comes out of the person that defiles him. For from within a person, out of the heart, proceed evil thoughts…, <u>envy</u> …. (Mark 7:20-22 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
The context for Matthew 20:15 includes the emotion of envy. “Is your eye evil?” means “Are you envious?”
|
||||
|
||||
> Is it not legitimate for me to do what I wish with my own possessions? Or is your <u>eye evil</u> because I am good? (Matthew 20:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
If a person’s eye is evil, that person is envious of other people’s money.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
|
||||
> The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your <u>eye is good</u>, the whole body is filled with light. But if your <u>eye is bad</u>, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. <u>You cannot serve God and wealth</u>. (Matthew 6:22-24 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> The eye is the lamp of the body. Therefore, if your <u>eye is good</u> , the whole body is filled with light. But if your <u>eye is bad</u> , your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. <u>You cannot serve God and wealth</u> . (Matthew 6:22-24 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
A person who is envious might put a curse or enchantment on someone by looking at him with an evil eye.
|
||||
> Foolish Galatians, whose <u>evil eye</u> has harmed you? (Galatians 3:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
A person with a good eye can put a blessing on someone by looking at him.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>…(1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u> …(1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> If I have found <u>favor in your eyes</u>… (1 Samuel 27:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Life is modeled as BLOOD
|
||||
|
||||
In this model, the blood of a person or an animal represents its life.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> But you must not eat meat with <u>its life—that is its blood</u>—in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
|
||||
|
||||
> Whoever <u>sheds man’s blood</u>, by man will his <u>blood be shed</u>, (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge <u>the blood that was shed</u>, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> But you must not eat meat with <u>its life—that is its blood</u> —in it. (Genesis 9:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
If blood is spilled or shed, someone has been killed.
|
||||
|
||||
> Whoever <u>sheds man’s blood</u> , by man will his <u>blood be shed</u> , (Genesis 9:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge <u>the blood that was shed</u> , until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> In this way, this person would not die by the hand of the one who wanted to avenge <u>the blood that was shed</u>, until the accused person would first stand before the assembly. (Joshua 20:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
If blood cries out, nature itself is crying out for vengeance on a person who killed someone. (This also includes personification, because the blood is pictured as someone that can cry out. See: [Personification](../figs-personification/01.md))
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -214,25 +150,15 @@ This is especially true of things that move in the air or the sky.
|
|||
|
||||
The sun is modeled as a disc with wings, which allow it to “fly” through the air from east to west during the daytime. In Psalm 139, “the wings of the morning” refers to the sun. In Malachi 4 God called himself the “sun of righteousness” and he spoke of the sun as having wings.
|
||||
|
||||
> If I fly away on <u>the wings of the morning</u> and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea…(Psalm 139:9 ULT)
|
||||
> If I fly away on <u>the wings of the morning</u> and go to live in the uttermost parts across the sea… (Psalm 139:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u>. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u>. (Malachi 4:2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
|
||||
|
||||
> He was seen flying on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> But for you who fear my name, the sun of righteousness will rise with healing <u>in its wings</u> . (Malachi 4:2 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
The wind moves quickly and is modeled as having wings.
|
||||
|
||||
> He was seen flying on the <u>wings of the wind</u> . (2 Sam. 22:11 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the <u>wings of the wind</u> . (Psalm 18:10 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> He rode on a cherub and flew; he glided on the <u>wings of the wind</u>. (Psalm 18:10 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> you walk on the <u>wings of the wind</u> (Psalm 104:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -243,7 +169,6 @@ In this model, the wind blows away things that are worthless, and they are gone.
|
|||
Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
|
||||
|
||||
> The wicked are not so,
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> but are instead <u>like the chaff that the wind drives away</u>. (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> <u>The east wind carries him away</u>, and he leaves;
|
||||
|
|
@ -252,47 +177,25 @@ Psalm 1 and Job 27 show that wicked people are worthless and will not live long.
|
|||
The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
|
||||
> <u>Like a vapor of mist</u>,
|
||||
> <u>like a breeze in the wind</u>,
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> but are instead <u>like the chaff that the wind drives away</u> . (Psalm 1:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> <u>The east wind carries him away</u> , and he leaves;
|
||||
> <u>it sweeps him out of his place</u> . (Job 27:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The writer of Ecclesiastes says that everything is worthless.
|
||||
> <u>Like a vapor of mist</u> ,
|
||||
> <u>like a breeze in the wind</u> ,
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> everything vanishes, leaving many questions.
|
||||
> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
|
||||
> What profit does mankind gain from all the work that they labor at under the sun? (Ecclesiastes 1:2-3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In Job 30:15, Job complains that his honor and prosperity are gone.
|
||||
|
||||
> Terrors are turned upon me;
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> my honor is <u>driven away as if by the wind</u>;
|
||||
> my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> my honor is <u>driven away as if by the wind</u> ;
|
||||
> my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u> . (Job 30:15 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> my prosperity <u>passes away as a cloud</u>. (Job 30:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Human warfare is modeled as DIVINE WARFARE
|
||||
|
||||
When there was a war between nations, people believed that the gods of those nations were also at war.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u>. (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u>. But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> This happened while the Egyptians were burying all their firstborn, those whom Yahweh had killed among them, for <u>he also inflicted punishment on their gods</u> . (Numbers 33:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> And what nation is like your people Israel, the one nation on earth whom you, God, went and rescued for yourself?…You drove out nations <u>and their gods</u> from before your people, whom you rescued from Egypt. (2 Samuel 7:23 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> The servants of the king of Aram said to him, “<u>Their god is a god of the hills. That is why they were stronger than we were</u> . But now let us fight against them in the plain, and surely there we will be stronger than they.” (1 Kings 20:23 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
#### Constraints in life are modeled as PHYSICAL BOUNDARIES
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -300,11 +203,7 @@ The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties o
|
|||
|
||||
> He has built <u>a wall</u> around me, and I cannot escape. He has made my shackles heavy. (Lamentations 3:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> He has blocked my path with <u>walls of hewn stone</u>; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> He has blocked my path with <u>walls of hewn stone</u> ; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> He has blocked my path with <u>walls of hewn stone</u>; every way I take is crooked. (Lamentations 3:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> <u>Measuring lines</u> have been laid for me in pleasant places (Psalm 16:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -313,11 +212,7 @@ The verses below are not about real physical boundaries but about difficulties o
|
|||
In Psalm 4 David asks God to rescue him.
|
||||
|
||||
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> give me room <u>when I am hemmed in</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> give me room <u>when I am hemmed in</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. (Psalm 4:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -328,22 +223,16 @@ When Job was distressed because of all the sad things that happened to him, he s
|
|||
> days of affliction have come on me.
|
||||
> I go about with darkened skin but not because of the sun;
|
||||
> I stand up in the assembly and cry for help.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> I am <u>a brother to jackals</u>,
|
||||
> <u>a companion of ostriches</u>. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> I am <u>a brother to jackals</u> ,
|
||||
> <u>a companion of ostriches</u> . (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> <u>a companion of ostriches</u>. (Job 30:27-29 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Wellbeing is modeled as PHYSICAL CLEANLINESS, and evil is modeled as PHYSICAL DIRTINESS
|
||||
|
||||
Leprosy is a disease. If a person had it, he was said to be unclean.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
|
||||
> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>.” Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was <u>cleansed of his leprosy.</u> (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Behold, a leper came to him and bowed before him, saying, “Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u> .” Jesus reached out his hand and touched him, saying, “I am willing. Be clean.” Immediately he was <u>cleansed of his leprosy.</u> (Matthew 8:2-3 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
An “unclean spirit” is an evil spirit.
|
||||
|
||||
> When an <u>unclean spirit</u> has gone away from a man, it passes through waterless places and looks for rest, but does not find it. (Matthew 12:43 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,233 +4,128 @@ Some images from the Bible involving natural phenomena are listed below. The wor
|
|||
|
||||
#### LIGHT represents someone’s face (This often combines with FACE represents someone’s presence)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Yahweh, lift up the <u>light of your face</u> on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh, lift up the <u>light of your face</u> on us. (Psalm 4:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For they did not obtain the land for their possession by their own sword,
|
||||
> neither did their own arm save them;
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> but your right hand, your arm, and the <u>light of your face</u>,
|
||||
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u>. (Job 29:24 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u>. (Job 29:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u>. (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> but your right hand, your arm, and the <u>light of your face</u> ,
|
||||
> because you were favorable to them. (Psalm 44:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> they did not reject the <u>light of my face</u> . (Job 29:24 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh, they walk in the <u>light of your face</u> . (Psalm 89:15 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIGHT represents goodness, and DARKNESS represents evil
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULT)
|
||||
> But if your eye is bad, your whole body is full of darkness. Therefore, if the light that is in you is actually darkness, how great is that darkness! (Matthew 6:23 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### SHADOW or DARKNESS represents death
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the <u>shadow of death</u>. (Psalm 44:19)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Yet you have severely broken us in the place of jackals and covered us with the <u>shadow of death</u> . (Psalm 44:19)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### FIRE represents extreme feelings, particularly love or anger
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u>. (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Because iniquity will be increased, the love of many will <u>be extinguished</u> . (Matthew 24:12 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Surging waters cannot <u>quench</u> love. (Song of Songs 8:7 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For <u>a fire is kindled by my anger</u> and <u>is burning</u> to the lowest sheol. (Deuteronomy 32:22 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Therefore <u>the anger of Yahweh was set on fire</u> against Israel. (Judges 3:8 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u>; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> When Yahweh heard this, <u>he was angry</u> ; so <u>his fire burned</u> against Jacob, and <u>his anger</u> attacked Israel. (Psalm 78:21 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### FIRE OR A LAMP represents life
|
||||
|
||||
> They say, ‘Hand over the man who struck his brother, so that we may put him to death, to pay for the life of his brother whom he killed.’ And so they would also destroy the heir. Thus they will put out the <u>burning coal</u> that I have left, and they will leave for my husband neither name nor descendant on the surface of the earth. 2 Samuel 14:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp of Israel</u>. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp of Israel</u> . (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> You must not go to battle anymore with us, so that you do not put out the <u>lamp of Israel</u>. (2 Samuel 21:17 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> I will give one tribe to Solomon’s son, so that David my servant may always have <u>a lamp</u> before me in Jerusalem. (1 Kings 11:36 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him <u>a lamp</u> in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> Nevertheless for David’s sake, Yahweh his God gave him <u>a lamp</u> in Jerusalem by raising up his son after him in order to strengthen Jerusalem. (1 Kings 15:4 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Indeed, <u>the light</u> of the wicked person will be put out; <u>the spark of his fire</u> will not shine. <u>The light</u> will be dark in his tent; <u>his lamp</u> above him will be put out. (Job 18:5-6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For you give <u>light to my lamp</u>; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u>. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> For you give <u>light to my lamp</u>; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u>. (Psalm 18:28 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> For you give <u>light to my lamp</u> ; Yahweh my God <u>lights up my darkness</u> . (Psalm 18:28 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULT)
|
||||
> A dimly burning wick he will not quench. (Isaiah 42:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A WIDE SPACE reperesents safetey, security, and ease
|
||||
|
||||
> They came against me on the day of my distress but Yahweh was my support!
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u>; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u> ; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> He set me free in <u>a wide open place</u>; he saved me because he was pleased with me. (Psalms 18:18-19 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> You have made <u>a wide place</u> for my feet beneath me,
|
||||
> so my feet have not slipped. (2 Samuel 22:37 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> You made people ride over our heads;
|
||||
> we went through fire and water,
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u> . (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> but you brought us out into <u>a spacious place</u>. (Psalms 66:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A NARROW SPACE represents danger or difficulties
|
||||
|
||||
> Answer me when I call, God of my righteousness;
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> give me room when <u>I am hemmed in</u>.
|
||||
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. Psalm 4:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For a prostitute is a deep pit,
|
||||
> and an immoral woman is <u>a narrow well</u>. (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> give me room when <u>I am hemmed in</u> .
|
||||
> Have mercy on me and listen to my prayer. Psalm 4:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For a prostitute is a deep pit,
|
||||
> and an immoral woman is <u>a narrow well</u> . (Proverbs 23:27 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### LIQUID represents a moral quality (emotion, attitude, spirit, life)
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting <u>flood of water</u>. (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming <u>flood</u>. (Nahum 1:8 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Yahweh has burst through my enemies before me like a bursting <u>flood of water</u> . (2 Samuel 5:20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming <u>flood</u> . (Nahum 1:8 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> He will make a full end to his enemies with an overwhelming <u>flood</u>. (Nahum 1:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> My heart <u>drips</u> because of sadness. (Psalm 119:28 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
<blockquote> I am being <u>poured out like water</u>. (Psalm 22:14 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
<blockquote> I am being <u>poured out like water</u> . (Psalm 22:14 ULT) </blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> I am being <u>poured out like water</u>. (Psalm 22:14 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> It will come about afterward that I will <u>pour out</u> my Spirit on all flesh. (Joel 2:28 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> My God, my soul has <u>melted</u> within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> My God, my soul has <u>melted</u> within me. (Psalm 42:6 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For it is great, the anger of Yahweh that has been <u>poured out</u> on us. (2 Chronicles 34:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### WATER represents what someone says
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> A quarreling wife is a constant <u>dripping of water</u>. (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> His lips are lilies, <u>dripping myrrh</u>. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> His lips are lilies, <u>dripping myrrh</u>. (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> My groaning is <u>poured out like water</u>. (Job 3:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> The words of a man’s mouth are <u>deep waters</u>; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> A quarreling wife is a constant <u>dripping of water</u> . (Proverbs 19:13 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> His lips are lilies, <u>dripping myrrh</u> . (Song of Songs 5:13 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> My groaning is <u>poured out like water</u> . (Job 3:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> The words of a man’s mouth are <u>deep waters</u> ; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> The words of a man’s mouth are <u>deep waters</u>; the <u>fountain of wisdom</u> is a flowing stream. (Proverbs 18:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### FLOODING WATER represents disaster
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> I have come into <u>deep waters</u>, where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> I have come into <u>deep waters</u> , where the <u>floods flow</u> over me. (Psalm 69:2 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Do not let the <u>floods of water</u> overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> Do not let the <u>floods of water</u> overwhelm me. (Psalm 69:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> Reach out your hand from above; rescue me out of <u>many waters</u> from the hands of these foreigners. (Psalm 144:7 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
#### A SPRING OF WATER represents the origins of something
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u> . (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> The fear of Yahweh is a <u>fountain of life</u>. (Proverbs 14:27 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A ROCK represents protection
|
||||
|
||||
> Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULT)
|
||||
> Who is a rock except our God? (Psalm 18:31 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
> Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer. (Psalm 19:14 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -9,23 +9,13 @@ In the examples below, Isaiah wrote about one of Jesse’s descendants and Jerem
|
|||
> <u>A shoot</u> will sprout from the root of Jesse, and <u>a branch</u> out of his root will bear fruit.
|
||||
> The Spirit of Yahweh will rest upon him, the spirit of wisdom and understanding. (Isaiah 11:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> See, days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David <u>a righteous branch</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> See, days are coming—this is Yahweh’s declaration—when I will raise up for David <u>a righteous branch</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> He will reign as king; he will bring prosperity and carry out justice and righteousness in the land. (Jeremiah 23:5 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not have any descendants.
|
||||
|
||||
> His roots will be dried up beneath;
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> above will <u>his branch be cut off</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> above will <u>his branch be cut off</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> His memory will perish from the earth;
|
||||
> he will have no name in the street. (Job 18:17 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -40,48 +30,21 @@ In Job when it says “his branch will be cut off,” it means that he will not
|
|||
Just as planting one kind of seeds results in that kind of plant growing, behaving in one way results in that kind of consequence.
|
||||
|
||||
The emotion or attitude in the verses is underlined below.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Sow <u>righteousness</u> for yourselves, and reap the fruit of <u>covenant faithfulness</u>. (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Based on what I have observed, those who plow <u>iniquity</u> and sow <u>trouble</u>, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
> Based on what I have observed, those who plow <u>iniquity</u> and sow <u>trouble</u>, reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> For the people sow <u>the wind</u> and reap <u>the whirlwind</u>. (Hosea 8:7 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Sow <u>righteousness</u> for yourselves, and reap the fruit of <u>covenant faithfulness</u> . (Hosea 10:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> You have turned…the fruit of <u>righteousness</u> into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> Based on what I have observed, those who plow <u>iniquity</u> and sow <u>trouble</u> , reap the same. (Job 4:8 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> For the people sow <u>the wind</u> and reap <u>the whirlwind</u> . (Hosea 8:7 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> You have turned…the fruit of <u>righteousness</u> into bitterness. (Amos 6:12 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u>? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u> ? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> What fruit then did you have at that time of the things of which you are now <u>ashamed</u>? (Romans 6:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### A TREE represents a person
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> He will be like <u>a tree planted</u> by the streams of water that <u>produces its fruit in its season</u>, whose <u>leaves do not wither</u>; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out <u>like a green tree in its native soil</u>. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out <u>like a green tree in its native soil</u>. (Psalm 37:35 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> He will be like <u>a tree planted</u> by the streams of water that <u>produces its fruit in its season</u> , whose <u>leaves do not wither</u> ; whatever he does will prosper. (Psalm 1:3 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> I have seen the wicked and terrifying person spread out <u>like a green tree in its native soil</u> . (Psalm 37:35 ULT)</blockquote>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> I am <u>like a green olive tree</u> in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT)
|
||||
> I am <u>like a green olive tree</u> in God’s house. (Psalm 52:8 ULT)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -19,22 +19,16 @@ Sometimes people used the third person instead of “I” or “me” to refer t
|
|||
David referred to himself in the third person as “your servant” and “his.” He was calling himself Saul’s servant in order to show his humility before Saul.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said,
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> “… Do you have an arm like <u>God’s</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> “… Do you have an arm like <u>God’s</u> ? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u> ? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> “…Do you have an arm like <u>God’s</u>? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u>? (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
God referred to himself in the third person with the words “God’s” and “him.” He did this to emphasize that he is God, and he is powerful.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes people use the third person instead of “you” or “your” to refer to the person or people they are speaking to.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
|
||||
> Abraham answered and said, “Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to <u>my Lord</u>, even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Abraham answered and said, “Look what I have done, taking it upon myself to speak to <u>my Lord</u> , even though I am only dust and ashes! (Genesis 18:27 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
Abraham was speaking to the Lord, and referred to the Lord as “My Lord” rather than as “you.” He did this to show his humility before God.
|
||||
|
||||
> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart. (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
After saying “each of you,” Jesus used the third person “his” instead of “your.”
|
||||
|
|
@ -50,7 +44,6 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Use the third person phrase along with the pronoun “I” or “you.”
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **But David said to Saul, “<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father’s sheep.”** (1 Samuel 17:34)
|
||||
|
||||
>> But David said to Saul, “<u>I, your servant</u>, used to keep <u>my</u> father’s sheep.”
|
||||
|
|
@ -64,19 +57,5 @@ If using the third person to mean “I” or “you” would be natural and give
|
|||
> **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
>> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>your</u> brother from your heart.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **But David said to Saul, “<u>Your servant</u> used to keep <u>his</u> father’s sheep.”** (1 Samuel 17:34)
|
||||
|
||||
>> But David said to Saul, “<u>I, your servant</u> , used to keep <u>my</u> father’s sheep.”
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Simply use the first person (“I”) or second person (“you”) instead of the third person.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like <u>God’s</u> ? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>him</u> ?** (Job 40:6, 9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
>> Then Yahweh answered Job out of a fierce storm and said, “… Do you have an arm like <u>mine</u> ? Can you thunder with a voice like <u>me</u> ?”
|
||||
|
||||
> **So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>his</u> brother from your heart.** (Matthew 18:35 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
>> So also my heavenly Father will do to you, if <u>each of you</u> does not forgive <u>your</u> brother from your heart.
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
|
|||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even to relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, injury, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it. For example, “What is its <u>weight</u>?” could be expressed as “How much does it <u>weigh</u>?” or “How <u>heavy</u> is it?”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
Abstract nouns are nouns that refer to attitudes, qualities, events, situations, or even to relationships among these ideas. These are things that cannot be seen or touched in a physical sense, such as happiness, weight, injury, unity, friendship, health, and reason. This is a translation issue because some languages may express a certain idea with an abstract noun, while others would need a different way to express it. For example, “What is its <u>weight</u> ?” could be expressed as “How much does it <u>weigh</u> ?” or “How <u>heavy</u> is it?”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -21,11 +18,7 @@ The Bible that you translate from may use abstract nouns to express certain idea
|
|||
|
||||
The abstract noun “childhood” refers to when someone is a child.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> But <u>godliness</u> with <u>contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u>. (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> But <u>godliness</u> with <u>contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u> . (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
The abstract nouns “godliness” and “contentment” refer to being godly and content.
|
||||
The abstract noun “gain” refers to something that benefits or helps someone.
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,7 +45,6 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Reword the sentence with a phrase that expresses the meaning of the abstract noun. Instead of a noun, the new phrase will use a verb, an adverb, or an adjective to express the idea of the abstract noun.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **…from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
|
||||
>> Ever since <u>you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -61,32 +53,13 @@ If an abstract noun would be natural and give the right meaning in your language
|
|||
>> But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>are godly</u> and <u>content</u>.
|
||||
>> But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>honor and obey God</u> and when we are <u>happy with what we have</u>.
|
||||
|
||||
> Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
|
||||
> **Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
|
||||
>> Today the people in this house <u>have been saved</u>…
|
||||
>> Today God <u>has saved</u> the people in this house…
|
||||
|
||||
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
|
||||
> **The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
|
||||
>> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>moving slowly</u> to be.
|
||||
|
||||
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
|
||||
> **He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal <u>the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **…from <u>childhood</u> you have known the sacred writings…** (2 Timothy 3:15 ULT)
|
||||
>> Ever since <u>you were a child</u> you have known the sacred writings.
|
||||
|
||||
> **But <u>godliness with contentment</u> is great <u>gain</u> .** (1 Timothy 6:6 ULT)
|
||||
>> But <u>being godly</u> and <u>content</u> is very <u>beneficial</u> .
|
||||
>> But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>are godly</u> and <u>content</u> .
|
||||
>> But we <u>benefit</u> greatly when we <u>honor and obey God</u> and when we are <u>happy with what we have</u> .
|
||||
|
||||
> Today <u>salvation</u> has come to this house, because he too is a son of Abraham.** (Luke 19:9 ULT)
|
||||
>> Today the people in this house <u>have been saved</u> …
|
||||
>> Today God <u>has saved</u> the people in this house…
|
||||
|
||||
> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>slowness</u> to be.** (2 Peter 3:9 ULT)
|
||||
>> The Lord does not move slowly concerning his promises, as some consider <u>moving slowly</u> to be.
|
||||
|
||||
> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal the <u>purposes</u> of the heart.** (1 Corinthians 4:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> He will bring to light the hidden things of darkness and reveal <u>the things that people want to do and the reasons they want to do them</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,11 +2,7 @@
|
|||
Some languages have both active and passive sentences. In active sentences, the subject does the action. In passive sentences, the subject is the one that receives the action. Here are some examples with their subjects underlined:
|
||||
|
||||
* ACTIVE: <u>My father</u> built the house in 2010.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* PASSIVE: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
* PASSIVE: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010.
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
Translators whose languages do not have passive sentences will need to know how they can translate passive sentences that they find in the Bible. Other translators will need to decide when to use a passive sentence and when to use the active form.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -19,15 +15,10 @@ Some languages have both active and passive forms of sentences.
|
|||
|
||||
In the examples of active and passive sentences below, we have underlined the subject.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **ACTIVE**: <u>My father</u> built the house in 2010.
|
||||
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built by my father in 2010.
|
||||
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
* **ACTIVE**: <u>My father</u> built the house in 2010.
|
||||
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built by my father in 2010.
|
||||
* **PASSIVE**: <u>The house</u> was built in 2010. (This does not tell who did the action.)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Reasons this is a translation issue
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -47,19 +38,11 @@ The passive form is not used for the same purposes in all of the languages that
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants <u>were killed</u>, and your servant Uriah the Hittite <u>was killed</u> too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This means that the enemy’s shooters shot and killed some of the king’s servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king’s servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king’s servants and Uriah.
|
||||
|
||||
> In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal <u>was broken down</u>… (Judges 6:28 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> And their shooters shot at your soldiers from off the wall, and some of the king’s servants <u>were killed</u> , and your servant Uriah the Hittite <u>was killed</u> too. (2 Samuel 11:24 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This means that the enemy’s shooters shot and killed some of the king’s servants, including Uriah. The point is what happened to the king’s servants and Uriah, not who shot them. The purpose of the passive form here is to keep the focus on the king’s servants and Uriah.
|
||||
|
||||
> In the morning when the men of the town got up, the altar of Baal <u>was broken down</u> … (Judges 6:28 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
The men of the town saw what had happened to the altar of Baal, but they did not know who broke it down. The purpose of the passive form here is to communicate this event from the perspective of the men of the town.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -79,29 +62,17 @@ If you decide that it is better to translate without a passive form, here are so
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Use the same verb in an active sentence and tell who did the action. If you do this, try to keep the focus on the person receiving the action.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> <u>The king’s servants gave</u> Jeremiah a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Use the same verb in an active sentence, and do not tell who did the action. Instead, use a generic expression like “they” or ”people” or ”someone.”
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **It would be better for him if a millstone <u>were put</u> around his neck and he <u>were thrown</u> into the sea.** (Luke 17:2 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> It would be better for him if <u>they were to put</u> a millstone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
|
||||
>> It would be better for him if <u>someone were to put</u> a heavy stone around his neck and <u>throw</u> him into the sea.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Use a different verb in an active sentence.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **A loaf of bread <u>was given</u> him every day from the street of the bakers.** (Jeremiah 37:21 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> He <u>received</u> a loaf of bread every day from the street of the bakers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -21,11 +21,7 @@ King Saul was killed on Mount Gilboa, and David sang a sad song about it. By tel
|
|||
|
||||
Jesus was expressing his feelings for the people of Jerusalem in front of his disciples and a group of Pharisees. By speaking directly to Jerusalem as though its people could hear him, Jesus showed how deeply he cared about them.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u> , <u>altar</u> ! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See,…on you they will burn human bones.’“ (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The man of God spoke as if the altar could hear him, but he really wanted the king, who was standing there, to hear him.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -39,17 +35,10 @@ If apostrophe would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, cons
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If this way of speaking would be confusing to your people, let the speaker continue speaking to the people that are listening to him as he tells <u>them</u> his message or feelings about the people or thing that cannot hear him.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says <u>about this altar.</u> ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on <u>it</u>.’ “
|
||||
> **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u>, <u>altar</u>! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See,…on you they will burn human bones.’“** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says <u>about this altar.</u> ‘See,…they will burn people’s bones on <u>it</u>.’“
|
||||
|
||||
> **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u>As for these mountains of Gilboa</u>, let there not be dew or rain on <u>them</u>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **He cried against the altar by the word of Yahweh: <u>“Altar</u> , <u>altar</u> ! This is what Yahweh says, ‘See, … on you they will burn human bones.’ “** (1 Kings 13:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> He said this about the altar: “This is what Yahweh says <u>about this altar.</u> ‘See, … they will burn people’s bones on <u>it</u> .’ “
|
||||
|
||||
> **<u>Mountains of Gilboa</u> , let there not be dew or rain on <u>you</u>** (2 Samuel 1:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> <u>As for these mountains of Gilboa</u> , let there not be dew or rain on <u>them</u>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -43,35 +43,25 @@ By telling a man that his sins were forgiven, Jesus forgave the man’s sins.
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a sentence type that would express that function.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT) The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
|
||||
* She will give birth to a son. <u>Name him Jesus</u>, because he will save his people from their sins.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u> , for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT) The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
|
||||
>> She will give birth to a son. <u>Name him Jesus</u> , because he will save his people from their sins.
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The phrase “you will call his name Jesus” is an instruction. It can be translated using the sentence type of a normal instruction.
|
||||
|
||||
>> She will give birth to a son. <u>Name him Jesus</u>, because he will save his people from their sins.
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, add a sentence type that would express that function.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>.** (Matthew 8:2 ULT) The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
|
||||
* Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean. Please do so.</u>
|
||||
* Lord, if you are willing, <u>please make me clean. I know you can do so.</u>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u> .** (Matthew 8:2 ULT) The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
|
||||
> **Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean</u>.** (Matthew 8:2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The function of “you can make me clean” is to make a request. In addition to the statement, a request can be added.
|
||||
|
||||
>> Lord, if you are willing, <u>you can make me clean. Please do so.</u>
|
||||
>> Lord, if you are willing, <u>please make me clean. I know you can do so.</u>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If the function of a statement would not be understood correctly in your language, use a verb form that would express that function.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
|
||||
* She will give birth to a son, and <u>you must call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u> , for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> She will give birth to a son, and <u>you must call his name Jesus</u> , for he will save his people from their sins.
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> **She will give birth to a son, and <u>you will call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.** (Matthew 1:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> She will give birth to a son, and <u>you must call his name Jesus</u>, for he will save his people from their sins.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Son, your sins are forgiven.** Luke 2:5 ULT)
|
||||
>> Son, I forgive your sins.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,20 +5,12 @@ In some languages, phrases that modify a noun can be used with the noun for two
|
|||
|
||||
Some languages use a comma to mark the difference between making a distinction between similar items and gving more information about an item. Without the comma, the sentence below communicates that it is making a distinction:
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* Mary gave some of the food to <u>her sister who was very thankful</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
* Mary gave some of the food to <u>her sister who was very thankful</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
* If her sister was usually thankful, the phrase “who was thankful” could **distinguish this sister** of Mary’s from another sister who was not usually thankful.
|
||||
|
||||
With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* Mary gave some of the food to <u>her sister, who was very thankful</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
* Mary gave some of the food to <u>her sister, who was very thankful</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
* This same phrase can be used give us more information about Mary’s sister. It tells us about **how Mary’s sister responded** when Mary gave her the food. In this case it does not distinguish one sister from another sister.
|
||||
|
||||
### Reasons this is a translation issue
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,19 +22,11 @@ With the comma, the sentence is giving more information:
|
|||
|
||||
**Examples of words and phrases that are used to distinguish one item from other possible items**: These usually do not cause a problem in translation.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> … The curtain is to separate <u>the holy place</u> from <u>the most holy place</u>. (Exodus 26:33 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The words “holy” and “most holy” distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place.
|
||||
|
||||
> A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to <u>the woman who bore him</u>. (Proverbs 17:25 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> … The curtain is to separate <u>the holy place</u> from <u>the most holy place</u> . (Exodus 26:33 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The words “holy” and “most holy” distinguish two different places from each other and from any other place.
|
||||
|
||||
> A foolish son is a grief to his father, and bitterness to <u>the woman who bore him</u> . (Proverbs 17:25 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to. He is not bitterness to all women, but to his mother.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,11 +36,7 @@ The phrase “who bore him” distinguishes which woman the son is bitterness to
|
|||
|
||||
The word “righteous” simply reminds us that God’s judgments are righteous. It does not distinguish his righteous judgements from his unrighteous judgements, because all of his judgments are righteous.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u> , bear a son? - (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son? (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The phrase “who is ninety years old” is the reason that Abraham did not think that Sarah could bear a son. He was not distinguishing one woman named Sarah from another woman named Sarah who was a different age, and he was not telling anyone something new about her age. He simply did not think that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -75,41 +55,21 @@ If people would understand the purpose of a phrase with a noun, then consider ke
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Put the information in another part of the sentence and add words that show its purpose.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
||||
* <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
|
||||
|
||||
* **…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
*…for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
|
||||
|
||||
* **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
||||
* Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?
|
||||
|
||||
* **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
||||
* I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
||||
> **I hate those who serve <u>worthless</u> idols** (Psalm 31:6 ULT) - By saying “worthless idols,” David was commenting about all idols and giving his reason for hating those who serve them. He was not distinguishing worthless idols from valuable idols.
|
||||
>> <u>Because</u> idols are worthless, I hate those who serve them.
|
||||
|
||||
> **…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
> **…for your <u>righteous</u> judgments are good.** (Psalm 119:39 ULT)
|
||||
>> …for your judgments are good <u>because</u> they are righteous.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u> , bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
||||
> **Can Sarah, <u>who is ninety years old</u>, bear a son?** (Genesis 17:17-18 ULT) - The phrase “who is ninety years old” is a reminder of Sarah’s age. It tells why Abraham was asking the question. He did not expect that a woman who was that old could bear a child.
|
||||
>> Can Sarah bear a son <u>even when</u> she is ninety years old?
|
||||
|
||||
> **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u> ** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
||||
> **I will call on Yahweh, <u>who is worthy to be praised</u>** (2 Samuel 22:4 ULT) - There is only one Yahweh. The phrase “who is worthy to be praised” gives a reason for calling on Yahweh.
|
||||
>> I will call on Yahweh, <u>because</u> he is worthy to be praised
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Use one of your language’s ways for expressing that this is just added information.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **You are my Son, <u>whom I love</u>. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULT)
|
||||
* You are my Son. <u>I love you</u> and I am pleased with you.
|
||||
* <u>Receiving my love</u>, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **You are my Son, <u>whom I love</u> . I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULT)
|
||||
> **You are my Son, <u>whom I love</u>. I am pleased with you.** (Luke 3:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> You are my Son. <u>I love you</u> and I am pleased with you.
|
||||
>> <u>Receiving my love</u> , you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> <u>Receiving my love</u>, you are my Son. I am pleased with you.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -3,16 +3,13 @@ A double negative occurs when a clause has two words that each express the meani
|
|||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples are “no,” “not,” “none,” “no one,” “nothing,” “nowhere,” “never,” “nor,” “neither,” and “without.” Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean “not” such as the underlined parts of these words: “<u>un</u> happy,” “<u>im</u> possible,” and “use<u>less</u>.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
Negative words are words that have in them the meaning “not.” Examples are “no,” “not,” “none,” “no one,” “nothing,” “nowhere,” “never,” “nor,” “neither,” and “without.” Also, some words have prefixes or suffixes that mean “not” such as the underlined parts of these words: “<u>un</u> happy,” “<u>im</u> possible,” and “use<u>less</u> .”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
A double negative occurs when a sentence has two words that each express the meaning of “not.”
|
||||
> It is <u>not</u> that we do <u>not</u> have authority…(2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
<blockquote> And this better confidence did <u>not</u> happen <u>without</u> the taking of an oath,…(Hebrews 7:20 ULT.) </blockquote>
|
||||
> It is <u>not</u> that we do <u>not</u> have authority… (2 Thessalonians 3:9 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
> And this better confidence did <u>not</u> happen <u>without</u> the taking of an oath,… (Hebrews 7:20 ULT.)
|
||||
|
||||
> Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u> punished (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -47,33 +44,17 @@ If double negatives are natural and are used to express the positive in your lan
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is simply to make a positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives so that it is positive.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
|
||||
* “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
|
||||
|
||||
* **…so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u> fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
|
||||
* “…so that they may be fruitful.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
|
||||
> **For we do <u>not</u> have a high priest who can<u>not</u> feel sympathy for our weaknesses.** (Hebrews 4:15 ULT)
|
||||
>> “For we have a high priest who can feel sympathy for our weaknesses.”
|
||||
|
||||
>>= **…so that they may <u>not</u> be <u>un</u> fruitful.** (Titus 3:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> “…so that they may be fruitful.”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If the purpose of a double negative in the Bible is to make a strong positive statement, and if it would not do that in your language, remove the two negatives and put in a strengthening word or phrase such as “very” or “surely.”
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u> punished…** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
|
||||
* “Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished…”
|
||||
|
||||
* **All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULT)
|
||||
* “All things were made through him. He made <u>absolutely</u> everything that has been made.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>not</u> go <u>un</u> punished…** (Proverbs 11:21 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Be sure of this—wicked people will <u>certainly</u> be punished…”
|
||||
|
||||
> **All things were made through him and <u>without</u> him there was <u>not</u> one thing made that has been made.** (John 1:3 ULT)
|
||||
>> “All things were made through him. He made <u>absolutely</u> everything that has been made.”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,19 +10,11 @@ In some languages people do not use doublets. Or they may use doublets, but only
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>. (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was “very old.”
|
||||
|
||||
> …he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself… (1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u> . (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The underlined words mean the same thing. Together they mean that he was “very old.”
|
||||
|
||||
> …he attacked two men <u>more righteous</u> and <u>better</u> than himself…(1 Kings 2:32 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
This means that they were “much more righteous” than he was.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,11 +22,7 @@ This means that they were “much more righteous” than he was.
|
|||
|
||||
This means that they had prepared “many false things to say.”
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> …as of a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>. (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> …as of a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u> . (1 Peter 1:19 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
This means that he was like a lamb that did not have any blemish--not even one.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -50,31 +38,16 @@ If a doublet would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Translate only one of the words.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
|
||||
* “You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> things to say.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
|
||||
> **You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> and <u>deceptive</u> words** (Daniel 2:9 ULT)
|
||||
>> “You have decided to prepare <u>false</u> things to say.”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
(2) If the doublet is used to intensify the meaning, translate one of the words and add a word that intensifies it such as “very” or “great” or “many.”
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
|
||||
* “King David was <u>very old</u>.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u> .** (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> “King David was <u>very old</u> .”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> **King David was <u>old</u> and <u>advanced in years</u>.** (1 Kings 1:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> “King David was <u>very old</u>.”
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If the doublet is used to intensify or emphasize the meaning, use one of your language’s ways of doing that.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
* **…a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>…** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
|
||||
* “…a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u>…”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **…a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u> …** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
|
||||
>> “…a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u> …”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> **…a lamb <u>without blemish</u> and <u>without spot</u>…** (1 Peter 1:19 ULT) - English can emphasize this with “any” and “at all.”
|
||||
>> “…a lamb <u>without any blemish at all</u>…”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -4,15 +4,11 @@
|
|||
|
||||
Ellipsis is what happens when a speaker or writer leaves out one or more words from a sentence that it normally should have to be a complete sentence. The speaker or writer does this because he knows that the hearer or reader will understand the meaning of the sentence and fill in the words in his mind when he hears or reads the words that are there. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, <u>nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous</u>. (Psalm 1:5)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, <u>nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous</u> . (Psalm 1:5)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
There is ellipsis in the second part because “nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous” is not a complete sentence. The speaker assumes that the hearer will understand what it is that sinners will not do in the assembly of the righteous by filling in the action from the previous clause. With the action filled in, the complete sentence would be:
|
||||
|
||||
> …nor <u>will</u> sinners <u>stand</u> in the assembly of the righteous.
|
||||
>> …nor <u>will</u> sinners <u>stand</u> in the assembly of the righteous.
|
||||
|
||||
#### There are two types of ellipsis.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -27,43 +23,27 @@ Readers who see incomplete sentences or phrases may not know what information is
|
|||
|
||||
#### Relative Ellipsis
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>. (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u> . (Psalm 29:6 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
The writer wants his words to be few and to make good poetry. The full sentence with the information filled in would be:
|
||||
|
||||
> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.
|
||||
>> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> But if we are afflicted, <u>for your comfort and salvation</u>; if we are comforted, <u>for your comfort</u>,… (2 Corinthians 1:6)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> But if we are afflicted, <u>for your comfort and salvation</u> ; if we are comforted, <u>for your comfort</u> ,… (2 Corinthians 1:6)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
The information that the reader must understand in the second parts of these sentences can be filled in from the first parts:
|
||||
|
||||
> But if we are afflicted, <u>we are afflicted</u> for your comfort and salvation; if we are comforted, <u>we are comforted</u> for your comfort,…
|
||||
>> But if we are afflicted, <u>we are afflicted</u> for your comfort and salvation; if we are comforted, <u>we are comforted</u> for your comfort,…
|
||||
|
||||
#### Absolute Ellipsis
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u> .” (Luke 18:40-41 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
It seems that the man answered in an incomplete sentence because he wanted to be polite and not directly ask Jesus for healing. He knew that Jesus would understand that the only way he could receive his sight would be for Jesus to heal him. The complete sentence would be:
|
||||
|
||||
>> “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me so</u> that I might receive my sight.”
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> To Titus…<u>Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior</u>. (Titus 1:4 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> To Titus…<u>Grace and peace from God the Father and Christ Jesus our savior</u> . (Titus 1:4 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
The writer assumes that the reader will recognize this common form of a blessing or wish, so he does not need to include the full sentence, which would be:
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -82,19 +62,9 @@ If ellipsis would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consid
|
|||
> **…the wicked will not stand in the judgment, nor <u>sinners in the assembly</u> of the righteous.** (Psalm 1:5)
|
||||
>> …the wicked will not stand in the judgment, and <u>sinners will not stand in the assembly</u> of the righteous
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u>.”** (Luke 18:40-41)
|
||||
>> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u>.** (Psalm 29:6)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **…when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>that I might receive my sight</u> .”** (Luke 18:40-41)
|
||||
>> …when the blind man was near, Jesus asked him, “What do you want me to do for you?” He said, “Lord, <u>I want you to heal me</u> that I might receive my sight.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> **He makes Lebanon skip like a calf <u>and Sirion like a young ox</u> .** (Psalm 29:6)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> He makes Lebanon skip like a calf, and <u>he makes</u> Sirion <u>skip</u> like a young ox.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -34,21 +34,12 @@ If euphemism would be natural and give the right meaning in your language, consi
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Use a euphemism from your own culture.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u>.** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
|
||||
>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u> “
|
||||
>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u> “
|
||||
|
||||
> **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u>slept with any man</u>?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
|
||||
>> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I do not know a man</u>?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **…where there was a cave. Saul went inside to <u>relieve himself</u> .** (1 Samuel 24:3 ULT) - Some languages might use euphemisms like these:
|
||||
>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to dig a hole</u> “
|
||||
>> “…where there was a cave. Saul went into the cave <u>to have some time alone</u> “
|
||||
|
||||
> **Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since I have not <u>slept with any man</u> ?”** (Luke 1:34 ULT)
|
||||
>> Mary said to the angel, “How will this happen, since <u>I do not know a man</u> ?” - (This is the euphemism used in the original Greek)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
(2) State the information plainly without a euphemism if it would not be offensive.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -38,11 +38,7 @@ This sounds like a person must first open the scroll and then break its seals, b
|
|||
|
||||
(2) If your language uses verb tense or aspect to show that an event happened before one that was already mentioned, consider using that.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **<sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **<sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams’ horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua commanded the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.”** (Joshua 6:8-10 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> <sup> 8</sup> Just as Joshua had said to the people, the seven priests carried the seven trumpets of rams horns before Yahweh, as they advanced, they gave a blast on the trumpets…<sup> 10</sup> But Joshua <u>had commanded</u> the people, saying, “Do not shout. No sound must leave your mouths until the day I tell you to shout. Only then must you shout.
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If your language prefers to tell events in the order that they occur, consider reordering the events. This may require putting two or more verses together (like 5-6).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -16,17 +16,10 @@ Languages have different ways of showing that a sentence communicates strong emo
|
|||
|
||||
Some exclamations have a word that shows feeling. The sentences below have “Oh” and “Ah.” The word “oh” here shows the speaker’s amazement.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> <u>Oh</u>, the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The word “Ah” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
|
||||
> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> <u>Oh</u> , the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of God! (Romans 11:33 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The word “Ah” below shows that Gideon was very frightened.
|
||||
> Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
Some exclamations start with a question word such as “how” or “why,” even though they are not questions. The sentence below shows that the speaker is amazed at how unsearchable God’s judgments are.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -57,26 +50,16 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
|
|||
(2) Use an exclamation word from your language that shows the strong feeling. The word “wow” below shows that they were astonished. The expression “Oh no” shows that something terrible or frightening has happened.
|
||||
|
||||
> **They were absolutely astonished, saying, “He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.”** (Mark 7:36 ULT)
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
>> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, “<u>Wow</u>! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” “
|
||||
=======
|
||||
>> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, “<u>Wow</u> ! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.” “
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> “They were absolutely astonished, saying, ‘<u>Wow</u>! He has done everything well. He even makes the deaf to hear and the mute to speak.’”
|
||||
|
||||
> **Ah, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> “__Oh no__, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Translate the exclamation word with a sentence that shows the feeling.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> Lord Yahweh, <u>what will happen to me</u>? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
|
||||
>> <u>Help</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **<u>Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> Lord Yahweh, <u>what will happen to me</u> ? For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”
|
||||
>> <u>Help</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
(4) Use a word that emphasizes the part of the sentence that brings about the strong feeling.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -85,11 +68,7 @@ Some exclamations in the Bible do not have a main verb. The exclamation below sh
|
|||
|
||||
(5) If the strong feeling is not clear in the target language, then tell how the person felt.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u>He was terrified</u> and said, “<u>Ah</u>, Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. Gideon said, “<u>Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! For I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!”** (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Gideon understood that this was the angel of Yahweh. <u>He was terrified</u> and said, “<u>Ah</u> , Lord Yahweh! I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!” (Judges 6:22 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -2,11 +2,7 @@
|
|||
|
||||
### Description
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
Some languages have more than one form of “we:” an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but <u>not you</u>.” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
Some languages have more than one form of “we:” an **inclusive** form that means “I and you” and an **exclusive** form that means “I and someone else but <u>not you</u> .” The exclusive form excludes the person being spoken to. The inclusive form includes the person being spoken to and possibly others. This is also true for “us,” “our,” “ours,” and “ourselves.” Some languages have inclusive forms and exclusive forms for each of these. Translators whose language has separate exclusive and inclusive forms for these words will need to understand what the speaker meant so that they can decide which form to use.
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
See the pictures. The people on the right are the people that the speaker is talking to. The yellow highlight shows who the inclusive “we” and the exclusive “we” refer to.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -28,11 +24,7 @@ In the first clause, the disciples are telling Jesus how much food they have amo
|
|||
|
||||
John is telling people who have not seen Jesus what he and the other apostles have seen. So languages that have exclusive forms of “we” and “us” would use the exclusive forms in this verse.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> … the shepherds said one to each other, “Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u> .” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> …the shepherds said one to each other, “Let <u>us</u> now go to Bethlehem, and see this thing that has happened, which the Lord has made known to <u>us</u>.” (Luke 2:15 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The shepherds were speaking to one another. When they said “us,” they were <u>including</u> the people they were speaking to - one another.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -62,11 +62,7 @@ Consider using the same extended metaphor if your readers will understand it in
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If the target audience would think that the images should be understood literally, translate it as a simile by using “like” or “as.” It may be enough to to do this in just the first sentence or two. See Psalm 23:1-2 as an example:
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.**
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u> ; I will lack nothing.**
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> **He makes <u>me</u> to lie down in green pastures;**
|
||||
> **<u>he leads me</u> beside tranquil water.** (ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -80,35 +76,19 @@ Can be translated as:
|
|||
|
||||
> **My well beloved had a <u>vineyard</u> on a very fertile hill.**
|
||||
> **He <u>spaded</u> it and removed the stones, and planted it with the <u>choicest</u> vine.**
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **He built <u>a tower</u> in the middle of it, and also built a <u>winepress</u>.**
|
||||
> **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes</u>.**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **He built <u>a tower</u> in the middle of it, and also built a <u>winepress</u> .**
|
||||
> **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes</u> .**(Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> **He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes</u>.** (Isaiah 5:1-2 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
May be translated as:
|
||||
|
||||
> “My well beloved had a <u>grapevine garden</u> on a very fertile hill.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> He <u>dug up the ground</u> and removed the stones, and planted it with <u>the best grapevines</u>.
|
||||
> He built a <u>watchtower</u> in the middle of it, and also built <u>a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes</u>.
|
||||
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes that were not good for making wine</u>.”
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
|
||||
|
||||
> Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> He <u>dug up the ground</u> and removed the stones, and planted it with <u>the best grapevines</u> .
|
||||
> He built a <u>watchtower</u> in the middle of it, and also built <u>a tank where he could crush the juice out of the grapes</u> .
|
||||
> He waited for it to produce grapes, but it produced <u>wild grapes that were not good for making wine</u> .”
|
||||
|
||||
(3) If the target audience still would not understand, then state it clearly.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u> ; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> **Yahweh is <u>my shepherd</u>; I will lack nothing.** (Psalm 23:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh <u>cares for me</u> like a shepherd that cares for his sheep, so I will lack nothing.”
|
||||
|
||||
> **For the vineyard of Yahweh of hosts <u>is</u> the house of Israel,**
|
||||
|
|
@ -125,15 +105,9 @@ Can be translated as:
|
|||
|
||||
or as:
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
>> <u>So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit</u>,
|
||||
>> <u>Yahweh will stop protecting</u> Israel and Judah,
|
||||
>> <u>because they do not do what is right</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
>> <u>So as a farmer stops caring for a grapevine garden that produces bad fruit</u> ,
|
||||
>> <u>Yahweh will stop protecting</u> Israel and Judah,
|
||||
>> <u>because they do not do what is right</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> he waited for justice, but instead, there was killing;
|
||||
>> for righteousness, but, instead, a cry for help.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -19,11 +19,7 @@ All three kinds of information are part of the speaker’s message. If one of th
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u> , and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u> , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.” (Matthew 8:20 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus did not say what foxes and birds use holes and nests for, because he assumed that the scribe would have known that foxes sleep in holes in the ground and birds sleep in their nests. This is **assumed knowledge**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -35,11 +31,7 @@ Jesus assumed that the people he was speaking to knew that Tyre and Sidon were v
|
|||
|
||||
An important piece of **implicit information** here is that because the people he was speaking to did not repent, they would be judged more severely than the people of Tyre and Sidon would be judged.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands when they eat</u>. (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands when they eat</u> . (Matthew 15:2 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
One of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating. People thought that in order to be righteous, they had to follow all the traditions of the elders. This was **assumed knowledge** that the Pharisees who were speaking to Jesus expected him to know. By saying this, they were accusing his disciples of not following the traditions, and thus not being righteous. This is **implicit information** that they wanted him to understand from what they said.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,31 +46,17 @@ If readers have enough assumed knowledge to be able to understand the message, a
|
|||
|
||||
(1) If readers cannot understand the message because they do not have certain assumed knowledge, then provide that knowledge as explicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
|
||||
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes to live in</u>, and the birds of the sky <u>have nests to live in</u>, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
|
||||
|
||||
> **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
|
||||
|
||||
>> …it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u>, at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes</u> , and the birds of the sky <u>have nests</u> , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:20 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the foxes slept in their holes and birds slept in their nests.
|
||||
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes <u>have holes to live in</u> , and the birds of the sky <u>have nests to live in</u> , but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head and sleep.”
|
||||
|
||||
> **it will be more tolerable for <u>Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that the people of Tyre and Sidon were very, very wicked. This can be stated explicitly.
|
||||
|
||||
>> …it will be more tolerable for <u>those cities Tyre and Sidon, whose people were very wicked</u> , at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
or:
|
||||
|
||||
>> …it will be more tolerable for those <u>wicked cities Tyre and Sidon</u> at the day of judgment than for you
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not wash their hands</u> when they eat.** (Matthew 15:2 ULT) - Assumed knowledge was that one of the traditions of the elders was a ceremony in which people would wash their hands in order to be ritually clean before eating, which they must do to be righteous. It was not to remove germs from their hands to avoid sickness, as a modern reader might think.
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
>> Why do your disciples violate the traditions of the elders? For <u>they do not go through the ceremonial handwashing ritual of righteousness</u> when they eat.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -86,19 +64,10 @@ or:
|
|||
|
||||
> **Then a scribe came to him and said, “Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go.” Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has nowhere to lay his head.”** (Matthew 8:19, 20 ULT) - Implicit information is that Jesus himself is the Son of Man. Other implicit information is that if the scribe wanted to follow Jesus, he would have to live like Jesus without a house.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u>I, the Son of Man</u>, have <u>no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u>.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
>> Jesus said to him, “Foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but <u>I, the Son of Man</u> , have <u>no home to rest in. If you want to follow me, you will live as I live</u> .”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> **it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon at the day of judgment than for you** (Matthew 11:22 ULT) - Implicit information is that God would not only judge the people; he would punish them. This can be made explicit.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
>> At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish Tyre and Sidon</u>, cities whose people were very wicked, <u>less severely than he will punish you</u>
|
||||
=======
|
||||
>> At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish Tyre and Sidon</u> , cities whose people were very wicked, <u>less severely than he will punish you</u>
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
>> At the day of judgment, God will <u>punish you more severely</u> than Tyre and Sidon, cities whose people were very wicked.
|
||||
|
||||
Modern readers may not know some of the things that the people in the Bible and the people who first read it knew. This can make it hard for them to understand what a speaker or writer says, and to learn things that the speaker left implicit. Translators may need to state some things explicitly in the translation that the original speaker or writer left unstated or implicit.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -11,21 +11,13 @@ If you translate all of the explicit information from the source language into t
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> <u>And</u> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it with fire</u>. (Judges 9:52 ESV)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> <u>And</u> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it with fire</u> . (Judges 9:52 ESV)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to start most sentences with a conjunction such as “and” to show the connection between sentences. In English, it is ungrammatical to do so, is quite tiresome for the English reader, and gives the impression that the author was uneducated. In English, it is best to leave the idea of connection between sentences implicit in most cases and not translate the conjunction explicitly.
|
||||
|
||||
In Biblical Hebrew, it was normal to say that something was burned with fire. In English, the idea of fire is included in the action of burning, and so it is unnatural to state both ideas explicitly. It is enough to say that something was burned and leave the idea of fire implicit.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> The centurion <u>answered and said</u>, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> The centurion <u>answered and said</u> , “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…” (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two verbs of speaking. One verb indicated the mode of address, and the other introduced the words of the speaker. English speakers do not do this, so it is very unnatural and confusing to use two verbs. For the English speaker, the idea of speaking is included in the idea of answering. Using two verbs in English implies two separate speeches, rather than just one. So in English, it is better to use only one verb of speaking.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,22 +34,13 @@ In the biblical languages, it was normal to introduce direct speech with two ver
|
|||
|
||||
(2) If the explicit information does not sound natural in the target language or seems unnecessary or confusing, leave the explicit information implicit. Only do this if the reader can understand this information from the context. You can test this by asking the reader a question about the passage.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
|
||||
>> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it</u>. (Or) <u>…to set it on fire</u>.
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **And Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.** (Judges 9:52 ESV)
|
||||
>> Abimelech came to the tower and fought against it and drew near to the door of the tower <u>to burn it</u> . (Or) <u>…to set it on fire</u> .
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
In English, it is clear that the action of this verse follows the action of the previous verse without the use of the connector “and” at the beginning, so it was omitted. Also, the words “with fire” were left out, because this information is communicated implicitly by the word “burn.” An alternative translation for “to burn it” is “to set it on fire.” It is not natural in English to use both “burn” and “fire,” so the English translator should choose only one of them. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How would the door burn?” If they knew it was by fire, then they have understood the implicit information. Or, if you chose the second option, you could ask, “What happens to a door that is set on fire?” If the readers answer, “It burns,” then they have understood the implicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
> **The centurion answered and said, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”** (Matthew 8:8 ULT)
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
>> The centurion <u>answered</u>, “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
>> The centurion <u>answered</u> , “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof…”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
In English, the information that the centurion answered by speaking is included in the verb “answered,” so the verb “said” can be left implicit. You can test if the readers understood the implicit information by asking, “How did the centurion answer?” If they knew it was by speaking, then they have understood the implicit information.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -20,29 +20,18 @@ When a statement applies to both men and women, translate it in such a way that
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> We want you to know, <u>brothers</u>, about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then said Jesus to his disciples, “If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u>, take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24-26 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> We want you to know, <u>brothers</u> , about the grace of God that has been given to the churches of Macedonia. (2 Corinthians 8:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This verse is addressing the believers in Corinth, not only men, but **men and women**.
|
||||
|
||||
> Then said Jesus to his disciples, “If anyone wants to follow me, <u>he</u> must deny <u>himself</u> , take up <u>his</u> cross, and follow me.” (Matthew 16:24-26 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
Jesus was not speaking only of men, but of **men and women**.
|
||||
|
||||
**Caution**: Sometimes masculine words are used specifically to refer to men. Do not use words that would lead people to think that they include women. The underlined words below are specifically about men.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Moses said, ‘If a <u>man</u> dies, having no children, <u>his</u> <u>brother</u> must marry <u>his</u> wife and have a child for <u>his</u> <u>brother</u>.’ (Mark 22:24 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Moses said, ‘If a <u>man</u> dies, having no children, <u>his</u> <u>brother</u> must marry <u>his</u> wife and have a child for <u>his</u> <u>brother</u> .’ (Mark 22:24 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Translation Strategies
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -62,20 +51,12 @@ If people would understand that that masculine words like “man,” “brother,
|
|||
|
||||
(2) Use a word that refers to men and a word that refers to women.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
|
||||
>> “For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers and sisters</u>, about the troubles we had in Asia.” (2 Corinthians 1:8)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers</u> , about the troubles we had in Asia.** (2 Corinthians 1:8) - Paul was writing this letter to both men and women.
|
||||
>> “For we do not want you to be ignorant, <u>brothers and sisters</u> , about the troubles we had in Asia.” (2 Corinthians 1:8)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
(3) Use pronouns that can be used for both men and women.
|
||||
|
||||
> **If anyone wants to follow me, he must deny himself, take up his cross, and follow me.”** (Matthew 16:24 ULT) - English speakers can change the masculine singular pronouns, “he,” “himself,” and “his” to plural pronouns that do not mark gender, “they,” “themselves,” and “their” in order to show that it applies to all people, not just men.
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
>> “If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u>, take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me.”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
>> “If <u>people</u> want to follow me, <u>they</u> must deny <u>themselves</u> , take up <u>their</u> cross, and follow me.”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -5,11 +5,7 @@
|
|||
Generic noun phrases refer to people or things in general rather than to specific individuals or things. This happens frequently in proverbs, because proverbs tell about things that are true about people in general.
|
||||
|
||||
> Can <u>a man</u> walk on hot coals without scorching his feet?
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> So is <u>the man who goes into his neighbor’s wife</u>;
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> So is <u>the man who goes into his neighbor’s wife</u> ;
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> <u>the one who has relations with her</u> will not go unpunished. (Proverbs 6:28 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
The underlined phrases above do not refer to a specific man. They refer to any man who does these things.
|
||||
|
|
@ -24,17 +20,10 @@ Different languages have different ways of showing that noun phrases refer to so
|
|||
|
||||
The underlined phrases above do not refer to any specific people but to anyone who does what is right or anyone who is wicked.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> People curse <u>the man who refuses to sell them grain</u>. (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who refuses to sell grain.
|
||||
> Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>. (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> People curse <u>the man who refuses to sell them grain</u> . (Proverbs 11:26 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
This does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who refuses to sell grain.
|
||||
> Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u> , but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u> . (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
The phrase “a good man” does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who is good. The phrase “a man who makes evil plans” does not refer to a particular man, but to any person who makes evil plans.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,13 +41,8 @@ If your language can use the same wording as in the ULT to refer to people or th
|
|||
|
||||
(1) Use the word “the” in the noun phrase.
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u>, but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u>.** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u>, but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u>.” (Proverbs 12:2)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **Yahweh gives favor to <u>a good man</u> , but he condemns <u>a man who makes evil plans</u> .** (Proverbs 12:2 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh gives favor to <u>the good man</u> , but he condemns <u>the man who makes evil plans</u> .” (Proverbs 12:2)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
(2) Use the word “a” in the noun phrase.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -10,11 +10,7 @@ Different languages have different ways of talking about motion. The biblical la
|
|||
|
||||
### Examples from the Bible
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u> , you and all your household, into the ark (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
> Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark” (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -22,7 +18,7 @@ In some languages, this would lead people to think that Yahweh was in the ark.
|
|||
|
||||
Abraham was speaking to his servant. Abraham’s relatives lived far away, from where he and his servant were standing and he wanted his servant to <u>go</u> to them, not <u>come</u> toward Abraham.
|
||||
|
||||
> When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…(Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
> When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it… (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
|
||||
Moses is speaking to the people in the wilderness. They had not yet gone into the land that God was giving them. In some languages, it would make more sense to say, “When you have <u>gone</u> into the land…”
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -60,13 +56,8 @@ If the word used in the ULT would be natural and give the right meaning in your
|
|||
> **When you have <u>come</u> to the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…** (Deuteronomy 17:14 ULT)
|
||||
>> “When you have <u>arrived</u> in the land that Yahweh your God gives you, and when you take possession of it and begin to live in it…”
|
||||
|
||||
<<<<<<< Updated upstream
|
||||
> **Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u>, you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Enter</u>, you and all your household, into the ark…”
|
||||
=======
|
||||
> **Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Come</u> , you and all your household, into the ark…** (Genesis 7:1 ULT)
|
||||
>> “Yahweh said to Noah, “<u>Enter</u> , you and all your household, into the ark…”
|
||||
>>>>>>> Stashed changes
|
||||
|
||||
> **Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>go</u> out in public for five months.** (Luke 1:24 UST)
|
||||
>> Some time after this, his wife Elizabeth became pregnant, but she did not <u>appear</u> in public for five months.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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Reference in New Issue